CONCLUSIONES

Los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación, permiten llegar

a las siguientes conclusiones:

• En base a la investigación realizada y la creación del diseño de una

red GSM para la Ciudad de Maracaibo, se establece que la

metodología desarrollada es eficiente debido a que cumple con los

estándares y parámetros de la Tecnología GSM.

• Las 45 estaciones se ubicaron en distintas zonas, para áreas urbanas

(de alto tráfico) se utilizó radios desde 700 m hasta 1 Km, mientras en

las zonas sub-urbanas (de menor tráfico) se consideraron radios

desde 1.5 Km hasta 3 Km.

• La elaboración de un buen plan de reuso de frecuencia con K=7,

garantiza que la red funciones correctamente, debido a que se evitan

que se presenten problemas de interferencia de canales adyacentes.

• La estación base considerada para este diseño, garantiza no solo la

disponibilidad de canales de radio al momento de implantar el diseño

sino para futuros incrementos de suscriptores.

• A través de la realización del Link Budget y el uso del modelo de

Propagación Okumura-Hata se determina la distancia máxima del

móvil a la Estación Base sin perder la calidad del servicio.

126

RECOMENDACIONES

Durante el desarrollo de la investigación se plantearon los elementos

que conforman un red GSM el cual presenta múltiples características. Por

consiguiente se presentan las siguientes sugerencias:

• Es recomendable realizar una visita a cada uno de los sitios de celdas

seleccionados para la ubicación de las BTS, con el propósito de

determinar las accesibilidad del sitio.

• Iniciar el proceso de implantación del diseño en áreas de mayor flujo

de tráfico.

• Para garantizar el buen funcionamiento de la red se debe monitorear

el porcentaje de utilización y de bloqueo de los canales de voz,

asegurando así que la expansión de las radio base se realice a tiempo

y no afecte la calidad del servicio.

• Realizar pruebas de campo del funcionamiento del sistema, para

verificar la calidad del diseño y realizar ajustes en las variaciones de

información obtenidas en el mismo.

128

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Páginas Web:

- http://www.andrew.com

- http://www.conatel.gov.ve

- http://www.dit.upm.es/

- http://www.ericsson.com

- http://www.erlang.com

- http://www.gsmspain.com

- http://www.gsmworld.com

- http://www.huawei.com

- http://www.iec.org

- http://www.itu.int

- http://www.ldc.usb.ve

- http://maja.did.upm.es

- http://www.mobileworld.org

- http://www.motorola.com

- http://www.nokia.com

- http://www.siemens.com

- http://www.umts-forum.org

- http://www.umtsforum.net

- http://www.3gnewsroom.com

Motores de Búsqueda:

- http://www.google.com

- http://www.altavista.com

130

Anexo 1: Tabla de Erlang B

hannels 0,10% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00%1 0 0,01 0,02 0,032 0,05 0,15 0,23 0,283 0,2 0,46 0,6 0,714 0,44 0,87 1,09 1,265 0,76 1,36 1,66 1,876 1,15 1,91 2,28 2,547 1,58 2,5 2,93 3,258 2,05 3,13 3,63 3,999 2,56 3,78 4,34 4,75

10 3,09 4,46 5,09 5,5311 3,65 5,16 5,84 6,3312 4,23 5,88 6,61 7,1413 4,83 6,61 7,4 7,9714 5,45 7,35 8,2 8,815 6,08 8,11 9,01 9,6516 6,72 8,87 9,83 10,5117 7,38 9,65 10,66 11,3718 8,04 10,44 11,49 12,2419 8,72 11,23 12,33 13,1220 9,41 12,03 13,18 1421 10,11 12,84 14,04 14,8822 10,81 13,65 14,9 15,7823 11,52 14,47 15,76 16,6824 12,24 15,29 16,63 17,5825 12,97 16,12 17,5 18,4826 13,7 16,96 18,38 19,3927 14,44 17,8 19,27 20,328 15,18 18,64 20,15 21,2229 15,93 19,49 21,04 22,1430 16,68 20,34 21,93 23,0631 17,44 21,19 22,83 23,9932 18,21 22,05 23,72 24,9233 18,97 22,91 24,63 25,8434 19,74 23,77 25,53 26,7835 20,52 24,64 26,44 27,7136 21,29 25,51 27,35 28,6537 22,08 26,38 28,25 29,5938 22,86 27,25 29,17 30,5239 23,65 28,13 30,08 31,4740 24,45 29,01 31 32,4141 25,24 29,89 31,91 33,36

1437 1356,08 1408,1 1435,23 1457,051438 1357,05 1409,1 1436,25 1458,081439 1358,03 1410,1 1437,26 1459,111440 1359,01 1411,1 1438,28 1460,141441 1359,99 1412,1 1439,29 1461,161442 1360,96 1413,11 1440,31 1462,191443 1361,94 1414,11 1441,33 1463,221444 1362,92 1415,11 1442,34 1464,251445 1363,89 1416,11 1443,36 1465,281446 1364,87 1417,11 1444,37 1466,31447 1365,85 1418,11 1445,39 1467,331448 1366,83 1419,11 1446,41 1468,361449 1367,8 1420,11 1447,42 1469,391450 1368,78 1421,12 1448,44 1470,411451 1369,76 1422,12 1449,45 1471,441452 1370,73 1423,12 1450,47 1472,471453 1371,71 1424,12 1451,48 1473,51454 1372,69 1425,12 1452,5 1474,531455 1373,67 1426,12 1453,51 1475,561456 1374,64 1427,12 1454,53 1476,581457 1375,62 1428,12 1455,55 1477,611458 1376,6 1429,13 1456,56 1478,641459 1377,58 1430,13 1457,58 1479,671460 1378,55 1431,13 1458,59 1480,71461 1379,53 1432,13 1459,61 1481,721462 1380,51 1433,13 1460,62 1482,751463 1381,48 1434,13 1461,64 1483,781464 1382,46 1435,13 1462,66 1484,811465 1383,44 1436,14 1463,67 1485,841466 1384,41 1437,14 1464,69 1486,861467 1385,39 1438,14 1465,7 1487,891468 1386,37 1439,14 1466,72 1488,921469 1387,35 1440,14 1467,73 1489,951470 1388,33 1441,14 1468,75 1490,981471 1389,3 1442,14 1469,76 14921472 1390,28 1443,14 1470,78 1493,031473 1391,26 1444,15 1471,8 1494,061474 1392,23 1445,15 1472,81 1495,091475 1393,21 1446,15 1473,83 1496,121476 1394,19 1447,15 1474,84 1497,141477 1395,17 1448,15 1475,86 1498,171478 1396,14 1449,15 1476,87 1499,21479 1397,12 1450,15 1477,89 1500,231480 1398,1 1451,16 1478,91 1501,262109 2014,56 2081,86 2118,3 2148,252110 2015,54 2082,87 2119,32 2149,282111 2016,53 2083,87 2120,34 2150,31

2112 2017,51 2084,88 2121,35 2151,342113 2018,49 2085,88 2122,37 2152,372114 2019,47 2086,88 2123,39 2153,42115 2020,46 2087,89 2124,4 2154,432116 2021,44 2088,89 2125,42 2155,452117 2022,42 2089,89 2126,44 2156,482118 2023,4 2090,9 2127,46 2157,522119 2024,39 2091,9 2128,47 2158,542120 2025,37 2092,91 2129,49 2159,572121 2026,35 2093,91 2130,51 2160,62122 2027,33 2094,91 2131,52 2161,632123 2028,31 2095,92 2132,54 2162,662124 2029,3 2096,92 2133,56 2163,692125 2030,28 2097,92 2134,58 2164,722126 2031,26 2098,93 2135,59 2165,742127 2032,24 2099,93 2136,61 2166,782128 2033,22 2100,93 2137,63 2167,812129 2034,21 2101,94 2138,65 2168,832130 2035,19 2102,94 2139,66 2169,862131 2036,17 2103,95 2140,68 2170,892132 2037,16 2104,95 2141,7 2171,922133 2038,14 2105,96 2142,71 2172,952134 2039,12 2106,96 2143,73 2173,982135 2040,1 2107,96 2144,75 2175,012136 2041,08 2108,97 2145,77 2176,042137 2042,07 2109,97 2146,78 2177,072138 2043,05 2110,97 2147,8 2178,092139 2044,03 2111,98 2148,82 2179,132140 2045,01 2112,98 2149,83 2180,152141 2046 2113,98 2150,85 2181,182142 2046,98 2114,99 2151,87 2182,212143 2047,96 2115,99 2152,89 2183,242144 2048,94 2117 2153,9 2184,272145 2049,93 2118 2154,92 2185,32146 2050,91 2119 2155,94 2186,332147 2051,89 2120,01 2156,96 2187,362148 2052,87 2121,01 2157,97 2188,392149 2053,85 2122,01 2158,99 2189,412150 2054,84 2123,02 2160,01 2190,452151 2055,82 2124,02 2161,02 2191,472152 2056,8 2125,03 2162,04 2192,52153 2057,78 2126,03 2163,06 2193,533549 3433,36 3529,31 3584,27 3630,883550 3434,34 3530,32 3585,29 3631,913551 3435,33 3531,33 3586,31 3632,943552 3436,32 3532,33 3587,33 3633,973553 3437,31 3533,34 3588,35 3635

3554 3438,3 3534,34 3589,36 3636,033555 3439,28 3535,35 3590,38 3637,063556 3440,27 3536,36 3591,4 3638,093557 3441,26 3537,36 3592,42 3639,123558 3442,24 3538,37 3593,44 3640,153559 3443,23 3539,37 3594,45 3641,183560 3444,22 3540,38 3595,47 3642,213561 3445,21 3541,39 3596,49 3643,243562 3446,19 3542,39 3597,51 3644,273563 3447,18 3543,4 3598,53 3645,33564 3448,17 3544,41 3599,55 3646,333565 3449,16 3545,41 3600,57 3647,363566 3450,15 3546,42 3601,59 3648,393567 3451,13 3547,42 3602,6 3649,423568 3452,12 3548,43 3603,62 3650,453569 3453,11 3549,44 3604,64 3651,483570 3454,09 3550,44 3605,66 3652,513571 3455,08 3551,45 3606,68 3653,543572 3456,07 3552,46 3607,7 3654,573573 3457,06 3553,46 3608,72 3655,63574 3458,05 3554,47 3609,74 3656,633575 3459,03 3555,47 3610,76 3657,663576 3460,02 3556,48 3611,77 3658,693577 3461,01 3557,49 3612,79 3659,723578 3462 3558,49 3613,81 3660,753579 3462,98 3559,5 3614,83 3661,783580 3463,97 3560,51 3615,85 3662,813581 3464,96 3561,51 3616,87 3663,843582 3465,95 3562,52 3617,88 3664,873583 3466,94 3563,52 3618,9 3665,93584 3467,92 3564,53 3619,92 3666,933585 3468,91 3565,54 3620,94 3667,963586 3469,9 3566,54 3621,96 3668,993587 3470,89 3567,55 3622,98 3670,023588 3471,87 3568,56 3624 3671,053589 3472,86 3569,56 3625,02 3672,083590 3473,85 3570,57 3626,04 3673,113591 3474,84 3571,57 3627,05 3674,143592 3475,83 3572,58 3628,07 3675,17

Fuente: http://www.erlang.com

Antenna Specifications

24

824–960 MHz Cellular Single Polarized Sector Antennas

65° HORIZONTAL

90° HORIZONTAL

9o EL BEAMWIDTHCTS08G-06515-0D

17.2 dBi / 15.0 dBd Gain

9.5o EL BEAMWIDTHCTS08G-09014-0D

15.7 dBi / 13.5 dBd Gain

Electrical Specifications

Azimuth Elevation ElectricalBeamwidth, Beamwidth, Front-to-Back Downtilt, Dimensions,

Part Number degrees degrees Gain,dBi Gain,dBd Ratio, dB degrees L x W x D, mm (in)

CTS08G-06515-0D 65 9 17.2 15.0 30 0 1980 (78) x 267 (10.5) x 127 (5)CTS08G-09014-0D 90 9.5 15.7 13.5 25 0 1980 (78) x 267 (10.5) x 127 (5)

25

Mechanical Specifications

824–960 MHz

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONSFrequency Band, MHz 824–960Polarization Type Single, VerticalIntermodulation, dBc <-150 Impedance, ohms 50Return Loss, dB (VSWR) >14.0 (<1.5)Maximum Input Power, watts 500Lightning Protection dc groundConnector Type 7-16 DIN Female

MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONSRadome Material UV Protected PVCRadome Color GrayNote: Wind Loads rated at, km/h (mph) 161 (100)

ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONSSurvival Wind Speed, km/h (mph) 201 (125)Temperature Range, ˚C (˚F) -40/+65 (-40/+149) Humidity Up to 100%

MOUNTING HARDWARE600899A-2 Adjustable tilt mount

attaches to vertical pipe of diameter 33 (1.3)–115 (4.5) mm (in)

ShippingWind Load Wind Load Wind Load Weight, Weight, Shipping Dimensions,

Frontal, N (lbf) Lateral, N (lbf) Back, N (lbf) kg (lb) kg (lb) L x W x D, mm (in)

813 (183) 189 (42) 980 (220) 16.4 (36.0) 19.6 (43.2) 2108 (83) x 406 (16) x 267 (10.5)813 (183) 189 (42) 980 (220) 16.4 (36.0) 19.6 (43.2) 2108 (83) x 406 (16) x 267 (10.5)

BS-240/BS-241/BS-240XL

Minimal footprint, maximum performance

BS-240/241/240XL is the new future-proof evolution of

Siemens’ BTS hardware. Highlights are configurations with

up to 24 TRX, significantly reduced volume per TRX, and a

future-oriented platform for all upcoming GSM enhancements.

Brand new BS240-XL is our response to growing capacity

requirements in limited space. And eases the way to integrated

sites for GSM and UMTS.

BS-240

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Front view of BS-240

Product Profile

Increasing demands for higher

capacity are met by

BS-240/241/240XL through

reduced volume and an expan-

ded number of 24TRX in 2 or

3 racks with a modularity of

8 TRX (resp. 12 TRX) per rack.

BS-240/241/240XL are power-

ful dualband base stations in

single or multi rack configura-

tions, operating in GSM850,

GSM900, GSM1800 and

GSM1900 frequency bands.

A full spectrum of combining

equipment means high output

power and a minimized number

of antennas for all cell configu-

rations.

The BS-240/241/240XL boasts

high receiver sensitivity and

thanks to its small footprint lets

operators save on infrastructural

expenses.The optional SDMA

(switched beams) is planned

for operators with limited fre-

quency spectrum and utmost

capacity demands.The modular

architecture and the flexible

internal structure with data rates

of up to 16MBit/s enables the

BS-240/241/240XL to provide

new GSM features such as

EDGE.This platform ensures

that network evolution is as

smooth as possible.The use of

latest technology reduces power

consumption and improves

reliability.

Technical Data BS-240XL BS-240

Indoor application Indoor application

Carriers per rack 12 8

Height x width x depth 2025 x 600 x 450 mm 1600 x 600 x 450 mm

Volume net 546 l 432 l

Weight 250 kg 210 kg

Operation acc. to ETSI 3.1E ETSI 3.1E

Temperature range -5 °C to +45 °C -5 °C to +45 °C

(including solar radiation)

Power supply -48 V DC; 230/400 V AC -48 V DC; 230/400 V AC

or 110/207 V AC or 110/207 V AC

Max. power consumption 2,8 kW 1,8 kW

Output power GSM850/900 GMSK 60 W GMSK 60 W

8PSK 40 W 8PSK 40 W

Output power GSM1800/1900 GMSK 40 W GMSK 40 W

8PSK 30 W 8PSK 30 W

Battery backup up to 10 hours up to 10 hours

Microwave hardware integrated integrated

BS-240XL: The flagshipof the Siemens base station family

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Customer Benefits

■ Compatibility with existing

SBS ensures easy integration

into the already installed

infrastructure

■ Possible site configurations

of up to 72TRX/site for

increasing capacity require-

ments

■ Highest reliability thanks

to redundancy for all core

modules

■ Reduced investment costs

due to integrated Abis cross

connect (8 PCM lines)

■ Fast network rollout:

approximately 50 % fewer

sites required due to

superior RX sensitivity and

high output power

■ No service interruption

for rack extension orTRX

exchange

BS-241

■ Best-in-class composite

transmit power with minimal

footprint requirements

assures high site efficiency

■ BS-240/241/240XL are fully

scalable and able to grow

with the requirements

■ Start with a single rack, plug

in up to 8 TRX (12 TRX for

BS-240XL)

■ Add expansion racks to

accomodate additional TRX,

and add service racks to

custom tailor the BTS to the

unique needs of the site

■ Pre-installed commissioning

reduces installation time to

less than one hour

■ Smart antennas (beam

switching) option increases

capacity

■ Modular internal structure,

highly flexible signal

processing capacity

■ Architecture prepared for

future GSM features

■ Ready for EDGE

Compatibility

The BS-240/241/240XL are

compatible with the existing

Siemens products. An easy

expansion of installed

networks with the new

BS-240/241/240XL is possible.

Our generic BTS SW runs on

all platforms and assures a

homogenous service offering

throughout the network.

Architecture ready fortomorrows Broadband Communication

Technical Data BS-241

Outdoor application

Carriers per rack 8

Height x width x depth 1750 (incl. plinth) x

700 x 650 mm

Volume net 705 l

Weight 265 kg

Operation acc. to ETSI 4.1E

Temperature range -45 °C to +55 °C

Power Supply 230/400 V AC

or 110/207 V AC

Max. power consumption 1,8 kW

Output power GSM850/900 GMSK 60 W

8PSK 40 W

Output power GSM1800/1900 GMSK 40 W

8PSK 30 W

Battery backup up to 10 hours

Microwave hardware integrated

visit our website at www.siemens.com/mobile

8PSK 8 Phase Shift

Keying

AC Alternating Current

ACOM Antenna COM-

bining

BS Base Station

BTS Base Transceiver

Station

COBA COre BAsic

module

COSA COre SAtellite

module

CU Carrier Unit

DC Direct Current

DIAMCO Diversity Amplifier

Multi COupler

EDGE Enhanced Data

rates for GSM

Evolution

ETSI European

Telecommunica-

tions Standard

Institute

GERAN GSM EDGE Radio

Access Network

GMSK Gaussian

Maximum Shift

Keying

GSM Global System for

Mobile Communi-

cation

HEX Heat Exchanger

HPDU High Power

DUplexer

MEF Membrane Filter

MTBF Mean-Time

Between Failures

NTPM Network Termina-

tion Primary

Multiplex

PCM Pulse Code

Modulation

RF Radio Frequency

RX Receiver

SBS Siemens Base

Station System

SDMA Space Division

Multiple Access

TMA Tower Mounted

Amplifier

TRX Transceiver

UMTS Universal Mobile

Telecommunica-

tions System

VoIP Voice over IP

AbbreviationsFeatures

■ Frequency bands:

GSM850/GSM900/GSM RE/

GSM1800/GSM1900

■ Dual band configurations as

GSM900/1800,

GSM900/1900,

GSM850/1800 or

GSM850/1900 in a single

BTS rack

■ Site configurations up to

72 TRX/site, up to 24 TRX/cell

and 36 cells/site

■ High power amplifier (60W)

and up to -116 dBm RX

sensitivity

■ Core redundancy and AC/DC

redundancy

■ Duplex combiner

■ Filter combiner

■ Filter combiner with High

Power Duplexer (HPDU)

■ Tower Mounted Amplifier

(TMA) with intelligent

reliability management

■ Smart antennas (beam

switching) option

■ Integrated Abis cross

connect (8 PCM24/30 lines)

■ Integrated NTPM and

µ-wave equipment,

optional battery backup

in a service rack

■ High flexibility of site

configurations thanks

to service rack

■ 48 external alarms,

8 site outputs

■ Rack extension without

service interruption

■ Hot plug-in ability of TRXs

■ Short software upgrade time

■ Improved MTBF

■ Membrane filter (MEF)

technology for outdoor BTS

■ State-of-the-art technology,

environmentally friendly,

recyclable

■ Architecture fully prepared

for GERAN and VoIP services

Order No. A50001-N3-P43-6-7600 • Printed in Germany • D00602W • SIE-02-0022 02023. • © Copyright • Siemens AG 2001 • Information and CommunicationMobile • Networks • Hofmannstr. 51 • 81359 Munich • Germany • This publication is issued to provide information only and is not to form part of any orderor contract.The products and services described herein are subject to availability and to change without notice.

mobile business

BSC/ TRAUKey Components for Handling and Routing Information

The Base Station Controller (BSC)

and Transcoding Rate Adaption

Unit (TRAU) are key components

for handling and routing informa-

tion. Siemens offers operators a

flexible configuration, providing

solutions that are cost-effective

and make optimal use of re-

sources.

Thanks to their flexible and modulararchitecture, compact design (lessthan 360 liters due to the latest gen-eration of microprocessor technolo-gy), and low heat generation. BSCand TRAU do not require any specif-ic environmental conditions for oper-ation. Thus the operator now has theoption of placing either one or bothunits centrally - e.g., together withthe switching equipment - orremotely.

The BSC can be located close to thebase stations. It concentrates thetraffic towards the MSC, optimizingthe utilization of the associatedleased lines. In addition, the BSCsupports various BSC-BTS configu-rations (e.g., star, multidrop andloop) and star configurationstowards the TRAU.

The TRAU is a stand-alone unit andcan be located close to a MobileSwitching Center (MSC), thus opti-mally utilizing 16kbit/s channel sub-multiplexing and saving line costs.

Product Profile

■ A compact solution with only 360liter volume

■ Dynamic capacity of 2,000 Erlangwith the option of upgrading tomore than 3,000 Erlang

■ No raised floors required■ No air conditioning required■ Modular BSC hardware expansion

of up to 4,320 ports■ Modular TRAU hardware expansion

of up to 480 traffic channels■ Maximum flexibility in network lay-

out for a cost-effective solutionfrom rural to high-density urbanenvironments – due to remote BSCinstallation

■ 16 or 64 kbit/s signaling channels(LAPD) between BSC and BTS (onlyone channel required per BTS site,minimizing least line costs)

■ Separate TRAU that can be locatedat the MSC site

■ Phase 2+ compatibility

Customer Benefits

■ High fault tolerance due to 2nredundancy in central parts and n+1redundancy in line interfaces

■ Sophisticated redundancy concept.Hardware faults have no impact onexisting calls

■ Easy system upgrade through soft-ware download

■ Handling of different software loadsat a time

■ Addition of line interfaces and BTSswithout traffic interruption

■ Various Abis interface configurations(star, multidrop, loop)

■ Various transmission media (e.g.,microwave, PCM30/PCM24, satel-lite)

■ One LMT for all entities■ Queuing and priority■ IMSI/Cell tracing■ Short Message Service (SMS)■ SMS cell broadcast■ Multiband operation■ Support of hierarchical cell structure

(up to 16 different priority levels)■ Support of VAD/DTX■ Full support of all existing and up-

coming GSM data services:HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE

■ ASCI■ Full-rate, half-rate, enhanced full-rate,

AMR■ A interface pools supported■ Other GSM services up to

phase 2+■ Tandem-free operation■ Prepared for location services

Feature Overview

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Unit#1 Fuse & Alarm

Unit#3 Fuse & Alarm

Unit#2 Fuse & Alarm

Unit#4 Fuse & Alarm

Fig.: BSC

Fig.: Front view of TRAU

Technical Data TRAUHeight x width x depth 2000 x 600 x 300 mmVolume net 360 lWeight 153 kgTemperature range (including solar radiation) – 5°C to + 45°CMax. power consumption 476 WInput voltage – 48VStorage acc. to ETSI 1.2Transportation acc. to ETSI 2.3Operation acc. to ETSI 3.1E

Technical Data BSCHeight x width x depth 2000x600x300mmVolume net 360 lWeight 128 kgTemperature range (including solar radiation) – 5°C to +45°CMax. power consumption 350 WInput voltage – 48 VStorage acc. to ETSI 1.2Transportation acc. to ETSI 2.3Operation acc.to ETSI 3.1EBack-to-back mounting possibleBack-to-wall mounting possible

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c

PWR

S

PWR

S

Fuse & Alarm

LinkInter-faces

LinkInter-faces

LinkInterfaces

Core modules(in duplicate)

SignalingPre-

processing

SignalingPre-

processing

Fig.: TRAU

Fig.: Front view of BSC

!Contact us!

Visit our website atwww.siemens.de/ic/networks/ca

Abbreviations

AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate CodingASCI Advanced Speech Call

ItemsBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationDTX Discontinuous TransmissionEDGE Enhanced Data rates for

GSM EvolutionETSI European

TelecommunicationStandards Institute

GPRS General Packet RadioService

GSM Global System for MobileCommunication

HSCSD High Speed CircuitSwitched Data

IMSI International MobileSubscriber Identity

LAPD Link Access Protocol forD-Channel

LMT Local MaintenanceTerminal

MSC Mobile Switching CenterOMC Operation and

Maintenance CenterPCM Pulse Code ModulationPSPDN Packet Switched Public

Data NetworkPWRS Power SupplySGSN Serving GPRS Support

NodeSMS Short Message ServiceTRAU Transcoding and Rate

Adaption UnitVAD Voice Activity Detection

COPYRIGHT© • Siemens AG 1999 • Information and Communication Networks • Communication on Air • Hofmannstr. 51 • 81359 Munich • Germany •

Order No. A50001-N3-P31-2-7600 • Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany • MR M546 SIE_476_99 PA 09995.

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Interfaces

Abis interface Submultiplexing 16 kbit/s-star, multidrop,loop 16/64 kbit/s LAPD

Asub interface Submultiplexing 16 kbit/sA interface According to GSM 08.OMC interface X.25 connection via PSPDN or MSCLMT interface X.21/V.11 (64 kbit/s)Gb interface Frame relay connection towards SGSN

Customer Service Center - Call toll-free from: • U.S.A., Canada and Mexico 1-800-255-1479506

Cable Ordering InformationStandard Cable7/8" Standard Cable, Standard Jacket LDF5-50AFire Retardant Cable7/8" Fire Retardant Jacket (CATVR) LDF5RN-50ALow VSWR and Specialized Cables7/8" Low VSWR, specify operating band LDF5P-50A-(**)

** Insert suffix number from “Low VSWR Specifications” table, page 508.

CharacteristicsElectricalImpedance, ohms 50 ± 1Maximum Frequency, GHz 5.0Velocity, percent 89Peak Power Rating, kW 91dc Resistance, ohms/1000 ft (1000 m)

Inner 0.32 (1.05)Outer 0.36 (1.18)

dc Breakdown, volts 6000Jacket Spark, volts RMS 8000Capacitance, pF/ft (m) 22.8 (75.0)Inductance, µH/ft (m) 0.057 (0.187)MechanicalOuter Conductor CopperInner Conductor CopperDiameter over Jacket, in (mm) 1.09 (28)Diameter over Copper Outer Conductor, in (mm) 0.98 (24.9)Diameter Inner Conductor, in (mm) 0.355 (9.0)Nominal Inside Transverse Dimensions, cm 2.11Minimum Bending Radius, in (mm) 10 (250)Number of Bends, minimum (typical) 15 (50)Bending Moment, lb-ft (N•m) 12 (16.3)Cable Weight, lb/ft (kg/m) 0.33 (0.49)Tensile Strength, lb (kg) 325 (147)Flat Plate Crush Strength, lb/in (kg/mm) 80 (1.4)

* A 75-ohm 7/8" diameter cable is available. Contact Andrew for further information.

LDF5-50ADescription Type No.

7/8" Foam Dielectric, LDF Series – 50-ohm

Attenuation and Average PowerFrequency Attenuation Attenuation Average

MHz dB/100 ft dB/100 m Power, kW

0.5 0.025 0.081 91.01 0.035 0.115 78.6

1.5 0.043 0.141 64.12 0.050 0.163 55.510 0.112 0.366 24.620 0.159 0.521 17.330 0.195 0.641 14.150 0.254 0.833 10.888 0.340 1.12 8.08100 0.364 1.19 7.56108 0.378 1.24 7.26150 0.449 1.47 6.12174 0.486 1.59 5.66200 0.523 1.72 5.26300 0.649 2.13 4.24400 0.758 2.49 3.63450 0.808 2.65 3.41500 0.855 2.81 3.22512 0.866 2.84 3.17600 0.945 3.10 2.91700 1.03 3.37 2.67800 1.11 3.63 2.48824 1.13 3.69 2.44894 1.18 3.87 2.34960 1.23 4.02 2.241000 1.25 4.12 2.191250 1.42 4.67 1.931500 1.58 5.18 1.741700 1.70 5.56 1.621800 1.75 5.75 1.572000 1.86 6.11 1.482100 1.92 6.29 1.442200 1.97 6.46 1.402300 2.02 6.63 1.363000 2.37 7.76 1.163400 2.55 8.37 1.084000 2.81 9.23 0.9785000 3.23 10.6 0.853

Standard Conditons:For Attenuation. VSWR 1.0, ambient temperature 20°C (68°F).For Average Power. VSWR 1.0, ambient temperature 40°C (104°F), inner conductor temperature 100°C (212°F); no solar loading.

Customer Service Center - Call toll-free from: • U.S.A., Canada and Mexico 1-800-255-1479624

A Connector PIN-PAKS. Replacement connector center pins individually packaged in sets (quantities shown below). Each pin can be easily separated from the set. PIN-PAKS for 7/8" cable and smaller include five replacement pins: PIN-PAKS for 1-1/4" and 1-5/8" cable include two replacement pins.

A B

For Connector Type PIN-PAK Type No. Quantity Per Kit

F1PNM-H 242881 5C41SW 241051-3 5

F2NM, F2NM-H 242075-3 5F2PNM, F2PNM-H 242075-4 5F2PDM 114402-2 5

F4NM, F4NM-H 241455-3 5F4NMV2 243640-2 5F4PNM, F4PNM-H 241455-4 5F4PNMV2 243472-2 5F4NF 241496-3 5F4PNF 241496-4 5F4PDM 114417-2 5F4PDMV2 243465-2 5

L2NM, L2NM-H 48335-3 5L2PNM, L2PNM-H 48335-4 5

L4NM, L4NM-H 241730-3 5L4PNM, L4PNM-H 241730-4 5L4PDM 222483-2 5L4NF 242855 5L4PNF 242855-2 5

L5NM 43158-5 5L5PNM, L5PNM-H 241495 5L5NF 43157-2 5L5PNF 241092 5L5PDM 114105 5L5PDF, L5PDF-BH 114105-2 5

L6PNM, L6PNM-H 243370 2L6PNF 241057 2L6PDF, L6PDF-BH 114105-4 2L6PDM 114105-3 2

L7PNF 241056 2L7PNM 243371 2L7PDM 242960 1

V5PNF 244985-2 5V5PNM 244983-2 5V5PDF 244989-2 5V5PDM 244987-3 5

Contact Andrew for other replacement pins.

Connector Accessories

B Bulkhead Adapter. For use with type N or UHF jacks for 1/4", 3/8", 1/2" or 7/8" HELIAX® cable. Includes faceplate and mounting hardware.........Type 26016-2

Connector Reattachment Kit includes rubber O-ring andgasket parts to replace those which may be damaged during disassembly and subsequent reattachment of connectors. Does not include interface O-rings or gaskets.

Cable Types For Connector Types Reattachment Kit Type No.

Foam-Dielectric Cables

LDF2-50 L2 and L42 Series 34767A-38LDF4-50A L44 Series, except L4NM,

L44PCW, L44PCN, 34767A-27L4NM, L44PCW, L44PCN 34767A-51

FSJ4-50B F4 and 44AS Series 34767A-39F4V2 Series 34767A-66

LDF5-50A L5 and L45 Series 34767A-28LDF6-50 L6 and L46 Series 34767A-43LDF7-50A L7 and L47 Series 34767A-35

Air-Dielectric Cables

HJ4-50,HT4-50 H4PNM, H4PNF, 74PN, 74PW 34767A-22HJ5-50 H5PNF, H5PNM,

75PN, 75AR, 75PW 34767A-375AG, 75AU 34767A-575ART, 75AGT 34767A-44H5NF-T, 75NT 34767A-18

HJ7-50A 87G, 87R 34767A-6H7PNF, 87PN, 87S, 87SG 34767A-787SGT, 87ST 34767A-20H7NF-T, H7NM-T, 87NT, 87WT 34767A-1987Z 34767A-13

HJ12-50 H12PNF, 82PN 34767A-4682GF 34767A-5082RF 34767A-4982R 34767A-47

HJ8-50B H8( )-302 34767A-6078AGF, 78ARM, 78ARF,78AGM, 78AS 34767A-1078BZ 34767A-30

HJ11-50 H11( )-602 34767A-57H11( )-M408 34767A-58H11( )-302 34767A-5981RF 34767A-1581GF 34767A-1642826 34767A-4042896 34767A-4181Z 34767A-17

HJ9-50, H9( )-602, H9HP( )-602 34767A-55HJ9HP-50 H9( )-M408, H9HP( )-M408 34767A-56

79AG, 79AR 34767A-4579AZ, H9HPZ 34767A-31

Mobile SwitchingMobile SwitchingD900/1800/1900 – High-Performance Systems

For Your Business Success

The mobile telecommunications market is characterized by immense growth

rates, short innovation cycles and an increasingly sophisticated network

infrastructure. In the field of switching subsystems for mobile networks,

Siemens offers one of the most successful mobile switching systems in the

world.

Our D900/1800/1900 platform has proven to offer high flexibility to cope

with increasing subscriber numbers and a multitude of new applications.

Siemens’ mobile switching systems are known to provide best-in-class

availability and reliability.

The Universal Switching Platform The Universal Switching Platform for Present and Future Needs

The Base

HLR

AC EIR

OMC

SSSBSS

SSPMSCVLR

TRAUBSC

BTS

BTS

Fig. Typical GSM network structure including switching subsystem (SSS)

2

Flexible configurations secureinvestments

All installations are based on the samebasic hardware platform. The Siemensapproach allows for great flexibility inconfiguring and commissioning net-work nodes, as well as the entireGSM core network. The final function-ality of each particular network node isdetermined by software configuration.The logical GSM network entitiesMSC/ VLR/SSP, HLR/AC and EIR hoston a single installation or can be splitinto stand-alone MSC/VLR’s and/orHLR/AC’s.

This concept of a multi-purpose, homo-geneous hard- and software platformfor all mobile core network entities alsoapplies to the future. Siemens is theleading manufacturer in offering an all-in-one solution for GSM, GPRS andUMTS. All major components ofSiemens’ advanced mobile switchingplatform will be re-used in 3rd Gene-ration mobile core network nodes.Thus, operators installing Siemensequipment today will benefit from a

The unique solution:GSM, GPRS & UMTS on one platform

The D900/1800/1900 platform is theproven basis for all present and futuremobile core network elements fromSiemens. It incorporates all GSM inter-faces and provides access to theInternet, as well as to analog andISDN-based enterprise networks. Thisplatform has smoothly evolved to formthe basis for GPRS and UMTS networkelements, enabling the mobile net-work’s future evolution to the 3rdgeneration.

smooth upgrade path towards 3rdGeneration mobile networks.Thisupgrade strategy protects their invest-ment and maximizes the revenuesgained from their 2nd Generation infra-structure.

Siemens offers for its all-in-one GSM/GPRS/UMTS platform a single Oper-ation and Maintenance concept.Thisreduces necessary staff training to aminimum.

Best-in-class availability

The D900/1800/1900 platform is basedon the world’s most successful tele-communication platform – Siemens’EWSD. This platform shows best-in-class reliability values, which increasecontinuously.

3

The Business Opportunity

Features and ApplicationsFeatures and Applications

Utilizing Siemens’ equipment, net-

work operators are well prepared

for any present and future mobile

network business. Key applications

provisioned by Siemens in the

mobile environment ensure their

business success.

■ Location-based services:These services can determine thelocation of the subscriber with anaccuracy of 125 meters. Based onthis location information, a wealthof new innovative location-basedservices can be designed. Amongthese are emergency services,traffic control services, fleet man-agement and position-dependentinformation services. The HomeZone Billing service can beimproved by defining a smallersingle home zone.

■ EDGE & UMTS:The mobile multimedia mass mar-ket requires systems with suffi-cient capacity and speed for trafficdemands of tomorrow’s applica-tions. 2G Edge solutions bySiemens, with data rates of up to384 kbit/s per user, and especially3G UMTS networks with up to 2 Mbit/s per user, will satisfytomorrow’s service demands.

■ WAP:To address a mobile data massmarket a catalyst is required.Wireless Application Protocolturns a mobile phone into an out-door, easy-to-use Internet accessterminal. WAP enables access tothe Internet, e.g. search-enginesor pages of information, and exe-cutes applications such as games,home-banking programs and e-commerce. Together withphone.com, Siemens offers notonly the WAP platform but alsothe applications to go with it.

Features & applicationhighlights

■ IN/CAMEL:IN/CAMEL solutions by Siemensoffer a standardized platform forIN services which extends theavailability of operator-specific ser-vices such as PrePaid Service toroaming subscribers. WithSiemens‘ Intelligent Networksolutions, the network operatorcan implement value-added ser-vices, which allow for differentia-tion in the market through rapidprovision of personalized servicepackages.

■ GPRS & HSCSD:Siemens provides the means toenter and grow in the mobile datamarket with scalable HSCSD andGPRS solutions based on GSMphase 2+ standards. GPRS pro-vides packet data transport withhigh speeds of up to 115 kbit/swhile HSCSD offers circuit-switched data transmission withspeeds of up to 64 kbit/s. Basedon GPRS and HSCSD, applicationssuch as e-mail, online-banking,Internet and mobile office arebrought to the mass market.

■ GSM-R/ASCI:Siemens offers GSM mobile com-munication systems for railwayoperators. A new class of services(ASCI) has been introduced whichprovides Voice Broadcast andVoice Group Call functionality.These services are also highly val-ueable for the private mobile radiomarket addressing taxi services orconstruction companies.

The mobile future has alreadybegun!

The GSM standard has brought mobiletelephony to the mass market. GPRSadds the means for extensive mobiledata services. UMTS will combinemobile telephony, data services andmass data applications, such as mobilevideo telephony. These new applica-tions bring a dramatic increase of sig-naling load and traffic into the net-works. Here, the strengths of theSiemens’ switching platform pay divi-dends: high performance, flexibleusage, outstanding reliability and scala-bility – the basis for successful mobilenetworks.

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4

Internet/IP

ATMbackbone

PSTNISDN

A single architecture for the globalmarket

The introduction of 3rd Generationmobile network services will imposenew requirements on mobile switchingtechnology. The Siemens D900/1800/1900 platform evolution focuses onthese strategic goals:

■ In order to prepare networks forfuture market requirements, Siemensoffers a single architecture for theglobal market. This concept allowsfor flexible configuration, easy intro-duction of new features and services,and builds a powerful platform tocope with all future traffic demands.

■ This architecture is the platform fornarrowband GSM and GPRS, as wellas for broadband UMTS switchingnodes. It is derived from the GSMswitching platform through an evolu-tionary path by upgrading the exist-ing nodes. This platform combinespacket switching and circuit switch-ing technologies with bandwidth ondemand.

■ This evolution path also enables theconvergence of applications. Voiceand data services are served by thesame switching platform allowingfeature interworking and a consis-tent service set along with commonO&M procedures.

■ For networks based on Siemenstechnology, the step to the 3rdGeneration is a smooth evolution.This means that existing invest-ments are secured.

The performance, reliability and rangeof features of Siemens’ switchingnodes are key success factors forglobal competition.

Siemens meets ambitious goals byincorporating the newest hard- andsoftware technology – such as aninternal ATM (Asynchronous TransferMode) switching fabric and high-speedsignaling links for connecting othernetwork elements – into theD900/1800/1900 platform. The GPRSswitching node is based on the sametechnology. With the move towardsthe 3rd Generation, the hardware ofthe MSC/VLR and GSN can be seam-lessly combined into one new switch-ing node – the UMTS switching node.This universal platform hosts all appli-cations for GSM, GPRS and UMTScore network functionalities within onesoftware. The hardware architecture isdesigned to meet the highest require-ments for performance, reliability andflexibility, while preserving efficientoperation and maintenance of thenetwork.

Fig. Siemens’ GSM/GPRS/UMTS all-in-one solution

ISDN PrimaryRate Access

GSM BSScirc. swit.

A-i/f

GSM BSSpacket data

Gb-i/f

3G RANIu-i/f

GSN

IN/CAMEL

UMTS

MSC/VLR

Siemens’ Switching Platform

WAP

VHE

The Concept

All-in-one SolutionAll-in-one Solution

5

Hardware platform

In addition to the continuous intro-duction of new features and services,there is a continuous process ofimprovement for the hardware plat-form. The following objectives are constantly in focus:

ding to market needs. Based on dis-tributed call handling processes in amulti-processor environment, theSiemens platform provides a scalablesolution for performance evolution.

Siemens realizes the improved perfor-mance of its switching platform byusing the latest processor technologyand keeping track with the acceleratedhardware evolution. In addition, everypart of the MSC-related call handlingsoftware is subject to continuousimprovement.This results in an overalldynamic performance enhancement.

The Performance

Continuous ImprovementsContinuous Improvementsto meet Future Requirements

World mobile subscribers

■ RoW ■ Asia Pacific ■ North America ■ EU15

1995 2000 2005 2010 years

Mio

Su

bsc

rib

er

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Source: UMTS Forum

Floor space

1991 1997/98

100%

The permanent evolution of MSC reduces life cycle costs…

1991 1998

100%

Power consumption

54%

34%

1991 1998

Totalsystem

downp.a.

System downtime

1.26

3 Min.

600

1.000

1.500

2.500

1.200

1.000

400

300

…and increases performanceaccording to all future trafficdemands.

1000

su

bsc

rib

ers

Siemens Proprietary, ©Siemens AG 1999

■ Floor space reduction

■ Reduction of power consumption

■ Reduction of system downtime.

Performance improvements

The GSM mobile network evolution ischaracterized by a tremendous growthin subscriber numbers. It is a growththat is expected to continue well intothe 3rd Generation. This growth needsto be accompanied by the appropriateperformance evolution of the switchingnetwork elements. Incumbent opera-tors expect to manage their futurebusiness without extending the num-ber of network elements. Another dri-ving factor for performance improve-ments emerges from the increasingsignalling demands of advanced intelli-gent network and SMS-based ser-vices. In addition, with the increasingpenetration and maturity of the mobili-ty market, the traffic model will besimilar to a fixed-line network trafficmodel.

With each new release, Siemens guar-antees the increase of the mobileswitching platform performance accor-

Leading-edge mobile switching technology must be benchmarked with the

challenges of the mobile market. Siemens therefore keeps its products one

step ahead of new requirements such as tremendous subscriber growth,

higher call rates due to price erosion and the introduction of new services

and standards such as GPRS and UMTS.To achieve a competitive edge,

Siemens undertakes constant improvements to its systems and solutions.

99 00 01 02

HLR MSC/VLR

6

Convincing Benefits

The following benefits makeSiemens’ mobile switching sys-tems an optimal solution for net-work operators:

■ A common, software-upgradeablehardware platform based on thelatest technologies such as internalATM-based hardware componentsproviding, high-performance #7signaling processing, GPRS andUMTS services, as well as accessto the Internet/IP.

■ GSM, GPRS & UMTS subscribersserved by one single networkentity.

■ High performance switching sys-tems with up to 1,200,000 sub-scribers per MSC/VLR, thus mini-mizing the number of nodes to beinstalled in a network.

■ Best-in-class availability: systemdown times of less than 30 min-utes in 20 years for each networkoperator.

■ CombiSwitch connection for directPBX access (ISDN Primary RateAccess) for cost-effective, off-the-

shelf support of fixed-mobile con-vergence services addressing thecorporate market.

■ The smallest specific volume andhighest performance on the mar-ket. This minimizes equipment,operation and maintenance costs(e.g. the compact SSS with a foot-print of only 1.2 sq. m), as well asreducing rental costs for sites.

■ Low specific power consumption,reducing operational costs as wellas the size of the air-conditioningsystem required.

■ A universal platform supporting allconfigurations – MSC, VLR, HLR,AC, EIR. Siemens’ MSCs can pro-vide transit functionality to mini-mize costs of network start-up.

■ The MiniSwitch includes all func-tionalities of a normal switch,but is much smaller in size. It isavailable for capacities from 4,000to 10,000 mobile subscribers –allowing cost-effective coverage ofsparsely populated areas or ofregions with difficult topography.

7

!Contact us!

Visit our website athttp://www.siemens.com/ic/networks/ca

Abbreviations

AC Authentication CenterASCI Advanced Speech

Call ItemsATM Asynchronous

Transfer ModeBSC Base Station ControllerBSS Base Station

SubsystemBTS Base Transceiver

StationCAMEL Customized Application

for Mobile networkEnhanced Logic

CSE CAMEL Service Environment

EIR EquipmentIdentificationRegister

EWSD Digital electronic switching system

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Global System forMobile Communication

GSM-R GSM for RailwaysGSN GPRS Support NodeHLR Home Location

RegisterHSCSD High Speed Circuit

Switched DataIP Internet Protocol IN Intelligent NetworksIN/CAMEL Intelligent Networks/

Customized Applicationfor Mobile networkEnhanced Logic

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

MSC Mobile SwitchingCenter

OMC Operation & Maintenance Center

PBX Private BranchExchange

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

RAN Radio Access Network

SCP Service Control Point

SMSC Short Message Service Center

SSP Service Switching Point

SSS Switching SubsystemTRAU Transcoding and Rate

Adaption UnitU-MSC UMTS MSCUMTS Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System

VHE Virtual HomeEnvironment

VLR Visitor LocationRegister

VMS Voice Mail SystemWAP Wireless Application

Protocol

COPYRIGHT© • Siemens AG 1999 • Information and Communication Networks • Communication on Air • Hofmannstr. 51 • 81359 Munich • Germany •

Order No. A50001-N3-P46-2-7600 • Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany • MS SIE_561_99 PA 08995.

This

pub

licat

ion

is is

sued

to

prov

ide

info

rmat

ion

only

and

is n

ot t

o fo

rm p

art

of a

ny o

rder

orco

ntra

ct.T

he p

rodu

cts

and

serv

ices

des

crib

ed h

erei

n ar

e su

bjec

t to

ava

ilabi

lity

and

to c

hang

e w

ithou

t no

tice.