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THE BUS’
HTO‘
MANUAL.
COMPRIS ING
A CONCISEGRAMMAR; EXERCISES AND
DIALOGUES ; FAMILIAR PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND
VOCABULARY.
MAJOR H f GT BAVERT Y,
Bonn“ NAAnn INFANT RY (Rn-nu n) .Amen orm Pus
’
lrro enAnu An, mc'nonmr , armormmPP3091:
u mPoc L, S ILICI‘IONB n on rm; Pol or mmmm’
xs (n ou s:
TRANSLAT ION) , B BO P’
runs mou nds, xf'rc
L O N D O N
W. H. ALLEN 85 CO . , 13WATERLOO PLACPU BLISH ERS TO T H E INDIA OFFICE .
LO NDONPRINT ED B Y w . n. ALLEN AND CO . , 13 WATERLO O PLACE .
PREFACE .
W1: have now probably emerged f or good fromthe Peshawar side of the Qa ibar, and its Pukshti
'
i , and left
Pasto and Pakhhto in the rear for ever, and
entered the parts closely bordering the old seats of the
Puéhtinah . T he Pushto therein spoken, as far west as
the boundary of the province of Hiri t extends in that
direction, is very difierent fromthe frontier dialects
contaminated with Peéhiiwari provincialisms andPanjabi .
This little book has been prepared at the express desire
of the enterprising publishers, to meet the present
demand f or manuals of the vernaculars of India . Mydesire ha s been tomake it useful, in the hope that it willmeet the wishes of those who desire speedily to gain someacquaintance with the important language of Afghan
Iwould impress the necessity of acqu iring the correct
pronunciation of each letter froma true Afghiin’
s lips.
H . G. R .
Janua ry lot, 1880.
PU S'
H T O MANU AL.
PAR T I.
GRAMMAR .
T a nPu éhto language is written in the Naak_b character
of the Arabic, to some of which letters diacriticalmarksare added to express other sounds peculiar to Pu éhto .
The following is the alphabet, and an indicationof the
sounds of the letters
Shape.
a , i , i, 11, As inEnglish.
b do.
do .
do .
By reverting the point of thetongue to the palate. Like
/m gey 8 As th in thing, or lisped s.
e Lgey. ts or tz As ts or tz .
6 jim. As j injudge.
E chey As in church.
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Description.
C hey h S tronglyaspirated, asindouble h.
C k_hey Eh Guttural, as ch inScotch lock.
4 diil d
A d Harsh, as double d, or S anskrit
d_s or dz
English t, with slight aspiration.
z do . 2 do.
a, 1 u , Guttural, changing with the
vowel point.
fi zhain gh
As in zeal.
As inmm.
As broad Northumbrianr.
As in English.
As de or dz would be inEnglish .
As 8 inpkaswre, or softFrenchj.
By reverting the int of the
tongue on the ate. It is a
slight degree harsher than thePersian3
As in sense.
As in shell.
Peculiar to Pushto. Pronouncedby bringing the tip of the
tongue to the roof of the
mouth . The EasternAfghanspronounce itk
’h ; theWesternsgive it the softer sound of sh.
As ss indissolve.
As inEnglish
0mm 8
y , e: i, a'i,aey, a
’i,
or ey According to the vowel points.
hamzah As another formof a lzf .
There are tenArabic letters which never occur in pureAfghanwords, to wit a ” , C, 0
5,
15, 8’
q ,
andJ
therefore the langua contains but thirtyletters, including the eight peculiar to itself, namely ,!a» 5. (ts). ab le us and) or
g)
T he EasternAfghans, or Lar Pushtanah , often changetheCoccurring inPersianwords, used inPuéhto, into 0
”
which they pronounce k’hin, and they also u se the letter
el f for j"
A Qhalzi Mulla, writing on the jargon spoken bythe tribes about Peshawar, gives the following specimenof a pure Afghan sentence after it ha s undergone the
Peéhiwari transmutation. It is : Plar mi khfijz wub1 !
As inEnglish.
Guttural.As inking.
As ingive.
As English l.do .
do .
Pronounced run, a combinationof the sounds of g and
c)Peculiarto Pushto and S indhi .
According to the vowel points .
h
4 PUSH’I‘O MANUAL.
Inthe samemanner theWesternAfghans, or B ar Pushtinah, invariably give 03° the softer sound of shey, and
use3in the place of £3. T he (Lhalzis and some other
tribes substitute (5 for c ; and there are a few otherminorlocal peculiarities of pronunciation which appear difficult
at first, but a little practice makes these familiar to the
THE VOWELS .
There are three short vowels inPuéhto a , a s inAmericai as inp in and u as input. Wh en followed by the lettersalif,
’ yey,’and ‘wiio
’
respectively, they become long, viz . ,
as injar,‘ i
’as inpolice, and
‘ ii as inru le. When a
short is followed by the letters yey or‘wiio ,
’
a diphthongis produced,making ‘
ay or a i,’as in a isle, and
‘au ,
’like
ou in sound. A peculiar sound, shorter than short a , is
in this book represented by as diphthong.
It must be borne inmind that a ll letters must besounded inPushto ; thus khwzi ri ,
‘ humility ;a wif e’ s mother.
’ Words of this formation drop the
sound of w inPersian ; but this is not the ca se inPuéhto .
T HE PARTS OF SPEECH.
THE ARTICLE.
The Pushto language contains no article. T he article issupposed to be inherent in the noun, or is expressed by
sajzmar shah ,” My father was ill : this year he died.
This in the Pasto ,”Pukshto ,
”or Pakhhto that we
hear about would be Fli rmi k_hi'1g wuh sagmarshah .
”
As Persianwords are commonly u sed in the language , the
tiranslation is really, My father was a hog the dog°
cd
GRAMMAR. 5
the indefinite numeral yaw, or the demonstrative pro
nouns .
THE NO UN.
Nouns inPushto are of two kinds , primitive and derivative ; the former proceeds fromno other word in the
langu age, as Halak, a boy Jina’
i , a girl’
; the latterspring fromother nouns , or from verbs , as T iara
’
h,blackness ; Ra1
'na, brightness.
’
Nouns are of two numbers, singular and plural , and
of two genders ,masculine and feminine .
There are seven ca ses — the nominative , the genitive,the da tive , the accusative, the vocative, the ablative, and
the agent or instrumental case.
The cases are formed by the additionof particles to thenoun in an inflected state.
T he Genitive is formed by prefixing do. (sometimes da h)to the noun,
a s da dunyzi , of the world.
’
The Dative is formed by the addition of either ta h,la rah, or lah as sari tah , sari larah, or sari lab , to a
man.
’
S ometimes the particle tah, assumes the formwa ta h,or na wa tah, of which the na may precede the noun; thu s,wa sari tah , or wa sari watah, to aman.
’
T here is also a
formof the dative inwhich the particles are omitted ; as’Umar i s da Zaid wahi , ’Umar strikes Zaid’
s horse .
’
T he Accu sative remains the same a s the nominative, orassumes the dative formju st given.
T he Vocative is formed by prefixing the particles a i , ao ,or no but these are sometimes dispensedT he Ablative case is formed by prefixing la h to the
noun, to which nahmay also be aflixed ; thus, lah sari , orlah sari nah,
‘ froma man.
’
Nouns ending in a conso
nant reject the afi xed na h in the singular only , and
repla ce it by short a or ah, as mak_l_1, the face ;’1ah
makha , or labmakhah, ‘ fromthe face. ’ The particles tar,
6 PUSHTO MANUAL .
dar, or di are occasionally used to formthis case, the last
genera lly having the noun followed by nah. Under thiscasemay be included a Locative, with the sense of ‘ in
,
’
‘on,
’with,
’through ,
’
bymeans of .
’It is formed by
prefixing‘
pah or‘
pa’to the noun ; also by pah before
the noun, and‘ ks
’hey’or ks’hi
’after it.
All the preceding particles rema in unaff ected by either
number or gender.
T he Agent or Instrumental ca se is simply the inflectedformof the noun ; and it is u sed before transitive verbs,in all past tenses of the active voice.
There are two genders 1nPushto , themasculine and the
feminine ; and they afiect the terminations of nouns, ad
jectives, and verbs.
T he genders of many nouns can be distinguished byattention to the difierent powers of the letters hey and
yey , inwhich a great number of themtermina te.
T he letter h at the end of a word may be either perceptible, a s in weéhtah , hair
’
; or,imperceptible, as in
éhadza’
h,‘a woman.
’
T he former are allmasculine, thelatter are all feminine.
Words ending in -aey (as saraey ,a man aremascu
line ; those endingm-a’i (as j ina
’i,
‘a girl are feminine.
Many feminine nouns (especially Persian derivatives)exist of the formmirt_si , ‘ trouble,
’
i .e. they end 1n long‘1
without the preceding short a ; and foreignwords endingin long
‘ i’
which have crept into Pushto may be masculine or feminine according to the customof the language
whence derived ; thus hati , ‘an elephant,
’
is ma sculine,and da
’
i,
‘a nurse,
’is feminine .
Nouns ending msilent e are allmasculine ; as, d_zo ’
o,
a son,’
so’
e, a hare.
’
GRAMMAR. 7
S ome nouns derive their gender fromtheir meaning,and not fromtheir form; as, plair, a father,
’ mor, a
mother, ’ w’ror, a brother,
’ k_hor, a sister.
’
Feminine nouns canbe formed frommasculines by theaddition of the imperceptible h, as, fish, amale camel, ’fiéha
’h , a female camel ’
; and by changing themasculinetermination aey into a i , as murghumaey , a male kid,
’
murghuma ’i,
a female kid.
’ Words of the formmelmah , a male guest, ’ insert annto prevent hiatus ; thus,melmana ’
h, a female guest .
’
Pushto nouns have nine declensions, distinguishedaccording to the various methods of inflection, and theforma tion of the nominative plural.
lst Declension.-Nouns which take ‘ i
’or
‘ i’
in the
oblique ca ses singular and nominative plural ; and o or
u in the oblique cases plural.
T he first variety comprisesmasculine nouns ending inaey, and adds short a in the vocative singular ; thu s
saraey , aman.
’
da sari , of aman.
’
sari tah, larah, or lahwa sari tah, larah, or lah to aman.
’
wa sari watah, &c.
saraey ,‘aman,’ to aman.
’
ai saraeya , wo saraeya , or saraeya , 0man.
’
lah sari, or lah sari nah, fromaman.
’
sar1 , by aman.
’
Afghans , inwriting, commonly write the short vowelu instead of the letter 0, therefore thisnounced as though 0 were written.
8 PUSHTO MANUAL.
l r .
N. sari , men.
’
da saro , of men.
’
saro tah , larah , or lahwa saro tah, larah, or lah tomen.
’
wa saro watah , &c.
Ac. sari,men, ’ ‘ tomen.
’
V. ai saro , wo saro , or saro , 0menAb. lah saro , or lah saro nah, frommen.
’
Ag. saro, bymen.
’
In some instances the final letter of the plural formmay be reta ined in the oblique plural, as sario tah , &c . ,
tomen.
’
T he second variety comprises feminine , and generallyinanimate, nouns Wt h take abort i (occasionally ey) in theinflected cases, vocative included ; thus
N. lai r, a road.
’
da lari , of a road.
’
lari tah , &c. , to a road.
’
lair, a road, to a road.
’
a i or wo liiri,‘ O road !
’
lah lari, or lab li ri nah, a road.
’
lari, by a road.
’
N. lairi, roads .
’
da laro , of roads.
’
laro tah, &c. , to roads.
’
lari, roads,’
to roads.
’
ai or wo lairo , O roads !’
lah laro, or lah li ro nah, fromroads.
’
laro, by roads.
’
GRAMMAR. 9
2nd Declansion— Masculine nouns which do not infiectin the singular oblique ca ses. They take short a in the
vocative, and add two or more letters to formthe pluralnomina tive, and often shorten a long vowel 1n the base .
T he first variety takes ‘una
’or finah
’in the nominative
plar, a father.
’
S ing .
N. plarfi"
plaruna or plarfinah .
G. da plar. da plaruno .
V. ai or wo plara . ai or wo plaruno .
Ag Plt'
ir
T he second variety , which are allma sculine, inserts ‘
before the final vowel 1n the plural ; thus .
melmah, a guest.
’
S ing . Plur.
N. melmah . melmanah .
G. da melmah . da melmano.
V . aimelmah . aimelmzino .
Ag. melmah . melmiino .
The word ah ,‘a sigh,
’
which i s feminine amongst sometribes, takes the abovemasculine formof the plu
ral.
3rdDeclension.— Feminine nouns ending in impercep
tible h, which becomes ey in the inflected form, as shown
below .
éhadga’
h, a womanS ing.
N. shadza’
h.
G. da shadg ey .
V. ai shad_zey.
Ag. shadgey .
In the following declensions only those cases will be
givenwhich illu strate the changes of form.
10 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Certa in nouns of this declension, which , however, are
generally Persianderivatives, of the formmirtsi , distress,’dushmani , enmity, ’ are inflected thus
S ing.
N. mirtsi .G. damirtsa ’
l
i .
V. aimirtsa ’
Ag. mirtsa ’i .
4th Declension.— Nouns generally ma sculine and of two
varieties . The first take the peculiar vowel sound shorter
than short a referred to at page 4, and represented hereby09, in the oblique singular and nominative plural.T he first variety merely adds as, and sometimes ash,
thus
ghal,‘a thief. ’
S ing.
N. ghal. gh’las or gh
’laeh.
G. da gh’
lw. da gh’
lo .
V . ai g_’lw.
Ag. g_’
.lw
T he second variety consists of such nouns as n’mimdz ,
prayer,’
yi'
1n, cu stom,
’kojg , a hyena ,
’and shkur_1_1, a
porcupine and changes the or u of the base into
a’
, and affixes short a ,’or
‘ah ,
’as in the first variety ;
n’miindz
,prayer.
’
S ing. Plur.
N. n’miindz . n
’mandza or n’mandzah .
G. da n’mandza . da n
’mzindzo .
V. ai n’miind_z ii . ai n
’miindgo .
Ag. n’mandz a . n
’mandz o.
5th Declension.— T he nouns of this declension, which
containsmany exotic words, are not subject to infl ection,except in the vocative singular. In this case masculinestake a or ah, and feminines i or ey.
011mm . 11
T he first variety adds sin in the plural thu s
ash, a camel. ’S ing.
N. fish.
G . da iiéh .
V. ai ii éha .
Ag. fi sh .
T he second variety adds gi n in the plural : thus
mandi rno, a churning stick
S ing.
N. mandi rno.
G. damandi rno . mandiirgogano .
V. aimandi rno . aimandémogano .
Ag. mandamo . mandi rnogdno .
T he third variety adds yin in the plural ; thus
mulli , a priest .
’
S ing.
N . mulli . mulli yin.
G. da mulla . damulli yano.
V. a imulla . aimullziyzinc .
Ag. mulla . mullaytino .
T he fourth variety comprises nouns of consanguinity,and 18 somewhat irregular ; thus
mor, ‘amother.
’
S ing . Plur .
N. mor. mendi ormendey.
G. damor. damendo.
V. aimori.Ag. mor. mendo .
12 PUSHTO MANUAL .
dzo’e,
a son.
’
S ing.
N. dzo’
s .
G. da dzo’
e.
V . ai dz o’
ea .
Ag. dzo’
s .
T he fifth variety comprises nouns denoting sounds,whole of which take har in the plural ; thu s
heng, a groan.
’
S ing. Plur.
N. heng. hengahi r.
G . da heng. da hengaharo .
V. ai henga . ai hengaharo .
Ag. heng. hengah iiro .
6th Declension.— Nouns which remain unchanged,
except in the oblique plural.
The first variety comprises masculines terminatingperceptible h, such as waéhah,
‘
grass,’
which, in the geni
tive plural, becomes da washo , ‘of gra sses .
’
T he second
variety consists of feminines ending in long ‘s,
’
u ch as
ghwa ,‘a cow ,
’the genitive plural of which 1s da ghwawo,
of cows. A third variety comprises feminines endingmlong
‘i’
preceded by short ‘a such as j ina ’
i,
‘
girl,’
the genitive plural of which is da j ino , ‘of girls
?
T he fourth variety ends 1nshort ‘a
’
or like bar_na , orbar_nah,
‘an eyela sh ’
which, inthe genitive plural, becomesda bar_no , ‘
of eyelashes .
’T he fif th variety embraces all
nouns terminating in any other consonants than those
alreadymentioned , and they shorten their last vowel toas in the plural ; thu s, skhwandar, a steer,
’
becomes,skhwandser, steers,
’
da skhwandaero , of steers,’
&c. T he
remaining cases of the plural throughout this declensionfollow the model of the genitive ; the singular, as said
before, is unchangeable.
14s PUSHTO MANUAL.
THE ADJECTIVE .
Adjectives should, in all cases,.precede their nouns ;
they assume the same terminations ingender, number, andcase, a s the nouns they qualify .
T he nominative, oblique, vocative , and plural forms arethose which exhibit the changes of adjectives as of nounsthu s,mashar, elder ’ mashar w ’
ror, an elder brotherdamashar w ’
ror, of an elder brother,’aimashara w ’
rora ,
O elder brother!’ mashar w ’
rfirna , elder brothers damasharo of elderbrothers aimasharo w’
ruQO ,
O elder brothers !
Before feminine nouns adjectives take the imperceptibleh, and then follow the rule of the 3rd declensionof nounsthus, lo-e-a
’
h jael, a grown-up girl’da lo-e-ey jseley, of a .
grown-up girl
’ lo-e-ey jasley, grown-up girls da lo-eo
jaelo , of grown-up girls,’
&c.
Sometimes a noun is used instead of an adjective toqualify another noun ; as kai r_r_1aey z
’
rah, a hard (stone)heart.
’
In this ca se both nouns follow the u sual inflectionaccording to their terminations ; thus, da kairni n’ rab , o f
a hard heart (see Declensions 1 and
Adjectives containing o change that letter to d in
the singular oblique and nominative plural, and aflix per
ceptibleh to the end of theword ; thus, sor, cold,’makes da
sarah in the genitive singular, Sarah in the nominativeplural, and da saro inthe plural oblique. In the femininethe o is changed to short a , and imperceptible h is addedto the word ; thus, sara
’h, nominative ; da sarcy, genitive
and sarey, nominative plural ; but the feminine obliqueplural 1s the same as themasculine .
There are a number of adjectives, principally active andpast participles, which in the masculine terminate in aey
(lst declension) , whose feminines take i or ey’
; thus,wa-yimkaey , a speaker,
’wa-yiinki or wa-yiinkey, femi
nw e.
GRAMMAR. 15
The ordinal numbers are declinable , and subject to thesame changes by inflection as other adjectives.
of Adjectives .-T he positive is made com
e particles ta/r, la h, la h na h, &c. , used with
the object to which comparison is made thu s, bad spuk
garg ah ta r bar_na’
h (lit. evillightconsider thana featherconsider evil lighter than a feather.
’
Amere repetitionof the positive is commonly u sed in forming the comparative thus, pii ch pfich wzi -y1 , he talks great nonsense .
’
In forming the superlative, such words as tol, all,’
hadd,boundary,
’
pahor-tah or por-tah , over,
’
above,’
are u sed
in addition to the particles employed to formthe comparative thus, daghah lah tolo lo-e daey (lit. this than
allbig is this is the greatest lah hadda z i-ai ta , beyondbounds dzi saraey lah tolo nah der hoéh-yzir dacy (lit.thisman than all very clever is thismanis the cleverestof all.
’
THE PRONOUN.
T he B ushto pronouns are of five difierent classes— the
personal, demonstrative, reflective or reciprocal, interroga
tive, and indefinite . There are no peculiarly rela tive orcc -rela tive forms.
T he first personal pronounis not subject to any change
on account of gender.
N. zah, I.
’
G. dz’mti
,mine, of me.
’
D {ma tah, larah , lah,wamti tah, wa ma watah, &c
Ac. ma, me, ’ tome.
’
Ab. lahma, lahma nah, fromme.
’
Ag. ma , byme.
’
16 PUSHTO MANUAL.
mungah ,mungah, ormujg , we
dz’mungah or d_g
’miijz , of u s,’
mungah tah ormi1j§ tahwamungah tah or wamujg tah to us .
’
wamungah watah or wamujg watahAc mungah orm1’1j_z , us,
’to us.
’
mungah or lahmujg frommungah nah or lahmujg nahu s.
Ag. mungah ormiljg , by u s.
’
F5
T he second personal pronoun is as follows
tah , thou .
’
sta or da ta, of thee,’thine.
’
ta tah, &c ., to thee.
’
ta, thee,’to thee.
’
a i ta or wo
lah tah, &c. , fromthee.
’
ta, by thee.
’
Masc. Plu 'r.
tasii or tiisey, ye, you .
’
stzi su or stasi , of you ,
’ yours .
’
tasii or tasey tah , &c.,
‘ to you .
’
tasu or tasey, you ,
’to you .
’
a i tasii or tasey, &c . 0 you !
lah tasii or tai sey , &c. fromyou .
’
tasu, or ti sey, by you .
’
T he forms built upon mungah, ’ &c. , belong to EasternPushto those deduced frommujg belong to theWestern
GRAMMAR. 17
T he third personal pronoun has a feminine formin theobliqu e ca ses of the singular, but the plural is the sameas themasculine.
Masculine S ingula r.
haghah, he,haghah , he,
’
it.
’
da haghah, of him,
’
&c.
haghah tah , &c . , to him,
’850.
haghah, him,
’to him.
’
lah haghah, &c. fromhim.
’
haghah , by him.
’
haghah , she,’ ‘ it.
’
N . haghah, she,’ ‘ it.
’
da highih or da highey , of her,
’
&c .
highih tah or highey tah , &c.,to her.
’
haghah ,lah highih or lah highey , &c. fromher.
’
highih o'r highey , by her.
’
Masculine and Feminine Plural.haghah , they.
’
da bugho or da hughoey , of them.
’
bugho tah or hughoey tah , &c. , to them.
’
haghah , them,
’
to them.
’
lah bugho or lah hughoey , &c. , fromthem.
’
bugho or hughoey , by them.
’
The demonstrative pronouns are of two kinds, theproximate and the remote.
T he proxima te demonstratives are daghah and da , which,wheninflected, are bothmasculine and feminine .
18 PUSHTO MANUAL.
daghah or di , this.
’
da daghah, or da dey, of this.
’
da dighih , da dighey , or da dey, of this.
’
daghah tab or dey tah, &c. , to this.
’
dighih tah, digbey tab, or dey tah, &c., to
this.
’
daghah, or dii , this,’ ‘ to this.
’
daghah or dzi , this,’to this.
’
lah daghah , or lah dey , &c. , fromthis.
’
lah dighih , lah digbey, or lah dey , &c. from
Ag. dagl_1ah , or dey , by this.
’
F. Ag. dighih dighey , or dey, by this.
’
Plural (f or both Genders) .
daghah these.
’
da dagho or da dewo , of these .
’
dagho tah or dewo tah, &c. , to these .
’
daghah , these,’ ‘ to these .
’
lah dagho or lah dewo, &c., fromthese. ’dagho or dewo, by these.
’
There is another formof the proximate demonstrativcpronoun, more generally u sed b the Western than theEasternAfghans, and more emp atic in its signification
than the foregoing. It is not subj ect to change f or genderor number, and is thus declined
hd-yah, this.
’
N. hé -yah . Ac. bi yah .
G. da ha-ey . Ab. lah ha-ey, &c .
D. ha -ey tah, &c. Ag. ha-ey .
GRAMMAR. 19
T he remote demonstratives are dacy f or themasculine,and dii for the feminine. The latter is the same as one of
the proximate demonstratives before described. T he
difi erence is that the former is used for both genders, butthe latter only for the feminine.
daey , that.
’
S ing.
N. daey , M. , dzi , F. di'
1-i , M. and F .
G. da dah or da dey . da dii-i , or da dii -io .
D . dah tah or dey tah, &c. dii-i tah or du-io tah, &c.
Ac . da cy or din. dii-i .
Ab. lah daey or lah dey , &c. lah di'
1 -i or lah du-io , &c.
Ag. dah or dey . du-i, or du-io .
The reflective or reciprocal pronoun khpul, self,’is ap
plicable to all persons . It 18 placed before the verb 1n thesentence , andmu st refer to the agent ornominative eitherexpressed or understood, whatever itmay be. T he plural
inflected form18 used f or both genders. It i s declined a s
follows
S ingu lar .
Mass .
kh pul. k_hpula’
h.
da k_hpul. da k_hpuley .
k_hpul tah , &c. k_hpuley tah, &c.
k_hpul. khpula’
h .
lah k_hpula , &c. lah k__hpuley, &c.
khpul. khpuley .
N. khpul M ., khpula’
h F. Ac. k_hpulM. , khpula’
hF.
G. da k_hpulo . Ab. lah khpulo , &c.
D . k_hpulo tah, 850. Ag. k_hpulo .
T he interroga tive pronouns are t_sok, ’ kom,
’
and kam.
’
T he interrogative t_1_sok is applied to persons, and ra rely
2 S
20 PU snro MANUAL.
to inanima te objects. It is used both for the singular and
plural, andmasculine and feminine, and is thus declinedt_sok,
‘ who ?’ ‘which ?
’ ‘ what ?’
N. Lsok . Ac. t_1_sok .
G. da chi . Ab . lah chi .
D . chi tah , 850. Ag. chi .
This pronoun is also in common use as an indefinite,and is f or themost part applied to persons, but in someinstances to things also .
T he interroga tives kom and kam are both singular
and plural ; but they undergo change in gender ; thus
komor kam, what ?’
Fem.
N. komor kam. koma ’
h or kama ’
h .
G. da komor da kam. da komey or da kamey .
D . komtah or kamtab , 850. komey tah or kamey tah , &c.
Ac. komor kam. koma ’
h or kama ’
h .
Ab. lah koma or lah kama . lah komey or lah kamey , &c .
Ag. komor kam. komey or kamey.
T he pronoun tsah is u sed both in an interrogative a swell as in an indefinite sense. It undergoes no change of
formin inflection ; thus, t ah , what ?’
a ,’
an,’
any ,’
&c. ; da tsah ,
‘of what?
’tsah larah or tsah tah ,
‘ to
what ? &c.
T here is another indefinite pronoun, d_z ini or dzini . It is
applicable to things both animate and inanimate but is
not subject to anv change of termination on account of
gender. It is both singular and plural.
N. dzini or d_z im. Ac. dz ini or d_z ini.G. da d_z ino . Ab. lah dz ino .
D . d_z ino tah , 850. Ag. d_zino or dz inu .
S everal pronouns admit of composition ; thus, harwhoever,
’
bar-tsah, whatever,’
har-yow , everyone, ’ kam
22 PUSH’I‘O MANUAL .
is u sed with all verbs ; but, like the first form, has no independentmeaning. It is not subject to change on account
of gender.
S ing.
am, I.
’u we.
’
ey ,‘ thou.
’
a ai , ye, you .
’
i,he, she, it.
’
i, they .
’
The above are used in forming the tenses of intransitiveand substantive verbs, and, with the exception of the six
past tenses, f or those of verbs transitive also . They are
inseparable fromthe verbs, and have no independent
meaning. T he regular personal pronounsmay also be prefixed to the verbs with which they are u sed, but are notabsolutely required, and not generally adopted.
THE VERB.
Verbs are of two kinds— primitive and derivative, whichmay again be divided into six classes— the substantive,intransitive, active or transitive (comprising causals) , thederivative
, and the passive.
Active verbsmay be obtained fromsome intransitivesby changing the termination -al or -eda l of the infinitive,into -
awul as baledal, to take fire,’
balawul, to set on
fire.
’
Causals are formed fromintransitives and transitives inprecisely the same manner ; thu s, zghaledal, to run,
’
zghalawul,‘ to cause to run.
’
Derivatives may be formed fromnouns , adjectives, orpronouns, either by simply aflixing the signof the infini
tive, or by also shortening the long vowel of the base : as ,poha
’
h , understanding,’
pohedal, to understand,’
pohawul,to inform, ’ cause to understand wuch, dry ,
’wuchedal,
GRAMMAR. 23
to become dry , ’ wuchawul, tomake dry rfirni , bright,’
ringnawul to make bright ghi ra’
b, a brink or side,’
gharedal, to turn aside gharawul, to put aside.
’
Nouns and adjectives very fre uently give rise to a kindof compound verb , by themere a dition thereto of a regularly conjugated verb thu s, ii -dah, asleep,
’
ii -dah kedal,to go to sleep wajz aey, hungry ,
’
wajz aey kedal, to
become hungry.
’
T he passive voice is formed by the addition of the dif
ferent tenses of the substantive or auxiliary verbs kedaland sh
’
wal, to be or become, ’ to the past participle or imperfect tense of a transitive verb, both of which are subjectto the same changes in termination for gender as other
verbs, to agree Wi th the governing noun in the sentence.
T R R S U RsrANrrvR VRRR .
Infinitive unknown.
zah yam, Iam.
’ mfijg ormungah yl'
i ,‘we are.
’
tah yey,‘ thou art.
’ti su ya
’
ai or yi sta’
ai,‘
you
are.
’
haghah daey or shtah ,‘ he
1s .
’
haghah da’
h or shtab, she
Past T ense.
zah wum, Iwas .
’ mfijg or mungah wii , we
were.
’
tah wey, thou wast.
’ti sh wa
’
ai ,‘
you were.
’
haghah wu orwuh, hewas.
’haghah wii , they were .
’
haghah wa’
h , she was.
’haghah wey, they were.
’
24 PUSHTO MANUAL.
zah bah yam, Ishall be.
’ mfijg ormungah bah yii , ‘we
shall be.
’
tah bah yey, thou shalt be.
’
ti sfi or ti si bah ya’
ai‘" you
shall be.
’
haghah bah wi or bah wina , haghah bah wi or bah wina ,
he, she, it, shall be.
’they shall be.
’
Aorist or Fu ture Indefi/nite.
z ah, tah, or haghah wi or miijg or mungah , ti sii or
wina , I, thou ,he, she, or haghah wi or winah , we,
itmay be.
’
you , or theymay be.
’
Condit or Opta tive.
zah was , wi e, or bah wum, wae wi e,
were I.
’
tah wey , wi e, or bah wey ,wert thou .
’
haghah wae, wi e, or bah
wub , were he or it.
’
haghah wae, wi e, or bah
wa’h, were she or it.
’
The following, as well as the preceding verb, is u sed todenotemere existence . It is an auxiliary, and imperfect inits conju gation.
ti sii oah yi st, inWesternAfghinistin.
f ti sii wi st or bah wi st in theWest.
mu]; or mungahor bah wii , werewe.
ti si or ti si wa’
ai , or wi e, or
bah wa’
ai,1' were you .
’
haghah wae, wi e, or bah wh ,were they .
’
haghah wae, wi e, or bah
wey,. were they .
’
GRAMMAR. 25
aosedal, to be, exist, continue ,’
&c.
da aosedo or da aosedalo, of or f or being, existing,’&c.
Active Pa rticip le.
S ingu la r.— Masc. , aosediinkaey or aosedunaey. Fem. , aose
di'mi or aosediinki ; aosedi
‘mey or aosedfinkey, exister,’
&c .
Plura l—Mace. and Fem. , aosedimki or aosadimi , ‘existers,
’
&c.
zah ac aam, Iexist.’ mfijg or mungah aosfi,
exist. ’
tah aosey. ti sii or ti si aos’
ai
haghah acsi .
Condit or Op ta tive.
zah aosedam, were I.
’
tah aosedey .
haghah aosedah .
haghah aoseda’
h or
aosedala’h
Future
bah wu aosam,Iwill mfijg or mungah bah wu
exist.
’
aosii , we will exist.’
tah bah wu aosey . ti eu bah wu aos’
ai
haghah bah wu aosi. haghah bah wu aosi .
mujg aosedfi, werewe.
’
ti sfi aosed’
ai or ti sii aosedi st.
haghah aosedal.
haghah aosedey , or aosedal
ey .
26 PUSH'I‘O MANUAL .
Aorist Tense.
zah wu aosam, Imay exist.
’ mfijg ormungah wu aosfi .
tah wu aosey . ti si wu aos’
ai .
hagl_1ah wu aosi . ha ghah wu aosi .
Preca tive.
zah wu aosam, I should mfijz ormungahexist.
’
tah wu aosey . ti si wu aos’
ai .
haghah di wu aosi . haghah di wu aosi .
Throughout the above three tenses the prefixOptionally , and is often, omitted.
tah aosah, exist thou .
’
haghah di aosi ,‘ let him, her, &c.,
exist. ’
ti si aosa’i, exist you .
’
hagl_1ah di acsi ,‘ let themexist.
’
The verb kedal, to be or become, ’ used in forming thepassive voice .
kedal, be be,’
become .
’
Present Tense.
zah kejzamtah kejgey . ti si kejg
’
ai .
haghah kejgi . haghah kejz i .
EasternAfgh ins turn jg into g therefore, in thistense , they would use g for jg throughout.
GRAMMAR. 27
zah kedam, Iwas becom miijz ormungah kedi .
mg.
’
ti si ked’ai .
haghah keda or kedah haghah kedalhaghah keda
’
h or kedala’
h haghah kedey or kedaley
(F.)If between the pronounand the verb, theparticle bah
be inserted in this tense, it a ssumes the habitua l form.
zah bah kejzam, Iwill be mfijz ormungah bahcome.
’
tah bah kejzey . bah kejg’ai .
bah keiz i . haghah bah kejz i .
Inthis tense the prefixed personal pronouns are often'
omitted in a sentence.
T he verb sh’
wal,’like that which precedes it, imports
transition fromone state to another. It is used to formthe passive voice.
sh’
wal, to be or become. ’
da sh’walo or da sh
’
wo , of or f or being or becoming.
’
S ing. sh’wimkaey or sh
’
wiinaey ; (E ) sh’
wiiney or
sh’
wfinkey , the besomer.
’
Plum— (M. andF.) sh’
wimki or sh’
wiini , the becomers.
’
28 PUSHTO MANUAL.
S ing. (M.) shawaey, shawalaey ; (F.) shawey or shawaley,become.
’
Plan— (M. and F.) shawi or shawali , become.
’
Present T ense.
sham, Ibecome.
’
shey.
haghah shi .
sh’
wam, bah sh’wam, or sh
’
wii , bah sh’
wii , or sh’walii ,
sh’
walam,I was becom we were becoming.
’
mg.
’
sh’
wey , bah sh’
wey, or sh’
w’ai , bah sh
’
w’ai ,
sh’
waley . sh’
wal’
ai .
haghah shah or bah shah haghah sh’
wii , bah sh’wi1 , or
sh’wal
haghah sh’wa
’h,bah sh
’wa
’h, haghah sh
’wey , bah sh
’
wey ,or sh
’
wala’
h or sh’waley
Past Tense.
wu sh’wamor wu sh
’walam,
Ibecame .
’
sh’
wey or wu sh’
waley .
shah (M ) .wu sh
’
wa’
h or wu sh’
wala’
h
Throughout this tense the
wu sh’
wii or wil sh’walfi, we
became.
’
wu sh’
w’
ai or wu sh’
wal’
ai .
wu sh’
wii or wu sh’
wal (M.)wu sh
’
wey or wu sh’
waley
particle wu may be option
30 PU sR'ro MANUAL.
wu sham, Imay, shall, will, wu shii , wemay, shall, will,&c.
, become.
’&c.
, become.
’
wu shey . wu sha’
ai .
haghah wu shi . haghah wu shi .
T he particle wu ,
’ may optionally be omitted.
Conditiona l or Op ta tive.
kah zah sh’wi e, If I be kahmfijz ormungah sh
’
wi e.
came.
’
kah tah sh’
wi e. kah ti si sh’
wi e.
kah haghah sh’
wi e. kah hagl_1ah sh’
wi e.
kah zah shawaey wey, If I kah mfijz or mungah shawi
had become.
’
kah tah shawaey wey . kah ti si shawi wey .
kah hagl_1ah shawaey wey . kah haghah shawi wey .
In the singular the feminine formof the past part .
shawey mu st be used in each of the three persons .
Past uture T ense.
shawaey bah yam, Ishall shawi bah yii .
or will have become.
’
shawaey bah yey. shawi bah ya’
ai .
haghah shawaey bah wi . haghah shawi bah wi .
T he feminine formof the past participle is u sed for thesingular in each person.
wu shah, become thou .
’
wu sha’
si , become you .
’
haghah di wu shi ‘ let him,haghah di wu shi,
‘ let themher, or it become. ’ become.
’
In the Imperative the particle wu may be dropped.
GRAMMAR. 31
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VRRRs.
All infinitives inthePushto language end in -l,’
-edal,’
or -wul’
those ending in -l are both transitive and intransitive, those which take -edal are, without exception,
sitive, and those ending in -wul are all transitive.
There are no less than thirty-seven classes of verbs,which comprise all the regular and irregula r conju gationsinthe language . Thirteen of these classes are intransitive,including five imperfect, and twenty-four transitive, comprising nineteen perfect and imperfect, and five imperfect.T he peculiarities of each cla ss willnow be specified.
For the sake of brevity it may be mentioned that theinflections of the verb arrange themselves under two
groups ; the first group includes the Present, Aorist,Future , and Imperative , and the other group the Imperfect, the Past Tense, and generally the Past Participle.
Cla ss I.- After dropping the l of the infinitive thela st
radical letter is changed to another in the 1st group of
tenses, bu t remains in the 2nd group. Thus, pohedal,‘ to know ’
lst. pohejgi ,‘ he knows ’
; wu pohejgi ,‘ he
may know wu pohejz ah , know but 2nd. pohedah,‘ he wa s knowing wu pohedah, he knew ’
; pohedalaey,‘ known.
’
Cla ss II— The two la st radical letters are rejected in thelat group of tenses, and reta ined in the second group .
Thu s, z’
ghaledal,‘ to rim 1st. z
’
ghali ,‘ he runs,
’
&c. ;
2nd. z’
ghaledah , he was running,’
850.
Cla ss III— T he three la st radical letters are rejected inthe lst group of tenses, and retained in the 2nd group.
Thu s, k’
sheni stal, to sit lst. k’
éheni , he sits,’
&c. ;
2nd . k’éheni st, he was sitting.
“
These verbs do not take the particle wu in the past,accordingly the imperfect and past have the same form,
32 PUSH’I’O MANUAL .
Class IV.— The last radical letter is rejected, and the
long vowel elided inthe lst group of tenses. Thus , chiwdal, to split
’
; 1st. ch’wi , he splits ’
; 2nd. chi wd,‘ he
was splitting.
’
Cla ss V.— The last radical letter is changed f or two
others in the 1st group of tenses. Thus, khatal, to
ascend ’
; lst. khejzi ,‘ he ascends
’2nd. k_hot, he was
ascending.
”
Class VI— The -1’of the infinitive is simply rejected.
Thus,m’
ral, to die’
; 1st.m’
ri'
,he dies ’
2nd.mar, he
was dying.
’In the 1st group the verb
‘mral exceptionally changes
‘r
’
to ‘r.
’The past participle 1s simply an
adjective thus ,mar, dead .
Class VII— A letter is added after the last radicalletterin the lat group of tenses , and both that and the addedletter are rejected in the 2nd group. Thus, swal, to
burn’
lst. swadzi ,‘ he burns
’
; 2nd. sah, he wa s bummg
’
; but theWesternAfghins 1n the imperfect and pastreject the perceptible h
’in "
sah f or ‘
; thus, si1 , he
was burning.
’
Imperfect Verbs.
Class VIII— This class conforms to the rule o f Cla ssI. ;
but all the tenses, except the Present and Imperfect, are
k’sheni st, but are known fromthe constru ction of the
sentence.
Verbs of this classmake this change of short a to
o’in the third personmasculine singular only in the
third personplural the‘a" becomes i (e.g. khi taeh and
k_hatal, the same a s the infinitive itself, ‘ they were as cending in the remaining persons no change takes placethus, khatam,
Iwas a scending,’
&c. , except in the thirdpersons feminine, to formwhich imperceptible h is
added to the root or to the infinitive, as, Qata’
h or
khatala’
h ,‘she wa s ascending.
’
GRAMMAR. 33
formed with the Past Papticiple, and the auxiliary verb‘
.sh’
wa1 Thus , mi tedal, to break ; 1st. mi tejgi , he
breaks ’
; mi t shi , he shall ormay break ’
;mi t shah , ‘ lethimbreak 2nd.mi tedah, hewas breaking mi t shah ,
he broke mi t or mi t shawaey,
Class IX.— Wanting in the 1st group of tenses, which
are supplied fromsome other verb ; the 2nd group are
regular. Thus , z’
gh i stal,‘ to run
’
1st. z’
ghali ,‘ he
,2n .d z
’
gh i
z
st,‘ he was running.
Cla ss X.—Wanting mthe 2nd group of tenses, which
are supplied fromother verbs . Thus , druma l, to go’
;
lst. dr1'
1mi,
‘ he goes’
; wu driimi , ‘ hemay go ’
, wu driimah ,
"
go ; 2nd. tah,‘ he was going
’
; li r, he went’
, talaeyor t
’
lalaey , gone.
’
Cla ss XL—Consisting of su ch verbs as li ral, to go ,’
the deficiencies of which are supplied by help of sh’
wal,‘ to become.
’ Thu s, li ral, ‘ to go’
; lst. dz i , he goes’
;li r shi ,
‘ he may or shall go’
; li r shah, go’
; .2nd tahhe was going
’
; li r, he went ; talaey or t’
lalaey‘
gone.
Cla ss XII.— Containing only the verb t
’
lal,‘ to go ,
’
which has only the infinitive and imperfect. Thus, t’lal,‘to go
’
; lst. dzi ,‘ he goes
’
; li r shi,‘ he may or shall
go’
; d_gah ,
"
go’
, 2nd . t’
lah or tah,‘ he was going
’
; li r
he went ta; laey or t’
lalaey,‘
gone. The pronouns‘ri ,
dar,’
and ‘war
’
(see p . are u sed with thi s verb.
Containing only the verb ri ghlal, to
come, ’ which hasmerely a Past Tense and Past Participle.
This is really a compound of ‘ri
’
and a verb ‘
,ghlalas the following indication of its tenses shows — ri -ghlal,‘to come ’
; .lst ri -dzi , he comes ’
; ri -shi , hemay come ’
;ri -dgah , let himcome 2nd. ri -tah ,
he was comingri -ghaey, he came ri -ghlalaey or ri -ghala ey, come. ’
These verbs aremostly derivative, formed fromad.
lectives, by aid of the termination -edal.
’
PU SHTO MANUAL .
T ransitives.
As in the case of Intransitives, before applying thefollowing rules, the -1
’
of the infinitive is first rejected.
Class I.— Lengthen the penultimate a
’
to i’in the
2nd group of tenses. Thu s, taral, ‘ to bind’
; lst. ta ri ,hebinds 2nd. ti rah, hewas binding taralaey ,
‘ bound.
’
T he verbs of this class are the most numerous in the
language .
Cla ss II— In the Present and Imperative the personalterminations are simply added. T he Imperative is sometimes formed by the addition of the imperative of kra l,to do ,
’to the shortened past participle. The Aonst,
Future, and Past tenses are always formed by aid of
k’ral and the shortened past participle. In the Imperfect the penultimate ‘
a is lengthened to i .
’ Thu s,k_hashawul,
‘ to bury ’
; k__haéhawi ,‘ he buries
’
; k_haéh k’
ri ,‘ he may bury ’
; k_h aéh krah , bury k_h ashiwuh ,‘ he
was burying’
; k_hash kar,‘ he buried Lhash karas y ,
buried.
’T he verbs of this class are very numerous .
Cla ss III— The last two radica l letters of the verb are
changed to two others in the 1st group of tenses. T he
2nd group is regular. Thu s, ghoshtal, ‘ to desire ’
; lst.
ghwarl ,‘ he desires 2nd. ghosht, he wa s desiring
ghoéhtalaey , desired.
’
T he letter-change is as follows
Examples .
sht becomes i r ghoéhtal ghwi ri .
st nd aghfistal aghimdi .sht skaéhtal skarni .
iho jgd or gd pre-showul prejgdi.
Cla ss IV.
- T he last two radical letters are supplantedby one other letter in the 1st group of tenses ; bu tretained in the 2nd group . Thu s, mfindal, ‘ to find
’
;
GRAMMAR. 35
lst. mfimi , ‘ he finds’
; 2nd. mimd, ‘ he was finding’
;
also, l’
wastal, to read ’
; 1st. l’
wali ,‘ he reads ’
; 2nd.
l’
wast,‘ he was reading
’
; and i k_hista1,‘ to seize ’
;
lst. i k_hli ,‘ he seizes .
’
Cla ss V.— These verbs do not take the prefixed wu
and formall the tenses and the Imperative by themererejection of the -1
’of the infinitive ; the 1st group of
tenses taking the aflixed, and the 2nd group the pre
fixed pronouns. Thus , bi ’e-lal, to lose (at lst.
ba’e-li,
‘ he loses’
; 2nd. bi’e-lah, he wa s losing.
’
Cla ss VI— The penultimate vowel of the verb is
lengthened. Thus , wa-yal, to speak lst. wi -yi, he
speaks ’
; 2nd. wi -yah,‘ he was speaking
’
; wayalaey,spoken.
’
Cla ss VIL— Short a’becomes ‘
0’in the lst group
of tenses, and ‘ i’in the 2nd group. Thus, balal, ‘ to
call’
; lst. boli , he calls 2nd. bi lah , he was callingbalalaey , called.
’
Cla ss VIII.— In the 1st group of tenses the la st radical
letter is changed f or another ; in the 2nd group it isreta ined, and the penultimate ‘
a len hened to i .
’
Thu s, wajglal,‘ to kill ’
; 1st. wajgni , e kills’
; 2nd.
wi jgah, he was killing’
; wajgalaey, killed.
’
Cla ss IX.— These verbs reject the prefixed wu in the
Past tenses. In the lst group of tenses the last radicalletter is changed. Thu s, pri -natal, to unloose lst.
pri -naM , heunloosens 2nd. pri -nat, he was unloosening pri -nataey or pri
-natalaey, unloosened.
’
Cla ss X.— In the lst group of tenses the three last
radical letters are changed. Thus , wishtal, to dischargelst. wuli , he discharges 2nd. wisht, he was discharging wishtalaey , discharged.
’
Cla ss XI— T he two last radicals are rejected in the
lst group of tenses. Thus, i rwedal, ‘ to hear’
; 1st. i rwi ,he hears 2nd. i rwedah, he was hearing
’
; i rwedalaey ,
heard.
’
36 PUSHTO MANUAL .
Cla ss XII.— The last radical letter is rejected in the
lst group of tenses, and the penultimate vowellengthenedin the2nd group. Thus, pejgandal, to know 1st. pejgani ,he knows 2nd. pejg ind, he was knowing pejgandal
aey, known.
’
Cla ss XIII— The penultima te vowel is lengthened inthe lst group of tenses ; the simple infinitive, with the
additionof the prefix wu for the Past tense, is employedin the 2nd group . Thus, k_handal, ‘ to laugh
’
; lst .
k_h indi ,‘ he laughs 2nd. k_handal, ‘ he was laughing
wu k__handal, he laughed k_h andalaey , laughed.
’
Cla ss XIV. The last radical letter is changed in the
1st group of tenses. Thu s,mushal, to rub 1st.mujgi ,he rubs 2nd. mu éhah, he was rubbing mushalaey,rubbed.
’
Imperf ect Verbs.
Cla ss XV.—Wanting in the lst group of tenses, and
the Past tense, which are supplied by those of another
imperfect verb wanting in other tenses. Thu s, yeéhal,‘ to place ’
; 1st. jg’
di ,‘ he places
’
; jg’
di ,‘ hemay place ’
;
jg’
dah,‘ place 2nd. yeéh , he was placing
’ke-sho, he
placed yeéhaey , placed.
’
Cla ss XVI.— T he verb ke-shwal, to place ,
’illu strates
this class. It has but one tense, which is used both for
Imperfect and Past . T he deficiencies are supplied byke-jg
’
dal,‘ to place .
’ Thus, ke-éhwal, to place’
; lst. ke-jg’
di,
‘ he places’
; 2nd. ke-sho ,‘ he was placing
’
; ke-sho, he
placed yeéhaey , placed.
’
Cla ss XVII— A verb of this class, jg’dal, to place ,
’
has no Past tenses or Past Participle. Its deficiencies aresupplied by other imperfectverbs . Thus, jg
’
dal, to placelst. jg
’
di ,‘ he places
’
; 2nd. ke-sho ,‘ he was placing
’
;
ke-sho ,‘ he placed ’
; yeéhaey ,‘
placed.
’
Cla ss XVIII— Possibly the only verb of this class is
38 PUSHTO MANUAL.
culine, and -na’h for the feminine thu s, z
’
ghi stal to
mm z’
gl_1i stanah , running.
’2nd. perceptible
‘ h f or
the masculine, and imperceptible h for the feminine ;thus , wu lal
‘to wash wulah (ma sa ) , wula
’
h (fem.
‘ Washing.
’
3rd. h,
’as before, and inserting
‘a
’
before thelast radical consonant ; thus, wata l, to come ou t ,
’
wi ta h
or
a
wi ta’h , coming out.
’
4th . h,
’
as before, and inserting’
before the la st radical letter but one ; thus, yastal, to
draw forth ’
yi stah or yi sta’h,
‘ drawing forth’
ji r-yastal,‘to turn aside
’
; ji r-yi stah , turning a side.
’5th .
‘
thu s, taral, to bind ; tarun, binding’
; dakedal,
1111
to
fill’
; dakedun, filling.
’
(Most commonly intransitivesin -eda l reject the whole of that termination ,
thus ,
dakedal,‘ to fill
’
; dakun, filling’
; gadedal, to mix ’
gadim, 6th . i by inserting i before thelast radical letter to which 1
'
1n is a ffixed ; thus ,mi tawul,to break mi ti -im mi ti -ima ’
h breakmg.
’
All the above participles are capable of inflection ; thoseof the lst, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms, endingmimperceptibleh ,
’
like nouns of the 3td Declension, lst variety those
of the 2nd 3rd, and 4th forms, endingmperceptible h
or short a , like nouns of the 6th Declension, lst varietythose of the 1st, 5th, and 6th forms, ending in likenouns of the 9th Declension.
The Perf ect or Past Particip le is formed— 1st . by the
addition of -ae’
y to the infinitive for the masculine,and of -e
’
for the feminine thus, k’
she-yastal, to
insert,k
’
s e-yastalaey,‘ inserted.
’
2nd. by the addition
of -ae’
as before, after rejecting the ‘-l of the infini
tive ; t u s, i ghu stal,‘ to dress
’
; i ghu staey,‘ dressed.
’
3rd. by irregular changes ; thus, wali redal, to stand ;wali r, standing
’
; pre-watal, to fall pre
-wot, fallen ’
,
ni stal, to sit ni st,‘
.seated
The Past Participle 1s also u sed as a pa st conjunctiveparticiple, a s inPersian, anexample of which 1s necessarythus, da ruk_hsat salimmi karaey tri bidi sh’
wam,
’ my
GRAMMAR. 89
parting salutation having made, Ibade themadieu (lit.‘ fromthemadieu took place or happened
T he Noun of Action is formed by dropping the -l’of
the infinitive, and adding -1'
1nkaey’
or -1‘
1naey'for
the masculine , and -unkey ’or -uney f or the feminine.
’
T he plural formof this participle 1s both masculine andfeminine, and 18 formed by changing the
‘-aey ,
’
or‘-ey ,
’
of
the singular, to‘ i ; thu s, l
’
wastal, to read , l’
wastfmaeyor a reader
’
; l’
wastum, readers .
’
T he Nounof Fitness 1smerely the infinitivemthe genitive ca se.
ON rnn TENSES .
T he Past— T he formation of the tenses is best understood by starting fromthe Past tense , the 3rd person, themasculine singular forms of which have beenalready shownwhen speaking of the diff erent classes of verbs, and fromwhich five other inflections are formed by the addition of
the aflixed personal pronouns . It is only needful here toadd tha t the 3rd personmasculine pluralof both transitiveand intransitive verbs is generally the simple infinitive,with ‘ wu
’
prefixed or not, according to the na ture of theverb . T he 3rd person feminine plural is formed bychanging the
-a’
h’
of the singular into -ey . Thereis another formof the 3rd person masculine pluralof this tense , which in writing may be mistaken for
the 3rd person ma sculine and feminine singular, and
in speaking is not ea sy to detect. It conta ins the sound
shorter than short ‘a ,
’ mentioned at page 4 ; thus, wu
gl_1u ledah, he wa s deceived wu -ghuleda’
h, she was
deceived ,wu -ghuledmh , they were deceived. T he
syllable ‘ i1ah or‘ n
’
a is sometimes added to the 3rd
person singular and plural of this, as well as other
tenses, f or the sake of euphony , and also as a respect
f ul formmreligious works. In the ca se of verbs formedby the junction of a preposition and a simple verb,
40 PUSH TO MANUAL .
it is usual to insert the particle wu between the preposition and the verb ; thu s, pre-watal to fall
,
’
becomes prewu -wot,
‘ he fell. ’ In case of rejecting the ‘ wu ,
’it is
simply pre-wot.
’
Verbs which lengthen a to a in the
Past tense singular, reject the long vowel in the plural.
The Imperf ect— This tense is formed by simply rejectingthe particle wu of the Past tense . W
'
hen wu is not
u sed with the Past tense, then both Past and Imperfectare identical in form. Intransitives derived fromadjectives, &c. , have a regular Imperfect, although they haveno regular Past tense. Transitive verbs of the 3rd and
24th Classes, lengthen the short vowel a preceding the
termination; thus, l_c_hashawul, to bury k_haéhiwu or
k_haéhi wuh , he was burying.
’
Another formof the Imperfect, implying continu ity and habitude , is produced byprefixing the particle bah to the Past tense.
T he Perf ect— Thi s is formedby adding thePresent tenseof the auxiliary to be to the past participles of verbs,alread described. T he participlemu st agree in genderwith t e noun.
T he Plup erf ect.— This is formed in the samemanner asthe preceding, bu t with the addition of the Past tenseof the auxiliary to be instead of the Present tense .
T he Doubtfu l Past— This tense is formed by the addition of the Aorist of the auxiliary to be to the past
participle. Another formof thi s tense is produced byadding the 2nd Future of the auxiliary ‘ to be to the
past participle .
The Past Conditiona l— This is obta ined b
ysubjoining
the Imperfect orConditionaltense of the auxi iary to be
to the past participle.
T he Present— Thedifferent ways of forming the Presenttense were shown when discussing the Cla sses of Verbs,and need notbe repeated.
GRAMMAR. 41
T he Aorist— This tense is identical with the Present,with the addition of the particle wu ,
’but it is often te
jected as redundant. Transitive verbs of the 5th, 9th,loth , 16th, 17th, and 20th Cla sses, reject the particle wu
absolutely in the Aorist. Transitives of the 2nd Class,requ ire the Aorist of kawul or k
’ ral, to do,’to complete
them.
First Future— This tense is identical with the Aorist,with the exception that it adds the particle di to the
3rd person singu lar and plural, whether ma sculine or
f eminine. When a personal pronoun is used with the 3rd
person of this tense , the di precedes the prefixed wu
bu t when the personal pronoun is not used, the wu’
precedes the di.’
S econd M ara —This tense also is formed fromtheAorist, by the addition of the particle bah .
’As inthe
First Future, when a personal pronoun is used with thistense, the
‘ bah precedes the wu otherwise the wu’
precedes the bah.
’
A noun or adjective, or a pronoun andnoun
, may intervene between the bah and the verbin a sentence.
Imp era tive.—This is a repetition of the Aorist, with the
exception tha t it has no lst person singu lar or plural,and that it drops the aflixed personal pronouns for the2nd persons. It is not liable to change of termina tionfor gender.
T R R PAssrvR Vorcn.
T he Pas sive is very simple , and is formed by prefixingthe past participle to the auxiliaries sh
’wal or kedal, to
be or become, ’ just as inEnglish.
Anothermode of forming the Passive is by u sing the
3rd person singular and plural of the Imperfect tense of
verbs with the auxiliaries for all three persons ; but thisformis not used for the compound tenses.
42 PUSHTO MANUAL.
PARADIGMs.
T he foregoing explanation of the construction of theverb will enable the following paradigms of the mostimportant andmost irregular of the verbs in the languageto be fully understood.
Intransitive Verb
Infinitiva —ri ghlal, to come. ’
Present Icome, ’ &c.
ri -dzam.
Imperf ect Iwas coming, ’ &c.
ri -t’lamor ri -t
’
lalam. ri -t’h
'
i or ri -t’
lahi .
ri -t’ley or ri -t
’
laley. ri -t’
la’
ai or ri
ri -ta or ri -tah ri -t’la l or ri -t
’la h
ri -t’la
’
h or ri -t’lala
’h ri -t
’ley, ri -t
’laley , ri t
’li, or
ri -t’lali
Imperfect —‘Iu sed to come, ’ &c.
bah ri -ghlam or
bah ri -ghley or
ghlale
bah ri -gii
bah ri -ghla’h or
ghlala’
h
bah ri -ghlii or bah ri
gl_11al1'
1 .
bah ri -gh’ai or bah ri
ghlala’
ai .
bah ri -ghlalor bah ri hlmhbah ri-ghley, bah ri
ghlaley, bah ri -ghli, or
bah ri -ghlali
GRAMMAR. 43
Past Icame, ’ 85s .
ghlamor ri -ghlalam. ri hli'
1 or ri -ghlalii .ri -ghla
’
ai or ri -g_hl a1ala’
ri -ghlal or ri -ghlmh (M.
ri -g_hla’h or ri -ghlala
’h (F ) ri -ghley, ri -ghlaley, ri -ghli,
or ri -ghlali
Perfect—J Ihave come .
’
S ingu la r. Plura l.
ri -ghalaey yam. ri -ghaley or ri -ghali yam. ri -gl_1ali y .
ri -gha laey yey . ri -g_haley or ri gl_1ali ey . ri -ghali aya’
ri ghalaey dey. ri -gl_1aley or ri -ghali a .
’h ri -ghali
Pbuperf ect Ihad come, ’ &c.
Fem.
ri -ghaley or ri -gl_1ali wum.
ri -ghaley or ri -ghaliwey .
ri -ghaley or ri -ghali wa’h.
ri -ghali wa’ai .
ri -gl_1ali wi1 (Mu)ri -gl_1ali wey
lst Future Ishould come, ’
ri -sham. ri -shii .
shey . ri -sha’
ai .
haghah di ri -shi or ri di haghah di ri -shi or ri di
shi . shi .
44 PUSHTO MANUAL.
2nd Future Iwillcome, ’ &c.
zah bah ri -sham. mujg ormungah bah ri -shu .
tah bah ri -shey. ti si bah ri -sha’ai
hagl_1ah bah ri -shi . hag_hah bah ri -shi .
Throu ghout the above tense the personal pronounsma ybe omitted, and then the prefix ri
’ may optionallyprecede the particle bah .
’
Aorist Imay , shall, etc. come, ’ &c.
Doubtful Past-J Imay have come, ’ 85s .
S ingula r.
ri -ghalaey bah yam. ri -ghaley bah yam.
ri -ghalaey bah yey . ri -ghaley bah yey .
ri -ghalaey bah wi . ri -gl_1aley bah wi .
Plura l.—Masc. and Fem.
ri -ghali bah yii .
ri -ghali bah ya’si .
ri -ghali bah wi .
Past Conditiona l If Ihad come, ’ &c.
kih ri -t’lamor ri -t
’lalam. kih ri -t
’li
'
i or ri -t’lalii .
kih ri -t’ley or ri -t
’laley. kih ri -t
’la
’ai or ri -t
’lala
’ai
kih ri -ta or ri -tah (M. kih ri -t’lal or ri -t
’lwh (M.
kih ri -t’la
’h or ri -t
’
lala’h kih ri -t
’le ri -t
’laley , ri -t
’li,
(F ) or ri -t’ljili (F )
46 PUSHTO MANUAL.
In the Singular formof the Feminine the participle 18as in other compound tenses and throughou t
S ingu lar and Plural the particle bah may optionallyfollow, instead of precede the participle inboth genders.
ri -t’liinkaey or ri -t
’liinaey ri -t
’limki or ri -t
’liini (M .
(M . ri ri the comers.
’
t’limey, ri -t
’
lunki, or ri
t’luni (F. the comer.
’
Past Pa rticip le.
S ingu la r. rag_ 1ae (M raL aJey or riahali ( E ) ;Plura l, ri -ghali . and F. come.
’
da ri -t’lo or da ri -t
’lu , da ri -t
’lal or da ri -t
’lalu , of or
for coming.
’
Intransitive Verb.
Infinitiva —t’lal, to go.
’
Present Igo,’&c.
Imperf ect—J Iwas going, ’ &c.
t’lamor t
’lalam. t
’11
'
1 or t’lalii .
t’
ley 01’ t
’laley . t
’la
’
aj or t’
la’
a,1
tab or ta (Mu) t’lal or t
’lwh (M.
t’
la’
h or t’
lala’
h “
(Ft’laley, t
’
li,
GRAMMAR. 47
Continua tive Imperf ect—J Iused to go, ’ 8m.
bah li rii .
bah li rey . bah lira’ai .
bah li r (M. bah li ra] or bah li ra h (M )bah li ra ’
h, bah li ra , bah bah li rey, bah li raleyy , bahli rala
’h, or bah li rala (F ) li ri, or bah li rali (F )
Throu ghout the above terms , with such verbs as takethe particle wu ,
’itmay optionally be inserted after ‘ bah .
’
Pasl Iwent,’&c.
li ramor li ralam. lirfi or li ralfi.
li rey or li raley . lira’ai or li rala
’
ai.
lir (Mu) li ral or li rmhli ra ’
h,lirala
’
h, or li rala li rey , li raley, or li ri (F ) .
Throughout this tense the particle wu may Optionallybe prefixed.
Perf ect Ihave gone ,’
&c.
Fem.
talaey or t’lalaey yam. taley or t
’laley yam.
talaey or t’
lalaey yey . taley or t’
laleytalasy or t
’lalaey da ey . taley or t
’
la ley da’h .
Plura l.
tali or t’
lali y1’
1 .
tali or t’
lali ya’
ai .
tali or t’
lali di .
48 Pusn'ro MANUAL.
Pluperf ect Ihad gone,’&c.
Masc. Fem.
talaey or t’
la laey wum. taley or t’
laley wum.
talaey or t’
lalaey wey . taley or t’laley wey
or t’
lalaey wub. taley or t’laley wa
’
h .
Plura l.
tali or t’
lali wii .
tali or t’
la li wa’ai .
tali or t’lali W1
'
1
tali or t’lali wey
lst Future Ishould go ,’&c.
lirsham. li r shi'
1 .
li r shey. li r sha’
ai .
hagl_1ah di li r shi or li r di haghah di lir shi or
2nd Future Iwill go ,’
&c.
zah bah li r sham. miijg ormungah bah li rshii .tah bah li r shey. ti sii bah li r sha
’ai .
haghah bah li r shi . haghah bah li r shi .
Throughout this tense the particle bah may 0
follow ‘ lir,’
instead of precede it, whenthe affixed persopronouns are not used. See also 2nd Future Tense , p. 44.
Aorist Imay, shall, etc . go,’&c.
GRAMMAR. 49
DoubtfulPast Imay have gone, ’ &c.
t’la laey t
’
laley bah yam. t’
lali bah yii .
t’lalaey t
’laley bah yey . t
’
lali bah ya’
ai .
t’
la laey t’
laley bah wi . t’lali bah wi .
The other formof the past participle talaey may beused a s an alternativemasculine form, both singular and
plural, and its feminine formfor the feminine.
Past Conditiona l H ad Igone,’
&c.
kih t’lamor t
’
lalam. kih t’
lii or t’
lah'
i .
kih t’ley or t
’
laley . kih t’la
’
ai or t’
lala’a i .
kih tah or ta kih t’
lal or t’
lash
kih t’la
’h or t
’
lala’
h kih t’ley or t
’
laley
Impera tive.
lir shah , wu lir shah , war li r sha’
ai , wu li rsha’
ai, war
shah, or dgah, go thou .
’
sha’ai , or dza
’
ai , go you .
’
haghah di li r shi , or lir di shi , haghah di d_gi or dgi di,‘ let him, her, it go ,
’ ‘ let themgo .
’
POTENTIAL MOOD .
This conf orms in all respects to the Potential of
ri -ghlal, to come the participles throughout each tensebeing, of course, for the singular ma sc. t
’
lalaey, fem.
t’
laley , and for the plural of both genders, t’
lali .
t’
liinkaey or t’limaey t
’
liinki or t’
h‘mi (M.
t’
liinkey, t’
li’mey, t’lfinki, the goers .
’
or t’ll
'
ini the goer.
’
50 PuaRTo MANUAL.
S ingular, t’
lalaey or talaey t’laley or t
’lali, or taley
or tali Plura l, t’lali or tali (M . gone.
’
da t’lalo , da t
’lo , da t
’lalu , or da t
’lu , of or for going.
’
Irregula r Intransitive Verb, inwhich the particle wu is
u sed.
Infinitive to ascend.
’
Present Iascend,’&c.
k_hejz ii .
k_hejza’ai
k_h ejzi .
Imp erf ect Iwa s ascending.
’
k_hatamor khatalam. khat1'
1 or khatalu .
k_hatey or k_hataley. k_ha’ai or k__ha
’a1
k_hot k_hatal or k_hi taeh (M )k_h ata
’h or k_hatala
’h g ate , k_hataley , k_hati, or
khatali (F ) .
Continua tive Imperf ect Iu sed to ascend,’&c.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particles bah
and wu prefixed to each Person.
Past Iascended,’&c.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particleonly prefixed to each Person.
In the conjugation of this verb the EasternAfghinswould replace the letter
‘
jz by‘ j ’
thu s, e amfor
khej zam.
GRAMMAR. 51
Perfect Ihave ascended,’
&c.
k_hatalaey yam. khataley yam. Qatali yii
khatalaey yey. Qataley ye .y khatali ya’ai .
k_hatalaey dacy. khataley da’
h. khatali di .
Plup erf ect Ihad ascended,’&c.
Plural.
k_hatali wey
lst Future Ishould ascend,’
&c.
wu Lhejzam.
wu khejjze .y zaai .haghah dl wu e zi or wu haghah di wu fi ejzi or wu
di khejzi . di khejzi .
2nd M re Iwill ascend,’
&c.
zah bah wu e gamor wu
bah khejzam.
tah bah wu e zey or wu
bah e zeyhaghah bah ywu fl ejzi or
wu bah e zi.
Aorist Imay, shall ascend, ’ &c.
wu k__hejzu.
k_hejza’ai .
mulg or mungah bah wu
k_hejzfi or wu bah k_hejzii .ti si bah wu b ejza
’
ai or wu
bah e za’
ai .
haghah bah wu fl ejzi orwubah lghejzi.
52 PU sRT o MANUAL.
Doubtf ul Past Imay have ascended, ’ 800.
Mass.
k_hatalaey bah yam. k_hatali bah yii .
k_hatalaey bah yey . k_hatali bah ya’
ai .
k_hatali bah wi .
In the feminine singular the feminine formof the
participle k_hataley is used.
Past Conditiona l‘
had Iascended,’
&c.
kih k_hatamor kih g_hatal kih k_hatii or kih k_hatahi .
kih k_hatey or kih k_hataley. kih khata’ai or kih g_hatal
a’
ai .
kih k_hot kih k_hatal or kih k__hi tmh
kih k_hata’h or kih khatala
’h kihma y or khataley
Wu k_hejzah or khejzah, wu k_hejz a’ai ascend you .
’
ascend thou .
’
haghah di wu k_hejzi or wu di khejzi,‘ let him, her, it,
ascend,’ ‘ let themascend.
’
POTENTIAL MOOD .
This conforms in all respects to thePotentialof ri ghlal,to come, ’ themasculine and feminine forms of the parti
ciples, of course, being used.
Lhatimkaey or khatimaey k_hatimki or k_hatimi (M . andk_hatimkey or k_hat the ascenders.
’
1‘
1ney the ascender.
’
54 PUSH’I‘O MANUAL.
lst Form— The governing nounbeingma sc. singular.
mi ormi kiwuh, ki , kah, or ka , Iwas doing.
ti or di kiwuh, ki , kah , or ka , Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) ye oryah kiwuh, ki , H e or it wa s doing .
highih (F.) ah , or ka , She was doing.
mfijg ormi'1 kiwuh, ki , kah , or ki, We were doing.
ti si ormo kiwuh , ki , kah, or ki, You were doing.
hugho, yey, or yah kiwuh , ki , kah, or They were doing.
ki.
2nd.— The governing nounma sculine plural.
mi ormi kawul, Iwas doing.
ti or di kawul, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) H e or it was doing .
highih (F.)yey ; yah kawul: She was doing.
m1'1jg ormu kawul, We were doing.
ti sh ormo kawul, You were doing.
bugho, yey, or yah kawul, They were doing.
3rd.— The governing nounfeminine gular.
mi ormi kawula ’h, Iwas doing.
ti or di kawula’h, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M H e or it was doing.
highih (F.)yey, or yah kawula h’ She was doing.
m1' 1jg orm1'1 kawula ’
h, We were doing.
ti sii ormo kawula ’
h, You were doing .
hugho, yey, or yah kawula’h, They were doing.
4th .— The governing nounfeminine plural.
mi ormi kawuley or kawuli, Iwas doing.
ti or di kawuley or kawuli , Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) yey, or yah kawuley He or it was doing .
highih (F .) or kawuli, She was doing.
miijg ormi'1 kawuley or kawuli, We were doing.
ti sii ormo kawule or kawuli,hugho, yey , or yah awuley or kawuli, They were doing.
GRAMMAR . 55
Continua tive Imperf ect Iused to do,’
&c.
T his tense is identicalwith theImperfect, with the addition of bah or bah wu ,
’which, when the inflected
persona l pronouns are used, come between themand the
verb . When the other formof pronouns is used, the‘ bah
’or bah wu precede the pronouns.
This tense also is identical with the Imperfect, exceptthat it takes wu after the pronoun if the inflected persona l amused ; and ‘ wu
’
before the p ronoun with the
other formof pronouns. The particle wu is sometimesomitted inboth cases.
lst Future Ishould do,’&c .
wu kamor wu kawum. wu kfi or wu kawii .
key wu kawey. wu ka ’
ai or wu kawa ’ai .
haghah di wu ki or di wu haghah di wu ki orwu kawi .
Alternative forms of the 3rd personare di wu kindi,’
‘ di wu ki ,’ ‘wu di ki,
’ ‘wu di kindi,
’or
‘ wu di ki .
’
2nd Future—“Iwill do ,’&c.
zah bah wu kamor wu ka mi'1jg bah wu hi or wu
tah bah wu key or wu ka ti sii bah wu ka’
ai or wu
wey.
haghah bah wu ki or wu haghah bah wu ki or wu
Alternative forms for the 3rd rsonare bah wu kindior bah wu ki .
’The persona pronoun can, also, be
omitted throughout, inwhich case the particles bah wuare transposed ; thus,
‘wu bah kam, ’ &c.
56 PUSH’I‘O MANUAL.
Aorist Imay or shall do,’850.
wu kamor wu kawum. wu hi or wu kawii .
wu key or wu kawey . wu ka’ai or wu kawa ’
a
wu ki , wu kawi , wu kindi , wu ki , wu kawi, wu k
l
indi,or wu ki . or wu ki .
Imp era tive.
kah, wu kah , kawah , or wu ka ’ai , wu ka
’
ai , Wu karn’ai
kawah, ‘ do thou .
’ kawa ’
ai, or wu kawa’ai
haghah di wu ki, di wu kawi ,‘ do you .
’
di wu kindi, di wu ki , orwu di ki , wu di kindi, wudi ki ,
‘ let him,her, it,
do,’ ‘ let themdo .
’
S ingu la r, kawiinkaey or kawimaey (M . kawiinkey or kawuney (F. Plura l, kawunki or kawuni (M. and F.
da kawulo, ka kawulu , da kawo, or da kawu , of f ordoing.
’
Infinitive—k’ ral, to do .
’
Present Ido,’
&c.
GRAMMAR . 57
lst Form.— The governing nounmasculine singular.
mi ormi Iwas doing .
ti or di kar, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) He or it was doing.
highih (F .) l7 97 : 0" 7311 k “: She was doing .
miijg ormi'1 kar,ti si1 ormo kar, You were doing.
hugho, yey , or yah kar, They were doing.
2nd.— T he governing nounmasculine plural.
mi ormi k’ ral, Iwas doing.
ti or di k’ ral, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) He or it was doing.
highih (F.) lW : W yah 1ml, She was doing.
m1' 1jg ormi1 k ’ ral, We were doing.
ti su ormo k’ ral, You were doing.
hugho, yey , or yah k’ral, They were doing.
3rd.— The governing nounfemmm
'
e singular.
mi ormi k ’
ra’h or k
’
rala’h, Iwas doing.
ti or di k’ ra ’
h or Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.)} yet
or r’
a h or He or it was doing.
highih (F.) She wa s doing.
m1'1jg ormi1 k ’ ra ’
h or k’ rala ’ ,h We were doing.
ti sh ormo k’ ra ’
h or k’
rala’
h, You were doing.
bugho, yey, or yah k’ra ’
h or k’
rala’
h , They were doing.
4th.— The governing noun feminine plural.
mi ormi k’rey or k ’
raley, Iwa s doing.
ti or di k’rey or k’raley, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.)} yy
ey , or yah k’
rey orer
{H e or it was doing.
highih (F ) k’raley, She was doing.
miijg ormu k’ rey or k’
raley, We were doing.
ti su ormo k’rey or k’
raley, You were doing.
bugho , yey, or yah k’rey or k
’
raley, They were doing.
See the Imperf ect of kawul, p . 53.
58 PU sRT o MANUAL .
Continua tive Imperf ect Iused to do,’&c.
This tense follows precisely the analogy of the sametense inthe verb kawul,
’in both its forms.
Past Idid,’
&c.
T his tense is identical with theImperfect just described ,with the addition of wu after the pronoun if the inflected persona l pronouns are used, and with the ‘ wu
’
bef ore the pronouns if the other formis u sed. The wu’
is sometimes omitted.
Perf ect.
lst Form— For a nounma sculine singular with both
forms of pronouns.
mi , ti , haghah (M.) highih or mi , di , yey, or yah
karaoy dacy , I, thou ,he, it, she, has done.
’
mujg , ti s1'
1, or bugho, ormi
'
1,mo , bugho , yey, or yah haraey
daey (F. we, you , they, have done.
’
For a feminine noun in the singular number the onlydiff erence in the conjugationis that karey, the feminineformof the past participle , is u sed in lieu of the mas
2nd Form— For a nounmasculine and femininemi , ti , haghah (M.) highih (F .) di, yey , or yah karidi , Ithou , he, it, she, has done.
miijg , ti sii , or bugho , or m1'1 , mo , hugho , yey, or yah
kari di , we, you , they, have done.
’
T his is identical in every way with the Perfect, exceptinthe auxiliary verb.
GRAMMAR. 59
lst M re Ishould do,’
&c.
wu k’ ram. wu k’
rii .
wu k’ rey . wu k’
ra’ai .
haghah di wu k
’
ri or wu di haghah di wu k’
ri or
k’m k
’m2nd Future Iwill do,
’&c.
zah bah wu k’ram. miijg bah wu k ’
rfi.
tah bah wu k’ rey . ti s1‘
1 bah wu k’ra ’ai .
T hepronoun canbe optionally omitted throughouttense, inwhich case the particle
‘ wu’
precedes bah.
’
1st Form— For a nounma sculine singular.
mi , ti , haghah (M . highih (F .) bah karaey Wi , or bahmi , di, yey, or yah karaey W1 , Ithou , he, it, she,may
miijg , ti sii , bugho bah karaey Wi , or bahmii ,mo, hugho,yey, or yah haraey Wi ,
‘we, you , they, may have done.
’
For a noun feminine singular the only difierencemtheis that ka rey , the feminine formof the pastused, instead of themasculine.
2nd Form— For a nounmasculine or feminine plural.mi , ti , haghah highih (F.) bah ka ri Wi, or bahmii ,mo , bugho, yey, or yah ka ri Wi , we, you , they,may have
kihmi , ti , haghah highih (F.) karaey wey or wi e,or kihmi, , yey, or yah ka raoy was or wi e, if I, etc.,
60 PU snT o MANUAL .
kihmi1jg , ti si1, hugho , karaey wae or wi e, or kihmi1 ,mo ,bugho, yey, or yah karaey wae or Wi e,
‘ if we, etc. ,had
done .
’
For a noun feminine singular all that is necessary is touse karey, the feminine formof the past participle .
2nd Form.— For a nounmasculine or feminine plural.
kihmi , ti , haghah (M. higl_1ih (F .) kari wae or wi e, or
kihmi , di, yey, or yah kari wae or wi e, if we, etc., had
done .
’
kihmi1jg , ti su , bugho, kar1 wae or wi e, or kihmi1 ,mo,hugho, yey, or yah kar1 wae or Wi e,
‘ if we, etc. , had
done .
’
Impera tive.
wu k’rah or k’ rah , do wu k ’ra ’ai or k ’ra ’
ai , do
thou .
’
you .
’
haghah di wu k’
ri or wu di
k’
ri ,‘ let him,
her, it, do ,’
let themdo.
S ingula r, k’
rimkaey or k’
rimaey (M . k’rimkey or k’
rimey(F. the doer
’Plura l, k
’rimki or k ’
rimi (M . and F.
‘ the doers .
’
Noun of Fitness.
da k’ ralo, da k’
ralu , da k’
ro , or da k’
ru , of or for doing .
’
62 PU sR T o MANUAL .
PastPa rticip le.— karsey shawaey karey shawey (F .)
Conjugation of a derivative transitive verb, formedfroman adjective, which requires the verb k
’ ral or
kawul informing its diff erent inflections.
Infinitive- d ah wul, to fill.’
Present Ifill,’&c.
lst Form.—Governing nounmasculine singular.
mi, ti , haghah highih or mi , di, yey , or yahdak kar, I, thou , be, it, she, filled.
’
mi1jg , ti sii , bugho, ormi1 ,mo, bugho, yey, or yah dak kar,‘we, you , they, filled.
’
2nd Form.— Governing nounmasculine plural.
mi , ti , haghah highih ormi , di, yey, or yah dakk’ ral,
‘ I, thou , he, it, she, filled.
’
mi1jg , ti sii , bugho , or mi1 ,mo , bugho, yey, or yah dakk’ral, we, you ,
they, filled.
’
3rd Form.— Governing nounfeminine singular.
mi , ti , haghah highih ormi , di, yey , or yahdaka
’h k ’ra ’
h or k’
rala’
h, I, thou, he, it, she, filled.
’
mi1jg , ti si , hugho, ormi1, mo, bugho, yey, or yahk ’ ra ’
h or k’
rala’h, we, you , they, filled.
’
GRAMMAR. 63
4th Form.— Governing noun feminine plural.
“33 1 135t t high“! (FLO? m1, d1°
gey, or yah
dakey k’rey or k’
raley, I, thou , he, it, she, lled
mi1jg , ti s1’
1 , bugho, ormii , mo, bugho, yey, or yah dakeyk ’
rey or k’
raley,‘ we, you ,
they , filled.
’
Aorist Ifill ormay fill, ’ &c.
dak k’ ram. dak k
’ rii .
dak k’ rey. dak k
’ ra ’ai .
dak k’
ri . dak k’
ri .
For the feminine dak becomes daka’
h in the
lar, and dakey in the plural.
Imp era tive.
tah dak k’rah tah ti sii dak k’ra ’
ai ti su
daka ’
h k’ ra ’
h (F.
‘ fill dakey k’ ra ’
ai (F.
‘ fill
thou .
’
you
haghah di dak k’ri or dak di haghah di dak k
’
ri or dak
daka ’h d1 h
’ ri (M. haghah dik ’
ri or daka’h di k’r
'
i dakey k ’
ri or dalge
lydi k
’
ri‘ let him, her, it, fill.
’ ‘ let them
S inguktr, dakawunkaey or dakawimaey (M. dakawimkeyor dakawimey (F. the filler ; Plura l, dakawimki ordakawimi (M. and F. the fillers.
’
Past Pa rticip le.
S ingu la r, dak haraey (M. dak ka rey Plura l, dak
ka ri (M. and ‘ filled.
’
64 PU snT o MANUAL .
CAUSAL VERR REGULAR .
Infinitive— i l-wuzawul, to cause to fly.
’
Present Icause to fly,
’&c.
i l-wu zawam.
i l-wu zawaey .
il-Wuzaw1.
lst Form— Governing nounmasculine singular.
mi, ti , haghah highih or mi , di , yey, or yah
wi l-wuz iwuh, I, thou , he, it, she, caused to fly .
’
mi1jg , ti si1 , bugh_o, or mii , mo, bugho , yey or yah wi l
wu z iwuh, We, you , they, caused to fly .
’
2nd Form.— Governing nounmasculine plural.
mi,ti , haghah highih or mi , di, ey or yah
wi l-wu zawul, I, thou , he, it, she, caused to y .
’
mi1jg , ti si , bugho, or mii ,mo , bugho, yey or yah wi l
wuzawul, we, you ,they, caused to fly.
’
3rd Form— Governing nounfeminine singular.
mi, ti , haghah highih or mi , di, yey, or yahWi l-wuz awula
’
h, I, thou ,he, it, she, caused to fly.
’
mi1jg , ti sii , bugho, ormi1 ,mo, bugho, or yey or yah wal
wu zawula’
h, we, you , they, caused to fly .
’
4th Form— Governing noun feminine plural.mi
,ti , haghah highih or mi , di, ye
fly or yah
Wi l-wuzawuley, I,thou
,he, it, she, cau sed to y.
’
mi1jg , ti si , hugho, ormi1, mo, hugho, or yey or yah Wi l
Wuzawuley, we, you , they, cau sed to fly .
’
GRAMMAR. 65
Aorist Imay cause to fly,
’
&c.
wi l-wuzawey. wil-wu zaw’ai .
Imp era tive.
wi l-wuz awah or i l-Wu z awah, wi l-wuzaw’
ai or i l-Wuzaw’ai,
do thou ca use to fly .
’ ‘ do you ca use to fly .
’
hagl_1ah diwi l-wu zawi or
di l’
Wuzawi ,‘ let him, etc.
cau se to fly,’ ‘ let them
cause to fly.
’
S ingu la r, ail-wuzawimkaey or i l-wu zawimaey i l
wu zawimkey or i l-wu zawimey the causer to flyPlu ra l, i l-wu zawimki or i l-Wuzawimi (M. and the
causers to fly.
’
Pa st Pa rticip le.
Sin
gu la r, i l-wu zawulaey i l-wu zawuley Plu ra l,
i -wuz awuli (M. and caused to fly.
’
NEGATION AND PB O H IB IT ION .
Negation and prohibition are expressed by theparticlesnah
’and mah, ’ the positionof which, however, depends
upon the kind of infinitives with which they are u sed.
T he particle mah is alone used with the 2nd persons
of the Imperative, and it invariably p recedes the inflectionof theverb with which it is used, Wha tever its description.
5
66 PU snT o MANUAL.
Infinitives, such as pre-watal, to fall,’which have a
prefixed particle, place the nah after the latter both inthe past and present tenses .
pre-watal, to fall.’
Past— pre nah wot, he or it did not fall. ’
Aorist.— haghah pre nah wu zi or pre nah wuz i ,‘ he, she,
it,may not fall.
Imp era tive—mah pre-wa zah, do not thou fall. ’
Regular verbs, Whether transitive or intransitive, takethe nah
’after the prefix wu .
’
z’
ghaledal, to run.
’
Past.— wu nah z’
ghaledah, he or it did not run.
’
Aorist. —hagl_1ah wu nah z’
ghali, he, she, it,may not run.
’
Imp era tive—mah z’
ghalah, do not thou run.
’
ri -w’
ral, to bring.
’
Past.— hagl_1ah ri nah war or yey ri nah war, he or it did
not bring.
’
Aorist.— hagl_1ah ri nah w’
ri , he, she, it,may not bring.
’
Imp era tive—mah ri -w’rab, do not thou bring.
’
When the negative is used with verbs similar to dakawul,
’
the nah follows the adjective ornoun, and precedesthe auxiliary thus,
dakawul, to fill.’
Past.— haghah dak nah kar, or yey dak nah kar, he or it
did not fill.’
Aorist— haghah dak nah k’
ri, he or itmay not fill. ’Imp era tive—mah dakawah, do not thou fill.
’
GRAMMAR. 67
In the Passive the nah precedes the auxiliary ; thus ,Wish-tal, to throw.
’
Past.— hagl_1ah wish-talaey nah shah or haghah nah shahwish-talaey, he or it was not thrown.
’
Aorist— haghah wish-talasy nah shi or haghah nah shi
wish-talasy, he or itmay not be thrown.
’
Imp era tive.— wish-talaey
~mah shah or mah shah Wish
tala sy, do not thou be thrown.
’
ADVERBS .
T he Adverbs are f or themost part indeclinable ; butsome are subject to the usu al change for the ablative ca se,and a few (derived fromnouns and adjectives) are liableto the same change f or gender, number, and case as thenouns they ma qua lif y. Thus, der, much, ’ makes infeminine sing r, dera
’h!; infeminine plural and oblique
cases singular, derey or deri ; inplural oblique cases, both
genders, dero .
Adverbs of Pla ce.
here, hither— dal-tah, dali, before, in front, hithertoor his-tah . W
’
rindi or w’
rindey.
there, thither— baltah or behind, af ter— w’rustah or
baltah ki . w’
rusto .
hither, this side— daghah or
hence, fromthis place— lahdaghah,
or lah dey d_zi’ea khwi .
or d_z i’eah. beyond, there, on that side
thence, fromthat place— lah -haghahkhwi or haghahhaghah d_z i
’ea or d_z i
’
eah . palau.
68
side by side— ki iwi pah
k_hwi .
on both sides dwi rahk_hwi .
elsewhere— bml char-tah or
bwl d_z i’
e.
here and there— daltah haltah.
here , onthis side— deyk__hwi ,dey palau .
above , overhead— portah or
l’warah .
under, below, éh’katah or
so f ar, to this degree— tardaghah or tar dey pori
or pori.
so f ar, to tha t degree— tarhaghah pori or pori.
Adverbs
now, presently— aos .
ever, sometime— kalah .
sometimes, frequently, occasionally
— kalah kalah.
never— hits kalah .
always— har kalah .
whenever— har kalah chih.
sometime or other— kalahnah kalah .
daily hara’
h rwad_z or
wradg .
nightly— hara’h shpa
’
h .
perpetua lly— wi r pah wi r,dampah dam.
instantaneously zar pah
zar.
PUSHTO MANUAL.
somewhere— chartah
everywhere— bar chartah,har yow d_z i
’
c.
nowhere— hichartah.
near, about na jgdey or
somewhere or other— yowd_z i
’
c, yow chartah .
where, wherever— bar char
Within, inside— danana , da
nanah.
above and below lindi
upside down— na skorah .
f ar, at a distance —liri , lah
W’ri yah .
round about— chi perah .
gradually— pi ya’h pah pi
ya’
.h
successively— palah pasey .
before, prior— pah khwi .
after, afterwards— pas.
to-day— nan or nan wradg,
or rwad_z .
to-morrow— sabi .
two days since— warama ’h
three days since— li wara
ma ’
h wradg or rwad_z_.
four days since —li li warama ’
h wradz or rwadz .
at the dawn (of day)— sal_1r
gi h.
70 PU sRTo MANUAL.
as, a s if , ju st as, for allthe world— lakah , shin,
ghundi , dod, pah dod,makh aey, pah tger.
shin,so, in that way
— haghahrang.
Adverbs of Admonition.
look out!have a care l— wu know !recollect l— poh shah .
gorah, wu-Winah . take care !mind l—Qabar
be cautious l— bedi r shah . di r shah.
Adverbs of S ociety and S ep ara tion.
apart, separately beyal,i -makh. beyala
’h, beyal beyal.
apart, at a distance— liri , liri. together— sareh .
far away, very f ar off— liri besides, except— beylah dey,li rghah. siwi lah dey, pratah lah
at the side— ark_h , arakh. dey .
side by side—ark_h pah separately— ti r pah ti r.
arkh. uselessly— wuch pah wuch
singiy,
ah.
p yow . on Opposite sides, on both
back to back— shi pah shi . sides— pori ri pori .shoulder to shoulderaojga
’h pah aojga
’
h.
Adverbs of Extremity and T ermina tion.
to, up to, until— tar, pori . till now, as yet
— tar aosa
hitherto , up to— tar dey pori .pori, tar daghah pori . so far as— tar haghah pori.
until, up to— t_so, t_so chih. till when? how long
— tar
be ondbounds kalah pori .hadda zi
’
i t. to the end— tar i l_c_hir
to the last degree— tar to the last, to the extremehadda Dori . tarnihiyata pori .
thus , so, in this mannerbasey, daghah sey , di.
basey, di sey .
for example—masalan.
that is to say— ya ’
ni .
thus, inthismanner— hasey
GRAH AR . 71
Adverbs of Interroga tion.
where whither — chattah , until when? how longchari; chari, kamdz i ’e
tsangah.
tar kalah , tar kalah pori,tar kama pori or tar t_so .
howmuch — t_sombrahkadr.
since when — lah kama or how often — t_so d_zalah.
lah koma wakta .
how
whence lah kama ,kama d_gi ’e or d_gi
’eah.
when at what
kalah .
how mu ch longer — li tar
time
why not— waleybahnahwi .
much tsombrah, why how wherefore
lah
t_sah lai-ahu g ah lah pah
for wha t? wherefore —waley , tsah dapi rab .
in what way ? howP—Qah
rang, t_sah shin, pah t_sah
togah .
Adverbs of Dubita tion.
perhaps, haply— ihi -yi, gim
di. 8111151
Godknows—Qudi -e z’dah.
pro'
bably— pah guminsarah.
Adverbs of Afirma tion and Empha sis.
certainly, doubtless beyshakah, li chi r.
necessarily— al-battah , kho,
yes, indeed, yea— ho .
merely, only, exactl — jor.
right or wronghakk, kimnah kim.
bye
nomeans , never— hichar, lah sarah, lasarah.
re
e
truly— pah riéh i ,
by God—Khudi -e jgo .
neces it behoveth
boyah ,Wbaedahaltogether, wholly,— har gorah, yakyl .akhtahnever, by no means— hado ,hadu .
only, simply— fahat.
at all events, whether or
not, nolens volenskhwi h na-khwih .
exactly, qu ite, the verysame— bedi1, ho bah ho .
72 PU snT o MANUAL.
Adverbs of Nega tion.
no, not, nay— nah , yah . do not—mah .
CONJUNCTIONS .
if— kih, agar. notwithstanding— sarah
although— agar-chih .
also, even, likewise— ham, unless—mangar,magar.
bal. and, also— aw, 0.
bu t, yet, however— waley, therefore, then— pas , skah,wali. dzakah .
besides, except— siwi , prat that, because, since —chih .
ah . unless, if not— bey lah .
if not, unless, otherwise then, becau se, thereforekih hah , ki-nah. d_zakah, lah dey jiha ta ,
then, therefore— lah haghah lah dey sababa , t_go.
sababa . or— yi .
but,moreover— balkih .
PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS .
of— da .
“RP—tah, larah, lah, watah,wa larah
, wa lah, wa wa
in— k’
éhey , pah k’
éhey .
below, under— tar lindi, dalindi .
f or, f or the sake of— dapi
from— lah , lah nah, di, di
nah .
to , until— tar.
on, upon—par, par bindi .
fromhim,her, it, or them
pri, prey .
over, above— da pi sa , da pisah .
before— d_zakhah .
in,betwixt,between
—mand_g,mi -yandg .
inbetween, in themiddlepahmi -yandg.
GRAMMAR.
INTERJECTIONS .
well done ! bravo — i frin!sh i bi sh !
have a care!— tamshah !
bedi r shah!
alas !alas — ha i ha i !
sorrow!ala s — dregl_1a !
avaunt ! get away — chi
oh !— ao !ai !wahey !
dear !dear — wi1ey !wirey !
woe ! woe — wi e!wi e !or
i k_h !ikh !
NUMERALS .
yow or yowa’h .
dwah .
t_ealor.
las .
yow las.
dwah las .
di-yi r las.
tswi r las.
pindgah las.
shapi ras.
nowab las.
atah las .
nuh las or nimas .
lackaday — af sos !
would to God — ki sh-ki !ki sh-ki-l
strange !good God !— ’
ajab,hi e hii -e!
indeed!really — hah !
begone ! get away ! liri
shah !bi-i rtah shah !
hush ! silence — chhapah !
chha p shah
hollo ! oh! 0
yow wisht.
dwah wisht.
dre wisht.
t_salor wisht.
pindgah wisht.shpajg wisht.aowah wisht.
atah wisht.
nuh wisht.
dersh .
yow dersh.
&c. &c .
t_salweéht.
pindgos.
shpetehao-yi .
at-yi .
nawey or newey .
74 PU snT o MANUAL .
100 sal or sil. 700 aowah sawa .
100 yow sawa .
200 dwah sawa . 900 nuh sawa
300 dre sawa or ter 911. zar or yow zar.
400 t_ealor sawa or t_simsii . dwah zarah .
500 pindgah sawa orpi1nsi1 . &c. &c.
600 shpajg sawa .
las zarah. karor.beband or alif.
nil.
The first of the foregoing numerals becomes y owa or
yowah in the oblique cases ; and before a feminine nountakes im rceptible h,
’and is liable to the
f or num r and
numerals, being plural, take the indirect formof the
plural, and are not subject to any other changes for
gender or number.
T he Ordina l Numbers.
eighth— atam.
second— dwahyam. ninth— nuham, nam.
third— dreyam. tenth— lasam.
fourth— tsaloram, t_salaram. &c.
Before feminine nouns all ordinals but the first takeimperceptible h like other adjectives.
Fra ctions.
a quarter— pi -o . one and a half ow
a half— nim, nima ’h. or yowa’h nima ’
three-quarters dre piwa, one and three-fourths— pi odre piwa
’h . kamdwah.
one and a quarter—pindg ah
pi wa , pindgah piwa’h.
GRAMMAR. 75
Days of the Week.
S aturday shanbah .
Sunday— it-bi r, atwi r, yek shanbah .
Monday— gul, it, do shanbah .
Tuesday— nahah, sih shanbah .
Friday— jam’ah, i dina
’h .
Months of
Meaning.
HasanHu sain. H asan H usain.
Runba’i k_hor.
Dwahyama ’
h khor.
Dre ama ’h k_hor.
orama ’hQO T .
Da Khudi -emi-i sht.
Da sho kadrmi-i sht orDa bari tmi -i sht.
Da
Da i sht.
Mi ini , Mi’ina
’h, Ebi li .
Da o-e akhtarmi -i sht.
S pring— psar-laey. Autumn—manaey .
S ummer— acracy , dobey .
Amongst the tribes north of Peéhiwar, Thursday iscalled da zivi rat rwadg, the day of pilgrimage.
’
T he first S ister.
T he second S ister.
The third S ister.
The fourth S ister.
God’smonth.
Themonth of the Night ofDestiny .
T he Fastmonth.
The lesser Fastmonth.
T he Intermediatemonth .
T he greater Fa stmonth.
76 PusnT o MANUAL.
T he Cardina l Points.
North— éhaey tarafSouth— kigg taraf.
East— u’
war k_hi tah , n’ma r k__hi tah.
West—n’
war pre-wi tah ,
n’mar pre-wi tah.
T he general order of words in a sentence is as followsFirst the nominative, the adjective preceding the sub
stantive thennouns in the difierent cases, as requ ired ; aparticiple or adverbmay follow ; and the verb terminates
Nouns .
When nouns of diff erent genders occur in the samesentence, the adjective, verb, and participle, governed bythemincommon,mu st take themasculine form.
Whenever a noun is to be used in the same sentencewith another, which ismore immediately acted uponby a
verb, the formermu st be put in the accusative case, whichinPuéhto is the same as the nominative ; thus, dii
’imakr
ima hasi kindi chih wa k__halk ta’
imi'ma war-kawina ao
khpul g in tah k_halkah marj1' 1 ’ Those (decolvers) practice such deceptions— they give victua ls untothe people, and they bias the world towards themselves .
’
T he particle da ,’which governs the genitive ca se ,
generally precedes the noun it governs.
Whentwo nouns inthe ablative case come together in a
sentence , the a or ah ,
’the sign of the case, is only used
with the last.
The particles tah,’larah,
’lah,
’&c., governing the
dative case, are often used to denote for,’f or the sake
of ,’&c. ; thus, kih shihbi z larah sina
’h da’h da chanjario,
78 PU snT o MANU AL.
Pronouns.
In the difierent tenses of intransitive verbs, and in thepresent, future , and aorist of transitives, in which thea ffixed personal pronouns are used, the separate personalpronounsmay be altogether omitted, or may be usedwiththem. Wh en the meaning is clear withou t them, theymay be dropped in the 3rd person singula r and plural ofintransitives also .
T he third personal pronoun haghah is sometimes usedas the remote demonstrative, and is declined in a similarmanner.
T he prepositions tar and par,’ meaning to and
upon respectively , with the addition of long‘ i
’
or
short ‘ i’are u sed as pronouns, when they become tri or
‘ tri fromhim,her,
’
&c., and‘
pri or pri,’ ‘
upon him,her, 850. The particle ni or nah,
’
to which tey’
or
ti’is prefixed in the oblique cases, is also used f or pri .
’
These substitutes for pronouns cannot be called prepositions , becau se they have a pronominalmeaning inherentin them. They are u sed f or both things animate and in
animate, and smgular and plural, and are not_subject to
any change f or gender ; thu s, Di haghah , Adam_K_h in
daey chih Durk_hina’i tri biwaley da
’
h ,’ This is that same
AdamLhinf romwhomDurkhina ’
i has been carried oif .
’
Inspeaking of one’
s selfwith another, preference is givento the lst person in the first instance . The Afghins alsou se the singu lar, not the plural formof the pronoun,
whenreferring to one person only.
Wh en a third person is mentioned, the words of the
speaker himself must be repeated, instead of using the
3rd person ; thus,‘Chih war tah yi dah sh
’
wah chih k'
ada’
h
mi kareynah da ’
h ,’ Whenhe recollects that the k
’
ada’
h
has not beenperformed byme.
”
Wh en a second pronoun is required to refer to the sameperson or thing as the subject, the reflective
GRAMMAR. 79
‘
t ul’ must be used ; thus ,
‘ Mirz i !khpul dz in pa
khpulah sti -yi ,’ O Mirz i !he himself glorifieth himself .
’
When, however, a pronoun in the second member of a
sentence refers to the same subject or thing as the nominative or subject of the verb in the first, the persona land particular pronoun must be u sed, instead of the
reflective.
T he reflective is joined to nouns and pronouns by wayof identity, peculiarity , or emphasis ; thus, Khudi
’
e pa
k_l_1pulah di wayalaey God himself hath said,’
&c.
T he pronoun t_sah,’u sed both as an interrogative and
an indefinite, is often employed as an exclamative ; thu s ,Lsah bali sakhta
’
h dina’h yamna-pohejgam What
unfortunate hard grainIam, Iknow not !’
Itmay, also ,be used as a discriminative ; thus , Tgah bi kimt_sah ra
’iyat
t_sah ghair zer,’ Whether ruler or subject, whether foreign
or strange.
’
T he adverb chartah is used emphatically to denote dissimila rity, contrariety, and non-ex1stence betweenmattersand things ; thus , Chartah da yi r shimdey ! chartah
ghamda dil o jin Where (are) the lips of the beloved!where (is) the sorrow of heart and soul!— implying tha tthere is similarity between them.
Verbs.
T ransitive verbs , in any past tense of the active voice ,mu st agree with the object in gender and number ; thus,B ahrimk_hali sa
’h haghah jina ’ i k’
rala’
h lah kaidah,’
B ahrimreleased that damsel fromconfinement.
’T he
agent is used in the instrumental case, and takes the
inflected formwhen capable of inflection.
S ome transitive verbs, such as wayal,’to speak,
’
and
katal,’to look at,
’to observe,
’
absolutely require the
obj ect to be put in the dative case, Without which the sen
80 PU snT o MANUAL.
tence would convey nomeaning thus, AdamKhinBalotah wubwey chih,
’&c.,
‘AdamKhinsaid to Balo, that,’
&c .
Puéhto nouns have no particular terminations for theobjective ; it is distinguished by its position, which pro
perly is after the agent and before the verb . In all other
instances the object may be known by the gender and
number which the verb assumes to agree with it, and by
case. Example Chih Aurang B ahrimk_habar kah lah
dey hi lah , andeéhno yey sfirat ti o kar: shah pareshina ,
’
WhenAurangmade B ahra/ma cqua intedwith this circumstance, care and anxiety excited him: he became distracted.
’
Reverse the position of Aurang,”the agent, and he
becomes the object.
T he infinitive formof theverb is often u sed to denote theabsolutenecessity of anaction; thus, balhali l hali lgar_1_1aldaey ,
’ Moreover, What is legal and right, it is necessa ryto account lawful. ’
The infinitive inthe genitive case , is the nounof fitnessshownin the paradigms of conjugation.
The past tense of a verb is oftenu sed ina future sense ;thu s,
‘ bi da !kih da yi r khabar di ri -war, lah z’rah bah
wikhley da hijrin sawi di ghiina ,’ O gentle bi eeze !if
thou Wilt bring (lit. if thou broughtest) news of the beloved,
fromthe heart thou wilt remove the absence-burnedscars.
’
Of intransitive verbs, the 3rd personsingular and pluralof the past tenses is alone subject to change of termination f or gender, and the first and second personsmerelytake the plural formof the aflixed personal pronouns forthe plural number.
The present tense is inmany instances used in a fu turesignification ; thu s,
‘ da janat naksho nigi r tri porey hitgshi chih sh
’ki rah ki yow nigi r nigi r lah the rap
ture and bliss of Paradise willbenothing in his eyes, when
GRAMMAR. 81
the beloved displayeth one of the charms of her counten
T he Puéhto has no regular potential mood ; and the
sed instead , with a slight
Instransitive verbs haveno passive voice, but a passive form(that is, the difierentpast participles with the auxiliary ‘ to be is u sed for thepotential in their case. T he verb agrees with the agent,and themasculine or feminine formof the past participlemust correspond accordingly .
T he transitive formof the potential is easily distin
guished f romthe passive voice, as both the aiint and the
obj ectmust be expressed f or the former ; w st, in the
latter, the agent is never expressed, or remains unknown.
T he verb also agrees with the objectnumber for the former, and the agentmust be in theinstrumental case in the past tense.
T he present .participle is constantly used as a noun;thu s, i lwi tah means both flight and ‘ fleeing,
’
pre
wi tah,’
both a fall,’
and falling,’&c.
T he past participles of Pushto verbs are ve oftenusedas past conjunctive participles ; thus, da at salimmi karaey tri bidi shwam, ha vingmademy parting salutation, Ibade themfarewell. ’Sometimes ameaningless sound is added to a word to
produ ce a j ingle of rhyme ; thus, da dunyi da siid dapi rah bi edah nah dney chih grewink
’rey da ’izat pah chi
shiik piik,’
for the sake of the profit of the world, it
behoveth not that thou shouldest rend the collar of anyone’s fair fame.
’
82 PusR T o MANUAL.
PU S'
H T O MANU AL.
PAR T II.
EXERCISES AND DIALO GU ES .
KIS SEY LAH ISAPA AL-HAKIM.
FABLES FROM E SOP AL-HAKIM.
*
1 . Tapirs aw Kowtarey. 1 . T he Kite and Pigeons .
Yow tso kowtaro lah derahmuddatah lah werey da yowah tapirs pah ni -i rima ’ik’
sheyrwadz iterawali ,magartalyey bedi ri kawula
’
h,awlahkorahk_hpulah liri nah
lah hamley da duibman tar-aosah-poripah aminwey . Nii r chih tapii s wu-po
hedah chih hamleymi beyf i -idah di, war da farib aw
T hese have been selected frommy illu strated Pu éhtoEditionof ZEsOp
’
s Fables.
Some pigeons had longlived in fear of a kite, bu tbeing always on the alert,and not going f ar fromthedove-cote, they had con
trived hitherto to escapethe attacks of the enemy .
So when thekite found thathis sallieswere unsuccessful,having betaken himself tocraft, he brought stratag em
EXERCISES AND DIALO GU IS .
damakr pra-natalaey , hilahsi z i yey w
’
rindi wu-newala’
h : nii r yey wa-dii -i tah wa
wey chih ,
“Di jzwandimdatal tar talah andeéhneyt_salah k_hwaéhawa
’i ? Kih
f akat mi k_hpul bidshi h
k’ ra ’
i hara’h hamla ’
h chih
pah ti sii kedey zah bahmoda bali spar wumlah higheybah mi k_hiindi kawuley .
Niir kowtaro , da dah pah
k_habaro wisih karaey, pah
tak_ht da shi ha’
i yey k’
éhe
niwo ;magar chih pah taLhtk
’
éheni st pah adi kawulo da
khpul bi dshi a’
i hakk pah
k_hwaralo da yowey kowtareyhara’
h rwad_z sar shah . Pa
lidalo da dey hi lyawey kawtarey chih intigi r da wi r
k_hpul yey t_ski wuh, humdagl_1ah kadr yey wu -wey,H ar-tsah chih wu -sh
’
wal
lah-mfijg -sarah li -ih daey .
”
Fi -idah.— H agh_ah kasin
chih lah k_hpulah li sah wa
komgi limyi yowah du ib
tah pah d_z in tasallutwar kawi , hit_s ta
’
ajjub dinahk
’
ri kih haghah pah ik_hirk
’
éheypah dii-i zulmwu k’
ri .
2. LiimbarawWuza’
h.
Y ow liimbar pah yowah
83
to bear : so he sa id to them,
Why do ye prefer this lifeof continual anxiety If you
would only make me yourking, I would secure youf romevery attack that couldbemade uponyou .
”
T he pigeons , trusting to
his rofessions , placed himon t e throne ; but when he
was established thereon, he
began to'
exercise his prerogative by devouring a pigeon
upon one pigeonthat yet awaited his turn,said no more than, It
serves us
2. The Fox and Goat.
A f ox had fallen into a
kiihi b’
ibey lwedalaey wuh, well, and had been castingaw lah derahmuddatah yey about for a long time how
6 ’
Moral.— T hey who voluntarily put power into the
hand of a tyrant or an
enemy, must not wonder ifit be at last turned against
themselves.
84 PU sRT o MANUAL.
lah d_z inah sarah andeéhna’h he should get out again. At
kawula’
h chih pah t_sah taur length a goat came to thebah lah dey kilb_ia pah bi-i r place (and)wantingto drink ,tah wu-wu z i . Ak_hir yowa
’h asked Reynard Whether the
wuza’
h wa haghah d_z i’e tah water was good, and if there
wu -ri -
ghla’h , ghoéhtyeychih was plenty of it. T he f ox,
aoba’
hwu nii rlah liim dissembling the real dangerbaryey pushtana
’hwu -k’ra ’
h of his case, replied,chih aoba
’
h ibey aw dereydey kih yah . Liimbar z i
hira’h k_hatra
’h k_hpula
’
h
poéhaley , war-tah yey wu
wey, Ai dostey , éh’katah ri Come down,my friend
shah ; aoba’
h basey shi ghal the water is so good that Iey dey chih nah pah aobe cannot drink enough of it,
jgam, aw hombrah derey dey and so abundant that it can
chihkam-wi linah-lari .”Pah not be exhausted.
” Upondey k_habara
’
h wu za’h pah this the goat, without any
i sana’
i sarah dalindi wa more ado, leaped into thekiihi tah artiwa
’h sh
’
wa’
h . well.
Pah rasedalo da dey liimbar, Upon her arrival the fox,pah éh
’
karo da dosteyk_hpul taking advantage o f his
e madad akhistaey, pah friend’
s horns, and nimblychi li ka ’
i sarah dangedalaey, having leaped, came ou t of
lah kilbia da-bindi ri -wu the well, and coolly re
b ot, aw wa highey f areb marked to the poor deludedh waraley gharibey wa zey goat,tah yey bey z
’
rah-swaeyah
chih, Pah nishat If you had half asmuchh sti tah kih nimey brains as you have beard,ih di poha
’h da r you would have looked be
laley, pa-k_hwi tar artiwe fore you leaped.
dalo bah di kataley wub .
”
3. Lewah aw Kamol. 3. TheWolf and Crane.
k’éhey da yowah A wolf had got a bone
lewah yo had ir shawaey stuck in his throat, and, in
86 PUSH’I‘O
4. Khud-
pa sanda’h K i
gha’
i .
Yawey ki gba’
iQird-
pas
andey pahbasey shintso dadey pah jajii ri k
’
éhey d_z i’
e
da’
h ,t_sobarney chih ti
’fi sino
i chawuli W1 wiQistali ,pah q lo barno k’ iboyyey lekey k’
rey , aw kadimsii linq l ni -tsiz ah shmeralaey , d_gin yey pah dereygu stiQa
’
i sarah pah yowah
sail k’
éhey da de rangino
murghinoydi l_i._hil
e
har. H u
gho bey drangab ahwi l dahighey bey satah wa -ra
ghaley daryi ft karaey,haghah
’
i riatey bar_gey yeytri wu-k
’
éhaley, aw pahmaéhii ko wahalo hajiim pri
kari , lah q lah sa ilah yeywu -yastala
’
h . H ighey bad
baQtey bey nasibey ki
gha’
i, der i z i r mundaley
lah haddah zi’
i ta af sos
karey , bii rtah pah awwalnio
sii lino gadah sh’
wala’
h , aw
ghosht yey chih bi-i lah
dii -i sarah wu -i stejg i goyichih hit_s pri shawaey nah
wub . Magar dii -imaghrii rida dey pah yi d dar
-laley,
lah q ley mal-g'
ira’i yey
wu-sharala’
h, aw yowey lah
bugho chih lajg muddatshawae dey pah t_sah nahshme ’
h, pah taur da dars
MANUAL
4. T he vainJackdaw .
T he unlucky and unf or
tunate ja ckdaw , sorelypunished (and) deeply sor
rowing, betook herself to
her former com °
ons, and
would have ocked with
themagain as if nothinghad happened. B ut they ,recollecting what airs shehad givenherself, drummedher out of their society,while one of those whomshe
had but lately despised,read her this lecture : H ad
you been contented with
what nature made you , you
A jackdaw , as vain and
conceited a s a jackdaw could
well be, having picked upthe feathers which somepeacocks had shed, stuckthemamong her own, and
despising her old comps.nions , introduced herselfwith the greatest assuranceinto a flockof those beautif ulbh da
T hey instantly detecting the character of the in
truder, stripped her of her
borrowedplumes, andfallinguponher with their beaks,sent her abou t her bu siness.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
yey wa r tah wu -wey : Kih
ti pah haghah togah chih
Qudi -e pa idi k’rey kani
’
at
karaoy wi e, lah sa z i da lo-eino tar ti aw humlahmazamatah da q lo sii lino
niji t bah di mundalaeywub .
5 . Kunda’
h aw Chirga’
h.
Y owey kundey yowa’
h
chirga’
h dar-lala’
h chih har
sahi r bah yey yowa’
h haga’
i
i chawula’h. Nii rhundey lah
d_z inah sarah andeshna’
hwu
k’ ra ’
h ,
“Kih zah da q 1
ey chirgey dinah war do
chauda’h k’ ram,
dwah dz alah
bah di rwad_zi haga’
i wi
chawi .
” Niir tadbir q l
yey wu -i zmayah ,aw chirg
a’h has ey t_sorba
’
h sh’
wa’
h,chih bi-l-kull lah haga
’i
i chawulo wa-wata’
h .
Pi -idah.—H ar-chihQalh
atka lawi tal pah haghah
shin pah wukii’nah ri -dz i
6. Ghar pah li t da
Langi lwah .
Pah tero shawio rwaQpah yowah g_
’rab k
’
éhey derzorawar ghurumbey i rwedah shah. Wayalaey shah
87
would have escaped the
chastisement of your bettersand also the contempt of
your equa
5. T he Widow and the
H en.
A widow kept a henthatlaid an egg every morning.
So the widow thought toherself, If I double myhen’
s allowance of barley,she will lay twice a -day .
”
So she tried her plan, andthe hen became so f at andsleek, that she left OE layingat all.
Moral. What peopleimagine does not alwayshappen. Figures are notalways facts.
6. T he Mountain in Labour.
Indays of yore, amightygrumbling was heard in a
certa inmountain. It was
said to be in labour, and
88
chih ghar pah 1angi lwah
k’éhey dacy , nii r tolaey tol
k lah liro najgdo ,da lidalo chih tsah
bah wu zejgawi jam’
ah
sh’
wal. Pas lah derah intig i rah t_skawulo aw lah deréhnh éhnh athal kawulo da
nandi rt_siino, ni da
bindi yow majgak ri -wu
wot !
Fi -idah.— Di hissa
’
h pah
shink’
éheyda hiigho ka sinoda
’h chih lo-e-ey lo
-e-ey wa’
dey yey pah ni -tsizah’
amltar sarah rasejgi.
7. Chirg aw Marghal
Y ow chirg pah ghiijalk’éhey da yowah ba zgar pah
umid da dineymundalo dapi rah da éhad_z ey q leyQa zala
’h pah pého lawast
aley palatala’
h, kagi -ki rna z ar yey pah yowah gauharwu -n
’
ihat chih ittif ikanbaltah lwe-dalaey wub . Niir
yey wu-wey ,
“ H o! tahQ0
yow éhnh t_siz yey pah na zar
da hugho chih ti’a z iz
shmeri, magar wa -mi -tahyowa
’
h dina’
h da aor-bii shi
bihtara’h da
’h tar tamimo
marghalaro chih pah dunyik
’éhey di .
”
PU SHTO MANUAL.
multitudes flocked togetherfromf ar and near, to see
what it would produce.
After long expectationandmany wise conjectures fromthe bystanders , suddenlyout popped amou se !
Moral. -This storyappliesto those whose magnificentpromises end inpaltry perf ormance.
7. T he Cock and the
Pearl.
A cock scratching up the
straw in a farm ard in
search of food forhis hens ,chanced to hit upon a jewelthat by some chance ha d
fallen there. H o sa id
he ; you are a very finething, no doubt, to those
who prize you , but tome onebarley-com is better thanall the pearls in the world.
”
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
Pi -idah.— H aghah chirg
der hoéhyi r chirgwub ,magar der kam-
’
akl kas in di
chih galil garni haghah tsizchih der girin bahi wi fakatlah dey sababah chih wi kif
iyat nah pah lari .
8. Ser-laey aw k wah.
Y ow ser-laey pah bimdayowey l
’
wareyQiineeg y
darey, yow lewa
k’éhatah pah li ri t
’
lunaeywu -lidah aw pah peghor
war kawulo wa-dah tah sar
shah . Lewah fahat, da
pi rah da d_zawi bwar kawulowa -da h-tah daredalaey, wu
yey-wey ,
“ Ai ni -mardah !di tah nah ye chih wa-mitah kandzal awey , balkih
daghah d_z i’e daey chih
pri wali ryey .
9. Kahla ’i aw Mor yey.
Yowey habla’i yowah
rwad_z wa-mor-tah wu-weyAi—
adey , tar spaeyQo tah
lo-ea’h yey, aw tar garanda
’
i
aw tar iijgd si hey yey, aw
da-pi rah da si ti lo da q 1
d_gin ib’
har humlarey ; niirtsah sabab daey chih lah
éh’
ki rio spio hombrah we
rejgey ? Mor yeyma sedal
89
Moral.— The cock was a
sensible cock, but there aremany silly people who
despise what is preciou s onlybecause they cannot under
8 . The Kid andWolf.
A kid beingmounted on
the roof of a lofty house,saw a wolf passing below,
and began to revile him.
T he wolf, havingmerelstopped to reply, sai
Coward !it is not you whorevileme, but the place on
which you are standing.
”
9. The Fawn and her
Mother.
A fawn said to hermotherone day , Mother, you are
bigger than a dog, andswifter and better winded,and you have horns to de
fendyourself ; how is it, then,tha t you are so afra id of thehounds ?
”H er mother,
smiling, sa id, “All this,my
child, Iknow fullwell ; bu t
90 PU sR T o MANUAL .
eywu-yey-wey, Ai farzand no sooner do Ihear a dog
’
s
ah , pah di tolah ,zah éhseh bark, than forthwith my
pohejgam; magar bar-kalah heels takeme 05 as fast aschih ghapi da spi i rwam, they canentryme.
”
péhey mi , li s-pah-li sa , pahhar-kadr tso tuwinejgi jg irmi bii -yi .Pi -idah.
— Pah big dalil Moral— There isno argubah bey z
’
rah pah ghairat ing a coward into courage .
ri -nah -wali .
10. Liimbaraw M’zaraey.
Yow liimbar chih hits
ka lah yeym’z araey lidalaey
nah wub, chih awwal wi r
lah itti‘fikah lah-dah-sarah
pesh shah , hombra ’h wera ’
h
priwu-raghla
’h chihnajgdey
wub lah werey mar shi .
Dweamd_zalah chih war
sarahmuliki shah , li d_zini
pah wera’
h wub ,magar pah he was somuch emboldened,yowah shi n yey Qpula ’
h that, having gone up tc him,wera ’
h puta’
h k ’ ra ’h. Dre he asked himhow he did .
yamwi r chih yey wu-li-dah
hasey bey-bi kah shi h, chih,
w’
rindiyeywu -raahlaey.ara
’
h gara’h yey war-sarah
wu
Fi -idah.-Lah derey ni s Moral. —T oo much fami
spuk-wi lsey
11 . Z or éh’
ki ri Spaey. 11 . T he old Hound.
Yow éh’ki ri spaey, A hound who had beenan
pah q l’
umr k ’
éhey pah excellent one inhis time, andq l ki r der maranaey had done good service to his
10. T he Fox and Lion.
A fox who hadnever seena lion, when by chance hemethimfor thefirsttime,wasso terrified that he almostdied of fright. When hemet himthe second time hewas stillafraid, butmanagedto disguise his fear. When
ExERcrsEs AND DIALOGUES . 91
wub , aw pah maidin da ma ster inthe field, at lengthsh
’ki r yey da pi rah da became worn out with the
tsaéhtan q 1 weight of years and trouble.
mat pah d_z i’e ri -wuraey
wub , iQir lah derah ’umrah
aw lah_
Wifiro mihnato zor
shawaey lah ki rah wu-wot.
Yow ah rwad_z , pah waht daéh
’ki r da sodaro , yow sodar
yey tar ghwajg wu-niwah ,ma gar ghi éhimah yey pah
jz imo k ’
éhey da haghah lahao-u rio wu -Qatal, aw pri
li z im sh’
wah chih niwah
q l prejgdi , niir sodar tri
Qali s shaweey lir. S'
h’
ki ri
pah daey pri ri ha laey , derey malimat Lekinhah za
’if spi d_gawi bwar
kar, Kadimnokar q l
mu ’
i f k ’
rah !Kiiwat d_z amiwub nah iri da
’h mi chih
koti hi yey wu-k’rah . Nii r
pah’
iwag k’éhey da peghor
ri -kawul wa -mi -tah da
pi rah da haghah chih aos
yam, dar yi d k’rah haghah
12. As aw S i -is. 12. T he Horse and the
Y ow si -iswuhchih dina’
h
da i s bah y ey ghli karey
pro-
,la’h sarah lah dey chih
tola’
h rwadz bah lah sabi rah
tarn’mi -éhimah pah ghasho
aw timi r da dahma shghiil
One day, whenhunting thewild boar, he seized one bythe ear, but his teeth gaveway fromthe gums, and hewas forced to let go his
hold, so the boar escaped.
Upon this the huntsman,
coming up, severely rated
him. B ut the feeble dogreplied, Spare your old
servant !It was the power,not the will, that fa iledme.
Remember rather what I
was , thanabu seme f orWhatInow am.
”
A groomthere was whou sed to steal and sell a
horse’s corn, yet was verybu sy ingrooming andwhisping himall the day long.
The horse said to him, If
92 PU snT o MANUAL.
wub. As war-tah wu wey, you really Wishme to lookpah rishti-i ghwi rey well, give me less of your
chih zah ibishsh’
ki rah sham, currying, and more of yourwa -mi -tah lah ghasho aw
timi rah lajg ri -krah , aw
z ii t lah diney .
”
13. Dwey Dzola’i . 13. The Two Wallets .
H ar saraey dwey d_zola’i
yowa’
h par shi bnla’
h pah’
ibey a i , aw dwa
ra’h dakey lah
’
aibi1nah di .
Magar ha ghah chih pah
ghejg k’
éhey da’
h , daka’
h lah’
aibi1no da humsi yaginoda
’
h, aw haghah chih tar
shi da’h , daka
’h lah
’aib1
'
1no
q la’
h da’h . Nii r hum
daghah sabab daey
chih
Qalh lah q lah’
aibi1no
arna’
h aw rinda’h di ,
magar da humsi yagino yeyhits kalah lah na z arah dap
bindi na -dzi .
14. Spacy aw’Aks. 14. T he Dog and the
Shadow .
Yowah spi tiikra’
h A dog stole a piece ofmea tghwaéha
’
h lah diikino da out of a butcher’ s sh0p , andhassi b gl_11i k
’ra ’h,aw wa on his way home was cross
taraf-tah da kor t’lalaey,ahing a river, whenhe saw his
yowah sind pori wot c own shadow reflected intheaks q l yey k ’
éhatah pah streambelow . He tho ht
acbo k’shey wu lidah . that it was another og
Qiyi l yey wu -kar chih bnl taking a piece of meat mspacy daey , tiikra
’h do. his month, so he resolved
Every man carries two
wa llets, one before and one
behind, and both are full offaults. B ut the one beforeis full of his neighbour
’
s
faults, and the one behindof his own faults . Thus ithappens that men are dea fand blind to their own
faults, but never lose sightof their neighbour
’s.
94
galwi da’h
aoba’
h chih zah yey t_s’
éhamtah yeyQaerawe
”? W’
ra’
i,
pah’i jizi sarah, war-tah wu
Wey,“ Riéhti
’
i wayamnah
winamchihpaht_sah shinzahaoba
’h khnrawuley sham
waley chih dz’mi lah taraf
ah sti pah k_hwi aoba’h
nah bahejgi balkih sti lah
loria d_z’mi pah palo ri -dzi .
Lewah dz awi bwar-kar,“Di
kih wi kihnah Wi ,ma garyowki l shawaey dacy chih ti
mi larah der éh’kandgal
karaey wub . W’
ra’1 rejg
deduney war tah yey wu
wey , Ai sardi rah ! ow
ki lpi-Qwi tar daey z li
nah-wumz ii karey . Lewah
wu -wey ,“ S
'
hmh dacy, kihtah nah wey, sti pli r Qo
wub, aw di yow tsiz daey ,lekiii bey-f i -idah da ey dalil
ri -w’
ral sti chih zah di shii
ma ’
h nah k’ram; nii r beylahwayalo da bseleyQabarey
pah highey’i jizey li -chi rey
w’
ra’i war wu -ghurzedah
sarah yey t_sirey k’ra ’
h.
Fi -idah .— Z i limhits kal
ahmuhti j da babiney nahdasy aaw haghah kasinlajgumid lari da -pi rah da rad
awalo da g ulmda z i liminochih fahat wasla
’
h da bey
guni ha’
i aw da’
akl lari .
chih hagl_1ah amdrinking ?
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Indeed,sa id the lamb, humbly , I
do not see howIcandistu rb
the water, since it runs fromyou to me, not fromme toyou .
B e that as itmay , te
plied the wolf,“ it was bu t
a year ago that you called
memany ill names .
’
O h , S ir ! sa id the lamb,trembling, a year ago I
was not born.
”
Well, replied the wolf,“ if it was not you , it was
your father, and that is allthe same ; but it is of no u se
trying to argu e me out of
my supper ;—and without
another word he fell u pon
the poor helpless lamb and
tore her to pieces.
Moral.— A tyrant never
wants a plea ; and they havelittle chance of resisting the
injustice of the powerfulwhose only weapons are
innocence and reason.
ExERcrsEs AND DiALO GU Es. 95
16. Yajg aw Liimbar. 16. T he Bear andthe Fox.
Y owah yajg li fey shi fey A bear used to boast of
pah bi b k’
shey da der his excessive love for man,
muhabbat lah insin sarah saying that henever worriedbah waha ley , wayal bah yey ormauled himwhen dead.
chih ba r-kalah dacymarwizah him-kalah daey nah
t_sandamaw nah yey t_siram.
Liimbar masedalaey, war The f ox, smiling, observed,tah yey wu -wey , Kih ti I should have thought
daey jzwandaey hit_s-kalah more of your profession ifnah Qwaralaey mi bah sti you never ate himalive.
”
Qabara’hbihtara
’
h shmerala’h.
”
Fi -ida h .— B ihtar daey si Moral.— It is better to
tanah da sari lahmargah tar save aman f romdeath thandi chih pas lahmargah yey” when dead to salve him.
1 7 . Machin aw Mangaey .
Y ow mangaey da’asalo
pah dukin k’
éhey da baki lnaskor karaey shawne machinda -
pi rah da t_sata o , yey
tola’i tola
’i pri jama ’
shwal,aw humyey harkat lah haghah d_gi
’
eah t_so yow tsats
kaey li bi ki wub , kabulnah kar. AQir pshey yeyba sey pah k
’
shey wu-u
’
shat
ey , chih tuwin da i lwatalo
war pi to nah shah, aw pah
This is the formof pronoun referred to inGrammar,page 21 , as pointing out the object or possessive case.
17. T he Flies and the
Honey-pot.A pot of honey in the
sh0p of a grocer havingbeen upset, the flies , f or thepurpose of licking it up,
gathered round it inswarms ,nor would theymove fromthe spot while one drop te
mained.
At length their feet became so clogged that theycould not fly away, and,stifled inthe luscious sweets ,
96 MANUAL.
haghahahirini k’éheyQafah they exclaimed with a loud
shawi , pah 1’
warawi z yeywu voice,wa-yal, Tsah bad-baQtahmakhliik yii , chih da -
pi rah are we, who f or the sake ofda yowah si
’
at Qwaéha ’ i , an hour’
s pleasare have
mii abadi ’
umir bi ’
elah ! thrown away our lives
18. Spacy, aw Chirg, aw 18. T he Dog, the Cock,
Yowah spi aw yowah chirg’ahd da dosta
’i wu-ti rah
sarah malgari shawi pah went out on travelssafar li ral. Shpa
’
h yey wa together. Night foundyowa ’
hd_zangal tah wu-rasa themin a forest so the
walah ; ni1r chirg portah wa cock, fiying up on a tree ,
yowey waney tah i lwataey , perched amongthebranches ,pah éhikhi
'
ino k’
shey yey and the dog dozed below at
dz i’e wu-niwah , aw spacy
k’
shatah tar highey waneylindi nim-Qwi bi pre-wot.
Chih shpa ’
h tera ’
h sh’wa
’h, As the night passed away
aw rwad_g ri -wa-Qatala’h aw and the day dawned, the
sapedey-di gh sh
’
wey, chirg cock, according to his cu s
muwifik da da stur q 1 tom, set up a shrillcrowing.
pah terah i wi z sarah bing A fox hearing him, (and)uru
’
kar. Yowah lumbar thinking to make a mealdi
nmi wi z i rwedalaey ,Qiyi l of him, came and stood
yey wu -ti rah chih dacy bah under the tree, and thus adnihi raey q l k’
ram, nii r dressed him: Thou art a
ri -ghi lindi tar highey good little cock, and mostwaney wudredah , aw basey useful to thy fellow crea
yey chirg tah wu-wey, T ah tures. Come down,der éhsah chirgii raey yey, aw that wemay sing ourQalko larahhumder f i -idah and rejoice together
”
mand ey . K’
éhatah ri
shah c miijg da sahi rn
’mimdg sarah wu k’ rii aw
pah Qwaéhi sar shii .”
98 rU snT o MANUAL .
20. Qachara’h. 20. The Mule .
Yowa’
h Qachara’h chih A mule that had grown
lah sababah da zi’
i t-wi li da f at and wanton on too greatrozinah diney t_sorba
’
h aw an allowance of corn, one
masta ’
h shawey wa’h yowa
’h day , jumping and kicking
wradz daltah baltah Qar
chiley wahaley , i k__hir laka’
i
q ley portah karey, p ahni rey yey wu -wey,“Mor d_z
’mi shartey i spa’
h
wa’
h , aw pah har taur lakahchih di shm’h wa ’
h zah humy éhn’
h yam.
” Magar
about, at length , cocking upher tail,damwas a racer, and Iamqu ite as good as ever she
was .
”
exclaimed, My
B ut being soon knockedchih lah Qar tizo wahalo up by her galloping and
aw z’
ghi stalo jg ir stareysb
’wa
’
,h ni -tsi pah wa -deytah pah yi d sh
’
wa’
h chi h
pli rmi fahatQar wuh .
i -idah .— H ar-yow baki
kat dwah tara fah lari
niirpa-Qwi tarmt i raw
alo da komyowah lah dii -i
nah , éhnh dacy na z ar kawulwapdwi ro-tah .
21 . Halak Shpiin aw Le
Yowah halak shpim, chih
rama ’
h q la’
h yey najgdey wa owah kali tah powula
’
h wakto yey pahtaur da bi za
’
i ni ra’
h kawala’
h , Lewah ri -ghi!Lewahri -ghi Dwah drey wi rahyey di champah ki r wu
frisking, she rememberedall at once that her sire was
but an ass.
Moral — Every truth hastwo sides ; hence it is wellto look at both before wecommit ourselves to either.
21 . The
and theWolf.
A shepherd-boy, who
tended his flocknot f ar froma village, used to amusehimself at times in cryingout,
“Wolf !Wolf !
Shepherd boy
Twice or thrice his tricksucceeded.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
raghi . Tamimkalaey bah
pah hapa’
h da dey z’
ghi stal
aey wu -raghlal ; magar toli’
wa z chih dii -i pah badalah
k’éhey da mihnat q l
mund rish-Qand
AQiru-l-Amar,yowa ’hwradzlewah pah rishti-i pah ghelo
gad shah . Halal: lah z’
rah
ni rey wu-k ’rey magarhum
si yahginyey, haseypohedali
chih ta sha’
h kadima ’h bi zi
u la’
h kawi ,hpahni ro daiii
“
yey hit_s gl_iwajg wa-namet , aw lowah rama ’
h d_zabtsirey k ’
rala’
h . Nur halak z
’
dah k’
rah , magar chih
ki r lah li sah wu-wot, chih
_da rogl_1-jgano i
’
tibi rnah
ejg i kih t_sah humriéhti-i
wi.-yi .
22. K i rghah aw Man
Y ow ki rghah chih lah
tandey najgdey wamarg tahwub , pah dera
’h Qwaéha ’
i
wa yowahmangi tah chih lah
liri yey pah nagar k’
ibe-wat
wi l-wat. Magar chihnajgdey wu -raghi , wu -
yey-lidah
chih aoba’hhombra ’
h k’
sbat
a’
h dey , chih kih ha t -tso warwu -dgaredah aw war wu
ghazedah ,warwa -nah-rasid
ah. Niir yey wu -ghoéht
Chih ri b'
i-i
yey naskor
99
T he Whole village camerunning out to his assist
ance but all
they got was to be laughedat for their pains.
So the boy learned, whenit was too late, that liars arenot to be believed evenwhenthey tell the truth .
B ut when he came up to
it, he found the water (is)so low, that with all his
stooping and straining, he
was una ble to reach it.
Thereupon he wanted tobreak the pitcher ; thenagainhe wanted to upset it ;
7 ‘
At last, one day , the wolfgot into the flock indeed.
T he boy cried inearnest ;but his neighbours, eu
posing himto be at his o d
sport, paid no heed to his
cries, and the wolf devouredthe sheep .
22. T he Crow and the
Pitcher.
A crow that was ready todiewith thirst, flew with joyto a pitcherwhich he saw at
a distance.
100 PUSHTO MANUAL.
yey k ’
ri ; magar kuwat yey but his strength was not
da -pi rahda yowah lahdagho su fficient to do either.
dwuo ki ro bas nah wub .
AQir, d_gini gatey najgdey lidalali , yowa
’h yowa
’h,
yey iQistey derey yey pahmangi k
’
éhey wi chawuley,aw lah kawulo da dey ki rahaoba
’
h yey tah Qii ley pori
damangi portah ri wu -rasa
wuley, aw tanda’
h k’
q l
a’
h yey pahmi ta ’h k’ ra ’
h .
Fi -idah .— Hunr aw ta
’mmul pah ki r ri dzi haltah
chih zor koti hWi , lakah chihmatal di Ihtiyi jmor daiji d di .
”
23. Riind aw Kungaraey.
Y owah rindah sari ’i dat
dar-lah , chih bar-kalah bahkom dz indi r pah hi s war
kar shah , éhowii bah eychih komjins daey . OW
waht yow kungaraey da lo
wah yey war-larah war wor.
Dah li s sar tar pi yah pri
wu -ts’
ki wuh , aw chih pah
shakk k ’
éhey wub , wu -yeywey , Z ah nah pohejgamchih pli r sti spacy kih lewahwub , magar hombrah po
hejgam, chih zah ti pah
rama ’
h k’
éhey da gaedo nahshampre-éhowulaey .
”
23. T he Blind Man and
theWhelp .
At last, seeing some smallpebbles near at hand, he
dropped a great numberof themone by one into
the pitcher, and, by doingthis, raised the water to
the brim of the pitcher,and by thatmeans qu enchedhis thirst.
Moral— Skillandpatiencewill succeed where forcefails, as the proverb runs
Necessity is themother ofInvention.
A blindmanwas wont, onany animal being pu t intohis hands, to say what it
was.
Once they brought to hima wolf’ s Whelp .
He felt it all over fromhead to foot, and, as he wasindoubt, said, Iknow notwhether thy fatherwas a dogor a wolf, but this much Iknow, that Iwould not trust
thee among a flock of
sheep .
”
102 PusnT o MANUAL .
li fey wu -wahi . Niir dii -i S o they came before thepah w
’rindi dam’
zara’
i wu lioness, and inquired of her,raghlal, aw pushtana
’h ye (And) how many do you
tri wu TahQo pah have at a birth ?”
yowah Wi r lang-timt_so ri
W’rey.
”Dey pah triw tand She said, grimly, “ One ;
acy war tah wu-wey , Yow, but that one is a lion.
magar haghah yowm’zaraey
daey .
”
Fi -idah.—K_hi ssiyat tar Moral. Quality comes
mikdi r teraey kawi . before quantity.
26. Lowah aw Gaeda’
h. 26. The Wolf and the
Sheep .
Yow lowah chih spiQwaralaey wub , aw pah der bad
hi l wu -garzedah , lakah chihtuwin da harkat kawulo yeynah darlah , yowa
’
h gnda’h
chih baltah teredala’
h war
wu-yey-ghoshtala’
h, aw ilti
mi s yey tri wu-karchih tsah
aoba’h lah chiney chih hal
tah najgdey wa’
h war larah
ri -w’
ri , aw wayal yey , Kih
tah dz’mi da -pi rah ts
’éhi k
ri -w’ rey, Qwari k bah zah
pa-q lah peidi k’ ram.
”
Geedey wu-wey ,“ H o , zah The sheep replied, I
pah dey bi b k’
shey shakk make no doubt of i t ; for,nah-laram; t_salarah chih, if I come near enou gh to
kih zah hombrah najgdey give you the drink , you will
da-pi rah da dar-kawulo da soon make mince-meat of
acbo dar sham, tah bah jg ir
mi kima ’
h k’ri .
A wolf that had beenbitten by a dog, and was in
a very sad case, in such Wise
that he was unable tomove,called to a sheep that waspassing by, and begged her
to fetch him some water
f rom the neighbouringstream, and sa id he, If you
will bringme drink, I willfindmeatmyself.”
ExERcrsns AND DLALO GU Es. 103
27 . M’zaraey aw
darindagin éh’ki r kawiiri
l
ki .
M’
zari aw nii ro darinda
gino daepi rah da t’
lalo pah
éh’ki r sarah
’ahd wu -kar.
H ar kalah chih yow tsorb
gi-waz yey wu
-niwahm’
zari
q l d_z in pah taur da
aminw ’
rindi karaw bughahéh
’ki r yey dreybaQreykari ,
basey ’
aml yey wu -karwu yey wey , Awwala
’
h
baQrey bah pah sabab da
mansab da bi dshi ha ’
iwiQlamdzakah chih bi dshih
yam; dweama ’
h baQra’h
bah hissa’
h q la’
h wiQlamt_salarah-chih pa
-q l
ah pah sh’ki r k ’
éhey malgar wum; aw pah bi b k ’
éheyda dreyamey baQrey
— har
tsok chih basey jur’
i t laral
wi -di -Qli .
28 . Spacy aw 28 . T he Dog and his
Mas ter.
Y ow sarney pah safar tah , A certainmanwas settinghaghah waht, spacy q 1 out on a journey, when, see
pah warah wali r lidalaey, ing his dog standing at the
pah ni rey yey war-tah wu door, he cried ou t to him,wey , T_salarah WitQiilaey What are you gapingwali r orey Da-pi rah da about ? Get ready to comet’
lalo ih mi sarah taiyi ri withme.
wu -k’ rah. S pi , laka’
i éhor The dog, wagging his tail,awaley , wu -
yey-wey , Ai said,“I am all right,
27. T he Lion and other
Beasts hunting.
T he lion and other beastsformed an alliance to go out
a-hunting.
When they had taken a
f at stag, the lion proposedhimself ascommissioner, andhavingdivided the game intothree portions , thus pro
ceeded : said he, T he first
portionIshalltake ofi ciallya s king, for king Iam; thesecond I shall take formyown personal share in the
chase ; and as for the third
part, let himtake it whodares .
”
104
sihibah zahmusta ’ idd yam;ti larah taiyi ri karey bo
yah .
Pah Pushto humma taldi . Wa laram tah yeywu -wey ,
‘Kuch dacy . Weyyey, I_) g
’mi yowa’
h laka ’
i
d t .
, $ 7
29. B ad-Qo-e Spacy.
Yow spaey basey wahshiaw bad-Qo-e wub , chih
t_sashtan larah yey li z imwub chih yow drimd kolandyeypah ghi ra
’h poriwu -tari ,
chih lah Qwaralo aw dah
ralo da ham-si yahgino
q loman’
a’
h shi . Spacy,lah dey ni1gl_1imaghrii r shawasy, pah bi gi r k
’
éhey yeyd_z in z i bir kar, holandq l shorawulaey chih nurowar-tah wu gori . Magaryo
wah hoéhyi r dost yey kari r
kari r pah pas-pasey war-tahwu -wey , H ar kadr kamshuhrat chih pah dey bi b
k’
éhey kawey bihtar dacydi niéhina
’
h da im-tiyi z sti
jaz i da nek am’ l nah da’
h ,magar ni1gl_i i da bad-nima ’
i
dao’
h
Fi -idah .— S ari der waht
finah shuhrat pah ghalatnimii s shmeri , aw pah ’
iwagk’shey da dey chih shuhrat
PUSHTO MANUAL .
master ; it is you who have
to pack up .
”
There is a Proverb in
Pushto likewise . Theysaid to the scorpion,
" T is
time tomarch.
’H e replied,
‘ Ihave onlymy tail.
’
29. TheMischievousDog .
There was a dog so wild
and mischievous, that his
master was obliged to fastena heavy clog abou t his neck ,
to prevent himbiting and
worrying his neighbours.
The dog, priding himselfon thi s badge, paraded himself in the market-place,shaking his clog to attract
the attention of others .
B ut a sly friend of his
whispered to him, and sa id,
T he less noise you makein this matter the better ;yourmark of distinction isno reward of merit, but a
badge of disgrace .
”
Moral. —Men often mistake notoriety for fame, andwould rather be remarkedfor theirvices ortheir follies
106
31. Spaey pah AQor
k’éhey.
Yowah spi bechiwr_na’
h
q la’
h
k’éhey jora ’
h k’ra ’h ,
haghah d_gi’
e t_samli stalaey ,pah ghapal aw tamwahal
ey i sin lah t_sarahmana ’wul. Yowah lah bugho
pah yowah iQor in a manger,aw lying,
PUSHTO MANUAL.
31 . The Dog in the Man
ger
A dog had made his bedand there
by snarling and
growling, kept the horsesfromtheir provender.
One of themsaid, See
wu -wey, Wu -gora
’i , t_sah what a miserable cur it is !
badQo-e spaey dacy, chihpah-Q ulah dina
’h nah-shi himself, nor will allow those
kllwa'mey ,chih Qwarali yey shi war
prejg -di chih wu-yeyQiiri .”
32. (i humi sha ’
h aw
yaey.
Yowa’
h ghumi sha ’h chih
chi perah pah sar da yowah
ghwi yah burnedala’h , iQir
pah yowah sh’kar yey k’
éhe
ni staley , lah dah yey da
tacdi’
war-kawulo mu ’
i fi
wu -ghoshta’h, aw wu -yey
wey, Kih drimd-Wi li d_zmiwa-ti -tah t_sah taklif dar
kawimihrbini karaey ri -tahwu wayah aw zah bah pah
yowah damk’shey li ra ’h
sham.
”
Gliwi yah war-tah
wu -wey , Pah dey bi b
q 1mi ghz ahmahQiirah,t_salarah chih wa-mi -tah yow
aw nah bael to eat it who can.
O h, never trouble yourbrains about that,
”says the
bull ;“ for it is all one to
me Whether you go or stay ;tsiz daey kih pi to shey kih and, to say the truth, Idid
li ra ’h shey aw,
kih rishti-i not know you were there.
wu-wayam, zahnahwu-pohedamchih tah baltah wey.
”
32. The Gnat and the
Bull.
A gnat that had beenbuzz ing about the head of a
bull, at length settling herself down uponone of his
horns, begged his pardon
for incommoding him, and
sa i ,d If my weight at all
inconveniences you , pray sayso , and ill be ofi in a
moment.
ExERcrsEs AND DiALO GU Es . 107
Pi -idah .— H ar kadr chih Moral— The smaller the
’ilm kamdaey Qiid-bini mind the greater the con
zii ta’h da
’h , magalan da ceit, as , for example, the
Peéhi war Qiid-pasand ’i self-satisfied wise men of
33. M’zaraey aw drey 33. T he Lion and his
three Councillors.
M’zari gmda ’h war-wa T he lion called the sheep,
ghoéhtala’
h aw wa-dey-tah and a sked her, Say whetherwu -f armi yil, Wu-wayah my breath smells bad or
kih d_z’mi Qiila ’
h bad bii -e not.
lari kih yah.
” Dey d_zawi b She said, Ay .
war-kar, H o. M’zari pah T he lionbit OE her head
ghi ého sar da dey d_z ini pre
kar t_salarah chih ahmaka ’
h
yey wu Nur le Then he called the wolf,wah yey wu -ghoéht, aw lah and asked him.
dahyeypushtana’h wu -k
’
ra’h
H aghah wu -we
ym“Y ah . He said, “No .
Daeyyeyytiikartu rkar_tsal He tore himto pieces forarah chih Qu shimad-gar a flatterer.
ey wu-shmerah. Ak_hir yey At last he called the fox,
iimbar war-wu-ghoéht, aw and asked himthe qu estion.
lah dah yey suwi l wu -kar.
H a ghah wu -wey, Pah He replied, T ruly Ihaverishti-i zah zukimshawaey got a cold, and cannot
yam, pa za’h mi banda
’
h smell.”da
’
h .
Fi -idah .— ’Akilkasinpah Moral.—Wise men say
Qatar-ni ko zamino k ’
éhey nothing indangerous times.
hits nah Wi -yi .
34. Dwah Degah. 34. The two Pots .
ah degah, yow Two pots, one of earthenrin, bsel da koto, lah sail ware, the other of brass,
108
i bah da yowah sind nezah
sh’wal. Dahkotodegwa
i rin tah iltimi s karaeyWu -yey-wey, Kih dz
’mipah t_sang aosey khabar-di ribah di wu -k’ram. Khiwrinwu -wey, Di wa ini sti
dera’hmihrbini da ’
h ,magarlah dey ki rahQo zah zi
’
i ti
werejgam; kih tah yawidz aey t_saQo ta f iwat si tal
aey larey , éhi -yi chih zah
pah salimat pah sar da acbo
li r sham, lekin kih miijgsarah wu -n
’
éhalii , yakindaeychih zah bah i z i r mundalaey sham.
Fi -idah . Parhez wu
k’ raa ’
i lah dero zorawaro
hamsi yahgino tsalarah
chih , kih sarah wu
haghah chih kam-zoraeydacy tabi h bah shi .
35 . Tabib aw Mariz .
Y owah tabib lah tsomi1dey pori
’
ili j da yowah
marig ki -Wub ,ma garhaghahyey pah
’
ili j k’
éhey marshah . Pah waht da putawulo tabib pri
’
a ziz ino yey
gwrzidah, wayal yey , Kih
haghah gharib dost dz’mi‘ ijg
chih haltah daey , fahat lahshri bo parhez karaey wi e
a(w muwifik ’
ili j1'
1nah yeymusta ’malawuli haltah bah
PUSHTO MANUAL .
Moral — Avoid too powerf ulneighbours ; for, should
there be a collision, the
weakest goes to the wall.
were carried downa river ina flood.
T he bra zen pot beggedthe earthen one, saying, If
you keep bymy side Iwill
protect you .
T he earthen pot sa id,
Thank you for you r kindofier, but that is ju st whatIamafraid of ; if you will
only keep at a distance,perhaps Imay float down in
safety bu t should we comein contact, I amsure to be
the suflerer.
”
35 . The Doctor and hi sPatient.
A doctor had been f or
some time attending upon a
sickman, who , however, diedunder his hands.
At the f uneral the doctorwent abou t among the rela
tions, saying, O ur poor
friend there , if he had onlyrefrained fromWine, andu sed proper remedies, wouldnot have been lying there .
”
110 PusRT o MANUAL.
37. K i za’h Zarini Haga
’i 37. T he Goose with the
GoldenEggs .
Y ow saraey basey nek A certain man had the
nasibh
wub chihyowa
’
h good fortune to possess a
ki za’h y ye lala
’h chih goose that laid hima goldenharah wrad_z
dar
yey yowa’h egg every day.
zarina’h haga
’
i i chawula’h .
Magar lah basey susta’
i B ut dissatisfied with so
imadana ’i u i -ri z ah shaweey, slow an income, and think
Qiyi l yey wu -kar, chih tam ing to seize the whole treaama ’
h khi z ina’
h pah yow sure at once, he killed theab dam ah kabza
’h ri goose and cutting her
w’
ri niir i za’
h yeym’
ra’
h Open, found her— just Whatk’
ra h ; aw geda’hyeyt_siraley any other goose would be!mah taur yey mund— basey
lakah chih nur ki z inwi !Fi idah . Der Moral— Muchwantsmore
ghwiri aw tol tabi h k’
ri . and loses all.
38. igmaw Mhtanin 38. T he Ass and his
yey . Masters.
Y ow Qar chih mi l da An ass that belonged to a
yowah bi ghwin wub , aw gardener, and had little toQwari k yey lajg mihnat eatandmuch to do, besoughtyey der wub ,
iltimi s yey lah Jupiter to release himfromJiipitarah wu -kar chih dey the gardener
’
s service , andlah Qidmatah da bi ghwin give himanothermaster.
Qalis k’
ri, aw bml tsashtanwar-k
’
ri . Jiipitar, lah ni Jupiter, angry at his dis
Qwaéha ’i da dah ni -ri gah content,made himover to a
shaweey, daey yey wa yowahkuli l tah wu spi rah . Aos He had now heavier burpah na z ar wa-pa
-QWi -tah dens to carry than before,bo-yah der lo-ebi riinah yosi . and again appealed to JuB i-i yey wa -Jii pitar-tah piter toto relieve him, and
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES. 111
shiki ya t wu-karchih da dah Jupiter so contrived that he
da st-giri wu -k’
aw Jiipitar was sold to a tanner.
wu-kar chih
nishat wa-w’
rindini-tah wa
der bad hi l tah wu -rasedah,aw chih da harey wrad_z
T he ass havingnow falleninto worse hands than ever,and daily observing how hismaster was employed, ex
ey ki r da t_saéhtan yzyclaimed, with a groan,
Pmulihigah kiwuh,zgerwaey yey wu wey,Af sos ! a f sos ! t_gah tor
baQtah yam! Dz ’mi dap i rah bihtar wub chih
kani’
at mi pah w’
runbanio
ino karaoywae, t_salarah chih z ah aos Winamchih aosanaey t_gaéhtanmi30 jgwandaey yamyawi d_z
aey zi’
i ti mihnat bah pah
mi nah kijgi , balkih chih
humpre-nah-ig’
di
Fi -idah .— Hagl_1ah t_sok Moral.
— H e that is dis
chih pah yowah d_z i’
ek’she contented in one place will
nah Qwaéhah daey, kal
nah kalah bah bwl d_z i’c
Qwaéh shi .
seldombe happy inanother.
39. Ghal aw Spaey .
Y ow ghalchihda-pi rah da
g_1_1_li wa yowah kor tah war
tah ghosht yey chihspi pah i chawulo da goleywa -dah-tahman’
a’
h k’
ri . Spi
war tah m-wey, .Ig is r lah
Alas !alas !what a wretchamI! It had been betterf or me to have remainedcontentwith in formermasters , for nowIsee thatmypresent owner will not onlyworkmeharderwhile living,but will not even sparemyhide whenIamdead !
39. The T hief and the
Dog.
A thief who was comingto rob a house would havestopped the barking of a
dog by throwing a sop to
him. The dog said to
him, “Away with you ! I
112
daey dz i’eah liri shah!pa
Qwi tar deymi der shakfinah pah tah dar-lal,magar di bey-haddahmihrbini sti wa -mi -tah yakinkawi chih lii chah yey.
Fi -idah .— Bada
’
h pah li s
k’
shey z i hirawi badi pah
z’
rah .
40. Karni -chi girif ti r
shawaey .
Y OW karni -chi pah jangk’
shey girifti r shawaey , pah
dera’
h gharibi sarah yeyaminwu -ghoéht. Wu -yeywey , Ai neko si hibino,mimu ’
i f k’raa
’
i , awmi beysababah wa -katl-tah mahrasawa
’i,tsalarah chih mi
pah-q lah tsok wajzalaey
nah dacy , aw pratah lah deykarni humhits wasla ’
h nah
laram. H ugho kasino chih
dey yey girif ti rkaraey wuh,wu -
yey wayal, Da-pi rahda daghah sabab Qo bah
jg aer wa -katl-tah wa -rasejg i,tsalarah chih pah-q lah
lahjangkawulobeyhimatah,nii rQalhpah j
ang awQimrezi pi tsawey .
”
Fi -idah .— H aghah saraey
chih da -pi rah da jang nii rpi t_sawi der bad dae tar
bugho chih pah g’éheysharik di .
PUSHTO MANUAL.
had my suspicions of you
before, but this excess of
civility a ssuresme that youare a rogue .
”
Moral — A bribe in handbetraysmischief at heart.
40. T he Trumpeter takenprisoner.
They who had seized himsaid, For this very rea son
shall you the sooner die, f orwithout the spirit to fight
yourself, you stir up others
to warfare and bloodshed .
”
Moral.— H e who incitesto strife is worse than thoseWho take part init.
A trumpeter having beentaken prisoner in battle
,
begged hard f or quarter.
Said he, Spare me, goodsirs, Ibeseech you ,
me not to death withou t
cau se, f or I have killed no
one myself, and save this
trumpet I have no otherarms .
114 PUSHTO
yey wu -ghurz iwuh , aw
marg yey wu -ghoéht chih
wa-dah-ta h lah dey dereygaliley zindagina
’
i q leyQali si war-k
’
ri . Margbarabar da balalo da dah
jg ir higir shah, aw pu éh
tana’h yey tri wu
-k’ ra ’
h chih,“(Leah ghwi rey ? H aghah,
pah hairat k’
éhey lwe-da
lacy , wu -yey
-wey , Ainekahsihibah, mihrbi ni kareyfahat pah bi-i iQistalOk
’
éhey da gedi wa-mi -tahmadad ri k’ rah .
Fi -idah . Ghoéhtal da
marg yow tsiz daey , aw ri
t’
limkaey lidal yey ba l t_siz .
43. Da Nashtar Wana’h
aw Karkarna’
h .
Yowey waney da naéhtar
yowa’
h wradz pah nijgdeyda karkag ey li fey shi feywahaley war-tah wu -
yeywey ,
“ T ah bi-l-kull pah hit_ski r nah yey ; magar tsahanbi r-Qiney aw komkoriinah bey lah mi bini kedali shi ? Karkar_ney wartah wu -wey , Ai nekahsihibah, haghah waht chih
tar-ki r_g in lah tabaro aw
aroq lo sarah daltah ri
shi, t_so fidia’
h bah di shan
daley wa ’
h kih naéhtar nah
yowah karkarnweyFi ddahr Maskina
’
h baQ
MANU AL .
upon Death to deliver himfrom his most miserableexistence.
Death came straightwayat his call, and a sked him,
What do you want
He, filled with terror, t e
plied, Pray, good sir, do
me but the favour to helpme up with my burden
Moral.— It is one thingto callf orDeath , andanother
to see himcoming .
T he bramble replied,Good sir, when the wood
men come here with their
axes and saws , what would
you give to be a brambleand not a fir
Moral.— A humble lot in
43. T he Fir-tree and the
Bramble.
A fir-tree was one dayboasting itself to a bramble,(and) said to it, Y ou are
of no use at all ; but how
could barns and houses bebuilt withoutme
n u cleus u mnmoaurs. 115
ra’h pah salamat k
’
éhey security is better than the
bihtara’
h da’
h lah kha taro dangers that encompass thechih charperah par lo-eano high and haughty .
awmutakabbirano wi.44. Buda
’
i aw suhela’i
Y owey zaroy hundeyhoéh-yarey dwey suhela
’i
darlaley , chih hagl_1ah bah
yey tal pah waht da chirgang wa-khidmat-tah wa
larawuley . S uhelioda saharQezi dera ’
h na -pasandaley,
yow lah bwlah yey sarah
karar wu -tarah chih ghara’h
da chirg pechaley wa—yeyzni
,lah dey phatah chih
dey pah sabab da wiéhawulo
da mi r-maney k_hpuley pahlo-e sahar k
’
shey sabab da
tolo mihnato da dil-i wub .
B ar-ka lah chih du-i da kar They had no sooner donewu p kar, highey zarey sahib this than the old lady,missey , mudami ban -kawi
'
1n ing her u sual alarum, andkaey khpul nah arlalaey, afraid of over-sleeping herweredunkey sh
’wa
’h chih self, continuallymistook the
nah bfida pah k_hpula’h time of day, and rou sed
bah zi’
iita’h widah shi, nur themup atmidnight.
ta] bah yey waht ghala tuwub , aw du-i bah yeynima ’
h
shpa’
h wishawu ley .
Fit-idah .— Lah haddah Moral— T oo much cun
z i’iiti hila
’
h bazi aksir khpul ningoftenover-reachesitself.dz an tah daghah war-kawi .
45 . Na -
JorahM’zaraey . 45 . T he Sick Lion.
Y owm’zaraey , chihlahjih A lion, no longer able,
atah da kam-zora’i da zarti-i fromthe weakness of old
43. The old Woman and
her Maids.
A thrifty old widow kepttwo servant-maids, whomshe used to call up to their
work at cock-crow.
T hemaids, disliking ex
ceedingly this early rising,determined between themselves towring 03the cook
’s
neck and killhim, a s he wasthe cau se of their troubleby waking theirmistress so
116 PUSHTO MANUAL.
pah gindo k’éhey tuwanda age, to hunt for his prey ,
éh’kar kawulo
da khhwarak nah darlah,
pah g_arkhpulk’shey k
’
she
aw nafas pah der ing with a low voice, gavepah out that he was very ill
ni st,mushkil k
’
éhalaey ,narac ahwa z sarah, yezi hir
’
ral chih zah lah hadydah z i-at na -jorah yam.
Da awa za’h pah derah tal
war sarah pah mi -yand_z_k’
she da haiwzinano mashbiim’
sh’wa
’
h, aw dereizara aw arman lah phatalida dah wu shah . Yow pas
lah beslab yey ’
iyiidey larah
wa-raghlal ; magar, m’
zari
dii-i hasey beyal beyal, awpah ghar khpulk
’
éheymundali , pah
"
asani yey ghanimatkhpul k
’ ral, aw pah deyta
’
imtsorb shah . Lumbar,lah rasta
’
i da dey ahwiiza’h
guman k’
shey lwe-da
y , akhir da -parah da’
iyadey yey wa-raghi , aw
t_gak_ho liri daredalaey pushtana
’
h da hal da kiblahekhpul yey wu-k
’ra
’
h.
M’
zari wu -wey ,“Ao, lah
tolah-nah’
azizah dostah
dz’mii, dzi tah yey Waley
basey liri lahma walar yeyNajzdey rti -shah , ai dz
’mashirinah yarah, aw da
’
da -parah la id himself up in his
den, and, breathing with
great difi culty, and speak
indeed.
The report soon
among the other beasts , andthere was great lamentationfor the sick lion.
One after the other cameto see him; but, the lionca tching themthu s alone,and in his own den, madean easy prey of them, and
grew f at u ponhis diet.
The lion said,“Ah, my
dearest f riend, is it you ?Why do you stand so far
fromme Come near,sweet friend, and pour a
ajiz word of consolation in them’
z ari pah ghwajg k’éhey , poor lion’
8 car, who has but
ch h la]_z waht da jzwandi'm a short time to live.
M yowa’
arah khabara’h da
The f ox, suspecting the
truth of this matter, cameat length tomake a visit ofinquiry , and standing at
some distance, a sked hismajesty how he did.
118 PUSHT O MANUAL .
khor. Lakah chih shpa’h Whennight came on and
sh’wah aw shpol wu -ti rah the fold wa s closed, the
shah , lewah humlah ga do wolf wa s shut up with the .
sarah band shah, aw war sheep, and the door madewu-ti rah shah. Magar hasey fast. B ut it so happenedwu-sh
’
wah chih shpun, wa that the shepherd, wantingkomt_siz tah da-pi rah da something for his supper,shumey k_hpuley hi jat-mand went in to fetch out a.
shawaey, da-pi rah da da sheep, bu t mistaking the
bi ndi ri -wustalo da yowey wolf f or one of them,
gasdey, dananah nana-wot, brought himout, and killedmagar lah gl_1alatah lewah himon the spot.
yow lah du-i shmeralaey,ri -wu -yey
-yost, aw jg ir yeyhali l kar.
47 . S'
h’ki ri Spaey aw 47. T he Round and the
S oeya’h.
Yow éh’ki ri spacy pas lah A hound, after long cha s
dero z’
gh i stalo pah yowey ing a hare, at length came .
soe ey paseyfl“pah i g ir up to her, and kept first
k’ ey ba ri har wa dey tah biting and then licking her.
wn-rasedah, awwal bah yeydahi rala
’
h bi-i bah yey tsatala
’h . Soeya
’h, pahmatlab The hare, not knowing
da dey ki r da dah nah what tomake of this, said topohedalaey , wu -yey-wey, him,
“If you aremy friend,
Kih tah mi dost yey , nl'
1r why do you biteme but if
tsalarah mi dharey ‘
x’aw kih a f oe, why do you caress
dushman yey tsalarah me i’mina ’
h ri sarah kawey ?
Pi -idah .— Mubhamdost Moral. -Adoubtfulfriend
had-tar dacy tar yakin is worse than a certainduéhman: bo-yah chih sar enemy : let a man be one
ti e. pas yey. See Dictionary, p. 1105.
ma elsns m nmoouns . 119
aey yi yow t_siz wi yi bwl,
chih pah tsah shi n lah dah
sarahmuki bilah wu-k’
ri .
48 .
’
Arab aw U éh .
Y owah’
Arab fish k_hpulleéhalaey , puéhtana
’
h yey tri
wu -k ’ ra ’
h chih wa-l’
wara ’
h
li r-tah t’
lal k_hwaéhawey kihwa - tiz
’
wara’
h li r.
” U éh pahkini yah sarah wu-wey ,
Lsah , ai tsaéhtanah , da
samey li r ’
ub1'
1r damaidinband shawey da
’
h
49. Qar pah t_sarmandaH
’sari .
Yowah k_h_’
rah tsarmandam’
z ari i gh i stey , harah kb witah gmrzedah, tol ahmakha iwinin chih pah pri peéh
sh’
wal werawul yey , aw, yow
li‘
1mbarlidalaey , pah koshishshah chih di humwu-werawi . Magar limbar, iwi zda dah i rwedalaey, wu -
yeywey , Pah tahkik, zah bah
humweredalaey wum,kih
na ral sti mi i rwedalaey nahwa e.
Fi -idah.— H ag11ah k
ch ih yow wasf chih hakkyey nah wi pah d_z in porik_h isawi ak31r waktimah lahz iyi dati kawulo pah haghahk
’
éhey q l d_zin iha-yi .
thing or the other, and thenni1r haghah waht pohej_z i
'
1 we know how tomeet him.
48 . T he
Camel.Arab and the
1.
An Arab having loadedhis camel, a sked himwhetherhe preferred going up hill
or down hill.
T he camel dryly replied,Pray , master, is the
stra ightway across the plain
shuta
up
49. T he Ass in the Lion’
s
Skin.
An a ss having put on a
lion’
s skin, roamed all about,frightening a ll the sillyanimals he met with, and,seeing a fox, he tried to
ala rmhimalso.
B ut Reynard, havingheard his voice, sa id to him,“Well, to be sure !and Ishould have beenfrightenedtoo if I had not heard yourbray .
Moral.— Theywho assumea character that does notbelong to themgenerallybetray themselves by over.
acting it.
120 rusn'ro m un .
50. Da Lh’
rah Sec-racy .
Yowah lah k_l_1 1'
1d-pasandah’alimino da Peéhiwar, pah
yowa ’
h toda’
h rwadz k’shey
da wori , da -pi rah da sware
dalo khpul yow Qar pah
kiriha’
h wi k_l_1ist chih lah
Peshiwarah Hoti Mardin
larah t’
lalaey wa yowah
Farangi shi gird k_hpul tah
jgabah da Pakshto
k’ri . Pahnima ’hrwadz
ghi rmahbasey sw1'1nki sh’
wi l
chihk’
shatah shawaey,gh_os'
ht
yey chih pah seo-ri k’éhey
da k__h’
rah arkh wu -lagawi .
Magar, da k_h’
rah sharfinkaeyda -pi rah da haghah d_zi
’
c
lah dah sarah jagara’h wu
k’ra ’h, haseywayal yey chih ,
“Hakk dz ’mi da-pi rah da
dey dzi’
e sti tar hakkahz i
’
i ti daey. fi ud-pasand’i limwu -wey, T_sah !miQar da drast safarda -pi rahpah kiri hah i khistaey nah
daey ?”
H aghah ba lwey, H o , ti k_har pah kirihah i khistaey daey, lekin
seo-raey da
Pah dey mi-yani z k’éhechih dii-i jagaraa
’
h da-pi
da haL ah d_zi’e sarah
wula’
h , lé ar, ni -tsi pah lahhaghah dz i
’
eah wa-lori-tah
damairey taéhtedalaey li r.
50. T he Ass’s Shadow .
One of the self-sufficientwisemen of Peéh
‘
awar, one
hot summer’s day , hired anass inorder to proceed fromPeéhiwar toHoti Ma rdinto
teach a Farangi pupil of histhe Pakshto language.
At mid-day the heat o f
the sun was so scorching ,that, havingdismounted, hewould have sat down to re
pose himself under the
shadow of the ass. B ut the
ass driver disputed the
place with him, declaringthat, I have a greater rightto this place thanyou .
”
What !” said the selfsuflicient wise man, did Inot hire the ass for the
whole journey ‘
1’
The other replied, Yes ,
you have hired the ass, bu t
not the ass’
s shadow .
”
While they were thus engaged in wrangling and
fighting for th
ass suddenly took to hisheels and ran ofi to the
desert.
122 PUSHTO MANUAL .
wi e) zi’
i ti wu -leéhah. Pah Ontheir return, as theywaht da bi-yartah ri -t
’
lalo crossed the stream into
da di -i , lakah chih’
ub1'
1r yey which he had formerlyki wuh lah haghah sindah fallen, the ass fell down on
chih k_har w’
ri ndi pah k’
s’
hey purpose, and, by the dis
pre-wataey wub, k_har pah solving of the salt, wa s
kasd pre-wat, aw lah a oba’
h againreleased fromhis load .
sh’
walo da mi lgey, bi-i lahkhpulah bi rah k_hali s shah.
'I_ba§htan yey , lah dey nuk H is master, provoked at
sinah pah ghazab shawaey, the loss, and thinking howfikr yey wu-kar chih pah hemight cure himof this
komtaur’
ili j da dey chi l trick, on his next journeyda dah wu-k
’
ri , n1'
1r pah baal to the coa st freighted his
wi r chih yey safar wa -t_sand beastwith a loadof sponges .
ah tah da daryi b wu -kardz aniwar k_hpul yey pah
sfanjo wu-leshah. H aghah
waht chih dii -i pah pa-k_l_1winacy shin wa haghah sind
tah wu-rasedal, k_h’
rah kadimchi l k_hpul shurfi
’
kar, aw
k_hpul d_zi n yey pah aoba’
h
k’
éhey wu-r’
ghariwuh ; magar sfanji
'
1no bi-l-kullli wndah shawi , pah waht k
’
éhey da
t’
lalo wa -kor-tah, k_har pah
k_hpul nuksin wu-pohedah,chih pah
’
iwaz da spukawulo
da bi r khpul, haghah yeyzi
’
i ti tri dwuo hisso driindkaraey wuh .
Fi -idah . Yow rangah’
amh‘
1nah bah muwi fik da
har hi l nah shi ; aw baseybah wi chih mujg haghah
yow chi l yow wi r z i’
i ti wu
Whenthey arrived at the
same river as before, theasswas at his old tricks again,and rolled himself into thewater ; but the sponges be
coming thoroughly wet, hefound to his cost, a s he proceeded homewards, that
instead of lightening his
burden, he had more than
doubled its weight.
Moral.— T he same measures will not suit all cir
cumstances ; and we maychance to play the sametrick once too often.
111 1111013113 AND nrALoeurs . 123
52 T he AstronomerY ow najilm-gar hara
’
h
shpa’
h da -pi rah da mulihiz ey kawalo da storio da
bandi tah. Nfir yowa’
h
shpa’
hhaseywu -sh’
wah chih,na jiim-gar pah chi perah da
ihahr gmrzedah, tamimeyandeéhney k_hpuley yey pahi smi nk’
shey di bey shawey,
pah yowah t_si h pre-wat.
Pah ni rey wahalo aw f aryi d Onhis holloaing and crykawulo da dah , yowah sari ing out, one who heard his
chih wi -waili yey wi r-we cries ran up to him, and
dah z’
ghi sta la ey war-larah whenhe had listened to his
wa -raghi , aw pas 1ah g1_1wajg story, said, My goodman,
niwalo wa -kissey-tah da dah, while you are trying to prywar-tah wu -
yey-wey , Ai into themysteries of heaven,
nekah saraeya , pah haghah you overlook the commonwakt k
’éhey chih tah koéhiéh objects that are under your
kawey da-pi rah da tajassus feet.”
kawulo pah asri ro da falak,lah
’
imo tsizo chih lindi tar
pého sti di ghaflat kawey.
53. H alakin aw Chan 53. The Boys and the
835113} Frogs.
Yowah tolgi da ha A troop of boys were
laki no pah t_sanda’
h da playing at the edge of a.
yowey dandey bi za’
i kawul pond, when, perceiving a
a cy , hagl_1ah waht tso chan number of frogs in the
gaéhey pah aoba’h k
’éhey lid water, they began to pelt at
ali , bi rin da dabaro yey themwith stones .
pah di -i ao-rawul shuri’
k’
ral.'I_§ o lah dey gharibah They had already killed
yey li waj; ali many of the poor creatures,wey , chih yowah lah di .-i when one more hardy than
An astronomer u sed to
walk out everynight to ga zeupon the stars .
It happened one ni ght
that, as hewaswandering in
the ou tskirts of the city ,with his whole thoughts
rapt up in the skies, he fellinto a well.
126 rU sn'ro MANUAL.
tashrif pah har-kadr jg irwali ey tso péhey tar lindi
dz i lah hagl_1ah d_zi’
eah yosi.Pi -idah. R aghah sari MoraL— H e who steps
chih da-pi rah da kawulo da out of the way to play theyowah be-hiidah ki r psha ’
h fool,must not wonder if heda-bindi lah li ri aejz
’di, nah
bo-
yah chih ta’
jjiib wu -k’
ri
kih lah mundalo da g1_1animat k _hati shi .
56. Da Jang As awQar. 56. The Charger and the
Ass.
Yow da jang i s pah k_ha h A charger adorned with
bargastaw in i ri stah shaw fine trappings cameacy lakah tandara
’h gl_i ari dering along the road, ex
kawiinkaey pah yowa’
h li r citing the envy of a poorteredalaey, hasad da yowah ass who was trudging along
gharib k_h’
rah pi t_siwuh the same way with a heavychih pah dri nd bi r pah shi
darla laey pah haghah li r
pah kari rkari r tah. H aghahmaghri
'
i r i s wu -wey .
“Il sa?
mi lah li ri wu-wuzah !kih
nah tar psho bah di lindi
pi emi lkram.
”Ifl i
’rah hit_s
war-tah wu -nah-wey ,magarputa
’h k_hiila’h wa-t_sa.ndah
tah shah chih i s ter shi .
Pa slahtsafl omi deyhaghah Not long afterwards theda jang i s pah jango k
’éhe charger was engaged in the
hi z ir wub , aw pah yowah wars, and being badlyjang sakh t zak_l_1miQi staey, wounded in a battle, wasda-pi rah da lashkara
’i ki r rendered unfit formilitary
ni -li -ih wu -gmrzedah, aw service, and sent to work on
da -
pi raho da ki r da pati da the lands of a farmer.
yowah zamindi r wi s-tiwuh
T he proud horse said,Get out of my road !or I
shall tramPIeyou undermyfeet.
”
T he as s said nothing, but
quietly moved on one sideto let the horse pass.
xxnxcrsrs Aimni ALooU rs. 127
dey
pah dermihnat sarah yowahdn
’
inda’
h gida’
i Lskawuleywu -lidah , haghah waht wu
pohedah chih t_sah kadr laizsabab wub mi larah hasadkawul lah ha sey ka sah sarahchih, pah waht da ikhi l
k__hpulpah sabab da magl_1ri'
1r
miz i j,wuruk kari wu hagl_1ahdostin chih dah-larah bah
yeypah wakt k’éhey da zari
'
i r
atmadad ki wuh.
57 . Lewah aw M’zaraey . 57 . T he Wolf and the
Lion
Y owa’h rwadz lewahyowa
’h
gaeda’
h lah shpi la h" i kh ia
tey wa’
h , aw har-kalah chih
wa gh i r t ul tah yeyw
’
ra’h, lah yowah m’
zari
sarah pesh shah , chih li s
pah-li s yey gaada
’
h d_z ini riniwaley tri yo
-yeyLewah, liri daredalaey ,ni ra
’
h‘
yey war-tahw u-k ’ ra ’
h Dera’
h da sharmk_habara h da ’hchih m’
zari dz’mi mi l ri
dzak_hah , gl_11i karasy dacy.
”
M’z ari wu k’
handal, aw wu
yey-wey,“Nut , zah k_hiyi l
kawum, chih magar hagl_1ah
This is the second variety of the 4th Declensionhere.
T he EasternAfghins decline it as the first variety of the
2nd Declension.
S o when the ass saw
himdragging with greatlabour a heavy waggon,
he understood how little
rea son he had to envy one
who , by his overbearingspirit inthe time of his prosperity, had lost those friendswhomight have succouredhimin the time of need.
One day a wolf had seizeda sheep froma fold, and
when carrying himhome tohis ownden,
hemet a lion,
who stra ightway la id hold
of the sheep and bore it
T he wolf, standing at a
distance , cried out to him,
It is a great shame that
the lion has robbedme of
my own.
T he lion laughed, and
said, I suppose, then, thatit was your good friend the
128
nek dost sti ya’ui shpunwub
chih ga da’h yey wa -ti -tah
bakhéhaley da r k’ra
’h.
58 . Lewah aw Shpinah .
Yowah lowahdananah pah
yowah tsapar k’ibey katalaey
dzini shpinah chih ti kra’
h
da geedey ghwaéha’h yey pah
khwaéhi sarah k_hwarala’h
wu-lidal, wu-
yey-wey,
sak_hta’h hangima ’
h bah_
dey
pi tsawuley wa’h kih
yey zah basey shumey khwarfinkaeymundalaey wi e.
”
Pi -idah .—Sari k_l_1o aksir
ki -il di pah gammkawulo
da hugl_10 ki ri'
ino da ni'
1ro
chih pa-khpulah yey dii -i
musta ’malawi .
59. Mis-gar aw SpacyY°Y°
Yow mis-gar wub chih
yow workaey spacy yey darlah. Pah tol wakt chih bah
dahmis pah t_satka ’
i takawul,spi bah k__hub kiwuh magarhar-kalah chih bah dey pah
Qwari k k’
éhe-ni st, spaeybah weéhedah. Mis-gar,yowhadwar i chawulaey,wuyey-wey, Ai kahi lah spaea
chih y ys pah waht “is;da tak-o-ti'
ik da sindinu
PUSHTO MANUAL.
shepherd who gave the
sheep to you .
me at such a supper.
Moral.—Men are too apt
to condemn in others thevery things that they practise themselves.
59. T he Bra z ier and hisDog.
There was a. certainbraz ier who had a little dog.
While he hammered awayat his metal the dog slept ,
bu t whenever he sat downto his dinner the dog woke“PT he brazier, throwing
hima bone, said,“ S lug
gard cur that you are!you
sleep through the noise ofthe anvil, but wake up at
58. T he Wolf and the
Shepherds .
A wolf looking into a
hut and seeing some shephei ds comfortably regalingthemselves on a joint of
mutton, said, A prettyrow would thesemen have
130
k_hartsawulo"" da hagl_1ah
PUSHTO MANUAL.
them to a neighbouring
pah yow da mausimbi z i r fair to sell him.
’éhey chih haltah najgdey
wub pah mak_hah shi rah .
Dii -i li der liri t’
lali nah wi'
i
chih lah yowey tola’i sarah
da’n
’
ji1no chih‘
lah shahr
ah bi-yartah ri -t’lali , aw
d_zab-lah yey k_habarey kaw
‘
uley aw k_handedaley peshsh
’
wal. Y owey lah di'
i -i pah
zorah wu -wey , B altah wu
gora’
1i ! ti sii hi
basey ahmakin lidali di ,chih pah
o
li r pi-i -dah tapar
edali dzi , sarah lah deychih tuwin da swarla
’i
lari H aghah z i rah di
k_habara’h i rwedaley, pah
puta’h k_hii la
’
h yey wa -dzo-etah wu -wey, chih pah k_h
’rah
sor shah , aw pah-k_hpulah
bah lah tsanga da hagl_1ah
pah k_hwashi tai. Pas lah
tsakho mi dey wa yowah
tolgi tah da zaro saro wu
rasedal chih pah garma ’
h
mubiha sa ’
h sarah lwedali
wu . Y owah lah bugho wu
wey ,“Wu -gora
’
i ! haghahwa -ishi t tah rasawi har tsah
chih.
mi wa -
yal. Pah deywradzo k
’
éhey t_sah hurmatwa zar-ti-i tah war ki wah
had not gone f ar
fromthecity , talking an laughingtogether.
One of themcried ou t,Look there did you ever
see such fools, to be trudging along the road on footwhentheymightbe riding!”
T he oldmanhearing thi s ,quietly bade his son get on
the ass, and walked alongmerrily by the side of him.
Presently they came to a
group of oldmenwho wereengaged in earnest debate .
T o sell, especially inWesternAfghinistin.
One among them sa id,There !it proves wha t I
was saying. What respectis shown to old age in thesedays ‘
1’ Do you see tha t
idle young
EXERCISES AimDIALOGUES. 131
kejgi ? Ayi , ti si'
i hagl_1ah while his old father has tokahi l sharir halak sor walk ? Get down, you
shawaey wina’i, lakah chih scapegrace !and let the old
zor pli r yey bo-yah paley manrest his weary limbs.
li r shi K’
shatah shah , ai
ni -pa-ki rah !aw prejg -dah
chih haghah zorsaraey stariandimi’mah k__hpul hosi
k’
ri .” Pah dey hi l sarah Upon this the father told
pli r wa.-d_zo-e ki i pul tah da his son to dismount, and
pi rah da kii zeda lo wu -we got up himself.aw pah
-k_hpulah sor shah.
Pah dey shin li di -i liri
t’
lali nah wi1 chih lah yowah
jami’ -yat sarah da éhadzo aww
’
ri'
ikomakhi -makh sh’
wal.
kaso pah yowah damjgabey k_hali sey karey, pahzor yey wu
-wayal,“ Ai su s
tah zarah chih tah yey !
Tsah shin pah haghahdz ani war swarli kawuleyshey , lakah chih haghah
ki'
i chnaey halak pahder mu shkil sarah sti lah
t_sanga bari bar t’
lalaeyshi .
”H aghah k_hwaéhmi z T he good-natured miller
i jah i se-win mulimata ’h stood corrected, and imme
k_hpula’
h wu -manala ’
h, aw diately took up his sonhe
jg ir yey d_zo-e tar shi sor
kar. Niir najgdey wuh chihdi1-iwa éhahr-tahwu-rasejgi ,chih yowah shahri sari wartah wu -wey, Ai din-di rah
dostah ,di k_har di k_hpul
mi l dacy Zi rah wu
wey , H o . Hagl_1ah
wey ,“ Pah dey shin chih
In thismanner they hadnot proceeded far whentheymet a company of womenand children.
S everal persons let loosetheir tongues at once, andcried out, Why, you lazyold fellow !how can you
ride upon the beast, while
the poor little lad there can
hardly keep pace by the sideof you .
”
They had now almostreached the city, when a
citizen said to him, Pray ,
honest friend, is that ass
your ownT he old man repliedYes.
”Sa id the other
,
O h, one would not have
9 ‘
132
tah dey bi rawey pah riéhti’
i
t_sok hase k_hiyi l kawulaeynah-shi c h sti mi l dacy.
T i sii bihtar ti -kat lara’i
chih haghah g1_1arib haiwinwi k__hla
’i tardey chihhaghah
ti sn dwi rah wik__hli .
H aghah z i rah sari wu-wey,S’ha h, pahhar tsah chih
sti marz i wi ; mujg kho i zmi iéht wu -k
’ru Ni r, lah
d_zo-sah sarah k’shatah sha
waey, p’
ihe da k_h’rah y
sarah wu -taraleyy, pahmadad da yowey bala ’
1 pah
aojgo khpulo i khistaey da
pi rah da terawulo da dah
pah yowah pul chih da. éhahr
da li ri pahmi-yand_z k’
éheywuh koéhish yey wu -kar. Di
hasey di ta frih tami sha ’
h
wa’h chih sari tola
’i tola
’
i da
pi rah da k_handalo pah
hag_h_ah da-bindi ri
z’
gh i stal ; t_so chih
haghah shor aw ghoghi aw
hi lat k_hpul humnah-pas andalaey, pah laghato wahalo
rasa’i chih pah taralaey yey
wuh wu-shlawala’
h, aw,lah
highey bala’i k
’éhatah lwe
dalaey, pah sind k’éhe pre
wat. Lah dey ki rah h
hashah zor saraey. k_hafahaw khi
'
il shawaey, bi-yar
tah wa-lror k_hpul tah rawin
shah— pah yakin ohedalaeychih pah koéhié kawulo
PUSHTO MANUAL.
thought so, in truth, by the
way you load him. Why,you two fellows are betterable to carry the poor beastthanheyou .
”
T he old man replied,Anything to please youwe canbut try .
So , alighting with his son,the tied the a ss
’s legs to
t er, and by the help of
a
88
pole endeavoured to carryhimon their shoulders overa bridge that led to the
city.
This was so entertaininga sight that the people ran
crowds to laugh at
it ; till the ass, not likingthe noise nor his situation,kicked asunder the cords
that bound him, and, tumbling off the pole, fell intothe river.
Upon this, the old man,
vexed and ashamed, madethe best of his way homeagain
— convinced that byendeavouring to lea se
everybody he had p eased
134 PUSHTO MANUAL .
H .— Are all themembers
of thy family well?G .— It is the grace of God
(they are all well) .H .
-Mayest thou neverfeel fatigueG.— Mayest thou never
encounter adversity !H .— Mayest thou prosper
(b ecome great, Soc.)G .—May blessings attend
thee !H .— B e religionthy daily
food !G.— TheAlmightybewith
thee!H .— Peace be to thee !
G .— T o thee be peace !
H .— Ahl-i-bait kim aw
habila’h di 101 jordi
G .— Fazl da Lhudi e
H .— S taraeymah shah !
G.— Mah k_hwi rejgey
H .— Lo-e shey
G .— Pah harkat shey!
daey .
H .— I-mindi rozi shah !
G.— K_hudi edimal shah !
H .— U s-salim’
alaikum!G.— ’Alaikumus-salim!
O N WEATHER, COUNTRY , AND CLIMATE.
T he clouds are dark and War-yadg i torey aw gamdense, and I think it will ey di , hasey pohejgamchih
rainmuch to-day .
T he rain generally falls
Slight rain is useless f orthe crops : the ground doesnot become moistened withit ; and summer rain is in
jurions .
This rain is good for the
crops, for it is heavy.
nan wrad_z_ bah der bi rin
Bi rin aksar gag ; te
w’z i pah deyma usimk ’
é ey .
Fasal da-pi rah ran ybi rin f i
’idah nah ri
z’maka ’
h nah pah lambejg i ; aw da wo-ri bi rinnuksinlari .Di bi rinder sha h
ExERCIsEs AND DIALOGUES . 135
T he fog is dense and the
ha ze thick.
If the wind blows, the
clouds will be qu ickly dis
persed.
Inwinter snow falls, butonly on themountain tops.
We have ploughed and
the land.
This land is very productive (fertile, strong, lit ) , andyields
,more or less , twenty
Last year there was greatscarcity (dearth) , but it isto be hoped that such will
not be the case this year.
This seems to be a veryhot (sultry) day .
T o day the sky is clear Nan i smin shin aw bi d
(cloudless, blue) and the lwe dalaey daey. G_l1wara’h
wind gone down. It is a rwad_z da’h,magarpariinpah
fine (plea sant) day , but it zor wi l-wat (a lso wi l-wot) .
blew hard yesterday.
T he sun is very hot today , and a thickmist covers dacy, aw da z
’makeymak_l_1the face of the ground. gar_1_1_dundm
‘
walaey dacy .
Yesterday the heat was Parimgarmi dera ’h wa’h,
great, but the dust was laid magar pah bi rinsarah di rby the rain. ey k
’ibe-ni stey.
It rains but slightly ; Bi rin pastah ao-ri ; aos
now set out, and return li r shah, aw bi-i pah talwi r
qu ickly. sarah ri shah.
T o-da
és sultriness op Da nan wrad_zey tod
presses yond all bounds. wi laey tar haddah zi-i t agar
Lara ’h gar_11a’h da
’h aw
dund dri1nd dacy .
Kih bi d i l-wazi war-yadz i
(a lso, aor-yaz i and aor-yad_ge
y) bah li zwr zmrQwarey
s 1 .
Pah jzamaey k ’éhey wiw
rey pre-w
’
z i, waley tash da
gl_1’r1
'
1no pah saro bindi .
Z’maka ’
h mi'i yow-ya
’h
karey aw karaley da’
h.
Di z’maka ’
h dera’h zor
awara’h da
’
h aw lajg der shilpah yowa da ghanamri
w’
ri .
Par-os (or par-wosajg) ki ldera
’
h ki k_l_1ti wa’
h, magarumid dacy chih sajg ki l bahhasey nah wi .
Nan wradz dera’h toda
’h
136 p U sR 'ro MANUAL .
If you do not manure(dress) the
O
land, how can
you sow grain
The sun is eclipsed today, and there was a halo
round themoonlast night :rainwill set in.
With the heavy rainwhichfell last night, the dust is
In this country , inwinteralso , it is at times veryhot ; and sometimes, in
summer, hail falls.
It thundersmuch to daythe reverberations are con
The wind blows verystrong : it will root up the
trees .
O N TRAVELLING.
H owmany kuroh (about Paiwar lah dey dzi’
enahtwo miles) is Paiwar from tgo kurcha
’
h daeyhereH ow far may it be from Lahdeyd_z i
’
eah tar Shaki
this place to Shali'
iz in z inpori bah tsombrah liri
wi
Please God, it will be fif In-shi Allah, pind_zah la steen ku roh . kuroh bah wi .
Showme the road, friend. Y i rah, mi tah li r wu
éhayah.
That is the way ; take Li r hagl_1ah da’h : wu
care thou dost notmiss it. gorah chih hera’b di nah
shey .
K ih wa z’makey sarey
wi -nah-chawa’i ghala
’h bah
tsah-rang wu-kara ’i ?
Nan n’mar tandarey
waley dey , aw bari yi (or,parfina
’
i) , shpa’
h spojgma ’i
shpol karaey wuh : bi rin
bah wu -shi .
Pah gar__nbi rinsarah chih
bariyi shpa’
h wu -aore
di rey k’éhe-ni stale
Pah deymulk k ’
é ey, pah
jzamaey hum, kalah kalahzora
’
h-wara’
h garmi shi ; awkalah pah woraey d_zol (also .
jgala’
i) lwe-jgi (or, ao-ri) .Nan wradz i smin der
ghurumbejg i : ti landa ’h sarpah
-sar dah .
Der bi d i l-wa zi waney(or, darakhtey) bah l
’
wara
138
Af gal is my companionthe road is soon got over
Speak slowly if thou desirestme to understand thywords.
Fromwhat parthast thoucome , where is thy home,and whither goest thou
My home (house) is on
that side of the Kurma ’
hriver. I am come into
ghost, and my intention isto proceed into Dawar.They live on the banks of
the river (or river’
s side) .Showme the road ; I will
accompany thee .
Get into the shade, andthen sit down.
Wakenme at daybreak .
Seek the man at cockcrow.
Milk the cow when the
Mulli calls to prayer.
dahi r is betterbul.
I passed a long timethere, and spent muchmoney.
I and thou both of u s
will go to (or set out for)Kandahi r together.
Whenever the rainlessensor ceases, be ready to prowed to G_l_1a znin.
PUSHTO MANUAL .
Af gal ri sarahmal-gameydaey : li r sha
’
h w’rey .
W ’
ro k__habarey kawah kihg1_1wi rey sti pah
pohejgam.
T ah lah kamey k_hwi ri
g1_1alaey yey, aw kor di
chartah dacy, aw kama ’
h
k_hWi tah d_z eyKor mi da Ku rmey da
sin hag1_1ah ghi ra’
b daey .
Lhost tah ri -gl_1alaey yam,
aw da Dawar'
da t’
lalo irad
a’hmi da ’
h .
Di'
i -i da sind pah gl_1i ra’
h
Li r ri tah wu -sha ah ;lah tah sarah bah li r sham.
S io-ri tah dzin wu -rasa
wah, nii r k’
éhe-nah .
Lo-e sahi rmi wiéh k’ rah .
Pah chirg hing hagl_1ah
saraey wu-latawah.
Da Mulli pah bing gl_1wi
wu -l’washah.
Kandahi r d_z’mi sti tar
Ki bula éhmh daey.
B altahmi dera ’hmuda ’
h
tera ’h k ’ ra ’
h, awderey ri pa’i
mi k__hart_sey k ’ rey .
Z ah aw tah bah dwi rah
sarah Kandahi r tah li rshi .
E ar-kalah chih bi rin
narmshi yi wudrejgi , dapi rah da t’lalo wa Gha znintah tai-yi r aosah.
ExERCIsEs AND DIALOGUES . 139
In a few days (or, a short
time)— please God— thou
wilt reach thineowncountry.
T he man is gone on a
long journey, and I do notknow on what day he will
come back.
Habib goes to Sujiwandand Haibat rema ins at
G_ha znin.
H ow f ar is the city of
Kandahi r fromtheArgt
B ut Girishk is on the
banks of the Hi rmand, andFari h on the Fari h river.
My foot slipped, and I Psha’hmi wu -shakedala
’h,
fell topsy-turvy into the aw
pah kol (or dand) k
’s’
heyopond. nas r pre-watam.
Free the camel’s foot Da fi s'
h psha’
h lah k_hatofromthemire . nah k__hali sa
’h k’ ra ’
h .
Give me a morsel of Yow tiik doda’
i ri -k’
rah
bread that I may breakmy chih nihi raey yey k’ram.
fast therewith.
Spread outmy carpet.
Spit this meat and roast
T he water gives out
steam(boils) , and themeatseems cooked.
Are apples and pearscome yet ?Throw this dirty water
away and bring me someclean.
Pah tso rwadzo k’shey
in-shi Allih— bah wa khpul
wa tan tah wu -rasejgg
.
ujgdH aghah saraey psafar t
’lalaey daey , nah
amchih kamah wradz-i ri -shi .
Habib Sujiwand tah dzi
aw Haibat pah G_ha znink’
éhey pi tejgi .S’bahr da Kandahi r lah
Argl_1and i hnah tsombrahliri da cy ?Magar Girishk da H ir
mand sinpah gh ira’h dacy ,
aw shahr da Fari h pah
Dz’mi ghi licha
’h wu
ghwarawa’h .
Daghah ghwa éhey pah
sik__h peyaley kabib yeyk’rah.
Lah aoba’h b
’ri s wali r
e
kz i , ni
'
1r ma ’
lumejgi chihg_waéhey pakhey dey .
Mi r_n_ey aw ni sh-pi ti li
rasedali di
Di k_hwrey aoba’h to
’
e
k’ rah aw tsah pi key soba’h
ri larah ri -w’rab.
140 PusnT o MANUAL .
This butter-milk will be Di shlombi pah hits k i r
of no u se whatever, so ri -nah shi, tro wu-yey ghurthrow it away. zawah.
MILITARY , SPORTING, AND CAMPAIGNING SUB JECTS.
Pitch the tent under these Pah hugho chini ro wano
bindi k_hema ’h (a lso, dera
’
h)
First level the ground, B umbaey (or, runbaey)after that pitch the tent. z
’maka ’
h]sama ’
h k ’rah, paslah haghah dera
’
h wu -dara
wah .
Strike the pegs with the Mojgi pah dabali sarah
mallet, drive themin deep , wu -wahah, aw klak yeyand pull the ropes tight. shak’ h kah, aw pari ting
ri -éh’kah .
Pack up the tent and Lhema ’h aw i sbi b wu
bagga ge , and load the n’
gh i rah, aw ii éhin wu
camels ; it is time to load les’
hah ; waht da lejgdo (or ,them. da lejgdalo) shah .
Where hast thou pitched Dera ’
h di h kama dz i ’ethe tent ? wali r karey ’
h?
I have pitched it in an Pah i rat dz i’e mi wu
open place.
Let the camel-men take U éhbinah di subah ii éhinout the camels to gra ze tsaralo tah bi-i yi .
early in themorning.
care you reach the B aidi r sha’
ai chih wa
camp in good time. Make manzil tah pah k_hpul wahtno delay on the road, and ri wu -rasa
’i. Pah li r b
keep the camels together. dirang mah-kawa ’i,
fishin tol-ti l dzabalah ri
Did you see any men T i si’
i komsari wahaghahgoing in that direction Qwi tah t’liinki wu-lidal
142
H ow deep is the water ?Can a horse get through it ?
There has been a great
deal of rain in thehills, and
the river has risen ; it is
impassable .
If it rains to-morrow the
road will be slippery.
They seized the bridles ofthe horses, and went to thewater, and, having dranksome, they set out f or theirownhomes.
Is there any danger
proceeding by this road at
night
When I rea ch the placewhere the road divides intotwo, which should I take ?
Take care of thyself ifthou art not tired of thylife.
This rifle will carry twelvehundred yards.
H ow many cartridges
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Aoba’h tspmbrah jgawar
a’h da
’h As lah aobo nah
pori watalaey shi
Pah gh’
riino k’éhey der
bi rinwo-redalaey dacy , awsin k_hatalae dacy ; pori
nah shi kedalaey .
Kih sabi bi rin pre-W’z i
li r bah éhwayey (or, shwa
Da i si'
inah jalaw yey wuniwah, aw sobo larah W11
raghi , aobah yey wu -ts’éhi ,
niir kor tah rawin sh’wal.
Pah shpa’
h k’
shey pah
dey li r t’lalhitswera
’
h la ri
H aghah waht chih zah
wa -haghah d_z i’
c-tah ra sejgamhal-tah chih li r pah dweyli ri beyalejgi, bah pah ko
mey d_zamEhpul d_z in wu -si tal kih
lah jzwandah mornah yey .
Di topak pah za r dwah
sawa ga z wishtal kPah toshdinq lk
’
éheyhast thou in thy pouch, and tso karti
'
i si'
inah larey, aw
how many caps will there pah kamr kisa ’
h k’
shey bah
be in thy cap-pouch ? t_so patakhey wi ?T he hammer of thy rifle S ti topak kolang k_hiran
is dirty and rusty clean it. daey aw gang-k_hwaralaeypik yey k
’ rah .
Sti tiira’h t_sah ranga ha s
ey gang-k_hwaraley sh’wa
’h .
H ow is it thy sword has
become so rusty
ExERCIsEs AND DIALOGUES . 143
Draw the sword fromits Ti ra ’h lah tekey nah wu
shea th. hi sah .
My sword is very sharp. Ti ra ’
h mi dera ’h tera ’
h
da’
h .
T hy sword, then, ismuch Ni r sti ti ra’
h tar dz’mi
sharper (keener) thanmine. tiirey nah dera’
h tera’h da
’
h.
These swords are all Di gbey tiirey toley pat_seyblunt.
My horse and mare are
both lame.
Is this thy pistol, or is itmineT he man is shouting to
T he malik of the village
has pu t the loss uponme.
Go thou on ; I amafter pasey
Dismount fromthy horseand come in.
My horse kicksmuch.
T hy horse jumps verywell.Hast thou foundmy stray Wuruk shawi fishin mi
camels again di bi-i mundali diT he camels have become U shin paman shawi di .
mangy .
Shall I be able to hire Pah dey‘kali k’
shey ii éhincamels inthis village ? bah pah kiri ha
’
h i khistishamP
'Hast thou committed this T ah pah kasd sarah di
a ct knowingly, or through ki r karaey dacy, kih pah niignorance pohi
Makeme acquaintedwith Pah di k_habara’hmi poh
thismatter. k’rah.
I amnot acqua inted with Pah dey hi l kh abar nahthismatter ; inf ormme. yam; Qabarmi k’rah.
As aw i spa’h mi k_ho
dwi rah gud di .Di sti taminchey da
’h
kih dz’mi da ’
h ?
H aghah saraey mu1g tahni rey wahi .
Da kali malik tiwin ri
bindi ke-ihod (a lso, k’
éhesho) .W ’
rindi t’
lah
yam.
Lah i sa nah kii z shah aw
dananah ri -shah.
Asmi derey latey wahi .As di der éhmh top lari .
144 PUSHTO MANUAL .
This matter I amwell
I have no option in this
matter ; the au thority is inthe hands of another.
If thou grantestme leave,I intend to go to my na tivecountry.
Of what village art thou ,and where i s thy countryGet into the boat, and
cross over to the other side
of the Lohgar river.
Why standest thou upon
this low place ? Stand on
higher ground.
Hast thou obtained a
horse yet ornot ?
Is there quietness in thehill country at present ?People say there is great
disturbance inDeri -wat.
H ow f ar is that hill fromthis My object is to get
to it by some road.
Thou canst not get upthere ; there are many ob aey nah shey ; der i ri
'
inah
stacles in the way.
Wh o will forbid my (Lsok bah mi man’
a’
h
going ?
Art thou not aware that yey chih da
there is a feud between the Li r_1_1_io aw da Ghi rshinoLimis and the Ghi rshins ? pahmi-yand_gmirt_§i da ’
h
Di k_habara’h ri éhw
’
h
ma ’
liima ’
h da’
h .
Pah dey ki r k’
shey ik_h
tiyi r nah-laram; w i k da
bisl pah li s dacy .
K ih ruk_l_1sat ri k’rey ni
yat mi da wa tan da t’
lalo
dacy.
Da komkali yey, aw wa t
andi chartah dacyPah bera ’
i k’
éhe-nah, aw
da Lohgar sin wa-higheygl_1i rey pori wu-wu zah .
T salarah pah da cykii z (or ,dzwar) d_z i
’
wudrejgey 1°
Pah l’wara
’h
e
z”maka h wud
rejgah .
T ar aosa di i smundalaeyda cy kih yah ?Pah kohistin k
’shey aos
kari ri shtah kih nah shtah
K_ halk hasey wahi chih
pah Deri -wat k’
shey derpasi t dacy.
H aghah ghar lah daeydz i
’
eah nah tsombrah liri
wi ? Ni -yat mi dacy chih
pah kamey li ri bah war
dzam.
146 PUSH’I‘O MANUAL.
Ireachedmy ownvillage,safe fromthieves and fromrain, along with a convoy.
Ontheway several thievescame in front of us, but as
wewerewellarmed they didnot see any advantage in
attacking u s.
T he Yasin K_hel will re
infine style.
Is there any one aidingthemor not ?
H owmanymen are therein the Mi -yandz -Li r
.
Pass
H ow mu ch grain
there be'mthat village
Take care not to lay your Da chi gharib sari pahhands on the property of mi l bindi li s mah-wi -cha
any poor people. wa’
ai .
Don’
t shoot the village Pah kalii
khalko bindi
people ; merely fire your mah waha ’
a ; tash da deworifles over their heads. da sar da-pi sa topak
k_hali s k’ ra ’
ai .
T he enemyhaveallcrossed Dushminin to] da Logarover to the other side of the sind pori wa-highey ghi reyLogar river, and only the tah watali di , aw siwi lah
T i jziks remain inK_ hu shi on ti jzik mi ]zik hits tsok ri
this side. pori pah Khi'
i shi k’éhey pi
T heUpperBangashpeople B ar B angaéh khalkbaraeygained the victory, because wu -gi tah , dzakah chih di
'
i i
they were themost nume der gang wu , aw pah sak_l_i trou s, and, in their difiicult mulk khpul k ’
éhey, lakah
ii
i
istrict, they are as bold as m’ gario di .ons
Z ah, pah
aw lah bi rina , lah badrageysarah , khpul kali tah wu
rasedam.
Pah li r k’éhey d_g
’mu jgpah makh tso gl_1
’laeh ri
hlal, wali ki buri -tah lidal chih pah
eywaslah
put wii .
YasinKhel bah pah Daulat Khelo pah éhaah shin
badala’
h wi -khli .Da hi
'
i gl_10 pah marasta ’h
tsok shtah aw kihnah-shtah
PahMi -yandg -Li rG_hi éhik
’
éhey tso tana di
Pah haghah kali k’shey
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
T he case ha s becomevery serious , for blood hasbeen shed onboth sides.
Why don’t they settle this
ma tter by compromise : isthere no mediator to be
foundT he road is straight and
not difi cult : thou wilt not
miss it, and there is no
danger on
First go straight forward,then turn to the left, and
a fterwards to the right.
S ir!thieves have seizedand carried oi twenty of
our camels.
Ai e theremany horses inyour district H owmanymay they amount to ?What is that on that de
tached hill onthe left hand?It is aman. He is comingtowards u s with a jaz i
’
yil
in his hand.
Call out to himto stand,and if he does not stop I
will take a shot at him.
H ow many men have
tayedbehindinthevillage
Not a man has stayedbehind : all the people have
They are at feud with oneanother, and were afraid of
147
Mukaddama ’hdera
’hgrin
a’h shawey da
’
h , t_salarah
chih da dwi ro lorio wineyto-e shawey di .
Di mukaddama ’h pah
ghwi éh wali nah ghwi shi :
t_sok ghwi éh-
grandaey nah
pa idi kejgiLi r sama ’
h da’h aw i sin
’a h : wuruka
’h bah yey nah
k ’rey, aw wera ’
h pah k’
éheyhits nah-shtah.
W ’
rumbaey makha -makhbari har li r shah, bi
’
i kirnli s tah wu -
gmrzah , aw pas
éhaey lor tah .
S ihiba ! gh’lo dz
’mujgshilfi shinniwali botlal.
S ti pah tapey k’
éhey deri siinah shtah ? i si
'
inah
bah wi ?
Di tsah daey da highih
ghiindey pah sar bindi ?
Yow saraey dacy . Ja z’
yil
pah li s niwalaey dey khwi
miijg larah ri -dz i .
War tah ni rey wwu -wahah
chih wudrejgah , aw kih nah
wudrejgi zah bah pri gugi rkawam.
W ’ru sto pah kali k
’
sheyt_so sari pi tedali di ?Y ow saraey k_ho pi tedal
acy nah dacy : tol k_halkz’
ghi stali di .
Da hugho pah mi-yand_zmirt_si pre-wataley dey , aw
10 ’
148 PUSHTO MANUAL.
treacheryonthe part of theirownclansmen, therefore theydid not stay.
Which of these two gunshast thou taken a fancy to
Give this man in charge
Iwould have killed him,
but Iwas afraid to do so .
Mount the horse, and
gallop him.
The trees in thewood are
so dense that we cannot
make our way through it.
S et up some stick here a sa mark, and cu t down the
dead trees, bu t leave the
others.
Iamstill standing exactlyon that spot : I have notmoved at all.
Iwent alone, voluntarily ,to the top of the hill.
My adversary gaveme a
cut with his sword.
T hemountaineersattackedthekifilah and plundered it .
T he regimentmustmarchanhour before daybreak.
After some little skirmishing the enemy fled.
dii -i da khpulo’a zizino
lah be -imina ’i nah wu
weredal'
lah dey sababa pi to
nah sh’wal.
Lah dewo dwi ro topako
di kam-
yow khwaéh ka rasydaeyDaghah saraey wa-pi s
wan-tah wu-pi slawah .
Wajlaey bah mi wuh ,magar wu-weredam.
Pah i s bindi sor shah,wu -yey-tezah.
Da bar_1_1_ waney hasey
garney dey chih pah k’
sheynah shu t
’
lali .
Da nashey da -
pi rah da l
tah komlargaey lak k’rah ,
aw komey waney chihwuch
ey dey pre-
yey k’
ra’
ai , waleyni rey pre-
jgda’
ai .
Jukht (or, jor) pah hag1_1ahd_z i
’
c bindi wali r yam: lah
sarah nah yamk_hwadgeda laeJ11i pa -_k_hpulah da ghi
'mda
’
i wa -sar tah yawi d_zeywu
Duéhmanmi da tiirey pahgu gi r ghwats k
’
ralam.
Da gh’
ra k__halko pah kifiley bindi pre-watal aw
mi r-di ryey k’ ra ’h .
Y ow sa’
at pa-
r1
Qwi tar
sapedi di g_ bo-yah
chih paltanki'
i c kawey .
Pas lah tsakho tas tii s kawulo dushmanin taéhtedalili ra].
150 PUSHT O MANUAL.
eye on the sight you should starga’h pe r didbinjg
’
da’
ai
shut the left one.
Surround the hill, for I
kirna ’
h starga’h puta
’
h kareyboyah .
Ghar chi -perah wu -nisa’
ai
imagine the enemy are lying (or, wu -nisa’
ai) chih guminthere inambush .
First ascend to the top of
the hill, and then their
whereabouts will be visible.
They may perchance belying in the ravine , or in
i_hyonder broken ground. w'
ara’
i k’
éhey ni st wi .
If such be the case we
willlay anambush for them.
It wasmid-day whentheygot near the fort ; and thebrave fellows attacked it,
mi di sey kejgi chih du ib
manin haltah pah tsaw
k’
éhey ni st di .
W ’
rumbey da gh’ra pah
sar bindi wu -lghejga’ai , nii r
da dii -i d_z i’
c dar éh’
ki rah
Gundi pah lghwar k’
éhey ,
huri pah highey khi r
Kih hi sey Wi mujg bahpah p
’
suni k’éhey war-tah
kéhe-nii .
Roz -i-roéhannima ’hwrad_g
wa’
h chih kotwatah najgdeysh
’
wu ; d_zwinino pah kala’
h
and in the short space of manguli_
wu -lagawaley, pah
one watch (three hou rs) it yowah pahar k’
éhey fathwas captu red.
Y ahya Eh in,with his younger brothers ,not one of whomhad, as
yet, reached man’s estate ,
girded up their loins to
avenge their father.
Ascend to that high
ground, and carefully reconnoitre all round ; thenselectthree men and station themthereon as a picket.
together
shah .
Y ahyi Ehin, lah kasharino w
’
rurno sarah , chih hit_s
yow li bali ghat tahrasedalaey nah wub , pah kisi s da
pli rm’
li wfi-tarala’h .
Pah highey l’
warey bindi
wu -lghejgah , aw chi -pirah
pah éhmh shin sarah pahdzird_zir wu -
gorah ; pas dreykasa sipihiin da yalahdi ra
’
1 da -pi rah khwaéhk’rah aw pah dey d_z i
’
e bindi wudarawah.
ExERCIsEs AND DIALOGUES. 151
A bullet struck himin the Gola ’i yey pah arkh wu
side . H e was not to arise lagedala’h . Da k_hato nah
a gain (i s. being mortally wuh , pi to sh’wah .
wounded) , and was left behind.
H e displayed muchbravery in action.
H e is not dead yet : see,
hemoves .
Take out the mules and
camels ,to gra ze, and be
careful you all keep with
them.
My horse is stuck fast inthe ravine, and can neither
come up ou t of it, nor can
he withdraw himself again.
Come hither, and holdmyhorse tha t he may not run
away, and throw himsome
Dismount fromthy horse,and distribute fodder amongthe cattle.
Accoutre thyself (gird upthy loins) , the time tomarchhas arrived.
Make over these things toa certa in soldier.
Hire a camel forme.
T he treasury is empty of
rupie.
H owmanymen hast thoubrought in for service?
Twentymen, but they are
all of one place, and all are
kinsmen of each other.
H aghah pah jang k’
sheydermaranaey wu -k’ rah .
T ar aosa pori mar nahdaey : gorah k__hwadgejgi .
Kacharinaw fishintsaralotah boz a
’
ai , aw pah khabardi ri ti sii tolwar-tah najgdeywudrejga
’
ai .
Asme pah k_hwar k’ éheywu-n
’
shat, aw nah portah_lghataey shah , nah pa stanah
watalaey shi .
Haley ri - shi h aw i s
dz’mi nisah chih wu-nah
ta éhti , aw tso wi éhah war
Wi chawah .
Lah i sa nah kfi z shah, aw
wi éhah d_z inwarino tah
wesh k ’ rah .
M’
li wu -tara ’
h , waht dakii ch ri -ghi .
Di tsiz iinah falini sipihitah wu-spi rah .
Y ow fi éh dz’mi da -pi rah
kiri ha’h k’ rah .
Eh iz ina’
h lah riipa’
io nah
tasha’
h da’
h.
T_so sari da naukara ’i da
pi rah di niwali di
Shil sari , magar tol dayowah dz i
’
e di , aw tol sarah’
a ziz indi .
152 PUSHTO MANUAL.
This you th is round
backed and weakly : he willsoon break down.
I amstronger than they
S it down: arise stand
up : look up : do not lookdown : stand upright : put
thy heels together : do not
move .
Obey my order : look towards me : what art thou
looking a t S tand so.
T he army regulations are
very sevei'e andmomentou s.
Look at himwhat he is
doing ! O scapegrace !whydost thou not obeymy commandDo not ungird thy loins
if thou dost not work with
a will how wilt thou earnmoneyPardonhimhis fault.
Forgivememy fault thistime ; f or this command Ihad forgotten.
Run and seize him, and
bring himhither.
If you had, at that time,givenme an order, Iwouldhave gone inpursuit of him:
I would not have let him
Di halak chii ghaey daeyaw kam-zoraey : zmr (a lso,jgir) bah staraey shi .
Z ah lah hugho nah pah
zor-awar yam.
R’
ihe-nah : pi gsah'
: wud
rejgah : portah gorah
k’
éhatah (or , kii z) mahgorah : punda
’
i khpuley yowd_gi
’
e k’ rah : samwudrejgah : mah k_hwadgejgah .
Dz ’mi hukm pah dz i’
e
ri -w’rab : mi -tah gorah
wu-tsah-tah g0rey? H aseywudrejgah .
Da laéhkar i’
iniinah dersak_ht aw grindi .H aghah wu gorah chih
t_sah kawi Ai kambakhta !waley d_z
’mi hukm nah
maney ?M’
limah pri -nadz ah : kihmihnat pah dz in wi. -nah
l_g_hley rii pa’i bah tsangahwu
gatey ?Da haghah guni h war-wu
bak_héhah .
Dz ’mi guni b di dzala’h
ri -wu -bakhshah ; chih di
hukmmi her shawaey wub .
Pah manda ’
h li r shah
wu -yey nisah , aw haley riyey-walah .
Kih ti sii haghah waht,mi tah hukmkaraey wi e
(a lso,wae) pah haghah pasebah t
’lalaey wum: mi b
nah wuh pre-yashaey.
154
me two or three days ’ leaveto attend her.
S ir ! this soldier solicits
three days’
leave in order to
meet his brother who has
arrived at a certainvillage .
Very good ; as Iknow heis a goodman, Iwill consentto his leave.
That soldier, S ir, repre
sents that a. letter has
reached himfromhis family,and the Treasury bill, whichhe had remitted to themthree months ago , has not
yet reached them.
This afiair happened before what is the fuss and
noise abou t it now ?
Iwas going in companywith the Ghalzis towards
the head of the Kaji hahvalley ; and in that sameplace, on the night in ques
tion, such quantities of hail
and rain fell, that up to thedawn of the morning we
entertained no hope of our
lives.
T he whole country has
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Tolmulk pah wiwrey takbecome perfectly white with spin shawaey dacy.
snow.
When I set out it wa s a
pitch-da rk night.H aghah waht chih rawin
sh’
wamtaka ’
h tora’
h shpa ’
hwa
’h.
drey rwadz rukhsat ri -k’rey
chih timar yey k ’ram.
Sihiba !di sipi hi da dro
rwad_z o ruk_h'
sat ghwi ri da
pi rah da mulaki t da w ’
ror
khpul chih wa -falini kalitah ri -ghalaey dacy .
Sha h dacy chih yey
peiz anamjor saraey daey .rukh sat bah yey kabii lSi hiba ! haghah sipi hi
’
arg kawi chih da’iyi 1 lah
tarafa yey ki ghig ri -ghalaeydacy, aw haghah B il da
Ehiz iney, chih dreymii shtey terey shawey dey war
stawalaey wub , li nah dacywar ra sedalaey.
Di k_habara’h pa -k_1_1w i
shawey wa’
h : aos da dey
jagara’h aw sharr o-shor
tsah dacyZ ah hum da Ghalz io
sarah pah sar darey da Ka
j i hah li ram; pah haghahdz i
’
a e ri bindi pah éhpa’
h
basey jgaley aw bi rin wu
woredah, chih tar sabihporimuh (or,mu ) umid da z inda
gina’
i nah wuh (or , wu) .
ExERCIsEs AND DIALe ns. 155
O ur count is very rugged : it is all ill
Iammuch fatigu ed, and
hungry and thirsty to boot.
They have come unseasonably (late) . Tell themto
come in the morning at
Whether they be camels,horses, or mules, wherevertheymay be, and whatevertheymay be, bring (or , lead)themalong.
Who is this manwho ap Daghah saraey chih pah
pest s in sight nagar ri -dzi tsok daey ?Through cowardice B ah Da ni -marda ’
i lah ji
rimdid not fight. l
i
a
r
t
zhB ahrimjang wu -nah
SENT ENCES ON GENERAL SUBJECTS .
Wh o art thou ? T ah t_sok yey ?IamanAf gh in. Z ah Puéhtiin yam.
What Patin art thou by Pah asal komPuéhti'
in
lineage? yeyIama Li r_i_1a.ey Mi inah . Z ahLii rnaeyMiinah yam.
Dost thou understand PahPushtopohejgey ? (or,Puéhto (or, Ha st thou ac Puéhto di z
’
dah daey
Yes, I understand Puéh H o , Puéhto kho pohejgto, but neither Pukhsto , am, wal-e nah Pukhsto, nah
Pakkhto , Pasto ,norPashtii , Pakkhto , nah Pasto, nah
nor any such nonsense. Pa shtii , yi hasey pi ch go-e
Mulk inii der Z ijg dacyto] ghar aw sama ’
h dacy .
Z ah der staraev shawaey
yam, aw pratah lah dey humwajgaey aw tajgaey yam.
Ni wakta ri -ghali di . Di1-i
tah wu -wayah chih sabihrishi ; haghah waht bah lahdi
'
i -i sarah Qabarey wu
k’ ram.
Kih i'
i éhinWi , kih i siinah
Wi , kih ki tar Wi, har chir
tah chih Wi , aw har tsah
chih Wi, ri -yey-walah .
156 PUSHTO MANUAL .
What is thy name Sti numQah daey (or,Numdi tsah daey
Yi t Muhammad is my Nummi Y i t Muhammadname. da cy.
What village dost thou Da komey kali yeybelong to ?Ihave come fromUrgi
'
in,and amgoing to Z arghi
'm
Art thou married ornot ?
I was married, but mywife is dead.
Hast thou any sons
H ow many children hast
H ow old will the eldestsonbe?
Is thy father living ?Y es
,he is living, but is an
o ld grey-beard.
Is thymotherMymother is dead.
Hast thou any brothersIhave one brother.
Is there a sonborn in thyhou se, or a daughter?My wife ha s givenbirth
to a son.
What is thy name, and
what name hast thou givento thy son?
Is thy master within or
not
See Syntax of the verb, para . 1 , page 79.
Lah U rguna ri ghalaey
yam,aw Z arghiinS
'hahr tah
dgam.
Wi da ’h di karey dey
'
kih yah .
Wi da ’
h mi ka rey wa’h ,
wali tabarmimara ’h sh
’wa
’h.
Dz iman di shtah ?T_so farzand di shtab ?
Mashar dzo-e (also, zo-e)bah da tso kilo wi ?Fli r di jgwandaey daeyH o , jgwandaey daey ,
wal-e zor spin-jgiraey daeyMor di jgwanda
’
i da’h
Mormim’ra ’
h da’
h.
W ’
rii rnah di shtab .
Yow w’
ror laram.
S ti pah kor k’éhey d_zo
-e
shawaey dacy , kih liirT abarmi d_zo-e riwaraey
daéyNumdi tsah daey, aw
pair d_zo-e di tsah numyaéhaey daey ?
T_saéhtandi dananah daeykih nah daey
158
With this afiair you haveno concern.
Draw the curta in backthat there may be somelight : the room is verydark.
It grows late : it isnecessary we should depart.
Keep this thing about
thee (or, with thee) sometime or other it will be use
f ul to thee.
Why have you come backaga in
Wh at business have yehere
Call that little boy tome.
Wh omdost thou teachnow
At this time , indeed, Ihaveno pupil.
Ido ;not know who thou
art.
Pu t this letter (lit. paper)into an envelope .
This vessel (basin, pan) ,is filled with water. Emptyit, bu t pour out the water
slowly.
With what object (desire,bent, longing) have you
come ?Come inside the door.
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Pah dey bib k’éhey sti sii
hit_s gharag nah-shtah .
Parda’h liri k ’rah chih
rarni shey : Qi na ’
h dera’
h
ti tika ’h da
’h .
Ni -waktejgi : bo-yah chih
lir shii .
Di tsiz lah dz ina sarah
wu -si tab : kalah nah kalah
pah ki r bah di shi .
Waley bi-yartah ri -ghali
ydfi ?
Daltah t_gah ki r lar’ai?
H aghah wuri'
ikaey ha lak
ri -wu -bolah .
T ah chi tah aos sabakwar-kawey ?
Pah dey rwad_go k’éhey
l_I_ho shi gird nah laram.
T ah nah pohejg amchih
t_sok yey.
Daghah ki ghig pah lifif a
’
h k’éhey wi chawah (or ,
pah lif i fa’
h k’
éhey dz i -e
k’rah) .Di lo-éhaey lah aobo nah
dak daey . Tash yey k’ rah :
waley w’
ro w’
ro yey to-e
k’ rah .
Pah kama ’h tama a h
sarah ri -ghali ya’si ?
Da warah dananah ri
shah .
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
T hou startest at this likea horse at a post.
Drive away the dogs fromthe house (or, tent) theyannoymemuchBlacken Hi fiz Min" 8
bea rd, it has becomegriz z led.
I have never sa id so at
any time.
Weigh this thing how
mu ch it is.
H owmuch is this thingweight]?S tand in dread of fire
, so
that thy house be not
burnt.
Do not be heedless of thiscommunication.
Do not throw this thingaway, it will become u seful.
Do not troubleme tod ayIwill talk with thee on thissubject some other day .
Will ’
Umr have reachedtha t place by this time ?
At the time they werecoming I was saying myprayers.
I had told thee beforethat I would do so, so it
behovethme to do it.
159
T ah lah dey nah haseytarhejgey lakah i s lah naéh9?Lah derey nah spi wu
sharah : der mi bad gm0'
Mi ti tah wa -yalaeychih di sey bah wu -k’ram,
ni'
1r bo-yah chih yey wu
k’ ram.
Da H ifig Nuri jg ira’h
tora’
h k’rah, braga’h shawey
dey.
Mi hicharey (a lso, hit_skalah) di sey nah dacy wayalaey .
Di tsizah wu -talah chih
tsombrah dacy.
Di t_siz pah tol k’
éheytsombrah dacy ‘
r
Lah aorah pah tara’
h
k’
éhey aosah, chih kor di wu
nah swadzi .
Lah dey wa-yalo nah bey
parwi mah shah .
Daghah tsiz mah-gh ierza
wah, bah pah ki r ri shi .
Mi tah nan z ahmatmahri -kawah bmla ’
h rwadg bah
pah dey bi b k’shey lah tah
sarah k__habarey wu-k ’ram.
’
Umr bah tar aosa pori
haghah dz i’
c tah rasedalaeywi
H aghah waht chih dii -i
ri -t’lalnami ndz mi kiwuh .
160
After some time we willcome.T o-day a woman threw
herself into a well.
This boy is very bashful.
Those ma idens are verymodest.I passed a long time at
Kandahi r.
Smell that flower : whatdelightful perfume it yields .
It behoveth that thisbusi
ness be completed in a short
time.
Sellme this thing.
T he palm of my hand
itches : some say it is a sign
of coming wealth , but God
knows whether it is true ornot.
Thou spendestmymoney
thou grieve somuch about this triflingmatter (or, a ff air)This is good and that too
both are good.
Bringaneedle and threadmy clothes are torn.
garments are
PUSHTO MANUAL .
di naéha’h da daulat da
ri t’lo da ’h , magar K_hudi e
z’
dah chih riéhti’i dacy kih
Pas lah t_sah mi'idey bahmujg (also,mungah) ri -shi
'
i .
Nanyowey éhadgey khpuld_z in ki
'
i -i tah wu ghmrz iwah.
Daghah halak der sharm
mi da ’h mi pah
Kandahi r k’
éhey tera’
h
k’
ra’
.h
H aghah gul bi'
i -e k’ rah
tsah ihi -istah bii -e tri pi tsi .
Pah lajg si’at k
’shey (or ,
pah kama ’hmiida ’
h k’
shey)di ki r tamimkaraoy boyah .
Di teig pah mi wu-prolah .
T ah d_z’mi ri pa ’i bey
d_z i’
eah k_hartsawey.
Pah dey spuk ki r k’
hombrah ghamk__hi
'
ireyDi yhum ibach haghah
humsha h : dwi rah éhmh di .S tan aw spamsaey ri
w’
rah : dz’mi n’mara ’
i tsireydey
162 n ame MANUAL.
Pah ti bindi tsahtangm’h
tress) has befallen thee da’h ? Pah t_sah swadgey
What art thou annoyed
With the will of God, Da Ehudi e pah hukamsuch will take place (hap sarah bah hasey wu
-shi.
nP0Vilh at a good master se Falinaey t_sah éhseh tsash
and-ao is ! tandae
1
He is amost ruthless fol. Lah da zi’i t der
ow.
He is a most wrathf uloflicer. kahr-jan sardi r dacy.
Oh friend!u sedest thou Y i rah !di ki r bah di
to do this karIf Mahmiid comes Iwill KihMahmi'id ri -shi h ti b
give hima book. bah war-k ’ ram.
If you cultivate know K ih’ilmkar’ai ’
izes:t bah
ledge you will obtainrespect. mim’ai .
’
U,s,min is gone, friend !
he was a good man:God reward him!Oh g in!may God long
preserve thee!
This man snores in his
Iwant to sneeze, but can
not.
Why hast thou shown so
much tardiness in coming ?Didst thou meet with anyobstruction
Take a broomand sweep Ribi’
i z (or, ribii z) wikhlahthe place. aw dgi
’e tah j i ru k’
rah.
Light the fire andput out Aor bal kJi aw chiri gh
the lamp. mark’rah.
U gmin wu -lir yi rah !éhmh saraey wub : Qudi e
di k__hair war peéh k’
ri !
E_hin Sihiba !Eh udi e ditar der jgwandaey larey !D ah sarae khiib
k’éhgye
hlsharkaey
3lis-Pi
a
vi1
t i rsmchih wu -n’
jgamlekinn
’
jgalsey na.-ehPah ri -t
’lo k
’éhey di wali
basey der dirang (or, d_zand)wu-kar? Leah n
’éhata
’h ri
peéha’
h sh’
wa’h (or, i rpeéh
ExERomEs AND DIALOGUES. 168
I have no appetite : Iam Wulgahnot hungry : Ido not desire lewi l nah yam: hit_s
an hmgg ghwiram.
ost thou not know the Hits khabar nah ey pahdifierence betweenright and harimaw pah hali lg
dost thou bark like Waley da spi pah shin
a dogg,
ghi peySuch pa in comes overme Di rangah dard ri -dgi
that Iamunable to bear it. chih z’
ghamalaey yey nah
Ha st thou seenmy helmetanywhereY ou made inqu iry ofme
before.
Do not keep the fast at
this time, for thou art sick.
Open the door.
Imay have opened it. mali s karaey bah
fin},
the chest. duk khali s k’rah .
s! alas!what is this’
reghah !D’reghah!t_sah
thing tha t thou hast done ki r daey chih di wu -kar
Salim brought me by Salimzah pah zor botam.
T he ki zi of our city is D_z’miijg da éhahr ki gi
very ju st, andmen of learn der’
i dil dacy, aw da’i lim
ing he cheri shesmuch . ino éhaeh tarbiyat kawi .Does any acquaintance S ti aw da falini tarmi
ship exist between thee and yaudh tsah pejgand-galwiao-and-so shtahh ?
Ido not know who he is.
What dost thou call this Di tsiz tsah boley ! (or,Deytah tsah wa-yey ?
T his is called a lungi. s lunga’i aley
1mmWhere are such things H asey fight-
gmmade Qi -e jorejgi
Ebolmi di chattah lidal.aey daey?
T i sii lahmi nahjfi
a -i i
pushtana’
h wu-k ’ra hPah dey rwadzo k’ éhe
rojga’
h mah nisah chi
ma rig yey
‘164 rusn'ro MANUAL.
These words are contrary Di k_habarey lah’akl nah
to reason. lirey dey.
Ihave not the heart to do Z’
rahymi nah ghwi ri chih
this (or, lit. My heart doesnot desire that I should do
so) .Ido not desire to come.
hz
l
slah ghwiram chih ri
s in.
My heart does not incline Z ’
iah mi nah kejgi chih
me to go .
This is a momentou s Di girin ki r daey : pah
a ff air : it requires to be fikr sarah karasy bo-
yah .
done with reflection (or,
Iran at such a pace thatall became astonished.
I went to the bi z i r on
Friday.
Jalal said thus before thema gistrate (or, ofi cial) .Thou art a mean fellow
that thou hast done thisthing.
Iamcertain that this is
thy doing.
Why hast thou not in
formedmeThese words of mine are
for thy advantage, if thou(but) knowest.First look to your own sud o
advantage and injury.
Whatever thing pleasesthee, take it.This is a bygone afiair Di tera ’
h khabara ’h da
’
h
(matter) : it is not good to yidawul yiay pah hiLs shi niha h nah da
’h.
Pah hasey z’
ghi sta’h wu
z’
ghi stamchih tol ba irinsh
’wal.
Da Jum’ey pah rwadz
k’éhey bi z i r tah li ram.
Jali l da bi kimtarmak_h, ahasey wu -wa-yal.
T ah spuk saraey yey chih
di ki r di karaey dacy.
Yakin mi dacy chih di
da sti k’
rah dacy.
T i waleymi khabar kar.aey nah dae PDi wa-y mi sti da st
'
id
pohejgey.
166 rUsE 'ro MANUAL.
IbroughtIbri himonthy Ibri himmi sti pah sabab
account. ri -wost.
All are not the same Tol pah yowah shinnah
alike : some are oldsters, di : tsok masharin,dz ini
some youngsters, some old, kasharin di, tsok zor, dz ini
some young. dgwin.
He is a great wag (wit, H aghah der toki saraeysatirist, &c.) dacy .
Such may be the case or H asey bah wi kih bah nah
not, but if he i s wise heWill Wi , waley kih hoéhyi r daenot practise his jokes upon lah mi'Ijg sarah tokey bu s. nah k
’
ri .
Do not practise thyplea Lahmi sarah tokeymah
santries uponme if t ou art kawah kih hoshyi r yey.
If you act according to Kih’
sml pah di wa-yal
this advice (lit. speech , &c.) wu-k ’ra ’
ai derk_hair bahmiiyou will obtain much ad m’
ai .
vantage .
I cannot imagine that Dz’mi pah poha ’
h nah ri
f romthis good will accru e. dzi chih lah dah da khair ki rwu shi .
He did not seeme, but I Z ah yey nah lidalam,
saw him. waleymi yey wu -lidah .
Do not say anything to H ugho tah pah de bib
themon this subject. k’
shey hitsmah-Wi -ya
They are base people H aghah kamas] k_hallgdithey never acted honestly. hits kalah yey riéhti
’
i nah
kawal.Do not act like an ass Da k__h
’rah pah dod (or,
usemanliness inthy doings. pah shin, or, ghundey ki r
mah kawah : saraey-tob pah
ki r k__h_artg k’rah .
H ad we laughed, they K ih miijg k_handali wi e,w
l
ould
d.
have been greatly di'
i -i bah der Qwaéh shawi
p ea seMay God preserve thee, Ehudae di wu-si tab ,
but do not forget us. wa1eymujgmah herawah.
EXERCISE S AND DIALOGUES.
God preserve you
167
Wi sh , Ehudi edi pah zer
ma ’h shah!
Da. Ehudi e pah iminIhave committed you unto pa r Qudi e mi supirali
This is a very U pright
person.
They are honestmen.
That is anhonest Woman.
These are uprightwomen.
That is a very old and
toothless old woman.
Fetch twenty-one ri'
Ipis
f romhim.
Take this melon from
That womanhas fallen inlove with (or, become at
tached to) him.
I understand that thou
art in love with Ni sir’
s
dau ghter ; infact, that thouartmad after her.
They are my friends, ifthou understandest.
Wh at sort of friendship(a lso, intimacy) is it that
thou showest towards themI will sing a ditty, do
thou pipe a little.
H i -yah der rishtinaey
rishtini sari di .H aghah riéhtiney khad_g.
a’h da
’
h.
Daghah rishtini lghadgey
For this formof p as and yey combined, see Dictionary,page 1105.
di sa’h da
’h.
War d_z alghah yow-wisht
ri pa’i ri -W
’
rah .
Di sardah lah haghah
d_zak_hah wi lgh-lah .
Palina’i k_had_ga
’h pah
haghah bindi mayana ’
h
shawey dey.
Pohejgamchih da Ni gir
pah liIr bindi mayan yey ;balkih pasey" lewanaey yey.
H aghah d_z’mi i shni ’ein
di kih pohejgey .
Di kamrang da ashni’i
da’h chih lah hugho sarah
tah yey kaweyZ ah bah landa
’i wi yam,
tah t_safi o shpela’i wu -wah
ah .
168 rusn'ro MANUAL.
What dost thou do (or, Pah kor k’éhey t_sah ki r
occupy thyself in) at home ? kawey
Ipas smy nights in idle Pah bey-ki ri shpey tera
ness.
Is there a son bornin thy S ti pah kor k’shey dz o-e
house, o r a daughter shawaey daey kih lur?
My wife has given birth Tabarmi dzo-e riwaraeyto a son. dacyWhat is thy name , and Numdi tgahdacy, aw pah
what name hast thou given dzo-e di tsah numyaéhaeyto thy son? dacy ?
’
Umr’ s father andmother Da’
Umr ‘pli rmor dwi r
areboth blind. ah rindah di .
Hi s sister is a widow, and E_hor yey kimda ’
h da’
h ,his mother is grown very awmor yey spinsara ’
h shaw
aged. ey da’
Women generally are Eh a i gey aksar tar saroweaker thanmen. nah kam-zorey di .
My intention is not such Ni -yatmi di rangah nah
that Iwould lend outmoney dacy chih pah sud bindi
on u sury : if thou imaginest ri'
Ipa’i spari k
’
ramkih di seysuch thou dost not under atkalawey nahpohejgey .
stand.
These two youths aremy Daghah dwah dzwinin
foster brothers, and that dz’mi da ti w ’
rurnah di , aw
man ismymiddle brother. haghah saraey d_z’mi mi
yandzwaey w’
ror dacy .
That is a very pretty Di dera’h shaista
’
h jma 1
girl. da’
h .
She Is our foster sister. Dz’mi'1jg ti Lhor da ’
h .
Which among these bro Lah hugho w’
rumo nahthers is the youngest, and kamyowmasharW’
ror dacy,which the oldest ? kamkashar ?This Is a goodman. Di (or, daghah, or, hi
yah) shaeh saraey dacy .
These are goodmen. Di (or, daghah, or, hi .
yah) éhmh sari di .
170 rusirro MANUAL.
the hand-mill, and makebread with it.T o-night give an enter
tainment to five or sevenpersons.
I ambecome somewhathungry : I will eat somemeat.
Bringme a little salt.
I have lost a thing : if
thou hast seen it bring ittome.
Unto whomdid the lotfall
In this aflair you have
wearied u smu ch (greatly) .My sleeve is very loose
(or, open) : tighten it a
little (somewhat) .T he kid sucks itsmother’s Wurghiimaey da mor ti
teats.
Pull up (root up) the tree Di wana’h lah haghah
fromthat place and plant it dz i’
ea wu -ki jgah aw has]in another : it will strike. d_zi
’e yey kejgdah : Wu-bah
lagi .
My father has cows, and Pli rmi ghwi (inWesternIamhis cow-herd. Afghinistin the plural is
ghwiwi) lari : ghobah yeyzah yam.
That cow is a stranger Di ghwi prada’i da
’h
it is notmy property . d_z’mi mi l nah da ’
h .
Is this mountain-goat a Di ghartga’
h k_had_za’h
female or amale ? da’h kih nar dacy ?
Uponwhat ridges do the S ijgey pah komo warsakoino
gi
gta in deer generally bindi akgir Lsari ?
ee
michan wu -hi sah, aw mara’i tri pab ah k’ rah .
Nan shpey lah da pindzo
sowo kaso melma sti ’ i wuk’ rah .
Z ah lakutey (a lso, lakiitey)wajgaey shawaey yamghwaéhey wu
-kh iIram.
Lakuteymi lga ’h ri -larah
ri -k ’rah .
Y ow tsizmi wuruk shaw
aey dacy : kih bah ti lidal
asy wey ri -vey-k
’ rah.
B i ska ’
h a. chi pah nimahwu -khatala
’h (or, Pacha
’h
pah chi bindi pre-watala’
h)Pah dey ki r k
’
éhey ti si'
i
miijg der stari kari yii .Lastiirh aey mi der i rat
daey : t_sakh o yey tang k’ rah.
ExERCIsEs AND DIALooU s s. 171
At t ara ’
h Margha’
h.
That is a very distant
country (a lso , home,G od only knows how we
shall reach it.
Donot entertain(nourish) Hits umid lah haghahany hope fromit you will mah lar’ai : f i ’idah bah nahnot obtain any advantage tri wu-win
’
ai .
therefrom.
Call himhither who is H aghah chih pah wara
standing at the gate : Ihave bindi walirdacy ri yey wubu siness with him. bolah : ki r pah laram.
There is neither room Nah dananah d_z i’
e shtah
Within nor without : where nah dabindi : chartah arkhshall I recline (repose)my Wu-lagawum?self
Thou art not equal tomeheight.
Inf ormthema ster of thehouse that Ihave come.
He is not within (not at
home) : he has gone out.
A man was going alongthe road with some woman.
Anothermanmet them, and
he inquired of the man,What relationship is therebetween this woman and
thee ?” He replied, Mymother in law and her
mother-in-law are motherand daughter. What relationship, therefore, bearsthis woman to theman
Kor di chartah dacy?
Pah (i hwara’h Margha
’h
daey .
Di der liri watan dacyfi udi e z
’
dah t_sah-rang bah
T ah pah hadd k’ éheydg
’mi bari bar nah yey .
Da kor tsashtanrti -khabark ’rah chih zah ri -glaey yam.
Dananah nashtah : da
bindi watalaey dacy .
Yow saraey lah komeyéhad_zey sarah peer li ri ta -i
(E ., tah) . Bael saraey pa r
pesh shah, suwi l yey tri wuar chih di éhadga
’
h sti
tsah da’h? Dah war-tah
wu-wey, dz’mi k_hwi éhey
da dey k_hwi éhey sarahmoraw liIr di .
”Niir di éhadga
’
h
da dey sari t_sah kejg i ?
172 rUsE T o MANUAL .
WIsE SAws AND SAYINGS .
Entertainnot the hope of Lah bad-aslah da wafifaithfu lness fromthe base . umidwa-mah-k ’ rah .
Error on the part of the Lah asilah da k_hati umidhonourable is not to be ex nah kejgi .pected.
T he base possess not B ad-as! wafi nah lari
faithf ulness : (nor) thenoble nek-gi t bey-waf i
’
i .
faithlessness.
Acquire knowledge, f or it’Ilmz
’dah k’rah , chih
’
iz z at
is gl
gry in religion and the da din aw da dunyi daey .
worl
This world is the field of Di dunyi kiéht da i k_hiratthe world to come : that dacy : har-chih kar’ai hag_which you sow that you will ah bah re-b
’
ai .
reap .
Guard thyself fromigno Lah jahla dz in wu-jg’
rance , for it is dishonour ghorah , chih bey’
iz zati da
both in religion and the din aw da dunyi da ’
h.
world.
Every one is ignorant of
his own faults .
Grieve not about What
has passed, for it will not
come back aga in.
T o give abuse to anyone,or to terrify one out of one’slife, is not the act of aman.
T he acqu intanceship of a.
hundred years becomessevered in amoment.
No human being is f ree Hits bani adamlah gun
fromfault : all are stained iha k_hali sah nah daey : tolpah guni h aliidah di .
The kid lies downby its Ser-la’i damor pah t_sangmother’s side. k
’
éhey pre-w
’
zi .
H ar t_sok pah k_hpul’aib
ni -poh dacy .
Da ter shawaey ki r'
arminmah kawah, chih bi-yartahpah li s nah ri -shi .
Peghor war-kawul wa
chi -tah , yi tsok lah d_ginatarhawul, da maro ki r nahdaeyDa salo kalo i shna 1 pah
yowah damghwutjsa ’
h shi .
174 PUSH TO MANUAL .
There is no eye like thema ster’ s eye .
Oneman’
smeat is anotherman’
s poison.
A bird in the hand is
worth two inthe bush .
S tretchthyarmno fartherthan thy sleeve will reach.
O ld birds are not caught
with chafi .
Avoidtoo powerfulneighbours ; for, should there bea collision, theweakest goesto the wall.
It is one thing to pfopose,another to execute.
Theywhoneglecttheir oldfriends for the sake of new,
are rightly served if theylose both.
He that prays harmforhis neighbour, begs a curseuponhimself.
Inchoosing allieswemustlook to their power as wellas their will to aid us.
Nah-shtab bit_h starga’h
lakah starga’h da tsashtan.
Qwi ra’
h da yowah
shakhs zahr da bail da’
h.
Yow murghah pah li s
k’
shey shseh dacy tar dwo
ni sto pah bi taey.
T ar aojgwi li ey da las
tii rh o khpulo li smah-ghaz
awah.
Zirahmurghinpah pri rah nah-girif ti rejgi .
Parhez wu -kra ’
ai lah derozorawaro ham si yagino ;tsalarah chih kih sarah wu
n’éhal
’
ai , haghah chih kamzoraey dacy tabi h bah shi .
Wrindi kawal da tadbir
yow t_siz dae magar pahaml ri -W ’
ral ml tsiz .
H aghah kasin chih ghaflat pah nisbat wa kadimidestino tah da-pi rah da
nawio dostino kawi , kih
dwi rah wuruk k’
ri li -ihdacy.
H aghaht_sok chih du’i da
pi rah da zi-yinda hum-si
ah k_h ul kawi , iltimi s dabahi p khpul d_zinkawi .Pah ghwarah kawulo da
’ahdiino har kalah chihnagar wa-margi-tah da dii -ida-pi rah damadad dg’mi‘Ijgkawi bo-yah chih pa rtawin da di -i humnagarwu-k
’
ri .
ExERcIsEs AND DIALOGUES. 175
H e who incites to strifeis worse than he who takespart in it.
There ismore dangerfroma pretended friend thanf roman Open enemy.
The worth of money isnot In its possession, but In
T he quarrels of friends
Facts speak pla iner thanwords .
.
Retribution, though late,
Presumption begins in
ignorance and ends inruin.
It is too late to whet the
One good turn deserves
Better scare a thief than Werawul da gh’lwh ’bih
snare him— drive a thief, tar dacy tar i chawulo yyeybut not towards the house. pah dimk ’
shey—ghalshi r
ahmagar nah tah kor.
When our neighbour’
s H at -kalah chih pah kor
house Is onfire, it 19 time to da hum-si yah d_g’mujg aor
look to our own. lagedalaey Wi , waht dacychihmujg khabardi ri da korkhenl wu-k
’
ru
H aghah saraey chih dap
pi rah da
der bad aey tar hughochih pah k
’
shey sharik di .
Lah libi si dostah zi-i teyk_ha tra
’
h da’
h tar gi hiriduéhmanah.
Fagilat da daulat ah
darlal k’
éhey da hagfiahnah-shtah, balkih pah ki r
ri’w
’
ralo da haghahpdi ey.
Jagrey da dostino furqatinah da duthmsninom.
Igaba’
h da hi l fasih tar.
a’hda
’h tarjgaba
’hdamaki l.
Jaz i , kih tsah humdirang Wi ,magar pah
"
i ghirfl o ri -dgi .Gustimpah jahi lat
shari’
kejgi aw pah tabi hik
’
éhey tamimejgi .E ar-kalah chih karni wa
haley shi da k’
éhalo da ti'
1reywaht da-pi rah da terawalo
da highgiterlma h
shah .
Fi’l neka
’i wajIbu -l
PUSHTO
A coward canbe a hero at Ni -mard lah liri bahidura distance ; it is the presence kedalaey shi ; magarof danger that tests pre da khatrey daey chih
sence of mind. isht da z’
i ah-war-tob
It is a wise sonwho knows Der’ikil d_zo-e dacy chih
his own father. k_hpul pli r pejgani .
Fortune is like unto a.
Di falak kuli l daey ; si zawul awmi tawul kiDeryeymi wa ti ghundi peidi k’ral humfani .
He who placeth any hope upon the fabric of this world,Embarketh, on a tour of the ocean, ina paper boat.
Chih umid pah ’imi rat da di
Da ki ghig pah kiéhti sair da
A spoiled son taketh not to discipline and instructionAnd a shaded palm-tree yieldeth not ripe dates.Ni zawulaey d_zo-e nah i k_h-li adab ;Aw da seO -ri nalghlnah nisi ratb .
T he deeds ofmenwill bemany, (and) their words few ;B ut the acts of recreants are few, and their boastings
Damardino kardah der, Wiyal yey lajg Wi ;Da u i -mardo ’
sml lajg Wi, der yey l
178 abode—a ccoutre.
abode, n. a stogah, dz i’
c,mi shta ’h.
abolish, v.t.ma ukiIf ka . ,man’a’h ka .
a bomina ble, a . palit, bad, kruka’h, stuk_h .
abomina te, v.i. stulhh lagedal, badmanal, kraka ’h ik_histal.abou t, ad . chi per, chi perah ; pr. (relating to ) da-pi rah,(time and place) najgdey , (quantity) pah andi z , pah
abreast, ad. t_sang-
pah-t_sang.
abroad, ad. pah pradimulk k’
éhey.
absence, n. ghair hi g iri ; (separation) beyal-tim, hijrin.
absent, a . ghair hi gir, na-shtah, (separated) beyal, (inmind) dub pah fikr k’shey.
absta in, v.t. parhez ka ., pi lka . ,
dz in si tal, li s i k_histal.
abstemious, a . parhez -gi r.
a bstract, v.t. k’
shal, ki jg al, beyalawul.abundance, 11 . den-wi lsey, tal-wi lsey, wadini .abundant, a . der, f
’
rewin, tal.
abu se, 11 . s’
h’kandgal, hanzal, peghor ; v.t. peghor war-ka
wul, sh’
kand_z al, or kanzal ka .
accept, v.t.manal, pasandawul, iLhistal, k_hwaéhawul.cep ta ble, a . ghwarah, k_hwash ; to be a ccep table, v.i . pas
andedal, ghwarah ke. , k_hwasheda l.
a ccident, n. hi disa’
h, i fat, Wi lsi’a’h .
a ccidenta l, a . kagi -i, kismati .cidenta lly, ad. pah sahwa
’
h, pah hagi .
a ccommoda te, v.t. dza’
eawul,ath arh al.
accommoda tion, n. d_gi’
e.
a ccomp any, v.i.mal-gari ke.
comp lies, n.mal-garaey , sharik.
card, 11 . rogha’h, jorisht, paQuIi -tob ; of one
’
s own, ad .
pah k_hpulah , pah k_hpul sar, lah k_hpulah andi ; of one,
yow-z
’
rah, yek-jihat ; according to, pah -sarah ; (custom)
pah da stiir sarah ; a ccordingly, ad. d_zakah, lah deyjihata , tro.
account, 11 . bisi h, shumi r, (relation) hissa ’h, bayin ; v .t .
gar_1_1al, pohedal, shmeral.cou tre, v.t. i ghustal, m’
li taral, drasta’
h or wasla’h
i ghustal.
a ccoutremenw—a like. 179
a ccou trements, n. drasta’h, wasla
’h .
a ccumula te, v.i. toledal ; v.t. tolawul.
accura te, a . ri shti-a, q t.
accusa tion, n. tor, tahmat, da ’
wa’h ; v.t. tuhmat taral or
wayal, tor pori ka .
a ccuser, n.mudda ’i .
he, 11. k_hi'
ijg , randz , dard ; v.i. randg uredal, khujgedalv.t. dard kawul.
acqua int, v.t. pohawul, k_habarawul, k_habar ka .
a cqua intance, n. a shna -e, pejg andah, pejgandana’h.
a cquaintanceship , n. pejgan-ga1w1
a cqu ire, v.t. gatal, mfindal, hasilawul.a cross, ad. pori , pori gharey.
act, 11 . (action) kawuna’
h, k’ rah, kar,
k’
ral,’
ama1 ka .
a ctive, a . tahrah, chalak.
a ctively, ad. ah chalaki sarah .
a ctivity, 11. 0
a ctor, 11 . kawfinkaey , k’
rt'mkaey.
a cu te, a . terah , sak_l_i t ; hoéhyar, pohand.
admonish, v.t. naqibat ka . to accep t admonition, nasihati k_histal.
advance, 11. w’
randi ; v.i. w’
randi ke.
advantage, see p rofit.a dversity, n. tangi , tangsa
’
.h
a dvice, 11. pand ; to advise, v.t. pand wa-yal.
af ar, ad. liri .
af ra id, v.i. tarhedal, weredal.
af ter, ad. and pr. pas, w’
rusto .
a ga in, ad. bi-ii , bi-yartah .
age, 11 .
’umr.
a greement, 11. itta -f ak ; to agree, v.t.manal, kab1' 11awul.a id, 11. hapa
’
h, komak,madad, marasta ’
;h to a id, v. .t hapa’
h ka . ,
pmara sta ’
h ka . ,madad war-kawul.
a ilment, see sickness.
a la rm, n. wera ’
h ; to a larm, v.t. werawul.
a light, to, v.i. ki'
i zedal.
a like, see simila r.
180 alive—apart.
a live, a .
'
zwandaey .
a ll, a . to wi rah.
allot, see distribu te.
alms, n. k_hair, k_hair-i t ; to give a lone, v.t. k_h airat ka . ; to
beg a lms, v.t. k_h air ghoéhtal.a lone, a . yawad_zaey.
along with, ad. sarah , lah sarah, pah sarah.
also, co . hum.
a lter, see change.
a lthough, co . agar-chih.
a lways, ad. tal, hat -kalah.
amass, to, v.t. tolawul, jama ’kawul ; amass wea lth, to, v.t.
ambuscade, or ambush, n. psfinae pat-gana’i ; to lie in
ambush, v.t. pah pst'mi k’
éhey’éhe-na stal, put-gana
’i
ka .
ancestor, n. jadd, pli r-nikmh.
ancient, see old.
ankle, n. parkaey, khatgaraey, gita’i .
anger, n. b’ros-wiilaey,
angr a . k_hafah, b’ros, ghussa
’h-m'
ik ; to become angry, v.t.
ka ka ., b’
rosedal, v.i. k_hafah ke. ; tomake angry, v.t.
n. d_gin-dar,d_ganiiwar.
to, v.t. piirawul, rab
-rawul.
to, v.t. ghwarawul.
answer, 11. d_zawah ; to answer, v.t. d_gawi b ka . ,
kawul.ant, n.mejgaey white ant, aoey
-nah.
anta gonist, see enemantelope, n. aosaey , c hosaey.
antimony (for the eyes) , 11. ranjah.
antler, n. sh’kar.
anvil, n. sandin.
anpiety, n. andeéhna’h, gham, fikr, andoh.
anxious, a . andeéh-man, gham-jan, film-man.
any, a . geek, t_gah.
apart, a . beyal, juda, yawiid_z aey.
182 a rms—a t.
arms, 11. dra sta’h, wasla
’h , tfira
’h-di l (lit. sword and
a round, ad. chi per, cha-perah, chi r-chi -perah.
a rouse, v.t. pagsawul, wishawul, baidi rawul.a rrange, v.t. jorawul, tandal, k_hejgdal.a rrangement, 11. zerma ’h, jorisht, tartib .
arriva l, n. ri tag, ratah , rii rasedana’h.
a rrive, v.i. ri -ghlal, ri -t’lal, rassdal.
a rrogance, seep ride.
a rrow ,11 . ghashacy.
artfu l, a . chal-baz , bilah-bi z .
artisan, n. karigar, peshah-war.
a rtillery, n. top-Qana ’h.
as, co . basey, lakah as if , lakah chih, gar_r_1ah.
ascend, v.i. k_hatal, portah ke.
ascent, n. k_hatah, khatana’h, l
’
wara ’h .
hamed, a . paéhimiin, sharm-si r ; pashiman ke. ,
sharmedal.k, v.t. puéhtedal, ghoshtal.
asleep ,a . ii-dah, g li b-waney ; to f a ll asleep , v.i. i
'
1-dah ke.
ass, 11 . k__har , (wild) gorah-khar,assau lt, n. hala
’h , t_sot ; to assault, v.t. hala
’h ka . , t_sot ka .
assay , v.t. azmiiyil.assemblage, or assembly, 11. tolsey, jam’
iyat, (for debate orcounsel) , jir
’h,majlis .
assemble, v.i. to edal, jam’a’h ke.
assent, to, v.t.manal,mangiir ka .
a ssessment, n. bij, fl iraj,maliya ’h, kalang, éh’kewat.
assist (see a id) , v.t. li s niwal, laswar-kawul,marasta ’h ka . ,
assistance, 11 .marasta ’h, pushti ,madad, k'
umak.
a ssocia te, 11.mal,mal-garaey .
a ssocia tion, n.mal-giri ,mal-gar-ti ’a.
astonish, v.t. rabrawul, hairimawul ; to become astonished,v.i. rabredal, hairanedal.
astonishment, n. bairat, hairani , ta’
jjub .
a t, pr. pah, pah k’éhey ; ex. pah kor k
’éhey, at home.
a ttach— backwa rds. 183
a ttach, v.t. taral, pori ka ., paiwastah ka .
a tta chment, n. tarim, paiwastfin ;ma -yan-tob,mina ’h.
a tta ck, see assa ult.
a tta in, v.t.mfindal, gatal, rasedal, sh ’
wal.
a ttemp t, see essay .
a ttend, v.t. timar ka . , i rwedal, g_h_wajg basal, n’
ghwa tal,hagir aosedal,mal-giri ka .
a ttenda nt, n.ma l-garney ; naukar, k_hidmat-gar.
a ttentive, a . hoéhyar, baidar, k_habar-dar.
a ttire, n., see garment.aunt, n. tror (father
’
s brother’ s wife) tandor, (mother’sbrother’ s wife)mama ’
i .
a u tumn, n.manaey.
ava rice, n. shnmi , tam’
a’h, bak_l_1ili .
aversion, n. kraka’
h, kajgana
’h, ghandana
’h .
avoid, v.t. dzan si tal, parhez ka .
awa it, v.i. patedal,muntagir ao sedal. See aspect.
awake, a . wish ; to awake, v.i . wiéhedal ; to awaken,wiéhawul, baidiirawul.
awa re, a . z’
dah, agt'
ih , k_habar.
away, ad. liri , bi-yartah ; in. liri shah !bi-yartah-shah !
awe, n. wera ’
h , k_hoi .
awf u l, a . werawfinkaey, werawfmacy .
awkwa rd, a . l’
war.are, n. tabar.
axle, n. tirak, tsi -shaey, lat.assure, a . shin.
back, 11 . shi ; ad. bi-yartah, or bi-i rtah, w’rusto, pastanah ;
to go or turn ba ck, v.i. w’
rusto, or bi-yartah, or pastanahke. , stfinedal ; (aid) v.t. pushti ka . , or war-kawul.
backbiter, n. chughul: to ba ckbite, v.t. chughuli ka .
backbone, n.m’lii tir.
backside, n. kunataey, kfina’
h.
ba ckwa rds, ad. pah bi-yartah, w
’
rusto.
184 bad— basin.
bad, a . ni -kiirah, g rab, bad.
badge, n. naéha’
h .
badness, n. k_hrabi , badi , na-kfiri .bag, 11. d_zola
’
i, (la rge, of hair) ghundaey, (ammunition) kamr-kisa ’
h, kisbat.
baggage, n. asbab, saman, partal.ba il, n. gaminat, gamini , (person) zamin.
ba it, see f ood.
bake, v.t. karawul, pak_h, awul (lit. to cook) , w’ritawul.
baker, n. nan-
paz , nan-wa-e.
ba ld, n. kal, (fromdisea se) ganjaey.
ba ll, 11 . gola’i .
band, 11. tolaey, tolgaey , park .
banda ge, n. tari'maey , pata ’
i .
banish, v.t. sharal, jila-watanka .
bank, 11. ghara’
h , (high) kamar, (Opposite) pori ghiira ’
h .
banker, n. sarraf.banner, 11 . hi gh , bairak, nasha
’h.
“
bar, 11. hul, tanba’h, (upright) aram; v.t. tanba
’
h, or, hidor a ramlagawul.
ba rber, n. hajjam, nil’i .
ba re, a . barband, hi t_s, (as a country of trees, etc.) wuch ,
bare-f ooted, a . péhey-yabal.ba re-headed, a . sar-tor.
ba rk, n. g_h_ap, ghapa ; v.t. gbap wahal, ghapal v.i. gha
barley, n. aor-biishey, (a grain of) aor-busha’
h.
ba rley-bread, aor-bashina
’h.
barm, see yea st.barn, n. ambar-Lhana ’
h, k_hirman.
barrel (tube) , 11 . nal, nali.barren, a . shanda
’h, (piece of land) dag, u-jar (lit. waste ,
deserted) .
ba rrier, 11. p ii lah , hurid (vu l. brid) , hadd.
base, see vile.
basin, n. (wooden) kunda’i,kur_ga
’i, (earthen) kandol,
kandola’i .
186 bellows— bleed.
bellows, n. bana’i, pugar.
belly, n. geda’
h, k_heta’b, nas.
belong, v.t. ta’
luk laral ; v.i. lagedal.belt, . 11. tasma ’
h, rog, (wa ist) kamar band, kamr kisa ’
h,
(sword) pata’
h.
bend, v.i. titedal, kajgedal; v.t. titawul, kajg awul.benefit, 11. sud, fa
’ida
’h, nafa
’
, gata’h, éhe-gara
’h.
bent, a . tit, kojg .
besides, ad. niir, siwi , zi-at.
bet, see wager.
best, a . tar tolo ghwara’h, derder sha h, lah tolo nah sha h.
better, a . ghwara’
h, bihtar.
bewa il, v.t. wir ka ., wa-wa ila ka .
bewa re, v.i. pohedal, hoéhyar ke. , baidi r sh’
wal.
bier, n. tébut, dam’
ri
big, a . lo-e, ghat, star, katwh .
bigness, see size.
bill (of a bird), n.maéhfika ’h .
bind, v.t. taral.bird, n.murgha ’
h, (sma ll)murgha ’i .birth, n. zejgedana
’h, zowuna
’
h, (place) tim; to give birth,v.i. langedal.
bit, n. tota’
h, totaey, tuk, tukra
’h, b ag oza
’
h, (of a horse)m’
luna’h, dahana
’h.
bite, v.t. chichal, dabral, khwaral.
bitter, a . trikh.
bla c
ggla . tor, (very) tak tor ; become or turnbla ck, v.i . tor
ebh cken, v.t. torawul.
blackness, n. tor-wi laey .
bla cksmith, n. pmsh, ahangar.
bhtde, n. tegh , palka’
h.
blame, n. malimat, grammfilaey, taksir ; v.t. tratal, ratal,
bh uket, n. sha ra ’i, (felt) kri sta
’h.
bla ze, n. lamba ’
h, gharanda’
h, lukhara’h ; v.i. baledal.
bhed, v.i. winedal, winey bahedal ; v.t. winey k’shal, wina
bless—bottomless. 187
bless, v.t. du’i ka .
blind, n. rund.
blindness, n. rind-wi lsey.
bbod, n. winey.
bloodshed, k_hl'm.
blow, n. guz i r, (of fist) dab, s'
uk , gasa’b ; v.t. (a
piikal, (as wind) 5.1t , (as a flower) pi kedal,marka ., sor
‘ka . , (a bugle, &c.) ghajgawu l.blue, a . shin, nil, i smini, abi .l
b
rlunt, a . pats.
h .
boast, v.t. li fey ka . ,li fey
boaster, a , n. li fuk, liif -jan, li feyboa t, n. bera ’i, kishta
’i.
boa tman, n.min-gaey ,mallih.
body, 11. d_z in, surat, tan, (of people) tolaey , tolgaey, ghol.bog, see quagmire.
boil, n. nanaka’i, dana
’h ; to boil, v.i. aeéhedal, k_hi
'
it ke. ;
v.t. aeshawul.
boiling, n. aeshnii, k_hi'
i tkaey , k_hfita-har.
bold, a . {(man) maranacy, tur-yiilaey, z’
rah-war, gusti k_h ,
boldness, n. g ’ rab-war tob,marina ’b, dilawari.
a . hadawar.
boot, n.mozah, chakma ’
h.
booty, n. gata’h, tala
’h , Int.
border, n. hadd, burid, piila’h, ghi ra
’b, tsanda
’h .
bore, v.t. suraey ka . , pet_sal.
born, a . zejgedalaey, zowulaey v.i. zejgedal, gownl, paidi ke.
borrow, v.t. por ik_histal, pah por iQistal, pah ’ariyat
i k_histal.bosom, n. ghejg , tatar, sina
’h .
both, a . dwirah.
bottom, 11. talasy,mand, wesh, pi -yab.
bottomless, a . bey-pa’
e-an, na-pi -yab.
188 bough—broad.
bough, n. t_singa’h , shag , (small) laéhta ’h.
bounda ry, see border.
bowels, n. kul-mey ,‘
larmanah .
bowl, n. (earthen) kandol, kandolaey, (wooden) kasa’h,
boas, n. sandiik, dablaey .
boy, 11. halak, wor-kaey, d_zarnaey,boyhood, n. halak-wi laey.
bra in, 11.mi ghza ’h.
bramble, see thorn.
branch, see bough.
brass, n. z i-yar.
brave, see bold.
bray, v.i. natal, hag edal (also to neigh) .bread, n. doda
’i, u
’mara ’i, fl amira ’h.
breadth, n. plan-wi laey , paor.
break, v.i.mi tedal ; v.t.mi tawul.breakf ast, 11. naraey, nihi raey .
breast, see bosom.
breastwork, n. sangar, fasil.breath, n. sih, dam.
brea the, v.t. si h or dami k_histal or ri -k’éhal or wahal, or
kawul.breed, 11 .mg], zi t.
bribe, n. bada’h.
brick, n. (unburnt) khishta’h , (burnt) paja
’h.
bride, 11 . nawsy.
bridegroom, n. zalmaey (also a youth) .bridge, 11. pul, (of nose) tindoraey ; to bridge, v.t. pul taral.bridle, n.m’
lfma ’h, wi gah, jalaw, (of a camel) pezwin.
bright, a . rur_n, roéhim, spin.
brightness, n.maroéhnii’i , breéhna ; to brighten (become
bright) , v.i. riir_nedal, d_galedal ; v.t. d_z alawul.brim, or brink, n.morga ’
h , ghi ra’h , tganda
’
h, lor.
bring , v.t. (inanimate things) ri -w’
ral, (animate) ri -wustal.bringf orth, v.i . langedal.broaél‘
,
ll
a . plan, arat, sarah-war toma ke broad, v.t. plana
cha ir— c istern. 191
cha ir, n. kursi, chanlu .
chamber, 11 . khfina’h .
champ ion, n. pahalawan, tiit -yiilaey .
chance, 11 . puk, daw, war, (fate) kismat, nasib ; v.i. pre
watal, niizedal.
change, v.i . bada ledal, gmrzedal ; v.t. badalawul, gmrzawul,awu éhtal.
changeable, a . na-pa’
e-diir, nix-karat , nima ’
h-k_hwii .channel, 11. li r, lashtaey, k_hwar, radcha ra cter, n. ba shanj, namus,m
'
1m, (lit. disposition) k_ho-e.
cha rcoa l, n. skor (pl. form, ski rah) , (live) skarwata’
h.
cha rm,v.t. damka . , huda
’
h ka .
cha se, n. sh’kar ; to f ollow the chase, v.t. sh
’ki r ka .
chasm, n. doghal dar-ghol, gor-handa’h, jzawara
’
h , chiwd.
cheap ,a . arzan.
chea t, n. cha l-biiz , darghal,maki r ; v.t. chal-biizi ka ., dar
ghali ka . ,f areb ka . , drohawul.
check, 11. anangaey, barkho, ruk_hsar.
chest, 11 tatar, (cavity) gargas, gogal.chew,
v.t. jzo-yal, jzowul, che-chal, krapawu l, (the cud)shk_l_1wand wahal.
chicken, 11. chirgiiraey .
chief , a . ma shar, w ’
runbaey , awwal ; n. k_han, sardar,
malik, ra ’
is, hi kim, arbiib .
c or chief ta inship , nn. kh
child, 11. wor-kaey , w’
rukaey , farzand, tankaey , halak(females take fem. form) . See Grammar, page 77.
childbirth, n. langa’h lang
-walaey .
childhood, n. halak-walaey, w’
ruk-wiilaey .
chin,n. zana
’
h, z anakh .
choice, 11. (power to choose) wi k, ik_htiyiir, k_hwashi , razaa . ghwarah, sha h, k_hfiss.
choke, v.i. k_hapa’
h kez ; v.t. k_hapa’
h ka . ,mara ’i k_hapa
’
h ka .
choose, v.t. k_hwashawul, ar_1_1awul, shaghal, ghwarah ka .
cinder, n. skor, (live) skarwata’
h, k_hug-lan.
circu it, 11 . daur, dauran, gasht,’
arsa’
h .
circu la r, a . gl_n°
1nd.
cistern, n. hawg, gland, nawar.
192 citadel—conf ess.
citadel, n. arg, kala’
, balii-hisi r.
city , 11. shahr,misr.
cla im,11. da
’
wa’
h v.t. da’
wa’h ka .
clan, n. khel, sham, uh’
i s.
claw ,n. nfik,mangul, panja ’
h .
clean, a . pi k, spin, si f , pi kizah ; v.t. pi k ka . , &c.
clear, a . pi k , saf , rfir_r_1, (apparent) t_sargand, autsar, (free)k_halils, yalah ; v.t. spet_.sal, pi k or saf ka .
, spinawul ;yalah or k_hali s ka .
clea rness, n. pi k-wi laey , &c. t_sargand-wiilaey.
clif ,n. kamar, t_saka ’
h,lash .
clima te, n. ab-o-hawi , hiwiid.
climb, v.i. k_hatal.cloak, n. chogha
’
h baraka ’h, barana
’
i, (blanket) sha ra ’
i,
(felt) kossey, (fur or wool) postin.
close, v.t. bandawul, jorawul, (as a door) pori ka .
cloth, n. (linen) k_hiimta ’
h, sho-e, karbas, (woollen) bani t.
clothes, or clothing, 11. u’mari
,zari
'
iki, i ghostan.
cloud, n. war
clouds, war-yadgi .coarse, a . ghat, l
’
wi r, per.coa t, n. andraka
’
h ,lcadii
’
i, kabii .
cock, n. chirg, (crow) chirg-bang, (of a gun) pi -e, ka jak .
cold, a . sor, yak_l_1 ; n. sarah, yam, (a cold) zukam, dumae
collegt, v.t. tolawul, jama h ka .
colour, n. rang, laun; v.t. rangawul.
colours, n. togl_i , janda’h, bairak.
come, v.i. ri -t’
lal, ri
command, n. hukm, farman ; v.t. hukmwar-ka . , farmi yil.comp anion, or comrade, n.mal-garaey ,mal.comp any, 11. tolaey , park, ghol.comp la int, n. gila, faryi d.
comp la in, v.t. f aryi d ka .
comp lete, or conclude, v.t. tamamawul, pi'1ra ’h ka .
concea l, v.t. putawul, poshal.concea lment, n. put-wi laey .
conf ess, v.t. kablawul, or kabulawul, khwi la’hwa -
yal,manal.
194 crooked—dea dly.
crooked, a . kojg , tit, ln-ing.
crop ,n. fasl.
cross, v.i. pori watal, pori t’
lal; v.t. terawul.
cross, a . sli t-but,marawar, fl apah .
crowd, n. dala’
h, to], tolsey .
cry , n. jgarti , ni rah , (weep) v.i. jgaral, (out) na ral, nareywahal or ka .
cultiva te, v.t. yow-
ya’h or yawey ka ., abadawul, wadin
cunning, a . chal-biiz , fareb-jan.
cup ,11 . kandol, kandolaey, (china) kasa
’
h, pii la’
h, (metal)jam.
cure, n. raghawuna’h, jor-wiilaey ,
’iliij v.t. raghawul,
jorawul.curta in, n. parda
’
h , hijjab.
cur
iae, n. la
’
nat, shera’
h v.t. la’
nat wa-yal or ka . ,shera ’
h
a .
custom, n. dastur, ra sm, dod, lar, (tax)maliya, bi j.custody, n. jzghcrana
’h, satana
’
h , hawala’h, khimdi -walaey .
cu t, 11. teira’
b, (of a sword) guz i r, (water, canal) wala
’
h,
(small) la éhtaey a . t_siralaey, jgobal, ghwuts ; v.t. t_sital,
pre kawul, pre-k’ ral, (wound) jgoblawul, ghwatsawul,
(with a sword) guzi r ka . See wound.
dama ge, n. trot, tawan, nukstin.
damp , a . hi nd, nam-u tik, z’
yam-nak.
danger , n. wera’
h, k_hatra
’h.
da rk, a . tor.
da rkness, n. t’
ytira’h, tor-tam, tor-gamaey .
da te, 11 . tarik_h, (tree) k_hurmti , khajiir.
da ughter, 11 . lur, (in-law) n’
jgor.
da y, 11 . wradz or rwadg, (light) rar_n_ii wrad_z , (dawn)bang, sapedey or sapedey dzi gb.
dead, a . mar, (as a tree)m’
rtim.
dea dly, a . katil.
deaf— desert. 195
deafness, n. ki ln-wi laey.
dea r, a . grin,’
a ziz .
‘dea rth, n. kiQti, tangsa
’
h, tangsi’
i , grini.
dea th, 11.marg, ajal.debt, 11. por, karg.
debtor, n. porawuraey, karg-di r.
deceit, n. droh, chal, fareh.
deceitf ul (person) , a . drohiinkaey, chal-bi z , fareb-jan.
deceive, v.t. ghulawul.
decrea se, n. lajg -wi laey ; v.i. lajgedal, kamedal ; v.t.
awul, kamawul.
deep , a . jgawar, star, (acute) hoéhyi r.
def ea t, a .mi t,mi t-ya ’
h, pa r v.t. mi tawul, mi t ka . , pa r
ka .
def ect, u .
‘
trot, wata’
h, (deformity) ’aib.
def ection, n. ji rwi tah , (sedition) yi ghi~gari .def end, v.t. si tal, jzghoral, gi l-al.defile, n. tangaey , kii éht, dara
’
h .
dela y, n. dirang, d_zand, li rghah ; v.t. dirang or d_zand ka .
delicate, a . naraey, bi rik, ni z uk, s’
h’
kulaey .
delight, n. k_hwashi , sak_ha’h, k_hu sh-hi li .
deliver, v.t. i z i dawul, yalah ka ., (ma ke over to) spi ral,
hawi la’
h ka .
deliverance, n. k_hali si , i z i dagi , i gi di , yalah-wilaey .
deny, v.i.munkiredal, v.t. inki r ka .
dep a rt, v.i. t’
lal, li ral, driimal, lejgdal.dep a rture, 11. tab, t
’
lah, t’
lana’
h,lejgdana
’
h , wartag .
dep end, v.i. maukfif ka. , d_gawrandedal, v.t. ta’
luk laral,i’
tibi r ka .
dep endence, n. biwar, umid, i’tibi r, takia ’h.
dep lore, v.a . arminka . , af sos ka . , tarti b ka ., toba’
h éh’
kal.dep th, 11 . jzawar-wi laey or jzawar-tob.
descend, v.i . prewatal, kii zedal, ni z iledal.
descent, n. jgawaredana’
h, jz awar-wi laey, kiizedana’
h , pre
wi tah ; pera’
i, as].
desert, n. ma ira ’
b , dasht, sahri , chi l ; a . wiji r, wairin;v.t. (see abandon) tank ka. , (run away) taéhtedal.
13 "
196 deserter—discover.
deserter, a , n. taéhtedunkaey.
desire, n. ghoéht, handa’h ,
yhatsa ’
h ; hawi v.t. ghoéhtal,
Whanda
’h
.
l‘
kl
aal
al, 111: garnal, ghandal.e, v t z
destroy, v.t. walt
-
inhzrul, rangawul, khari bawu l, wijirawul.deta in, v.t. pi tawul,man’
a’
h ka . , hiti lawul.devasta te, v.t. natal, wiji rawu l, pi
’e-mi l ka . , tari j ka . ,
devotee, n. z ihid, darwesh .
devotion, n.
’
ibidat, n’mund_z .
dew, n. parQa’h .
die, v.i.m’
ral,marke.
dif erent, a . ba l, beyal, judi , nur.
dificult, a . grin, sak_ht,mu shkil.dig, v.t. kandal, kanodal.
digestion, n. hazm; to digest, v.t. ha zmawul.diminish, v.i. kamedal, landedal; v.t. kamawul,dinner, 11. k_hwari k .
dip , n. ghiipa’h , ghota
’
h ; v.t. dubawul, ghota’h war-kawu l,
ghiipa’
h khwaral, or wahal.
direction, 11. lor, loraey,makh, khwi , pala ’h, (order) hukm,
f armin, (of a letter) sar-nima ’
h .
dirt, n. k_hira’h, khiraey , rash , u i -pi ki .
dirty, a . k_hiran, fl achan, palid, ni -pi k.
disaf ected, a . yi ghi, sar-kaéh ,fasi di .
discharge, n. tik, trak, tak, daz , shilak, pre-yastana’h,
rukhsat, bar-taraf 1.
discha rge, pre-bi sa1, pre
wishtal, tik ka ., khali sawul, tashawul, (dismiss) d_zawi bwar-kawul, bar-taraf ka . , rukhsat ka . , liri ka .
discip line, n. i’
in, ki’
,ida’h ti dib ; v. .t ti dib ka .
discip lined, a . ti dib kawulaey, imokhtah.
disclose, v.t. tsargandawul, bart_ser ka .
discontented, a . ni -ri z , khapab, nidinp tmue, v.t. pre-khodal
p
pre-éh’wal, tark ka . ; v.i. prejg
discord, n. fasid or f asi t, fitna’h.
discover, v.t.ma ’lumawul, pej zandal;mimdal, bi-i -mundal.
198 dress—early.
dress, 11 . i ghostana’h, z arii kaey , n
’ma ii , ki lsey ; v.t.
i ghostal, i ghostawul, poshal, (cook) paQawul.
drink, 11. t_s’
éhi k ; v.t. t_s’
kal, ts’
éhal.
drip , or dri bble, or drop ,v.i. tsi tsedal.
drizzle, n. pima ’
h, rangaey bi rin.
drive, v.t. (away) sharal, ratal, liri ka . , taéhtiwul, (cattle)bi-wal, botlal, ramawul, (horse) zoral, (nailor peg) , takawul,mandal, wahal.
drop , v.i. (leak) t_si t_sedal, (descend) , kbzedal, (slip) thwa
yedal, (fall) pre-watal, (leave off) prejgdal, pre-shodal.
drove, n. (sheep or goats) rama ’
h , ghela’
h , kandak, (oxen)gobi r, goram.
drover, n. gorwin, ghobah , giharaey, (of sheep) shpim, (ofbu ffaloes) gi
'
ijar.
drown, v.t. diibawul, gharkawul, (lay underwater) li hii ka .
drunk, a .ma st, nasha ’h-waraey .
dry, a . wuch , (as land) tajgaey, tosand v.i. wuchedal ;v.t. wu chawul.
dryness, n. wuch-wi laey .
dung, 11. (horse)Qarshinah orQarshirnah, (camel, sheepor goat) pachey , (of cows or bufialoes) ghu shi yah,(human) ghul ; v.t. gl_1ul ka ., Qaral, bi jat ka . , (heapof ) derin,Qad_z ala
’h .
dusk, n.mi -éhim,lara ’
h .
dust, n. dfirey , i rey ; v.t. tsanqlal, (to dredge or
sprinkle) di'
irawul.
dusty, a . daredalaey, i rin.
du ty , 11. (military) pahra ’
h , t_soha’i , pi swini , (tax) hi j,
chungaey , hakk, (bu siness) ki r, (obligation) f arg.
dwarf , n. chi naey ,mandaraey, l’weshtinak.
dwell, v.i. aosedal, i stedal, pi tedal,m’ledal ; v.t. astogna
’
h
ka . , astoga’
h ka . ,mishta ’
h ka .
car, 11. ghwajg , (of corn) wajgaey .
early, a . pah lo-e sahr or sahi r, pah sahi r, waQti, (crop)mahina ’h .
earn— enemy . 199
ea rn, v.t. gatal, bi sil ka .
earth, n. i ra’h , (land) z
’maka ’h , zamin,mulk, (the earth)
na ra ’i,dunyi , jabin.
ea rthen, a . i rin.
ca se, n. astogna’
h , dama ’h, i rim, i sfida
’
h-
gi .
ea sy, a . i sin, spuk, sam, (circumstances)mor.
ea t, v.t . Qwaral.ea table, a . Qwari ki .edge, 11. (of a sword, &c.) maQ, dam, (brink) ghira
’h,
tselma ’h , tsarma ’
h, (rim) ja ’
i,lor ; to set on edge (the
teeth) , gh i éh taghawul, (sharpen) tera’h ka .
educa te, v.t. pi lal, (cause to read) l’
walawul.
ej ect, n. pi zah , ki r, asar ; v.t. jorawul, kawul, k’ ral.
ej ects, 11.mi l, simin, asbi b, ki li .egg, n. haga
’i, hi .
elbow,n. t_sangal, t_sangala
’
h .
elder, a .mashar ; n.mashar, spin-jg iraey .
elep hant, n. hi ti, pil.
elevation, 11. Qi ta ’
h , l’
war-tob, l’
war-ti ’ i , fi chat-wi laey,hask-wilaey .
elop e, v.i. (run away) taéhtedal v.t. (with a woman)matiz ka . , (as a woman)matiza h ke.
emba rk, v.i. pah jahi z or pah bera’
iQatal or swaredal or
sparedal.
embra ce, n. ghejg , ghfizaey ; v.t. pah ghejg or pah ghuzik
’
éhey h iwal, bargarandi ka ., bara
’
h-
gara’
h ka . , rogh-barka .
emp loyment, n. ki r, roz -gi r,Qidmat,mashghfili .
erupty, a . tash , dad,Qi li v.t. tashawul, to-yawul.encourage, v.t. tasalli or dam-dili si war-kawul, Qi tirdi ri ka .
, takia’
h ka .
end, n. pit_ska’
h, pit_skaey , sar, t_siika’
h iQir, Qatm,hadd, Lselma ’
h ; v.t. iQir ka .,Qatamka ., tamimawul,etc.
endure, v.i. sahal, sahedal ; v.t. z’
ghamal, pet_§al ; (to last)v.i. pi
’
edal.
endurance, n. petsana’h, z
’
gham, sabr, tikat, zor.
enemy, n. duéhman,mirtsaman, harif.
200 engage—execu te.
engage, v.t. mashghfilawul, lagawul, pah ki r n’éhalawul,
(fight, set. to) jang n’
éhatal, jang n’
éhalawul ; v.i . jangedal.
enjoyment, n.ma za ’
h,Qwand,Qwaéhi, éhi di .enlarge, v.t. planawul, fijgdawul, lo-e-awul.enmity, n. du s
’
hmani,mit -t_si , badi , taka ’h .
enquiry, n. puéhtana’
h, shanana’
h, taf ahhfis.
entangle, v.t. n’
éhalawul, t_sapolaey ka . ; to become entangled,v.i. n
’
éhatal, t_ssapolaey ke.
enter, v.i. nanawatal, k’
éhe-watal, diQiledal.entire, a . dra st, tol-ti l, tamim.
entra ils, n. larminah , kul-mey .
entrance, n. nanawi tah, war, Qula’
h.
entrea t, v.t.minnat ka . ,
’arg ka . , ghoéhtal.
entrenchment, n. bi ra’h, sangar.
equa l, a . bari bar, sam, yo-shin, maQaey.
erect, a . w’
li r, 31g, lak, ting ; v.t. w’li rawul,Qe-jgdal, wud
escape, n. Qali si, niji t, teéhta’
h ; v.t. teéhtedal, niji tmundal, ter-watal,Qali sidal, wur-hedal.escort,n. badraka
’
h, badraglga’
h, (cavalry) swar-lani, swarli ;v.t. rasawul.
estima te, v.t. shmeral, gag al.
evacua te, v.i. ji rwatal ; v.t. tashawul, Qi li ka ., (stool)gl_1ul ka .
even, a . sam,hawi r, bari bar, (alike) gund, yow shin, twaL
evenness, n. sam-wi laey, hawi r-ti
’
i , gundi .
evening, n.mi -shim, begi b, shima ’h.
evil, n. badi, bali , wabi l,Qari bi, i fat.
ewer, n. kii za’
h, kfiza’
h-ra’i .
examine, v.t. goral, d_zir katal ; shanal, latawul ; a zmiyil,i zmi ’ iéht ka .
excellent, a . éhseh , der iha b.
exchange, v.t. badalawu l.
cuence, n. bina’h (lit. bahina
’h) , hira
’i ,
’ugr, hila
’
h ; v.t.
bina’
h ka . , hira’i ka .
ececu te (perform) , v.t. kawul, k’ ral, jorawul, pah dz i -e ka . ,
(kill) wajgl, wajlal, katlawul,marka.
202 fall—f elt.
f a ll, 11. pre-wi tah , pre-watana’h, drabawuna
’h .
f a llow, a . liyah, wa z -gi r, shi r, tash, wad.
f a lse, a . darogl_1 , darogl_1-jz an, bi til.
f a lsehood, n. palma ’
h, darogl_1, fareb.
f amily, 11 . kor, korma ’h, ki da ’
h ; tabi r, nasl, auli d.
f amine, n. grini , kiQti , diiki l.f amous, a .mashur, nimer.
f ar, a . liri , bi-yartah.
f a rmer, n. zamin-di r, iji ra’h-di r.
f ast, a . grandaey, talwi ri , zssr, halwi k ; ting, klak,magbu t.f a st, 11 . rojza
’
h ; v.t. rojza’
h laralor niwal.
f asten, v.t. taral ; klakawul, tingawul.
f a t, a . tsorb, ghat, per, perar, tand, pund, Qarat n.
(grease)wi zda’h, wa zga
’
h , spma ’h, (melted) ghwari ,mi
'
1 .
f a te, n. lgismat, kagi , na sib, takdir.
f a ther, n. pli r, (grand) nikah .
f a therless, a . pli r-maraey .
f a tigued, a . staraey , stomin, bankah ; to become a tigu ed,v.i. staraey ke. , bankah ke. ; v.t. staraey or ha ah ka .
f au lt, n. wabi l, guni b , lgusfir, taksir.
f a u ltless, a . bey-guni b, bey-taksir.
f avour, n. maQ, maQ-muli higa ’h, sat, sela ’
h, sel
wa’
h,mihrbingi ; v.t. sela’
h or selwa’
h ka . ,maQkawul,mihrbingi ka .
f ea r, n. wera’
h or yera’h, sahm,
tara’
h, tarhara’h , andeéh
na’
h,Qof ; v.i. weredal, yeredal, tarhedal, andeéhna’
h
ka .
f ea rf ul, a . weredfinkaey, (inspiring fear) werawimkaey, tarhi1r,Qoi—ni k.
f eeble, a . z i -if , kam-zor, su st,
f eed, v.i. t_saredal, g aral v.t. Qwaral, (nourish) pi lal,si tal ; v.t. tsarawul,Qilrawul, wi shah i chawul.
f eel, v.i. sahedal, k’éhal
, Qwaral, ki jgal ; v.t. z’
ghamal ;shanal, latawul, lamsawul, (feel f or) gham-Qori ka . ,
z’
rah-s’waey ka .
f eeling, n. g ’ rab-éwaey, poh, rahm, tars.
f ellowship , n. t ogha’
h, joriéht,ma l-gar-ti ’ i .
f elt (materialmade fromwool) , 11 . lamt_sa ’i, kri sta
’h.
f emale—fia t. 203
f ema le, is. Qad_ga’h, artina
’
h ; a .Qad_za’h.
f erry , n. gugar, gudar, patarg .
f ertile, n. lap-t_sat, ghala
’h-Qez .
f etch, see bring.
f eud, n. badi ,mirtsi .f ever, n. taba
’h .
f ew, a . lajg , Leo, pat_si rney , potu skaey, pi taey.
fidelity, n. wafi -di ri , imin-di ri , namak-halfili .
field, 11 . (allotment) wand, pataey , kisht .
fiery , see hot.
fight, 11 . jang,mukaddama ’h ; v.t. jang n’
éhalawul, jangedal, (a skirmi sh) jangiiraey.
fill, v.t. dakawul.
find, v.t.mi ndal ormundal, bi-i -mfindal, paidi ka .
fine (a ), n. ti win, ni gha’h ; a . naraey, mahin, bi rik ; v.t.
ti win iQistal.finger, n. gi1ta
’
h (a lso a toe) , (thumb and great toe) bata’
h
or kata’h giita
’
h.
fir, n. naéhtar.
fire, 11 . aor, (wood) hi lall l, (place) n’
gharaey, aor-ghi laey
v.t. (set on) sed_zal, balawa l, aor pori ka . , (discharge)Qali sawul, wishtal, wahal, i chawul.
firm, a . klak, ting, pi’
e-di r,magbii t.
first, a . awwal, awwulnaey , umraey, w ’
runbaey, w’
rumbalae
fish, ii .mihaey .
fist, n. siik ,mi t,mi taey .
fit, a . jor, bari bar, pirzo , yarzan, bi edah, dzi -e lari ,munisib , wi jib, li z im; v.t. bari barawul, palah-
pori ka . , jorawul, (as a dress) v.i. barabaredal.
fitness, 11 . jor-ti-i , pirzo-wi laey , li-ikat.
fix, v .t. taral, lagawul, pori ka . , w’
li rawul, wudrawul, 11 p t
al,Qaéhawul.
flamealn. lanba
’h, shughla
’h, barinda
’h, lfiQara
’h ; v.i.
sw
fla sk (for powder) , 11 . kisbat.
fia t, a . sam, sat, hawi r, (flat, table-land) steza’h , biira
’h,
(stale) bey-Qwand, (pressed) t_sap-li k, chit, chit-pit.
204 fla tten—f raud.
fla tten, v.t. samawul, hawi r ka ., tsap-lik ka ., chit-pit
fla ttery, n. chi plu si , dirpali .fleece, n. warg.
flesh, n. ghwaéha’h.
flight, 11 . taéhtedana’
h, teéhta’h.
fling, v.t. i chawul, wishtal.
floa t, v.i. bahedal, li hii or lanbah ke.
flock, n. rama ’
h , kandak.
flog, v.t. wahal, karorey wahal.
flood, 11 . ni-u z , niz , sail-i h, (of tears) rat.flour, n. aora
’
h .
flow , v.i. bahedal, rawinedal.
fly, v.i. i lwatal, wur-gedal.
f odder, n. t_sar wi shah , alaf,Qwid, shna ’h.
f oe, see enemy.
f og, n. larah, dand.
f old (sheep) , n. shpol, (layer) bragh.
f old (up) , v.t. n’
.gl_1aéhtal
f oll
l
z
ow, v.i. palah-pasey ka . ; manal, laman niwal,a
f ood, 11 .Qwi ra ’
h, shuma ’
h , (lit. bread) n’mara ’
i .
f ool, n. palwand, pahar, poharaey , u i -din.
f oot, n. psha’h, (on foot) palaey, pah iha
’b.
f oray, n. tsot, botah z’
hi st, ha h, i
f orbid, v.t. man’
a’
h,
.
g_ka
f orce, 11 . was, bram, zor, tawin, kuwat ; jabr, “zulm.
f ord, v.t. ponri t’lal or watal.
f orenoon, nn. peéhin, tsi éht.
f orest, n. barn, d_gangal, beéha’h.
f orget, v.t. herawul.
f orgive, v.t. baQéhal, psslawul, pulawul.f orgiveness, n. baQsh , baQéhana ’
h.
f orm, v.t. jorawul, si zawul, tandal.f orsake, see abandon.
f ounda tion, n. weQ, bonsat, bunyi d, as].
f ounta in, n. china’
h.
f owl, n. chirg, (hen) chirga’h.
f raud, n. chal, droh , gbli , f areb .
206 give—graze.
give, v.t. ri -kawu1, dar-kawu1, war-kawu1 (see Grammar,p . baQéhal, éhanda l, (evidence or pay respects)lal, lawdal.
giver, u . war-kawi1nkaey .
glad, a .Qwaéh, ibi d,Qiish-hi l.
gla d-tidings, n. zeraey, (a bringer of ) zemh-garaey.
gladness, n. Qwashi, ibi di ,Qush-hi li.
gla re, n. dgala’h, rar_1_1i , (glow) breéhni , wajgm.
glase, nn. éhisha’h, (mirror) i -ina ’
h.
glow, n. toduQa’h, ted-wi laey, yswae v.i. todedal, swnl.
go, v.i. t’
lal, dm'1ma-l, drumgdal, li ra], rawaneda-l ; v. .t
kuch ka .
goa t, n. wu z , psah, (she) b’
za’
h, wuga’
h, (wild)mi r-Qilr,(hair) aojz -ghuney.
God,,ah
. Allah , Khudi -e, Rabb ; God knows, Qudi -e
z’
d
gold, 11 . sarah zar, zar, tili .
good, a . 6hssh , éhi ghalaey, ghwarah , nek ; n. the-ga ra’h,
she-garey , neki, std, f i’
ida’
h .
goodness, see preceding.
goods, 11. asbi b,mi l, raQt, ki li (plural of ki laey) .gorge, n. dara
’
h, tangaey,mara ’
i, ku éht.
govern, v.t. hukiimat ka . , hukmka . ,
’
aml ka .
government, 11. hukiimat, ’am1 di ri, sardi ri , Qini, (state)
governor, n. bi kim, sardi r,’amr di r.
gra in, n. dina’
h, ghala’h
ilgrana ry, n. anbi rQinagrant, v.t. baQéhal,manal, kabiilawul.grasp ,
v. .t pahmi t or pahhianguley nival.grass , 11 . wi éhah,
’.alaf
grave, n. gor, kabr, (clothes) kafan.
gravel, n. jgaghal, shiga’h , gitaey, (small) gita ’
i.
gravelly, a . shiglinah , gitin.
gray, a . sperseh, Qasr (lit. mud-coloured) , (hair) brag, (ahorse) shin.
graze, v.i. tsaredal, tsaral, (abrade) blosedal, b’lodal, sul
edal ; v.t. powul, pii -yil, t_sarawul.
grazier—gush. 207
graz ier, 11. (a lso a nomad) powandah ,
‘powimkaey .
grease, n. ghwaraey, spina’
h, mu, wi zda ’h, wi gga
’h v.t.
ghwarawul.
grea sy, a . ghwar.
grea t, a . star, ghat, lo-e, z’
barg.
grea tness, n. star-wi laey , girat-wi laey , lo-e-wi laey .
green, a . shin, zarghim, (unripe) fun, tinda’
h.
grief , see sorrow.
grievous , a . saQt, randg-ni k, gham-ni k.
grind, v.t. ao-tawul, ao-ra’
h ka . , arnal.
grindstone, n. tsarQ, Psin, (for corn)mechan.
groan, n. zgerwaey , heng (plural, henga-hi r) ; v.t. zger
wasy ka . , henga-hi r laral, henga.-hi r ka .
ground, n. z’maka ’
h , zamin.
grow , v.i. (as vegetation) tfikedal, zarghimedal, (increase)zi-
ii
l
tedal, ghatedal, lo-e-edal, (become) kedal, (old) zarcd
growl, v.i . ghrunbedal.
gua rd, 11 . pi swin, t_soki-di r, pahra
’h-di r, (a protector)
si tandoaey , si tfinkaey, jz’
ghoraey ; v.t. pi swini ka .,
tsoka’
i ka . , jz’
ghoral, si tal.
guest, n.melmah.
gu ide, 11 . li r-sho-wfinka ey , balad, (spiri tual) pir, peshwi ,murshid.
gu ilty, a . gram, guni h-gi r, taksiri, taksir-wi r.
gun, n. topak or topak, (powder) di ri , (ball)mardaka ’
h,mardakaey , gola ’
i .
g'
unner, n. topak-chi , top-chi .
gush, n. di ra’
h, shuturaka
’
h, tsarika’h ; v.i. di ra
’
h wahal,shuturaka
’h wahal.
Fromthe verb powul. T he nomad Afghins are
knownasPowandahs andKochis, but some of the mastersof the subjee style them Provindahs and Provin
diaba,”and erroneously imagine thename to refer to tribes
°of Afghins so-called.
208 habita tion—hea r.
habita tion, n. astoga’h , astogna
’h, borjal, kor,mishta
’h .
ha il, n. jz i la’
h , jzala’i ; v.t. jz i ley or jzala
’i aoredal.
ha ir, 11 . weshtah , (goats’
) aojg -ghuney.
ha lf , 11. nim, nimi yah ; v.t. nimawul, dwah nimah ka .
ha lt, v.i. i stedal, daredal, wudredal; v.t. dera ’h ka . ,mulgim
ka .
hamlet, n. binda’h, kalaey.
hammer , n. psslk, Lsatak, (wooden, a mallet) dabalaey,dabla
’
i , baghar ; v.t. takawul, tak wahal, trakawul, wahal.
hand, 11 . li s, chaka’h, mangi l, panja ’
h, (handful) lapa’
h,
(double handful) lapakaey .
handle, v.t. li s lagawul, li s war-w’
ral, li s wahal.
ha ndsome, a . shi -istah, k’éhulaey , pa
’i-maQaey.
happen, v.i. peshedal, pre-watal, teredal, sh’
wal, kedal,ni z iledal.
happ y , a .Qwaéh ,Qu sh-hi l.ha ra ss, v.t. i z i rawul, rabrawul.
ha rd (rigid), a . klak, ting, saQt, (difficult) grin, (ripe ,hard, etc .) poQ.
ha rvest, n. fasl, (spring) aoraey, (autumn) manaey ,(gathered in) lau .
ha ste, n. talw i r, garandaey-tob (to make) v.t. garandaeyka . ,
talwi r ka .
ha te or ha tred, n. duéhmani , duéhni , badi , Qwi -badi , taka’h , gl_1ach, kraka
’
h ; to ha te, v.t. kajgal, ghandal, kraka’
h
iQistal.ha ve, v.t . darlal, latal.
hay, n. wuch wi sha’
h , pash-kilaey.
hea d, 11 . sar, kotaey .
hea l, v.i. raghedal, joredal ; v.t. raghawul, jorawul.hea lth, rogh-ti
’
i or wi laey , jor-ti’
i or wi laey.
M 1313
. dera’
i, top , (dung) derin, rash ; v.t. tapal, ghimd
a
hea r, v.t. i rwedal, ghwajg bi sal.
210 hmnid -inf aaitry.
humility, n. u i -t_sigi , gharibi ,’i jizi.
hunger , n. lwajga’h , lewi l-tob.
hungry, a . wajg aey , nagh-lind, lewi l.
husband, n.merah , t_saéhtan.
husbandman, n. zamin-di r, ba z gar, kiéht-ki r, (hired)charey-ki r, dih-kin, or dih-gin.
husbandry, n. kar, kisht-ki ri , zamin-di ri.
ice, n. kangal, yaQ.
idle, a . ati l, lat, su st, gharand, (unemployed)(trifling, as talk) pii ch , pi ch-pfich, prat, prata
’h.
idleness, n. lat-wi laey, wa zgi r-tob.
ignorance, n. nah-
pohi , bey-Qabari .
ill (sick) , a . ni -jor, ni -rogh ,rand_zur, bimi r.
illness, 11 . u i -jor-ti’
i , etc. , rand_ziiri , rand_z , himi ri .illegal, a . harim, u i -hakk, u i -rawi .
imp assable, a . bey-
gudar or guzar, bey-li t .
imp ede, see hinder.
imp lements, n. loéhi .
imp ortant, a . grin, lo-e, bada’i, (weighty) drimd.
imprison, v.t. kaid ka . , band ka .
imp rop er, a . ni -ki r, ui -muni sib, ni -éhanaey, u i -li -ih, u ikardaey .
inclina tion, n.Qwi , ghoéht,mina ’h, g
’ rab.
increa se, 11 . zi’
i t-wi laey, der-wi laey , wadini ; v.i. zi’i tedal,
deredal, (expand) parsedal,Qwaredal, wadinedal ; v.t.
z i’
i tawul, derawul, wadinawul, parsawul,Qwarawul.indolence, n. shatal-wi laey , shadal-wi laey, lat-wi laey.
industry, 11 . koshis'
h,mihnat, jahd.
inf ancy, n. kachfit-wi laey , tufiiliyat.
inf ant, n. tandaey, tankaey , wor-kaey, kachiitaey, (sucking) pa
’
i-rawaey.
inf antry, n. pi-i dah gin, (battalion) paltan.
inf erior—intrust. 211
inf erior , a . (inage, rank, etc.) ka shar, lar, éh’keah, k
’éhat
a ,
’h (mean, unimportant) spuk, adh i , dun.
kifir (lit. unbelieving) , bey-din, bey-imin; n.
ki firaey.
infirm, see wea k.
inflict, v.t. war-kawul, rasawul, k’ral, kawul, i chawul.
inf orm, v.t. Qabarawul,Qabar ka . , pohawul, tho-wul.
inf orma tion, 11 .Qabar.
ingress, n. nanawi tah .
inhabit, v .i . i stedal, aosedal ; v.t. astoga’h or astogna
’h ka. ,
pre-rhi shtal,mishta ’
h ka . , wadinawul.
inhabitant, n. aosedunkaey , astedimkaey , i stogyaey.
inheritance, n.miri s.
injure, v .t. i z i rawul, ziyin or tiwin rasawul ; wrinawul,
(pa in) tapi ka . , jgobalawul,Qujgawul, rand_zfirawul.inju ry, 11 . tap ,Qujg , ziyin, i z i r, rand_z , nuksin.
injustice, n. g ulm, bey-di di , bey-insi fi , ni -hakki .
innocent, a . bey-guni h, bey
-taksir, pi k, si f , spin.
inqu ire, v.t. pus’
htedal, puéhtana’h ka ., sawi l ka . , (seek,
examine into) latawul, shanal.insensible, a . bey
-hosh, bey-Qi d ; bey-parwi , bey-Qabar.
insolent, a . sar-kash, bey-adab, gustiQ, diler.
insp ect, see see.
insp ection, n. katana’h , ki tab ,
lidah , lidana’h .
insp ector, n. katunkaey , lidunkaey , ni gir, di roghah .
insta lment, n. u gra
instru ct, see tea ch.
instrument, n. loshaey, ki laey, i lat, hatiyi r.
insu rgent, n. yi ghi-gar, f a si di , pa si ti .
intellect, n. poha’
h, hos’
h , fahm, ’
akl.intelligence, 11 . poha
’
h , fahm,
’
akl, hoéh-yiri .intention, n. kasd, niyat.
interroga te, see question.
interva l, n. (of time)muda ’h, wi r, (space) d_z i -e.
interview , n. ki tab, lidah, lidana’h, didan,muliki t.
intimida te, v.t. werawul, di rawul.
intrust, v.t. spi ral, pi slawul, hawi la’h ka . , aminat yeéh
212 invade—kick.
invade, v.t. di ra ’h ka . or pre-watal, tiQt ka .
invent, v.t. jorawul, hikmat rawinawul, paidi ka .
invention, n. hikmat.
invert, v.t. arawul, naskorawul, badalawul.
invest, v.t. hisi rawul,mahi sara ’h ka .
investiga te, v.t. puéhtedal, latawul, shanal, tahkik ka .
invite, v.t. sat ka . , balal, da’
wat ka .
iron, n. aospana’h, aospina
’h.
irriga te, v.t. hi ndawul, k_harob ka .
irrita te, see vex.
island, 11 . ja zira’
h .
issue, v.i. watal, bahedal, pre-watal ; v.t. ji ri ka .
jaw,11 . jz ima ’h , (upper) pottana ’ i jz ima ’
h, (lower) k’éhat
ana’
i jz ima ’
h.
join, v.t. jorawul, gadawul, paiwand ka .
joint, n. jor; ghji ta’h ; pa iwand, band.
journey, n. safar, pand, (day’s)manz il.
joy, 11 . Qwaéhi ,Qu sh-hi li .
joyful, see happy .
judge, n. ki gi ,munsif (also a s, ju st, fair,judgment, n. hukm, f atwi ,munsifi , (intellect) poha
’h, sud,
tami z , ’
akl, (opinion) fikr, kiyi s, ri e.
jump , v.i. trapedal ; v.t. top wahal, traplal, ghe r wahal.
just, a .
’i dil
,munsif ; ri st, ris’htini barihar, q t, sam.
justice, 11 . insi f , di d, nyiw .
keep , v.i. (continue, etc.) pi tedal, pi -e-dal, aosedal ; v.t.
(retain, etc.) jzghoral, si tal, (nourish, etc.) pi lal, parwaral, n
’minzal, (obey)manal.
keeper, n. jzghoraey , si tandoaey , si tfinae pi li'mlraey.
kick, 11. lata’
h, lagl_1at, laghata
’h v.t. lata hwahal, laghatey
lameness—level.
lameness, n. gud-wi laey,Qu
'
jg i laey.
‘
4 lament, v. .t jzaral, wir ka . , gila’h ka ., wi -waili ka .
lamp , n. chiri gh , dewa’h.
land, 11 . z’
,maka ’
h zamin.
landholder, n. zamin-di r, daftari, ji gir-di r, braQa’h or
bakhra’hQor.
lap , v.t. tsatal.
la rge, a . lo-e, ghat, star.
la st, a . pasin, w’rustaey v.i. (continu e) pi tedal, aosedal,
pi-e-dal.
la te, a . u i -wakt, (recent) aosan, aosanaev.
laugh, v.i.Qandedal ; v.t.Qandal.
la ughter, n.Qandi .
law,11 . shara
’
, shari’at, i
’in.
lea d, v.t. biwal, botlal . ri -wu stal.
leader, n. sardi r, peshwi , sar-guroh.
leak, v.i. t_sat_sedal, taledal.
lean, a . dangar, naraey,Qwi r.
leap, seejump .
lea rn, v.t. z’
dah ka . , yi dawul.
lea rning, nn.
’ilm.
least, a . ka shrin, lah ar tar tolo nah wur or lajg .
lea ther , n. t_sarman.
leave, n. s at, iji zat, hukm, ragi ; v.t. (abandon, etc .)prejgdal, pre-s
’
hodal, pre-shwal, (take) ruQsat iQistal.ledge, 11 .morga ’
h , dada’h, kamar.
lef t, a . kir_r_1, gat__s.leg, n é. hinga
’
h, péha’h (applied to the leg a s well as to
the foot which is the literal signification) , (below theknee) parkaey , lengaey.
leisure, n. wa z gi r-tob or ti’a , fursat.
lend, v.t. por war-kawu1, karg war-kawul.
length, n. ujgd-wi laey , (of time) der-wi laey .
lengthen, v.t. ujgdawul.lessen, v.i. lajgedal ; v.t. lajgawul.let, see p ermit, (hire) pah kiri ha ’
h war-kawul.a?m
’
el, a . sam, sat, bari bar, hawi r ; v.t. samawul, hawi rawul,
liberal—lof ty. 215
libera l, a . saQi , baQshfinkaey , war-kawinkaey .
libera te, v.t. prejgdal, yalah ka . ,Qali sawu l.
liberty, n. yalah-tob , i z i dagi , Qali si , (option, etc.) wik,iQtiyi r, (permission) ruQsat, iji zat.
lick, v.t. tsi tal.lie, n. palma ’
h , darogh ; v.t. palma ’h kawul, darogh wayal.lie down, v.i.m’
li sta l, t_samli stal, (inwait) ghalaey ke.
life, 11. jzwand, jzwi k , jzwandim, hayi t, d_gin.
lifeless, a . mar, bey-d_z in.
lifetime, n. jzwandiin, hayi t,’umr.
lift, v.t. e z awul, portah ka .,riyawdal.
light, n. rar_ni , rami ’ i , roéhni ’ i ; a . rur_1_1 , r1'
1rn, roihin,roéhan, (not heavy) spuk ; v.i. rurnedal, roéhinke. , (descend) kfizedal, pre-watal, ni z iledal, (as a fire) baledalv.t. ruggawul, roéhinka .
, balawu l,
lighten, v.t. spukawul, kamawul ; v.i . rurnedal, breéhedal,dzaledal.
lightning, n. breshni , bark, balk.
like, a . tser, ghfindaey, rang, shin, dod ; v.t. Qwa éhawul,ghoshtal, pasand ka . , kabiil ka . or kabii lawul.
limit, 11 . hurid (vu l. brid) , hadd, pfila ’
h ; v.t. hadd taral.lineage, n.Qawraey, na sab ,
asl.
lion, n.m’zaraey , (furious) shinm’
z araey .
lioness,m’
zara’i .
lip ,11 . shiinda
’h, shi nd.
listen, v.t. n’
ghwatal, ghwajg niwal or bi sal, i rwedal,
(eaves-dropping) ghwajg t_si ral.little, a . lajg , spuk, Qarmandey, g ’wam,
kam, pi taey,
potu skaey , wor, workaey .
live, v.t.
’umr terawu l, rozgi r ka . , gu zrinka . See exist.
livelihood, n. rozi , rozgi r, gu zrin.
load, 11 . bi r, (one of two loads each side of a camel, etc .)andaey, waraey or wuraey , (for the head) panda
’
h,
(small) pandiikaey ; v.t. lejgdal, leéhal, bi rawul ; dak.
awul.
loan, 11. por, karg, (borrowing a thing to be returned)
lof ty, see high.
216 b ug—ma inta in.
long, a . ni jgd (also tall) , (time) der, (di stance) liri .longing, n. ghoéht, lewi l, lewi l-tob, tswab ,
mina ’h, perzo
yana’h
, perzo-wi lsey, armin v.t.mina ’h ka . , ghoéhtal.
look, n. ki tab, katana’
h,.
lidah , lidana’h, na z ar ; v.t. katal,
goral, lidal, na zar ka .
loose, a . arat, gl_1arand, sparalaey , spardalaey, prinatalaey,
prinataey , Qu shaey, (wandering) yalah ; v.t. arat ka .,
prinatal, prejgdal, yalah ka . , etc. Qali sawul.
los
lg, v.t. wuruk ka . , (at play, or a cause) bi
’
elal , v.i . pere.
loss, 11. trota’h
, ziyin, nuksin, bi’elana
’h, paara
’h.
lost, a . wuruk, put, b i’
elawaey , bi’
.elalaeylot, 11. baQt, nasib, kisma t, (portion) baQra
’h , wesh , wand,
bisk ; to cast lots, v.t. bisk ka . or i chawul, (with straws)i chawul, (with orbicular dung of sheep,
goats, etc.) pacha ’h ichawul, (to win) pacha
’
h w’ral.
love, n.mina ’h,mayan-tob,
’ishk,muhabbat.
low, a . ku z , lindaey , k’shata
’h , lar, chit, (mean) spuk, gan
dah, spajg an, (price) arz in v.i. ghurchedal, v.t. rambi ra ’
h wahal.
Iowa , a . k’éhatanaey , k
’éhenaey , ku z , lar, lindaey v. .t
k’shata
’h ka .
,ku zawul
,lindaey ka .
, (bend downwards)titawul, (debase) spukawul, kamawul, (frown) brandawnl,v.i. (as the sky) toredal.
loya lty, n. daulat-Qwi hi , namak-halli li .late/c, n. haQt, nek-baQti , nasib.
lurking-p la ce, n. p’sunaey, put
-
gana’i, tsawaey .
lustre, n. breéhni , rarni , rurni , rar_na 1 .
mad, a . (also, amadman) lewanasy,Qii shaey orQushaey.
ma dness, n. lewan-tob .
ma gnitude, n. lo-e-wi laey, gl_1at-_wi lsey, star-wi laey.
ma id, n. peghla’
h , juna ’i,jina ’
i, (servant) chura
’i, suheli,
(bond) windga’
h .
ma inta in, v.t. (support) pi lal, si tal, (defend) jzghoral,Qundi ka .
218 mason—merchandise.
ma son, n.mi ’mi r.
ma ster, n. tsaéhtan, bi d-i r, i and, merah ,mi lik,
(teacher) u sti d, iQim or iQiind (also signifies a
learnedman, theologian, preacher) .ma teria ls, 11. asbib, simin, ki li , hatiy
'
ma ttock, n. kodala’i , saéhsora
’h .
ma ttress, n. toli -i , toshak, nihi li .meadow,
n. wursho , chaman, ri gh , jal-gah , iilang.
mea l, 11 . acrab, worah , (fine)ma idah .
mean, a . spuk, dun; bak_hil, shum, ni -ki rah , (middle)aowsat,miyandgwaey.
meaning, n.matlab,muri d,ma ’ni .
means (manner) , 11. to-gaey , shin, rang, wajba’h
,taur,
(competence, resources) panga’h, saga
’
,h sar-mi ya ’h,
mi l, amadani , (a id) kabl, wa sila ’
h, wi sita’h .
measure, 11 .mech , kach, paimi esh, andi za ’
h , j ,oka’h (por
tion) wesh , (for grain, etc.) aojg aey , (fourth part of
a0j_z ae ku rhaey, kurasy ; v.t. mech ka .,mechawul,
kach , andi za’h ka ., andi za
’h niwal, jokal, (liquids)
v.t. p’
yamal, (apportion) v.t. weshal.
mea t, n.
y
gl_1washa’h, (food)Qwari k .
media te, v.t. gwi éhal, gwi s'
h-grandaey ka .
media tor, n. gwi éh-
grandaey ,mand_g-garaey.
medicine, 11. dawi , di ri1 , darmin.
meet, v.i. peshedal,maQi -maQsh’
wal; v.t. b’
lodal, b’los
edal, (with , find)mundal.meeting, 11. bara ’
h_gara
’
h, didan,mulaki t, waslat, (assem
bly) tolaey, tola’1 , jama
”h, jam’
iyat,ma jlis , (for deliberation) jlrga
’h
melt, v.i. wili ke. , aobah ke. v. .t wili ka . , aobah ka .
memory, 11. yi d.
mena ce, v.t. tratal, di rawu1, ratal, werawul.mend, v.t. jorawul, rag_awul, (darn) bezal, pegal, (improve)v.i . tandal, joredal, raghedal.
merchant, n. ti jir, saudi gar, bi zargin, (cloth, draper)parin-cha
’h.
merchandize, n. mi l, saudi , (commerce) tiji rat, saudi
mercy—moist.
mercy, n. rahm, rahmat.mercifu l, a . rahm-dil, (God) rahim, rahmin, karim.
merit, n. Qubi , saz iwi ri , kadr, li-ikat.
message, 11. paighim, (command) kar-ya ’h .
messenger, n. a sti d_z aey , a stodz ae , ki sid.
mid-da y, n. gharma ’h, takkarna
’
or takanda’h gharma ’
h,nima ’
h wradz .
middle, a .miyandzwaey, miyandgmaey, mi ’ inah, (themiddle)miyand_g,mi ’ in.
midnight, n. nima ’
h .-shpa
’h
mid-way , n. nima ’
h-li r.
might, see p ower, strength.
mighty, a . zori war, tuwini , kawi .milita ry, a . jangi , laéhkmilk, 11. pa ’
1 , shaudseh ; v.t . l’wa sha l.
mill, 11 . (hand)mechan, (water) jzaranda ’ ,h i -siyi .
miller, n. i -siyi -win, i -sewin, jzarand-garaey .
mind, 11. poha ’
h,hosh ,
’akl, d_z in, z
’
rah .
mine, n. kin, (sap) sarangaey, nakah.
minu te, 11 . dam, si’
at, lahga’h.
mire, seemud.
mischief , n. nuksin, z iyin, badi , pasi t, taai d, shari rat,wita
’
h .
miser, n. shum, baQil.
misery, n. Qwi ri , tangsi ’ i , tangsa ’h ,mufiisi , ni -ki ri .
misf ortune, n. tor-baQti , bad-baQti, i fat, bali ,musibat.
mist, n. dund, daduza’
h, lara’h.
mistake, n. Qa ti , ghala t, ghalati ; v.t.Qati jka ” ghalator ghalatl ka .
mistress, n. merman, mermana ’h, tsaéhtana
’h , bi d-i ra
’h ;
m’ashuka
’h , yi ra
’
h.
mistrust, see doubt.mix, v.t. gadawul, laral, rakawul.
moan, v.t. zgerwaey ka . ,angahi r
ka . ; v.i. bili rna’
hQatal.
modfi,n. shin,
_
rang, togaey, toga’h ; rasm, dastiir, tarik
a’
moist, a . hind, z’
yam-ni k, nawan.
220 moisture—murmur.
moisture, n. z’
yam, hind-wi laey, naw.
moment, 11. dam, si ’at.momentous, a . drfind, grin,mushkil, sari r.
money , 11. r1'
1pa’i , nakd, dunyi , daulat.
month, n.mi -i sht. For names see Grammar, pagemonthly, a .mi-i sht pahmi-i sht,mih-wi ri ,mi h pahmi h.
moon, 11. (new)mi-i sht, (full, alsomoonlight) spojgma ’
i .
morass, n. boéhtana’h, buéhtana
’h, tarama ’
h, jaba
’
h.
more, a. zi’
i t, z i’
i ti , ni'
1r.
more or less, la '
z der.
morning, 11 . sah-
r, sahi r, (to-morrow) sabi , subha .
morta l, n. saraey, jgawaey, wu garaey, insin.
mortar, n. (mud) paQsa’
h,lew, (cement) ahi k, gach,
mostly, ad. aksar, sghlab.
mother, 11. mor, (termof endearment) adey !aba ’i !(in
law)ma ira ’b, (a father
’
s other Wife) been or beenmor.
mound, n. potaey, dera’i, ghunda
’
i , ghimda ’
i, s t.
mount, v.i. Qatal, (get on) sparedal, v.t. (to raise up)e zawul.
mounta in, n. ghar, koh, (ridge) kamar, (crest of a pass)ghi éhaey ; a . gl_1art_sah , ghartsanae kohistini .
mourn, v.i. ni leda l ; v.t. ghamka ., g_amQwaral, jzaral,wir ka .
mou th, 11.Qula’h , (small) Qulga
’i orQulaga
’i .
mou thf u l, n. gola’
h, n’wara
’
i .
move, v.i.Qwad_zeda l ; v.t.Qwadgawul.mow, see reap .
much, a . der, frewin; n. der-wi laey, frewini .mud, n.Qata
’h, li -e, (mixed formortar) paQsa
’h, lew.
mule, n.Qachar, ghi tar, kachar.
murmur , n. pus-pus, gungosaey , éh’
ki lwah, zwajg , jur°
ur,
kur kur ; v.t. gila’h ka . ,mina ’
h ka ., (a s a brook) jurlis»,jurah i r wahal, zwajg ka .
, (as the intestines)'
urjurka .,
kur kur ka . , (of conversation) sh’ki lwah laralor ka .
The names of Indianmonths are peculiar to Peéhiwar and parts nearest India .
222 niece— obvious.
nis
i?1p . (brother
’s daughter) wa rera
’h, (sister
’s) Qor
a’
nigh, see near.
night, 11. shpa’
h , (to-night) nan-shpa’h .
nimble, a . garandaey , zgl_1ard, tak-li staey, chi li k.
noble, a . lo-e, ghat ; sihi1 , siwi , ashri t, asil ; n. sardi r,Qin, amir, arbi b.
noise, n. jgwajg , zwajg , ghajg , ghi o, chag_h_, bing, shor ; v.t.
(create a noise) ghajgawul, chaghawul, jgwajg ka .
nomina te, see app oint.
noon, n. gl_1arma ’h, takkag a
’h or takanda
’h gharma ’h, do
pahr.
nose, n. pa za ’h, poza
’h.
noted, a .mim-war,mash1'1r, nim-di r, t_sargand.
nothing, n. hit_s, ni -tsiz .
notice, 11. katana’
h, lidana’h, na z ar, (warning) ji r, ittil
’
i ,ighi r ; v.i. katal, lidal ; v.t. nagar ka ., ji r wahal, ittili
’
ka . , ighi r ka .
notif y , see preceding.
nourish, v.t. pi lal, n’mindgal, si tal, parwaral.
numb, a . karkechan,marghechan.
number, ’adad, bisi h, shimi r ; v.t. bisi h ka . , shmeral.
numerous, a . der, gar_n, wadin.
oa th, n. kasm, half, saugand ; v.t . kasmka . , (to administeran oath) kasmwar-kawul.
obey , v.t.manal, hukmpah d_gi ’e ri -w’
ral, n’
ghwatal.obliga tion, n. (duty) farg, (favour) minnat.obscure, a . tirah, ri
'md, put, (ignoble) kamasl.observe, v.t. katal, lidal, goral, na z ar ka . , (say) wayal.obstinacy, n. hod, hoda
’
h,
obstina te (person) , a . hodaey .
obta in, v .t. gatal,mundal, bi-i -mundal.obvious, a . t_sargand, éh
’
ki rah, barteer, z i hir.
occasion— order. 223
occasion, n. bi r, d_ml, her, hera ’h, pli , nobat, wi r,mi da ’
h,
(ca use) sabab, bi’
is , zbaras, ihtiyi j ; v.t. kawul, k’ral,
e zawul.
occupy, see emp loy.
occur, v.i. éh’
wal, kedal, teredal, éhedal, pre-watal, (to themind) yi dedal, pah yi d ri gh
occurrence, n. hi disa’h, wiki
’
a’
h.
of ence, n. gunib , taksir, wahi l, (umbrage)Qa f agi , rand_z ,marawur-tob, etc. ; v.t. guni b ka . , ti ksit ka .,marawarka . ,Qatah ka .
of ender, n. guni b-gi r, taksir-di r, taksiri .ofiice, n. ki r,mansab,Qidmat, d_gi ’s, ’
i bda’h.
oficer, n.mansab-di r,’uhda
’h-di r, sardi r.
of sp ring, n. auli d, farzand, na sl, z i -z i t, z ah-o-z i d.
old, a . zor, (man) spin-jgiraey, (woman) spin-sara’
h, (age)z ar-ti
’
i , zar-wi laey . See ancient.
of ten, ad. derd_zalah .
omit, v.t. pre-jgdal, terawul, pre-éhwal.
onset, n. t_sot, b’
rid, hamla ’
h, gugi r.
ooze, v.i. tsatsedal, watel.
op en, a . arat, prina taey, prinatalaey , wi z , (clear) spin, si f ,(apparent) éh
’
ki rah , t_sargand v.i. aratedal, ghwaredal,
Qwaredal ; v.t. prinatal,Qali sawul, aratawul, (spread)ghwarawul,Qwarawul, spardal.
op inion, 11 . poha’
h, ri e, gumin, fikr.
opp ortunity , n. Wi r, puk, di o,mi da ’h, wakt, rakhna
’h.
opp ose, v.t. muki bala ’
h ka . , i rawul, hati lawul, man’a’h
ka . v.t. (inbattle) bari bari ka ., v.i. jangedal.opp osition, n. hod, hoda
’
h , gidd, d_gel, iQtili f .oppress, v.t. gulmka . , jafi ka .
, i z i rawul, dzwarawul.
opp ression, n. gulm, jafi , d_zwar, zori wari , zabardasti .opp ressor, n. gi lim, jafi -ki r, sitam-
gar.
op tion, n. iQtiyi r, wi k ; to ha ve op tion, v.t. ik_htiyi r laral,w i k laral.
order, n. hukm, f armin, (method) yi n, intig im, tartib,
(kind) kim, jins, (custom) rasm, dasti r, tarika ’
h, ki
’id
a’h ; v.t. hukmka ., hukmwar-kawul, farmi yil ; tandal,jorawul, atsag al.
224 ordinance—pa lm.
ordinance, n. amr, hukm; i ’ in, ki ’ ida ’h, kini n, shar’a ’h,shari
’at.
origin, 11 . as], bonsat, nasl, weQ.
ou trage, n. jafi , zor, gulm.
outside, 11 . bi hir,maQ.
oven, 11 . tani r.
overcast, a . tor, gi r, gar_g , put.
ove
l
rrcon
lie, v.t. wahal, lindi ka . , pa rka ., baraey ka .,magl_i
i b a .
overlook, v.t. goral, lidal, katal, (pass over, forgive)pulawul, baQéhal.
overset, v.t. arawul, naskorawul.
overthrow,n.mi t-ya ’
h , sat, shikast ; v.t. narawul,mi tawul,na skorawul, (ru in) pi
’
e-mi l ka ., lati rawul ; sat ka . ,
sat or shika st war-kawul.
own,v.t. dar-lawul, dar-lal, laral, (assent)manal, kabi lawul.owner, 11 . tsashtan,mi lik,merah , i and.
oz , 11 . ghwi yaey , ghwayaey, ghutskaey, dangar (also a
buff alo) .
p ace, n. yi n, tag, ra fti r, kadam, pal.
p acify, v.t. paQuli ka ., sarawul, dili si or tasalli war
p a ck-saddle, n. pi lin, kata
’h,mora ’
h.
p ad, 11 . (f or a saddle) taghar, (small, for the hand) bi liéhtak, (to support a round-bottomed vessel)manjila ’
h .
p a in, 11 . Qi jg, dard, rand_z , swaey, sozish,’agi b ; v.i. (to
ache)Qujgedal, swal, dardedal, v.t. (cause) Qujzawul,swaey ka . ,
’a gi b ka . ,
dardawul.
a .Qi jg -mand, dard-mand.
pa ins , n. koshish, jahd, mihnat, zor, (of childbirth) dalangedalo or langedo dard ; to takepa ins, v.t. koéhiéh
ka . ,mihnat ka . , jahd ka . , zor ka .
p a le, a . z i-yar (lit. yellow) , spor (lit. grey) .p a lm, n. war-ghowaey ,Qapar, lapa
’h, (measure) t_sapak.
226 p ea ce—p ious.
p eace, 11 . si lba’
h, i shti , rogha’h, ti tch, paQuli tob or
wi laey , i rim, asi dagi ; v.t. sulha’h ka . i shti ka . , togha
’h
ka . , (treaty of ) si lba’
h nima ’h .
p ea ceable, a . gharib, paQuli .
peasant, n. ba zgar, zamindi r, dihgin, dihkin, (labourer,ploughman) chariki r.
p ebble, n. gitaey , gita’
i, (large) gita
’h, gi taey, tari ra
’h .
p ebbly, a . gitin.
p edigree, n. pera’i, as], nasab, pusht.
p edla r, n.Qi rda ’h f arosh.
peg, n. sparQaey,mojgaey,meQ.
p elt, v.t. i chawul, wishtal, tap ka .
penetra te, v.i . pori ri pori watal, pori aori watal.
penitent, a . paéhimin, toba ’
h-gi r.
penitence, n. paéhimini , toba ’
h.
people, 11.’i lam,Qalk, wugari ; v.t. ibi dawul, wadinawu l.
p erceive, v.i. pohedal, pejz andal v.t. lidal.
perf orm, v.t. kawul, k’ral, i di ka . , pi rah ka . , pah d_gi
’
s
ri -w’
ral.
p eriod, 11.mi da ’
h, wakt, waQt, nobat, wi r, her.
p erseverance, n. himmat, koéhiéh .
person, 11. saraey, wugaraey, tan,kas, (the body) d_z i n,
si rat, andim.
p estilence, n. wabi , ti -wi n, ti’
i n.
petition, n.
’arz , darQwi st, sawi l.
physio, n. dawa , darmin, di ri , (practice) tabibi.p hysician, 8 . tabib, hakim.
p ick, v.a . shi kawul, (gather) ar_nawul, (the teeth, etc .)tunbal, (up) iQistal.
pick-axe, n. kaha
’i, parokaey, tari za
’h, t_swal.
p iece, 11. totaey, ti k, tuk, ti kaey, pina’h, (land) pataey ,
wand,marima ’
h.
pierce, v.t. si raey ka . , tetsal, zanal, siQal, t_sarQka .
p illage, see p lunder.
p illow,n. bi liéht.
p ins , 11. naéhtar, sanobar.
p ine, v.i. paQsedal, zahedal, karedal, ni ledal.
p ious, a . imin-di r, din-di r, n’mind_z i .
pistol—point. 227
p istol, n. tamincha ’h.
pit, n. tubkaey , tublaey, jzawar-ghi lae doghal, kadhal.p itch (as a tent) , v.t. e zawul, wafi rawul, wudrawul,(cast) wishtal, i chawul.
p ity, n. z’
rah s’
waey,Qwi -o gi , rahm, dard.
p la ce, 11. d_z i’
e, mukim, (dwelling) astoga’
h, a stogna’h,
mishta ’h, (instead) badal, (rank)martaba ’
h ; v.t. jz’dal,
ke-jg’
dal, ke-shodal, ke-éhwal, yeshawul, yeéhal, yeéhodal.
p li gue, see p estilence.
p la in, a . (simple) si dah , (fiat) hawi r, sam, sat, (pure) toraey , spor, karah, (apparent) bartser, tsargand ; n.
sama ’h .
p lan, 11. tadbir, band, tajwiz , hikmat, chi l, siQtagi, tughyin; v.t. tadbir ka . , chi l ka . , hikmat ka ., jorawul.
p lank, n. taQta ’h, tanba
’h.
p lant, 11. bu zghalaey , tandaey, bi taey, tegh ; v.t. n’
jatal,karal,Qaéhawul, jg
’dal, zanal.
p la ster, n. aQerana’h, aQi rah , gach , (mud plaster) lew,
Qata’
h , (f or a wound)malham, paha’
h, tab ; v.t. aQeral,Qata
’h ka . , lewawul.
p la y, 11 . loba’h,luwaba
’h, lobey , bi z i , (gambling) ji
’i ri ;
v.t. loha’
b or lobey ka . , luwaba’h ka . , bi z i ka . , ji
’i ri ka . ,
(ail?1p
eéhey ka . , (music) ghajgawul, tarina ’h or tarsney
w a
pleasant, a . éhseh ,Qwand-ni k,ma za ’h-di r, lagiz , i ghalah,
dil-pa gir.
p lease, v.t. Qwand war kawul, ma za ’h ka ., Qwaéhawul,Qi shi lawu l, ri gi ka ., éhi ghal.
p lenty, n. der-Wi laey, f’rewini , wadini .
p lot, 11 . (of land) wand, pataey, (stratagem) lsmglgara ’i,joriéht, (conspiracy) si zish , bandish .
p lough, n. yow-
ya’h, kulba
’
h ; v.t. yow-ya
’h or yawey ka .,
kulba’h ka .
p lunder, n. awi r, ulja’h, ti r. ti ri k, ti la
’h,ti lin, chi r, li t
v.t. ti la’
h or ti linka ., li tawul, natal, awi rka ., ti ri k ka .,
ti rka . , etc.
p oint, 11. tsi ka’h , sar, peza
’h ; v.t. (sharpen) tera’
h ka .,
(point out) showul, éhayal.
228 polish—qu it.
p olish, v.t.muéhal, tojgal, z ’doyal, saikal ka .
p ollu te, v.t.Qiranawul, palitawul, ni -pi k ka . , kakarawul.
pool, 11. dand, (sma ll) danda ’h, dandi kaey, joeyr, dab, kol.
p oor, a .Qwi r, ti rah, dar-mindah, ni -dar,muflis , bey-zar,bey-mi -ya ’
h.
p opulous, a . wadin, i bi d.
portion, 11. baQra’h, hissa
’h, wand, wesh, (destmy)
mat.
position, 11. dz i’e,mukim, tiQa
’h.
p ossess, v.t. dar-lawal, dar-lal, laral.
quagrr
(
i
1
i
;e, n. boéhtana
’h, tramna ’h
, yala’h,
muquake, v.i. larzedal, parakedal, rapedal.
quantity, n. andi za’h, kadr, wa zn.
qua rrel, n. jang, jagara’h, steza
’h, kagiya
’h ; v.t. jang ka .,
jagara’h ka ., kagiya
’h ka . , steza
’h ka . ; v.i. jangedal.
qua rter, 11. t_salorama ’h baQra
’h, pi c , (place of abode)
astoga’h, a stogna
’
h, astojga’
h,d_g i
’
s , (side) t_selma ’h ,
Qwi , li sta ’
h, lor, loraey , (mercy) imin, amn.
queen, n.malika ’h, (inher ownright) , sultin, bi d shih .
quell, v.t. k’éhe-nawal, sarawul,mi tawul.
quench, v.t. sarawul,marka .
question, 11 . pushtana’h, sawi ], (doubt) shakk, gumin v.t.
puéhtana’h ka . , sawi l ka ., shakk ri -w
’
ral, guminka .
qu ick, a . za r, zghard, garandaey, grandaey , talwi r, tez ,chi li k.
quicksand, n. ghal shiga’h.
qu iet, a . i rim, kari r, ghalaey , meek) gl_1arib ; quietqu ietness) , n. i rim, kari r, y-tob ; gharibi .
quilt, n. bra-stan, toli -i , nihi li .
230 ra te—recompense.
rate, n. nirQ, bai a h, kimat , hisi b, (ratio) i ndi za ’
h shin,taur ; v.t. nirQ, taral, (to scold) tratal, ratal.
rattle, n. shrang, gar, gar-kacy, g
’ranj , (a child’
s) chancharnaey , g
’ ranj iwi v.i . shrangedal, g’
ranjedel.
ravage, n. i ji r-Wi 1aey, u j ar1 , wejar-wi laey , mi r-di r , warini ; v.t. i ji rawul, etc. ,mi r-di rka .,
warinawul, natal,lati rawul, ti rka . , chi r ka .
ravine, n. Qwar, kanda ’h, algada
’h, chur,Qur.
ravish, v.t. bikr shlawul, (seize forcibly) pah jabr or zor
iQistal.raw, a . aom, amghalan, nim-
garaey,nima ’h-Qwi , nim
(cold) sor, yaQ, (abraded) si ledalaey .
rawness, n. aom-wi laey , sor-wi lsey, si ra ’
h.
raze, v.t. narawul.
rea ch, v.i. rassdal, ri -t’
lal ri -ghlal, (touch) lagedal.read, v.t. l
’
wa stal.
rea dy, a . tai-yi r, hi gir.
rea l, a , riéhti naey, riéhti’
i , nshtinaey, asli , karah.
reap ,v.t. rehal, rawdal, lau ka .
reap er (a ) , n. lau-garaey , rebi nkaey, rawdi nkaey, (reapinghook) lor, lawa -i or.
rea r, 11 shi . (lit. the back) w’rustah,
dumbi l ; ad. in the
pah w’rustah, pah w
’rusto , pah shi
, pastanah.
rea r, v.t. pi lal, parwaral, n’mi zal, n’mindzal.
reason, n. poha’h,
’
akl, (proof) dalil, hu jjat, subi t, (cause)bi
’
1s, sabab, jibat, wi sita’h.
rea sonable, a .muni sib , wi jib, ibach, pirzo , perzo .
rebel, n. bi ghi-gar, yi ghi-gar, sar-ka ib ,muf sid ; v.t. sar
kaéhi ka . ; v.i. bi ghi ke. yi ghi ke. ; v.t . yi ghi-gafi ka .
rebellion, n. yi ghi-gafi , fa si d, baghiwat,Quri j.
rebellious, a . f a si di , sar-kaib, baghi , bi ghi , yi gl_1i .receive, v.t.mi ndal, iQistal, (allow)manal.reckon, v.t. shmeral, shmi ral, garnal, poheda l, bisi h ka .
recline, v.i. tsamli stal,m’
li stal, gl_1a zedal.
recognize, v.i. pejz andal.
recollect, v.t. yi dawul, z’
dah ka .
recommend, v.t. spi ral, sipi rish ka .
recomp ense, n sawi b, badal, ti win, jaz i .
reconcile—religion. 231
reconcile, v.t. paQuli ka . ,Qwi sarawul.
recover, v.i. joredal, raghedal ; v.t. (find again) bi-i -mun
recovery, 11. joredana’h, raghedana
’h, jor-ti
’i .
redress, n. insi f, nyiw, di d-rasi v.t. nyi w ka . , ti winwar
kawul, di d-ra si ka ., jorawul.
red, a . si r, surQ.
reduce, v.t. kamawul, landawul, (overcome) mi tawul, pa rka .
ref uge, n. panih , nanawi tah.
ref use, v.t. ibi ka . , ibi ri -W’
ral, inki r ka . , ni -manal ; v.i.
munkireda l, gharedal ; v.t. ni -kabi lawul.regiment, n. paltan.
regret, n. armin, a f sos, paéhemini , toba ’
h ; v.t. armin ka .,
af sos ka ., toba’h ka . ; v.i. paéheman ke.
regu la tion, 11. i’in, kini n.
reject, v.t. bi sal, ji r-bi sal, yastal, ji r-yastal, éha -
yal,sha ral, liri ka .
rein, n. wi ga’h , (reins complete)m’
li na’
h, (a leading rein,
a rope)O
bi dgol.rejoice, v.i . Qi sh-hi ledal, éhi dedal ; v.t. Qi sh-hi li ka . ,
éhi dawul, (over another spitefully wi -i ral.
rela te, v.t. bayinawul, pah bayin ri -w’
ral, kissa’h ka .
wayal, (appertain) ta’
lluk laral, nishat laral ; v.i. lagedal, (attribute) nishat ka .
rela tion, 11. bayi n, kissa’h, (reference) ta
’
lluk, nisbat, (kindred) Qeéh ,
’a ziz , (paternal) pli r-ganaey , (maternal)
morgana ’i .
rela tionship , 11. q lawi , q l-wali , q l-wi laey , q l
galwi , (by ma rriage)Qeéhi ; to contract relationship,v.t.Qeéhi ka . , q lawi ka .
relea se, 11 . Qali si , Qali sedana’
h, i gi di , i z i dagi v.t.
Qali sawul, i z i dawul, wur-hawul.
reliance, n. bi war, i’tibi r, umed.
relieve, v.t. madad war-kawal, komak war-kawul or rasa
wul, hapa’h ka . , i rimwar-kawul, (lessen) sarawul,
(change) badalawul.religion, 11 . din,ma zha b, imin.
232 relinquish—reta lia te.
relinquish, v.t. prejgdal, pre-éhwal, pre-éhodal.
rely, v.t. biwar ka . , i’
tibi r ka . , tawakkul ka . or latal.
rema in, v.i. pi tedal, pi to or pi tey ke. , aosedal, pi’
edal.
remedy, n.
’ili j, darmin, dawi , t_ei ra
’
b, tadbir ; v.t.
’i1i j
ka ., darmin ka . , etc. ,tadbir ka . , jorawul, raghawul.
remember,v.t. z’
dah ka . , yi dawul, (recognize by recollection)pejzandal.
remembrance, n. pejz indah , pejzandana’h, yi d.
remind, v.t. yi d war-kawul.
remit, v.t. (send) i stawul, lejgdal, (lessen) kamawul, lajgawul, (absolve) baQéhal, pulawul.
remove, v.t. e zawul, liri ka . , (migrate) kada ’h ka ki ch
ka ., leshal.
renowned, a . nim-war,mashi r, t_sargand.rent, 11. iji ra
’h, kiri -ha
’
h.
rep a ir, v.t. jorawul, raghawul, tandal.rep ent, v.i. pasheminke. v.t. toba
’h ka . ork
’éhal, arminka .
repentance, n. paéhemini , toba ’
h , armin.
rep ly, see answer .
rep ort, 11 . Qabar, iwi za’h, (sound) hing, Qtaa, daz ,
rep ose, n. ti tob, i rim v.i. (take rest) tsamli stal,m’
li stal,i -dah ke. , ghazedal ; v.t.Qi b ka .
reprimand, see reprove.
reprove, v.t. tratal, ratal,ma]imat ka .malimatawul.
repu lse, v.t. mi tawul, hati lawul, taéhtawul, daf ’a ’h ka . ,
ti r pah ti rawul, shikast ka .
repu ta tion, n. nim, i bri , nang, nek-nimi.request, 11. ghosht, sawi l, darQwi st, ’
arg v.t. sawi l ka . ,
etc., ghoéhtal, pui htedal.reside, see dwell.
resolute, a . g’ rab-war, diler, klak .
respect, n.
’iz zat, adab.
rest, 11. i rim. kari r, (sleep) Qi b, (pause) dama ’h , wi r ;v.i. tsamli stal,m’
li stal ; v.t. i rimawul, Qi b ka . , (therest) a . pi to , pi taey , ni r.
reta lia te, v.t. badal or badla’h or jaz i or kisis iQistal,
bota ’h bramta ’h ka ., intikimiQistal.
234 rob— ru ined.
rob, v.t. gbli ka ., natal, li tal, li tawul, li r wahal.
robber, n. ghal.robbery, n. g1_11i .
robe, see ga rment.rock, n. sQar, dabara
’h, tejgah, gat; v.t. ti l Qwaral,
ji ta’iQwaral ; v.i. zangal, zangedal, shanedal ; v.t. til
wahal, ji ta’i war-kawul, z angawul, shanawul.
rocky, a . dabarinah, gatin, sang-liQ.
rogue, see rasca l.
roll, 11 . r’
ghaéht, n’
ghaéht, wal, ti o, (of paper) dasta’h, fard,
(list) daftar ; v.t. (up), n’
gl_1aéh n’
ghi ralground) v.i. r
’
ghaihtal, r’
gharedal.roof , n. bim, sakf , tsapar, chat.
room, 11.Qi na ’
h, d_z i’
c, kota’
h, hujra’h (also inPeéhiwar
and parts adjacent, a public roomf or travellers, a guestroom) .
root, n.mind, wula ’h, weQ, (base) ki nsata’h
, bonsat, bun
yi d ; (to root up) v.t. lahmi nda bi sal or yastal, etc., or
weQ, wula’h, etc. , ki jgal or k
’éhal or k
’
s’
hawul.
rope, n. paraey, rasa’
i , (hair, etc .) wi th, wi sh-kaey, sila’i ,
(made fromfibre of palm-leaf) bi g , biyi sta’h, (of
strips of hide) sar-bindey.
rot, v.i. w’rastedal, sharhedal, sQi ke. ,
boggedal.
rotten, a . W’rost, sQi , sharhedalaey, bomedalaey.
rottenness, n. w’
rost-wi lsey, sQi -tob or ti’
i or wi laey.
rough, a . zijg , (to the taste) z’moQ, z
’moQt, triw, (austere)bi t, l
’wi r, klak, (plain, unmixed, etc.) spor.
round, a . ghund. ghi nd ; n. (beat) gaéht, (bout) gugi r,wi r ; (to turnround) v.i. churledal, gmrzedal v.t. churl
awul, gaarzawul.
rouse, see wake.
rout, see repulse.
rub, v.t.muéhal,mujgal, tojgal.rubbish, n.Qad_zala
’
h, war-Qara ’h.
ru in, n. warini , wiyi r-wi laey, Qaribi , rang-wi laey ; v.t .
warinawul, wiji rawul, rangawul, narawul,Qari b ka .
ruined, a . warin, WIJar, rang,Qrang o rang,mi t gud,narawulaey.
ru le— salve. 235
ru le, 11 . hukima t, hukm, hukm-rini ,’
amal, (regulation)i’in, kini n, ki
’ida
’
h, tarilga’
h ; v.t. hukimat ka . , hukmrim'
ka .
ruler, n. bi kim, amir, wi li .run, 11. z
’
ghi st,manda ’h, dau ; v.i. z’
ghaledal, z’
gh i stal,z’
ghaéhtal ; v.t. mi ndey wahal ; (away) v .i. ta éhtedal ;
(away with) taéhtawul, (after) paseyr z’
,g_haledal pa seypre-watal, (over) to-
yedal, (out) watal, (flow) bahedal ,(down, disparage) v.
yt. ghandal, (down, overtake) v.t.
lindey ka . , (up) v.i. khatal ; v. .t khejzawul.rust, n. zang.
rusty, a . zang-shawaey , zang-kh waralaey.
sack, n. (of goat’
s hair) hundaey, (of hair or hemp) teata’h , juwi l, d_zola
’
i ; v.t. (plunder) na tal, li tawul, mi rdi rka . ,
ni -ti r ka .
sad, a . zahir, gham-jan, gham-ni k, gham-
gin, dil-
gir,
saddle, n. zin, (pommel) n’
gi baey, ki sh , (cloth) zin-poéh,toghim, (bag) k_hi rjin, (girth) ting, ti tang, (pad)Qo
gir ; v.t. zinawul, zin yeéhawul.
saddler, n. zin-si z , sarri j.sadness, n. zahir-ti
’
i or wi laey , gham, dil-giri , ni l.
saf e, a . amin, salimat ; n. (conduct) badraga’h , (gu ard)
pu shti , pani h.
sa int, n. pir. wali , abdi l, z’
barg, (the saints) auliyi .
sa le, 11 . prolana’
h, prowuna
’
h, plor, bai’
a’
h ; v.t. prolal,ka .
salt, 11.mi lga ’h ; a .mi lgin.
saluta tion, n. salim, allah-bi sh , rogh-bar, bargarandi ; v.t.
(salute ormake salutation) salimi chawul, rogh -baror
bargarandi ka . , allah-bi sh ka .
sa lve, n.malham, paha ’h.
236 sand— secret.
sa
id, 11. shiga
’h, (sandy soil) shiglana
’h, (sandy desert)
ar.
sanda l, n. t_sapla’i.
sandy, a . shiglan.
sap, v.t. surang or surangaey wahal, si raey ka .
sa tiety, n.mor-ti ’ i ,mor-wi laey ,marah khwi h.
sa tia te, v.t.marawul, (lakawul, sorawul.sa tisf a ction, 11 . ragi -manfi ,Qi tir-Lhwi hi .sa tisf y, v.t. ri z i ka . , k_hi tir-jam’
i ka . , pohawul.
save, v.t. si tal, jzghora], khundi ka .
saw, 11 . ara’
h, (du st) chi r.
say, v.t. wayal, k__habarey ka ., lal, lawdal.
scabba rd, n. teka ’
h , tekaey ,mi ’ in.
sca les, n. tala’h,ti ri zi .
source, a . pit_si g ey, laiz , rangaey , matra ’
h, kim, pi taey ,
potuskaey.
scarcity, n. kifl ti, tangsi’i , kam-yi bi , duki l.
sca tter, v.t. k_hwarawul, khparawul, ti r-pah-ti rawul, rajzawul, tarmey tarmey ka .
schola r, n. shi gird, (erudite)’i lim,mulli .
school, 11.maktab, (master) neti d,mu ’
allim, ikhi nd.
science, n.
’
ilm, hikmat.scou r, v.t.mu éhal,mujgal, teiz al, z ’doyal.scout, n. tsi ri , zaraey ,
{alah-di r, gi t -kawi nkaey ; v.t. t_si r
ka . , t_asi tal, zarana’i a .
scrap , n. tota’
h , ti k, pari kaey .
scrape, v.t. garawul, garjzal, skoyal.scratch, see scrap e.
scream, n. si rey, jala’i, ni ra
’
h, chigl_1i ra’h ; v.t. nirey si re)
ka . , jala’i wahal, ni re wahal, chighi ra
’
h ka .
v.t. putawul, poé al.
screw, 11 . pech,marwat, (of a violin, etc.) ghwajg , ghwajgi a
muhr ; v.t.muhr lagawul ormuhr ka .
sea/m, n. jor, darz , sko-e, sko .
search, v.t. shanal, latawul.
season, 11.ma usim, fasl ; wakt,mi da ’h.
secret, a . put-pinham.
238 settlement—shoot.
mishta ’h ka . , k’
éhe-nawul, mukarrar ka . , (an account)adi ka . , (a quarrel, difierence, etc.) pakhuli ka .
gwi éhal, (arrange, set inorder) at_sarnal, tartib ka . , or
awul, (finish) tamimawul, k__hali sawul, (a suit) f aisala ’h
ka .
settlement, n. (of revenue) bandobast, (colony) no-abidi ,(of a dispute) gwi éh , (of a suit) f aisala
’
h.
sever, v.t. l’warawul, pre-kawul, beyalawul.
severe, a . tund, tez , sag t, z iéht, klak.
sew, v.t. gandal, sko-e ka ., (sew up) age-yil.sha de, n. sew-raey , see
-mey ; v.t. sew-racy or seo-raey ka .
sha dow, n.
’aks, chah . See sha de.
shake, v.i. k_hwadgedal, rapedal, éhoredal ; v.t. k_hwaimwul,rapawul, éhorawul, (down) drabawul.
sha llow , a . tawshal, pi -yi b (lit. fordable, within one’
s
shame. n. sharm, hayi , sharmindagi , ghairat.
shamef u l, a . bad, der bad.
sha re, 11 . wesh , wand, wanda’h , hissa
’h .
sharp, a . tera’
h, tez , (clever) pohind, (acid) triw.
ha rpen, v.t. tera ’
h ka . , tez ka .
sha tter, see break.
sha ve, v.t. k_h’
riyal, tojg al.shea r, v.t. sku stal, skwal ka .
sheep , 11 . (male) , majg , gaed, (ewe) mejg , geda ’h, (lamb)
gsedoraey, \ w’
rasy , (ewe lamb) ga dora ’1 , w
’
ra’i , (long
ta iled sheep) heraey , (ewe) hera’
i , (wether) wuch ki l,wuch-ki laey , (cot) shpol, binda
’
h .
shelter, n. pani h, s’yab, chah , si tana
’
h .
shepherd, n. shpi n, (boy) shpankaey.
shine, v.i. dz aledal, breéhedal, ri ggedal.
ship , n. jahi z .
shirt, n. khata’
h , pairi han, kamis.
shiver, v.i. rapeda l, larzedal ; v.t. (shatter) mi tawul, (inpieces) dar dar ka .
hoe, n. par_Iga’
,h juta’
h , (horse) na’l
hoot, v.t. wishtal, topak, etc. , Lhali sawu], (as plants)ti kedal, z arghinedal.
shop— skin. 239
shop , n. di kin, (keeper) di kin-di r.
shore, n. gh i ra’
h, t_sanda’h .
short, a . (in length) , land, (in size or quantity) lajg .
shorten, v.i. landedal v.t . landawul.shot, 11. (small) chara ’
h , (bullet)mardakapy, (cannon) gola ’
i ,
(a discharge) gu z i r.
shou lder, n. aojg a’h, (blade) walaey.
shou t, see cry ou t.
show, 11 . ni ndi ri’h, tami sha ’
h ; v.t. tsargandawul, bartser
ka . , éhowu l, éh’
ki rah ka . , pohowul, f ahmawul.
shower, n. (spring) da psarli bi rin, (summer) wasa ’h , da
wori bi rin, (slight) rangaey bi rin, (heavy) gar_n or
shebah bi rin.
shrub, n. bi taey , (thorny) karkarna’h .
shu t, v.t. bandawul, peéhawul, (as a door) pori or pala’h pori
ka . , (a book) tapawul, (the eyes) putawul.sick, a . rand_z i r, u i -jor,ni -rogl_1 , bimi r, (sick of , disgu sted)wez i r, staraey, stomin, (at stomach)mishmiéh.
sickness, n. rand_z , u i -jor-ti’
i , bimi ri.side, 11. t_selma ’
h , k__hwi , dada’h,loraey, lor, palan, taraf, (of
the body) erg , tsang .
sight, n. ki tab, katana’
h, lidah , lidana’
h, nagar, (show)nandi ra
’
h .
sign, n. ishi ra’h, ish i rat, na éha
’h , nak_héha
’h,
’a.limat.
s in, n. guni b , taksir, k_hati , wahi l.sinner, n. guni b
-gi r, taksiri .single, a . t_sarah , yawi d_z_aey, witar (of one fold, not
double) yawa -stawaey , (unmarried) lawand.
sink, v.i. di bedal, gharkedal ; v.t. di bawul, gharkawul.sister, 11 . k_hor, (hu sband
’s) n
’
dror, (wife’
s) shena’h, (foster)
da ti k_hor.
sit, v.i . k’
éhe-ni stal, ni stal.
sitting, n. ni sta’
h , k’she-ni sta
’h, (a seat, a place for sitting
on) da ni stey dg i’
e.
size, n. star-wi laey , andi za’h, kadr.
skin,n. t_sarman, pot, (bark) , khwar, (for water) mashk,
ma shkoraey , (small) jasy ; v.t. t_sarman t_skawul or
ki jgal or k’
éhal, spinawu l.
240 skirmish—soil.
skirmish, n. tas-tus ; v.t. tas-tus ka .
skull, n. ki kara’
i .
sky, 11. i smin, ( cloudless) shin i smin, (cloudy) gag or
gi r i smin.
slander, n. palanah , peghor, tor, tuhmat.slap ,
n. sila’i, dab, t_sapera
’
h, tak ; v.t. t_gapera
’h wahal, tak
wahal, si’i wahal.
sla ve, n.m’
rayaey, ghulim, (girl) wind_za ’h, barda ’h, (whohas borne a child to hermaster) si r-yata ’h .
sh very, n.m’
rayaey-tob, ghulimi .awwil
t. wajzal, wajzlal, wajlal, katlawul,a
sleep , 11. khi b ; v.t.Qi b ka . , i dah ka . g (fall asleep) v.i .
khi b zaugedal ; v.t. parni w’
ral, (grow sleepy) Qi bri -ghlal ; (put to sleep) v.t. k_hi b w
’
ral, (put to bed)
sleepy, a .k_hi b-waraey, pami wa rey stargey, draney stargeyslender, a . naraey .
slide or slip , v.i. éhwahedal, s’
hwayedal; n. (a slip) éhwahedana
’h, laghz , (slippery ground) . s
'
hwahanda’h z
’maka’h.
slippery, a . éhwaey , éhwayand, éhwayandi r.
small, a . wor, lajg , kuchinaey, kachi taey, kachi t-wi laey ,
sma llness, n. lajg -wilaey, war-wi laey .
smell, n. bi , bi -e ; v.i . (emit) bi -e t’
lal ; v.t. (snifi) bi -e
smoke, n. li , li -gaey , dadi za’h.
smoothe, a . sam, hawi r v.t. samawul, hawi rawul,sneeze, n. pranj, pranjaey, prach ; v.i. pranjedal, prachedal,(cause to sneeze) pranjawul, prachawul.
snore, n. khser, b a rkaey ; v.t. k_hser wahal, b e rkaey ka..
snow, n. wiwra’
h ; v.i. wiwrey aoredal or pre-watal.
soak, see steep .
sob, n. aswelaey , salga’
i ; v.t. salga’
i ka . , ark_haéh k’éha l or
ka . , (with vi olence) alhang ka . , aswelaey ka .
sof t, a . post, pos, khurin, na rmsoil, v.t. khiranka. , palitawul, lrakarawnl.
242 spit—statement.
spit (spike) , n. sikh, sik_l1cha’h ; v.t. pew-dal, pe
(expectorate) ti kal, ti ka . , tik ka . , li rneyspite, n. khwi -badi , droh, ghach, kina
’
h.
spittle, n. ti k.
spli t, 11. chiwd, chi wda’
h, tri k, (sound, as wood splitting)kri s v.i. chiwdal, shledal ; v.t. chawul, shlawal.
spoil, n. ti la’
h, ti li , li t, shi ka ’h , ghi rat ; v.t. (plunder)
natal, li tal, li tawul, shi kawul, ghi rat ka . , (destroy)wrinawul, rangawul, k_haribawul.
spout, n. tsi shka’
h, tsi éhkaey, t_si éha’i , (gush) di ra
’h,
sh
i
uturaka’
h, charak (a lso, sound of water spou ting) ;
1. pah di rey watal or bahedal ; v.t. shuturaka’h wahal,
dira ’
h wahal, charakahi r wahal.spread, v.i. k_hwaredal, pheledal, Wiredal, khparedal ; v.t.
khwarawul, phelawul, Wirawul, k_hparawu l, ti rawnl.spring, 11. (leap) top, trap, trapa
’
h, tindak, dang, ghzang, (source) china
’
h, (instrument, lit. a bow) kamin
cha’
h ; v.t. tOp wahal, traplal, tindak or ghurzang wahal,dangal ; v.i. (issue) k_hatal, watal, bahedal, (germinate)ti kedal, zarghi nedal.
sprinkle, v.t. (as water) pi shal, (with flour or the like)di rawu l.
sprout, n. buzgl_1alaey, tegh, kl_1alaey ; v.i. ti kedal, ghnndzedal, zarg_i nedal.
spy , n. ji si s, zaraey. See scout, v. .t ji si si ka . , zarana ’i
sta b, n. tsarl_c_h , zal ; v.t. tetsal, zanal, t_gekhal, si ghawul,lakawul.
stage, n.manzu.
stand, v.i . pi tsedal, wudredal, waliredal, (fast) tamke.,
(erect) negl_1edal, lakedal, (at bay) jah ke.
standing, a . wali r, lak, negl_1, pis’edi r.
sta rt, v.i. (fear) tarhedal, bugnedal, (set out) rawinedal,li ral.
sta te, 11 . (condition) hi l, hilat, (realm) daulat, mamlakat,saltanat, (ostentation)
~
shaukat.sta tement, 11 . bayin, wayana
’h,
sta tion—strange. 243
sta tion, 11 . (place) d_zi’o,manzil, (degree) darja ’
h,martab.
a’h ; v.t. k
’éhe-nawul, wali rawul.
sta y, v.i. i stedal, aosedal, pi tedal, pi to-kedal ; (step, pre
vent) v.t.man’
a’h ka . , hiti lawul.
stea l, v.t. gl_11i ka .
stea lth, n. ghalaey-tob, put-wi laey.
steep , a . zawar, l’
war, i chat, (high) hask, (a steep) , l’war
a’
h, kamar.
steep (soak), v.t. khushtawul, lindawul.step , 11. kadam, yi n, gim.
1.stick, v.i. n
’
thatal, n’
shaledal ; v.t. (pierce) , tetsal, t_sekhal,si ghawul, (to stick in, plant) n
’
jatal, n’
jzatal.a . ting, klak, lak, negh, z ijg , (erect) l
’war.
still, a . band, bey-harakat, puta
’
h khula’h.
stir, v.t. laral, (mix) rakawul, gadawul.stomach, n. geda
’h, kheta
’b, aojzraey, (crop) jajura
’h ,
stone, n. ki r_naey, (a monolith tejga’h, (of fruit) had
zaraey ; v.t. pah ki r_1_1_o Wish sangsi r ka .
stony, a . ki rg edg , kimaey, (ground) tarira ’h, ki g edza
’
h
z’maka ’
h, sangstoo
phlvi .
’
titidal ; v.t. (bend or stoop the g'hand) sar tit
a
stop , v.i. tamke., (continue) aoseda l, pi tedal, pi to ke.,
(halt) wudredal, wali redal ; v.t. (impede) i rawul, kyi bawul ; v.i. n
’éhatal, n
’éhaledal, (prevent) hitiledal
v.t. (delay) d_gandawul, (discontinue) tark ka ., (rest)
i rimniwal.store, 11. ambi r, ganj , (house) ambi r khina ’b, khiz ina ’
h ;v.t.
.tolawul, jam’
a’
h ka .
stores, 11. asbi b, simin, totha ’h, t_sowraey. zakhire
’h.
storm, n. sila’
i, ti fin; v.t. (assault) hamla ’h ka .
stou t, a . t_sorb, ghat, katmh, k_hris, gagat, ni par,magbi t.straggle, v.i. fl iwamy khwaraey t’lal or ganedal.
stra ight, a . sam, sat, t_sah.
strange, a . beginah, pradaey .
stratagem—summon.
stra ta gem, n. lamghara i , hila ’h, f areb.
straw, n. khass, k_hassarg aey , (chapped or broken) bi s.
stray , a . wuruk, wuruk-shaweey, b i shaey v.i. wi ri k ks.or wurukedal, k__hi shaey gmrzedal.
stream, 11 . (gu sh of water) di ra’
h, shuturaka’h, (rivulet)
lathtaey , WiIa’h ; v. .t di ra
’h wahal, shuturakah wahal.
strength, 11. bram, zor, ki wat.
strengthen, v.t. zor war-kawul,ma zbi t ka . klakawul, (as a
fortress) tingawul.strict, a . sakht, ting, klak, zorawar.
strif e, n. jang, steza’h,mirt_ei , jagra ’
h.
strike, v.t. wahal, takawul.
strip , v.i. barbandedal ; v.t. barbandawulstrive, v.t. koéhiéh ka .mihnat ka .
stroke, gu gi r, wi r, Wi raey, (at play) daw ; v. .t (make or
deliver) Wi raey ka ., gugar ka .
stubborn, a . takarnaey, jah, khpul sar, sar-kaéh, hod.
stumble, v.i. drabal, budri or ékandari or kangasQwaral,stup id, a . palwand, kaw-dan, u i -poh.
sturdy, see stout.
subdue, v.t. lindsy ka . , ghamawul,maghli b ka .
suly’
ect (see subdue) , (a subject), 11 . ra’iyat, zer-dast , ti bi
’
di r, ti bin.
submit, v.t. hukmmanal, tarmin W’
ral, farmin-bardi t ika ., iti
’
at ka .
subordinate, a . k shatah , kashar.
subsistence, n. rozi, rizk, roz -gi r, guzrin.
success, 11. baraey , gatah, gatana’
h, wa rina’h, bakht.
succour, see a id.
suck, v.t. (breas t or teats) rawdal, (imbibe) chi pal,z’
beéhal, t_ski wu l, ts’
éhal.
su ckle, v.t. taey war-kawul.suf er, v.t. petsal, z
’
ghamal, (in W’
ral, khwaral,k’éhal ; v.i . sahedal, sahal ; v.t. (a ow) pre-jg
’dal, pre
, :thodal iji zat or hukmor rukhsat war kawul.su ita ble, a . pirzo, perzo , yarzan,muni sib, wijib, iha h .
summit, n. pezaa ’ ,h t_si ka
’h, selma ’
h, sar.
summon, v.t. balal, ri -balal, talah ka .
246 MIL—thick.
ta ll, (in stature), dang, I’war, (high) hask, i chat, i jgd.
ta r, n. rindgarah , chi rel.ta rget, 11. naéha
’
h ,mi kha ’h, kuhira ’h, (shield) spar.
ta ste, n. (flavour) k_hwand,ma za ’h, t_gakindan, t_saka
’h v.t.
k__hwand ik_histalor ka ., i_sakal, (give savour) khwand or
ma za ’h wahal or laral, igsakindanwahal.
tax, 11 . bi j, khiri j, siw,mabsi l.
teach, v.t. l’Walawul, sabak war-kawul, éhowal, amokhtah
ka . , t’alimka .
teacher , n. neti d,mu ’allim, ik_hi nd.
tea r, v.i. t_siredal, shledal, w’raredal ; v.t. tsiral, W
’rarawnl,
shlawul, (out) bi sal, kijgal, yastal.tear, n. aoéha
’
h , (tears) aoéhey, (tearful eyes) aothaneystargey ; v. , v.i. (shed tears) , aoéhey toeyedal.
tea t, n. taey.
tell, v.t. wayal, bayinawul, éhowul, k_habar ka .
temp er, n. kho-e, loéhaey, khasla t, tab’
, tab’
iyat, (ofmetals)dam, ih. 1
tempest, see storm.
tend, v.t. timi r ka ., k_hidmat ka ., (sheep) shpini ka .
tent, n. dera ’h , k_haima ’
h, (hair tent of the pastoral tribes)kijgda
’i, (rope)magasy,mindara ’
h,marinda ’h.
terrible, a . haul-ni k, b ef -ni k, haibat-ni k.
terrify, v.t. tarhawul, dirawul, dhalawul, Werawul, ha ibatwahal or ka .
ter
l
r
l
'
ified, a . haibat-wahalaey, tarhawulaey, Werawulaey , tari r.
terror, n. tor, wera’h, tara
’h , tarhara’h, haibat , g ot
test, v.t. i zmi y1l, i zmoyal, .
i zmi dah ka . , i zmi iéht ka .
testify, v.t. gawi hi lal or lawdal, or gawi hi adi ka ., shihidilal or lawdal.
thank, n. shukrina’h or shukr pah d_zi
’
c ri -W’
ral, shukr
guzi ral, shukr ka .
tha tch, n. tsapar ,tha w, n. Wi-li-Wi laey ; v.i. Wi-li ke ; v.t. wi-li ka .
thick, a » chat, (b (inepissatedmns. (dame.as trees, hair, etc. tat, tal, gag , (as thevoice) dad.
thief— tim
thief , n. ghal, (expert) chakah ghal.thigh, n. W
’rin, pati n, (including leg and foot) éhinga
’h.
thin, a . (lean) trand_z , dangar, Qwi r, (scanty) rangaey,
(delicate) naraey, bi rik,mahin.
thing, 11. t_siz , ki laeythink, v.i. pohedal; v.t. angeral, gag al, andeéhna
’h,
gumin, k_hiyi l or fikr ka .
thirst, n. tanda’h, tajgaey-wi laey ; v.i. (become thirsty)
thorn, n. i gg zaey , (bush) karkag a’h, (thorns , brambles)
ghaney, (thorny tree) i ghzana’
h wana’h.
thought, 11 . andeéhna’h, gumin, poha ’
h , k_hiyi l,thrash, v.t. wahal, takawul, ki tal, (corn) ghobal ka .
thread, 11. spag sa’i,ma zaey v.t. pew-dal, pe-yal.
threa ten, v.t. di rawul, tarhawul.throat, n. mara ’
i, mar-Iran ’
i , gharaey, gharandaey,(fauces) ghira
’h, (larynx) sti na ey, (tonsil) da jzabey
lar or had.
throw,v.t. wishtal, i chawul, lawastal, (away) ghurzawul,
to-yowul, (down) pre-wastal, pre-yastal.thru st, v.t. (into) mandal, k ’
éhe-yastal, [k’éhe-bi sal, t_se
k_h al, nanayastal, (push aside) teylwahal.thumb, n. ghata
’h gi ta
’
h.
thump , v.t. si k wahal,thunder, n. ti landa
’h, tag ah, (bolt) tandar, takah ;
tidings, n. khabar, (good) si r, zeraey, (a bearer of ) zerah
tie, n. tayi'in, tag a
’i ; v.t. taral, lagawul.
tight, a . ting, ting, ri -k’éhalaey , tang, (very tight) tap ting,
(fitting) chust.
tighten, v.t. ting taral or ka . , ri -k’éhal, kla kawul.
till, v.t. kara]. Seep lough.
tillage, karana’h , kar, zamin-di ri .
time, 11 . wakt, iwin, daur, zamina ’h, (age)
’umr, ki l;
(season) mausim,mi da ’
h, naubat, (turn, spell) ting,Wi r, pli , d_z_al, gugi r, her, (leisure) fursat, waz-gi r-tob.
too, 11. da péhey gi ta’
h .
toil, v.t.mihnat ka . , koéhith ka ., jahd ka . , choparwahal.
jzaba’h-war, (on the
tooth, n zhi éh. (lees) b ud». h rshaa (ache) shi ll!
top , 11. pesa’h, t_gelma ’
h, t_ai ha’h, sar.
torch, n. (of pine wood slip) shi nta 1.
torment, see torture.
torrent, n. niz , ui-i s, sail-ih.
torture, n.
’azi b ; v.t. azi b ka .
toss, v.i. ghurzedal ; v.t. ghurzawul, i chawul, lawastal.total, 11. tol, wirah,
‘
tol-ti l, dri at.
touch, v.i. b’losedal ; v.t. b
’ledal, li s i chawul, li s war
w’
ral, lams ka . , (the feelings) lamsawul.tough, a . klak, patakh, sakht.
town, 11. thabt , kasba’h.
tra
(ck or trace, n. mand, darak, belga ’
h, rakéh, naéha’h,
wa ) li r ; v. .t mindal, belga ’
h bi sal, latawul.
tragtwa
tbf country), 11 . heWi d, z’maka ’
h,mulk, (level) sama.trade, n. ti]i rat, saudi gar
‘
i, saudi , pesha’
h, kasb, ki r, war
k’ rah ri -k’ rah.
tradesman, kasb gar, peshah-gar.
trader, n. taj1r, saudi gar, parinchah .
tra in, v.t. amokhtah ka . , taiyi rav ol, ri jgzdawul, (following)swarli, jalab, hashmat .
tramp le, v.t. pis’ emi l ka . , lati rawul, ghobal ka . , ghoeymand or ghwaey-mandka .
ilise, v.t. ti tob ka . sarawul, i rimawu l, i rimwarkawul, pakhuli ka . , kari rawul.
transf er, v.t. pi slawul, spi ral, taslimka .
transport, v.t. (animate things) ,. W
’
ral, yosal, (banish) jali -watanka .
250 hoist—unfold.
edal, churledal, gmrzedal, gharedal, stfinedal, (back)jar-watal, (become, grow, etc.) sh
’wal, kedal v.t.
Lsarkhawul, churlawul, gaerzawul, gharawul, (back)jar-yastal, (out) sharal, (from) prejgdal, tark
ka . , (over) arawul.twist (bend),n. pech , tao , wal,marwat ; v.i. tawedal, kringedal; v.t. pech khwaral, titawul, wal ka . , walLhwaral,kringawul,
Pwal ka ., (spin) ghaéhtal, gharawul, gharal,
ta’o-awul.
tyranny, n. zulm, jafa , jawr, zor, jabr.
tyrannize, v.t. zulm, jafa , etc. ka .
tyrant, n. z i lim, jafa-kar.
ugly, a . triw-makhaey, bad-shakl, bad-gi rat.unable, a . na-tawin.
una nimity, n. jorisht, t ogha’h, yek-dili, yek-jiha ti ,
unbecoming, a . ni -la-ih, nit-muni sib, nil-kardaey.
unbeliever, n. bey-din, kafir.
uncerta in, a . nii-yakin.
uncle, n. (paternal) trah, (maternal) nii-e.
unclean, a . fi iran, palid, nii-pak, u i -wulaey.
unconcerned, a . bey-parwii, beyuncultiva ted, a . sha r, wijar.
undergo, v.t. z’
ghamal, sahedal, w’
ral.
understand, v.i. pohedal.
understanding, n. poha’h, fahm,
’akl.
undo, v. .t pra natal, spardal, khwarawul.
undress, jamey or zarfikaey basalor yastal.
unemployed, a . a-tal, bey-ki r, waz -gar
uneven, a . l’
war, jzawar, gubki tubki, kandey kawdarey ,na.-hawi r.
unf it, a . na -kiibil, na.-la’ih, na -muni sib.
unf old, v.i. khwaredal, ghwaredal, tiikedal, (manifest)dedal; v.t. ra-natal, spardal, (manifest)mar
gan wul, éh’karah
unfortuna te—utter. 251
bad-nasib, ni -mubi rak, bey-nasib.
ungratef ul, a . n5 shukr, ni -halglg-shini s.
unhappy, a . zahir, gham-juninha bited, a . ghair-iib
’
i d, wairin.
union, n. (accord) ittaf ik, jorisht, togha’h, paiwastim,
unite, v.t. paiwastah ka ., ta1-al, lagawnl.
universe, n. n‘
a ra ’i , jahan, dunyi .
unjust, a . bey-insi f, nii-hakk, bey-di d, jafi -kiir.
a . haram, nit-rawin.
unload, v.t. tashawul, bar kuzawul.
unlu cky, see unf ortunate.
unmarried, a . (man)nit-widah shawey.
unrip e, a . aom, umghalan, nimah-b wi ,m'm-garaey.
unroll, v.i. k__hwaredal, ghwaredal, wiredal ; v.t. pri-natal,
spardal, khwarawul, etc.
unsaf e, a .mgr-nih.
upper, a . bar, pi sanaey, portanaey .
upright, a . (honest) imin-diir, riéhtiinaey, riéhtinaey,w
’lar, 31g, lak, negh .
upset, v.i. naskoredal, naredal, par-makh or par-makhaeypre-watal ; v.t. naskorawul, narawul, irawul.
urge, v.t. tezal, zoral, (enjoin) ti kid ka . , (stimulate) tijziyil, lamsawul.
use, 11. fa’ida ’
h, kar, (possession) tagarruf ; v.t. pah ki tri -w
’
ral, tagarruf ka .
useless, a . piich, tash, nit-kara , bey-f a 1da’h.
usurp , v.t. pah jabr i khistal, pah zor g intah iQistal.utter, a . bashpar, nihi yat ; v.t. (speak) wayal, lal, lawdal,(set agoing) ji ri ka ., chalawul.
252 vacant—violence.
vacant, a . tash,Qu shaey. See emp ty.
va liant, a .maranaey, ti1r-yi laey, z -’
rah-war, bahi dur.
valley (betweentwomountains or ranges) , dara ’
h.
value, n. kimat, bai’a ’h ; v. .t kimat or bai’a ’
h taral.vanqu ish, v.t. lindaey ka . , peerka . ,mi tawul.vapour, n. lara
’h liigaey , ln, b
’ri s.
vary, v.i. gmrzedal, badaledal ; v.t. i wuéhtal, gmrzawul,badalawul.
vassal, n. hum-si yah, fakir. These terms are almost 01elusively used
yby the tribes immediately north of
veget
able, n. (in general) si hii , (culinary vegetables) si g,
as 2;
vein, 11. rag, nahz (cor. nas) , (open a.) rag wahal.venerate, v.i. grohedal.vengeance, n. badal, intikim; v.t. badal i khistal, intikimi khistal.
verdant, a . shin, zarghim.
verdure, n. shin-gaéhti, shin-wi lsey .
t_sanda’
h, ja’i ,morga ’
h, ghira
’h.
vessel, 11. (recipient) loihso katwa’
i .
vez , v.t. pi rawul, tongrey'
tongawul, rabrawul.victim, n. ji r, dzi r, kurbin.
victory, 11 . baraey, w’
rina’h, gafar.
victua ls, see f ood.
view, 11.mandi ra ’
h, ki tab , lidana’
h , lidah, nagt , (intoution)ma tlab, niyat, gharaz ; v.t. lidal, katal, goral, nayka . , (have in view) matla b laral, niyat laral, Mlaral, (deem) gamal.
vigilance, n. baidi ri , hoihyiri, khabardiri.village, n. kalaey, dih .
villager, n. da kali saraeyy, dihkin.
violence, 11. jabr, jafi , zor, zulm, zabardasti, (inclemency)h
'
indi sakhti.
254 water—white.
wa ter, 11 . aobah, (carrier)mashki , saki o ; v.t. (cattle) aobul, k_harob ka . t_sakawul.
wa tery, a . soblan,liind, z
’
yam-ni k, nam-ni k.
wave,n. t_sapa’
h ,mau j .
way, 11 . li r, (habit, etc .) togah, Qo-e, shin, dod, taut ,ti tikah .
wayla y, v.t. li r niwal, put-gana’i ka . , pah pi t_sfini k
’
éhsyk
’
she-ni stal.
wa ywa rd, a . witak, khpul-ear, sar-kaib .
weak, a . ri -if , dangar, ni -tuwin, kam-zor, kam-kuwat,(unimportant) khwi t , spuk, ui -t_aiz .
wea lth, n. daulat, dunyi ,mi l, zar.
wea lthy, a . daulat-man,mi l-dar, dunyi -d ”
weapon, n. drasta’
h, wasla’h, y
’
ragh , hatiyi r.
wea r (clothes) , v.t. aghastal, aghustal, pah
wul ; v.i. (last) pi’
sdal, (abrade) siiledal, (wear out)
weary, a . staraey, stomin, bankah.
wedge, 11 . shpetaey , pi -na’h .
weep, v.
t;ujzaral aoéhey to-yedal ; v.t. (cause
to-ya
weigh, v.t. tolawul, tol ka ., tala], jokal.weight, n. drimd-wi laey, darah-niwasy, tol, jok, wazn,
andi za’
h .
well, n. Lsi h, kuhasy, spargha’h, (with steps to go down)
baha’
i , (with a Persian wheel, at Peéhiwar and invicinity) arhat.
well, a . éhesh , jor, rogh, (born) siwi , si hii .wet, a . Lhusht, limd, nan-eu , nawan, z ’yam-nik, nam-ni k ;v.t. li ndawul.
wetness, or wet, n. nam, nau , z’
yam, Hind-wi lsey, khushtwi laey.
whea t, n. ghanam.
wheel, 11. t_sarkh ; v.i. churledal, t_sarkhedal, gmrzedal.whet, v.t. tera
’h ka . , tez ka . , (stone) beliw, barjil, p
’sin.
v.t. pas pasey ka .
white, a . spin v.i. (turn) spinedal ; v.t. (make white) spin
whiteness—wither. 255
whiteness, n. spin-wi lsey , spin-ti’i .
whizz , n. sajg , si gh v.t. 8a or sagh ka .
wicked, a . bad-ki r, sharir, guni h-
gi r.
wickedness, n. bad-ki ri, guni h, badi .
wide, a . (broad) plan, psorawar, sarahwar, (open, gaping)wit, wit, ching, (as a door) liri, (unconfined) i rat.
width, 11. plan-wi lsey , sor, psor, i rat-wi laey,’
arg.
widen, v.t. planawul, (openwide) chingawul, wit ka . , (as adoor) liri ka . , (relax) i ratawul.
widow, n. kunda’
h , kunda’
h.
widower, n. kund or kind.
wif e, 11 . artina’
h, artina’
h, tabar, haram, merman, kor,(contemporary) been, feme covert maroéha ’
h, (hus
band’
s brother’s) yor, (brother’s) warandi r, (son
’
s)u
’ °
zor.
wildlLa . dashti , d_zangali, wahshi , sahri -i ; n. dasht, sahri ,maira ’
b , (leangal.wilderness (see wild) , n. bayibin, bedi i , daéht, sahri .
will, 11 . k_hwa s’
hi , k_hi tir, ragi ,marzi, hukm,iQtiyi r, was.
willing, a . khwaéh , ri zi , hi zir.
win, v.t. gatal, w’
ral, peer ka . , (gain over) grohedal.wind, 11 . wo , bi d, hawi , (hot) paro, tod bi d, (cold) sorbi d, sii la
’i, (breath) si h, dam.
wind, see twist.
winding, a . kojg -wojg , kajz -lech, wahlandaev.
window,11 . darbacha
’h, daricha
’h, karks
’
i .
wine, 11 .mai, sharib.
winnow, v.t. t_sapawul, t_sap wahal.winter, n. jzamaey, si ra ’
h.
wipe, v.t.muéhal, si f ka..wisdom, n. poha
’
h,
’akl, fahm, sha
’
iir, dinish, dini’i.
w ise, a . pohind, dini ,’ikil, hoéhyi r, (way) toga
’h, shin,
dod, rang .
with, n. ghosht, handa’h, bat_sa
’h, i rzii , iri da’h ; v.t.
ghoshtal, handa’h, etc., laral.
wither, v.i . m’
rimedal, m’
riwedal, kumar_nsdal ; v.t.
m’
rimawul, etc.
256 withstand —yarn.
withstand, v.t. hiti lawul, irawul, da fa’ka . , baribari h .
witness, n. shi hid, gawi h.
wolf , n. lewah , sharmaéh.
woman, 11. éhadza ’h,
’aurata
'h, zan.
wonder, v.t. ta’
jjiib ka . ; v.i. (lit. become astonished)hairanedal.
wood, 11 . largaey, (fire) bi lar_1_1 , (brake, copes) jir.
wool, 11 . wara ’
i , (lit. down) pashm, (made of wool) warinnh,pashminah.
woolly, a . waran.
word,a
. khabara’
h, wayana’h, wayasy, laf z , (intelligence)
kha ar.
work, 11 . ki r, chi r, kasb, shughl, mihnat, Qidmat ; v.t.
ki r, etc. ka . , k’ral, (man) ki ri-gar, ki r-kawimkasy .
world, see universe.
worm, n. chinjaey .
worn, a . z or, (rubbed or frayed) siilsdalasy, (fatigued,worn out) tap staraey.
wound, n. parhi r, za , zam, k_hujz , k_hiijg ; v.t. mkhmika . , jzobalawul,Qujz awul.
wounded, a .
‘
parhi r-jzalasy, k_huig , g ain-mand, ghwug ,
jzobal, zak_l_1mi , (badly) zam-zamolasy.
wrap , v.t. n’
ghaéhtal, n’
gh i ral.
wretched, a . khwi t , ti rah, tabi h, bey-kas.
wretchedness, n. k_hwi ri , tabih-i, tor-bab ti .wring, v.t. nichorawul.
wrist, n.marwand.
write, v.t. ki jzal, k’shal, k_hatt k
’éhal, tahrir ka..
writing, 11 . Lhatt, tahrir.
wrong, a . harim, ni -hakk, u i -ri st, u i -rawi , u i -li -ih, uimunisib ; n. bey-insi f i, zulm, jabr, jafi , rarar, nuksin,(fi
nest) ghalat, khati ; v.t. zulm, etc. ka . , ramras
a etc.
m: a " £305 kojzt h ing'
ya rd, n. ga z , (enclosure) hadera’h, gholasy.
ya rn, n. spag sasy .
WO RK S B Y
M A JO R R A V E R T Y
Recently published, whichmay be obtained of
ME S S R S . W. H . ALLEN AND 00.
We cannot but regard the contributions of Capta inRaverty to the study of Asiatic literature as eminentlyuseful and valuable. T he author has now devotedmanyyears of menta l toil to the task he has undertaken, havingcommenced when a very youngman in 1853; and the pref aces and introductions to theDictionary and Grammarwerecomposed in a solitary military station inIndia . Nevertheless, CaptainRaverty has inthese introductory treatisespresented much curious matter on the origin, language,and literature of the Afghans, which may be read withinterest even by those who do not contemplatemaking astudy of thePuéhto tongue . Da ilyNews, April, 1864.
M. ls capita ine Raverty, s’est surtout appliqu é, d
’
unemaniere touts spéciale, i l
’étude du puschtu ou langus
des Afgana, qui n’
était guire connue avant lui que par lestravau x deM . B. Dorn, de S aint-Pétersbourg ; ma is qu i,par ceux d ls cap. Raverty , estmiss tout a fait enlumiére et peut itre étudiée désormais au ssi facilement queles langues orientales pour lesquelles abondent les res
sources de l’
érudition européenne. Les ouvrages
deM . Raverty sur la langus puschtu ofirentnu ensemble qu ipermet d’
apprendre la langue sans avoirrecou rs i d’autres
livres que les sisns.
”Journal Asiatique,
”1862.
InOne VOL, Imp . 8vo . , pp. xxxvi. and 1166, strongly and hand
somely bound. Price £333.
A DICT IO NARVOF T H !
PU S’HTO, PUR 'ETO, OR AFGHAN LANGUAGE ,
WITH CONSIDERAB LE ADDIT IONS.H e has shown anunwearied patience incollecting and
expounding the whole word-treasure of the langua ge .
T here are very few words that are in u se inwriting and
good conversation which have escaped the industrious
collector. Besides the pure Afghan vocabula ry, he ha salso inserted the Arabic and Persian idioms, &c. , which
are so prevalent in this language.
”— Dr. Sprenger, 1862.
This is hardly the place for reviewing a Pooshtoo
Dictionary, further than to mention tha t it is beautifu llyprinted, full without being too explanatory, and hasceived the approval of competent scholars H e
has a cla imto be justly congratulated, in the phrase of
Dr. Dorn, on having executed amonumental work or,
to u se his ownmodest words, on having rescued fromoblivion, and thrown considerable light upon, an ancient
and unique language, which has not hitherto received theattention it deserves fromOriental scholars.
’
Scots
man,” Feb . 1866.
There had not been above two attempts at Afghanvocabularies before CaptainRaverty
’s dictionary appeared
Fromour ignorance of the Puéhto tongue, weare, of course , entirely disqualified fromspeaking of the
merits of Capta in Raverty’
s works, except that theyappear to be the results of great study, elaborate research ,
patient toil, and untiring industry Dr. Dorn, inparticular, speaks of his dictionary in terms of the highesteulogy, describing it as a monumental work, whichscarcely needs addition, and with the aid of which one
may read and understand any Afghanwriter.
”London
Review,
”June, 1864.
A peculiar feature of the work, which we notice at the
2
will enable the student to acqu ire a thorough knowledgeOf the Afghan language without being obliged to haverecourse to any other books ; indeed, they are the sole
implements to pioneer the way .
’ Naval and MilitaryGa zette,” June, 1864.
Le Gulschan-Roh ls Jardin de Roh , c’est-i -dire de
l’
Afganistan ou plutbt de la partiemontagneuse du pa s
d’
Ou est tiré ls nomde Rohillas, Ofire un choix consid r
able de fragments desmeilleurs écrivains afgane enproseet envers.
”JournalAsiatique,
”1862.
In One VOL, pp. 265, unif ormwith the above. Price£1 Is.
A GRAMMARor run
PUS ’HTO, OR AFGHAN LANGUAGE .
A grammar Of the Afghan language was, strange tosay , a complete desideratumuntil the year 1855, so tha tno English Ofi cer before that time had any Opportunity Oflearning the rudiments of the tongue . Previou s to thebreaking out Of the Afghanwar,more than twenty yearsago , the Emperor Of Russia had appointed a professor OfPushto (the language Of Afghanistan) at St. Petersburg,inwhich capital allyoung di plomatists weremade to pa ssexaminations in the Roh dialect. Notwithstanding thisexample on the part of the RussianGovernment, nothingwa s done by our country in the way of assisting officersand plenipotentiaries in India in acquiring the Af ghanlangu age ; and even when employed onmissions Of thegreatest importance, they had to depend entirely on the
honesty of interpreters for correct inf ormation.
”Lon
donReview,
”June, 1864.
It will hardly be believed that before the year 1857there was no grammar to be had in England or inIndiafromwhich anEnglish Oflicermight acquire the rudimentsof the language of Afghanistan. Nor can it be too Oftenrepeated that, even before the beginning of the Afghanwars, the RussianGovernment had appointed a Professor
4
of Pushto , the language Of the Afghans, at S t. Petersburg. There, in the northern capita l Of Ru ssia , an
Afghan grammar and reading-book wa s published byProfessor Dorn, at the expense of the Emperor’
s Government, before our Government evenknew that the Afghanshad a language of their own. There, at S t. Petersburg,young officers and diplomatists had to pa ss examinationsin the dialect of the warlikemountaineers of R011, whileour generals and ambassadors, employed onmissions of
the highest importance, inthe very heart Of that country,had to depend f or information on the honesty of inter
pretere. Afghan chiefs were able to talk treason in
Pushto before the noses of our generals, while a ssu ringthemof their fidelity in high-flown strains Of Persianeloquence We cla imf or Capta inRaverty publicsupport, and we are glad indeed to see that his long and
very valuable and laborious undertaking has alread re
ceived an amount of encouragement which argues we f or
the future success of a work which is to all intents and
urposes national.”
Army and Navy Ga zette,” June,864.
T he Grammar of Lieutenant Raverty, which is sufli
ciently elaborate, and inwhich the rules are supported bycopious and well-chosen extracts fromcla ssical ,Pushto
authors , will be gladly ha iled by every linguist.
”
Athenaeum, Au gust, 1856.
T he first edition, which was printed at Calcutta in
1855 , ha s now been followed by a second edition, which
has had the benefit of the au thor’
s careful corrections,and will probably continue the standard Grammar Of thisinteresting and important language formany years to come.
Of the practicalimportance Of anAfghanGrammar we need not waste any words.
”S aturday Review,
”
Nov 1860.
M . Raverty explique la formation de la langueet entre dans des détails curieux sur sa littérature. Il
aborde enfin les regles de la grammaire d ’
apres la nomenclature arabe, et il appu ie toujours les régles qu
’
il donne
d’
exemples bien choisis et empruntés auxmeilleurs écrivains en prose et envers.
”JournalAsiatique,
”1862.
5
When onmy last travels inCentralAsia, IOftenconsulted, at Hiri t, at Sabz iwar, etc. etc. , the S idare andMoolahs as to the correctness of the phrases and examplescited by the Author, in order to prove the rules Of hisGrammar ; and I was especially desirous to take theiropinions on the m
ayinwhich Captain Raverty explains
the arrangement an conjugations Of thePu shto verbs, sodifi cult and complicated as they are to unravel ; and Iammuch pleased to repeat, that their Opinions were veryfavourable to the conscientiou s and intelligent work OfCaptainRaverty .
”-M. N. de Khanikofi
, Feb. 1862.
New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo . ,pp . 380. Price 143.
S ELECT IONS FROM T HE POET RY O F
T HE AFG HA'
NS ,
FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURYM la ted into English fromthe origina l Pus
'hto , with Notices of the
difierent Au thors, and rema rks on
T HE MYSTIC DO CTRINE AND POETRY OF T H E S U FIS .
T he volume is of undeniable interest, and its executionmu st have beenmost laboriou s and difficult. Quaintwisdom, reminding the reader Of the Proverbs (S olomon’
s, not Tupper’
s) , and fanciful imagery u sed to illus
trate the Old, O ld story,’
told in every language that has
ever beenwritten or spoken, imagery which is sometimesbeautiful, and sometimes ludicrou s, are the principal characteristics O f the poems.
” Morning Post, April, 1862.
Captain Raverty’s new volume in truth Opens a new
source Of enjoyment to all lovers of real poetry , and at
the same time a rich field of inqu iry f or our philologists,and students Of the varieties of our race, with their intellectual peculiarities.
” Daily News,” March , 1862.
We feelmuch indebted to Captain Raverty , who (unlike so many of his comrades, with equal Opportunities
6
language and literature, have met with due appreciationin a former number Of this journal. They have gainedhima European reputation amongst Oriental scholars ,and the present volume, S elections fromthe Poetry Ofthe Afghans,
’
is a worthy successor to the learned and
elaborate works previously published. T he Army and
Navy Ga zette,” 1862.
New and Cheaper Edition. Imp . 16mo. Price 58 .
T HESAURUS
OF ENGLISH AND H INDU S TANI TECHNICAL TERMS ,
Used in B u ilding, Engineering, and other usefu lArts.
We would draw particular attention also to his valu
able little work, English and Hindu stani TechnicalTerms, u sed in Bu ilding and other Useful Arts, andS cientific Manu al Of Words and Phrases in the HigherBranches of Knowledge .
’ This useful and long-requiredmanual ha s been found extremely useful to , and has beenhighly commended by, Officers Of the Engineers and thePublic Works Department throughout the three Presidencies of India , by the Officials and working stafi of the
diff erent railways, by interpreters of regiments, and thepublic generally . B ut it requ ires a specialnotice fromu s ,
since by the recent orders issued fromthe India O fi ce and
the Admiralty, naval Officers, consequent upon the aboli
tion Of the Indian navy, have great encoura gement heldout to themto study Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic ;and CaptainRaverty
’
s little book is the only one that we
know Of which contains a long chapter on nava l terms ,which being chiefly Arabic and Persian words, are usedalike in all three languages . It cannot fail, therefore, tobe of great u se to all naval Oflicers serving in the Indi ansea s, a s well a s to their brothers Of the army , since thework contains a key to the pronunciation, and all the
8
words andphrases are given inRomanas well as theArabic
and Persian character.
”— “Nava1 and Military Ga zette ,”1864.
T he Secretary Of theCivil and Military ExaminationCommittee, Bombay , reports on this work, In reply theundersigned is directed to report that the work is doubtless very useful.”— Bombay Castle, 2nd Augu st, 1859.
Crown8vc ., toned paper. Price 12s.
T HE FAB LES O F E SOP AL-HAKI’M
Transla ted into theAfghd/nLanguage,
WITH ILLU STRAT IONS ON WOOD FROM DESIGNS B Y JOHN T ENNIEL.
H is latest work, translated fromJames’s Alsop into
Pushto of a simple but pure kind, ought to become a
u seful reading-book for students in the earlier stages Oftheir progress. T he Home News,” April, 1872.
Prep aring f or Publica tion,
A D ICT IO N A R Y
ENGLISH AND PUS 'HTO.
A dictionary, English and Pushto , is now in preparationby Major Ra verty , but it can only be brou ght out
by the aid of the Government, f or the expense Of printingsuch books, consisting, in a great measure, Of foreign
9
words requiring a spec1al and peculiar type, is‘
very large .
Judging fromprevious experience, qMajor Raverty has
but little hope of S irCharlesWood supporting his efiorts ,though the RussianGovernment, never forgetful of anything whichmay facilitate its designs onCentral Asia , has
taken a greatmany cOpies Of theworks already published ;for the young Officers and diplomatists Of St. Petersburghave formany years been obliged to pass examinations inPushto. It would be extremely humiliating t
country if the English-Puéhto Dictionary were to bebrought out at the expense of that ve Power whichwe have most to dread in the far East. et su chmightbe. U p to the present time the gallant Ofi cer has had tothank the Ru ssianGovernment f armore than that of hisown country for support and countenance .
News,”2ndApril, 1864.
