^•-S^l-^^n2- - OSTI.GOV
145
KAERI/AR-741/2005 ^°[cf T^S^f H T ^ S ^ S f?[^ Separation Techniques for Uraniun and Plutoniu n at Trace Levels for the Ther a al Ionization Mass Spectro n etric Deter n ination ^^•-S^l-^^n 2 -^
-
Upload
khangminh22 -
Category
Documents
-
view
1 -
download
0
Transcript of ^•-S^l-^^n2- - OSTI.GOV
KAERI/AR-741/2005
^°[cf T^S^f H T ^ S ^Sf?[^ Separation Techniques for
Uraniun and Plutoniun at Trace Levels for the Theraal Ionization Mass Spectronetric Deternination
^^•-S^l-^^n2-^
] # -§-
f j - ^ - ^ ^ 3 3 ^ ^ 2 - ^ ^ 1 - ^ j ^ | .
2005 ^ 12 ^
T ^1 4 : A1 T I
^r^^i^l- : ?} Aj I
^ # n1"
7J Is
-&. ^ -S-
sl^^ lS0! ] - ^ l ^^ -S . €r4|*l-fe -^-e^af # ^ - £ ^ £ 1 It^^rSl-^i^^r^o]] •£]■?!;
i ^0
] S^]S°1] ^-§-H: ^r 9X^ "T-^^^f # ^ - £ ^ i f 2} 55 §7|1 ^ ^ I r ll b l-71
•rl«TH £"#, ^ ^ l i r , ^ i f , ^fl^r, dt^ , s"^r -^^1 ^ ^ ^ S TT -^-e^af # ^ - £ ^
•Si ^ # 3 . ^ p } £ 7 i e f l j i ] ^ ^-o]^-jj7 3j-3.^p}^3Lefl3l ^ e l ^ ^ - i : 7}^1*1 ^7fl*l-$|
^\. ^A%A% 71^51 7
£$\-Q ^ j j J ^ i ^ f S ^ l *l[7ll^f ^ r ^ ^ ^ l ^ 5^j TielJl «A#
Abstract
This report describes the state of the art and the progress of the chemical
separation and purification techniques required for the thermal ionization mass
spectrometric determination of uranium and plutonium in environmental samples
at trace or ultratrace levels. Various techniques, such as precipitation, solvent
extraction, extraction chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography, for
separation of uranium and plutonium were evaluated. Sample preparation
methods and dissolution techniques for environmental samples were also
discussed. Especially, both extraction chromatographic and anion exchange
chromatographic procedures for uranium and plutonium in environmental
samples, such as soil, sediment, plant, seawater, urine, and bone ash were
reviewed in detail in order to propose some suitable methods for the separation
and purification of uranium and plutonium from the safeguards environmental or
swipe samples. A survey of the IAEA strengthened safeguards system, the
cleanroom facility of IAEA's NWAL(Network of Analytical Laboratories), and
the analytical techniques for safeguards environmental samples was also
discussed here.
- iv -
•E- 7^}
1. A i l r
■ • •
2. ^|S7|ls 3^ ^lS^fsfl
2.1. ^-lSTils . . .
2.2. ^lS^rSfl . . .
3. -T-el- af #^ -£^ ^fel
3.1. ^ ^ l 1 ^ ^ - ^r^l1^
3.2. -g-^^ilr1^
3.3. ^ # 3 . ^ p } £ 7 i e f l j i ]
3.4. 0 l^r5l3l3.SP}£7iefl j i ]
4. ^ - ^ l ^ -T-el- af #^ -£^ r-el j7|l
4.1. ^t^^Ml *}S- TT -^-e^af #^ -£^ ^fel j7|l
1
9
9
15
33
33
43
52
57
75
75
4.2. ^IHF^Ml *)S- ir -^-e^af #^ -£^ ^fel >§7|1 121
1. A1 €■
^^^S. c]-fe- ft^-^-S-fe- ^Hl-o.^JfBl ^ - i r ^ - l : S-Jl^l-^-fe- ^ i r ^ i L ^ J - S ^ l ^1 ^~
T^o.^ ^ r ^ S l J l J ^ i ^ , ^[71-l l^ l^Sl ^T^sf *}-7|l w0>7l-Al 3 1 ^ o>^l 5! wj-Al-A-j-|L
^^1 SL-%- w
eM°ll Tflft A^^^ ^^\0} Ir^H
5!1?!^ ^ ^ c M S ^ r ^ o ] r - - ^rJLAl
AHc! ^ # i r ^ i ^ r ^ #°l l ^l^^l
1?} "y^ l s ] ^
0! ! ° J ^ - i : ^1^1 fe ^-3- ^ # ^ r ^r^l
<|!/^-7l7l£ ^l-^l1?} J L ^ T
0! ^ ^# l° l l 51*11 y ^ N l -Ir^r
5!
0! ^ ^ ^ l ^ l r Q^XIA.
3 l ^ ^ l S i 4 ^§#AlS° l l ^ i ^ r ^ ^ l l
1 #^3 ^ ^ f f e fe^r^i B} - ^ ] V|-s[- iJwl'yaf 2>
H #A
1 - 7 H 1 Tflft ^ 9 " ^ ^1*TIH" ^VgHr - tfl o]-g-5| wipj- o]-u|e)- ^ r ^ -$-^51 ^
JL ^ S H - Tf^^ r fe ^ 1 ^ 0l-§--?l
i:r. 5^1 #A
1 ^^°11Ai fe ^^TiS-^^ ^}3£^^l9l
£*$ , -^lil:, -T-TT, ^ " ^ , l b S]^l- i : I f5! A
lS° l l i r0! ^ I T ^ ^ ^ s l ^ # i r - | r ^^§
*rfe s^r ^.S-^r^r. ^ " * 1 , U^f Pu°l 3 1 ^ ^ - S ^ # 5 1 ^ ^^b '? ] ^ ^ I^H l ^ l^ l fe
°J^c>l 3.71 u^^tf] Q^^lS-tf)*] ^lir-Sl ^ a f ^ ^ i f >§ ^-*"|-31 -*l3]Aj J&711
^ ^ ^ r ^ ^ # i r Tr°llAi #
pr w
d"fr*ll£l ^-r- sl-^^r-el -sH 'o] <^o] y]5|-i7]al
■?! ^ r ^ l , ^r ^A^^t-R^t^^^S- ^rJ^°] y}^~s\>H- 71 el 14 ^r-^fV <Q3\- i E ^ «flB}-
^ f r ^ l l r ^^1*1-71 -rl«l|^ife i l S l - ^ ^ l ^A} 711^-i- *l-7l 7j_ l ^l^-ff-JI ^-^J-?!; 5|-
^^r-el ^ 7 } # 7l^lo> fVcl-. 3 1 ^ ^ r ^ ^A
l t f l ^ QA 3l ^l^r w
d"# ^ # - i : ^1^1
^ 9J.3L - t l ^ ^ r ^ l ^r^ l^rel fe y ^ f e ^1\+ 40 c
^xd
6\] l l ^ l 7]}4^S\JL SXA-
0l ^ l ^ r
^1 °H:-Sl Sl-^^r-elwl-1^ o_S. -^3^1; o]^-jj7 3j-; -g-Til]^^ ; ^71^^) - ^ 0 ] Al-g-slji ^
- -T3!, fb^-^-Sfe °le|-si sl-tj-^feisi ^-7^-^sf - 1 : ^ - ^ ^ Kfl-lr
0!! Ji2f7i<y «-e|wj-i^
•Si 7]\^t<^\ ^ ^ - i : ^ a l 9XA- Slsl-Al^f^-^fAl r£^ ^^^ ^"^1^71 H °l-§-«ll^i ^
^r wcl"#^ll# ^ l ^ ^ r f e ^E-^I^O1"1^0!!^!5! Sr^^E-el ^7}£l °lel-g-i- sT|7^*l-ai ^-^ ^
^ £ # ^ ° l f e ^ r ^ l - ^ - ^ i -fr£^H"l-el-7ip}^!^ :^r:7l(iCP-MS; Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry)-!: °l-§-*l-fe ^t^ ^n) o] %^-s] ^ T O S I J I ^cf. w>^-7l
7} 1000^ °l*r<y ^fl^^r-Sl A^^^f ^ # " i : ^ ^ H : n
1- $X^ AAAAAA^~^ °)A
■ *il -?M1 T ^ °1 A A^^\°] SXAA AA7}7\ 1000^ 0
l41"<y ^ # ^ r ^ ^ i f e °1
s- w0>tgo] ^l^-^l-^l Jgr^l-ttl, 9151- <^m^l7l- tffl4- yl^« l |^ i / f l ^ ^ ^ o ] c^el^: 239Pu
A 24°PuSl ^ S X ^ J f ^ J f Aioll Jl^f*H^- 7^^7]S\ j ^ S ^ f e ! J i ^ Z l ^ o ] 7fl "E]<>| o]
gsloi 9l~A AA7} $X^ A~S A^%IA. °}A °1TT ^Atf] A^^y] A^]AA
^ # ^ 1 ^^°11 S^rsil^ ICPMSH Al§*rfe A0} nel*"|i^[l]. I l ^ ^ l ^ i f e Yr^r^l
A^]AA ^ # l*r 237Np, 238U, 239Pu^f 240PuSl ^r71g l llAl j i ^ f s J I^ ICPMSH
Ar§*r°i s^H^^f ^ T l l i H l t ^ ^ * r ° ! 0.002 ~ 0.02 pg/mLSl ^ iff!: Til # S.3L
AS$.A. ^ " * 1 , yslAiwjgwAl7lS 5)3 ^Eelll ^r ,fe 239PuSl 240Pu£l «1#
ICPMSH °l§«llAi 5%Sl tH_$_7].el ^ g ^ ^ a ^ ^ ^ r S ^ r . ^l^^l^lfe Hanford
T^r^AlEi ^ J ^ f ?r?l«llAi frilrif0!^ ^\A^3. ^jLA AlSoJ] rflsfl^ <5fo],£_5|
^ ^ ^ ^ 7 1 (TIMS; Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer) 5! ICPMSS. ^r^l^r
$ 1 — ^ , ^ e H ^ i S LCICPMSH °l§«llAi 238U, 239PuSl 240Pui: ^ e l ^ A ^ g c l .
^tflo]]^!^ ^ j l ^ a ^ ^ . TJMlAi S.A, Si Ti^ Sf£] sj^AlS0!!^! U, Pulr S)^Hr
el*l3 ^7l^3)A]^A : | l ^^ i J f ^ J fA^ 1 *] o_^. o]s£] U^ i f ^ | i t ^j^slJL
$3 T=f[2—4]. ^ t ^ ^ S ^7$1 ^ ^ 1 ^ 7 1 ^ S l ^ ^ i ; ^ T l f ^ l ^1«1 ^ ^ ^ r ^ 7l #<^1 $|c>l Ai U ^r71^ >§.■%& ^ T H ^ I ^ , |7ll!c>>.7[7l^r^MlAl 37 ^§H^ I C P M S # °l§«l| Ai ^ ^ c M S TTSI U^f Pu ^ r ^ o ^ H ^Sj^l37 ^j4[5] .
1991^ °l^i^r^l 2 5 ^ ^§A ^AA ^"^1^1 ^^ AA^S. ^ 5^1 fe ^ yl AA% ^
(nuclear NonProliferation Treaty; NPT) 7}cQ^^t<>} A 3A ^^^AA0} SL^\ ^A
71 ^710.^131 A}g5l3 $l§|r IAEA7} ^^A^ A°]9XA ~1^\A, NPT 71^^
• y ^ l ^ ■ir^sl-al 0]^-37]- T3]X[3 «flAl^o]]Al -£>-Vl t}7\] ^^^7} ^S-ZL^-%; A^A
°! AA°] l STj . TlA^ 1991^ Hf^l^Hl AA IAEAfe 1993^ ‘93+2 program’A
^ ^ " ^ H l ^ r . 7 l ^ i
^^AS-A2i7]7} 0]S^-3£] T3]Aj37 iV X] *} 6\] 7j\7] v\5\7] ^%.A
J7 ^ ^ f V IAEA7} ^ - A l ^ ^ - g - 70>5|-§l-7] ^*l lAl 0]5^ 17 j -£ «| # ^ ^ . ^ - ^ ^ 1 ^ ^
H ^ll1^'?!: ^ °1 T f. ‘93+2 program’^ ^ ^ I t i : 7 > ^ l 3 $XA "S^r NPT 7 ^ ^^l:0!
^ ^ 7 1 7iS32Jji y l ^ e l ^ l ^1^*131 $J,A %£■%"£: H ^ H : "T" 9X^ IAEASi ^ ^ i :
^rflAl7l7l £|*ll*| ^ S . 3l ^l^Ltf) TJ\A IAEASi ^TTri: ^tH*rfe S ^ l 0 ! ^ . 7^£
A A-&-A AAA^A A^] AA^: ^l^Jai ^ % ^ - i - AAA A $XA ^^AAS-
(nuclear signature) l ^ l ^ l ^^^S. A7^ A l S *fl #1 (environmental sampling)^ f
A-i: °}AA^ A°]A- A A^S-A ^A l -s°l l tf\A ^^AA^^ n}^7^-^ :TLA7] £|
*llAi ^ ^ ^ - s 0 ^ ^ i t - l r iL-fr^l-jL $XA NPT 7l-<^ "ir-Sl ^1-M°ll*| swipeA lSH-
^fl^l^r0! Seibersdorf°ll 91^ IAEA-Si ^ 73 A ^ A °ll Ai ^ T ^ ^ r S ^ r . ^1T3"°11 ^ M f e
A>I}-A1S A7\ A0} ^"^^"^ l A A Seibersdorf-Sl ^ § ^ t l ^ ^ ^ M e } oje-lfj- sj-
^ M S QA ^AA 7}A ^ i l t l ^ iKNWAL; Network of Analytical Laboratories)°11
AlS7"|- wfl^fslol ^fAislj i $3T=f[6—8].
^#^•£1 i f - r l ^ ^ H l tf\A ^il-fe- «fl#^!£l ^ErQA A^-A wf^)A tf\ wfl4- =-
-S-^r^r. ^ i ^ ^ y ^"-§-^171-11 ^ - T ^ 7 ^ ^ 3 — 5% 235U-£l A - ^ ^ -^-el-^-g- S A O J H ^
^ - o ^ ^ r . ~i^\E.S. AA AAAA^A ^rlS^rfe AAA AAA 73AA£-^A 5%
°l*r-el AA^-°]A- AAtf] ^^AAA AA^A'AA. 90% 0 l ^ -^ -S 235u-i- ^ ^ A 1 T 1 O >
AA- AAA £ -e}^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ i ^ l 3-AA -T-el-^o] dMH^I-^ v)y^A «fls}-^o] oi_g.
A ^l-^r^^r. ^A 235U AA A^^A^ 234U£ ^1A1 ^A^\SS- 234U-£l ^ ^ ° 1 ^
A^\A AAA A €r4 |A ^-7] 7} slc^. ^ 1 ^ -T-el^^r 234U, 235U3l- 238U-£l 3 7> 1 ^
£^[7^# 7>^1JI $XA- AA AAAtf] AAHA AA 236u^r ^AI-S^A-I 235u(n,
v)236U Ir-IMl -si«llAi A8AA- AAA 236U-Sl ^TT;^- 4NelAi*i.ei ^4111- 7}AAA
[91.
Pu-cr ^ i r ^ i L ^ J - s ^ l ^ ? H l A i 7} A A&-A A^AA- "AAtfAS-AA ^AA Pu
A 5-^<s] ^xl-S.Al-al<?l^l ^ ^ t l £1 1H Hf^lolAl- % nfl-fe- Pu^l ^£1^17^ S * H r
A^ A0} ^A TT-S-^r^r. ^ l ^ 0 ! ! €r4|*rfe tfl^^r-Sl Pu-cr ^ ^ t l ^ f ^ ^ l ^ l - a l S .
AA -fr^^l ^M^r. AA, AA^-^A U^S-AA ci^-fil Pu°l *SAA. AAA-t: 238U-Sl Ir^A.} X^o}] £l*ll*| 239Pu°l 7 j A j S ] ^ , 7>yl£: Pu°l y ^ T l O . ^ ^ * l 7 l - #
S ^ ^ r 1 ^ 240Pu, 241Pu^f 242Pu A A ^ T ^ Pu AAA^7} *$s§QA. A7^A Pu A
$}A^7} 5LAA Pu-cr ^ ^ I t 7Hs°ll A}-§-13: A %l7) ufl-g- l ^ - ^ ^ r ^ l l s ^ - ^ ^ l
*| o l ^ r^S l 239Pu.5-S A Pu-i: ^71 £|*ll*| A ^ 7 ^ ^ ^ y s ° l l * | Pu-i: ^%AA.
^ ^ 1 ^ ° ! ^--S-f!: A'vAAA^-^ AAA^AQS-^c: y7^£7l- ^7 l ufl-g- l ° i7Hl ^t
°] 9X^ Pu-cr A7^A Pu ^-Tl^lT^lr-i: c } ^ tb-fr^rS- SXA- AAA1^ AS-^A -fr fl
A Pu£l AAAA 5 7"|A1 ^AA^AAVL, 239PU, ^ P U , 241Pu^f 242Pu)7"| ^! Ir^l °1 °>
A A. AAA AAA A AAA 240Pu/239Pu ^llr^r A A 0718°1 ^ , ^71« Pusi A A
A 0.06°lai ^§^[71^^ Pu^l ^rfe 0.2 ^ ^ M ^ . nfslAl s l ^ A l ^ A A PVLA
AAA AAAA A 240Pu/239Pu ^rl£14^171 o]gs];n. %IA.
AAAA 9XAA AAA AAA A7}7] AAAA- AA^r AAAAAAA AA
A AAA ^AQAA^- 9X7} AAA—A A AAAA AAAA AAA AA AAA
AAA AA.3. AAA A7]=r ^-7l7ll s l ^ I ^ i . T I ^ A I ^ ^ T I H - AAA^- TL A7]
A E-A AAA A $lfe AA AAA. AAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA^- *1-
■fe- ^rH"°l °i7Hl 91A. ^Al-s-Sl T-11 r-M- ^ l ^ ^ l * ! ^fl^f!: ^ ^ l s ^ l U--fr£l ^ l ^
^#^•£1 ^ ^ ^ f ^ - T l ^ l iyl # ^ ^ * r ° ! 71 AAA ^l^lal ^^1-M^f ^ % ^ - i : AA
*rfe A AAA3 9XA AA ^ ^ ^ l * ! ^fl^f!: ^ ^ l s ^ l 235u/238u A7} AA AA
AA AAA AAAA AA7} AA AAA ^ # ^ j?r4lll £14113: A 9XA. TLAA
A^A, SA AAA AAAA Tel^o] *}fj5l <>| °\A ^ AAA «flAl*]^w£l A
ASAA AAA AA AAA AAAA AAAA ■ if#^, A AAA —s. 71g l A
AAA AA AA AA AA AAAAAA AAA—A 7}AA AA^rAA AA A
AAAA AAAA AAA AAA AA AAA A flA AAAA AAAAAAA
AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AA AAAAAAA ^ ^ r AAAA AAAA
A 7}A.A A AAAA 9XAA AA7}7} A AAAAAAA AAlflA AA AAA
#^r*l ^ ^ M AA AA7\ AA 3XA Tielji 239PuSl 8*TJu~Sj y l ^ f t AAA A
A A ^AA A A AA^AA A A AAA y^AA AA ^^^1^1 ^^lai t l " ^ ^ A
A A A AA. 3^^ A iCPMSfe AA7} A 3 A A ■ AAA3 tfl^^rsi A A A
AAA7} §°l*r°i ^"^l ^^^(ul t ra t race level)£l A~AAAAA AAA A A A A
A AA A A AAAA ~iAA, uranium hydride ion(238UH+)^f AA A7\AA
(molecular ion)°l ^^sl^lHll l A A PbA A AAA AAA AAAA A A AAA
*| Pb02, PbN2 A A A A) A A AAA Pu^f Am^l AAAA AAA AAA A
■%AA. AAAAAA AAAAA u°l P u i i ^ ^ ^ * l AA AA9XAA AAA A
AAAA A ° l i r i r £i^i*r^l ^ r e l ^ l A A 7} ^AA AAAA ^ ° l l £ 238UH+7l
239Pu+ ^^°11 wcl"*l|# s57jli|[l].
A A 0lTr°HAi ^ i r^S^S^l ^r^^l^ife A A ^l^r AA AAA ^^1 D: A 91
A AAAA AAAA A AAAA, A AA AAA A 91A WO>1;H01 T I M S 0 ^ . TL
^M1?} AlS°ll Ufr?! "^l^Sl A A Pui: TIMSS. ^^3*r7l AA AAA — A A
A A ^ " ^ 1 ^ AAA A:4r AAA AAAA *lli*r7l £1*11*1 °llri: ^^*l a i A A
A icA'AA AA AAAA AA AA PVLA AA7} £1^*1^1 AA AA ^IA^A
°11 U AA PuA A A i^^1^11 A A A A AAA~ AAA AAAAA AAA A
A ^f^ TIMSSl o]ALs|2) jo]]Al£l ^ £ £ [ 7 ^ AA (isotope fractionation) AA7} A:
A A 3 AAAA AAAAA AAA AAAA TIMSS. AAA Pui AAA A A
AAA A A AAA AAAA A A AAA~ AAAAA A A AAAA el13}1} A A
A A AAA—AA AAAAA A A A A A Pu ^3^1 AJ5JJ7} ^^ o i ^
AAAA A AA PuSl ^rel^l^i 7fl^^V31 7fl*l*}7l £*f|Al o_ef|7^w.Bl AA;
*1 A A A A 7} A^AA A A A AAAA AAAAAA AAAAA 91 A. AA A
AAA AAAAAAAA AAA AAAA AA AAAA 7]\^tA: AAAAAAAA
AAAAA A A A A A A PVLA TIMS ^^°11 #§11 A 91A AAAAAAA TL
el 3 , l i 0 ^ Pu°l A A A A AA91A AAAA AAA MA A A AAAAA A A
AA AA ' AAA AAA ^ ^ ^ r TLtflS. slTj!^}*! j £ ^ «flAl3} Als^l Tio^l^r.
u} 5 }^, slTj!^}*! r?A A AAA A A AAAA AAAA U AA Pui: A A ^AJ |*}
■fe WO>1;H01 ^s* l Afl^i: AA vlA 7L^%AA, 10~15g AAA AAA AAA Pui:
^fel*f|o> sl7l tf\AA AA AAA AA A A A A A A A AAA A^AA AA, A
A7\A £M1H *>g«H °> sl^l^Ai ^^j<^l 7i«i§i£S pi]£ ^^§1711 if el 13: A 91
A AAAA AAAAA AAAA A A AAA S7I17} AA ^*1 A ^ A I ^ H AA
*llAi AAASA A A A A PVLA AAA AA A^ AAA~7} t i ' e ^ j i ^^}*}7l
AAA AAA A A ^^17} A A AAAA, SA AAA AAASA AAA A 91
A AA A A AAA Tl^l $74. AAAAAAA AAAAAA A A A A, S^ll^ilr,
AA3AAAZLAA, AA^A3AAAZLA A A 91A A A 7\A AAASA A A
A A oJL ArAA ^elwj^l: ^l^3S A}§*}7liic}fe g 7>A1 w0>^i Sfj*f|*| Ar§*flAA AAAAAAA ^CAA ^ l l ^ e l e } ^ ^3i 1^13: A 91A
A A3AAA AAAAA A A AA AAAAAAA AAA U'fr5!0! 91A A A
Pu-£l ^ £ | £ l i # TIMSS. ^^3*}fe A AAA A 91A A A PuA AAAAAA, A
A A, AAAA, AA3-AAAZLAAA AA^LA3.AAAHAA A A 7} AAAA-
AA, AA3-AAAZLAAA AAA^-A3-AAAZLAAA AAA AAAA A A U
A Pu-£l }rel^l rfl*f| A}^1*1 7)AAAA- AA, AAAAAA AAA AAA AAA
AA A l S ^E:*!!1^"1^^} }r*l lA lS£l ^ f l ^^T i A A AAA AAAAAAA ^AA }r
el*}fe ^r^l1^0]! t i l* l l*|£ 7}AAAA-
A JL ^r ^}
1) S. F. Boulyga, D. Desideri, M. A. Meli, C. Testa, and J. S. Becker, Inter. J.
Mass Spectrom., 226, 329(2003).
2) °1%1'-T-, s ° J ? i , ° l ^ s , AAA, AAA, AAA, AAA, AS.A, AAA, AAA,
AAA, A^A,“AAA AAAA7]A 7fl -; ^ t ^ ^ p g 1 ^}Al7l# 7]\^t'\ KAERI/
RR-2344/2002.
3) M. H. Lee and C. W. Lee, / . Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 248, 439(2001).
4) M. H. Lee, K. H. Chung, G. K. Choi, and C. W. Lee, Appl Rad. Isotopes, 57,
257(2002).
5) C. S. Kim, C. K. Kim, and K. J. Lee, Anal. Chem., 1A, 3824(2002).
6) D. L. Donohue, / . Alloys & Compounds, 271-273, 11(1998).
7) D. L. Donohue and R. Zeisler, Anal. Chem., 65, 359AQ993).
8) G. Tamborini, M. Betti, V. Forcina, T. Hiernaut, B. Giovannone, and L. Koch,
Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, 1289(1998).
9) M. Magara, Y. Hanzawa, F. Esaka, Y. Miyamoto, K. Yasuda, K. Watanabe,
S. Usuda, H. Nishimura, and T. Adachi, Appl. Rad. Isotopes, 53,
87(2000).
2. ^1 . 113: ^ ^l^-^-^fl 2.1. *l.g.;*Jl5:[l]
s}*}}^^ A AAAA It^cMl*! A A A AAAS-(field sample) Ir l-fe- T^ir^lS
A AAAA A A AAA AAA A A t$°l y } ^ ^ t l ^ A l S (laboratory sample)^. A}-§-1} A 91A AAA 91AA AAAS-7} JLAA AAA AAAA7] AA AA,
AA, A A A A A^)A Ol^-Ol;5l AlS7|ls(sample preparation) AAA 7] A AA
AAAA 7iis*}7ll AA. AAA AAAA *lt!*lAlsii- Aiis*}^ 2} °11 "U^^^-
A A1T1°} 11 A}1J-01 A A 7}A17} $I i-[2l:
^ t l ^ A l s # Tiisil ttfl 7}A AAA A}^£r AAA A— AAA AAA7^A A
AA ^TiAA ^} °11 -$-^51^1 A A AS.A 91A A A3; T U S * } ^ AA AAA A
-o-H: A 91AA A{A ^ l ^ - . -*1 AA ^ls^l ^£-fe AAA~A AAA AAA
7fs*}^l AA A 917} AAA AAA AAA AAA. A AAA ^-^°ll ^r-*l*}3A}
AA ^}r-Sl ^cr*!^] o^o ^ ^ § . £ 3 ^ l S t r 7|lS*}7l *[o]u|- 7J-^=-§|-ii| UBJ- L t}^]
°llAi ^ 3 7} (tracer) 3} A A (carrier) # 7}*}^ A A AA AAA-
AAA AAAAidry ashing)^l7l^ A A AA AAA A 7} A7]A AA, A A
^-^^l ^r7l Ji^^l 91AA AAA A A AAA A A -T-fr*}7ll AA. AA7} A: A
AA 7}A AA A A A A 7} A A AA A AAA A7] AAA 91A A A AA^-
^AA AAAA A7]A -g-i- A AA ^^AA AAA.AA AAAA A7] AAA
AA A 91 A. A AAAA ^-fr5!1^ A ls^l ^ ^ ° 1 ^^Sll A 91 A. 7}AAA ^£r ^r^^lAl A ^ t r 3l5}Al7l3 ; f £ f AiAi*l A7\ AA AAA 7} A, 7l7|ltt- S-^ A
AAA AA AAA — e|7il A^-, ^AA AAAA A7]A -S-i- AA AAAAA
AA AAA AAA AA A 91 A.
3711 Al^# -§--§- AA AAAAiwet ashing)^l7l7l AA A A A7}A AAAA
AAA Ji^Tl-i: AAAAA AlS7} -B-TiKfiux) AA A AAlk A 91AA *}c}.
37|1 Al^fe ^ * 1 - ^ - g - ^ ^ S - S . A^^^^E-^r-Sl AA 7}C>1^ O]^ <|! Jf ^ t L ^ | ^ A |
°1 ^Sll A 91 A. A, A A AAA 3:3:'?!: ^ ^ 1 4 AA rl!:0! A 7) ^AA A
A A A A A AA AAA AAAA As. AAA AAA AAAA AA.
^ M I ^ T } - ^ Jf-fj-E]7l 4l£-S-S ^ ^ - i - 7}*}7l AA -^A AA A T1 1^ 91A A,
AAA AAA AAlk A AAA7\7} ff0!*! 147} £[51^1 ^ £ ^ - ^l^-lr s£!* l
7}*f|0} AA
AA AAAA AA 7}AAA AAA7:\A A AAAA AA~% A A AAA A A
AA. AAA £3^7} 7}A AA AAAA AA AAAA 7}A AA7} AAA AA
A WAAA AA AAA AA AA- AA S.S7ll(ashing aids)tr 7}*f|Al A l s t r A
A AAAA A A 5}£>ii-s. AAAA AAA AAA AA T1 1^ 91A. AAAA AA
A A A (reflux) A 7} A AAA A A A 91A A, AAAAA7] (sealed vessel) #°HAi
^}-o-Al£|£3 ^ * ! - i : AA A 91 A. AlSH- r- H*}fe 2}^°11 AAA AA AAA7}
AAA A 91 A. AAAAA AA 3HOH l ^ s . €r4|*} 7l ^AA AAAAA A A
AA 7} A7]E-A AAAAA AAAA 7§£-<^l^ °l^!-i- a ^ ^ * J A A AA A AA
A A AA- As, Sb, Sn, Po, Pb, Se, Hg, Ge^} B£- STi^l u}5} fls"^0! 91A £3
^ir0!1 3! , Cr£r £3-5}*l ^£b pfl^l0!!*! fl1!}^!13!, C, PA Si-Si ^ ^ ^ ^ ( h y d r i d e ) ^ :
fl^^j-i- 7}^l3 91A. AAA, T 3 -* !* !^ ; ^ -^ ^ ^ $Ife AA, A A, AA AAA A
AAAAAA ^^°H A i AAA AAA AAAA \A7\AAAA AAA a ie l*^} £3
A.
A A AAA A A -§-71-2} A AA AAA A AAAA AAAA. A A AAA AA
A AAA ^ ^ s } * } ^ : ^ 0 ! ! ^ ^ AA AAA -§-7117} 13 A 91 A. A A A7]A A A
A AA ^r£3£- -§-7l£l tflJfJi1^0!! A$r^A AAA AA AA A 91 A. A -n-el-§-
7H1 A-A ^^b0!1-} ^^b-i- £bAll 41 £1 AA AAAA AAAA. A A A7\AA
1100 °CAA 7} "go] 7]-^-§]-j7; AA, AAA A7]A AAA AAAA. 7\7] A7\A
A AAA 7]A yl^f!: ^ - ^ - i : 7}*13 91 AA ^AA TT-O-*}2. pyrosulfate -§-e-°3l
-fr-o-*}^. Pb, A A ThA AAAA 7} 71^1 -fr5}2} ^}-£-*}S-S AAA AAAA 7}
7l A7} A A AAAA £b AA. A A A7\AA AAAAA AAAA AA Na202 A
AA AAAA A A7)AAAAA AAAAA AAA AAAA £b AA. AA A7}
A A oi^r^} ^ 3 ^ ^}H°11 ^-S-*}13! -ir£b-i: 5L£b*llAi A A AAAAA AA, A A
A A AAAA AAAA. A A A7\AA Na2C03 -o-e-°H A}-o-*flAife £b AA. A A
A ?b£3^E-£|7HlAl Hg, Pb, Sn, Au, Cu, Zn, Cd, As, AI, Bi A Fe3" fJ"7£-i: A A
- 10 -
AA S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, B A CA AA~% A 91A. AAA AA -o-7l4Ai AA
AAAA A ^r^A A A A AAA AlS7} A^^-^-AA £b£35l°l ^1^3- £J~4"-i:
^£!*}fe 53-i: 21^3}lb A 91 A. ^ 1 ^ 3 ^ £7}nfe AA 98% Zr-1.5% Sn-trace
Fe, Cr, NiS. A A 91 AA, AAAA -§--§-4 A}-^-*}^, AAA AAA 3 .3 , ^!*b A
50% %£b4 4|£b£!42., 60% 4£b4fe 100 °C7} 1 4^3 M, NaOH -g-*}|w°3l AA
A. ~iAA ^ ^ b ^ -e-*fl#3- bisulfate -g-«}|w l AAAA- ^ 1 ^ 3 ^ £7}nfe KF4
-ir£b-i- A}-§-*}£3 4 AA. AAAA A7}AA A A AAA AAAA AAA 91A
E-A T\AAA A A AAA AAA ^-S-fb^}. 7ie|i4 bisulfate -g-*}|w°3l BJbel AA
AA- 7iel3, Tg-S °3l ^ ^ -g-7l£fr 60 0C°llAi ^l^sl13!, Teflon -g-7l£fr 250 °C AA
4Ai A}-§- 7}Jg-s}i£.
£3t3£34Ai A l s 711 3- 3-51 3.<§£3-5-Sfe A7], AA, 7}A, AA, r i e l 3 3 ^
AA AAA A A A: A AAAAA AAA A 91A. A7] A AA A7\AA A A
AAA A7] AAAA AAA A A AAAAA A l sn- £|£|-4I0} AA. ^ ^ l ^ A A
A AAAA A A AAA A A AAA AAA -§-33171 AA. A A A A AAAA A
A AAAA AAA—A 3-£l*f|4 £3i£. AA AAA -n-el7l4-4Ai SLA AAA A
7s] AAA A AAA AA, 7}AAA A 7)AA lAA 7) A A tj|4*}fe A A # I £.
£3t3Al£3^-T- A AAA A7] AAA £3£3£3-i- ^§AAA AAAA A A A A 71^4
A. 3HA 14c AA AA 7}t}A AAAAA AAAA AA7\ AAA tflY- r 2.4 Al
S^-JfBl 3-^r-i- A|l7ls-}3 AA 3-4H" 7}A AlSH- 47l £14Ai 3 ^ A ^ t r AA
(charring)^ £|7l 14 ^ I ^ ^ ^ M ^ l £14Ai ^ lStr 7} II*} 4 AA-
3 4 Ai -Sl A A AAA AAA AAA AlS£l A A A 7) AAA AAAAA A
2.11 7147} 4 -1 £3 AAAA 7}AAA a.311 7147HI AA91A. 3 4 AlS£l 4
§-# 47l*}el£i 60 ~ 110 "CS. A1SH- 7}g*}3 £3471 o_s. AA AAA A:lk 4
AA 105 ~ 110 "CS. 7}<gflc}. 4 3^°llAife AlS-Sl # £ ! 4 3.4 £3*}^lfe AA
A. AlS£l *jEflsi- A 71 el 3 *!-§- ^l£b4 A A AA, AAAA-, AA, -42:£bs} A
AAA ^§-A AAAA AAA AAAAA. AA, AA AAAAA AAA7] AA A AA AAAAAAAA AAA7]A.A AA AAAAA Web£!.5-S. AlSH- £i£i*l A
- 11 -
AAAA.
A7]AA £b-fr£3 A
l s 4 £!£-fe iirA^^rA AAA A A AAA 300 ~ 350 °C
A 7}AAA AAAAA. AAA AAA7]A 4^1£r #^! - i - £3£3*1 AA—AA A
AA7)7) AAAA. A
l s n - AA~AA AAA7)AA AA^ AAA AAAA AA
A AAA AAA A A 7i-i-el4 AA AA. AAAA A7] A A 300 ~ 350 "C4Ai
AAA3- AAAS-A A £ : ^ £!£lll" ^-2?3 AA AAA AAAA. AAA AA Al£b4 50 ~ 100 "CS. 7}Ai7li
3l -fr7l# t b ^ l # 4 ^ - A7}AAA —e}4 AA.
A A £ : £ S AA7] 7\AAA AAA £M*1 ^bs}5!1^*! £:£7} A A ^l-i-^riS-H^
4 4 ^ ^ 4 AA7}3- AAA y^A AAA AA AAA AA AAA a ^ ^ l ^ - . A
71-ir-i: £bs}Al£l 4 A A A A7] AAA AAAAA AAAA ?4 7l7} 3l4£-—7314
- l : i r0l s.°l£3 4 AA. AAAA AA A7]AA AA AA AA AA~A £:£ £3
3}7} £303142., £b^^r4"0l ■ ■
&1
1-}
A1
AlS7} ^ }7£3^4 AAA A 913L, r 7 l 3 #
A AAA 4^1£3Ai A
l s ^3e34 AAA A 91A. AAA AAA7]A A AAA A
A A 4S-S1 A, -fr7l# A A, A7]AA £b5}£!, A
lS£l £:£ A A A AAAAA
AA7} 91AA AAA 94717} A AA AAAA AA AAA 7}AAA AA.
AAAA AAA AAA AAA 4SH- 450 ~ 750 °cs. 747^siS}AI^IT^; oi 4
£3 4 4S-S1 A A ■ AAA AAA" 3.4 £3£bI£. £34sl5}-
el 4^1£r is-A^^rA A
A A AAAA A7]AA S-A AAAA7) £|£b4'13
l, £34335} 4£34fe £b5}4£3°l
A^AA AAAA. AAAA AAAA -§-714 AAA AA AA A A WA. AA A
A A7]A A A ^r7l7} AAA A £b£3§-£|7l7} A A A A AAA i£4—s. £b£35l
A AAA £bi£-i: £3£!£b.53^*l A
l s ^34-i- 341b 4 £12., 4^34 £3 A7]A A
A 4SH- 71 el 11 4 £-£!-i: AAA A 91A. AAAA A7)AA AA, AA3.A A
A 7}7ln- AA AAAA, AA3-AA 7}7 l ^ ifl-T-^r-si £b ^-*1 AAA AAAA
91 A. A A A7]A 7}T3O] tii^i-44 ifl-T-^r-si £b4 A A AAA 2.3 7} A AAA
A. AAA 4SH- £34 315} *| £3 A A As.7} £b£3 -§-7lH- £3 r-£l £37l3\4 ^ 2
AAAA AAA A AM: £3£3*1 ^ f i c ^ A I ^ 7 } AA 2.77.4 AA A 91AA A A
A -§-7l H } ^ } 4 5
i5i * } 4 ^^1 -T
1^ £3°1 WA. A A AAAA AAAA
Al£b£b 4
4 100 °cs. £ : £ # -i-el2, £bs}Al7l4 ^£r -fr7l# t b ^
0! A A S-A A A7]AA
- 12 -
£b3}4^H" s£3*}7l £l4Ai 4£H- 4 £344 -i-fin^. 4 2 4 ^ 4 AA 4—^1 —
A AA 4£b£3^4 4 ="4 4 AA91A. AAAAA AAA AAA AAA AAA
A 7}4-£b £b 4£H- 4£3°} AA AAA A A AAA7]AA 4£H- ir4-*l 4^4°}
£34. A A AA7} 7}4-£b 4x~l^r^4 AA 450 "c^l^}. 4 2 4 ^ 4 £7} 4 4^3^}
A A A A AAA AAAA ^ . ^ 4 750 "c^l^}. -13£b 4 £-4 2 | i t r £ S 1100 °C
4 4 £ 7}4-*} l1?3: 650 °C °1 ^"°1 ^ 4 4 ="4 4 ^ : ^ 4413 4 91 A. A l s 4 AA
A 7}4A1£|3, 4-£3 £3^4 4 ="-4 4x3l*}2 4 s 4 -§-714 4:-5-i: 4~4*}7l £|£b
AAAA 4 s 4 A A i ^ ^ l t 7}4 A7]A 4 4 . A A AA AAA AAA 7}4
3}4£|7l £|4Ai 4 S 4 4 4 4 Ir 7 } 4 4 4 , PbCL, CdCL, NaCl ^ 4 ^ 3 } # 4 A
AAA 7}4 AA WAAA AA AAAAA AAAA fl^b^l-fe- AA AA AA.
AAAAAAA AAAAAA £b£b£!£r -§-°l^r(e.g., Cl~, As3-, P3~, B)4 4 4 - 4 4
4£b4. A A A A £3^7} u£l 4£- 4£b A lS4 600 "C4Ai 2 4 2 4 # 4 S 4 750
"C4Ai 43}4£34. U4 7}7l 37}4H- 4-§-4£3 -fr5}2} 14-£4°i 4£3£34. Pu A
£3 4 A i 4 4 # 4 S 4 4 4 4 " 3)3} i?£^1S A}-44°i 450 °C4Ai 313}A143 , -g-71
£34- 1 4 4 4 550 °C, A/AAS-A 700 °c4Ai 43}4£34. 313} 4 ^ 7 } 4 4 ^—
4 Pu4 43}£j £b3}#s £34Ai -§-43} £b4°llAi 4 -§-45l^l ^ 4 4 . 443l3}4
£3-S-£b Al£b4 4 s A, A A £34 4 s 4 A A - sj-44 A A A A A A A A A
4 2 4 ^ 4 A A AA, £344—s. 4 2 4 ^ 4 ^ 4 p } 4 2 4 £ 4 4 s. 4 4 4 ( 1 2
4£b) AAA7} AAA AAAA £344 7}4 44~4£3 AA A7]A 4-4 £32 4
&A 4^3C}. 4717^7} 4 4 ^ - S 44~47l 4 4 AA AA AAA A7] AAA A
AAA 33^r°l A A 4£3 4 91A.
2.1.1. S o ^ l ^ - ^ s|^-i-*l.§.[3]
A A 4 4 A i A A S.A'A £ 3 4 ^ 4 £b^lAi ^ 4 AA A A (composite sample)^.
AA A: A A AAAS-(soil sample)!! 4 ^ 1 1 4 A A 4 4 4 4*flAi4 ASTM
C999 4£3°1 91 A. AAAS. AAA ^4-^51 £3 E ^ l s t £34 -44°11 A:lk 4
A A 110 °cs. £3s4£3 4 , ^r4*}2 4.4-4 AA 32 mesh(500 Mm) A A ^44£b
^r£b l£4Ai 10 g 4 ^ # 4£34S(test sample)^. 4£b4.
- 13 -
4 - 4 4 E ^ l s 4 ^ 4 A A A 4"4-i: AA, ^4-^51 £3 AAA AHAA A
A A 7}4°1 4:4 91 AA A A AAA 6.35 mm4 H ^ S ^r4£b 47} AA A A
AAA 12.7 mm4 A A A A -!r4£b 47}# 4A1 <L5 mm(15 mesh)44 ^3:4*}
3 A A AA. A A A A 34 4"4— S £ , A A £3 A A 4 s 4 A i 44 £14(6.25
mm) AAA AAAA 47-14 AA, AAA 120 °cs. 2 ~ 3 4£b £3s4£3 4 4
A A A A *}2, 400 "CS. 2 ~ 3 4£b £b3}Al£3 AA 32 mesh(500 Um) A A A A
A ^rlb i£4Ai 10 g 4 ^ # AAAAA 4£b4.
4 , 44:, AA 4 *fl£MlAi 4£l£b 44irAlS(sediment sample)4 4*flAi4
ASTM D3976 4£3°1 91 A. AAA 4 s 4 A i A7] 0 l#44:- i : 4 4 47l£b AA A
4°lAi 4-£b£b 4 4 ^ 4 - i : 4 el 3 7}ArAA AAAA A A A A A £34^-4 4*11
4 £3s4£34.
2.1.2. A5^-^l^-[3]
4-7l^r4-i: £l£b 4#4S(b io ta sample) 4 ^ 4 41 b A AAA ASTM D46384
91A. AAAS-AA AA3.A, ^ ^ £ 4 , #273 , AA AA 91 A. AA 4^r°l 44"
4 , i r f ls"^ AA AAAA A 4— 4 4 4 4 4 4 47l4^r°140ll ^f5} 4 s 4 s
AAA AA A.
27£ £-TT, AA, AA, A AA AAA AAA 4*flAi4 IAEA 4£3°1 91 A. A
AAA A7}AAA AAA A£-4 4 4 125 "C4Ai A 4 t £ 3 s 4 £ | 3 , 8 4£b4
4 4 £344 4£H- :34Ai 500 °CAA 7}£34°i £b3}Al£34. AlS7} ^bs}5!^ A
AA 4£H- 4£- £344 -i-el-fe- 4°1 ^-S-4C}. 4^34 £b3}Al£3 4SH- 16 4£b
A A 500 °C4Ai 43}4£34.
2.1.3. Swiped S [3]
Swipe4s4 ^s}^0!1-} 4£b4°l 4:4 91A A A A £344— A AAAAAA
AAA ^r*l|*b4. A A A A £b r*114Ai A l s 7}4s_44 swipe 4 s # 4 ° l -S-4H"
£3-^-44. # 4 4 %£b-4£b -§-4°l14 4£!^£b -§-4 AA AAA A A A A AA
AA, £b r*ll 4 4 £343l3}7} 4-S-lb 4 ^ 91A. AAA AAA AA 91AA 7}A
- 14 -
lb 4 4 4 4 ^ 1 ^ ^ 4 S 4 4 4 £34. 447-144 # 4 4 T ! - 4 £ 1 4 4 £ - 4 -§-44
A7) AAA. AAAA AA AAAAA, AA AAAAAA 4£41 -14= 4 £ - 4 7}A
AA AAAAA AA. #°l7} AA AA swipe 4 s # 4 4 4 £ - 4 ^r^Aj^-H: 2
4 4 4 4s^r*l | £b4-i" 4 4 ° } 4 4 . 7 l 4 4 4 A i 4£l£b swipe4s4 £-£34 2 4
37} =-4 AA AAA £344— A A7] A A 47-1471 £|*flAi £b r*ll 4 4 A 4 t
£34313}Al £34. ££3=4 £34 £b4 4^-^! 2 4 # 4 4 swipe4ss . 4£l£3 4£-
4 44H" AAA 2 4 A l s s . 4 4 4 4 4°1 # 4 .
2.1.4. i | B l 4 s . "A AAlA
4 -3111- 4^}£b £34- 1 £!£- 2 4 42}#°1 ^-5-4 42}#1ib 4°l tllAi 13£S. A
4 4 4 . AA 4°1—4 £344— A AAAA. 714%; #4A1£3 4 4 i£4Ai A7\A
A A (particulate)-4 7^ A £3 4 £3 4 31-§- £34°11 4 ^ c £ 4-£3 4 ^ - 4 -&4"4T1 ^ 4
A A A AAAA 4-§-£b # 4 4 441-} 4 - 4 ^e}°l— 1 ^ 4 4 4 £-4 7flii f
A 4£3Ai°ll 4 ^ c £
4 4 44H- £b^3:*1147l4 ^r4*"}4 4 £-4 4?s4l 4 - 4 4 44-7} -44 A A A
A A el^-^r-i: £l*f4i A A A AAA # 4 4 4 £37}4 ^f5} A 4 t 4£b4.
2 4 2 , A3-AA, 4—ilr—, AA, # 4 — A A A 7} A: AAA A A ^r44"4°ll
4 7}47} SW^t S T 4 4 S AA 4"4-i: 4—£3 £34. 3-AA AA—AA 4 4 4 A i
^3:4*}7l AAAS-A AAAAA A A £b4.
2.2. ^ l ^ ^ ^ b l , 4]
4S-§-*Ksample dissolution) 4-^l^r 2 4 AS. AA 44-§-£! 4^14^11- 4 ^
4— A A AA 4 7 1 4 4 4-4~4T1 4-£3£b 4-44-lr AAAAAA AA AA AA
A A A A 4 £3 4 7 } 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 91 A. AA AAA AAAAA 471 # 4 4
4-§-£!4—s. 4 ^ t -§-*fl*"}7l 4*f4i4 4SH- £>3-S. 71447-14 -§--§-4 S^fls
4£b47 l4 £34. °1 A AAAA AAA AAA AlS7} -§-444 A A £ s AA
AA 4-5-4 AA A A £3^141 S.A AAAA A AAA 4£b47l 4-§-°li:}. 2
4 2 -§-4 AAA AAA 47}£b £M1 AA AAAA AA A A A A 4 °14 -s£b
- 15 -
4 A AAAAA AAAA AAA 4 4 . A A -§-*114"4£: -§--§-(fusion), £r43l3}
(wet ashing), £b£3#(acid leaching), £b^3:*Kacid dissolution) 4 4£i£b4 A A
(microwave digestion) S. 44- 4 91A- <£ — 4"4"i" A}-§-4—^4 4 ^ 4 £3 4 s}
A A - AAA AAA l*fl AAAA. 4-A}3}3}^:Al£34Ai H-T- r-si 4SH- 3-*114
4 4 4 -o-Q-42} A A A 3}4 -i: 4 4 — A AAA7^A AAA A}-§-44. £3il?£!-i" A}-§-4£3 4-£3 £3l?s£34Ai 4 s ^ J f E i -0-440! A A ^-^r^-i: 4£31b 4 91A.
A A 4£ t o l 4—£3 ^ l ? 5 ^ AAA A A A A A 91A. R. Bock4 x i A i # °l-§-4
4 4^^3 -44 A A £3 £344 £1 A}£b, A A Sr^AA, £b£!£i£3 4 44A}£b A A
7}4£b 4S-H- AA A 91AIA. 5-A.}4 4Ai AAAA ^3:*11444 "44 AAA A
A AA 7144 4 f 6 £ | 3 . ^3-4 4 £3 4 91A A A A A AAAA A AAAA A A
A AAA AA7} AAA- AA A A -§-71 (closed- vessel) 8 A}-§-£b—AA AAA £1
£b ^3:4 H4 4^3:4
2.2.1. -§--§-^[4]
4SH- -§--§-471 ^3-*1144 4"4£r AA, AAA, AAAA AAA AAAAA A
A 4 7 1 4 4 -§-4471 4 e l 4 4 s 4 AA AAAA 4s^3-*l| 7li£4 I£. £ 3 4 ^ 4
4 s 4 - I f^s -1:44 4- 1 4-£b#-i: 7}£344 4-40!13!, AA 4 4 4 AAA ^£^
A 4-£b#-i- 7}A AAAA AlS7} -§-*!!-§-4 #°llAi 4 - 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 . A A
7} AAAAA -§--§-471 4*flAi4 £b3}#, 4 4 4 ^ } 4£b4°llAi^l^3 AAAAA A
AA AAA 4 ^ 7 } 7}42 $14°} AA. TT3}#, 4 4 ^ } -fr7l#7i4 A-^AAA A
A A AA7} AA91A ^ 4 ^ s t -§--§-4714 £3 £34 4SH- £b3}Al7l4 £34.
4^3:4 47-1471 £|*flAi -§-§- A A AAA A A £ -44 Ai £3^4714 £34. A
AAA 471 # 4 4 4 * } 2 AA AAA -§--§-47171 4 4 44313} AA AAAA
AAA 7144 £34. 2 4 4 S 4 j±£34-lr 2 4 AA s.4- 4 4 -§-§-°l 4£34 4
91AA A A ^3:4 *}4 4 4 # 4 . 4SH- 4£b£b A A AAA A AAAAA AA,
£344— A -§--§- 44" 4£MlAi 4-§-#°l ^7}4 -§-^4 4 4 - 4 £14 ^ 4 ° } £34.
-§--§- £14-5-^4 S-Jflf AA 7l4-#, A7]A AA AAA 4-§-£b4. A7\AAA A
A, 4 — 2 ^ , 4£3 AA 7}7ln- 4-§-£b4. £l£34 ^7}4 4^=3£- £344—s. A}-§-
- 16 -
4 4 A A AA A A 91A AAA.
AA -§-£Hl AA $14(Table 2.1).
Table 2.1. Common fusion fluxes
Flux (mp, °C)
Na2S2O7(403) or K2S207(419)
NaOH(321) or KOH(404) Na2C03(853) or K2CO3(903)
Na202
H3BO3
Na2B407(878)
Ii2B4O7(920) or LiB02(845)
NH4HF2(125) NaF(992), KF(857) or KHF2(239)
Fusion temp., °C
Up to red heat
450-600
900-1000
600
250
1000-1200
1000-1100
900
Type of crucible
Pt, quartz, porcelain
Ni, Ag, glassy carbon Ni, Pt for short periods (use lid)
Ni, Ag, Au, Zr, P t « 5 0 0 °C)
Pt
Pt
Pt, gr aphite
Pt
Types of sample decomposed
For insoluble oxides and oxide-containing samples, particularly those of AI, Be, Ta, Ti, Zr, Pu, and the rare earths. For silicates, oxides, phosphates, and fluorides. For silicates and silica-containing samples (clays, minerals, rocks, glasses), refractory oxides, quartz, and insoluble phosphates and sulfates. For sulfides; acid-insoluble alloys of Fe, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, and Li; Pt alloys; Cr, Sn, and Zn minerals. For analysis of sand, aluminum silicates, titanite, natural aluminum oxide(corundum), and enamels. For A12C>3; Zr02 and zirconium ores, minerals of the rare earths, Ti, Nb, and Ta, aluminum-containing materials; iron ores and slags. For almost anything except metals and sulfides. The tetraborate salt is especially good for basic oxides and some resistant silicates. The metaborate is better suited for dissolving acidic oxides such as silica and Ti0 2 and nearly all minerals. For the removal of silicon, the destruction of silicates and rare earth minerals, and the analysis of oxides of Nb, Ta, Ti, and Zr.
4 ^ 7 } -44 s} £b-5-lr 441"*}7l AA As.7} AAAA AAA AAA £3£l*l 2
4 2 2774 7}£]£b4. -§--§- 22HI ikA £137} 4 # 5 1 4 AA AAAA, A AA
A AAAA 4(£1-};e A 91AE-A 7l|3 -irir-i: 4-§-1b 4 4 AA 4£H- £3£l*l
^ 4 ° } AA. S-AAAA 7)AAA AA 7}4 3774 4 4 £34714 44 1?! 2 4 - 4
44*}7)7} AAA. A7]AA 2774 £14- 4714 *}4£t ^r-44 4£3-4 44*}7l
4 4 2 -§--§- A A AAA AA 47} AA. AA7} AAA AAAA AA 4-§-47l
4 *}4£b 4SH- 2774 7}£]Ai47l 4£! c}. 2I2 -§--§-4£4 4 s 4 -§-£4} AA
AAA AA91 A. ^ 7 } 4 4 -T-6!2} -§-£14 r*Ml- 4^3}47l 4*flAi 4^£b 2 4
A 4*fl0} AA. -§-£4} -§-*!!4£3 4 4 - 4 44*}7l 4*flAi s 4 — 4 4 -§-*!!-§-4A
- 17 -
4 4 : 4 AA. £1—, 7s]A AA AAA £b44 4 4 4.5-S. 441b 4 91A AAAA
7} #v£ AAA -§--§-4 4 # £ b 4 . 7}£l-i- i££b1b 4£!-i- £34*}7]7\ AAA 44-7}
AA 91A. AAAA AAAA -§-*ll#0l 4 2 44*}£3 4 s 4 ^r*l|7} 4£3£3 4 4
A. AA AA 4£b°l ^3-444 AA AAA AA AAA AA AA7\A 4£3-lr A
4—s. 7} A A A 4£!-i" £34 4 4 .
AAA 4-§-£b 4°1 433'^l1-}'^ ^f5} -§-§-4°l2H- AA 4-3££b # ° 1 4 AA A
AA AAAAA. A A AA, 4 4 4 -§-§-4°l24 ^£4 4-5-S -§-44714 £b£b 4
37} 4 4 * } £3 4 A A £414 4°1 A l s 4 AA A £b41b 4 91A. 2 4 2 -§-44
4 A A A A 7]7\ 91AA £34^3:4 AA AAAA 4737IH- 4A1 -§--§-4 £34.
A A 7} A AAA ^7}7l4 4 S S . 014-43 AAA 4 4 4 £! 7} 4 44(Ni,
Zr, Ag)4 ^ - ^ 4 7}4 £344—s. A}-§-44 £7}4 4 s 4 I £ . A A £7}47} 4 4
£ 7 } 4 4 yl*fl 4 4 4 ° l 2 , 14-§-4 2 s . 4;SM -l:4-S-*}2 4 ^ AAA A A AA
A A A 7} AA. A A A7\AA 430 °C AAA AAA A £3£l*l 43b5! 7} A AA
AAAAA3- AAAAA. -§--§- 4£b°l 4£- £3T14 AlS7} 4 - 4 4 4 44£3 4 4
4 4 - 4 ^ 4 ^ 4 4 4 # 4 . 4 4 £ - 7}4 £344—s. 4-§-44 £7} 4 4^3°1131,
-ir£b-i- S£b£b AA A A 7AA AAA AA ^ 4 4 . 2 ^ 4 £b 4 4 £ : 4£- 2 4 4
4 4 £3£b°14 4 4 4 — f ° i l £ 4-6!5!13!, AA; AAAA £b-fr£3 4£b, 4 ^ 4 4 A
AAAA 4 4 -§-4AA- AAA molten alkali metal, borates, fluorides, nitrates4
bisulfates4 44*1 4£!-i" 7}42 91A- AA A7\AA 4-§-1b 4 4 4 4 , 4£b3}
4—A, £ 3 ^ 4 4 AA(C, P, S, Ag, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Se, Te), ^2.4-£"4, A A, A
A A AAA, AAAAA A £b^ 4 4 4—^1 4-§-i: 4*14} AA. A A A7\AA
# 4 4 4 4 £b7}4 4^11} 4 $1-^-4, 4 c } 2 - 4 # °l-§-*flAi AA A AA A, A A7}
A A NaHS04 -§--§-471 4^1£b4.
A A AAA AAA -§-£1^4 4-§-£34. 7}4 A-144A-1 -§-444 4 s 4 44*1
441b 4 91A -§-47} AA A A WA -§-£144. £b£b4, £ 4 s 3 £ £ ^ 4 4 £b4
7I3 -§-£14:4 £b£j#4-i: ^3-*ll*}4 4 4-§-£b4. -fr3}#, £34 43}^", £3£bi£4
£34 4 4 4 AAA -§-§-4Ai 4 4 4 — - f - 4 4 4 4 4 - 1 - 4 £b3}£l^ AAAA. AA
A A AAA 7} A S-AA A A 7} A A A A A (alkaline oxidizing flux)44, A A7]
- 18 -
4£34 :44°ll AAA AAAAA. AAAAAAA AA£17} -1:4-2-4 £!£-^l3 7}
A A}-§-£34. 4 4 4 pyrosulfates, acid fluorides^} -§-£b4 £b£j -§-£l°14. Table
2.14 £! 7}4 -§--§-££34- !£b£b -§-£14 -§-£!# 44*}$14.
£b£b£! -§-§£sulfate fusion)4 7 £3£3 £}5}ir-l: £b£b3}ii-S. 4£b47 l4 4 TT-§-
*}44 4£b4°ll 4*flAi4 A S.AAAA. AAA -§--§-£- 4-*l BeO, Fe203, Cr203,
M0O3, Te02, Ti02, Zr03, Nb20s, Ta20s, PUO2 4 4 £ ^ £}5}iHl Tr^*}^}.
Pyrosulfate -§--§-£: 4£3^°llAi £344—^ °l-§-44 -^^Ya0!13!, %£b4—-f£°14
AAAAA AAAAA A A AAA AAA AAA AA 7}AAA AA. £b£b°l A
4 4 2 4 4 - 4 pyrosulfate -§-*l|-§-40l 44^3 AAA 7}A AAA ^ 7 } A 1 4 4 . 4
-§- 4£b°l £3 4 4 £34 4 4 4 4£H1 £34#°1 £414 4-T-°114 £ 7 } 4 # 44"4£3
AA 44- i - 4 £ £ 2 4 -§-§- A 1T14 £344 -§-442 7334-4 -§-*!!-§- 4 A £34 4 ^
4 4 4 . 4£3£1 4 4 A A A -§--§-£14 211- A-A 4-5-S -§-44714 4£H14 £34
A AA AAAA ^ 4 4 -§-*!!4 7l 4 £14. -§--§-£14 211- # a _ 4 4 A A 4 4 4 4
A A AAAA AAAA AAA Ti, Zr ^£4 7}£3£*flll- AAAA £3451^ 4-4 4
lb 4 91A. Nb4 Ta4 44*1 4 4 4 4 4 ^ £3 £313 £^£ $1—4, 44 - i : 4—el
4 4 4 A A, tartaric acid, ammonium oxalate, 4£b3}4^ AA AAA 4-§-*fl4
£34-
2.2.1.1. ^r£}s}# A AAA -g-4l't4]
AAAAA AAAA -§--§-£- 4 4 i r 4 £14£!44 -1:44-i: ^3:*ll47l4 4 4-§-
AA, AAAAAAA ^3-4*}7l £|*flAi s ^ l s t ^3-44714 4 4-§-44. NaOH
7} AA AAAA, 4 4 £ - 4 4 4 A A7] AAAA, 2 §§344 KOH£ i?£3£b 5:4
H- 7}42 $14. 4£r-i: 4-§-4 -§--§-4 4 4 * } 2 -§--§-£1427} A A A 4—4, A
AAAA 4 ^ 7 } 4 4 4 U t i A A 44^r£34 A A- Ni, Ag AA glassy carbon
£7}4H- 4-§-*}4 4 4 . ^12 4 ^ 4 A A A7\AA AAA 600 4 4 2 4 £7} 4
4 700 £ 4 4 4-§- 7}4*}4. Pt, Pd 4 Pt-Pd 4 4 — A AAA A7\AA AAA
A -§--§-4 4-§-1b 4 £21 A A AA7} 4 4 * } £3 4 4 ^7}47} 44^171 ufl-g-4
4£b*}^l AA. AAA AA -§-£14 4 4 4 i i r4 AA 1 : 5—1044. 4£3^14 A
- 19 -
-§-4 450 ~ 500 £ 4 4 15 ~ 20 4 4 4 , ^ ^ f e 600 ~ 700 £ 4 4 5 ~ 10 4 4
-§--§-444. -§--§-£1424 4 4 4 4*114 2 S . £ 7 } 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 7-14 4 4 A
4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 £)7l4 AAA 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 2 S . 4 4 4
4 4 .
£ 4 4 S - A NaOH 4-§-£!-i- 4 4 4 4 4 AAA 5 4 4 4 4 4 ^ NaOHH- -§-£l
A 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 £ £ ^ 1 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 s . 4 * 1 1 4 4 4 . 4
S-A 4 4 4 4 4 €411 *}4 4 4 4 4 2 7 } 4*114 A Fe(OH)3 4 4 4 £ 3 4 4 4 4
714 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 7 } 4 4 4 4 . A AAAS-A 4*11444 sodium formaldehyde
sulfoxylatell- 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 + 3 4 4 +4 4 4 4 4 A 3 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 — 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (clays, rocks, minerals, slags, glasses), 4 4 4 4 4 4
(magnesia, alumina, beryllia, zirconia, quartz) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
*f|*}4 4 2 - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 £34^. sodium aluminate 4 4 4£3 4
4 4 4 £3447-14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114 4 $14 4 4 / & 4 4 4 4 . A7\
A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 £ ! 4 4 *11444, 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 4*114 4 4 4
£!£1 4*114 4 $14 A1&AA 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 (1)4 4 4 4 £ 3 4 £ 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 (2)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 - 4 4*114 A A A
4 4 s . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 M £ 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 .
MSi03 + Na2C03 —► Na2Si03 + MCO3 (or MO + CO2) (1)
Na2Si03 + MCO3 + 4HC1 + xITO
—► H 2 Si03 xH 2 O + MC£ + CO 2 + H 2 O + 2NaCl (2)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 Cr, Mn, S, B 4 AAAAA7} 4 4 4 4 . 47144 4*1144,
^ £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 A 4 4 Na2C037} £ 3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 . K2CO3
4 4 4 4 A 4 2 4 4 4 4714 4 4 4 Nb4 Ta 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4
Na2C0s4 4 4 4 £!4 4 4 4 4 £3444 4—44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 K2CO3H-
4 4 4 A AAAA 4 4 4 471 U31444.
4 4 4 4 2-444 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 s 4 4 4 4 £4} 2714 4 4 4 4 . AS.A
- 20 -
A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 g4 4 4 4 S 4 4 — 6 g4 Na2C0s4 4 4 4 4 900 ~
1000 "C2. 10 ~ 30 4 4 7}444. 4 4 4 A AA A 4 4 4 4 1200 "C2. 1 — 2
4 4 7}£344. 4 4 4 4 500 £ 4 4 44*41 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
700 °C 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . Hg4 Ta4 44*1 4 4 4 4 Se, As4 2 2 2 4 44*1
AA A A 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 s 4 £!44 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4*114 7144 4
4 4 AAA £!44 4 4 4*11444 4 4 .
4 4 22}44 4 4 4 4 14 4 4 4 1 — 2 mg4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4
4 4 4 2 4 4 1 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £7}44 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4734 4 4 4 4
4 4 22}44 4 4 4 2 4 A A A $124, 4 4 4 4 4 7144 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4
4 4 4 44*1 4 4 4 4 . A A A 4 4 4 4 4 22}44 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444 A A A7) 4*114 4*1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 ^ 4 Fe2+, Fe3+, Sn4+, Pb2+ 4 Sb
4 4 As4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 £7}44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 £14 4 4 2 S 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 A 4*1144 £^4 4 4
4 £34*41 oil44 4 . 4 4 4 4 7l|3 4 4 2 s 4 4 4 4 4*1 4 4 4 . 7}7l 37}
4 4 BJb4 4 4 4 2 s . 14 Ai-g-s-i-3 4 4 4 4 4 # 4 .
2.2.1.2. 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 441 [4]
4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S-A, 4£ |2 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 ,
AAAA, Zr02, Ti, Nb4 Ta4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 s 4 4*114
4 44*1 AA 4 4 -§-417} 4 2 4 4 . 4*11444 422} 4 4 27I ufl44 £ t
4 4 4 4 s j s s 4 7 1 ^ 4 4 44*}7l 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 AA AA AAA A7\AA AA 4*11444 4*11 Blb4 4 4 4 2 S . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 £
7}44 44*114 4 4 .
AAA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $124 4 S 2 4 4 — 8 4 4 4 4 4 42*}4. 4 4 4
S-A ™}7i44 AAA s4*H4 4 4 4 4 7}4447} 7l|3 4 4 4 4 S 4 AAA AA A 414 7}444, 4 S 4 44*1 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 414 7}£344. £3442
S £ 20 — 30 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 s 4 4 . £!44 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
*TI44. 4 ^ 4£14 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 2 $14 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 2
- 21 -
AAA methyl ester £3 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 414% 4 91A 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 sodium tetraborate(Na2B40?)4 4 4 4 4 47144 4*114 741 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 42*}£1 2 4 4 . Na2B4C442£ 4 4 4 4 ,
Zr02, 4 2 3 4 4 2 4 2 4244 Ti, Nb44 Ta4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4
4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 2 4 AA 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4*1144A 44*114 AAA 1000 — 1200 °C2 7}A44. Tl, Hg, Se, As4 4 2
£14 A AAAA 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 ° l 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144224 4*1144
Ca, Th4 4 £ 4 4 2 4 4 Ti, Nb 4 Ta4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14.
Lithium tetraborate(I^BziO?)4 4 4 4 4 , £344(CaO)4 4 4 4 4 4 4714 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 27}
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 7}44 4 $12, 27}47} Li2B407 4*11444 4 4 £41
AAA A A 27}44 4 4 4 4 4 4 ttfl24 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4*114714 ttfl24 4 4 4 4 4 2 4*11444. £!£1 7}44*1I44 4 4 A A A 4 4 4 4 EDTA AA EDTA • 2Na 4 4 0.01 M 4 4 4 4 4 4*11444.
Lithium metaborate(LiB02) AA meta4 tetra4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4714 4 441
4 4 447}4 rutile(Ti02) 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4
4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114-44 4 4 metaborate7} 4 4 4 4 . 4
4 4 4 2 4 4*1144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 47}*T| 4 4 4 Ti4 4 4 4 A A 91A AA.
2.2.1.3. 4 4 4 441 [4]
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 414, 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 Nb, Ta, Ti4 Zr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . R. Bock4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NH4HF2, NaF, KF, KHF2
4 4 4 4 4 4414 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 2 4 4 4 4 4 $14.
Sill 4[6]4 AA A A 4 4 44414 4 £3*41 4*114 KF-potassium pyrosulfate
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44$14. Sulcek 4[4]4 potassium hydrofluoride 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1 2-444—£4^1 4 £ 4 4 2 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 7l
44$14. 4 4 HF 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 7 1 2 4 4 4 4 10 4 4
- 22 -
4414 5l-tJ~*}4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £7}44 4 4 4 4 . Si, B, Pb, Po4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,
427} 4 2 4 Mo, Ta4 Nb2 4 4 4 4 4 4 - AI, Sn, Be4 Zr 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
AA 4 4 4 A AA 4 2 4 4 4 444} 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 4 44*114 4 4 4 4 417444. 4 2 4 4 4 44-144 A A A AAA, 4 4 4
4 4 2 2 7}42 7}444 4 4 4 4 BF3£ 4 4 2 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 2
7}4*}4 4°}$14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 BCL £3 4 £ 41444.
2.2.2. ££2145} u! £} £-tH[4]
4 4 4 4 4 44*114 27-14 4 4 4 4 44*114 4 2 4 4*114714 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 , nitrides, carbides, borides 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4714 4 2 4 2 4
44*1 444741 4£M ^ 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 71144 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4. 2 4 4 4 £ 4 2 4414 444741244 4£3 4 4 4 4 * } T 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4*114714 4 4 4 44*412 44 . 2 4 £3 44 4 2 4 44*1 4*11444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7-14 AA. AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4*114 7} A 4 4 4*1 £3444 447 l£ 47l£l 44 . A 44714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4*114 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4414 44714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44714 £344 4 4 4 4 $1244 4 4 $14.
2.2.2.1. 4 4 4 4 4 1 [4]
4 4 7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . Table 2.24 4 4 7}4 4 4 44*11 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 £3 4*}$14.
£ 3 4 4 2 £ 4 2 4 £ ! 4 2 4 4 4 AAAAA 7}A AAA 4 4 4 4 4 ( 4 4 , 2
4 4 , 4 4 , 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 2 4 ) 4 4*11444 4 2 4 4£3444 . 4 4
£ Pb, Co, Ni, Cd4 Cr4 4 4 4 4 4 44*1 4*1144, Pb4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
PbS 4 4 3L44 £3444 4*1144 £^44. 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 2 4 £ ! 4 2 4 A 4 4
4 4*114 7} A A A 4 4 4 4 27-14 4 4 4 4 AA 27-14 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 . ttfl£4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114
- 23 -
4 £147} $14. 4 4 4 4 Fe2034 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11
4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 ttfl£4 4 £3 4 2 4 4 ^ 4 4 4
47} 4 4 4 £!4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144. 4 4 4 4 , UO24 U30s4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 £!£1 4*1144 U022+ 4 4 A AA.
Table 2.2. Examples of acids used for wet ashing
Acid
HF
HC1
HBr
HI
H2S04
H3PO4
HNO3
HCIO4
Typical uses
Removal of silicon and destruction of silicates; dissolves oxides of Nb, Ta, Ti, and Zr, and Nb, and Ta ores. Dissolves many carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, and sulfides; dissolves cement.
Distillation of bromides (e.g., As, Sb, Sn, Se).
Effective reducing agent; dissolves Sn4+ oxide and Hg2+ sulfide.
Dissolves oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and various sulfide ores; hot concentrated acid will oxidize most organic compounds.
Dissolves A12C>3, chrome ores, iron oxide ores, and slag.
Oxidizes many metals and alloys to soluble nitrates; oxidizes slowly organic material. Extremely strong oxidizer; reacts violently or explosively to oxidize organic compounds; attacks nearly all metals.
M:A
4 4 4 7}A 4 2 4 4 4 4 447}4 4 4 4 4 4*114714 4 4 4 . 4*11 4 4
Si02 + 6HF —► H2SiF6 + 2H20
£ 3 4 4 fluorosilicic ac id4 7 } £ 3 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 1 4 4 SiF44 H F £ £ 3 4 4 .
H2SiF6 —► SiF41 + 2HF
AA, UFA 4 4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 4 7}42 $144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4. HF4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}44*TI 4 4 A £3444 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4714-24
- 24 -
IV44 VI44 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 £147} 2 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4441 £3 4 4 4 4 4 7}44*TI44 447}£ 4*114 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 £14 4£34 4 $14 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 £!£1 7}44*1|4 £32714 424(e.g., Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Pa)4 # £ 4 2 4 £3444 4 4 4 4 AAAA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 .
HF4 4 4 4 7 1 4 7}7l44 4 4 4 4 §124, 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4*}2, Teflon 4 7 1 4 4 4 250 °C 4 4 4 4 44*114 4 4 . HF4 AA # 4 4 A 112 ° c 4 2 £ 4 4 2 £ 7144 4 2 4*11444 44*1 4 2 4 4 A 427} 42*}
£1 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 HF24 4 4 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 4 2 4 4 HF 427} 4 2 4 4 4 2 £ HF4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 A 7}4 4
4 4 4 4 . 241 4 4 4 4 £ HFH- 4 4 4 4 447} 2 4 . 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4
7l 4*11 4 2 4 44144 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 2 , 4 4 4 HFH- 7}4 A AA £3 4 £
4 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 £3£4 4 2 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . HFH- 7}4 4 4 4
4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * } £ 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 80 °C£ 7}4*}4 1
— 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4441A 7} A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 £324 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 , 4 4 , 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4|4*}4 4 4 2 4 4 4 . ttfl£4 4 4 4 4 sodium tetraborate£ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 417444. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 BFs(b.p.; -100 °C)£ 4 4 4 4 4
4£32£4 417-144.
^£1;
4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 4 4 4 44*}2 4 4 # 4 4 A HO °C£ 47l 4|£r°3l 7}4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 £414 4 4 4 4 4 # 4 4 427} 6 M
£ £3£344 4 4 . 4 4 4 Au3+, Ti3+ 4 Hg2+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 . 4 4 4 4
4 4 Fe3+, Ga3+, ln3+ 4 Sn4+4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 . 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A- 4 4 4 Mn02, MnCV, persulfate
(S20s2~)4 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 2 7l|37} 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 , 4 4
- 25 -
A, 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4*1147144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114714 4 4 4 : - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 2 4 2 AI, Be, Cr, Fe, Ti, Zr AA Th4 4 4 4 4 2441
- Sn, Sb, Nb AA Ta4 4 4 4
- Zr4 4 4 4
- 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4
- Sr, Ba, Ra AA Pb4 4 4 4
- Hg4 4 4 4
- Nb, Ta, U AA Th4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 As3+, Sb3+, Ge3+4 Se4+4 ££4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Hg2+, Sn4+4
Rh(Vll)4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
^j-4
4 4 4 4 2 4 4*114 £41 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #44(340
°C)44. 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144. 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 # 4 4 A 44£}4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11
4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 £ ! 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4*1144 £^44. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
A 4 4 4 £^24, 4 4 4 CaS044 4 4 4*112 ttfl4°14. Sr, Ba, Ra4 Pb4 414
4 4 ^ 47l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA. 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4-4 4 2 4 4 4*114 714 7] A 4 4 4 4 47144 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4714 4*1141A A. A A 4 4 4 4714244 4 4 44-144 4 4 4 7 l 2 £ 4 4 7144 47144 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 £14 4*1144 £^44. AA AAA AA # 4 4 AAA AAA 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 $14. 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , B, Hg, Se, Os, Ru4 Rh
4 £347} 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 47144 4*1147144 4 4 2 £ 47144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 2 , 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ £ 2 4 4 4714 A A A 4*114 AAA 44* }2 , 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 £ 4*11444.
4 4 , 4 4 , 4 4 4 7}7l4 # 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 . Teflon4 250 °C 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 «122£ 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
- 26 -
AA 4 4 4 4 2 4*114 7}4 4£!£l *}£1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4
4 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144. Au,
Hf, Ta, Zr 3 4 2 Pd4 4144 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4*1144 £^44. Al, B, Cr,
Ga, In, Nb, Th, Ti, Ca, Mg4 Fe4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £344
4 4 4 S.AA 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 . 2 4 4 Ca, Mg4 Fe4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114
4 .
4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144 A 4441 (e.g., CF, F£ citrate, tartrate)7}
2 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 2 £ Th024 UO24 4*1144 A 0.05 — 0.1 M HF4
7}*}4 4-417} 4 4 4 4 . 800 °C 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 Pu4 U4 4 4 4 4 4 AA Pu02
4 £!4£ 4 4 7}444.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44714 4 4 4 427} 44*1 44471 4 4 2 4 # 4
4 4 4 4 §1444. 47144 4 4 4 4 427} 247I ufl44 2 4 4 HNO3 47l
7} 4 4 4 AAA 7}AAA 2 4 4 44*114 4*1|7} 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4
4714 2 4 4 4714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 44*114 47144 4*H47l4 AA A 2 4 4 .
AAAA 3 £ | 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4441A A A 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA.
3 £ | 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4144 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4
7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 Pb4 Mn4 4 4 +27}4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 A 444714 , Cr4 V4 4 4 +64 +5 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4
4 4 . AA 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*}7l ufl44 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 2 £ 47144 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 2 4 4 160 °c 4 4 4 4 4441 4 4 4 *41 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £!£1 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 2 4 2 £ 4 4 £
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 4 AAA 4 4 4 :
- 27 -
- 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 Bi 4 4 AA AAA 7}A - 4 2 7l|37} 7}£344 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4*11
- 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4£344 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}A - AA 4 4 2 4 4 4 4414 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 7}A - 4 4 2 4 4 4 Sb AA Sb3+ 4 4 4 4 7}A - 4 4 2 4 4 hydrazine A A hydroxylamine4 4 4
- 4 4 2 4 4 hypophosphate 4 4 4 4
- 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 , 2£3, 4 4 2 4 3 -83-34 4 4
- 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
- KCIO4 A A 4 4 4 £b£34 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
- 4 4 £ 2 2 , 4 4 AA polyhydroxy alcohol 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 7\A
- N-heterocyclic 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 7}A
- 44414 44244 44
4424 4714 3444 44 47144 444714 4 44. 44244 44
47144 4 4 4 4 . 47144 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 2 1 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 ,
4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 . 4 4 2 4 4 4 * 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 AA 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 44*114 4 4 . 4 4 2 4 4 £!44 7}A 447}7} 4 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 44*11444 4 4 .
•£ 44 444 44 444 44 4£ L32£ 444 444 4444, 24 44
4442£ 444 444 4444. 2444 A 2 7}4 44 42444 44 4
3HC1 + HNO3 —► NOCl + C£ + 2H2O
4 4 4 . 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 nitosyl chloride4 3 7}4 427} 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4. 4 4 4 41A A 10 — 20 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S-A A 2 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 , 2 4 2 Au, Pt4 Pd4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
- 28 -
A 4*11444. 4 4 4 4*114 4 2 4 4 4 A 4*1144. 4 4 4 0s4 OsG £3 4 £
4 4 4 4 4 . Rh, Ir4 Ru4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 , Ti4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 . UraniteH- 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4124 U30s4 4 4 4 4*114
4 U022+£ 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 £!4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NaN02 4 4 AA borate 4 4 4 4 HF, HNO3 4 HCIO44 4 4 4*T|£ 4*11444 4 4 .
2.2.2.2. 44*11 4 4 [4]
44£347l(open-vessel)4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 7}*H4 4 4 * 1 4 4 4 4 7 4 1 4 4
4 4 2 4 £ !4 44*11 4 4 (acid digestion bomb)4 44*114 4 4 * 1 4*1144 4
$14. £ 3 4 4 4 # 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 7 4 } 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 T 1
$14 4 ° l 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144 £4-14 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 * 1 4*1144
4 $14. 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A A « l 2 4*11 4 7 l £ 4 4 4 AAA AA. 4 4 ,
4 4 , 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 2 , 4 4 4 4 A
7) A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144 4 $14. 4 4 4 Teflon2£ 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 - 4
£ b 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 HF4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4
4 2 4 4 4717} 4 4 4 4 4 4 24*114 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 7}4 4 4 4 4
4 4 . 4 7 1 4 4 2 4 £ !4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 * 1 1 4 4 4
4 4 . 4 7 1 4 4 2 2 4*1144 4 $ 1 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 $ 1 2 2
£ 4 4 4 2 4 4 .
2.2.2.3. 4 4 : 4 4 4 * 1 1 4 4 [4]
2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 (microwave digestion) 4 4 4 7}A 4 4 4 4 4 2 4*11
7 1 4 4 4 , 4 4 * } 2 7fl2;42 4 4 4 A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * T | 2 4 £34
4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 - ^ 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 * 1 1 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 1 4 4 AAA 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 *}$124 47 l 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ICP-MS4 4 4
3 £ 4 £ 2 £ | 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 £ 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 2 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 .
4 2 4 4 4 * 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 £3 (focused open-vessel), 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 £3
- 29 -
(low-pressure closed-vessel) 4 2 4 4 4 4 7 1 £3 (high-pressure closed-vessel)4
3 7}4 4 £3 4 $14.
^ i r 4 7fltij--§-7llJ TTT^I^*]
4 4 4 4 4471 £3 4*11444 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4714 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 7}44 2 £ 4 4*11444. 4 4 £34 4 2 47 l42£ 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 A 4 4 4 4 £?2, 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 $14. A 4*1144444 4 4 4 4 $14 4 4 4 4144 §124, 4 4 , PFA(Perfluoro-alcoholoxil) 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 l £ 44-% 4 $14.
4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 £ 4714 £34 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4714 4
4 4 4 £!47l 4 4 4 4£!4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 714 4
4 4 Se4 Hg4 £ ! 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4*11444
£3444 heating block £3 4*114 £ ! 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4£3 4 $12, 4 4
4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 20 g 4 4 4 -^1 ^ ^ 50 — 100 mL4 4414 10 — 30
4 4 4 4 4*1144 4 $14.
A A imA7]f3 ^r*ll£l-4
A£4 4 4471 £3 4*11444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 42471 4 4 4 4
4 4 2 4 2 4 £ 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 PFA 4714 £!4 4 4 225
°CAA 4 2 4 4 4 4 $122£ # 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44*114 4 4 .
A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4714 4 4 4 £3 4 $14. 4*11 4 4
4 4 A A A §17-14 4 4 4 4 4 47}£ 4 4 4*11 # 427} §124, 447}4 A 4 4 4 4 ^ 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 $14. 44471 2 4 4 4 4 4
44£3 4 $14 4714 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 100 — 300 psi£ 4 4 4 4 .
2 4 4 4 4 4 , 4, 4 4 , 4 4 , £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4714 4 2 4 4 £!44 4 4
4 7l|2 4 4 §14 £14 4*1144 4 $14. 4£3 4 4 2 4 4 2414 £!44 0.5 g
4 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 45 mL44.
- 30 -
3 1 4 ^ ^ l - g - 7 l ^ TJrgfl^*]
2:A}4 AAA A7] AAAA 4 4 4 4 1500 psi 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA A $14
4 2 4 4 4714 £344 4 $14 £32£4 1 — 2 g 4 4 4 £ 4 4 2 AA 0.5 —
3 g4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 AA 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 2 4 4
714 4 ^ 4 4 2 2 £14 4*114741 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 T 1 4 2£34, 4 4 4 4 4
4 , 71144 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 47144 47144 4*1144 4 4 4 4 2 $14. 4 4
4, 4714 4 4 4 44*114 711442 $14. PFA 4714 4*114 TFM(Tetra-
fluorometoxil) 4714 £!4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 ^ 2 4 4 3£1 4 4 AAA 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 memory effect7} 4 2 4 4
473734 4 4 447} 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 £ ! 4 2 4 4 4 A £ 4 4 4 4 .
- 31 -
� � � �
1) US EPA et al., “Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols
Manual”, Part II, NUREG-1576, 2004.
2) Ref. 1, pp.12/2-12/22.
3) Ref. 1, pp.12/27-12/31.
4) Ref. 1, pp. 13/1-13/30.
5) R. Bock, “A Handbook of Decomposition Methods in Analytical Chemistry”,
International Textbook Company, London, 1979.
6) C. W. Sill, K. W. Puphal, and F. D. Hindman, Anal. Chem., 46, 1275(1974).
- 32 -
3. - T - S } ^ - ^ - # ^ - i 4 ^ - £r-S]
3.1. ^^l1^31]- i r ^ t l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £341 4 4 4 7}4 £344 A2 2 4 4 4 4 4
AAA (precipitation) 4 4 4 4 (coprecipitation) A A-
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 $144 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44*414 44*114 4 4 , 4 £ 1 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 £!44
4 4 4 4 4 * } T 1 4 4 £ 4 1144 514. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4£3, 4
*ll 4 4 4 4 4l7l47l 4 4 4 4 , 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ £ 4 4
4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 44?} $14. 2 3 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 £3£3
A £3444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4441 4 4 4 44*1 7}A~AA
A 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 44*1 4 4 444712 , 4*11
£7} 7} A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 £ 4 7}A AAA 4*114 A A AA7}
2 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A £34 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 3 4 4 2 2 4
£7} 4 4 4 4 4*!|£7} 4 4 4 2 £ A £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 A A 4 £ 4 47}4 *1 |2442£ 3 3 4 4 4 4£3 4 4 4 4 $1
4 . 4 4 4 7}7} 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4*1144 2 4 4 4 74-1 4 4 4 £ A 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4*14(digestion) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 A 4£32£ 4 4 4 4 . £
4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}44£i ^-^ -^-44 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 £7}
4 2 4 4 . 7}44*TI4 4 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 pH4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 ,
C2042~4 S2~4 4 4 44414 H+4 £344 7}4*}2£ pH4 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(counter-ions) 4 4£7} £34 4 $41 ^AA A A AAA pH7} 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 £34 4 4 4 4 4 £344 4 $14. 4 4 4 2 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA 2 ^ 3 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4441 4 4 4 44*1 £ £ 2 , 4 4 4 44*}7l 4 4 4 4 4 4*l2(ageing), AA
A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 444(reprecipitation) 4 4 4 4*11 AA
A 4 £ 4 4 4 4 .
- 33 -
4 4 4 4 +3 7} 4 £ 4 +3 7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 +4
7} 4 4 4 Ce4+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . A 4 4 4 4 F~, C2042-, 0H~ 4 P043~44 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444, 4 4 4 NG4, Cl£ Br£ F, SCM2-, C1G4 4 S2~44 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 .
A A A A 4*1 4 £ ! 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4£7} 4 4 4
AA 44414 4£7} 4 4 £ 4 4 4 £344 4 AA £ 4 4 4 41 34 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 AAA A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 . A A 41 34 A A £344 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 441 (carrier)42 4 4 . 4 4 4 A 7}444 2714 447} 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £!44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 £3£347}4 4 4 7}44, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4447-14 A A A 4 4 4 4 A A 4 4 £ 4 £32£4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 7 4 1 4*1144 4 4 4 £3
2714 4 4 4 4 A 4£342 4 4 4 4 A 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 44*114 4 4 . 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ *}2 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 $14
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . £34422 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4£7} 4 A AAA A £3444
4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41 34 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 ttfl£
4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 £1444 4414 A1-4£|AI 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . A £!44 4 4 2 £ 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4414 A } 4 4 ^ 40] f 3 H . s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 444} £3444 4 4 4 4£34 '4s 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 44(inclusion)A A
4 4 # 4 £41 43£r°3l 2*14 4 4 4 4 44l(unspecific carrier) 4 4 4 2 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 44444(Mn02), 4444(MnS)4 4 4 4 4 4
[Mn(OH)2l4 3L44 4 A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4444[Fe(0H)2l4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4*41 43£r°3l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 A 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 7 1 4 2 2
4 4 4 4*1144 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 44*}2 44*}2, 3 4 £ £ 4 4 4 £ £ £
- 34 -
4, £14 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 £ £!£|7} ^34. 4 4 4 4 4 , 4
4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A 4 4 2 , 4 4 4 4414 A}447l ufl44 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114£ 4 4 4 4 $12, 44414 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 £ $14.
Table 3.14 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 44414 27l|4$!4.
Table 3.244 4 4 7}4 4414 4*114 Pu4 Np4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 7 4 4 4
444$14 . Pu4 Np4 447-144 4 £3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 ^ 4 4 4 4
4 2 4 4*114£ 4 4 7 } 4 £ 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4
£ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 7}444.
3.1.1. 4~41[l]
4 4 7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £!4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 ££4 4 4 4 4 4 $144 4 £ ! 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 £!44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4£7} 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 447} 4 4 4 £147} AA $14. AA A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 ^ 4414 A }444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 £ 4 447} 7}4*ll 4 4 $14.
4 4 4 2 44l(isotopic carrier)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ | 4 2 4 4 . 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 Sr 4Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr4 88Sr£ 4 4 4 4 4 Sr)4 89Sr4 90Sr4 4 4 4 4 441
£ 4*1 4 4 4 4 . 4414 7}44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4
47} 7\AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. 2 4 4 , 4 4 l £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 47} 4£3*114 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}4*}4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4414 7}*f| 4 4 4 4 # 4 . 4
4 4 4 131I 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 , 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 F, 104, CH3I, £ 4 L£ 4 4 4 4
$14. 447}4 AA 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 2 7}4*}2 2 2 2 4 4 4
*}4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 2 2 2 7 } 4 £3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4
4 4 £ 4 4 2 4 714*114 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 44-*}4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 A ™ ° 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 4 £ $14.
- 35 -
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4414 44 4*114 4 4 4 £3£°l2£ 4414 4 4 4 4 4 4£344 4 4 4 4£ 444 444 4 4 £ 4444 .
Table 3.1. Common coprecipitating agents for some actinides
Actinide
Am
Pu
Th
U
Oxidation state
+3
+3
+4
(VI)
+4
+4
(V)
(VI)
Coprecipitate
hydroxide
iodate
fluoride, oxalate, phosphate, hydroxide
oxalate
fluoride, sulfate
acetate
fluoride
sulfate
sodium uranyl acetate
hydroxide
fluoride
iodate phosphate, peroxide sulfate oxalate
cupferron, pyrophosphate, phosphate, iodate, sulfate, oxalate
fluoride phosphate sulfate cupferron pyrouranate
phosphate peroxide hydroxide fluoride
Carrier*
Am3*, Fe3*
C e £ Th4*, Zr4*
La3*, Ce3*, Nd3*, Bi3*
Ca2*
La3*
U022*
La3*, Nd3*, Ce3*, Ca2*
La3*(K*)
U022*
Th4*, La3*, Fe3*, Zr3*
Ac3*, Zn2*
Th4*, La3*, Nd3*, Ce3* Th4*, Zr3* Th4*, Bi3*
Ba2*, Ca2* U 4*
La3*, Nd3* Zr3*
Ca2* . U02
2* U02
2*
U 0 2 £ AI3* U02
2* Fe3* Th4*
Notes
Neutral solution
From aqueous NH3, many ions in solution as NH3 complex
Th4*, Zr3*also coprecipitate Without carbonate
* If the radionuclide itself is listed as the carrier, a different isotope would be used to assess recovery.
- 36 -
Table 3.2. Coprecipitation
neptunium in
behavior of trace amounts of plutonium and
principal valence states
Carrier compound
Hydroxides
Calcium fluoride
Lanthanum fluoride
Barium sulfate Phosphates:
Calcium phosphate Bismuth phosphate Zirconium phosphate Thorium pyrophosphate Thorium hypophosphate U(IV) hypophosphate
Oxalates: Thorium oxalate U(IV) oxalate Bismuth oxalate Lanthanum oxalate
Iodates: Zirconium iodate Thorium iodate Ceric iodate
Sodium uranyl acetate
Zirconium phenylarsonate
Thorium peroxide
Bismuth arsonate
Pu(III) Pu(IV)
C
C
C
C
C C NC NC
C C C C
NC
NC
C
C
C
C
C C C C C C
C C C C
C C C
NC
C
C
C
Pu(VI)
C
NC
NC
NC NC NC NC
NC 1 NC NC NC
NC NC NC
C
NC
NC
Np(IV)
C
C
C
C
C C C
C
NC
C
NC
C
C
Np(V)
C
C
NC
NC NC
Poor
Poor
Np(VI)
C
NC
NC
NC NC
NC
C
NC
* “C” indicates that the coprecipitation has been observed to be nearly
quantitative under proper conditions.
* “NC” means that coprecipitation may be made less than 1 to 2 percent under
proper conditions.
* “Poor” indicates an intermediate percentage of carrying.
- 37 -
4 4 4 4 2 44l(nonisotopic carrier)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 47}427} 4 2 4 . A A 4414 4714-244 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4
4 . 2 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 2 4 4 441 £ 4 4 4 4 £!4£ 4 4 7\A 4 2 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 4 4 $124, 4 4 4414 4 4 4 4 AAA 4*}7} 4 T 1 4 4 4 4 £3£3 A 4 4 7}42 $14. La3+4 Nd3+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U4+4 Pu4+4 4
4 4 4 4 4 44 l£ AA 4 4 4 4 . A A AA Pu4 4 4 4 £3 47} 4*1 4 2 4 4 .
4 , U4+4 LaF3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 UC>22+4 4 4 4 4 £^44. 2 4 4 , 4 4 LaFs4
99.995% 4 4 £3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 , U4 La 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4£344 AAE-A La
4 4*1144 U4 4 4 4 4 §12 4 4 4 U4 £3444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 §14.
2 4 4 4 4 £344 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 447}(tracer isotope)!!- A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 2 4414 4 4 4 417] A (scavenger)££ 4-^-^4. 4 4 4 2 4 4 A 2
7-14 4 4 4 4 4*1144 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 A AAA 4 4 4 4*11 ° 1 4 4 £ 4 4 £
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4414 4 2 4 4 47}
Fe(0H)3, MnC>2, MnS 4 44444[Mn(0H)x144, 4 4 4 A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 417-144 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 2 4 , Th4+4 Fe(0H)3, La(0H)3 4
Zr(OH)44 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ° l 2 £ £344 4*110144£44 A A Th44 4l7l44 4 4 4 4 4 . Fe(OH)3 4 4 4 4 pH 5.6 ~ 644 4 £3 4 4 A A 7}4 4 4 4 4 . Th4+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 LaFs4 £3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 , U 4 4 4 4
£ 4 4 Th4 417-144 4 LaF3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . LaF3 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 £ 4
4 £ 4 £ 4 4 4 4 , Zr4 Ba4 4 4 4 4 £ I 4 £ 4 £ 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 Zr4 Ba4 4
4 4 44l*}7l 4*1144 44441 441 (holdback carrier)£ A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 Zr
4 Ba4 4 4 7}*f| 4 4 4 4 4 . Th4+4 2 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 $14
4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 BaS04*11 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 BaS04°l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4 4
AAAA, Pb, Sr, 4 £ 4 4 £ , Bi4 Sc£ 4 4 4 4 4 . Th4+4 44*1 4 4 4 4 4 4
HP032- 4 P033~ 4414 4*11 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 Zr3(P04£7} 4 4 4 4 Th4+4
# 4 441A4. Th4+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 zirconium iodate4 £3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 - A
- 38 -
4 4 4 2 £ 4 £ 4 4 2 4 Ac4 414% 4 $124, Ce4+4 4 4 4 2 £ Ce3+£ 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $£44.
Pa4 Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf 4 Ti4 4 4 4 4 A A £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A
4 £3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 . Pa4 Ca(OH)2 £ 4 Fe(OH)3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,
Pa4 Mn024£ 4 4 4 4 . Mn02 A A A A AAA Mn(NOs)24 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 KMn04# 7}44 4 4 -
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 44*} 2 -£-444 U(VI)4 4 4 4 4 4 . pH
6 ~ 744 U(VI)4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 A AAAA 4 2 4 4 4 AAA A 4 4 4
£ 4 4 91 AA AAA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444 4
4 4 44$14 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 §144 U4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . U(IV)4 4 2 4 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 UF4 4 U3(P04)4£ 4 4 4
4 . (U02)s(P04)2 4 4 4 pH 5 ~ 64 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4
4$14 AA AS-AAA 7}44 £3444. 4 £ 4 4 2 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 £ 4 £ 4 £
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. £ 3 4 4 2 £ U(IV)4 Pu(lV) 4 Np(lV)4 4 4 4 4 LaF3,
Ce(I0s)4, Zr(I0s)4, Th(C204)2, BaS04, Zrs(P04)4 4 BiAs044 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4
U(VI)4 441 4 £ £ 4 U 4£7} 4 4 4 4 £147} 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 4 4 4
4 $£44.
+34 +4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu4 Np4 LaFs4 4 4 4 4 , 4£2£3 £3£4 Pu4 4 4
*}44 4 444} 7}A AA 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ A14 4 4 4 4 Pu4 4
4 4 4*1144, 4 £ 4 4 2 4 Ca2+4 U(IV) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 .
BiP044 Pu4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4744 A A 4 4 4 4 2 4 O.l ~ 0.3 M 4 4 4 4
Am4 Cm4 4 4 4 4 4 . A £ 4 4 4 Ca4 Mg4 4 4 4 4 $£44. LaFs4 Am3+
4 Cm3+4 4 4 4 44144. LaF34 4 4 4 4 §144 4 4 4 44£3£3444 U2
£ 4 4 Am4 Cm4 A }4^f44^ 4 4 4 4 4 - 3 4 2 , LaFs4 C m 2 £ 4 4 Am4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 persulfate£ Am3+4 Am(V)£ 4 4 4 4 4 F~
4 7}44 Cm3+44 LaFs4 4 4 4 4 .
- 39 -
3.1.2. ^ r ^ ^ H l ]
447}(tracer)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3*41 4*114 4 2 4 £34 4 £4}*}4 4
4 4 4 £ I 4 £ £ 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 . £3
4 4 2 £ 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 } £ £ £ . 4 4 4 4 , 4 £ ! 4 £ 4 4 M1Am 4 4 4 4 441
4 4 4 4 4 $14 Am4 4 4 4 AAAA7} AA. 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 £34*1
4 2 $14 4 4 243Am4 4 4 7 } £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 7}42 Am 4 4 4
£34 7344 4 4 4 243Am 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 241Am4 4 4 4 4 4 £144 4
$14. A A A £4}*}4 243Am4 4 4 (fg £3£)4 4 4 £ 4£34 4 $14 £3 £ 4 A
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 £34*1 4 2 $144 4 4 . Am4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 La4 441
£ 4 4 4 4 $124 La4 44*114 4 4 4 4 4 4£3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ La4 A
4 4 4 4 4 4 } 4 4 . 4 £ ! 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £
£3 4 4 A Pu4 4 4 7} £ 242Pu44 236Pu4 4 4 4 4 , U4 4 4 7} £ 232u4 2 4 2
Th4 4 4 7} £ 229Th4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4
4 2 £ 4£3*}£1 4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 s.4-'S- 4 2 $14. 4 4 4 4 AAA A A £ 4
447}7} £ 4 4£34 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4£34 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 AA
7} £3 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 4 7} A A A, A
£3 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 7 } £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 2 4 7}44. 4 4 4 £3 4 4 4
4 4 4 7} 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 7 } £34*}2 $14 £ 4 4
4 4 Al-o]o]] 4 4 4 A A, A 4£|4£2£Kisotope exchange)4 44*114 4 4 . 4
414 4 4 7 } 4 7}4*}4 4 £41 £ 4 22I 4 4 4 £4}*}4 4 4 # 4 . 2 4 4 4 4
4 £ 4 4 3 , AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4414 4 4 7 } 4 £ 4 } 4 4 . 4 £ 4*114£3 4
4 4 4414 4 4 7 } 4 £ 4 } 4 2 £ 4 A£4 4*114714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
A 44£3£34 4£|4££3£3(isotopic equilibrium)4 £ 4 4 4 4 £3 4 4 4 4 £3 4
4 4 £ 4 4 4 .
3.1.3. - T - 2 ! ^ 3 ^ #£-4£"H"^l £]£i[2]
*f|44 4 4 427} 4 4 4 4 £!44 4 £ 4 4 £ 44414 44414 7}*f|4 u
- 40 -
A A Pu4 A A £3 4 £ 4 4 4 4 $144 £ 4 4 4 4 241 4 £ 4 £!44 4 4
4 £ £ 4 4 U 4 4 Pu4 4*114 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . £ 4 4 £ £ 4 4 U
4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 £ 4 4 7 l 4 2 £ 4*H47l7l4 4414 4- -*114 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 . £ 4 4 £ 4 4 A A AAA A A 2 4 47144 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 A }444 4 4
A A S-A A A A. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114 £ U
4 AAA A $14. £344£4 £!4 441 4 4 4 4 4 £ U4 AAA A $124,
241 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4*114 7) 7-14 4 4 4 4 4 4 44*1144 £34*114 4
*11444. 4 £ 4 4 4 4 2 2 4*1144 A 441 £ 4 sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxide, sodium peroxide, sodium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate, lithium
metaborate 4 magnesium oxide4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ 4*114
4 4 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu4 4 2 £ £3
4*}4 Pu4 £14 4*1144. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 £344 Pu4 47l
4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4*1144. 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 £14 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 £ 4
4 4 4 £ 4 £ 4 2 4 2 2 A447}4 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £3*41 ufl44 AA A A 4 7 l 4 2 £ Pu4 100% 4447l7l 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ A 4 * } T 1 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 Pu4 4*1144 4 $14.
4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 4 4 a r pH 4 4 4 4 U4 4 4 4 4 4 $14 4 4 7\A 4 4
4 4 $14. 4 4 4 4 U 4 4 4 4 7 } U(IV) £ 4 U(VI) 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 A £3£342£ 4-^-% 4 $14 4441/4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U
4 4 4 £3444 4 4 4 4 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U4 4 4 4 7 4 1 4 4 4 . U4 4 4
4 4 4 £34*}2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444 44417} 4 4 91 AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 47442 U4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $14. AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
£ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 U4 4 4 4 4 4 EDTAH- 71-444. 4 4 £ A A 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34*}2£ U4 4 4 4 47442 4 2 4 4 4 7}*f|4
Fe, Ti, Zr4 Al4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*11 S2~44 P043~4
4 4 4 £3444 4 ° 1 4 4 £ 4 4 A A 4 4 4 4 .
£344 4 U 44414 2 4 , 4 2 4 4 4 pH >444 U4 £3 4 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4
- 41 -
4. Carbonate4 pH 5 ~ 1144 U(VI)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444, AA A A AAAA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 . 4 , 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 U(VI)4
C032~4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 Al, Cr, Fe4 Ti4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4
4 U(VI)4 C032~4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 44*}2 Be, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Zn4 4 4 4
£ 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 , A14 £347} 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U(VI)4 4 4 4 £3 4
£ 4 4 4 2 £ A 4 4 4 U £3414 4 4 4 4 $14. 4 4 £ 4 £ 4 4 pH 0.3 ~
3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 IKVD4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 U(IV)4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4
U(VI)44 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34 4 4 . P043~4 aj-cpll 4 4 4 4 U(VI)4 4441 4
4 4 4 4 . Cupferron4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U(IV)4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 U(VI)4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 . 8-hydroxyquinoline4 pH 4 ~ 1344 U(VI)4 £3 4 4 2 2 444714 ,
U(IV)£ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . AA 4 4 4 4 U(IV) 44414 cupferron4 oxalate°14,
fluoride, iodate, phosphate4 sulfate£ U(IV) 4 4 4 l £ 4-^-^ 4 .
U 44414 4 4 7}47} $14. 4 4 4 4 4 AA A pH 5 ~ 844 Fe(OH)3 4
4 4 U4 4 4 4 4 . Al3+4 Ca2+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 . 4
4 4 4 4 91AA U(VI)4 £3444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4
£7} A7\AAA U 4 4 SAA 4 4 4 4 . £ 4 4 U(VI)4 Ce4+ £ 4 Th(IV)4 4
4 4 A A £ 4 Ca2+, Zr4+ £ 4 Al3+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , BaC03, thorium
hexametaphosphate, magnesium oxide 4 thorium peroxide 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
U(IV)4 eerie sulfate A A, Zr, Bi4 Th4 4 4 4 A A, 2 4 2 La3+ £ 4 Nd3+4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , eerie iodate, zirconium iodate, barium sulfate, 4
bismuth arsenate 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
Pu4 4£7} AAA 4 4 4 4 4 ££4 4 4 4 2 £ 4 ^ 4 4 4 £ 4 4 Pu4 4 4
*}4 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 7 l £ 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 A 4 4 2 £ 4 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 44*1
Aji4*}7l 4 4 4 4 , 4*1 Zr4 Ru4 4 4 4 4 . Pu4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 , 4 4 4
4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 . 7 } 4 £ 2 4 £ 4 4 £ 4 A A 44*114
4 4 4 4 4 Pu(lll)4 Pu(lV)4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*114
4 A A Pu4 4 4 4 4 } £3714 $££4 ££7} 4 4 4 2 £ 4*11444. Pu(lll),
Pu(lV), Pu(V) 4 Pu(Vl) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 7}44 4 4 4 4 7 } £ 4 4 4 4
- 42 -
Pu(lV)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444. A AAA Am4 U 2 £ 4 4 4£7} 4 4 Pu
4 4 4 41 £ 4 4 4 4 4 .
Pu 4 4 4 4 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £4*}2 44414 A 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 A # 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . LaF3 4 4 4 4 Pu 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2
£ 4 A 4 4 4 4*114 Pu(lll)4 Pu(lV)4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu(VD4 4 4 4 4 $£44.
BiP04 4 4 £ Pu(lll)4 Pu(lV)4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 . Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £
BiP04 4 4 4 4 4*1 4 2 4 4 . BiP04 4 4 4 Zr3(P04)4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444 #
7l ufl44 44*}7l £i2, LaF3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A 4*1144. U4 Pu4 4 4
4 4 4 NaN02# 7}*f|4 Pu(IV)4 U(.VT) 4 4 4 4 2 £4*}2 S04241- 7}44
U(VI)4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £34£32£4 4 4 4 7}*f|44 P043~4 4*114 U4 A A A A $£2 Pu(lV)4 BiP044 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4*1144 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4
4 4 NaBiOslr 7}*f|4 Pu(VI)£ AAA A AA BiP04 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu(VI)4
4 4 4 4 ?£2 AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 414-441 2 4 2 , Zr3(P04)44 ziconium
phenylarsonate[Zr(C6H5)As04l 4 4 4 4 LaF3 4 4 4 A A BiP04 4 4 4 4 4 4
Pu(IV)44 4 4 4 4 4 . ,
4! 3.2. -^f l^r i l rB
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 7 1 4 4
4 . 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44*}7l4 4 4 4 £!44 $14.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 47144 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4
4 4 4 A A 141 Kfl4014. 4 4 44714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A AAA A 2 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 24*11 4 741 £ 4 4 4 # 4
4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4£!§14.
4 4 4 4 4 4*1 44414 4 4 4 4 4 Table 3.3444 4 4 4444L31. £34
4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 -4444 V - 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4
7}44. 4 4 4 4 £3 £3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 £ £ 4 44414 £ £ ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 44) ,
44414 £ £ 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 ( 4 4 2 £32, pH)4 4 4 $14.
- 43 -
Table 3.3. Classification of solvent extraction systems
Class of extractants Examples
I Ketones, ethers, alcohols
II Neutral (organophosphorous) compounds
III Basic (substituted ammonium) compounds
IV Acidic (organophosphorous) compounds
V !:dike tones
MIBK, R20, DBC
TBP, TOPO
TOA TLA
HDEHP
TTA
Species in the organic phase at equilibrium
“Onium compounds"
Ion pair (liquid anion exchange)
Solvated metal salts (liquid canion exchange)
Chelates
U 4 P u 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * 1 1 4 4 4 4 * 1 AA AA7} A444,24, 4 4 7}4
4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 $14. U 4 P u 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A
2 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 Table 3.44 £ 4 * } $ ! 4 [ 4 ] .
47144^1 ^#41
4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 T B P 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 HDEHP4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 2 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 . 2 4 2 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 4 phosphonate4,
phosphinate44 phospine oxide47} $14. 4 4 4 4 } 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 A
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A phosphoryl oxygen4 4*114 4 4 4 £ 3 2 £ 4 4 7 l 4 2 £ £
4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 £ ! 4 4 A424444 4*114 4 4 4 4 [ 5 l .
TBP4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Th, U, Np4 Pu 4 4 4 1 A 2 Purex
4 £3 4 4 4 7ig5i3 ^r£. 3 ; A 4 4 4 4 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pu(lV)4
Pu(NOs)4 2TBP, Pu(VI)4 Pu02(NOs)2 ■ 2TBP, 3 4 2 Pu(III)4 Pu(N03£ ■ 3TBP
£3 4 £ AAAA. U(VI)4 U02(N03)2 2TBP £3 4 £ 4 4 4 4 . Fig. 3.144 TBP4
4 4 U, Np4 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4
$14. 4 4 4 4 4 4 T B P 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 , M4 4 4 4 4 4 MGV) > M(VD
44
> M(III) 4 4 4 4 . +4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 47}£3£7} A7}AA
A 47}*}4 Th(lV) < Np(lV) < Pu(lV) 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4*114 +6 4 4 4 4 4 £!
4 4 47}4£7} A7\AAA 4 £ * } 4 Pu(Vl) < Np(Vl) <U(VI) 4 4 4 2 4 4 .
Table 3.4. Extraction of U, Np, and Pu into various organic extractants
Metal
U(IV)
U(VI)
Np(III)
Np(IV)
Np(V)
Np(VI)
Pu(III)
Pu(IV)
Pu(V)
Pu(VI)
Hexone
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
not extr.
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. to some extent
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
Ethers
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
not extr.
/iot extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
not extr.
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
Extractant
Alcohols
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
not extr.
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
extr. to some extent
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
TBP
extr. from HNO3
extr. to small extent
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. to some extent
Alkyl-\ phosphates
extr. from HNO3 and HC1
_
Alkyl-ammonium nitrate extr. to small extent
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HC1
not extr.
extr. to small extent from HC1
extr. to small extent from HC1
-
not extr.
-
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
TTA
extr. from HNO3
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
-
extr. to small extent
extr. from HNO3
not extr.
not extr.
- 45 -
A\]^ A[^\- <AA\- rj]] ;g d\] A\ £= +4^- +6 ^ S ) - ^ ^ - ^ < 3 > H ] ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ 4 TBP°fl Q ^
# ^ H , +3 A!$\-A}^^ 7]$] ^ # ^ 1 ^ ] Sfe1^. Fig. 3.2°fl^| TBP°fl -£] IT U^f Pu ^
#°fl ^1^1-c- °lii-£] 3r^l-^"^fl^r ^$1 TT^-^I ^"^Hi- s" 2^ 9X^. Pu(IV)^} Pu(VI)
H N 0 3 C O N C E N T R A T I O N , AOUEOUSj tM)
Fig. 3.1. Extraction of some actinides into 19% TBP/kerosene from HNO3 solutions.
2 4 6 8 IO i2 AQUEOUS HCI C O N C E N T R A T I O N ( M )
Fig. 3.2. Extraction of U and Pu by 30% TBP in CCI4 from HCI solutions
TBP£]- ^ ^ r ^ t } ^ - 1r^ 91$: ^l^rlMlii--^] U^f Pu ^ t r i t ^ r phosphate
[(RO)sPO] < phosphonate[R(RO)2PO] < phosphinate[R2(RO)PO] < phospine oxide
[R3PO] TC^i l cr7>fl-F7l-. JZ^JL C-P ^L^l^0]?} 2 E L 2 ^ ^ # ^ ° 1 ^ r ^ ^ f . °1^T
^#^1-^1 ^ I r ^ l ^ M l l 1 ^ TBP- 1 ^-T"^r ^ T ^ . Fig. 3.3^f 3.4°flAj| ^J^r^r ^$ ^ ^
°fl^| tri-n-octylphosphine oxide(TOPO)-£] U^f Pu ^ t r ^ - ^ ^ r U ^r S i ^ K l
- 46 -
TRUEX(Trans Uranium Extraction) ^ r ^ 0 ! ] ^ ^ S-t-£+Trl^ 4^#°1] CMPO
[octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxidelH ^r-i-t!:1^. ^ ^ I T T
^-QAI$] +3, +4$\- +6 3W£6>Bfl^ 0.5 ~ 6 M ^41: 4§-^4£SJf4| CMP04] 4| A\
<^A\ 7}A\ ^-7]A2TI1]4] ^ f ^ r ^ ^o_ 3]-^ol]7r| ^ ^ i £ . 3 i ^ ^ ^ O ] 7 ] -^§} iT_
"O 2 4 6 8 10 12 !4 Nitric acid molarity
Fig. 3.3. Extraction of metal ions from nitric acid by 0.1 M ^ TOPO/cyclohexane.
'O 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 14 Hydrochloric acid molar i ty
Fig. 3.4. Extraction of metal ions from hydrochloric acid by 0.1 M TOPO/cyclohexane.
^Hc! T M V ^ ^ I ^ I 4^#^1 i ^ l ^ i A^r °}%-^A: 7AAk Ar$] ^ r ^ r bis-(2-
ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(HDEHP)°l^r. Fig. 3.5^ ^41 - l - ^ 0 ! ] ^ HDEHP4|
Am(III), Pu(IV), Np(V)^t U(VI) ^#3-3^!-§: AL^lt^}-. 3t4£H 2 : ^ t A S . * | °l£f;
QAi$] £]"2t^tLs]7l- 7}^£}--i: £1 - $|4(-. HDEHP^f HDBP(dibutylphosphoric acid)
4r +4$\- +6 3 W £ M ^f^jf^-QAi A^ikA) 4] 3- J L ^ I ^ ^ I ^ i i r ^ H ^ r E I .
- 47 -
Log H N 0 3 CONCENTRATION (M)
Fig. 3.5. Extraction of various actinides into 0.5 M •. HDEHP/isooctane from HNO3 solutions.
°lil: A^^A]A alkyl B££r aryl %A\' £l ^}€f4l: Ax}3- 91A l£}(primary), 2£}
(secondary) ^ 3£}(tertiary)-^l °}£l4L^f 4£} °}£l4L(quaternary amine s a l t s ) 0 ^ .
°r£lTT^ AtA A:AA-A °}ArS\ ^\Aik-A ^AA-^A, °1 £}#£- -n-^H-0!! 4" ^f^1^.
3£} o}£|2- A] A- 1441 RsNH+A"-i: H ^ ^ ' M , °1 °}As\ ^Mr°} AArA At°] A^r Ar
°l£r B~A °l£r51^}£}-5-i: QJAAA. +6 £}/5}£l~P A^^A-Q^A AAA^. B"£r
M02(N03)3_ A] A\AA1A.
R3N + HA = R3NH+A"
R3NHA" + B" - R3NHB" + A"
°r£l^l A^^A]A A^r A^'^'A-A.^AA-A'A Pu-i- ■SrSl'Sr-c- s } ^ } ^ ^ 3 7 ! ^ r ^ ^ } ^
A] ££°1 ^l-g-^jl <AA. °lil: ^ i M l i l : A U(Vl)A PuQVHl A\A: ^^Aln^A TBP
A AAA-A 3-A. A A: A'A A] A Pu -tbsl^^fl °ll A^r ^^Aln^A Pu(IV) >
Pu(VD > Pu(III) fr-°"M, -THI^HI tfl fl/Vl - 4£} > 3£} > 2£} > 1£} fr-^l0!^. A-
- 48 -
1 Pu(IV)4 -l-^l^riilt^r^Hl A A ^rAAA A A A]A\ 2L£|JI 4 ^ 4 — 4 . ^£-#£3
A. Fig. 3.6, 3.74 3.8£r A A A A AAAA tri-n-octylamine(TOA)4 +4, +64 +3
4 4 4 4 I 4 E 1 4 - 4 £ 1 £ I AikAAA AAA ALAAA. +6, +5-4 +3 £}4£3"4| 4£|4"
AAAA AA\AAA Pu(IV)4 Np(IV)4 ^-^4^34-4 £i£l ^-^-a- A A 91AL5].
TIOA(triisooctyl amine)4 f 3 | £ ^ £ £ £ 4 4 ^ — 4 - U £^#°ll 4£ | 4-§-^4
°}£l7l] ^ r i M l 0 ^ xylene £ £ toluene£r 4^^114- ^}-§-£}2}. A A ^ 4 4 - 4 A A,
AA, AA, AA, AA, A.A, AAA, 7^ A A A A A A AA AAAA AAAA A
AA^A, AAAA AikA U4 wAr AAA- AAikAA. AAA—A £ £ AAA—
A AAAA-A u 4 AAikA A 91AL2].
AA, A A AAAA Pu(lV)4 Pu(VD4 AAA ^riMHl 4*1 AikA^A
Pu(lll)4 4 £^#4^1 ^ 4 4 . ^£}-4£l Ait 4—^3^- AAA AAA ^^A A
AAAAAA TT-^S}*}0!! £^31 A AA^A* Fig. 3.92} 3.10£r A A AAA A^r TOA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Aquaous HN03 Concentration, M
Fig. 3.6. Extraction of the tetravalent actinde nitrates by 10% TOA/xylene.
- 49 -
1.0
lO"1
D
IO*
10-3
io-4
=
W ^ > r
^ ~ 1
L
i c
y=
i——
¥ y
= aP zf N - • P
or
==:
"—f = = 5 ^= =^r££ f
aX F a ( I ) p(X) ulTJJ m(TTI
i \ ,.,.
Ief.(l3)
:) -
= 2
1 ,
X
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Aqueous HN03 Concentration,M
Fig. 3.7. Extraction of hexavalent actinide nitrates by 10% TOA/xyiene.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Aqueous HN03 Concentration,^
Fig. 3.8. Extraction of pentavalent and trivalent actinide nitrates by 10% TOA/xylene.
Fig. 3.9. Extraction of U(IV) and Np(IV) by 10% TOA and Pu(IV) by 1% TOA from HCl solutions.
Fig. 3.10. Extraction of hexavalent U, Np, and Pu from HCl solutions with 1% TOA.
- 50 -
°)AL ^ 3 # ^ 1 T £ H+ H££T 3r"^f3l2]-# -g-TiflS]-^ ^ SilA: ^7}A3 At^AlA^A 7}A\ JT.
9XA. A\-%--&-^<ASS-lf-A\ U2f PUAI: ^r#^l-Tr Redox ^ r ^ ^ l ^ i Ar-o-^r^£ methyl-
isobutylketone(MIBK)°l °) ^f-A-A] ^fA\-A: A^ifA}°)A. AAt -^'AAIA] O| Jf-^-5]
^ f M H l ^l^fl^i Pu(IV)£f Pu(VI)-c- At ^ r # s ] ^ l £ } Pu(III)^ A^AtA\A\ £^^cf. Fig.
3.1l2f 3.12£r AAt A-^A] A\-25 MIBK^l Pu^f u°fl A\~A: Ar^A}^ ^SfH- ^r^r^l
^ [ 5 ] .
001 -
o.ooc! r
0.00001
Fig. 3.11. Extraction of metal ions into MIBK from nitric acid solutions.
oNfl< 0.001
j 1 1 1—1—1—1 I 2 3 4 S 6
AQUEOUS t!N03 CONCENTRATION (M)
Fig. 3.12. Extraction of metal ions into MIBK from nitric acid solutions.
°llBl]£L£f-, ^-^1 A]-f£^ol]Bl]£££f-^ ^Aj-^-oflolJA] ^^l-T-el-^-^ ^ # § } ^ 3 A] JLA
^°)T^, AAtAtirA AtAr ^^^ i l -c - ^ # 3 1 ^ 1 1 - Ar7}A\AA. P u ( V D ^ A\A] 11 A]A\A.
A] ^ r#S]2]£} ^ J t i l ^ t i S i o] WO>HJ££ Pu ^r^Hl °l-g-2]2] £^^cf. PuAr °^A\ 7}A\
AlA}0)^- ^ I r ^Bflsi ^ r ^ t b T M - O - ^ I H I ^ # 3 4 ^ . ^-diketone£r°ll ^ f ^ f e TTA£r
Ir-S-tb ^ ^ l 0 ! ^ - ^ 0 ! 1 ^ . Pu(III)£f U(VI) -§-^°ll KIO3H- ^l-tflA] Pu(IV)S. S ^ t ^ } 0 ^
0.1 M TTA/benzene-^-2£ U^f £}T<1] Pu-i: ^ r # £ t Air, hydroxylamine^l ^At -§ -^
A ^ # A l ^ l £ l Pu(IV)7> Pu(III)2l S r r^ l^Ai l^ l Pu(IV)-TTA ^£=-°l ^ f l s ] ^
Pu(III)°l ^£1- £f-2£3l ^rAAA. 2££4, Pu(IV)ir TTA/benzene-^-2l ^ # £ 3 Air :&
- 51 -
£3£1H- £}-££!: AA - o ^ 2 } £!#Al7l Pu-i- Pu(lll) £3 312 A AAA AAA U 0 ! ^
AA £L^r^:2JfBl AA A A 91A- 2 5 l 3 , Cupferron£r Pu(IV)S} # 2 2 3 # ° l l A
AAA AAA A A^tA AAA—A PU £^#£12 0l-§-5l7l£r AA Zr, Hf, Fe, Ga,
Nb AA AA 7\A AAAA AAA A-^kA £3£3*}7l tf\AA Pu°ll 43£3; £lia3£30l
^l£r ^°l I£[6l .
7} A A ££Bl 3] £!£1C>1;E ^£jo]] AA A A A AA^A £^#£12 cupferron, A
AAAA A A A A A A AA t S S I f f *}-$-*}£r Al2!|]<4r£. A A 11 3. °3l 4
U(VI)-fe- AAA A A—A -ir^-ir-i: AA AAA^-, cq o] <3)7) TJ(VI)H- U(IV)2 A
£3Al7l £^#£3:^}. 2 5 l 3 , S-hydroxyquinoline^ acetylacetone2 AA AAAA A
£l°l2£3 £ i#£l°l I£[2l.
3.3. A^ikSS-AS-^-^A AA3-AAAZLAAA ^517} A > 2 3£ l 1 1 £1 °11 -£71 AAAA £3TTA1£3 A A
AA AAA £l£3Ai 2 ^ 3 A A A AAAA AAA -§£11 ^ I r ^T—^°l i :}. AA3.AA
AZLAAA AAAAA A AAAA AA^LA3.AAAZLAAA £l5l£!-lr AAAA
AAAAAA. -§-4l£nlM12| A}-§-*}fe AA 7\A AAAA AA3-AAAZLAAAA
£^#£12 7i-g-£[-r£. AA3-AAAZLAAA AAAAA A A AAAAA £!;£l£j, 2
-*kA 2 5 3 3 ^ i 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ H l ^ i £-3-*}3, A £3 ^ l7 l# A A A 7) AAA -§-41£iilr2
A £1227} AA.
AA AAAA AAAAAA AA3-AAAZLAA £^#£l2£r TBP, 3 AA 4 7}
°}£3^ £3 HDEHP7} £32i£, ‘60 ~ ’70v£T£1 °3l AAAAAAA AAAA, AAAA
£32-£l £}:§}£}-£fl ^r5l, AAAAAAA Sl2^£32-Sl AAA, 3 #^-12 3 £32-51 ^r
A ^ ^ ?}s l£H AA AA7} A^AAAIA.
£r^-fr7l£l£!:7ll £^#£l£r ^3£3: -§-'5]l0l14 £!£!: - ^ ^ l ^ i U, N p ^ Pu-i: ^r5l*}£r
£1 41 ^ ^ r °l-§-£3I£. -§-51^21^ oiv^AAAAA AAAAA AAAA, £32°ll n}s}
^£2^}. A, AAAAA U(IV) > U(VI) ; Np(V) > Np(Vl) > Np(lV) ; Pu(lll) >
Pu(VI) > P u d V ) 0 ^ . Kel-F ^rlS:0!! TBPH- £3TTA1T1 £l2£3; T l ^ 0 ! tJ"^"0!^ A
AAA A A AAA AA AAAA A AA AAAAAU, 81. 5.5 M ^3£3: - i -^ 0 ! !^
- 52 -
UCVIHl 41A AA£1 £ 2 } 7}A 3-A. AAAAAAA +6 £!:5}2;£l2 2 £3*} £3 TBP
AA AA AAAA. TBP-£ iilr22T£i233llji37} AAAAAAA AAAAA A A
AAA- AA AA, U, Np, PnA Ami: £>2^r5l*}7l £ |£ |A1 1 ~ 2 M ^3£3: AA
A A Cr2072_# A}-§-£lAi U, N p ^ Pull- +6 £!:5}2;£l2 2£3*}<£ £3^3°ll 3 1 H * } 2 ,
Am(III), Cr(VI)A Pu(VI)H- 0.8 ~ 2 M A£3:22 -§-5l*}i£, A(Vl)AAA Np(VI)H-
^f5l*}7l - r l£ |2 |^ hydrazine22 Np(V)2 £}£3A1 £3C}[3]. Al-Ammar £"£:
ICP-AES°11 AA AAA 1M A A AA'&^rlt^t AA -l: iar#2JfBl UH ^r5l*}£:
31 TBP-Amberlite XAD-4 £3^3i: A AAA Aid]. TOPOH T££1£3; -£51 A7} A A
A A £l2£3: AAA ^3:£1A1£3 AA AA AAAA IKVDH- £r£> A l7l2 A3.AA
TOPOS} U-i: AA -§-#Al7l£^ AAA 2 ^ 1 2 A A U A A A AAAAA- Testa
A-4r ^#^12°112| T h ^ A A ^rSl°3l 41 £1 i 2 £ $ 1 4 . A AA 3L£3r5}£1211- A A
£ H ^r£M£3 2^-12 ^r£|-§-'^i: 4 M ^3£3: 4l^3°3l2| TOPO-Microthene
(microporous polyethylene)°3l AAA7}3- Th(IV)# 0.3 M AAAA -g-5l*}3
U(VI)£r 1 M f £ ^ - S -g-e^§}$£T3L[3]. TOPO-^l £!:£l£j£r AA -§-5l*}7l £ | £ | 2 | ^
1 M HF, 1 M H3PO4, 9.1 M HC1043} £!:£- AAAAA T££3; -§-5l^i: Al-g-£|o]: s[
t4£r £[<4r£[l0].
°}£3^# AAAA AAA AA3.AAAZLAAA +4, +5A +6 £!:5}2;31 ^ ^ l ^
AAAA £^3^3:51 AA +3 £3:3} -31 AAAAAAAAA A A, 2 el 3 +3 £}S}£J-
31 AAAAAAA AAAAAA ^ s l ^ l A A °l-§-5l<S.I4. TOA-cellulose ^ l ^ ^ o ]
U(VI), Th(IV), Zr(IV), Ti(IV)A La(III)-£] 4f£H °3l AAA AA- AAAA TOA-
Teflon ^ 1 2 ^ , Aliquat-336-Kel-F A]2! | ] , TLA-Kel-F A]2!|] A-A AAA
Pu(IV), Th(IV), U(VI), Np(V), Pa(V), Am(III) £3 Cm(IH)-£] ^fel^l 41A AA7}
A £3 A A A- Am(III), Cm(III), Bk(III), Cf(III)S} Es(III) £!:£- +3 £!:5}2;3l-Sl ^ ^ l ^
AAAA AAAAAA ^rel^l Aliquat-336-i- AAAA AAA AA7} A A A^A
AAIA. AA -fr7l£3£!:7ll s}^}# ^ ^ l ^ i ^ HDEHPi: A -%-A AA7} A A A3-AAA
[11]. A A i r £3, HDEHP-Kiesselguhr AAA AA A A AA HDEHP-Hostaflon
AAA AA -S-^-i: °l-o-£lAi ^ ^ r < l ^ £ j # 2 J f B l U-i: ^rsl*}^*}. AA AAA A
- 53 -
AAAA AAAA U(IV)S} U(VI) AA ^Sl7} 7}£3}i4. TBP°ll£r U(IV)2^}
U(VI)7} A A AAAAA HDEHP5] £!£-£^ A A AAAA- HDEHP 71 3 °HAi 0.5
M ^3£3: -g-el^i : Al-g3l-£| Am-Cm£ Cf-Es-S] 2 7 f 2 £ 2 : 2 ^ 7 } 7}£3}i£, +3
£!:5}£!~3l-£] 3 l -£ -23£32-S l 2:3^3:51 °3l 4 | £ | 2 | 2 225l£!74[3].
AA3-AAAZLAAA AAAA AA A A S A A 2 2 ^ e l % A 91A. AA A
A triamylphosphateS} DAAP(diamylamylposphonate)-£] <£^}#i: TT^MI0!! ^£> A]
7l 3-AAAA AAAA A A £3^3i: A A 91A. AA AAAA AAAAAA
DAAPS} 3)-i:-i: ^£j*}<£ triamylphosphate0!! - g - * ^ ^ . A £3^3i: °]-o-£lAi Th,
3£-£!;£32, Pu, Am, Np A A AAA AAAAA AA AAA A 91A. AA, AA
32T££333^111- <4-§-*}£3 AAAAAAAAA Pu i : 3 1 3 ^ °12 £b£l*}£l ^r5l1£
A 91A- A A A A, AAAA Aliquat-336(trioctyl & tridecyl methylammonium
chlorides)i: ^£>A]7l A:A AAA Pu ^r5l°11 A}-§-£!:I4. 2 M AA AAAA
Pu(IV) £!:5}2;3l2 2£3*}<£ £3^3°ll ^ £!*}<£ £r£> Al7l2, 0.1 M NH4HC2O4 A A
2 2 -§-5l£[c}. Fe°] A A AAA AAAS-A A A AAAAA Fe3+7} "-arfl -& *}2
A ascorbic acidH- Al-g-£|Al Fe3+H- £3^3°ll ^£>51^1 AA Fe2+2 £}£3A1£3I4. A
A Pu(IV)7} Pu(III)2 AAA—A ascorbic acidH- 7}A; AAA NaNC^H 7}*} £3
Fe2+£r 2 £ | 2 -£^1513 Pu(III)£r AAA AAAA Pu(IV)2 AA AA [61.
AA, A A 10 <££3 A A ^i-stti-^-eio]] o]-g-^ 3- <y^- Afl^i^- AA3.AAA
ZLAA AAAA 7^ AAA- 2 ir^l^l TEVA, TRU^} UTEVA 3-AAAHAA
£^17} £}7§A+A1 j £ ^ «fl#^!2£1-2^1 ^-^l-£] £ } 7 § A 1 S A A £ > H 1 3 T 1 £ 3 2 ^rel^l
AA °]-§-sl2 91A- Fig. 3.13^ 3.14£r AA AA -S-^2} £!£!: -S-^^l^i TEVA,
TRU^} UTEVA £^1-5] AAAAAA ^AA £ |^- i : ^ B } ^ 3£!<4r£. o]s- 3 s )
A A A A AAA AAA -§-#Al7l£^ 31 £32£3; -§-5l A AAA AA A A ££number
of free column volume)2 !£B}\fl £[<4r£.
TEVA ^r^lfe Amberchrom 0 0 - 7 1 ^ £!:£- TT^MI0!! " Tll °]£:2£}7|1^1 ^r*}£r
47} AAA £3£r£l Aliquat2336i: £3TTA1£3 ^ °1 T^. H}B}A! O] 3-^1 £} 7} AAA ~
£j£r AG 1X8^ £!:£- ^1 <§7pj-§-o] ^-57.^-^^61 ^ - ^ j ^ yl^*}^}. £3^1^122 A
AAAAAA 41A AAA7} 3 3 , ^33^] 2; 2 ^ ^ ^ A I aitfl ^ ^ } 3 # ^ B } ^ ^ .
- 54 -
Fig. 3.13. Nitric acid dependencies of k' for selected elements with the TEVA, TRU, and UTEVA extraction chromatographic resins(23-25 °C, 50-100 Mm particles).
AA -U-^Hl*] AAAAAAA +4 £!:5}2;3l£r A AAAAA ACVDA Am(III)£r A
AAAA ^ fe^} . A A AAAA AAAAAA AAAA 41 ^ r +4 £!:5}2;31 AA
AAAAA ^r5l*}£r 31 0l-§-£3^}. Fig. 3.14°112| i> A 91AA AA AAAA
Th(IV)£r ^£>51^] AAE-A ^£3; -g-^Hl^i AAA AAA A Pu(IV)^} Np(VI)£r
3 £ | 2 3 -2 Th(iV)H- £l7£ll rafl £!£!£|- £l^l-§- '^22 Al-g-£}-r£.
TRU ^r^lfe CMPOH- TBP°ll ^^ i^ i ^l^l£l°ll A A AAAA. AAAAAAA
+4 £!:5}2;3l£r AA 2 ~ 3 M AA AAAA A A A A AAAA, +6 £!:5}£!-31-£]
£!£-£^ +4°3l y]-&HA£ 1/10 £32 ~AA ^rAAM: AAAA- 1 ~ 5 M AA AAAA
Am(lll)A AA ^irAAA +4 £!:5}2;3l-Sl 1/10000 £32£! i : A A 91A- Np(V)£r A
<4i=3io]^ £!-#-i- A: AAAA A7] ^AA AA £^£- -l£4-2ll- 2£3*4. }r£l£r
AA -H-^Hl^i TRU-S] Fe3+03] 43£3: AA A AAAAA- Fe£r £}7§A1S°11 2^1 r£
A AAAA £12, AAAA £3 £ 3 2 2 AAAAAAA £r£3 -1 ^1 £!£-^l2 A A A
A A AAA—A A A A AAA AA7} AA. A A £!-r-°31£r Fe3+H- ^£>51^1 AA
- 55 -
TRU
10-2 10-1 10o 101 10-1 10° 101
[HCI] M [HCI] M
urrEVA
10'1 10° 101
[HCI] M 10*
Fig. 3.14. Hydrochloric acid dependencies of k' for selected elements with the TEVA, TRU, and UTEVA extraction chromatographic resins(23-25 °C, 50-100 Mm particles).
Fe2+2. £}£3A1£|£3 AA. Bi(IH)41 A A A AAA A A AAAA AAAA A&- A
AA AA- HCI -§-^417] Bi(III)£r £l£l \ £ 2 - f ^ ^ H I £ B } 3 1 3 2 - HCI -§ -^22 .
AAA £l^l«llAi Bi(III)1l ^3£|i3- A AA- Fig. 3.14-1- AA A A AAAA Am(III)
41 AA AAA7} AA AAA AA\A AA AA A A AA. AAA AA AAA
AAA AAAA Am(III)£i- ^ - ^ ° l 2 Pu-i: Pu(III) £}£}£}312. -§-s]*}£|i£ Al]£|i3-
A AAA A A AA. UTEVA 4^1 £r Amberlite XAB-7A A A irtl" 14141 DPPP(dipentylpentyl
phosphonate)# £!£rAl£l £3 °1 A- Fig. 3.1341 A, Am(III)£r -H^^l^l ^ 2 ^ 4 , A A
AA AAAA AAAAAAA +4A +6 £}5}£}3l£i- £3£! AA A7\A ^ s } AAA
A AAAAA AAAA. A£ff-£3£173 -f^s};*! ^^- t£ . u(VI)£r AAA A AAA
- 56 -
A, +4 £[5}£[3l AAAAAAA A(Vl)A y l ^ £ [ -Ir 1" 7 £ ^ i : I4B}\]3I£.
3.4. 0 l ^ r j 5 I ^ : 3 . S . T i l - s n s f l ^ ]
<4£-333;32^pl-123.3!jil£^ £J-Al-£j«fl2i ^rel^l <4-§-5l£r 3.AAA7J-AA £!~£!ir
£r°3lAi 7}A~ £-£1£!: ^[Ya0]^}. A AAA £l14£j<4 £-£:i*}2 A A i t i r ^ sl^rir0]
^ 2 i £ , £T- ls} 3T£<4 AAA^-, -£-§-£! <4 y&A- AAAA AA7} A A AAAA
(counter ion)^23-Bl A A AA7} 7}£3}3, AA A AAA ^-§-°l 7}AA A A
A A 7\A AAA 7}^l3 91A. AAA AA7\ 2 3 , 2^f-£r AAAAA A AA A
AAA.
3.4.1. AAA-A A°}ArALA3-A-A^-AA]A
U(VI)£r AA 27i^l ^f5} °c}0l£: AA AAA s ^ f r i : £3£3*}7l ^AA AA
AA AAAAAAAA 2^51*}^ AA AAA AA AAA 2 £ 1 3 2 T£ 12 3 31 111-
AJT^§]-<^ Ai-g-% A 91A. TL^AA 33Jf^r-4 -o-'£! l£l AAAAA 2£3c>ii£ u°l
-§-°l£: ^ - 4 f 2 S AAfAA AAAAA AIITISI^O} A: AA AAAA A -£^3: A A
£ r 2 2 €r£|*}7l u^AA AAA^-A3-AAAZ1-AA7} 3$A A AAA
AA AAAA £1:<:>l£:2£}32T :I}23 3l3il03l A A U ^sl^l^i-fe- U(VI) £[5}£[3l
H- °]-S-*}fe AA7\ AAAAA U(IV) £[5}£[3l£r 7AA AAAA ^ fe^} . U(VD£r
A A A A *£4 £4: °3l 4 AG 50W £3-4 °c}0]£:2£}3-^Hl £l£l -g^E] TJ} ; £[27} A7\
AAA U(Vl)-4 | 2 [ £ 7 l A£3S}<£ £[27} 6 M°] A A A A AAAA ^ fe^} . +2
£3 +3 7}-4 A A A A £ 3 2 1 : 2 A (VI) A y l ^ £ [ - I r ^ ^ c J i : T 4 B } 3 1 3 2 AG
50W-HC1 ^12^- i - U r5l°11 °]-§-*}7l <4£!i4£r AA A A 91A- 7L^%AA U(VI)
7} £1:<4£:2£}3-^H1 ^3>sl^l ^7 l i £ AAA AAAA AA 2£3-|r o]-g-§-f|Al3 u
A 3:5113: A 91A- A A AA, 10 M £!£H12| U(VI)£r AG 50W°11 -Ir^^l^l A A
A Fe3+£r £141 - S ^ E ] 2 , 1 ~ 2 M £4£lo]]3| U(VI)£r AAA AAAAA Th(IV)
£r £141 £r£> : E322 AA AA AAAA F e ^ T h 2 2 3 - B | U i : £r5l£1 A 91A- A
A, U(VI)£r AAA A3-A(AAA, AAA, n-propanol, isopropanol), AA, AAA,
^ l^e-s l s - , THF^} £ -2 -fr7l#-i- £[-££[ A-A A A AAAAA AAA^-AAAA
- 57 -
£141 £ r£ > 5 l 22 <4&| ^ 1 ^ ^ - i : U r5l°11 °l-§-14 A 91A-
A A A A 41^3°3lAi £1:<4£:2£}3-^1.4 U(VI) -S^^-^l £ A A AAAA A A A
AAAA y]^*}^}. AA AAAAA AA AA AAAA A(Vl)A y l ^ £ [ - S ^ ^ c !
A AAA—A A AA&IA U AA A 2-g-<4 EI^I ^ £ T ^ 4 . -fr7l#-i- £[-££[ A-A
AA AAAAA U(VI)7} ^ l ^ r 2 £[3-^1^1 £r£1-Ei32 AA AAAA AA^A U
rSl°31 0l-§-14 A 91AH2].
EDTA, oxalate, acetate AA sulfate A £[£r ^ s M l l r Al-g-£}-3t5«l £to] ,£-33}-
4^1-4 A(Vl)A AAAAAA AA AAAA AAA 3-A A A 91A- AA AA,
Fe, V, Mo, W, CoA Pb7} AAA U(VI)-4 A A A AAA EDTAH- 7}*} 3 pH
1.8 ~ 2 . 0 2 2 AAA AA A -S-^i: 0c}0]£: 2.3^3-^1 AA AA AAA7]A EDTA
A Tl-4 14:-£-*}^] AA U(VI)£r 4^1 °3l £r£ > 5 l2 , EDTA-4 £r£3 AA AAA A-^t
A AAAA A A AAAA AAA AAAA ^ fe^} . ~iAA, AAA AA7} pH 4
~ 7AA U(VI)£r EDTA A AAA A^A U02HY~i: £3£3*}22 -f^E];*! ^£r^4.
3 5 l 3 , £ ^ £ 3 U£r 10% 3.££-o] 3)- 10% £ [ £ [ 2 2 -§-5l£[c}. U(VI)H- -§-511} Kfl
Cl~, F£ N03~, C032~, S042~, oxalate ^ ^ A A A(Vl)A £ r # i : £3£3*}£r -§-°l£:i:
£[-££[ -S-sl^i : AAAA AAAA WAAA- AA AA, AAAA A(Vl)A AAA
^ i r - i : £3£3*}22 -££}£[ -g-^i : U -§-5l"^22 7>}—g-]-T= ^£[-£[2} -ET^I^T^^- i :
£3£3*}^1 AA AAA AAA AA AAA A 91A- AA pH 1.5 ~ 2AA U(VI)H-
£r£> A l7l2 3£[£! -§-"51122 -§-5lAl7l£^ £[£!i: A}-§-£lAi AA AAAAAAAA
U(VI)H- }r5ll} A 91A- U(VI)£r pH 3.8 <4£MlAi-fe- 7}3-23flElc£ £3 £3 if £!27l
3 2 -§-5l"^£l ^ s ^ l A A A A AA-
3.4.2. AAA-A A°}ArALA3-A-A^-AA]A
AA Pu-4 -§-°l£:2£} ££si°3l^-i£7 AA AAA AA AAA A A £ A £ 4 .
Korkisch[12]£r ° l t A ^ ^ ^ I t££!:£[ A A A}3Hr°ll 4141 7} A AAA-
A A AAAA U(VI)£r A A AAA nfsl- UO22+(0.1 ~ 0.5 M HCI), UO2Cl+(0.5
~ 4 M HCI), U02C£(4 ~ 6 M HCI) 3 5} 3 U02Cl3~(6 ~ 12 M HC1)2 €r£|£[
A- AG 1 £3-4 ^-°l£:2£}3-^l£r 0.5 M ^^Hl^J fB] U(VI)H- gr£1-*}7l A13-§1-<£
- 58 -
£}£L7} 3 T ° } £ 3 £ ^ S - -^2)-£7} ^7}£}B}(Table 3.5). B } £ | 7 £ £ } £ 7 } 8%£1 3-°l£rj2£}
AA AAA U02Cl3_S- ^7l|-5}T4; B}£|7££}£ 4%£| ^ - 3 ^ " [UO2CI4 - H30(H20)3 '
UChCk]3^ £r7l|-5r}£r AAA- AAA AA- 8 ~ 12 M A A -§-^4121 U(IV)^- A A
-237£j-£^3l oil A] A] -IT^^^T(Table 3.6). A A -g-^0!!*! U(IV)^- AAA ^ £ 4 1 A
Table 3.5. Distribution coefficients of actinides and other metal ions on strong base anion exchange resins in pure aqueous nitric acid solutions
Metal ion
Molarity of nitric acid
Ac(III) Th(IV)
Pa(V) U(VI)
U(IV) Np(IV) Np(V) Np(VI) Np(III) Pu(IV)
Pu(VI) Pu(III) Trivalent trans-Pu elements
La(III) Ce(III) Ce(IV)' Pr(III) Nd(III) Bi(III) Hg(II) Pb(Il) Pd(II) Au(III) Mo(VI) Zr(IV) Hf(IV) Re(VII) Tc(VII)
<1
~1 - 2 <1
- 2 -50
-100
<-
<-
8
Negligible or no adsorption
• 10 12 14
~5 2
-16 -6 -3 <1
-16 -100
-300
50 216 323 227 20 140 200 — 50 200 300
-12 -30 -50 -7 -12 -16 -3 -6 -6 5 10 -10
-100 — — -103 >103 >103
Maximum K„ of about 15 in - 1 0 M HN03
Maximum Kd of about 15 in - 1 0 M HN03
Negligible or no adsorption 103 , >103 >103 >10 :
Same behavior as Np(VI) or U(VI) Negligible or no adsorption
-220 -40 -10
>103
No adsorption
Maximum K,, of < 10 in about 7 M HN03
Maximum K,, of < 10 in about 6 M HN03
- 6 0 -200 -220 -100 Less strongly adsorbed than La
Very slight adsorption Maximum Kj of =50 in about 4 M HN03
Maximum Kd of 10 in about 3 M HN03
Maximum K„ of <10 in about 2 M HN03
Maximum K„ of -100 in about 2 M HN03
Maximum K,, of >103 in about 1 M HN03
Maximum K„ of >10 in 0.1 M HN03
Maximum K,j of <10 in about 6 M HN03
Slight adsorption Maximum K„ of - 1 0 3 in 0.1 M HN03
Maximum K„ of > 103 in 0.1 M HN03
-100
3 0
-103
3 1
3 5 -6
600
>103 —> 300
->
->
In the presence of Pb02 as a holding oxidant. -
- 59 -
Table 3.6. Distribution coefficients of actinides and other metal ions on strong base anion exchange resins in pure aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions
A U4+(0.5 ~ 2 M HCI), UCl3+(2 ~ 6 M HCI) AAAL UCl22+(6 ~ 12 M HCDS.
^7} |§}31T?} ^-^1££Jil£44^^1 AA] €£7ll§}2- s } t } ^ - 2 TJCl62~S. AtA7^ 9-lA- 7 M °1
A A ^ ^ ^ l ^ i -§-°l^r^! U(III)2| # 3 i £ i ^}-ir0l ^ ^ ^ ^ f e - ^-£j'5};4 "AAA $!■%■
- 60 -
^12 -ir^-^-S U(III)£r ^-°1£:2£}3-^1^1 ^3>El^l ^£r^4. 1}22-^£ £1^ -^ , °3l 1
A A A A A1 A A7]AA AAA AAAAAA AAA^-AAAA U(VI) ^£>^-£j°3l
41A AA7} AAAAA- AAA3.AA AAA AAA AAA AAA^-AAAA A
AAA U(VI) s } ^ } ^ ^ U02Cl3~2 AA A 91A- AAA A3.AA A A AAAAA
A3-A AAA A7\AAA 2 el 3 A A AA7\ AAAAA U(VD-4 1 - 4 ^ 4 A7\
*}£: £ 3 2 2 £M£3t4. Table 3.5^} Table 3.6223-B| AA AAAAA AA AA
A U(VI) ^e l^ l 14 ^!£3£[i: A A 91A- TL^AA ^ J^HIAI U A A AAAA A
WA J£*}14. °1 £3£r- A A 7\A AA i £ ^ r i r 2 ACVDAA AAA ^ ^ i : £3£3*}°i
\js\- ^7f\) ^-2-Ei7l Kfl-lr0!^. AAA AAA AAA £3£3*}£r £32£^ A A AAA
AAA AA7} 917} AAA U AA AAAA AA AAA ^ s } 2£ l A.AA Table
3.6223-Bi 12 M <4£[<:>11Ai UXVDH- £r£>Al£3 A 7}A~ AAAA £lrI4£r AA A
A 91A- 12 M ^^Hl^-fe- Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Co ^£-4 A A 7\A i ^ ^ i r 0 ! A(Vl)A
A A AAAA AA 4 ~ 6 M AAfi^A A A AAAAA AAA A A AAAA
A7] u^AA AAAAA A A *?7pl1£ A 91A- S-A A A AAAA Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb
A Bi£r A(Vl)A A A AAAA l M £ ! £ [ 2 2 -g-el -s}-1?! U(VD£r -g- si El 1 T?> O]A
A AAAA £?7l u^AA U }r5l7} 7}£3}i£. U°ll yl£lAi Fe3+7} 4 t - S €r£l*}
A A A £r£>2} A A AAA AA7} E I 3 2 Fe3+7} -§-<4£:2£}3-^Hl A A A AA
*}£: A A nfl£- i£JL*}t£. A A AAA A A A A A A Fe3+H- Fe2+2 £}£3Al7J22*l
°1 -3r£lH- 41 £314 A 91A- Table 3.6°llAi A A 91AA Fe2+£r 7 M °l*}-4 ^ ^ ^ l Ai £r£>5l^l ^ fe^} . ^-S-^lfe £}£3£l£r Fe3+14 AAA7}3- U(VI)°1l£r T]--§-*}^1 A
A A AA- U(lV)£r 8 M AAA AAAAA £141 - 1 £ 4 - E 1 3 2 U(VI)7} U(IV)2 A
AAA AAA AA- A 2£3-|r ^b^^l^-fe- AAAAA ascorbic acid, HI, NHJ3}
SO27} 91A- HIH- AAAA AAA 2 2 2 7 } AA^-AAAA AAAA AAAA A
A A ^e l^ l^ r l£T--i: A A ^ fe^} . S02"i: A}-§-14 A A Fe<4 -l£4-5l^l A A AAA
A A -S-^i: SO22 35}A1T1 0 } AA- Ascorbic acid£r A A AAA 4:i-o-'5]l™ AA
A HCl-^llHI- AA HCl-^l^r-i- -§-^°ll2 A }-^ -% A 91A- Ascorbic acid-HCl Al
3 ^ £ l £[£!£- Fe i : AAA AAA AAA £333317171 £ | 4 H ^ «l2^1 3r£- AA
AAAA A A AAAAA £3*4£r ^ l 0 ! ^ . A A A A AAAA AAA A A AA7}
- 61 -
4 — 5 M£3 A 3 5 l 3 ^3l£[2c>ii4 ^l^i^l £:i§'5ll0112|£l <^A AA7} 0.8 ~ 1.2
M£3 A AAAA Fe°l £}£35l£r £ 3 2 2 £M£3t4. 3 ^ 1 1 £ AA 2£3<S{]A1 U(VI)
4 ^ I M ^ f e A A AA7} A A ttfl2^} AAA, 3.41A1 A A A A &\A AA^ATL
£3 AA A AATLA £324 2 ^ Ui: }r5l*}£r £1 ^ll}*}^}. Pu<4 £L^£*}14
ascorbic acid°11 44lAi Pu(III)2 AAA—A Pu(IV) £[5}£[£lll AA AAA
ascorbic acid! 7}£[ AA NaN02# 7}£| AA Pu(IV)2 AA A 2 U ^ Fe£r
A(Vl)A Fe2+ £[5}2;£H 3 £ | 2 AA AA. TLAA, AAA n71^pflHCl <£^}§'5]l
A AAAA U(Vl)£r ^°1£:2£}3^H1 £l£l S ^ E ] *i £[■ Fe3+£r AA AAAA A
7} u^AA AAAA AAA AA7} AA. AAA ^ I i 1 ] * S . £ 50% THF40%
methyl glycol10% 6 M HCI, 60% THF10% hexone10% 12 M HCI, 30%
TBP60% methyl glycol10% 12 M HCI, 75% acetone25% 12 M HCI, 50%
hexone40% isopropanol10% 12 M HCI A A AA7^ 91A AAA A AAA F e 2
AAA A A AAA A 8 M A A AAAA A A FeA A A Dowex 1A £^£>A1£3
AA AA 6 M HC11 M HCIO42 Ui: §5l*}2 £ f S Fei : 0.5 M HC12 §
sl*}£r M E AA
AA o ^ ^ i AwA^AAAA AAA U(VI)H §511} A AAAA AAAA
2 £ r AAA, pH 24 A A, 0.1 ~ 1.2 M HCI, 6 M HClKor 2) M HCIO4, 0.5 M
HC11 M HF, 1:10 HCIO4, 0.1 ~ 7 M HNO3 A AA'AA. 7 M HNOsi: A}§*}£3
A A AAAA ACVDA AA AAA Fe3+7} u(Vl)2*4 AA AAA—A A A Fe4
^}5l7} 7}£3}i£. AA, U }r5l^l U(IV) £[5}2;£H <4g3]^ 7§£^ 35} ^A £t I4[12l.
AA AAAA U(Vl)£r AG 1 £34 41 £3 7l£j§<4£r2£}3^l<^1 AAA AAA
A 6 ~ 8 M AA AAAA A A S^li: ^ B } ^ ^ . ^ 2 E I ^ S } ^ } ^ ^ 32
U02(N03)42~ £>#°114, U02(NOs)3~ 4 t 2 £ 2 ^ ^£>£3 I4. °1B |£[ U(VI)4 AA
^T^A^O] 2 7\A £ > £122 <4§£3*4. A, Th, P u 0 ^ Np A A £141 £r£>:El£r i£
£ L 2 2 J f B | U4 }r5l7} *}i4°l2, Al, Fe ^£4 £r£>5l^l AA AA 7\A AAAA
AA U4 }r5l7} AA AAAA £37}4 AA Aig£i«fl^s4 7 ~ 8 M AA AA
A A Pu(IV)H 1^*1 ?12 U(VI)£r ^£>51^1 £?2 D471 T£7}£1 *}£T 7§£o]r£. AA
62
-4 A A A A A S-A AAA AAA u-i: }r5ll} 1 8 M AA AAAA U(VI)H- A
AAAA 41 £3 AA #^3i r 0 ! ^£>51^1 £?2 M}7:1147}£1 *}£T 7§£-o]r£.
7\A A A 1l3l£l AAAAAA }r5l£[£! £r-4 *}*4-fe-, 7.5 M £32-4 £144 AA
AA Th(IV), PAW)A Np(IV)£r AG 1 £3-4 -§-°l£:2£}3-^Hl £l£l -f£4-El3
U(VI)£r AAA ^ £ > E l 3 2 7.5 M AA -§-"5£22 U(VI)H- AA £1^1 AJ|7l*}-fe- £[
^M^} . ‘Resin bead technique’£r 8 M ^£4:°ll^4 A(Vl)A Pu(IV)H- -§-<4£:2£}3-A1
°3l A A £T£>A1T1 TFMSH- °l-§-41Ai ° l l r i : £3 ^*}£r A A AAAA- A A, A A
A A AAAA Pu i : ^£>Al7l£^ ‘Resin bead technique’2 2 2 El £3/4 [13]. AA, A
A 4l^3°3lAi U(IV) £[5}2;£l# U ^rel^l <4-§v£}£r 7§£-£^ 2 # i £ .
AA AA AAA AAA A7] ^J£T£4°1 IrVl 91AA U(VI)7} U02(N0s)42~-4-
U02(NOs)3~ A^t £3 412 #Pj£r2£}3-^Hl £l£l ^3>Eli£ ; £ -2- >§2£^ £[£[£!-4
AAA A A 3 5 3 3 AA £^2-4 l ^ ' 0 } ? } . £[£[£! £ £ 7 [ £3 £31} P31 U(VI)-4 AA
2£^ £[£[£! £r-4 0c}0l£:-4 £3*}^} 4Z15}<4£: w>7§o] ^-3-S- ^7}£[i4. A, U(Vl)-4
^ 3 " 2 T - NH4 < Li < Ca < Ar A 4 r 2 2 A7\A:A- AA AA7\ 0.1 M 2 £3
£31} A NH4NO3 £^27} 4, 6, 8, 10 M 2 A7\AA U(VI)-4 ^^ll^l^-fe- AA 20,
80, 100, 100022 A7\AA- 1.6 M Al(NO3)3-0.3 M HN03°llAi U(VI)-4 ^ I M ^ f e
1032*4 2 i£ ^ .^ l i l ^p l^ r £ £ 7 [ A7\AA AA AAA AA A7\AA. TL^AA,
NH4NO3 £^27} £3£31} A AA ^ £ 4 A7\AA U(VD-4 ^ I M ^ f e AAAA- 2
4lAi 8 M NH4N03°11Ai AA AA7} 1 M£3 A U(VI)-4 T F H ^ T T ^ 50°3l -l:^*}^}.
25}£1 AA AAAA AAA^-AAAA AAAA AA AAAA AA °]£:ir£r A A A A7] ^J£l:£4 °1 £}-££[ £341 A A A"A-A 'AAAA ^ fe^} . 2 5 3 3 2 AA A A
AA&IA y141Ai £34l£!-£344 A A ^ l ^ ^ ^ i A A AAAA £-4:i*}2, 14 s M 431
AAAAAA A A 7fl23}7ll }f5ls-}37} 1} v$A -£7}H- 0l-§-*}£r A A WA- A A
AA, AAAAA, AAA, AA -IM1A1 U-i- }r5li} 31 Al, Mg, Ni AA AAAS-A
A AA AAA AAAA- AAA-AA AA AA^AA £^£3 U-i- -§-511} AA
0.1 M HCI, 1 M HCI, 0.1 M HNO3 AA AAAA- AAA A3.AA £[£- £ -§-£3
-n-71- -pfl } A-A AAA AAAAAA 41 £!7l£j-§-<4£:2£}3-.4.el u(Vl) £ r 4 2 £ ^
A7] ^J£l:£4 °1 £!7}El£l ^7}*}i£, 3 £J2£^ 4r 2l -g- Tifl 3 AAA A A 35} 2 AA
- 63 -
A AAA AAAA-AAA A3-A-AA £341-4 5-^}-§-'5]l0llAi -§-4-£r2£}4^1-4 u(VI) £ • £ £ £ A
3-AA AAAA7} AAA A7}AA- A A AA 95% aliphatic alcohol-5% 5 M
HNO3 <££[-§-^^i U(VI) }r4 |£l4fe 4 £[-§:, °ll £[-§:, n-propanol £3 n-butanoH
£|£| X] A A 30, 70, 200, 500 £32£1 £ 3 2 2 AAA 91A- A A A 2 4 4 1 2 4 2 A
A U ^r^^l 90 ~ 95% 4£[-§:i: £}-££[ AA AA AA^A AAA A 91A- 2
AA, diethyl ether, dioxane, acetone^ £[£- °11412£^4 4 ^ - ^ - 4 AA AA AA
AAA U(VI) £^427} AAAA- 241-4 o]4 ^13t ifHl A1 fe u-i: -§-4fe2£}4^1
°31 ^ 4 A l 7 l £ r 4341 4 ^ £>4li££1 l : i : -l£4Al7lfe £[£!i: A}-§-44. 2 4 4 A £344
-4 £?-£[-§-T^i U(VI)4 Th(IV)-4 | - £ £ £ 244-4 AA A7\A ^1414-4 A7\A
A- 90% acetic acid-10% 5 M HNO3 5-4"-§-^^l Ai U(VI)4 Th(IV)-4 fe4M14fe
AA 102A 105 4 i £ 0 1 4 . AA, AAAA 4 2 ^ ^ - 1 ^-o]AL33j-4^]o]] ^ 4 £ 3 U-i:
-§-4AlfJ nflfe 04 ~ 1 M HNO3, 80% methanol-20% 5 M HNO3, 80%
methanol-20% 10 M HNO3, 60% acetic acid-40% 14 M HNO3, 0.1 M HCI A-A A}-§-44[12].
3.4.3. H-^Sfe/^] ^ ^ ^ S s f a u S - ^ j H ^ e l l ^
o i £ - 3 £ } 3 2 4 2 3 £ | j i l £ r Pu-4 £>A}S}4"}E:4°3l 4 4 A}-§-5!4 AA- Pu-4 AA
£3£H1 4 4 f e 2 5 } 4 ^ 1 4 -§-4fe2£}4^1H- S-A A}-§-4 4 91A- AAA^-AAA
A AA7} y^AAA AA7} A - § -422 J fB | Pui : fe4Al£3 A # 2 i £ , -§-4fe2£}
4^1fe s}^1"^^^ -§-4^1 3 4427} fe3 4^:01 AA 4 4 £ l f e - § - 4 2 2 J f B | Pu-i-
^4> A l7l£r A Tr^*}^}.
4 4 fe 441-4 Pu4£3 AAAA AAAA 4-S}AI]7} A A 91A A A A A 3-7144
-§-^°114 4°]£:2£}4:i^l03l 4 -1£4 £3 4 . A A A A AA A A AA AAAA A A
AAA A A 4 4 £: 2 £ } 4 ^1-4 Pu -l£42fe Pu(IV)> Pu(III) > Pu(VI) 4r°14. A
A A^-AAA A Pu -l£42fe 44-4 £"27} A7\AAA 4~24fe4l ° l 3 l £ A A A
°14££l H+ fe2-4 A7\ A A ™ 4 ^ 5 } AA AAA Pu4 3-7144-4 - l^lfeir2} 4"
# i : 4 £ j £ [ 2 2 * l Pu-4 °lfe 4 4 7 } I l 4 f e 7 l 4 Pu-4 -§-°lfe 4"#01 £3£35171 4
- 64 -
fe°14. AAA Pu-i- 4°]fe2£}3-Aio]] ^41-Aifj 4 ^ ^ - 2 xy^. Ai-g-43 A: A A
A 4 f e AA AA A}-§-44. AA, Pufe AA y\A ^sMlfe^} AA AA fe°]fe
^fe-i- £3£3*}22 ^sfell AA fe^i: -§-5] 4 2 2 A}-§-4 4 91A- A A fefe A
AA^-AAAA Pu A A fe£j°3l2 - ir43}2 A-A 44°11Ai A A 7} A AAAAA Pu
A A A AAA7] 4fe°3l Pu-i- feel!} 4 4°]fe2£}3-AiAi4fe fe0lfe2£}3-Ai^-
A A A AAAA. A}£3, AA -§-422feB] Pufe fefe47l14 -fr7l# AA AA - A
AA fefe yl££4£3 fefefefefeB] Pufe fee!4fe £327} 4 < 4 f e 2 £ } 3 2 T 4 £ 3 41
A A 7} A AAA A - § - 2 4 4 4 4 ] .
AG 50W4 fefe 41 44^ 4°]fe2£}3-Al (strongly acidic cation exchange resin)
-4 Pu(Vl) ££4fe£3fe U(VI)4 Np(Vl)-4 AAA y l f e4 I 4 . 9 M 444°llAi Pu(Vl)
fe Dowex 50X44 7] A AAAA AAA(Kd < l), 4 f e 44 AA A A P u 2 fefe fe
S-A AAAA P}£}7}A13L 744 ^ - 4 E ] A 1 "gtfe^}. 2 ^ 1 4 ^ - 2 AA AAAAA
Pufe 4°]fe2£}3-'^Hl 4 4 fe£>£34. 2 5 ] 2 , -1£4£3 Pufe 3 ~ 12 M 4 4 4 2 2
-§-5]£34. A AAA AA fe^^feife Pu°] fe£3*}H- A H-22£1-fe-i- £3£347l 4
fe°3l AAA^-AAAAA^l A A AAAA- Pufe 0.2 M HC1-0.05 M oxalic acidfe
2 -§-5]£34. 3 ~ 12 M £344 fe^l^ Pu(lV)fe AAA^-AAAA 7AA AAAA
^ f e 4 . A 2 7 i 4 A i Pu(IV)fe fe°]fe£j T4<4fe41<4fe ^ f e i : £3£3*}7l 4fe°3l fe
£>51^1 A A ^34 I4. Pu(III)fe 0.2 M AA 0.3 M £344 fe^^fei £141 £44 l ^ , 7
M £3444 AA 14£1-£34[12].
3.4.4. H - ^ S l f e ^ l ^-*l£££l£}3.jfeT3}j5 3.5llj4
Pu fee] 4 7} A AA AAAA AAA A A AA7} fe<4fe2£}32T4£3 4lsl
°14. Pu(lV), Pu(V)4 Pu(Vl)fe 6 M AAA A A -§-4°3lAi AG 1A fefe 41 47l
£3fe0]fe2£}3-Ai4 ^ -4E1T£ 2 M 4 4 4 2 2 A A AA- PudlDfe 444 -§-4°3lAi fe
£>51^1 ^ f e 4 . !44A i 6 M AAA A A AAAA Pu(lV)4 Pu(Vl) 44 AA A A fe
^4^] 7] 2 0 l f e i : Pu(III)2 £}£3Al7]A] -g-^g-]-^ t f i | o ? . 4 3 - AAAAAA 3 . ^
fefefefefeB] Pufe fee]44. Pu(IV)fe 7 ~ 8 M £344 -§-4°3lAi Pu(NOs)62~ £vfe
A AAAA- A 2744 A i 4]-T-fe-4 fefelfel fe^^fel AAA U(Vl)fe 4*}41 fe
- 65 -
AA—A 7 ~ 8 M £34422 fe5]^}i: A A 4 7] 4 AA Pu i : fefe £34422 A A
AA, AAA7} A7}A AAAA AAAA Pu(lll)2 £3£}E]<£ t-ife 4}fes}2 fe£!
AA Pu°l -§-5]£3I4. fe°lfe2£}32T:i}23 4lsl<:>ll AA Pu-4 fes]°31 4|4lAife fe
A^7}ir<4 AA 2 2 A ] 4 A}4*1 7lfes}£!74[l5].
AAA 7}AA AA AA -¥-7144 -§-4°3lAi Pu°] 4-7144-4 fe^fe^} ^ f e i : A
AAA £j£3fe Pu-4 4 4 s } ^ ^ 3 } AA AA7} 91A. Pufe 44s}£[4Hl u}5} A-^t A
A AAA AAJL, A AAA fe<4fe2£}feAi.e] pu -f -4 fe£]o] 4 2 4 , t£5]-A] pu
-4 44s}£[41fe 2£}*}<£ Pu°H 414 fe<4fe2£}feAi.e] fe£r3fe A.AAAAAA A
A AAAAA fefe°]2 AA AAAAAAAAAA Pufe j ?24^]22 fee]!} fe
AA. AA AA, AA AA -§-4°3lAi U, Np^} Pufe ^ ^ M f e ^ } fe°lfe ^ f e i : A
£3*}fe 41 4 4 4]-T-fe-4 AA 40]fefe-fe ^ ^ M f e ^ } fe°lfe -4fei: A A AAA
E-A A A AAAAAAAA AAA^LAAAA AAAA AA AAAAAAAA o]
A AAAAAAA 3 f e 2 2 fee]4 fe AA. 2 5 ] 2 -1£4£[ °lfe AAAAAAA
AAA ^fe-4 fe^s. 7}o]s o]-§-§}7] 14 <AAAAAAA 44s}2;4lfe 2£}*}<£ fe
AAAA AAA AAA A A AAAAAAA A AAA A 7\AAA.
3.4.4.1. A A-A A A AAAA Alfe^3
Table 3.622feBl +3 445}£[4l-4 AAAAAAA AA AAAA fe°]fe2£}fe
AA AAAA A7AA AAA AAAAA A A A A 91A. 4 £3 4 +4 44 s}£[41 -4
4B]fefe£32fe £} fe^1"5!^ -l£42fe U(IV) < Np(IV) < Pu(IV) feAi4i: A A
91A- 2B]i4 Th(IV)A Pa(IV)fe fe^^l^l "Sfe^}. fe*l 6 M AAA A A -§-4°3l Aife +6A +5 44s}£[41-4 4 B 1 4 ^ 4 £ 1 3 S - O ] 4 , 0 - 4 - ^ .35] p^ 2;-4 A A AAAA
Np(lV)s} Pu(lV)2 4 fe A AAA—A AAfA AAA A AAAA AAA A AAA
AAA 4 444-fe°]fe2£}feAi A]3^<4 AA AAAA.
8 ~ 12 M 444 -§-4°3lAi 41 47l£jfe<4fe2£}feAl4 4 4 JL.35]^ Pu(IV)fe
-§-44}^} fe°]fe2£}feAiA}-o]] ^ ^ PuCl62"2 fe4£[I4. A^-A 3 r 2 AA AAAA
fe PuC£+(6 ~ 9 M HCI), PuC£2+(4 ~ 6 M HCI), PuCl3+(2 ~ 4 M HCI) 25] 2
Pu4+(0.5 ~ 2 M HC1)7} fe£l£[ sWfe 0 !^}.
- 66 -
Table 3.64 fe fefe^fel £34lfel £b Zn(II), Cd(II), Sn(II), Sn(IV)s} Bi(III)fe 2 f e
444 fe24Ai2 4 fe^5!^, AAAAA, AAAAAA, Al^} Nife 444 -§-4°3lAi
fe-4E]Al "gtfe^}.
+AA +6 44 AA A A U, ApA Pu °]fefefe 6 M AAA A A -§-4°3lAi fe°]fe2
£}fe^Hl 4 4 fe£1"El32 2 f e 9 M 4444 A i °lfe £32fefe - l£4A |7 l2 , Pu i : A
A 9 M HC1-0.05 M NH4I2 -§-5] 4 ^ f e Npfe 4 M HCfeO.l M HF2, T £ A ! 4 2 -
2 U-i: 0.5 M HCfel M H F 2 -§-5] 4C}[16]. AA, fe°lfe2£}feAl3L 5]£fe £32,
PnA U-i: fee] 4 7§fe£^ AA 12 M HCI, 12 M HC1-0.1 M HI, 0.1 M HC12 -§-
2] 4*4. A 7} A I" °]fe0] Pu^} Npi: A A PVLQIDA Np(IV)2 £}£3Al7l7l 4fe°3l
Npfe A A AA AAAAHA.
8 ~ 12 M HC1-4 A l 2 -§-4°3l A A £344, HCIO4-HNO3, NaN02, H2O2 fefe 44
s}£lfe 7}*}£3 Pu 44s}£[4l7} Pu(IV)2 2£3£3I4[12]. Pufe ^}4l5}fe24 -44lAi 6
M °]*}-4 £!44 -§-4°3lAi Pu(lll)2 35] 2 7.2 M 444 -§-4°3lAife Pu(lV)2 AA
£[t4[18]. ^Ife AA, 9 M 444 AAA 10 mL-4 A]2°H 4141 30% H2O2 4 ^ f e i :
7}*}2 A]4£jA]3i. £[2-4 80—90 °C2 1 AA 7}AAA Pu°] Pu(IV) 4}5}£[4l2
AAA 2 A A A ^}445}fe2fe fe45l(4 4 T]E! 3 2 Pu°] fe°]fe2£}feAi4 j t . 3
£3*4. AAAS-A ^ l£3 A l24fe fe*l Fe°l AA AAAA 91AA, Fe3+fe 4s}°lfe
A fe°]fe£1-fei: ^2j*}<4 feolfe2£}feAi4 4 4 ££4 £3A. AAA 7.2 M £344 -§-
4 2 2 Fefe A A 4 7] 4 ^ f e 50 mL-4 1.2 M HCl^} 1 mL-4 30% H202-4 AA
- § - 5 ] 4 2 2 Pui : Pu(III)2 £}£3Al7] - § - 5 ] 4 I 4 .
Pu°l fe°lfe2£}feAi4 Jt-4E]Ai «r'4 *}7]i4 ££4 £3 Pufe A A AAA^-A A
4fe £!44 4£3-4 A l 2 fe^lfe -§-s]4°3l NH4I(e.g., 0.05 M NH4I-8 M HCI),
HI(e.g., 0.1 M HI-12 M HCI), H202(e.g., 0.6% H2O2-I.2 M HCI), SO2, NH2OH •
HCI fefe £}£34fe 7}4Ai Pufe Pu(III)2 £}£3A1£3I4. £44 £3 Np(IV, V, VI) fe
SO2 AA TA -44lAife Np(III)2 £}£3°1 4 E ] 3 2 A A AAAA PnA Npfe fe
5]*}fe 41 °]-§-!} fe 91A- NHJH- A}fel} 4 £!44 £ £ £ 10 M°] £32£3 £44 £3
U(VI)7} U(IV)2 AAA A 91AE-A AAAA AAH2]. PnA AAAAA AAA
fe fe°]7l £ |4 A i 2 f e 0.36 M HC1-0.01 M HF, 4 M HC1-0.2 M HF, 6 M
- 67 -
HC1-0.2 M HFfe - § - 5 ] 4 2 2 7]-g-4r£. Wf-s) Q M HCfeO.2 M HF -§-s]4fe A}fe*}
A AAAA 91A Fe3+fe -§-S]E]A1 "gfe^}. A A, AAA^-AAAA AAA Pufe
0.1—0.5 M HCfelfe 4 M HCl^} 4 f e £}fe fe2-4 fefe A A -§-4°3l -44l A i2 -§-
5 ] E 1 A 1 4 3 r 3 <gA]- ^ 3 o ] ] 3 | 4 Np(IV) AA U(VI)2 AA AAAA- 2 5 ] 2 ,
Pu(VI)2 6 — 12 M HCI -§-4°3lAi fe°]fe2£}feAl4 4 4 ^ ^ £ 1 3 2 4 2 -§-4°3l
PVL(IV)A Pu(VI)7} -4fe*}£3 AAA A A AAAA. A AAAA Fe3+2 £r£>5fel
4 AAA 7 l fe4 AAA 7.2 M HN0 3 2 Fefe 4^1 47] !} fe 4I4[12].
3.4.4.2. £[£}--§-01T£S-£}4^X1 Alfe^3
AA AA fe4i: £}3]2£3, Table 3.54Ai fe4lal22 4 £ 3 4 +4 44s}fe4l-4 A
AAAAAAA fe°lfe2£}feAi4 ^ - 4 E ] 4 A>fe 4 fe AA-. A AA^\A AA
Th(iv)fe Pu(iv)-4 fes]4 - ^ t l ^ } ^ , Np(iv)-4 fes]42 4 2 £ j i ^Ife0] 7}AA
A. +4 44s}fe41-4 AAAAAAA AA £344-§-4°3lAi Pu(N03)62£ Np(N03)62£
U(N03)62~ AA Th(NOs)62~-4 4 fe fe£3*}fe A AAAAAA ^ f e i : ^^*}<4 fe
4fe3£}feAi4 AAAA* °lfefe fefe4 £344 -§-4°3lAi2^} AAAAA A A £344
°]fe A A—A 4£L*}fe £34l£! -§-4°31Ai fe°]fe2£}feAi4 i£ 4 £44 £3*4. 8 M
AAA £344 fe2£3 4 AAAAAAAA 4 - 0 ] 2 4 0 l f e £ > # 0 ] 7}4 4 fe^5!^,
£344 fe27} <42*4 A fefe}£3fefe fe£>27} AAAA. AAA 0]-frfe AA fefe
£344 fe24Ai AAAAAA M(IV)7} HVKNOsfe AA H2M(N03)6fe £3£3*}7l 4
fe0]^}. £344 -§-4°3lAi Pu(N03)62" £3 Np(N03)62"-4 AA £32fe £344 fe24 yl4l
4 I 4 . 8 M £344 -§-4°3lAife 50% AAA Pu°] Pu(N03)62~ ^fefe fe4*}14, Np-4
£!fefe 26% £327} Np(NOs)62~ A-ztA fe4£[I4[19]. fe°]fe2£}feAl4 o] ei -g-4
A AAAA AA 4^} 14<424<4fe ^ f e 0 ] fe£>5l7l ^]^}*}^ s}4£3£3 °]fe4 A
A AA AA AA AAA £3 4 2 fe4*}2 4fe Pu^fe Np22feBi 4 ^ } L 4 ° l 2 4
4 2 ^ fe 0 ] l ^ ^ l f e £ > £122 4fe°l fel£332|7] 4 f e 4 AA 2 f e Pu4- Np°] fe
4fe3£}feAi4 fe^-S^}.
Pa(V), Np(V), U(VI), Np(VI) £3 Pu(VI)2 4*}41 fe£>5l^]4 £344 -§-4°3lAi
°]fe-4 fe^ls}^1-^! °l-§-£3fe 25] 3 4 £tr£. z}xy ji-cn6\]X] +3 44s}£[41-4 4-B]4^
- 68 -
AAAA AAA^-AAAA y]A AAAA AAA, AAA fe£3°l °lfe-4 fes]4 rtbo] o]-g-E[r£.
£344 4£3-4 AA AA *}fefe £344 fe2fe ( 4 I # 4 2 - 4 4 2 AA AAAA A
fe £32fe A Sr^fe: ^ l ^ } . ^Ife A A Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, AAAAA, AAAAAA, A
AAAA, 25 ] 2 , Be, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr(III), Ga, Zn, Ti, V(V), Rh(III), Sn(IV),
Nb(V), T1(I)<4 fe^El^l £ t 4 £32fe4 feU^h
7 — 8 M £344 4£34 A i Pu(IV)fe fe°lfe2£}feAl4 Jt_4A]7]4 £[£!£- £37}§]
44H fe£3Al fefe fefe0]2 2 4 , AA, ^l^lfe, 7}°4fe, 2£3, 4 2 f e fe2} £[fe 4
£>, £}£!Al2- £3 4 4 A l f e fe-4 Pu fe4°3l A A AAA 3- 91A. A A A £342-4 A
fe Th(IV)7} Pu(IV)S} £[4 fe^^fel1?} fe^l^lfe 7 — 12 M HC12 4^1*} £3 A A
AAA fe°lfe£1-fei: 4 £3£3*}fe PAW) A u(Vl)fe fe5]2}4 AA91AA AAA
A A fe°lfe£1-fei: 4 £3 £3*} 4 A A Th(lV)fe A A 4 T ] £ 3 I 4 . A 4 P043~ 4 f e
fe^ife3 A A A A A 7] A fe[l2].
£344£! fe27} A £344 -§-4°3lAi 41 £! 7l £ j - ^ ] fe3L£}feAl 5] Pu(IV) -lfe4fe£3fe
Uo]i4 Th-4 AAA ylfe*}^}. A A A A Pu(lV)-4 fe4£lfefe 7 M £344 -§-4°3lAi
fe 103 0 ] fe°]4 14 7 M HNO3-I.5 M Al(NOs)3 -§-4°3lAife 1.5 x lO 4 0]^ , 4fefe
A A Pu £3 4 4 A i Al(NOs)3fe AAAA 8 M £344 fe24Ai Pu(lV)fe £44A]7lfe
AAA AAAAH2]. -fr7]-§-4fe £[-£4 £344-§-4°3lAi AG 1 A fe°lfe2£}feA]£l Pu(IV) -l£42fe
methanol < ethanol < acetone feAi2 fe7}s}i£, 4 2 f e 3 . 4 4£lfe fe27} fe7}
!}fefe fe7}414. 60% ethanol-40% 8 M HNO3, 90% methanol-10% 1.5 M HNO3
A A A ] 2 4 ° l AA Pu fee] 4 <4-§-E]2 4I4[12].
Pufe fe°]fe2£}feAl4 4 £ T - 4 E ] 4 Pu(IV)2 2£}*}7l £ |4 A i NaN02fe AA
<4-§3}2 91A- 3 M AAA £344 -§-4°3lAi Pufe NaNC^l -44A i Pu(IV) 44s}fe4l
A AAAAHA. AA, Pu fe4°l £ 3 2 4 -§-4Al2°31Ai 100% ^}£3*}41 Pu(IV) 44
3}fe4l2 AAAAA AA Pufe Pu(III)2 £}£3A1£3 ^ f e Pu(IV)2 44s}A]7lfe A
A A 2 f e A A A>A- 4 hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine AA ferrous
sulfamatefe AA Pu(III)2 AAA AA NaN02# 7}*} 2 7}£1*}£3 Pu(IV)2 2 £ i
- 69 -
AA.
fe 47}fe-4 £!£34 ^1*}£3, l M AAA £344 -§-4°3lAi £}£34fe °l-§-4Ai 2
fe Pufe Pu(III)2 2 £3 4 fefe 8 M £ 3 2 2 £344 fe2fe fe<£ fe7l4 AA fe feS
Pu(IV)2 AAAA- y l f e 4 AA S.A, Chitnis fe[20]fe A ] 2 fe4i: 2 mL fe-54-4
2 M HNO3 - § - 4 2 2 AAA fe 5 £[-i:-4 3 M NaN02# 7}s}2 10 fe fe4 IR-£I
3 2 7}4*}2, -§-4fe A A AA AA £3 44-4 7}4Ai £344 fe2fe 8 M S fe£!2
2*] Pu(IV) 44s}fe4l2 2£3fe<£ fe<4fe2£}feAl 4 ^^l-A]^]^ £[£!i: A}-§-fe£3
4 . PNL(Pacific Northwest Lab.)4Aife Pufe £[-£4 £3 fefe 5 mL-4 9 M £3444
fe£l fefe fe°l22 i s | f 4 t °]-§-4Ai 414 10 + 5 Mg-4 NaN02fe 7}s}2 fefe
4 AAAA AAA Pufe Pu(IV) 44s}fe4l2 2£34fe[21]. AA A]2fe AA A A
A A A A fe-frfefe 2 mL-4 1.5 M HNO3S fe°]2, <£7l4 1 mL-4 0.1 M
FeS04(7.5 g FeS04"7H20 + 1.5 mL C-H2SO4 + 250 mL fefefe)fe 7}4Ai Pu(III)
A 2 £34 fefe 3 mL-4 15 M HNOsfe 7}4Ai Pu(III)fe Pu(IV)2 4 } 5 } A ] £ | 2 , 20
— 25 mL-4 8 M HNO30] 5]2fe 314*}01] fe°]fe2£}feAl 4 Jt_4A]7]4 £[£14-
A}-§-4fe[22].
7—8 M £344 -§-4°3lAi Pu(NOs)62~ fefefe fe°]fe2£}feAl4 4 4 4 4 ^feE]
7] 4fe°3l fefe£3 Pu(lV)fe A A AAA7] 4 f e ^s l fe^l , 3 7} A Pu(lV) A A A
A A A}-§-5l2 91A. *}fefe fefe £344fe AA 4 2 2 AA£}22A Pu(NOs)62~ fefe
A AAAA £ [ £ [ 2 2 AAA °lfeAl7lfe £141 °l^4, fefe *}fefe Pu £}£[£]fe AA
A~AAA Pu(lV)fe fe°]fe2£}feAi4 ^ - 4 E ] A 1 £ t 4 Pu(lll)2 £}£3 A ]T]2 | -g-^^-]-^
^[YiMfe. A A A AAAAA Pu(N03)62" fefefefe 14 4 £ 3 4 fefefe £3 £3 fefe A
AAA £[-£4 -§-5]4fe A}-§-4fe.
fefe £344fe - § - e ] 4 2 2 A}fefe£3 fefefefe ^7}E]A1 £ t 4 4 Pu(IV)-4 i t fe 0 !
4 f e —AA. AA AA 0.35 M HN03 AA422 fe<4fe2£}feAi4 £^.4.4 pu(iv)
fe 90% AAA 7} A A fefefe^Kbed volume)-4 4 ~ 72 4-4 -§-s]4°l llfefefe
[23]. fesfeilfe £}£[£lfe fefefeA] £ t 2 Pu(IV) -§-5]422fe 0.2 — 2 M HCI, 0.05
— 1 M HN033} 0.5 — 4 M H2SO47} 91A- 0.35 M2fe A AA £344fe A}fefe£l
- 70 -
^ f e f e i f e fe£! fefe 4 4 A 4427} 14 fe £}2£3 Pu°l 7}fefe45l (4 \4-§-£3-4 Pu
felMfe} 0JAL33J-44 -44 4£[ £-5] 7} AA.
AA, AAA AAAAA AAA AAAA AAAAA AAA 2 4 fefe fe£!fe
£ £ 4 4 £3fe. fe, -§-s]4°3l 7}A A AAAA AAA7} Pu fe4£[£HlAi w £ 4 f e 2
A AAA fe^^l ^slfefe fe fe 4 2 2 2 Pu-4 A A fe£3 4 life £141 fe^lA]£l
fe 4fe £}£34fe fefefeTlfe £[fe4 fesfellH- £ [ 4 4 fefe AAA fe7]44 -§-4°l
Pu -§-5] 4 2 2 ^]£3fefe. £}£34S ferrous sulfamatefe A}-§-fe£3 Pu -§-fe4°3l Fe
A fefefeS fe(47}i£, ascorbic acidfe fefefefe 7§fe £}£34-4 £3£3fe°l AA A
4 2 , hydroxyaminefe <4fe2£}feA] fes]fe AAA feif 4 4 A l 7 ] fe4feo] -g-
A A 2 2 * ] A A Itfefe 4*}A1£3 fe AA. U(IV)-hydrazinefe A}fefe£3 A A A A
7} 3 5 ] 2 hydrazine^ £344°] 4 f e 4 A i 41^7} M | fe AA- 0.1 M AAA HI
AA NH4IH- £[-£4 £344 fe4i: Pu - § - 5 ] 4 2 2 fefefefe 7§fe £!44 fe2fe 1 — 12
M°] 7}fe*}fe. 35}4], Np^fe U°] AA AAA^-AAAA AAAA 91A AAA
fefe AAA AAA AAAA °] fe2 Pufe AA AAAA. NQ£fe Ffe F S 44 5} 4
7li£ i 2 4 feoife3£}feAi4 4 4 ^ ^ £ 1 3 2 Pu -§-5]4 life AA AAA fefeAl
A N03~fe £] 7] 4 4 £3fe. NH2OH ■ HC1°1 £}TT£3 £344 fe^lfe ferrous
sulfamatefe £}-fr4 fefe £344 fe42 Pu AA 4 2 2 A}-§-4fe.
fefe £344°114 fefe £344 -§-4£34fe2 F~ AAA €fefefe£3 PudVfe} 7}fefe4
A A ^fefe. Pu(IV)fe Np(IV)^} P}£}7}A]3L PuF62~fe IfecJfe^, A fefefe
Pu(N03)62~ fefe4 y14l fe°]fe2£}feAi4 AA fefe1!0] fefe. T 4 5 } 4 O.3 M
HCl-0.01 M HF AA 0.1 M HNO3-O.OI M HFfe Pu AA 4 2 2 A}-§-!} fe 4 2
A A A, £344 £3 -444-4 fe2fe AAA AAAAA £3fe[l2].
fe*l, Pufe feTls}"6}^ AAAA AAA £!fefe 100% slfefefe fefe.2 fefe A
A 2fe°lfe. Pu -§-5] 4 2 2 fefe-4 hydroxylamine AA ascorbic acid £}fe AA
47} £17}£3 fefe £344 °1-4°312 fefe £3444 Ce(IV) £}fe fesfellH- £17} 4 -§-4fe
fefel} fe2 91A. TiCL £}£34fe A}-§-!} 4fe AA 8 M £34422 fe<4fe2£}feAi
fes]fe4 fe^^Ife £344fe ^4 £3*1 ^ l ^ ^ l fefe4 TiCL-4 fefe £344 - § - 4 2 2 Pufe
-§-5] 4 4 £3fe[24].
- 71 -
£} 2L fe/ £}
1) US EPA et al., “Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols
Manual”, Part II, NUREG-1576, 2004, pp. 14/76-14/95.
2) Ref. 1, pp. 14/185-14/188.
3) T. Braun and G. Ghersini, “Extraction Chromatography”, Elsevier, London,
1975, pp.191-225.
4) Aife£3, <4fe£l, £!£34, fe4£3, 14°J4, AAA, “AA AAAA £3fefe 44s}fe
41 AA”, KAERUTR-2354/2003, 2003.
5) G. H. Coleman, “The Radiochemistry of Plutonium”, NAS-NS/3058, pp.28-60.
6) Ref. 1, p. 14/146.
7) A. G. Hamlin, B. J. Roberts, W. Loughlin, and S. G. Walker, Anal. Chem., 33,
1547(1961).
8) E. A. Huff, Anal. Chem., 37, 533(1965).
9) A. S. Al-Ammar, H. A. Hamid, B. H. Rashid, and H. M. Basheer, J.
Chromatogr., 537, 287(1991).
10) E. P. Horwitz, M. L. Dietz, R. Chiarizia, H. Diamond, A. M. Essling, and D.
Graczyk, Anal. Chim. Acta, 266, 25(1992).
11) B. Tomazic and M Cukovic, J. Radioanal. Chem., AA, 355(1978).
12) J. Korkisch, “Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins : Their Application to
Inorganic Analytical Chemistry”, Vol. II, CRC Press, Inc., 1989.
13) H. A. Storms, D. C. Carlson, and F. F. Hunter, “Determination of Plutonium
in Soils by Mass Spectrometry”, CONF-740701, 1974.
14) J. M. Cleveland, “The Chemistry of Plutonium”, Am. Nuclear Soc, 1979,
p. 492.
15) Aife£3, <4fe£l, 444fe, £>0J4, AAA, 4^3-§-, AAA, “AA AAAA fefefe
fe-4 44s}fe AA A fe°lfe2£}fe5]”, KAERI/TR-3010/2005, 2005.
16) F. Nelson, D. C. Michelson, and J. H. Holloway, J. Chromatog., 14.
258(1964).
- 72 -
17) H. Natsume, H. Umezawa, S. Okazaki, T. Suzuki, T. Sonobe, and S. Usuda,
J. Nucl. Sci. Technol, 9, 737(1972).
18) N. A. Talvitie, Anal. Chem., 43, 1827(1971).
19) J. Ryan, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1375(1960).
20) R. T. Chitnis, S. C. Dubey and V. A. Thakur, Radiochem. Radioanal. Lettr.,
45, 61(1980).
21) A. G. King, “Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Procedure Compendium”,
PNL-MA-599, 1993, Method PNL-ALO-466.
22) A. G. King, “Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Procedure Compendium”,
PNL-MA-599, 1993, Method PNL-ALO-233.
23) Y. Wei, M. Kumagai, Y. Takashima, A. Bruggeman, and M. Gysemans, J.
Nucl. Sci. & Technol., 36, 304(1999).
24) J. W. Handshuh, “Ion Exchange Separation and Coulometric Titration of
Plutonium in Irradiated Fuel Element Solutions”, HW-66441, 1960.
- 73 -
4. " ^ 1 ^ -T-Sf^-^f ik^-S-jf ^-s] >^A]
4 . 1 . 3 i 2 l £ l A l A l 2 l £ r ^ A ^ A l - n ^ S t r ^ B ] ^j*Jl
‘50£34l -£44] fe ’60£34l fe44 Al£3£3 4|7l£3 4fe£34A:l A A A AAAAA
fe fefelfe 239,240Pufe 137Cs AA 4fe7l7} £3 ^fefe1?!0! AA fe4£[fe. fe4fe s}
4 ^ 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 ? ] 2 f e 7}^i3 4fe ™ fe^-lfe T 4 4 4 £3 41-4 -£734-4- fe7l
fefe £}-frfe2 917} 4fe°ll 2 4 ° ] f e ^l^lfe fe-4 Ufe Pu fe£|£[2 fe£3fe £344
2 2 fefe*}fe. fefe 4 -441 4£M1 4^1 £3 4fefefe AA A A £!fe^-fe4 fefe5!
7fe4 fe44s}fe AA -frs}fe £3 4 2 £3 £3 £3 ?1 fe2£}E] y] fe fe7]5}£[fe4- fefefe
£3£34fe. fe4Alfe4Ai Ufe Pu fe£3£32fe AAA 4 f e AA 7\A AAAAA A
AAAAAAA fe^lfe Ufe Pufe fe5]*}4 fe£l7} 143-14. fe44 fefe H-fr5!0!
4fe Si, Al, Fefe Cafe U2fe 106 ~ 1010 4 AA fe^^Ife. £34^1 £1 £}£!A l24
U°l Pufefe 107 4 A A A A A A 4fefe 25 ] !} 4 H AA A AAA AAA Pufe
fe5]*}4 £3°] 4 f e ^sfer-slfefe £3-4 £14 AAA A 91A.
All. AAAA-A -AA\
AAAA A A A A -§-4s}*}fe 41 fe ^ [ a 4 ^ s l f e 0 ! ^fel1?! 41A A Pu s}£[fe
£3 4 2 fe4fefe Pu-4 £!fefe -§-4s}7} AA AA. AAA A fe-4 Pufe -§-4s}*}fe
4lfe 44£3fe140l14 -§--§-£! °1 °l-§-s]2 91A. AAAAA fefe-4 A l2 fe AA AA
A fe4Al£3 fe AA. 2 ^ A ] 4 2 4 4 2 - 4 44£3fe4Ai Alfe fe Pufe AAAA 7}
A A Pu A A AAA AAAA^-AA AAA fefefe AA7\ y\Ar 4 4 4 f e . °lfefe
4 2 fe Pu°l 100% £3fesl4 £^2 £3fe7} -fe-§-£j fe-frfe4 4 4 4 7 1 4fe° l I 4. fe
4A]fe fe Pu-4 fe-§-4s}°ll °J£}i: ^l^lfe £l7}7} AA 7\A 91AA 2 fefelfe 7}
A fe24 £[7}fe 4 2 - 4 As} fe2<4fe. pu 445}fefe 2 £3 A] A] 744 £37}24fe fe
AAA 27}A]A]4 A§4 j £ ^ fe4£3£3£34A] fefe fe22 A]2-4 471 fefe 3] 3}A]
A AT]!} 7§fe Pu°l 4]5}£3°1 fe Pu 44s}fe2 £3fe7l 4fe°ll 4H1 A AAAA
A A AA. AAA AAA Pufe fe4fefe A A AAAAA ° l£! i : £[fefe2 AAA
A £344 AA AAA fe4422 -fe-§-£j AAA A AAA Pu-4 414^1 £3 fefe A ]2fe
- 75 -
2 AA. A AA Pu AAA fe£3fe4 fe 4fe £}fe°l fefe 4fe£3 AAA AA A
A. A A A A AAA 91A £34-11- £3£3fe42 fefefe2 A A AA7} 91A fe£3£3
fe£!i: £3fe fe -fe-§-£3 fe-frfe4 Pu°] fefefefe fefefe 3r£3fe2A]4 4 4 AAA.
Sillfe 700 °CA 1000 tfelfe 3]5}A1£3 fe4A]fefe HCI-HNO3 fe4422 AAA
4 £17} 4 236Pu AAAA 7] A S-A -§-4°ll -§-45l(4 4fe AA A A A Pufe A
AAAA ^[fe AA 20%A 93%7} -fe-§-£j fe-frfe4 AA91AA3- 22fe£3fe[i] .
2 4 4 fefe -1:4422 £3fefe<£2 « l fe4 £3feH- feB}£ii£. A, AAAA A A A A
AA^LAA AAAA A AAAA, Pu-4 1/3 £327} -fe-§-£j fe-frfe4 A A 91 AA.
A fe-frfefe -fe-§-£3 fe5}fe£! AAA AAAAAA, fe^fefe^lfe £34422 fe£3*]
fe4A]f4 fe AAA. fe4Al2fe HCIO4-HF fe-4422 ^ ^ I s ] * } 0 1 ] fe4Al7lfe A
A HCIO44 -441 Pu°] Pu(VI)2 44s}£322*] H4£j<4 fe PuF62 £3£}E]<£ ^ A |
£! fee] 7} AA- Butler fefe 5 g-4 AA AAA 550 °C2 3 ] 5 } A 1 £ | 2 , HF AAA
A A AAAAA 7^ A A -fe-§-£3 7}fe4-fe K F -§-e-Al£32i£, < 4 B ] 4 AAA A A
AAAA Pu-4 3]fefei: 75 + 6%2 2 2 4 fe4fe[l]. Adams fefe fe4A]fefe
300 °C2 AAAAA 4 f e 8 M £34422 Pu°] fefe*] AAAAAA 900 °C2 A A Al£3fe 4 fe Pu slfefeo] 4i%4 -44314!-g-4 22fe$ | f e [ i ] . Wong[2]fe 4 x i A
^Ifefe HCI-HNO3-H2O22 £3fefe<£ 30 ~ 90% slfefefe 2 2 f e $ | f e . 3 ^ A 1 4 A]
fefe 2 f e 2 2 3]5}A]A]A1 £tfe£3 A}£3°] AAAA- Pillaife A A ^ l^lfei : 8 M £3
4 4 2 2 3 A AAAA 7]A £3 4 ^ 1 2 2 Pufe 3]3-S-}$!2T4 HCI-HNO3 fe-4422 £3
fefefe £!fe2 £[A] £! JS | ^}E^ | pu4o] -4-§-£j fe-frfe4 4 4 4 £ 3 f e f e 2 2 f e $ |
fe[l]. Gillette fefe AA A l2 fe —7]fe AA £34422 AAA 4 Pu slfefeo]
93%£3fe2 22fe£!.fe[l]. Sillfe Hindman<4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 - 4 £37]5]3]- s}3]-7] 5]
4 414 ^ fe £3fe4 ^lfe£3 HCI-HNO3 fefefe - 44422 7]5]s}4 7§fe pU-4 A A
fefe 5] 5]- AL37]- ^y]-|3-3-S- 3.7]] ^^t\AA. ^ 2 3] 5]- 4 . 3 4 A] 4 £j E] 4 Pu02
A A A A Pu £34fe 44£3fe1422fe AAAAA -§-4Al£3 fe £ 3 , 2 2 2 fluoride-
pyrosulfate fefeYli: A}fe!} fefe £3fefe£3I4[l]. Table 4 .14^ fe2fe fe5]s}<£
s]5}A]£i £ 4 A l f e 4 ^]-§-4 AA 7\A 44£3fe AAA itfeU- fe^fe fe 4fe[l].
- 76 -
Table 4.1. Dissolution of plutonium from a standard soil
ng temp.CC)
110
700
1000
1000
1000
1000
Chemical attack
HCI-HNO3
HCI-HNO3
HCI-HNO3
95% HNO3, 5% HF
HF (fuming)
HF-8 M HNO3 (95+5 or 50+50)
Time (h)
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
1.0
16.0
% Pu
94
57
17
59
54
63
AAA AAA AAA AAAA AAA 2 2 f e 2 4 4 2 - 4 A A Pufe fe£3*l
-§-4Al£3 fe 91A AAA AAA Silfel 4 A 1 4 fluoride-pyrosulfate -§--§-£! ° l f e2
A A 91A- 2 ^ A] 4 o] A]s. H-4wl-t+] >_ A] 4-0] g;0] £!5]2 -§-§-£! °] 7] 4fe°ll
4fefe £to] 7] 5]!} fe %3,fefe 41 fe£]7} AA- A A A7\AAA IS fefe KF -§--§-
AA AA AAA AA7} fe£3fefe fefe -§-4Al7]fe 414 fe£3fe£3fe 5Lfe^l<:>]2
4l3]£j0] fe -£-§-4 ^[^Mfe. KF fefe fe UFA SiF4fe ™}22 fefefe4 43] 2
41 AA KF fefe0] fe£3£3 fefe 3 2 7 } 4 4 f e KF -§-Q-40l2fe feA] pyrosulfate
-§-e-Al7]fe £[£!-i: fefe. Pyrosulfate AAAAA-A 3 A A A A 91A A 91A
BaS04(feB]i4o]3||- AAAA) £3 fefe 4-4*}2fe fefe £3444 4 fefefe[3l.
4fe3]fe, fefe £3 B] A A A l2 fe fe4Afe]fe 41 HF-HNO3-HCIO4H- 7]--g3]-7l2
AA. 2 ^ A] 4 °1 7§fe AAA 7 l fe4 A A A A PuF6 4 £3°] £!3]£3i4. 4 f e fefe
fefe-4 fe£34]AHl -441 £3s}£[ Pufe fefefe22 Tr7lfefe feife£7]4 E[r£.
Reynolds^} Scott[4]fe -£7] fefe fei^sfe] £14-*] Fe2+fe 4 4 2 A}-§-fefe H2O2 fe
43]5}£!-i: A}-§-fe£3fe. A AAA SAAA3-, 4lfefe2, £[£[fei4, £344 AA A A
244 7]5]£|jit£ 4 f e f e 2 , 4} fe7l-4 4 4 A ^ 2 2 2 fell4 Al£3°l fe^fefefe
2 fe£3fe. 10 ~ 100 g-4 A A AA fefe Alfe-4 £!fe Pu slfefe0! 80% 0]fe°]<S.
fe2 AA. AAAA 7 l fe4 A}41fe - 4 4 2 fe44 A A A A AAAA A AAAA.
- 77 -
Wong[2]fe A A 7\A AAA A A A A A Pu fe^felfe HCI-HNO3 £3i££!4 -4
4 £34-7} AAAAA- AAAAA HF-HCIO44 AA AA -§-4£>£!03lfe-4 AAA
fe 7}o]7} %3£3fefe Hl*l2, 3 4 4 s i^ l fe^fe £ 4 s l 4 A 1 4 4feAlfe-4 Pu fe4
4 2 HCI-HNO3 £3fe14fe a3-§-fe$lc}2 22fe£3fe. fefeA]s AA fe-§-4°3l -§-41
A A 91A Pufe fefe4 fe4A]fe fe-4 Pufe fe7]444 £141 -§-4£3fe. fefe Pu°]
4 -§-45lfe °l-frfe ° 4 1 4 4 £ l * } 2 4£3£3°3lfe 7jAjslfe 445}fefefefe0l -fe-§-£3
Pu°] £ 4 2 t f l s ^o ] 2£j<4 Pu20s£l y ls}fe4l£4 £[5}4-o]7] u]].g-o]r£[i].
AA, AA, sl^lfe, ^ f e ^ f e 3 } £[£- £ } 7 § A ] ^ 4 fefefefe Pu -§-4£[£!fe fe°3l
fe fefe Yl fe £[fe fefe -§-4 £[£!£- A A 7}AA A A A A AT] 4fe°3l Pu £3 4 4
£4} fefefe fe£!i: 7 fe i3 91A. AA y14fe 44£3i££!fe 7423233 £32-4 2 4 4
2 2 AAA A AT] AAA AAA Pu £344 A AAA fe2 AA A A A A A AA A A A AA A AAA AA AAA Pu-4 fefe AA fe£3 4 life fe£3£! fe-4
fefefee] 4-£3fe 7fe£A] B | E ? ] A £3fefe £ 1 T ] 4 4 £3fe.
2 4 2 s } £[fe 4 fe 4lA}Al2-4 £!fe -fr7lfe4- Pu-4 £3£[-4 fe4Al7l7l £|4fe
4fe°31 HNO3 AA HNO3-H2O2H- 7}*}2 #<4fe £[£1-4 AA A}fefe2 4 2 i £ , 4
4 2 £[44-4 £]7}*}fe 7§fe2 4fe[l] . 2 4 fefe A A AAAA AA fe-frfefe £14
s l ^ f e £ 4 2 1 4 £ [ £ | 2 2 -£71 fefe fe4Al£3 fe2 4 2 i £ , 3]5}fe2fe 500 °C £3
2<4fe. 2 4 2 £34fe AA fe2£l7lfe £[£!2fefe AA AAA AA 4 4 2 2 7}fe
fe44£3 fefe Pufe £344fefe £3 £3 4 fe£3Al7lfe £[£1-4 7]-g-4r£. £344f4fe £3 £3
°31fe TT7] fefe Ail T]*}7] £|4fe 4 2 f e £344fefe £3 fefe £34 3] 5} 3 . 4 feA]3]5}Al
£3fe. 2 4 2 - 4 AA fe-frfe^fe £344fefe £3fefe fefe fe22 £343]5}Al7l£3 £}
fe pyrophosphate7} ^£jE]7l 4fe°3l ° l£! i : 7}fefe4A]7] 4 7 ] 4 4 £3fe. AA, A
A A AAAAAA fe£3fe£3fe 7feAiAi £ t 3 2 A ] S H - £34422 7}fefe4Al£3 fefe
A A fe°lfe2£}feA]3L pu-4 fe5]*}4 £[£!2 AA.
AAA AA7}A A -§-4Al7]i£, Pu 445}fefe 3 £ [ 4 41A A AAAA £34422
-§-4Al£3 4 -fe44°l ^lfe1?} fe(4 4 ( 4 2 fe45Lfefe 4-B}4fe[3]. °lfefe fesMfe0]
4£3£3°1 fe fefefe £3£3fe7] 4fe° l I 4. trffefe AAA S-A 44 £3 it- fe£3 4 -444-4 A}fefe£3 -§-427} fe7}*}2 £ 3 4 ^ 1 2 2 2 f e £ 3 ^ 4 fe4£3fell- £3fe fe AA. A
- 78 -
2 f e 3]5}A]£! 3] fefe - 44422 7]5]*}<£ fe5]7}fe AAA A 7] A AAA AAT\ 4
E 5 ] 3 4 3AJ3E1<£ AA -fe-§-£3 AAAAAAA fe-§-£j22 4fe (4 fe ™ c5}4fe <4°lfe fe4fefe fe£34A:l AAAAAA7} ^tAA—A fefe^lfe £3fe 4 M H fe 4
fe[5l. 4 : 4 4 2 2 slfefe fe4Al£3 £!fe4fe Alfe fe4fe'5]i-4 Pu 44s}fe41fe AAA
7] AAA ascorbic acidfe 4£344 < 422 7] 5]*} 7] 4 life £344fe 7}*} 2 7}4fe<4
fefefe A A 2 4 fefe fe-frfei: £34}-fe44-4 fe444 -§-4A1^322*] fe<£ fes}0]
fefe fefefefefe £3£}A]£|fe A A # fe .
4 2 7 } fefe£3 4fe , Pu 44s}fe<4i4 fee]7} 4£3°1 fefe*] -§-45fel AAA A
A 7} A A fe2 AA A A7AAA £^2 4 4 4 f e -444-4 Pu fe5]£[£Hl ^l^lfe fe
£3^1£1 AA AAA 4fe£3 fe4£3fell- £341 £3fe. £3 ;4fe2 4ls]£j 4fe Pu fe4
AAA AAA AA7} 4£3fe AA fe4A1^322*] -fe-§-£3 fe-frfe0] %32fe fe2
Pufe fe-§-£3 AA £3 4 2 fefe^l AAAA A 91AA AA. Alfefe AA fe4Afe]
fe £ [ £ ! 2 2 fe^l £[44 i42fe AA AAAAAA- -§+§-£!-4 23] 4 AA 2 7}A 2
fe 4]5}£3 £3fe-4 A A AAA fefefefe A A AAA. AAA -§-§-fe£34 AAAA
A A fe41-4 £3 £3, T^lfelfe <4fe2£}fe5] 4-£3°l ^Ife0] ^l^fe Pu 3] fefe0] AA
50% £32<42 ^fefe 2%A £!fe2 4fe[3l. ^-fefefe^-fe^l^l AA Pu Tifefelfefe
slfefefe 2£3fe7] £|4fe ^Pu^lfe 236Pu AAAA AAAAA 4 2 2 f e B | Pu<4
2 f e fe^Hsfel £^2 £3fe7} -fe-§-£j fe-frfe4 4c5}47-] i4 -§-45l£3 53i(42 -§-4 fe
4 felMl £3 4 2 Pu°] fe4fefe £!fe4fe ^4 £34 fe£|£322£}<4 4 s\y] 4-g-4
Aj33r4 A fefe 2£3°] ^ ^ f e . 25] 2 , fefe fe4°3l AAA AAA AAAA fe£Ml
A A fefe fe144A] 2£3, fe-§-£3 £3 4 2 A7\£3 Pu fe^7}£] fe£!<4 £>-§-£] x\s.
A AAA Pu-4 fefefefe A A A AT] AAA AA Pu fe4£3fell- 441 £3fe. -§-
AAA AAAAAAA A A A A AAAAA AAA £!fefe A A °]fefefe AAA
AAA A A fe£|£322£}<4 A A AA. A A AA A A AAA Pu(lV)fe 4feA lfe
H- 41fe s]fe-4 fe-§-£jfe4 felMlfe AAA £3 4 2 £[£[*! AA 91A. AAAAA
AA AAA -§-4A l7]2 fe2A}s]-£i 3£}4fe°] 4 £3(41441 fee] £3 AAAAAA
A AA fefe 44s}fe4l2 £}£3A1T4 I47} 444s}Al7]fe £[£!-i: 2 f e AA # fe . £344
fe # f e £}4HlA i£ 4lfefe-4 AAAAAAA fefefe 4 £3£3fe22 4feAlfefe A
- 79 -
s}A]£l 3]W-O_3^4-E] OT-H]4^4£13^- 4 £3fe47l2 fe4°ll Fe-Mn £jfe-4 £3fefe
2]25}!} fe AAA AAAA £344—1:44-4 fefefefe £344-4 43fe4 I4. AAAAA
4fe£30l 2 4 ^ l f e 5 l 2 4fe4£3fe-4 £1T]7} -§-°14 ascorbic acidfe 2 M AAA
A 2 M £344 -§-4°3lAl AA A}-§-4fe. 4£344£3fe A}-§-*}£3 Amfe Cmfe Am(III)
fe Cm(III) fe4l2 TrAlE]2 Pu, Npfe Ufe Pu(IV), Np(IV)^} U(VI) 44s}fe4l2 A
AAA- 2 ^ A 1 4 NaN02-HN03 44s}fe4l 2£3 A ^ ^ f e Fe2+-NO s}^}fe£] 4£3fe
fe41} fe AT] AAA A A]2!|32fefe fe445}fe2H- 43fe4I4[5]. fe4l5}fe24
-4434 Pufe Npfe Pu(W)A Np(lV) 44s}fe4l2 AAAA. 2 ^ A ] 4 ; pus] AA •
£}£34 414 AAAAAA AAA fefe^fe7l 4fe°3l fe44s}fefefe A}-§-*}4 A A
£3°1 #fefe fe4}2 4fe[6].
SfecM^- fe^ : Sill fe[3]fe 2 4 4 2 fe-4 A A £>fe4fe £3fe4[7] £14-*] fefe
fe ^rfe £3 7} 2 4 2 f e fe4Al^fe: 471 fefe £[s}A]Al7] £14-*] 400 "C-4 £3 7] 2
A A 2 ~ 3 A A A ]2fe 3]5}A]£1 r£-g- 3] fefe 4 f e 2 7 } 4 4 £l*}2, AA £344fe
4 £[-=44 7}*}2 AAA AAA AA AAAA AA AAAAA. fe-frfe4 AA
£344fe AAA §jEfls £! 4 4 7}«}2 234°u fe-4 AAAA 7}4 fefe, 7\Ar 7\AA
AA 48% HFfe AAA AAA A AAA AAA A AAA 7}4 fe, 7}4fe<4 4
47} A } 5 } ^ ] 2 AAA AAA fefefe0] 13 4^}A1 AAAAA. fe-frfe4 Alfe fe41
A 3 4 AAA KFfe 7}*} 2 -fr5]fe4|2 fe,£4£3 fefe 2 f e 7[|2tf | i42 7}4fe<4
4]-§-fefe fe4AMI4(900 °cAA A fe0]1?! fe45l14, fe7}2 2 fe A 7}AAA AA
-e-4Al£3fe). 414-4£3 fefe AA AAA 7}*} 2 4£}4A1 fe*}41 7}£l*}<4 UFA
SiF4fe A A 2 4 2 , 4 4 7}£l*}<4 KF -§-Q-40l2fe %44 < 422 fe£}4^3fe feAl
4 fefe £}44fe 4feAl74I4(-§-4031fe -fe-§-£3 fefe AAA £3£3°1 4 £313 fe 4fe).
7[|2tf |i42 7}4fe<4 AA KF 4 ° l 2 f e fefe*] -§-4Al7]fe fe4°3l UFA SiF4fe
^4£3*1 AAAAA. fefefe 441-4 2 4 £32-4 Na2S04fe 7}*}2 7[|2tf|i4-4 fefe
- i -£ r22 7}£l*}<4 4]-§-fefe fe4Al£3 fefe, elfe -e^Hfe^0! A AAA fe2fe fe
AA pyrosulfate fefefe AAAAA. AAAA A fefe 4 ° l 2 f e yfel4 fe7]2
350 mL-4 AAAA 25 mL-4 A A AAA 7}*}2, -§-4°l # f e A A A ^ 2 f e A]
- 80 -
^ f e ^ f e 4lfe*}41 AAAA y}AAA A A fefe CaS04 £3£3fe -§ -4 A 1T4 I 4 . fe
mL-4 25% potassium metasulfite(K2S205) -§-4fe 7}*} 2 A ] 4 £ | A ] | | - gj/A] 15 4>
7l ' i4 < i l £344£3i: 7}fefe4Al7lfe fe4°3l Pufe Pu(lV)2 AAAAA- CaS04 £3£3
A A A A A A A A AA £344-4 fe7}2 7}*} 2 -§-4°l fe£34 £3 47fel 4- A A
14 y}AAAA- AAA AA A A fe4fe'5]i fe-4 Ufe Pufe +4 44s}fe4l2 AAA
AA BaCL -§-4fe 7}4fe AA £32-4 +37}s]- +47}fe BaS04 £3£34 AAAAA-
BaS04 £3£34fe +3fe +4 44s}fe41-4 AAAAAA7} fe£3£3fe.
S|3l^-A]g. Jfafl : Singh fe[7]fe fefefe ^l^lfe A l 2 fe-4 A A £>fe4fe £3 fefe
7] AAA fefefe £[fe AAA A fefe fe4Al£3fe: Alfefe fe7l fefelfe AAAA
fefe AA 3-7]7\ 4-£3*}41 fe4£[ 20 g-4 Alfefe AA£!Al°ll £1*}2, M2Pu AAA
-§-4fe Alfe fe£[ fe£34 7}4 fe AAAAA- A7]AAA 400 °C2 24 AA 7}A
AA Tr7]fefe £ 4 4 f e £3fe22 4£1 fe 400 mL-4 AA £344444 £344(3+1) fe
4 4 2 2 Pufe AAAAA- Whatman #42 <£4-^l2 <£4-*}2, fe-frfefe 13] A A A
AA <4fe*}2 <£4i : AA AAA AA AA, &AA 100 mL2 AA fe fefefefe
300 mLE]4 i ^ f e ^ t f e . fe244fefe £3£3*1 7}4fe AAAA £3fefe 4 2 , £343
fee]*}<£ £3fefe 3]fe4 fefe, £3fefe fefe 4 2 4 4441+20)2 £32 £343fee]fefe
AAA 2 A AAAA sulfate!! 47]*}£314(-§-4 2 f e 4 BaCLfe 7}4fe sulfate £]
7] a]4- ^-£334). o] 3-£i-3|.3: 2.4-g- 34.$] AA £3444 - § - 4 A 1 T ] 2 | pu fee]£[4
A AAA-
gH0dAlg- ^^11 : Dellesite fe[8]fe 4 < 4 : A l2 fe-4 Pufe fe#32fe234slfe A AAA fes]*}^ £3fefe7i £14-*] fefefe £[fe 4=7}2 4 fefe fe4AMfe; (0 4 f e
A A ■ A A A A A A Pufe 4fe44fe^3-£!22 £3 4*}7l£|4A]fe 2 f e 50 ~ 200 L
-4 4fe7} | A £ £ £ 50 L-4 4feA l2°ll 50 mg Fe3+7} £[-££3 10 mL-4 0.5 M
HClfe 7}*} 2 242Pu AAAA 7} AAA. 200 mL-4 2 M NaHSOsfe 7}4 fefe 4 2
4 4 £ t 7}4fe A7]A p H 2 s^}*}01] 4 £3 £3 £3fefe *}fe£[ ^MlfeSfe. £3£3fe
fe5]*}<£ A24-4 AA £34422 -§-4Al£3 fefe 100 mL-4 8 M £344fe 5 mL-4
- 81 -
30% 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 - 7}4 fe #fe 4 4 4 7}AAAA. A M £344 fe22 3 ] 4 4 fe
10 g-4 NaN02fe 7}*}2 15fe fe4 4 4 4 4 4 . (ii) Bl^lfe A]2 : 105 °C4]4 A A
A A A A 100 g4 242Pu AAAA 7} 4 2 600 mL-4 8 M £34422 3 A A £3 A A
AA <4fe*}2 2 3] A AAAAA. ^fe^fe 4 4 2 25 mL-4 30% 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 - 7}
*}2 7}A AAAA 500 mL AAA A A fefe, fefefefe 1 LE]4 3]44<4 4 M
£344 fe22 2 4 4 fe 2.5 g-4 A A 44 fe2 fefe 7}*}2 15 fefe 4 4 4 4 4 . (iii)
A A A 7] A A ■ 105 °C4]4 4 2 4 4 Alfe 300 g4 M2Pu AAAA 7}*}2 450 °C
A 4712414 5 AA A AAAAA, A A A 50 ~ 100 mL-4 AA £3444- 10 mL
-4 30% 4 4 4 4 2 H - 7}4 fefe ^ 1 4 4 4 2 2 7424£3 fe £37]24A-] 450 °C2
4 4 3] 4 4 4 4 . £[27} AA AA A fefe £37] £144 A A 4 4 4 4 3 1 4 4 A
AAAA 4 4 4 4 4 . 3] fefe 500 mL-4 8 M £34422 -§-4Al7]2 <£44 fe, A A
fe 1 L2 3]A!*}01] 4 M £344 fe22 AAA AA 2.5 g-4 44444-24-4 7}*}2
15 fefe 4 4 4 4 4 .
BH^#A]g. Jf-gfl : Lee fe[9]fe 4 4 f e A}44]4 Th, U, Pufe Amfe £3 AA7] A
4 4 4 f e 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 fefe fe4A144: 2 A ] 2 4 229Th, 232U, 242Pu4 243Am
AAAA AAA £]7}*}2 A A £34422 4 4 4 A 1 4 ct-g- ^ 4 fefeA]£34. AA
£344fe 4 4 4 4 2 4 °]-§-44 4 4 3 ] 4 A 1 4 A, fefefei: 4A1 425 °C2 744 3] 3}
AA Tr7]fefe £ ] 7 ] 4 4 4 . 4]£3 A]2fe 2 f e 4 A/3- 44*1 fe2fe 450 £ 4 4 -§-
5] 4 4 fe347]2 4 4 A 1 4 4 - 4 4 2 2 4 4 fe Teflon y]7]4l 4 2 fe4422 7]
e]fe2 feA] 4 4 - 4 4 - 4 AAAA A A AAAA, AAA fefefe 47]fe7l AAA
fe44fe 7}*}2, 4fe*}2 fefe fe44fe 47]*}7] £144 AA £34fe 7}533,4. °1441
fe4Al£3 A]fefe 4 f e 2 7] 5] 4 fefe fefe £324£32i£, <4fe 4 4 4 4 4 - 4 A A
AAA life 4 4 4 - S 4 fefe A A £3444- 4443}fe22 AAAAAAA.
^j#A]g. -afl : 4 4 - A ] S 4441 414 A A 2 4 , Ma £41014 4fe£l£34 4a35 l
A 91A A A 44 £3 # 4 7 ] £144 4fe£l£3 A]2fe 15 mL 441 4 4 4 4 1 4 2 A] S.
7} 47l2fe 3 mL-4 1% 4 4 f e 7}4 4fe A144fe fefe4fe24l 4 2 2 4 4 fe
- 82 -
4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 Teflon 4T]4] 4-732 A A AA 4 2 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4
41 1 mL-4 4 4 44fe 4 4 2 444 -4 447} 4 4 4 4 4 A 1 2 4 2 4 41 7}£34
47} £1 4714 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 . 4A1 0.5
mL-4 4 4 44fe 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 A 1 7}£34 4 4 AAAAA, 4 4 4 4
1 mL4 1% 4 4 2 2 -§-442 <£44<4 4fe£l4 4 4 4 ^fe 4 4 4 .
Testa fe[U]4 Pu4 fe4fe 27}47] 4 4 4 °12l A ] 5 § 105 "C414 24 4 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 450 £ 4 4712414 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 , 4fefe 6 M £342
s_ A A 4 4 Pui: 4 4 4 4 4 .
Scott4 Reynolds[12]fe 4 4 4 , 4, 4 4 4 , 427] fe4 4 4 4 2 4 4 Pufe fe
447] 4 4 4 4 2 4 4fe4 AA 4 4 4 4 4 : 4 2 4 2 10 ~ 20 g AA 4 4 4
fe 4 2 100 gfe 500 mL 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 fe 4fe
4 4 2 M 4 4 4 4 2 Pu 447}fe 7}533,4. 44414 4 4 # 4 4 4 7}4fe fe
4 4 4 4fefe 4£34712, 4 4 4 4 l mL4 0.2 M FeSO4-0.2 M H2SO4H- 7}4
4 4 . 30% H2O2 10 ~ 20 mLfe 7}42 44414 80 ~ 90 °C2 7}£34424, A 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 4 4fe 4 4 4 4 4 w4£|33i. 4-74-4fefe 4 7} 4 7} £34 4 4
4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}£34 fe, £J447l2 25 mL4 4 4 4 4 4 7}4
4 4 , 4 4 1 4 4 2 42A] 4-4 7347} ZLA AAA 4 4 2 2 7}£3444. 7}4fe fe
4 4 2 25 mL4 fefefeU- 7}4 4 4 44414 #fe 47}A 4*142, 27]fe 441
414 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 . A AAA A42444 44fe 4 4 4 fe 4 4 .
444-n-^B] -afl : Tavitie[13]fe Pu 4 4 44414, 4 4 4 4 4 4fe 2 4 4 4
fe, 4 4 2 4 4 , 41 fe, A A, 4 4 4 2 4 , fefe, 4 4 4 2 4 , 4 4 4 4 A7]AA A 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4414 4 4 4 4 A7]AA 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 4fe4 4 4 : 4 4 4 AA4 4fefe 4 4fe 2 4 2 8 x 10 4 4 AA 4 4 fefe 1/4 27] fe 4 4 4 447} 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 f e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
4 2 , 550 °C 4712414 l 4 4 7}£3444. 4 4 4 4 B ] 4 Teflon 4T]4] fe7]2 236Pu 447}fe 4 2 , 15 mL4 48% HF4 10 mL4 16 M HNO3H- 7}A AAA A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}A 4 2 4 4 4 . 44441 10 mL4 48% HF4 5 mL4 16 M
- 83 -
HNO3H- 4 4 2 7}£344 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 10 mL4 6 M HC12 -§-4
4 2 7}A 4247lfe 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 44441 40 mL4 6 M HClfe
4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 A] 4 ^ A] 53 g j i 4 4 4 ° ] 4 4 4 4 4 4 7}£344
4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44-§-4 4 4 4 fe2fe 9 MS 2 4 4 4 4 , 10 ml4 4 4 4
441 4141 4 4 4 4 30% H2O2H- 4 4 2 A] 4 ^ A] 53 g j i 80 ~ 90 °cs l 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 7}£344 Pu 4 4 4 4 4 Pu(lV)2 2 4 4 4 fe°]42£}fe4 4 4 4 4
2 4 4 4 .
4.1.2. ££441 A A AA^tA AAAA Pu 4 4 4 4 4414 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 . 4 4 4 2 4 4 Pu
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 414 fe 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 AAA AAA Pufe
fe4422 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4fe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pufe 4 4 4 f e 4 4 2 4
4 4 . 4 4 4 2 AA 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 -§-44 4 4 4 4 4 AA
44-§-422feB] ufe Pufe 4 4 4 4 4 4fe 4 4 4 427} 4fe 4 2 4 2 4 2
4 2 4 4 4 4 4fe 2 2 4 4 4 4 4.44441 - § - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 Ufe Pufe 4 4 4 4 44471 4 4 4 . 2 4 4 A AAAA 44471
41 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4fefefe 4 T ] 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 4 2 2 4 4 4
44fe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 2 4 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 427} 4144 4 4
4fefe 4 2 4 4 100 g ~ 10 kg°l 4 fe2 44[5]. 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 1 -§-444
4fe 444714] 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4fe22feB| 4 4 AAAA
A 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44-2 4fe 4 4 4 447}H- 4 ]444 . 4 4
4fe 47]44 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4447]fe 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
fe™ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44H14 4 4 4 42717]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .
LaF3 - ^ ^ ^ : A AAA 4 4 4 2 2 Pu4 4 4 4 4 4 H 4 ] . A AAAA 4 4 4
AAA 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 424] 4fe -£-§-44. AA, 4 s] 7}A1 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 fe 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 Pu44 Th4 LaF3 4 4 4 41244 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 2 4 4
4 4 4 2 4 4 . Ca2+fe 4 2 4 4 4 2 7 } 4 4 CaF2 4 4 4 £ 3 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 A A
- 84 -
4 4 .
BiP04 - ^ ^ ^ : Pu4 BiP04 4 4 4 4 Ufe 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 f e B ] Pufe 4 4 4 f e 41
4 4 4 4 4 f e 4 4 4 4 . 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 44414 BiP04 4441 Pu(lll)4
Pu(lV)7} -4444 , Pu(lV)7} Pu(lll)24 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 ]
AA 4 4 4 f e 4 4 4 4 . Scott fe[l2]4 4 , 2 4 , 4 4 4 , 4 4 , 427] 4 4 4 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 fe2fe 0.25 MS 2 4 4 fe A AAA A 4 4 4 Pufe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . fe, 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £141 fe7]2
4 4 fe2fe 0.25 M2 2 4 4 4 4 l L 4441 4141 25 mg4 Bi3+4 7}5314. 4
400 mg4 2 4 NaN02fe 4 4 2 1 L A 1 gi: A 7}4 4 4 , 4 2 4 4 4 4 70 °C
4 4 7 } 4 4 4 2 4 , 4 4 4 0.075 ~ 0.1 M 4 2 4 7 [ £ J I 4 J 4 4 4 4 . 4 2 447}
4 4 fefe 4*11 4 4 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 , fefefeU- 44414 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ] 4-7I2 2000 rpm22 8 — 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4fe 4 4 2 , 25 mL4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 250 mL 47]4] AAA. 44414 7}
4 4 4 4 4 4 # 4 4 4 44414 4 4 4 -§-444 4 4 , -§-44 4 4 4 fefefeU-
7}44 4 4 fe2fe 8 M2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4£34 fe 4 2
fe 4 4 4 .
Mn02 ig-4^ : 4 4 4 41 fe 4 2 4 £ 4 447} fe 4241 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 fe 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 Wong fe[15]4 50 ~ 400 L4 4 4 2 4 ] 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 1/100 ~ 1/8002 4 4 4 . 4 4 2 2 4A1S4 pHU- l~ 22 2 4 4
2 Pu 4 4 7} 4 KMn04 4 4 4 7}4 4 4 , NaOH 4 4 4 7}A pH 8 ~ 92 2 4
4 fe NaHSOsfe 7}44 4 4 4 f e Mn02 444] Pufe 4 4 4 4 4 .
CaC204 ig-4^ : PNL(Pacific Northwest Lab.)4 4 4 4 4 PNL-ALO-4664] 4 4
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4-4fefe424 4 4 4 4 4 4441 4447lfe AA7} 4414
41 271144 4 2 4 , 4 2 44] 4 4 4 Fe4 4 4 4 4 4fe 41 A AAA 4 4 4 4
#446] . 444] Fe 427} 4 2 4 fefe44 4441 CaC204 4 4 4 AAA 4 4 4
- 85 -
4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 44°] 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 Fe(OH)x 44° ] £344 4 4 4 , 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 7] 4 A A A 4 4 4 427} 47] 4 4 4 4 .
Ca2+fe pH 1 ~ 2414 4 4 4 4 4 4 £3444 A 444] Pu4 4 4 4 4 . Scott
fe[l2]4 4, 2 4 , 4 4 4 , 4 4 , 4271 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 -§-441 A AAA 4 4 4 4 Pufe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . fe, 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 AA AA 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 ° ] 4 4T] 41 4-7] 2 1 L A 414 50 mg4 Ca2+H- 7}533.4(4 2 441 A A 4 4 4 Ca7} 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 20 mgfefe 441 7}44 4 4). 4 4 4 4 0.1 M
A 7}4 4 4 , 4 4 427} <i M ° 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NH4OHH- AAA 7}44 pH 1.5 ~ 22 2 4 4 2 , 4 4 fe27[ >1 M4 4 NH4 fe27[ 1 M°| 42fe
NH40H4 7}4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 pH 1.5 ~ 27} 4 4 4 4 NaOHfe 7}444. 20
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 , A]^-§-4 447} 4 4fe 4 s] 4
4 AA A A 4 4 2 , A A 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 fe 4 4 4 40 mL4 0.01
M 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 , 4 4 4 4 fe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 50 mL4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
4fe AT]A 4-7]2, #fe4 4 4 2 7\A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 60%4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 fefefeU- 4 4 2 60 °C AA 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 , 5% KMn04fe
4 4 4 4 7}44 49f4fe 4 4 4 4 44444(Mn02 AAA 4714 4 4 A A A A A A). 10 4 4 4 l M NH2OH ■ HClfe 7-142 0.5 mg4 Fe344 7}4 4 4 10
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4441 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4-§-4 fe 44.1
Fe(OH)3 ^ Fe(OH)2 ^ ^ ^ : Fe4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4fe 4 fe 4 4 4 . PNL4 4 4 4 4 PNL-ALO-4664] 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 444] 4447lfe AA7} 441441 27[|44 44461. Singh £4714 Lee fe[9]4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 A A AA 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ] 4 2 4 ° } fefe 7}44 £344fe Fe(OH£ 4441 Pufe 4 4 4 4 4 . Fe(OH£ 4442fe fe Fe(OH)2 4 4 4 4 4 fefe4 44[2]. 100 L4 41 fe 4 2 AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 7 ] A ] ^ 4 7] 5] 4 4441 NaHSOslr 7}44 Fe(III)4 Fe(II)2 3 4 2 Pu(IV)fe
Pu(lll)2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 7}4 4 7 ] 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 f e Fe(OH)2 4441 Pu(III)4 4 4 4 4 4 .
- 86 -
BaS04 ^ ^ ^ : 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 fe 4fe Sill4 4441 BaS04 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 444] 4141 441441 71444 44471. 447} +2 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 4 4 LI a.u.(Goldschmidt)24 fe 4 4 4 4 2fe2 4 4 4 44414 BaS04
4441 4 4 4 4 . fe, +34 +4 4 4 4 4 fe 4 4 4 4 BaS04 4441 4 4 4 4 . +3
4 +4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 f e f e BaS04 4441 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 BaS04
AAAA 27]41 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4fe 27l 4441 4 4 4 4 4fe4. 4 4 4 , 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 Ra4l4 Cf4l 42fe 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 BaS04 4441
4 4 4 4 fe2 41444 fe2 4 4 . 414 AA, U(Vl)fe TiCLH- 44414 U(IV)2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 , Npfe 44414 41447144 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Np(Vl)2
4 4 4 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4fe4. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 - 4 4 4 4 2 2fefe
4 AA U, Np, Pu, Am 4 Cm4 4 4 4 4 7 } 7}fe44. 414 AA, AAA 7144
2 4 4 2 441 4441 4 4 4 U4 Pufe +4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 BaCL -§-44
7}44 4fefe BaS04 4441 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 , BaS04 4441 4 4 4
4 4 71% HC1044 4 4 2 7}£344 4-4444-131.
Calcium phosphate ^ ^ ^ : Ca2+, Mg2+fe4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 pH 6.3414 4 4
4 4 4 4 £344448, 191. 414 AA 24241 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 90
°C4]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 pH 6.37}4 4 2 4 4 4 H - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 AAA AAA 4 A 444] 4 4 4 4 4 2 7 } 4 4 4 4 .
3 4 2 , 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 41 +3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 fe2 4 2 41444 fe2 44[51. +34 4 - 4 4 4 4 2 7 } 4-4 4 4fe 4
44]4fe 4 2 4 pH 27}4 4 4 4 Fe3+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 £344 4 4 A 444]
+44 +64 44fefe4fefe 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 +34 4 4 4 4 4 f e f e 4 4 4 4
4fe4. 4 4 4 pH4lfefe Fe3+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 471A] £t3 +34 4 4 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 4 44° ] £3444. +34 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4447lfe 444]4fe pH 1.541
4 4 4 4 444] +44 +64 4 - 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 +34 4 - 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
4 . 441 Fefe 4 4 4 4 4 £3 4 2 -§-441 4 4 4 4 .
- 87 -
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 422.5L £[442^414 44fefe4fe4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
A. Fig. 4.14 Sill4 Bohrer[20]7} 4 4 4 4 4 AA]A A 414 4-§.-4 4 ^ 4 4 4 1
4 U, Pu, Am, Th4 Npfe 711444 5£fe fe2fe22- 4 4 4 f e 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 . 44fefe4fe4 4 4 4 4 4 A A A^-A A A AA 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4
7}fe4 ^£44 4 4 4 4444-2 . NdF3 4441 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 42. 4 4
4 4 4 .
5g Fecal Ash
y Spectrometry ^ _
(PO, >,Ca**) discard i
H , 0 , IP12, Am"3 , Po»», T V "
5 g L i B O „ l g N a 3 S , 0 1
A Fnsc, 50 mg KI
300 mL H , 0 +100 mL H a
dll. to 500 mL, 90 g K»S04
1 mL 2 5 * NjH4,1 mL 20% HCI,
5 x l 0 m L 0 45%BaCl,
BaSO.
^ |
wash B ,0 (HF), wash H , 0
2 mL HjSO.,, A. 3 dr TI'3
50 mL rcprecipitating solution
BaSO,
2 0 m L 0 1 M K'EDTA
2drTi*>, 2 - 2 J j K O H
M? 1 discard ^ v*
(11, Pii, Am, Np.Th, Cm) Tl(OH), wash, 0.25 M NaOH
HC104 ,H,0, MnO, ,Nd ,HF
1 (UO.'1, PuO,*' NpO/) NdF,-Am, Th, Cm
(UO,*-, PuO/'NpO,*)
H.SO,, H;(
K,SO,, Na. S04 , A S,0,", F-*J, Ba*2
IT BaSO, (Pu,Np)
discard
i discard
jr K*EDTA
TI*J, KOH T c ' P o
1
{U02*-1
200X Te, V,H„ l m L T c f i * '
BaCl, < i I m L
Ti(OH), I BaSO,
HC10„ H,0, Nd*' Ft*1, HF
l jNdF.-PnNp
i Ti*', KOH
TI(OH), uash
i
HCI, 11.0. i \d" Ti*', HF
H NdF, U
NdFj- Am, Th, Cm
I NdF,- Th, Cm
i discard
Wet Ash, iino,
PFA.A0U5mI .HClO,
H,0,100*. 1"> A(,-*,S.O,*
HF
1 mL HCI 0 „ IIjO., A 0 5 mL
H , 0 , MnO, , Nd. HF
I NdF, -Am
Fig. 4.1. Scheme for the separation of U, Pu, Am, Th and Np from fecal and urine samples.
- 88 -
4fe BaS04 fe£3fe 4l2fe7l 4 4 4 1 7}*}fe TiCLfe A(Vl)A Fe3+fe A A A(W)A
Fe2+2 £}£34£34-. 2 £3 414 ‘A’fe 7} A fefe fefe 4 4 f e 4 , ‘dr’fe. -§-44~-i£drop)
fe 4-4-44-. fe41 A A A A, 41 fe fe£l ‘2 ■ 2.5 g KOH’414 2fe 24 fe 4-4-414,
PFAfe perfluoro-alcoholoxil -§-7lfe £ ] 4 4 r £ .
4.1.3. -§-41 ££#41 A A fe/4 A A]
-§--§-4 44- £ [ f e 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 fefe 4 4 4 - 4 A A A A fe4-§-44]4 Pufe
fe41} 4fe AA fe4fe2£}4fe 4 £ £ 4 1 4 4 2 f e -§-4fefe42 A}-§-44-. 4 4
fe3£}feA]i4 fe4fe2£}feAi A— 4 - 4 - 4 2 2 4 4 2 fe4 2fe AAAAAAA
A 3 f e 2 2 fe4!} fe §x4£b 44] 4 4 A A -§-4 fefe 4 - 4 2 2 2fe AAAAA
AA A 3 f e 2 2 fe41} fe 4445]. AAAAAAA 3 f e 2 2 fe4!} 41 fe AAA
fefe4]24- fe4feffe4]7} £ 3 4 4 4 4 #4-. 4-4fefe£32fe fe4 A A A7]AAA
fefe434- 4 4 4 °lfe3]4-4-fei: 4" £344-4, 4 £14-4:4- 4fe}4fe4l fe24fe°l
4 4 4 4 * } 4 A7] 4fe4l +3, +44- +6 fes}4"44 AAA A AAA A 3 f e 2 2
AA 18 4 4 2 2 f e 2 2 4 4 4 fefe -42fe2fe4 fee]fefe 41 4 4 4 -§-4274
A fefefeAi AA. A A A A 4£££3 fefe-4] 41 4 4 : 44fefe£32 AAA -§-44 A
241 fe 4£}fe ApA.
fe4fefe4l fe4l4 T0P07} Am(III), Cm(III), Pu(IV)4- U(VI)4] 4 4 fefe fe
#41 fefe 4-4-4445} +3, +44- +6 fes}4"44 AAA A AAA A A T0P04 fefe
life0] 3 fefe 4 7} A A 41 fe#4l4 4 fefefe fefe*}4, 2 fe4]fe2 +3 fes}4"4
£3 4 4 3L4-4 44-. T0P04 4fe 44 :44- £[£[24-fe AA 4 4 4 1 4 4-fe £32
fefefeB] AAAAAAA AASAA #4-. 47I44-4] 4 4 fe£fe} AA 44-4441
fe 42H- 4fe4£3 4 2 4 2 £3fefe4l AA fe4£l7}7} 4fe 7fe} 4 4 , 41H- fe
4 Fe4] 4 4 4 f e 107 4 £ 4 4 4 £34-. TOPO-4£[4lfe 4fe4-£3 Fe3+2fe4fe 4-
fe4 2 4 2 , 4fe fe4 4fe4fe4 4 2 4 2 £3fefe2fe4 44fefe£32H- it 4-4
2 2 fe44r fe 44-. 2 4 2 , -fr7lfe22 fefe£3 44fefe£3fefe fefe22 4fefe
4-4 £37344-4-42 A A fefe fefe£[4 44- £[£[4 fe-§-422 4fei£4-£3 44-.
+3, +44- +64 4-4fefe4fe4 fefefefefefe £[£[4fe4-fe0l TOPO fefefefe 4:4
- 89 -
fe32 4-71 fe4] fefe£3 +3, +44- +64 44fefe£32fe ammonium oxalate AA
ammonium carbonate fe-§-4fe 4fe47l£3 fefe22 4 fell?£3 fe.
T0P0-4441 fefe4243fe 4-§-4 4 44-4414 4 fefe 4]2fefe £34111- 2
4 , 4fe4fe4l4 AAAAAAA fefe44-7l 4 4 4 4 2 fe4fe4 4 4 f e 0.4(or
0.2) M HNO3-4 M NaN03 fe42 2 4 f e 2 , -£71 ££22 0.5 M TOPO/n-heptane
fe A}-§-4fe. A A A +34 44fefe£324l 4 4 fe44]fefe 102~ 1034 2 +44- +6
4 44fefe£324l A A fe44]fefe 4 24-. +44- +64 44fefe£32H- -fr7lfe4l
fefefe2 +34 44fefe£32fe fe#44 A A A A A 2 M HNO3 -§-4 4 4 4 - 0.1
M TOPO/n-heptanefe A}fefe4, A A A Am(III)4- Cm(III)4] 4 4 : fe44lfefe ~
10~242, +44- +64 44fefe£324 4 fefe >10244, 4fe4fe 4 2 4 2 £32fe4l
A A fe44]fefe 10~2 ~ 10~4 4 2 4 4-.
Hampson fe[5]fe +34 AAA A AAA: AAAA AAAAAAA 3 f e 2 2 fefe
44I4-. fe, 5 g4 4fe4l 236Pu, 243Am fe4 fe47} Jifefe-44- 40 mL4 4 M HCI
fe 7}4-2 5 fefe #£1 fefe £J4-47l2 80 mL2 4 4 4 £ 3 2 4 , A fe44l 50 mg
4 ascorbic acidfe 7}4-2 5 fefe £}44 fefe 7}£34"£34-. £!4-4£3 fe44] 1 mL
4 30% H2O2, 10 g4 NaNOs4- 1 g4 NaN02# 7}4l2 7}4-2 5 fefe 4 - 4 4 4
A 7}AAAA. A A 2 4 - 2 2 fe4£32 2£}4fefe AAAA -§-441 fe244feH-
7}44 pH 1.52 AAA AA A mL4 5% oxalic acid -§-4fe 7}44 £3£3fe AA
A- £3 fefe fe44"4 20 mL4 16 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-444 fe 20 mL4 70% HFfe 7}
4-2 100 °C2 7}4fe4 fe25}4-fei: fe44£3A- -§-4fe 7}A AAA A AA A
-frfefe 4 £ [ - 4 £ [ 4 AAAA 4 4 4 - 2 , 4 f e 4 2 2 f e fe-frfefe 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-447]
2 7}4fe AA 2 4 - 2 2 fefefe 4]T]S}£!/4. fefefe 4 4 AAAA 20 mL4 0.4
M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe -frfefe -§-444 fefe 50 mg4 ascorbic acidfe 7}*}2 5 fefe A A
4£34-. fe4 4 4 f e 4 M NaN03 fe42 2 4 4 fe 150 mg4 NaMfefe 7}*}2 5
fefe 4 - 4 4 4 fe fe44l 10 mL4 0.5 M TOPO/n-heptanefe 4 4 4 4 4-4fefe£3
fefe fefe 4 fefe, 4-71 fe4] 3 mL4 10% £[£[424fe -§-4fe 4 4 4 4 4"4fefe
42H- fefe22 4 AAA AA.
Hampson fe[514 4 4 4 +34 AAAAAAA 4 1 4 4 4 AAAAAA -§-4fefe
- 90 -
fe 2 4 , fe47} 4 7} 4- 4 f e 4 £[fe4 4 fe4£32 2£}4fe 4:41 A A A AAA
7lfe4 +34 AAAA AAA fe£[4£3 2fe AAAAA fe£34 £34-11- 4 £14-. 2
4-fefe, fe4£3fe 2£}4fe°l AAA -§-441 fe244feH- 7}A 100 ~ 200 mg4
£3£34 £3£313 44-4 AAAAA. £3fefe fe4£[ fefe £[41fe4fe +34 4"4fefe
-42H- fe£[4 A 2fe fell? £34-414 7]fe4 4 - 4 2 2 4 4 7 } 41T], £[5}4"4 AA,
2 4 2 0.1 M TOPO/n-hepanefe 4 f e 4 fe 41 fell? 4 fefe 2 44fefe£32fe fefe
4*} $14-.
‘4.1.1. AAAS-A fe4’414 y]AA A A A A Testa fe[8]fe 4fe, 4 4 fefe 4
4-fr7]fe4- £[fe 40c}42(marine sample)!!- fe444 -§-44-A A M AA AAA
4 2 fe4-§-4fe TOPO-Microthene(microporous polyethylene) 74441 fe44"2 4
M 4 £ [ 2 2 *44 4fefefe 4 4 41 y] A A 6 M HCl-0.02 M HI2 Pufe -§-44"£3
A-
4fe4fe#4]fe £3fe4 4£l°lfe2£}4(liquid ion exchanger)4-2 A A 91A-
41 fe fe£l HDEHPfe 4 4 f e 2 £ } 4 4 2 TIOA(triisooctylamine)fe fe4fe2£}42
A] 2 4 4fe2£}44- -frA}4 4]7}4fe4l 44- 4fefe4 i £ s ) 2 A A A A. 4 4
4fe2£}4]4 4-4 fe 4 fe4 A A 4 A A A Ay} 1424-fe 41 44-.
+3 fes}4"44 AAA AAA +34 4-4fefe4fefe £[27} A 44 :44- AA -§-
4414 HDEHP4] 4 4 4 AAAA "Sfefe. 41 fe fe£3, 20% HDEHPAoluene4] 4
4 pH 4 ~ 54 4£[414 +3, +4, +5 4 +6 fes}4"44 44fefe£327} fefe44,
2 4fe AA, 41 fe fe4 4 M 4£[414 +34 AAAAAAA 4144: +4, +5 4 +6
4 4 4 f e f e 4 2 7 } fefe-44-. 2 M 4 AA A +34 44fefe£3fefe fefe 4 4 £^4
4 +4, +54- +64 4-4fefe£3fefe fefe£34-[2l].
2 - # A ] 4 ; u M 4 - 4 2 4 : -§-44l4fe AAAAAA +3, +44- +64 AAAAAA
fe HDEHP41 4 4 4 4 f e 4 2 2 fe#44, AAA fe7l£[-i- A AA A A A -42H-
7 [ | 1 i 4 2 2 4fell?4"4 fe44r fe £34422]. 4lfe fe£l, HDEHP/n-heptane4l fefe
£3 Pufe DBHQ(2.5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone)fe A}fefe4 Pu(III)2 £}£3444 5
~ 9 M HC12 AAAA A 91A. AAAA AAAAA AAA 4 4 4-7]fe4
DBHQ7} £ l£s )4 4fe4] Pu(lll) fes}4"47} 4 4 4 - 4 fe44 Pu4 4 : 4 4 4 fefe
- 91 -
A 4 4 fe22 4fefe 4 £ £ 4 4 hydrazine44- sulfamic acid4" 4:fe Pu(III) 4 4
41 fe A}fe4°} £34". 44 l fe 2 4 , Bernabee fe[22]fe HDEHP AAAA A}fefe4
fe42 AA 2 4 4 2 4 1 4 Pufe fe44fei4-. fe, 500 mL4 feA]2fe 4 2 4 4 A
fefe AA 10 g 4 2 4 4 fefe fe444 fefe, BaS04 fe£34[3]22 44fefe£32H-
4 4 4 4 1 2 4 , A BaS04 £3 fefe 30 mL4 11 M fe42£[4l - § - 4 4 4 10 mL4
15% HDEHP/n-heptane22 Am (III), Cm(III), Pu(VI), U(VI), Th(IV)-4 AAAA
AA fell?fe£3fe. 2 4 2 , 4 M AA - § - 4 2 2 -fr7lfe4 Am(III), Cm(ILT)-4 4:4:4
4 2 f e 4 4 4 " 4 4] 7] 4 fefe, -fr7]fe4l DBHQ -§-4fe hydrazine-sulfamic acid -§-
4fe 4 4 4 4 Pu(lV)fe Pu(lll)2 AAAA fe, U(VI)4- Th(lV)fe 4-71 fe4] 47]
fe2 Pu(lll)4fe 4 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 AAA AA.
A S-A A A A A A fell? 41 fefe TOA(tri-n-octylamine), TIOA(triisoocty amine),
TLA(trilaurylamine, tridodecylamine) fe4 4 4 41 fell? 41 4 fe. 4£3fefe 4 £4 7] 2j
s}£[fe44 734] - n - 7 l 4 4 f e 2 2 4 4-4fefe£324- fefefe 4 £ 3 4 4 - 2 2 4 4 fefe
AA fe#4l AA A}-§-£34-. 4£3fe fe4lfe2 34-4- 47} 4£3fe7} i t 4-4 4 fe#4l
4fe . 4lfe AA, 6 M AA -§-44fe 8 M AA -§-4414 TOA AA TIOA £[£-
4£3fefe 4-§-4 4 Pufe AAA AA 6 M HCl-0.2 M H F 2 Pufe AAAA A 91
A- A A A A TOA fe TIOAfefefe 4 - 4 A Alamine 336(4 4 7\A Cs-Cio 4 4 4
4 4 37} fefe fe£}4£)fe 4]-§-l} fe 4fe. Alamine 336fe A}-§-fe44fe 4 4 4 4 1 2 A}-§-444" 2 4 2 4 1 4 U, Npfe Pufe fefefefe 41 A}fel} fe 4 2 4 , TLA2 4 f e
4 -§-2fe 7 } A 1 3 4fe. 44l fe 2 4 , Veselsky[23]fe 2 4 4 f e f e 500 "C414 4 4
A s} 4 4 AA A A 50 gfe 7 M AA -§-441 7}*}2 3 A A # 4 fe44£3 fefe,
4 4 - 4 - 2 7 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 - 4 fe4-§-4fe 41244I4-. A fe4-§-441 10%
TIOA/xylene AA 10% TLA/xylenefe 4 4 4 4 Pufe fefefe2, -£7] fefe 1:1
HNO32 4 4 f e 4 U(VI)fe 4] 7]*} 2 10 M HC12 4 4 4 " 4 Th(IV)fe 4] 7] 4 fefe
10 M HCI-NH4I fe4 AA dil. HC1-HF - § - 4 2 2 Pufe 4fel?4-£34-.
10% TIOA/xylene4] 4 4 Am(III)4- Cm(III)fe 1 ~ 8 M 4 4 : 4 4 " 4 M 4£[4l
4 fe#44 £ ^ 2 4 , Th(iv)fe 2 M AAA 4 AA A fe#44 ^ 4 4 : 4 M 4 £[4]
fefe AAAA. U(Vl)fe 1 M 4 f e 4 4 £[414 A A £ £ £ A7\AAA 4 AAA
- 92 -
4 4 M 4£[4142 fefe fefe44. Np(V)fe 6 ~ 8 M 44:414 4 £ t 4 2 4 M
4 £[414 A A fel? £3 fe. Pu(lV)fe 4 ~ 8 M 4£[414 A A AAAA A M 4 £[41
fefe 4fe 4" fefe£34. Butler[21]fe 250 mL4 2 A ]2fe 16 M 44:4 30% fefes}
fefefe fe444 fefe AAA 7] 2 , fefrfefe 3.5 M AAA §444 fe U(VI)H
TIOA/xylene2 AAAAA fr7]fefe 3.5 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 " 4 fefe AAAAAA
A 417] 4 fefe fefefefe U(VI)H 4 AAA AA Pu fefe0] 4 4 4 £3 4£[24fe 4
M 4 £[414 Pu(lV)fe fefefefe 4 4 #4.
Sill fe[3]fe 2 4 4 fefe fe44£3 fe 44fefe£32H BaS04 fe£3422 A}£3fe
4 fe4*}2, BaS04 £3441 4 4 4£[fe 71% HC104fe 7} 42 7}£344 §4 4 £3
fefe, NaN02fe £}fr4 2.2 M Al(NOs)3 ■ 9H201 M HNO3 §4fe 7}*}2 7}° l fe4
4:4 BaS04 £3£3fe 4 : 4 4 fe44£34. §4144] Aliquat336 (trioctyl &
tridecyl methylammonium chlorides) AAAA A444 fefe4]fe Am(III), Cm(III)
4 CfQiDH 4 7 ] 2 Th(iv), Pu(iv)4 u(iv)fe £7]fe4] AAAAA £7]fefe fe
4 4 2 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 4 +34 AAAAAAA 4 : 4 4 417]*}2 Th(lV)fe
10 M HC12 AAAA AA Pu(IV), Np(IV)4 U(IV)fe HC104oxalic acidfe 4fe
AAAA
Singh fe[7]fe fefefe 4 4 f e 4 2 20 gfe 4 4 444 A fe, s]fe4]4 Pufe A
fe2 AAA AA Fe(OH)3 fe£322 fe44"2, £3fefe 4 £ [ 2 2 §44712 AA
fe2fe 8 M2 AAAAA 2 4 NaN02fe 7}«}2 4441 7}°|fe4 Pu(IV) £[5}4"
4 2 AAA AA TLA/xylene22 §4fefe*}2, fr7]fefe 10 M 4£[fe 4£[(14)
A 7}4l2 4 4 4 " 4 Th(IV)fe U(VI)fe 4]7]s}2, 2 M AAAA Pufe 4 AAA A
A 2 ~ 8 M4 wfe AA A A 4 4 4 1 4 TLA4 Pu4] A A fe441fefe 2 A 1 4 U
4] A A fe44]fefe fefe.
Scott4 Reynolds[12]fe fe, 2 4 4 4 4 4 f e 4:fe AAASA fefefe, fe, fefe £3,
fe27l fe4 4fe4fe4] 4 f e 2 2 £}fr44 4fe Pufe TTA2 AAAAA A A
42H 74444 AA AAAAA AA §4444 §441 BiP04 fe£3444
CaC204 fe£34fe 4 f e 4 4 Pufe 7]£[4y5]s}'4r£. £3fefe 4 £ [ 2 2 §44712 1
M AA fe22 AAA fe 3 M NaMfefe 7}«}2 10 fefe 4"44£[ fefe, 0.5 M
93
TTA/xylenefe 4 4 4 4 Pufe fell?fe£34-.
4.1.4. Ait3-A-A?AALA]AA\ A A fe/4 A A]
fe#22fe2344fe fe4--§-fe°l 4 2 fefe4]4 fefe fe4l 4fe4] 4-44 4 4
fefe£324 fe4 44124-fe s}4-fe4 4 4 4 fefe 4-4fefe£3fe fe44- 44141 4
2£|3]-r£. -g-p|£f A]343414 44fefe£324 fe47]fe4 fefe32fe2344 4
3434144- 4fe4-7] 4fe fe4fefe 4fe£34-fe4 fe#22fe2344 4243 -44
41 4 £3 4 £34-.
’60£34]fe4 TBP4- £3:4 4 4 4 4 44fefe£32 -§-4fefe4lfei: fe7lfe AA
2fe7} A ] A ! 4 4 4-4 3 4 fefe 4fe4-fe fe#22fe234441 A A 44fefe£3fe
£ 4 4 £ 4 AAA A^AAA- AA fe44243fe AA AA 4fe£34£3fe 4241
4-§-4-4 44fefe£3fefe fe4 fe44-fe 41 fe 4 2 4 2 4 fefe 7fefe£324- £}44
24] 4fe4-fe 4]fe 4 4 4 } 91AA- ’80441 AA TBP4] -§-44£3 CMP041 4 4
+3, +44- +6 fes}4"44 4-4fefe£3fe7} fefe-44-fe 4-4 4 £(-S]A]£|A] 4 2 f e A
# 2 2 4 - 2 3 4 4 4 4 414" 4fe7} AA fe 4:41 4 £34424, 251. ’904414] 4 4 f e
4 4 CMP04- 47} fefefefe fefe4l2 fe-fe-4 TRU, TEVA A UTEVA A 4:fe 4
fefe fefe32fe23 4 4 fe4fe4 44-44 4fe4fe4 424 - 4-4-4 4173 fe 4 2
^ 444- £}442414 44fefe£32H- fe4 4414-fe 41 4 4 4 f e 4 2 44-.
Testa fe[ll]fe 4 4 4 2 2 f e B ] Q M 4 £ [ 2 2 Pufe £3 A A -§-4fe TOA-
Microthene 74441 fefe44 Pufe fe4"4 £3 fefe 0.025 M H2C2O4-O.I5 M HNO32
Pufe fe4*}$14-. Jia fe[26]fe 2 4 4 2fe 600 °C2 4 4 44-4 £3 4 fefe 7.5 M
HNO3-O.2 M HF AAAA 2 A £3#4-2 £34fe44£3 -§-441 NH2OH ■ HClfe 7}
4 4 Pufe Pu(III)2 2 4 f e 2 A A NaN02fe 7}44 Pu(IV)2 2 4 4 fefe
TOA-Micro thene 74441 fe44"4 Pufe £444 £3 2 4 , 10 M HClfe 7.5 M 4 A A
A £34fe 4 4 4 : fe 0.025 M H2C2O4-I.5 M HNO32 Pufe -§-44414-.
Boulyga fe[27]fe 4 4 4 2 fe4 Pufe Amfe 4 fefe 7] 4 4 4 1 ~ 2 g4 4 4
42H- 600 °C2 20 A A AA A 4 - 4 4 fefe 4 fefe 6 M 4 £ [ 2 2 30 fefe £3 A A
A AAAAAA. NH2OH ■ HCl -§-4fe 7}44 Pufe Pu(lll)2 2 4 4 - 2 4-4
- 94 -
NaN02 fe4i: 7 } 4 4 Pu(IV)2 AAA AA -§-4fe 90 ~ 95 °C2 7}4fe4 AA
4 NaN02fe fe4 4l7]s-},4fe. A fe4i: TOA-Microthene 74441 fe44"4 Pufe
fefe4^4-. 6 M 4 £[-§-4 414 TOA-Microthene 74441 U(VI), Fe3+-4 Pu(IV)fe
fefe444: Am(III)fe fefe44 "Sfefe. 4 4 4 1 7.5 M 44 :4 - 6 M 4fefe 7}4l2
fefe44 AA U(Vl)fe Th(lV)fe 4 4 417]*} 2 Pufe fefefefe £[4-4 4 £ [ 2 2
AAAAA-19904, Horwitz fe[19]fe 2 4 2 fe4 AAAAAA fe44l CMPOfe fe#4] A
A A A AAAAA 4 2 f e 7]\AA fe#22fe£3 4 4 7 } 44~4£34-. fe, 60 mL4
2 4 2 4 1 Ca(NOs)2fe 4 4 2 7}*}2 4 4 4 £ [ 2 2 fe444 fefe fe4fe441
(NH4)2HP04 -§-4fe 7}4-2 4 4 fe244feH- 7 } 4 4 £l£[4:fe £3fefe £3£34-. £3
441 4 4 44 :4 - 7}*}2 7}4fe4 -fr7]fefe 4 : 4 4 fe444 -§-44-4: fefe fefe
£ 3 2 4 £3 fe. A -frfefe 10 mL4 0.5 M Al(N03£-2 M HNO3 fe44l -§-4 4 7] 2 ,
Fe(NH4)2(S04)24- 0.2 M sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylatefe £}-fr4 2 M A A 0.5
mLH- 7} 4 - 2 15 fefe £ [44- $14-7} fe4i: CMPO-Amberlite XAD-7 74441 A A
AAA. Fe3+, Ca2+, Al3+ fe4 A A AAA 1 M AA - § - 4 2 2 4 4 4l7]s}2, 0.05
M AA - § - 4 2 2 Am(III)fe -§-44: fefe, Pu(IV), Np(IV)4- U(VI)fe AA 0.01 ~
0.1 M NH4HC2O4 - § - 4 2 2 -§-4*}$14-. Am -§-4 4 2 2 2 M HClfe A}-§-fe4
Am(III)fe 4 4 - § - 4 4 4 4 : Pu(IV)7} fefe fefe-44-. Pu -§-4 4 2 2 2 M HC1-0.1
M hydroquinonefe A}-§-fe£3 Pu(IV)7} Pu(III)2 £ } 4 4 4 4 4 fe4£34-.
4 4 , Eichromfefe -fr7]fe£[7|l 47}4l CMPOfe 4 4 fe#22fe£344 4 4
fe TRU-resin4fefe 4 4 2 2 fe44-*}$l4-. Fig. 3.13414 A A £3fe4, +3, +44"
+6 fes}4"44 4-4fefe4fefe AA -§-4414 TRU 4 4 4 1 441 fefe-44-. l M 4
A fe22fe fefe -§-4414 -§-fe£l7}(k')7} Am(III)4 4 f e ~1004l4fe4 +44 4"
4 fe fe£324 4 f e 10441 4 4 4 - . 441 4 4 , 5 M 4 - 4 4 AA -§-4(Fig. 3.14)414
+34 4-4fefe£32fe 4 4 fefe44 £ ^ 4 4 : 4 ' < 1) +44- +64 AAAAAA 441
fefe£34-(k' > 103). 4 £ [ 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 -42H- 4 4 41T]1} fe $}2, 44-41
fefe£3 Am(lll)fe 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-41} fe $124 , 441 fefe-4 44fe fe£32fe fefefe
4 4 - NH4HC2O4 £[£- 4-3}4l - § - 4 2 2 -§-41} fe $14-. 441 fefe-4 Pu(IV)fe
- 95 -
Pu(lll)2 £}£347l4 AAA 4 4 4 2 -§-4£34-. 4 M 4£[-§-4414 Pu(lV)fe
Pu(III)2 AAAA 4 £}£344 AA hydroquinonefe A}-§-fe£3 Pu(IV)4 £}£34
fe4:4fe4, semicarbazidefe ascorbic acidfe 4 fe fe27} 3 4 4 15 fe A A AA
2 , SnCLfe Nalfe 4 fe fe27} 4 2 4 4 , A A AA ferrous sulfamate-ascorbic
acidfe TiCLfe 4 fe fe27} ra}32 4 f e 4 2 2 Pu(IV)fe AAA AAA 2 2 7 } AA
[28]. 2 4 2 , 0.02 M TiC£-4 M HCI -§-4fe Pu -§-4 4 2 2 A}-§-14 4 Ufe Thfe
-§-444 "Sfefe.
Fe3+fe TRU 74441 fefe444: ascorbic acidfe 7 } 4 4 Fe2+2 £}4 A ]7 l4 A A
4 4 "Sfefe. Fe3+fe 2 M AA fe44l 0.8 M ascorbic acidfe 7}4-£3 fe44 fefe
4 fe 44-7} Fe2+2 4 : 4 4 £}£34£3 fefe4 4 £3444- . KSCNfe Fe3+4 4 4 4 2
A AAAA # 2 4 , ascorbic acidfe 7 } 4 4 fefe44 §14 4 £3 Fe3+7} 4 : 4 4 Fe2+
A AAA 4 4 4 - . AAAS-A 4 2 4 2 £3241 fefefe Na, K, Ca, Fe4- AI fe4l4
Fe3+fe 2 M AA -§-4414 Am(III)4 fe-fe2fe 4 4 " 4 7 l 4 , Na, K, Cafe Fe2+fe 7]
A AAA AA £3^44291. Al3+fe 4 4 2 4 - H - AA 2 4 4 Am(lll)4 fefe2fe fe
7}4£3fe. 2 M AA -§-4414 P043~, S042~, C2042~4- A A A A—A Am(lll)4 fe
4-24I 4 4 4£}fe 4 4 4 ^ 4 4 : +4 fes}4"44 4 -4fe fe4fe4 fefe2fe 3 4
A]s}A]£lr4 Al3+fe £^4 7}4fe7] fe AA fe2fe 4 M £ 4 fe7}A]£|£3 4 fe fe4fe
4 4£}fe fe£3 fe $14-. AA -§-4fe -§-4 4 2 2 A }fe44fe Th, u, Np, Pufe
Amfe 7[|i#fe44-7l 4 4 4 4 : AA -§-4fe -§-4 4 2 2 A}-§-4-£3 4 f e 4 1 i £ f e l
7}fefe4-. fe, 0.5 M Al(N03£-2 M HNO3 -§-4 4 4 4 1 4 AAAAAAA AAA
fe4"47l2, 4 M HC12 Am(III)i: -§-4*}2, 4 M HCfeO.l M hydroquinone22
Pu(III) fe42 fe4*}4, Th(IV)fe 1.5 M HCI 3 4 2 Np(IV)fe 1 M HC1-0.03 M
oxalic acidfe -§-44"2 4 - A ] ^ | 3 3 L 0.1 M NH4HC2O4 fe422 U(VI)fe -§-44:4-.
2 - # A 1 4 ; o]e^ tLg]3;^}4 414:4 4 7 ] f e 2 4 £ [ 2 A A £ 3 4 2 2 TRU 7444- fe
4fe2£}feA] fee] fefe 4 4 1 4 4 A}-§-4-£3 4 4:4fefe. 41 fe fe£l, 8 M AA 4 4
4 2 H - AG 1X8 4 4 4 4 1 fe4*}4 Th(IV), Np(IV)4- Pu(IV)fe £ £ s ) 2 U(VI)4-
Am(III)fe fefe 4 £b 4 2 2 2A1] 3 f e 2 2 4 - 4 4 4 4 - . fe4fe23}fe4 41 -f£4£3
Th(iv), Np(iv)4- Pu(iv)4 fefefe4fe 4 4 4" 4 4 4 4 - 4 2 2 7}fe*}4, £ £ 4 4
- 96 -
4 A A AmGlDfe U(VI)4 fefefe4fe $4414 7]fe4 TRU £34fe 4-§-£[ fe4£3
A A AAA AAA AA.
£ 1 4 4 2 4 fe4-§-4fe TRU 74441 fe4*}7] 441 Pufe Pu(IV) £ £ £ 4 S A
AA 4 NaN02fe fe4 A}-§-4fe. 8 M 4fe4 AA -§-444- 7.5 M 4fe4 AA
-§-4414 Pu(IV)2 2 4 fefe 41 fe£[5}fe2fe A}fel} fe $144: fe£[5}fe2fe fefe
fefe 4 4 2 2 2 $1446]. 4]H- fe4, £}44fe fe4fe44 5 M AA AAA AAA
fefeU- 7}44 Pu(lV)2 24fe$14-fe Boil fe[3014 AAAAA £144-71 4 44-.
25}41, 4 4 : 4 4 - AA 4 4 4 1 4 NaMfeU- A}fefe4 AAAA N02~7} 7444 4-7]
fe4] fefe44 2fe7} A ] A ! 4 4 4£}i: 4471 4fe4l Mfefef 4 4 41T]A]£3 4:4]
2 24fe° l fefe4fe 4 4 , 444fe} fes}4 fe47]2 4 4 4 - . 4 4fe4] 4 4 4
fe44fe £}£34l -§-4 441 4 4 : Pu(lV) —► Pu(lll) 4 f e 4 £ £ £ 2471A] pu -g-
4S\fe4 4 4-£3 44284 4 47}fe4 4£341 44-£3, 4441 fe44fe 4 2 -§-441
4 NOxfe 4 : 4 4 41T]S}A1 £tfe£3 24fe° l fefe4fe 4£34-. £}44fe fe4-§-44
3 M HNO3 4 4 4 ] FeS04fe 7}4 fe NaMfefe 7}44 Pu(IV)2 2 4 fefe 4fefe
fe4fe44 4 4 £}4fe 44-. A -§-4fe 7}fe4-£3 4 4 NOx 4 # 4 fefe£34 -§-4
A A A fe£[422 £14-4 4 41 7}fefe fe44-£3 N0X7} 4] 4 7} fe2£3 4 4 4 - .
Horwitz fe[31]fe DAPP(diamyl amylphosphonate)fe Amberlite XAD-74] 4 4
A] fefe32fe2344 4 4 fe 4l2fe2 3 fe£j 41 4 4 22fe$lfe. 3 4 2 , U-4
+44 44fefe£324l 414: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A 2 3 2 4£3fe UTEVA-resin44-2
4-$14-. A AAAA fe424l 4 4 4fefe 7}*}2 7}A 4 2 4 4 fefe, fe-frfefe
4£[4] -§-444 1 — 5 mL4 3 M AA AAA fe4-§-4fe 4l2fe$lfe. 4 4 2 4
fe AA, 44fefe 4l7lfe 4 2 4 4fefe l ~ 5 g4 4fefe 600 °C2 74444-4
£3 fefe, 4 fefe A A, AA, AA A 4 - 4 2 4 : 2 2 fe44£324, 7}A AAA A A
fe-frfefe 4£[4l -§-444 1 — 5 mL4 3 M AA AAA fe4-§-4fe 4l2fe$lfe.
2fe2£jfe 2 4 4 2 4 4fefe 2fe £[fe4fe41fe 4 f e 4 4 0.25 — 0.5 g4 42H-
HNO3-HF AAAA fe44£3 fefe, 4-fe4 A A SiF4fe 4#4-7l 4 4 4 -§-4fe
7}A 4 2 4 A A - fe-frfe4l 0.5 mL4 2% fefefe 7}*}2 AAAA 7}A £3247lfe
24-fe 3 4 4fefe$l4-. fefe0] fe-frfe4l AIF3 £3 4 2 fe4 $lfe -424- 4-44-4
- 97 -
# f e 4 4 fefe BF3H- £344-4 fe447l 4fe4l -1:27} 41T]£34-. A14 £^4 fe-fj-
£3 4fe£3 4fe, AA A A fe-frfe4l4 fefefe 41T]S}4 A fefe 4 - 4 2 2 AA A A AAA 91A- fe, fe-frfe4l 2 mL4 4 4 : £[£[i: 7}*}2 AAAA 7}4fe4 AA
fe 4 4 2 4 4 AIF37} fe^s]^ -437} 417] £3 fe. A 4fefefe AA 4 - 4 2 2 A A
A A7] A7! A -frfefe 3 mL4 2 M AAA - § -4444 A A fe4-§-4fe 4]2fe$l
A- AIF3H- 4-447fel £tfe£3 UTEVA 744414 Ahfefe U-4 £[41 £3fefe44: fe
s}4fe4 «124 Al3+fe U2fe4 ^ 4 fe4£3fe. 2 4 2 , fefe 414 4-4 41 4 4 $ !
fe fefefe 4]7]1} £327} 4fe 41 fe, fefe 7] 5] 4 fe-frfe4] 4fefe 7}*}2 7}A A
2 4 7 1 4 # f e 4 4 fefe BCL £3 4 2 £ 4 4 4 4 -§444 41T]£34-[9, 32} 4 £341 41
2 4 fe4-§-4fe 2 mL fe42 4fe UTEVA 74441 fe44"2 3 mL4 2 — 3 M
4 £ [ 2 2 4 2 4 2 £[2fe 4 4 417] 4 fefe fefe-4 Ufe 9 mL4 0.01 M 4 £ [ 2 2
-§-44-$l4-. fefe-4 u 4 fe442H- TIMS2 AAA 4fe U -§-#-§-4fe AA £32
4£3fe 4 fe4l 2£3 4 2 4 fe-frfe°l 91AA A AA. fe-frfefe fefe -fefe 4147}
-fefefefe4 -§-44 4 2 - 4 -£41 4414fe AIF3N4-. fe-frfe4 2 4 4 4-4 4414
4 fe4, 444]fe fe£[44 £[41fe4 IS44-. 2 4 2 , fefe32fe23444l4fe
4 fe4 fe#4l7} A^yAA A 91AB-A u -§-#4fe AA AAA £3 fefe 7[ |244
fe 4-§-4 4 AA fefe 417] 4 fe Ufe fefe AAA -§-444 £34-41241 fe4fe A
A #4-. Fig. 3.13414 A A $!fe4 UTEVA A A A wfe 44P fe2 4 4 4 1 4 Ufe fefe
4-44: fefe 4£[4l4fe fefe27} 4 2 2 2 fefe 44:4- U -§-4 4 2 2 4-4-1} fe
$14-. Th(iv)4- Np(iv)4 7]fe2 u(vi)4- 7] A 4fe£[ 4£}fe 4-4-43 4-. Th(IV)4-
U(VI)4 fefe2 7}o]7} -?2feAl4 2 M 4fefe -§-4 4 2 2 A}-§-fe£3 AAAA7}
7}fefe4, 2 M HNO3-O.5 M oxalic acid -§-4 4fe A}-§-fe£3 4 IL4-4 44-. AA
AAAA AA Np(IV)4- U(VI)4 fefefe4fe 4 4 4 4 : AA-oxalic acid -§-4fe 4-
-§-fe£l fefefe47} 7}fe*}4-. 4 4fe AA-oxalic acid -§-4414 U(VI)4- Np(IV)4
fefe2 4-44- AA -§-441 AA 7]A7] 4 f e 4 4 , p}£}7}Ai3L 4£[4] AA, 4 - 4 2
4:44- AAA 4 7 } 4 4 U(VI)4- Np(IV)4 fe4"2 £}0l7} fe7}-44-. Fig. 3.14fe 2
4 AA -§-4414 U T E V A 4 4 4 4-4fefe£3fe fe4-7]fe4 ^\x\- AAA AAA
- 98 -
4fe£}fe A A 91A. Fig. 3.1441 £ 4 4 4 £34444: Am(lll)fe 4 £ [ 4 ] 4 4 4 fefe
27} 4fe fefe. 2 - # A ] 4 44:4- AA -§-4414 44fefe£324 7]fe 4-<47} AA
AA AA 4 4 4 - . AA -§-4414 U/Th4 fe4£l7}4- U/Np4 fe4£l7}7} 4£[-§-
4 4 4 fefefe 4 3-A. 2 4 4 , 6 M A A -§-4414 U(VD4- Th(iv)fe fefe47l2
£[£- AA -§-422 444-£3 U(VI)7} -§-5]s]7] 441 Th(lV)fe 441 4 4 41T]1}
fe $14431].
Horwitz fe[33]fe 4 7} fefe 41 fefefe Aliquat-336(mixture of trioctyl and
tridecyl methylammonium chlorides)fe Amberchrom CG-71 4 4 4 ] £34:44 fefe
3 2 f e £ 3 4 4 4 4 f e 44-fe$l24, ‘tetravalent actinides’4] 414: £ 3 4 4 4 2 3
A TEVAfefe 4fefe fe$lfe. Fig. 3.13414 >0.5 M 4fefe44l4 TEVA 4 4 4
+4 fes}4"4 AAAAAA fe£}2fe +3, +54- +6 fes}4"4 AAAAAAA fefe2
24 - A A 24-. TEVA 4 4 4 +4 fes}4"4 44fefe£324l 414: AAA A AA
A A TRU 4 4 4 - UTEVA 4 4 4 4fe4-fe 4 2 4 44-. Fig. 3.14H- 2 4 A A -§-
4414 TEVA 4 4 4 Th(IV)4] 414: fefe27} Pu(IV)4- Np(IV)4] 4 4 4 2 4 - A
A AAE-A Th(IV)fe fefe +44 AAAAAAAAA fe44-fe 41 4fefe -§-4 4
2 2 fefel} fe $14-.
4fe 3 7\A AA3-AAAZLAA 744 fefefe4-7} fe£3fe£l2 fe47lfe AAA
241 7144 £34 A}£344" 4 2 4-fe4 7444 :22 Th, U, Np, Pufe Ami: 7H13
4 2 2 fe44-7] 4 44-. 2 - # A 1 4 OJS- yg^A AAA AAAA AAAA AA A
4fefe£324 fefefe47} 7}fe*}4-.
Pilvio fe[34, 35]fe EichromA}4 UTEVA 7444" TRU £34i: 4 4 A}fefe4
4fe422feB] AAAAAAA 7H13422 fe44-$!4£Fig. 4.2). 4fefe UTEVA
£34fe Thfe U 2 2 f e 4 Pu, Amfe Cmfe fe44"fe 41 A}fefe$l24, Amfe Cm2
AAA Pufe fe4*}fe 4lfe TRU £34i: A}-§-fe$lfe. Th, Ufe Pu4 £>A}fe4 1
mBq/g 3 4 2 Am4 10 mBq/g 42£1 4 f e 4 2 f e 105 "C414 16 4 4 : 4 2 4 £3
fe 3 — 5 gfe 4 4 4 65% 44:4- 30% fe£[5}fe22 A A 4 4 4 - 4 fe444 A
fe, AA AAA 7] 2 4:-frfefe 10 mL4 4 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(NOs)34] fe44£34-.
- 99 -
Fig. 4.2. Scheme for the separation of Th, U, Pu, and Am from a bone ash sample.
- 100 -
fe47} A A A7A]A AA, AAA 4 - 4 2 4 : 2 2 4 4 4 - 2 , AA 4 2 4 4 fefe
4:-frfefe 2 mL4 4 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(NOs)34l fe44£34-. P043£ S042~, C2042-
fe4 fe4fefe4 AAAAAA fefe41 4 4 f e 4 A A 4414-71 4 4 4 Al(N03)3fe A}fefe4 4fe fe4fefe Al3+4 fefefe £3£34-2fe fe$lfe. NaN02fe 7}*}2 7}4fe
4 Pu(lV) fes}4"42 24fe$14- . 4£341 4 4 4 : -§-4fe £ [ 4 4 TRU 74441 AA
fe2 3 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 " 4 Srfe A A Ca, AI, Na, K, phosphate fe4 4 2 4 2
£32fe°l 4l7]s-}2, 4 4 4 0.1 M NH4HC2O42 Th, U, Pu, Amfe Cmfe A A AA
AAA. A 4-4fefe£3fe -§-#441 44 :4 - 4-fes}fefefe 7}*}2 7 } 4 4 fefe 4-4
4£[fe 4fefe 7} 4 - 2 7}4fe4 fefefefe fe44£34-. A fe44l ferrous sulfamate
-§-44- ascorbic acid fe4fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(III) 4 Fe2+2 2 4 4 fefe UTEVA 4 4 4 1
fe4*}$124, AA41 £ 4 4 4 fe Pu(III), Am(III)4- Cm(III)fe 3 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44"
$14-. 4 4 4 1 9 M 4 fefe fe4fe4 AA 4243414 A A 4 2 4 3 2 2 AA AA,
AA AAA Th(iv)4- u(vi)fe 5 M 44:4- 0.01 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4-4- -§-44-$!4-.
Ferrous sulfamate4l 4 4 Pufe Np4 Pu(III)4- Np(IV) fes}4"42 2 4 4 2 2 4
24] Np4 fe4$!24 Npfe Ufe AA fe4£34-. 2 4 2 , Pu/Am/Cm -§-fe4fe 2
M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 - 4 4 TRU 74441 fe44: fefe, 2 M HNO3-O.I M NaN02fe fe
4 - 4 4 PuGlDH- Pu(IV)2 fes}4£34-. 4 M 4 4 : 2 2 Am(III)4- Cm(III)fe AA -§-
4 4 : fefe, Pu(lV)fe 0.1 M NH4HC2O42 -§-4*}$14-. A AAAA 44fe fe£32fe
44-fefe4-fe47l2 fe4fe$l7] 4fe4l 4 ] 4 4 fe47} 7}fe4 Amfe Cmfe fefefe
41} £32fe AAA.
Mellado fe[36]fe Pilvio fefefe A A fefefe TRU 7444" UTEVA £ 3 4 i : £34"
AAA A A 4 4 f e A ] 2 2 f e 4 Pu, Am, U, Thfe Srfe fe44-$!4£Fig. 4.3). 7[|£[
-§21 £3 4fe4fefe£[4- fe44-4fe 4-§-4 4 2 — 5 g 4 4 4 f e 4fefe £[fe44£3
A. AAAAAA AA 4 2 4 £ 3 fefe fe-frfefe 3 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(N03)34l -§-4
4 4 2 , NH4SCNfe Fe3+ A] A] 4 3 3 ^ A]-g3]-<4 ascorbic acidfe 7 } 4 4 Fe3+fe Fe2+
A AAA AAA, ferrous sulfamate -§-4fe fefe 4 ascorbic acidfe fe7}2 7}5314-.
A fe4i: UTEVA 74441 fe44-2 4fe41 fefe-4 Pu(III)4- Am(III)fe 2 M AA
2 2 -§-44"$!4-. 4 4 4 Pu(III)/Am(III) -§-fe4fe TRU ?4441 fe4£[ fefe, 2 M
- 101 -
SWIPLE SOLITION ITRACERS
^ M HNO.0 5M AI(NO>), DiopsND.SCN ( J I A . (ln-Mhiig) Of>M(NH;M));Fc aifjC(,Hs06
[ odd sample ?M UNO,
UTHVA Spec
9MHC1.5MIIC1 Th > aspectromt'trv
0.01M n a u > aspectromctrv
2MI1NO* 2MHNQ t*0 1MNaNO? », Discard 0 5M HNO,
9MHC1.4MHC1. Am
0 1MNU 4HC';{)I Pu
> aspcc(ronietrv
>■ aspectrometry Oxalate
descom position
8M UNO, 3M MNQ3 ^ D | S c a r d
0.05 MI INCH Sr ► LSC
Fig. 4.3. Scheme for the separation of Th, U, Pu, and Am from a marine sediment sample.
102
HNO3-O.I M NaN02fe fefe44 Pu(III)fe Pu(IV)2 fes}4£324, 4441 9 M 4
fefe fe4fe4 AA 4243414 A A 4 2 4 3 2 2 AA AA, A M 4 £ [ 2 2 Am(lll)
fe -§-44: fe, Pu(IV)fe 0.1 M NH4HC2O42 -§-4*}$lfe. Pu -§-#4 fe4 fefefei:
65% HNO3~30% H2O2, 65% HN03~36% HClfe 65% HNO3H- A AA A 7} A AA
AAAA. 2 4 2 UTEVA 74441 4 4 fefe-4 Thfe Ufe -§-44-71 4 4 4 4 4 A
AA 9 M 4fefe fefe44 AA 4243fe AA 4 2 4 3 2 2 4£}4£[ fefe, 5 M 4
£ [ 2 2 Th(iv)fe -§-44-2, 0.01 M 4 £ [ 2 2 u(vi)H- -§-44414-.
fe443fe 4-4fefe£324 fefe7} 4 2 4 TRU, UTEVA AA TEVA fe 4 2
f44 fefefe A}fe42 fefefe47} 7}fe*}4-. Adriaens fe[37]fe 2 4 4 2 fe4 Ufe
Thfe TIMS2 444-71 UTEVA 7444" AG 1X8 £34i: 4 4 A]-§3l-<4 o]s--4 4>
4*}$lfe. 1 g4 2 4 4 2 4 ] 233Ufe 230Thfe spikefe 7}*}2 4 4 fe£[22 4 4 4 "
4 447}fe fe44£3 fefe, -§-4fe 7}A 4 2 4 4 fefefe 4 ]T]S}2, AA 4 - 4 2 4 :
fe 7}*}2 7}4fe4 fe-§-4 -fe5}fei: £[5}fe014- 4 - 4 2 4 : 4 2 2 AAAAA. A A
AAA -§-4fe 7}A AAAA AA AA 4fefe 7}*}2 7}A 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 : 4 2
2 AAAAA. A -frfefe 6 M AAA -§-444 UTEVA 74441 fe-44-2, 4 2 4
2 -42H- 6 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4l7fefe fefe ufe Thfe 0.1 M 4 £ [ 2 2 AA AA
AAA. U/Th -§-fe4fe AA AAAA AA AA 4fefe 7}*}2 AA 4 2 4 4 2 ,
4:-frfefe 9 M 44:4] -§-444 AG 1X8 74441 AAAAA- fefe44 A A Thfe
9 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44-2, 441 fefe-4 Ufe 0.1 M 4 £ [ 2 2 ifAAAA- U -§-#4
4- Th -§-fe4fe 7}A AAAA AA AAA -§-444 TIMS 4 4 4] 4~£-*}$i4-.
4 2 4 4 2 2 1322 4 4 4 2 4 4 £1 AG 1X8 AA AAA A A A A Th fe4
£34-4- 4 2 4 4 UTEVA-AG 1X8 £[44144 u -§-i?44 £34. fefefe$l2, Bi4;
Pb7} 4:4 4l7]5l5l24 Fe £}fe2 341 AAAAA- 25}4l, UTEVA-AG 1X8 A
4 4 1 4 4 U -§-#441 Th4 fe444 £^2 £3fe fe4$l$14-. U 44lfe4l £3fe4
Th°l fe4£3 AA UTEVA 74441 4 4 £ AG 1X8 4 4 fe44] fe4l7} $!£3fefe
4 4 AA. A A TIMS 4 4 4 1 4 Th4 fe4$l24 232ThH 4 2 7 } 233U 4 2 4 ] 4:4 fe £32
7 l 3 2 Thfe 4 4l7]s-}4 4 4 #fe. UTEVA-AG 1X8 A4 414 4 A A fe4]4fe
- 103 -
4£34"7l 4 4 4 Yokoyama fe[38]fe 4 4 : 4 4 2 fe4 Thfe U4] 414: TIMS fe
4fe 4 4 4 UTEVA £34i: 4 : 4 2 2 A}-§-4-$14-. 4 fefe TEVA £342 A A A
-§-fe$l24" °14fe Ufe Th4 fe4fe 4 4 4 7 } 4 4 4 " Th -§-#4414 Zrfe 417]*}
7] 4 4 : 4°14-. fe, UTEVA 744414 4 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe Ufe 4144: 4 2 4 2
42H- 4 4 417] 4 fe Thfe 5 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44"2 Ufe 0.1 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-4*}
$lfe. Th -§-#441 £}-fr£3 Zrfe 4l7]s}7l 4 4 4 TEVA £34i: A}fefe$l24, Zr
fe 2 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 417] 4 fefe Thfe 0.1 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44"4 4-4 44]$1
A. A AAAA 4-fefe 4:fe £34-2 4 4 4 fefe fe444 4 2 fe4-§-4fe 4124-
$lfe: Teflon 4 7] 41 10 — 250 mg4 44fe£[ A]2fe 44"2 , 30 M HF/7 M
HCIO4 fe£[(l:l)i: 1 mg 4241 4 4 0.01 mL 4 2 7}5314-. fe£3fe 4 2 w] T'feg-
fefefe fe241 4 3 2 44 fe4 :4 2 4 4 AA AAA fe44£3 fefe, fe£3 4 4 4
4 - 4 2 471H- £34:414 100 °C2 4-4 7}4fe$14-. HFH- 4]T]S-}7|] 4 4 4 -§-44
fe2fe £ [£1422 fe7}AlA] 120 £4- 165 "C414 12 4 4 : 4 7}£34-2 195 "C414
4 : 4 4 AAAAA- fefefe fe4 4 2 4 HCIO4H- fe-frfe4l 7}*}2 fe£34 AA A
4 - 2 2 HFH- 4 : 4 4 fe#4£3 fefe, 100 mg 4241 4 4 0.25 mL4 6 M 4 4 : A
7}fe2 110 °C2 7} A A A AAA- A -frfefe 1 mL4 4 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-4 4 4 2 4
2fe5]§}<4 fefe4fe 447l fe £34fe 0.25 mL4 4 M AA 4 4 44- £[£3224
AA 4 2 fe4-§-4fe AAA. TLAA, Mgfe Ca4 4-4 4~-fr£3 fefefe 42H- fe
£ [ 2 2 fe44£3 4fe F~7} 4 : 4 4 ^ 1 4 4 4 ^ 2 4 Mg, Cafe A14 fe-§-4 £3 £3 4
£34 £3 A. A A fe4fe44l 4fe £3 £3 4 fe4$!24 744 AA, AA7]A AA, 2
4 fe7] (tailing) fe4 fe4lH- 4711} ™ 4 4 4 Thfe Ufe fe£[44 4 4 7}A1 4 4
£3fefe4 AA AAA fe£3£34-. fe4 U022+24- Th4+7} 4fe fes}fe£344l ThCl4
£342 4 fe£3£34-. -fe-§-£j £3£3fe 41T]S}4 A 7\A AAA 4 2 fe4-§-4fe A
247l fe fe44] HCIO4H- 7}*}fe 4 4 4 - . A A 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 fe44]4 £344
2 2 HF-HCIO4 fefefe A}-§-4fe. 4 4 , Yokoyama fefe UTEVA £34(4 mm i.d.
x 43 mm h.)fe 5 mL4 1.5 M HF, 6 mL4 4 M HNO3, 6 mL4 6 M HClfe 6
mL4 0.1 M HNO34 7}4l2 4 4 4 : fefe 1.5 mL4 4 M HNO32 44s}4£3 fe
4 2 fe4-§-4fe fe44-$14-. 4 mL4 4 M HNO32 4 2 4 2 £32fe 4 4 4l7]4
- 104 -
fefe, 6 mL4 5 M HC12 Thfe -§-44"2, 6 mL4 0.1 M HNO32 Ufe -§-4441
A- Th -§-#4fe AA 74247I2, fe-frfe4] 1 mL4 16 M 4 £ [ i : 7}*}2 100 °C
A A A 7} £34-4 UTEVA 744414 444-fe fe $lfe -£7] fefe fe44£3 fefe, fe
4 74247I2, fe-frfefe 1 mL4 2 M HN034l fe44£34-. 3 mL4 1.5 M HF, 8
mL4 2 M HNO34- 4 mL4 0.1 M HNO34 7}4l2 4 4 4 : fefe 1 mL4 2 M
HNO32 4 4 4 - 4 £3 TEVA £34(4 mm i.d. x 38 mm h.)4l A fe4i: fe44"$!4-.
Zrfe 6 ml4 HNO3 -§-422 4 4 417] 4 fe, 4 mL4 0.1 M HNO3 -§-422 Th
fe -§-44-$!4-. UTEVA 744414 AA U -§-#44- TEVA 744414 AA Th -§-
# 4 f e TIMS 4 4 f e 4 4 4 4411} £327} %3$£24, Ufe Th4 4fefefe 90%
AAAAA. Muramatsu fe[39]fe AA, 44fe , fe27l fe4 AA AAAAA Pufe TEVA £3
4fe °l-§-44 fe44"4 ICP-MS2 4 4 4 4 1 2 4 , 4 2 fe4414 Dowex 1X8 AA
fe 4 f e 4 fe4£3£32 fe4fe$14-. 2 — 50 g4 42H- 500 °C 4712414 4 — 6
A A £34 4 4-4 £3 4-. 4fe 4414 5 4 4 8 M 4fefe 4fe4] 7} 4-2 180 — 200
°C2 4 4 2 3 AA WA AA 4fe£[ £[4414 AA7]A7l\A 44-4414-. 4471
4 2 4 4 : 4 4 8 M 44:4- 447141 7}4-2 20 fefe # 4 2 44-4-fe 24-fe 2 4
4:44-$14-. 4 4fe 2fe AA AA AA 4 £ £ 4 AA fe447l2, 4fe£[ fe44
fe-frfefe 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-4 4 £3 4-. A fe4-§-4fe 4 2 fe414] 44- fefefefe 40 —
200 mL2 4 4 f e 4 2 M AA fe22 2 4 f e 2 , NaMfefe 7}44 Pu(IV) fes}4"4
A 24fe$14-. A fe4i: 2 mL4 TEVA fe4fe 4fe fe444l fe44: fefe, 2 M
4 £ [ 2 2 Ufe 4 2 4 2 4 A A 4 4 4] 7]*} 2 9 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe Ami: 4 4 41
7] 4 4 1 2 4 , 0.1 M hydroquinone-9 M HCI -§-422 Pufe Pu(III)2 £ } 4 4 4 fe4
fe$lfe. Pu -§-#441 4fefe fe42£[i: 7}*}2 7}4fe4 hydroquinonefe fe444
fefe, AA 74247I2 74-frfefe AAA -§-444 ICP-MS 4441 4-4-4-$14-. 2
4 2 , A AAAA H2O2, NH2OH ■ HClfe NaN024 Pu(lV) fes}4"4 2 4 4 4 f e
4 23} $124, Table 4.24 £34-11- 4 A A . Pu fe4 fefe4 NaN02 > NH2OH • HCI
> H2O2 fe22 fefefefe 4fe 4 fe $14-. 2 4 4 2 4 1 fefe £[-£44 $lfe Fe(103
— 104 Mg/mL), AI, Mg, Nafe Ca(102 — 103 ':g/mL) fe4l4 Na4 7}fe 4 417] 5]
- 105 -
4 AAA Pu -§-#44] 5 ug/mL AA 3451^14-. £ 3 4 4 2 2 4 fe 4 2 4 2 £32
4- U41 414: 414 41 fefe 104 — 1054£34-. 2 4 2 , Dowex 1X84 4 fe 4l44lfe7}
TEVA4 4 £-24- 4 fe$44-.
Table 4.2. Chemical yields in the separation by using Dowex 1X8 and TEVA
Reagent
H2O2
H2O2
NH2OH
NH2OH
NaN02
NaN02
HCI
HCI
Reagent Cone, M
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.2
Chemical yield, % Dowex 1X8 62 + 8
§4 + 4
84 + 4
93 + 2
93 + 5
97 + 2
TEVA 19 + 6
23 + 10
62 + 19
66 + 17
86 + 11
89 + 12
Zoriy fe[40]fe 2 4 fe4 Pufe Cas(P04)2 £ 3 4 2 2 A }4fe4 fe44: fefe,
TEVA £ 3 4 i : 4-§-4 4 Ufe 4 2 4 2 £32fe 417]*} 2 Pufe fe44"4 2 f e 4 f e
ICP-MS2 AAAAA- fe, 2 4 2 1 L41 4fefe 7 } 4 4 pH 2 2 2 4 f e 2 , 4 pg4 M2Pu spikefe 4 7} 4 fefe, 0.5 mL4 1.25 M Ca(N03£4- 0.2 mL4 3.2 M
(NH4)2HP04fe 7}*}2 40 — 50 °C2 7}4fe$14-. Ca3(P04£ £3£34 £3413 AAA
AA 4 2 4 4 f e H - 4 fe £3£14 7}*}$124, -§-4fe 20 fefe 7 } 4 4 fe fefe 4" A
44£34- . -§-4fe £34 fe44 -4 fefe4fe 4 4 2 £3£3fe £ 4 4 1 3 4 2 44 -4 -4 4 f e
fe$lfe. £3 fefe 25 mL4 2 M AAA - § - 4 4 7 l 2 , 1 mL4 3 M NaN02# 7} 4 - 2 5
fefe 4-4*}4 Pu(III)4- Pu(VI)fe Pu(IV)2 AAAAA- A mL4 Al(NOs)3 -§-4fe
7}4 fefe 0.2 g 4 TEVA 4 4 H - 4 fe 4 4 4 1 -§-4fe fe44-$!4-. 30 mL4 3 M
4 £ [ 2 2 £ 3 4 i : 4 4 4 : fefe 15 mL4 0.05 M HF-0.05 M HNO32 Pufe -§-44"
- 106 -
$lfe. Pu -§-#441 41T]5]A1 £ t 3 4 4 $ ! f e U 4 fe2fe 0.2 pg/mLfe fefefeAl £t
$ } 2 4 , 4 f e 4 ICP-MS 4 4 414 239Pu 4 2 4 I 4 4 f e 238UH 4 238U4 4£3 A A
A AAA A $lfe 4 2 $ l f e . M2Pu 4fefefe 70%4£324 , 4#4:41fe fefefefe 4
2 fefe7]4 7lfe4] 4 f e 9 x 10~18 AA 1.02 x 10~18 gfenL4£34-.
Nevissi fe[41]fe - § - 4 4 2 fe4 Pufe Ami: 4 2 4 2 AAAAA fe22 fe4
AA CeF3 £3441 fe£344 44-£lfe4-fe4 4-7-14- 4£3fe44-4 ICP-MS2 AAA
y] AA 2 fefe44(f low injection method) 7l\A AAA fe £34414-. A A AAA
£1, 4 4 fe44-£l, Pu/Am4 Fe(OH)3 fe£34"4, TRU 4 4 4 Pu/Am4 CeF3 fe
44 -4H- fe24- 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 l fe4 fe44243fe A}fefe$14-. Fe(OH)3 fe£3
4-441 2 M AA AAA 4 2 , Fe3+ 4 4 4 - 4 2 4 4 f e 7 } 4 - 4 2 fe444 Pufe
Am4 Fe(OH)3 fe£3 A £ 3 4 4 2 , A Fe(OH£ fe£3 A ascorbic acidS AAAA 2
M 4£[4] 4 4 4 - § - 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 T R U 74441 fe444 Pu(lll)4- Am(lll)7}
fefe44, 4 4 fe44-£3fe AA fe44fe 0.03 M 44 :4 - 0.1 M NH4HC2O4 -§-441
4 4 Pufe Am4 4-4- - § - 4 4 4 ICP-MS4 4 f e f e 4 4 2 4 3 2 2 fe47}41 4-7-34-,
-§-4 £3 Pufe Am 4 CeF3 fe£34"42 fe47}4 Ce3+/0.2 M HC3/0.4 M HF 714
(substrate)4]4 CeF3 fe£3 4 £3 £3 4 £3 A CeF3 £3fefe 4 4 4 44-fefe4-fe4 4
4 2 2 7]-§3l-'4r£
£ 3 4 4 2 2 4 fe fe4 U, Pufe Pb fe2fe 4-4- 3 Mg/L, 3 fg/L4" 0.03 Mg/L°l
A. 4 4 4 Pu fe4£324 ICP-MS 4 4 41 fefe Pu 4 2 7 } 4 fe fefe ™ 4 4 4 238U, 204Pb4- 207Pb4]4 -fr44fe 238UH+, 204Pb35Cl+-4 207Pb35Cl+ £[fe fe£37}fe7}
(polyatomic molecule) 4 fefe 4 239Pu4" 242Pu 4 2 4 1 4 £ } i : 4 4 2 2 Pufe fee]*}
2 fefe!} A Ay} $lfe. Kim fe[42]fe 4 A A 4 £34 Sr spec. £344- TEVA 744
fe44243fe 2 f e 4 f e ICP-MS41 4 4 4 £ 3 4 4 4 f e fe4 Pufe fe4 fe44-4
AAAAA- fe, 5 L4 4 4 4 2 4 1 242Pu spike4- 25 mg4 Fe3+ 4 4 f e 7}4-2 4 2
4 4 £ t 7 } 4 4 pH 8 2 AAA AAA Pufe Fe(OH)3 £3441 fe£34£324, £3£3fe
fee]s}<£ 9 M 4 £[41 -§-4 4 £3 4-. £34 -§-4-§-44 AA fe2fe 4.5 M S 2 4 4
fefe 20 mg4 NaN02fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(IV)2 2£3fe4 Sr spec. 744/TEVA 74441
fe4*} $lfe. 4.5 M A A -§-4414 Sr spec 4 4 fe Pu(IV)fe 4 4 £444-4 , Pb2+4l
- 107 -
4]4l4fe Pu(IV)4] 414: fefefe 4 fe fe4"2fe 7 } A ] 3 $l2fe U(VI)4l 4]4l4fe
4fe AA fefe2fe 7}A13 $14443} AAA AAA 4 f e fe44 fe44fe AA
Pb2+-4 Pu(lV)fe £ 4 4 2 u(Vl)fe £ £ 4 4 4 ^ 2 M}A1 fefefe. A A fe4 4 fe4-2
0.8 M 4 4 : 4 4441 fe44£3 Sr spec. 744414 Pu(lV)7} AAA 4 fefes
TEVA 74441 fe47} fefe£34-. 2 4 4 - , Pb2+fe 0.8 M AAA 4 4 A A A A £^2
Sr spec. 74441 3 4 ] 2 4 4 1 4 2 2 417] £3fe. TEVA 74441 1 M HClfe fe44-£3
Pu(iv)7} -§-5]5ii£; A Pu -§-#44 4 - s ICP-MS4 4fefe4 4 2 4 3 2 2 fe47}
3fe fe$lfe.
4.1.5. 3-olfe/jn.£}a.ifeT3}£fei5fl^40ll A A fe/4 A A)
7 — 8 M AA -§-4414 4 47l4fe4fe2£}feAl4l Pu(IV), Np(IV)4- Th(IV)
fe 4 £ £ 4 4 4 , U(VI)4- Pa(V)fe 44-41 £ 4 4 2 , Fe3+fe 2 £[4 4]fefe4 4 2 4
2 4fefefe £ £ 4 4 4 "Sfefe. 4 4 , 6 M AAA AA -§-4414 U(VD, Pu(lV),
Pa(V)4- Fe3+fe 4 47]£jfe4fe2l3}fe44l 4 -2fe5]i4 Th(IV), Pu(III)4- Am(III)
fe fefe44 ^fefe. 4fe4, AAAAAAA AAAAA AA-A A A^-AA A A A 434- 4fe-fe4fe2£}feA] A]343fe 444-41 24-4-£3 44fefe£32fe 7 [ | i i 4 2 2
fee]!} fe 44-. W 4 4 2 fe4fe4 fe4 44fefe£32fefe 4fefe7l 4 4 : fe4 4
44l4]4fe 4 fe4 fe27} 4fe fefe4l4- 4-4-sfe 4 2 4 2 4 2 417] fe4]7} 4
A AAA AAAAAA fe4 4414 7 ] 4 ^ 5 ] 4 $4°-|A4fe- 4-fe4 4-4fefe£327}
£}-fr£3 4 2 4 AAA AA A A AA. Korkisch[44]fe £}7§4fefe 2 4-4 4 4 - 4 4
£3 4 4 4fefesfe4 44fefe£32H- fefe4 4-7-14- 41 *# fee] 14 fe $lfe fe°]fe2£}
fe4 4-4fefe 7}44 2711*}$14-.
4fe4fefe £}44fefe fe444 £3fe 4 2 fe4fe422fe4 Pufe fe41} 4
fee] <4-g3]-3 AA Kressin & Waterbury 4"4[23, 45]fe Pu4 fefe £[-fr£3 4 2
fe44lfefe 4 4 24£3fe4 4 4 A]-g3]-3 4 4 _g-o],£_3i4W-5] t|j-TAjo]r£. fe,
Pu(IV)fe 7 — 8 M AA 4 4 4 1 4 fe°]fe2£}feAl fee]fe4] fefe4£[ fefe, 7 —
8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 U, Fe 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 f e 4 4 4l7]s}2, HCfeHF AA HNO3-HF
-§-422 Pufe -§-44:4-. 4241 Th°] $124 Pufe -§-44"7l 44] Th(IV)fe 4 4
- 108 -
4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 41T]!} fe $14-. 2 4 2 , AA -§-4414 Pufe fe°]fe2£}feAi fee]fe
4] 4 £444 fe Pu(IV) £l££EflS 24fe7l 4 4 4 Kressin & Waterburyfe fefe
3}fe2fe A}-§-fe$144: 2fefe NaMfefe 7}4- 7]-g-4r£. NaMfefe 7} 4-2 fefe fe
41 #fe 47}4 7}4fe4 N0X feil # # 4 4 4 £34-. 4-£[5}fe22 Pu(lV) AA
AA 2 4 4 1 2 £[4 7]-g3]-3 4 2 4 - Pu4 AA - £}44l 414: 4-£[5}fe2 4144
4:44-4-4 4-frS fe£[5}fe2fe 4-§-fe4 A AA fefefefe 4fe7}fe2 $14-[61.
Fefe A A £}-frfe2 4fe AAAS-A A £-41 AAAA Ay} 4fe # 4 ^ 4 - 2 44-.
Singh fe[7]fe fefefe 4 4 f e 4 2 20 gfe 4 4 4 s}4 4 fe, 4fe4]4 Pufe A
fe2 £3#*}2 Fe(OH)3 fe£322 fe44"2, £3 fefe 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44712 8 M AA
AAAA NaN02fe 7}44 Pu(IV)2 2 4 f e 4 fe4i: AG 1X4 4fe2£}fe4441
fe4*}2 10 M 44:4- 8 M 4fefe 7}4l2 fefe44 Th(IV)4- U(VI)fe 4 4 417]
4-2 Pufe 0.4 M HNO3-O.OI M HF2 -§-4 4"$14-.
HN03-fe°lfe2£}feA] A ] 3 4 3 4 4 4 f e Pu fes}4"4 AAA AA^-AAAA A
A A Pu4 fe4fe 4 ^ 41 444-*}24 : fefe fe4l44-. Kressin & Waterbury AA
A AAA AA 4 f e 4 2 $144: Pu4 4fefe4l 414: fe44 $ 4 4 £^2 $124,
4 fefe 4 AA fe 4-§-4-27} t}A fe47}fe 7} 737} fe4 4 Pu fe44-44 AAA
fe fefe4 4-£14 2fe 4 4 #fe. 41 fe fe£3-, Chen fe[46]fe fe47} 414:4 fe 4
4 4 2 4 1 4 4-71 fe4- fefefes £14 NaN024- H2O22 Pu fes}fejflfe 244-73 4
4 £ l 2 , Pu 4 fefe 4 41 fe fe$}24, 9 M HCI41 4 4 : Th4 4 4 417] 7} fefefeAl
fe44 T h 2 2 24£3 Pu -§-#4fe 4 A A . 2 4 4 4fefe 4-fefe 4:fe Pu fes}£[
4 2 4 4 - 4 4 - Pu4 -§-44~4fe 414 4414-: 200 L4 4 4 4 2 4 1 200 mL4 4 4 :
4 fefe 7}44 pH 22 2 4 4 - 2 , 16 g4 FeS04 ■ 7H204" 200 g4 Na2S205fe 7}t}
2 1 A]A£ 7}4fe4 Pu £[5}4"4fe Pu(III)2 24fe$14-. fefe NaOH -§-4(0.5 —
1 M)fe 7}44 pH 8.5 — 92 2£3fe4 Fe(OH)2 £3£3fe £34 4 4-$!44NaOH -§-
4fe fefe £3 4 2 7 } 4 4 Mg(OH)24" Ca(OH)2 £3 £3 4 47fel £t444. fefe 4" A
44£3 fe fefe4fe 4 4 2 4 5 L4fe Fe(OH£ £3441 4 4 4fefe 7}44 0.1 M
HCI -§-4fe 4:1? £34-. A A A 1 L 4" 2 g4 Na2S20sfe 7}4-2 1 4 4 : 4"44: A
fe, fefe NaOH -§-4fe fefe £3 4 2 7}4 pH 8.5 — 92 2£3fe4 Fe(OH)2 £3£3fe
- 109 -
AAA. fefe4fe 4 4 2 , £3£3fe - f r444-4(AG/A)2 4 4 - 4 4 4 - 4 £344- 4 4 -
4 f e 400 °C2 1 A A A AAA AA, 120 mL4 -4441 4 3 2 A ] 4 £ | A ] | | - g j i 1
A A 7}£14-4 £3 fefe - § - 4 4 7 1 4 4 -£7] fefe fe44£34-. -§-4fe AA 4 2 4 4 2 ,
4:-frfefe fe4 400 °C2 1 4 4 : 4 3}4 £3 fefe, 120 mL4 4"fe4] £ [ 3 2 A ] 4 £ | A ]
fe £32 1 A A 7}AA A 4 4 - 4 - 2 4471H- 100 mL4 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 4 1
A- 4 4fe fe444 7 mL7} 4 4 1 4 fefe 150 mLS 4 4 4 - 4 0.5 — 1 M AA fe
2 4 -§-4fe AAA. 3 g 4 Na2S03fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(lll) £[5}4"42 2 4 4 - 2 , 3 g.e]
NaN02fe 7 } 4 4 PuGlDH- Pu(lV)2 AA A A AA, AA AAA 7 } 4 4 165 mL4
8 M AA AAA 42 -§ -4 fe AAA- AG 1X4(100-200 mesh), 10 x 2.1 cm fe44
fe 50 mL 8 M HNO3 + 1 g K2S2O8 -§-4fe 100 mL 8 M HNO3 + 0.5 g NaN02
- § - 4 2 2 4 4 s } 4 £ 3 fefe, Pu(lV) fes}4"42 2 4 4 42 -§ -4 fe fe44-$!4-. fe4
fefe 350 ml 8 M HNO3 + 0.5 g NaN02 - § - 4 2 2 4 4 4 " 4 Ufe 4l7]s}2, 100
mg4 NaN022 AAAA 50 mL4 4 4 : 4 4 : fe fefe44 AA 4 2 4 3 414 4 4 : 4
2 4 3 2 2 A A A7] 3-, 300 mL4 4 4 : 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe 4 4 417] 4 fefe, 30 ml
H2O, 20 mL 0.3 M NaOH, 30 mL H2O, 20 mL 2 M HNO34- 200 ml4 0.5 M
HNO3-O.OI M NaN03 -§-4fe fe 4 A fe44"4 Pufe fe44"$14-. Pufe 44414-7]
4 4 4 , Pu -§-#4fe AA 7 4 2 4 7 I 2 , fe-frfefe 10 mL4 0.7 M 4£[4] fe44£3
fefe, 300 mg4 Na2S03, 300 mg4 NaN024- 12 mL4 4 4 : 4fefe 7}4lS 7 } 4 4
Pu(IV)4 8 M AA - § - 4 2 2 24fe$14-. A fe4i: AG 1X4(100-200 mesh), 7 x
0.8 cm fe444l fe44-2, 20 mL4 8 M HNO3 + 3 mg NaMfe fe422 fe44
fe 4 4 4 : fefe, 4 ml H2O, 4 mL 0.3 M NaOH, 4 mL H2O, 4 mL 2 M HNO34-
20 ml4 0.5 M HNO3-O.OI M NaN03 -§-4fe 7}4lS fe44"4 Pufe -§-44"$14-.
41? 4 Pu fe447}fe 2 4 , fe444l fe414 4 2 fe4fe44 Pu fes}4"4fe 4 : 4
4-41 Pu(lV)2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Na2S03fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(lll) fes}4"42 2 4 4
fefe NaN02fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(III)fe Pu(IV)2 £[5}4fe ^ ^ - i : A}fefe$14-. 4fe4l 4
AA, Na2SOs4- NaN02fe A}-§-fe£3 Pu 3]fefe4 86%°] AA A NaN024fe fefefe
4 Pu 3]fefe4 24%4] -44-*}$!4-2 44- . AA, Pu(III)fe NaN024- H2O24I 4 4
4 4 Pu(IV)2 fes}444: Pu(V)-4 Pu(VI)7} NaN024] 4 4 Pu(IV)2 £}£34fe fe
- 110 -
27} 2 4 7 ] 4fe4] fe4l7} $1£324, Pu(lV)2 £ 4 4 4 4 4 4 H2O2H- A}-§-fe4
NaMfeU- A}-§-14 4 2 f e U4 414 417] SAA 4-H4-2 4-$14-. A AAAA U4
4 4 417] £[£1414 £3fe4 Pu4 Pu(lll)2 £}£344 fe£34fe fefe £[44-71 4 4
4 NaN02fe £}-fr4 8 M 4fefe £-§-|-°.s.«l 4441 fefe£3 Pu(IV) fes}4"4fe
AAA AAA. 2 4 2 , A] 3 43 4 HN03414 HC12 A A 4 fefe-4 Pu(lV)7}
HNO3+HCI4I 4 4 fes}4 fe $ 1 2 2 2 4H- £[44-71 4 4 4 NaMfeU- £}-fr4 A
A AAA 4-§-4-$14-. 4 £3 41 A A A Pu s]fefefe 86%°] $124- 4 4 : 44:4: fe A}fel} 4fefe Pu 4fefe4 57.5%°]$14-2 44-. 4fefe 4 4 4 41 fe fefe£[ Pu
4:4-4-4fe A}fefe$14-. Pu°l NaOH4l 4 4 fe44 4lfe 7}fefe444 Pu(0H)n7}
4 4 4 : AAA 2 M 4 A A -§-444, NaN03H- £}-fr4 0.5 M 4£[fe Pu4 4441
££44 fe fefe 4"4*}fe 4441 41}fe 4 4 - 2 4 fefe fefe4-$14-. 300 mL4 0.5
M HNO3 + 0.03 M NaN03 -§-44:22 Pufe -§-41} 4 4fefefe 46% A A A A A
A A A}-§-4 -§-44-4fe 4 2 4 Pu 3]fefe4 79.5%°] $14-2 4-$14-.
4 4 , AA 4 4 4 1 4 fe4fe23}fe4 feelfefe 4-§-£[ Ufe Pu4 fe44~42 fe
4 A AA 2 44-. fe4, 4 4 : 4 AA A Th4 fe<l]fe2£}fe44] fefe44 £ ^ 2 2 2
A 42434- Thfe 41/4 4-fe 41 fefe AAAA. 413-4 4 41 fe 1?£3, U, Np 4 Pu
4 +44- +6 AAAffl 4fefefe 6 M AAA A'A -§-4414 fe4fe23}fe44l 441
fefe422 2fe 9 M 44:414 4 1 : £321?i: fe4"47l2, Pufe 4 4 9 M
HC1-0.05 M NH4I2 -§-44: fefe Npfe 4 M HC1-0.1 M HF2, 4"44"2-:S. Ufe
0.5 M HC1-1 M HF2 -§-44:4-.
£14 4 2 fe4 Th, Pafe U4 fe4£32 AAA A A 2 4 £34-4 fe£344 A A
A AA 1 4 4 4-442H- 7 } A ] 3 4 4 AAAAAA™ AAA 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 - 4
AAAAA fe4£321?4-4 AAA A $l7lfeA]4 £tfe 4-40] £325314-. Anderson
fe Fleer[47]fe A A 4 4 4 7 } 4- 4 4 f e 4 2 4 ] 4 Ac, Th, Pa, U, Pufe Am4 fe4
-42H- 4 4 4-$14-. A 4fe7}lr4 44fefe£32 fe4 £34-11- (i) 4 2 4 4:4 fe4,
(ii) £34fe4£324- AAAAA 4 : 4 4 4-4-4 £3, (iii) pH 7414 4 2 fe Fefe Al
4 fe£[5}fe £344 4 4 4!}fe AA 4 2 4 2 £322fe4 AAAAAA fefe4,
(iv) fe4fe2£}32fe23 4441 4 4 : 44fefe£3fe 7[|iife4, 2 4 2 (v) -§-4fe
- i l l -
#41 4 4 : Pa 441 fe22 fe£jfe4 4-fefe 4:°] 4 4 f e 4 2 4 1 4 44fefe£32H-
fe5]s}£3fe: HO "C414 4 2 4 4 4 fe44: 1 ~ 3 g4 4 4 f e 4fefe Teflon 47]
4] 4 4 - 2 , 236U, 239Th, 233Pafe 243Am fe47}fe 4 7} 4 fefe, CaCOsfe AA 4 4 2
4-444— £347}44fe fe447l7] 4 4 9 M 4fefe 7}4 fe AA AAAAA. A
-frfefe 70% fe4 2 4 : 4 4 4 4 4 - 4 -fr4fefe 4-4 4 £3 fefe, 48% HF2 £347}H-
fe4 4 ]T ]S -} , 424 , 4:4 H F 4 4:4 4 1 T ] # £ |4 4 - 4 2 4 : 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 - . HF7}
44$12£3 Pafe Pu4 -fes}fe fefe4 £ 3 4 4 4 41? £324 fe44l AAA AA.
AAAAA fe-frfefe 2 M HC12 -§-44"4 4 2 fe4fe4i: 4l2fe$14-. A 4 2
fe4fe44] pH 74] 41} 44-AI 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 H - 7}4 4241 l:4$lfe Alfe Fe
A AAAA £3 fefe £34 fefe 4-4 44fefe£32H- AAAAA. A A A A 441 (Al
4fe Fe)7} fefe4 ^ 2 4 4 2 fe4fe44] FeCLfe 7}4fe£3 44-. £3fefe fe44:
fefe 9 M 4 AA -§-44712 A A fe£344 £3 fefe 4 414-$14-. £3 fefe 4 4 : A A
41 -§-444 9 M fe22 AAA A AG 1X8 fe444] fe44"4 Fig. 4.44 £34-41
AA 44fefe£32fe fe4 44lfe$14-. 9 M 4 4 : 2 2 Th, Amfe Acfe -§-44412
4(£3fe Pafe Al°l £[41 -§-44), 4 4 4 9 M HC1-0.13 M HF2 fefe£3 Pafe -§-
4 4 : fefe, 6 M HC1-0.26 M HF2 Pufe -§-44"2, 0.1 M HC12 Ufe -§-44414-
(Fe°l £[41 -§-44). Th, Am, Acfe £3fe Pafe 5L AA fe#4(Fig. 4.44
portion-lDfe AA 4 2 4 4 HClfe 4l7]s},4fe. A4-fj-fe4l 4 4 fefefe 7}*}2 7}A
7 4 2 4 4 4 4 : 4 2 2 4£}4£3 fe AAA -§-444 8 M fe22 2 4 4 fefe, -§-4
fe AG 1X8 fe444l fe44-2 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Amfe Acfe -§-4*}$lfe. 4 4 4 9
M HClfe Thfe -§-44-2, 9 M HC1-0.13 M HF2 Pafe -§-4441444 Pa -§-#4
fe Fig. 4.44 portion-Ill A A £3 ]. Th -§-#4fe 7} A 4 2 4 7 1 2 4 4 : 4 2 2 AA
A A AA, AAA -§-444 8 M AA -§-422 4 4 4 - 4 A A A AG 1X8 fe44
41 fe4*}2 9 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe -§-44-4 4 414-$14-. 2 4 2 , 4 4 fe444 Pu
fe#4(Fig. 4.44 portion-IV)fe 7}A 4 2 4 7 1 2 4 £ [ 2 2 fe7}4l 7]5]s}<£ HFfe
417] 4 fefe, 8 M AAA -§-4 4 £3fe. A -§-4fe 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 - 4 4 AG
1X8 fe444l fe4£[ fefe, 9 M HClfe fefe44 fe44fe 4£[£322 4£}4£[
fe Pufe 6 M HC1-0.26 M HF2 -§-44"4 4414414-. £} 4 fe444 U -§-#4
- 112 -
m
H
ICONC. HCI
CONC. MCI - * - Th,Am,Ac,(Pal -
CONC HCI ♦Q.13MHfL Pa-
BM HCI ♦ 026MHF - » - P u ■
0.1M HCI -+~U,Fe-
nr ■is.
I
I6M HKO, I8™ ™~3
8M HNOj ■♦- Ac. Am
9MHCI _ ^ T h 8 M H N 0 ^
9MHCU.13MHF COMBINE WITH I E
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
- + - Po
8M HNQ3, HMSCARO
9M HCI
T h — * - ELECTROPLATE
•-ELECTROPLATE
IBMHNOj
SMHNO-j
0. IM HCI \ - + - U- *- ELECTROPLATE
Fig. 4.4. Anion exchange scheme for separation and purification of actinides in sediment samples.
(Fig. 4.44 portionV)fe 7}A 4 2 4 7 1 2 8 M 4£[4] fe44£324, A §4fe 8
M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 AG 1X8 fe444] fe4£[ fefe, 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Fefe 4 4
4l7]s}2, Ufe 0.1 M HClfe §444 4 414$14.
Andersonfe Fleer 44fe 4 4 4 £}4A ]24] 4fe1} fe $lfe 4"4 4 4 fe44:
113
£3fefe 4:4 Fefe A14 441 £}-fr£3 4241 4-§-4-7l 4 4 4 4 4 : 4 4£34 AA
fefe. Jiang fe[48]fe £lfe fe4 U, Pufe Thfe 4 fefe7l 4 4 4 Fig. 4.54 £34-41
4fe 4 2 2 f e 4 4 fefe fe4 4 414-$14-. 40 ~ 50 L 4 £3fe42414 4-4fefe£3
fefe AAAA £3441 fe£34£34-. £3 fefe 44:4- -fe£[22 4 4 4 - 2 4 - 4 2 4 : =-
47] 4 4 : fefe, HFH- 4 : 4 4 4#fe7l 4 4 4 fe-frfefe 4 4 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44712
fefefe 7}*}2 AA £324£34-. fe-frfefe 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44712, A -§-4fe4
41 30% H2O2H- 7}*}2 lofe -£41 -§-4fe 7}4fe4 4-fe4 H2O2H- fe44£34-. -§-
4fe 4 4 fefe 24] NaN024- 24] fefefe 7} 4-2 -§-4fe 2 fefe #$14-. A A A
fe 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 - 4 4 AG 1X8 fe444] fe4*}2, 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Ufe -§-
4 4 4 1 2 4 , 4 4 : 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe -§-4*}2, 12 M HC1-0.09 M NH4I2 Pufe fe4
fe$lfe. 4 4 4 , 12 M HC1-0.09 M NH4I4 Pu -§-#44] 4 4 4fefe 7}*}2 AA
7424 7]fe 24-fe 4fefe4 A -frfefe 4 4 : 4 2 2 £3£i4£3 fefe 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe
4 2 , A fe44l 30% H2O24- NaN02fe 7}4l2 7}4 Pu(IV) fes}4"42 2 4 4 A
fe A 4:414144- 4:4 HNO3-AG 1X8 4 2 4 3 2 2 Pufe fe4 4414414-. 2 4 2 ,
Thfe 44lfe7l 4 4 4 Th -§-#4fe AA 7 4 2 4 4 2 fe -frfefe 4 £ [ 2 2 4 4 4 " 4
4 4 : 4 2 2 £3£i4£3 fefe, fe-frfefe 8 M AAA -§-444 AG 1X8 fe444l A A
4-2 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe44fe 4 4 4 : fe, 4 4 4 £ [ 2 2 Thfe -§-44-4 44]fe$l
A. Ufe 4414-71 4 4 4 U -§-#4fe AA AAAAAA, fe-frfe4 4 M AA AA
fe TBP4- 4 4 4 4 Ufe TBP2 fe#4 fefe 0.2 M fe£}£[22 4fe#4-$!4-. U
4 4 f e # -§-4fe 7}A 7 4 2 4 4 fefefefe 4 - 4 4 4 fefe fe-frfefe 4 4 AAA A
4 4 7 l 2 , -§-4fe AG 1X8 fe4441 fe4£[ fefe 0.5 M 4 4 : 2 2 ufe -§-44~4 4
414414-. 4£341 4 4 4 U 4414-44 l i t AAA Ufe 44-fefe4-fe47l2 fe
4fe$l7l 4fe°14-. 4fe fe4] fefe fefe 13 fe 91A 210Po7} 8 M HNO3-AG 1X8
A ] 3 4 3 4 ] 4 U(VI)4- 4:°] £3fefe4, £3fe Pa2 u -§-#441 fe£[£34-. 2 4 4 TBP
fe4fe#2 Pofe 4]7]s-}2, AG 1X8 fe444]4 4 M HClfe Pafe 4 4 4l7]s},4
A. 2 - # A 1 4 U fe4£32fe TIMS2 AAA A fefe 44- 4:fe 4 4 4 £34-11- 4 4
Ufe 4411} £327} §124, £3 4 AG 1X8 fe444l4 Pu -§-441 4 4 4 fefe 4
£ [ 2 2 ufe -§-44-£3 £34-.
- 114 -
Rain sample
Tracer 232U(242pUj229Th | p H g_1 0
Supernatant Coprecipitation discard
Precipitation
Evaporation
Conc.HN03 Cone. HCI04 HF
8M HNO3 Boric acid, H202,NaN02
Anion exchange
(I) | 8M HNO3 (ID
Evaporation | Evaporation
Conc.HCi (III) Conc.HCUNH*
Evaporation
Aqueous solution discard
Back-extraction
Evaporation j
4MHNO3
0.2M H2C2O4
8M HN03 8M HNO3
Anion exchange
Anion exchange
Cone, HCI
J 8MHN03| Conc.HCi
Discard Th fraction
Anion exchange
8M HNO. Conc.HCi
I
Cone. HCUNH4I
| AM HCI J0.5MHCI
Discard . U fraction
Discard Discard Pu fraction
Fig. 4.5. Flow diagram for the separation and purification of Th, U, and Pu from rain samples.
- 115 -
Fig. 4.6fe 134, 2 AA A A A AAA Sr, Th, Pu, Ufe Am4 fe44fefe 4
fefe7l 4 4 4 4fe2 fe4 4 1 : £32H- fe4 4 41 fefe 44-44494 2 4 2 4 ] AA
fe 7}44 £[£34-4: fe 4 4 4 : fe47}fe4- 4:4 4: Sr 44]fe 7}*}2, fe£[44 fe
4H- fe£l fefe 4 4 : 44:4- 4-fes}fe2fe 4-§-44 £ r 4 4 4 - 4 £ 3 2 4 , 4-4 425
°C2 7 4 4 4 4 - 4 4 4-7]fefe fe£34 fe44£34-. 44fefe £3 £3 4 £3247lfe £[41
fe 7] A 450 °C2 7 4 4 4 4 - 4 4 4-7] fefe 4 : 4 4 fe44£34-. 4 fefe HF4- H F -
HNO3 AAAA fe44£3 fefe 4-fe4 HFH- 4] 7]*} 7] 4 4 4 fefefe 7} 4-2, A A
4-fe4 fefefe 4]T]S-}7] 4 4 4 4 4 : 4fefe 7}4-$14-. A fe44fe -§-4fe 4-fefe
4 4 4 - 2 AA fe24£3 fefe 4-4 4 4 : 44:4- AAAAAA AAAAAAA. fe
-frfefe fefe 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44£3 fe 444414- . £>A}4 Srfe fe4fe7] 4 4 4 A
-§-44] Na2COsfe 7}44 4 4 4 f e SrC03 £3441 £>A}£j Sr, Bafe Rafe fe£34£3
A. SrC03 £344-4 4144 AAAAAA A A 4 44- 2 4 2 SrC03 £34 4414-4
41 fefe Fe(OH)3 £3fefe -§-444 AA 4-4fefe£3fe AA -§-4fe AA fefe, -§-4
fe fefe 74247I2, fe-frfefe 9 M HClfe fe£l fefe, NH2OH ■ HClfe 7}*}2 7}A
AA Pufe Pu(III)2 2 4 f e 4 -§-4fe AG 1X4 fe444l fe44-$14-. fefe£3 Ufe 1
M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-4*}$lfe. fefe44 AA Pu(III), Th(IV)4- Am(III)fe Fe(OH)3 fe£3
4 2 2 3]fe*}4 £3 fefe 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe£l fefe, NaN02fe 7}44 Pufe Pu(IV)
fes}fe42 24fe$14-. 4 -§-4fe 4-4 AG 1X4 fe444l fe-44-2 8 M 4 £ [ 2
A fe44fe 4 4*}$124, fefe£3 Thfe Pufe 4-fe 9 M HClfe 9 M HCI-NH4I -§-
4 2 2 -§-44-$!4-. Am(lll)fe fefe44 £ ^ 2 2 2 -§-4 fe44 -£#44- fe44fe
4144: 8 M AA 414 441 AAAA.
AT] A A 4-4fefe£3fefe £}-££[ fe-frfefe -§-4 4 £3 9 M HCI -§-441 NH2OH •
HClfe 7}4~2 7}£34"4 Pufe Pu(III)2 2 4 f e 4 fe4fe2£l fe4441 fe4£[22
4 Pu4 fe°lfe2£}feA]o]] ^AI-SIA! £t2fe 4-$14-. A A -§-4414 fe°]fe2£lfeAl
41 Pu(IV)4- Pu(VI)fe fefe444: Pu(III)4- Pu(V)fe fefe44 "Sfefe. 25}41, 7.5
M AAA AA 4 4 4 1 4 H2O24I 4 4 Pufe Pu(IV) £[5}4"42 2 4 4 4 , 6 M 4
4-4 A A A A 41 fefe H2O24] 4 4 Pufe Pu(III) £ £ £ 4 s 24-44-. Talvitie[13]
fe AAAS-A 4fe4fe4 fe4-§-4414 Pufe fe44-7l 4 4 4 9 M AA 4 4 4 1 4
- 116 -
Fig. 4.6. Separation schematic of U, Pu, and Th from the dry-ashed biological samples.
- 117 -
4-fes}fe2H- 4-§-44 Pu fes}4"4fe Pu(lV)2 2 4 4 - 4 fe4fe2£lfeA]o]] j t .3
47]fe AA fe A}fefe$14-. fe, Talvitiefe fefe4 44- fefe AAA A A, 4fe A
AA, 4fe, fefe, fe£[4 AA, AA, 4 4 4 AA, - £444- AAAA AA AAA
AAA fe4-§-44]4 Pufe fe44-7] 4 4 4 fe4-§-44 A A fe2fe 9 MS 2 4 fe
2 -§-4 10 mL4] A A 1 4-i:4 30% H2O2H- 7}*}2 A] 711442 £32 1 4 4 : AA
80 ~ 90 °C2 -§-4fe 7}£1£[224 Pu £[5}4"4fe Pu(IV)2 24fe$14-. A AA
fe 100 mL4 9 M 4 4 : fe 1 4-i:4 30% H2O24 fe£[-§-422 4:44-4 A AG
1X2 fe444l fe4*}$lfe. 9 M 4 4 : 2 2 Thfe 4 2 4 2 £32fe 414 4l7]s}2,
7.2 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Fe3£l- A A AAA: AA 1.2 M HCl-0.6% H2O22 Pufe Pu(III)2
£}£344 -§-4*}$14-.
HN03-fe°]fe2£lfeAl A] 3 43 414 4- P}£}7}A13L HCl-fe°]fe2£lfeAl A] 3 43 41
4 2 Pu 4fefe4] 4 4 fe4l7} 417142 $lfe. Montero fe[49]fe 2 4 = 4 2 4 fe4
AA AA Pu fe44] 4 1 : 2 7}A 4243fe 4fe4-2 3 AAA 423}$14-. A A
fefefe 2 4 4 £ 1 £[£3#44- 4fe4l AA 4fe4fe AAAA fefe44-4s 24=4
fefe fe44£34-. 2 4 = 4 2 4 £[£3#4l4fe 50 g4 42H- 8 M 44:4- 4-fes}fefe
fe 4-§-4 4 fe44£324, 4 2 fe4fei: 44-4-2 447]H- 41 fe £[fe4147lfe
24-fe 4:fefe$14-. AA 4 4fe 8 M AA AAA 1 L -§-422 4:1:2, A -§-4fe
fefe44 fe4H- 200 mL2 fe47]4- 4 4 4 # 4 7 l 4 £34-4 AAAAA. -§-441
47]fe 7}44 pH 92 2 4 f e 4 AAAA £3441 4-4fefe£32H- fe£34£3 fefe,
diisopropyletherfe 4fe£[ -§-4lfe#422 Fefe 417]*}2 -§-4fe 4 2 4 4 4 AA
fefe Pu4 fe°]fe2£l fe44:4l2 4£3fe. AAAA AAAAAA 4fe£[ 2 4 = 4 2
fe 4 41 fefe 10 7[|4 fe4-§-7l 4"A 41 0.5 g 4 4 4 2 4 - 2 ml 65% HNO3-5 mL
35% HC1-3 mL 48% HF fefefe 4 2 , fe447]2 £jfe4£3 fefe, 2 mL44 70%
HCIO4H- 7}*}2, fe£|-§-4i: 2fe 1 7[|4 -fr4yl7]4l fe7l2 7}£34-4 £324£34-.
fe-frfe4l 60% 4fefe 7}44 fe°]2, 7}£34"4 4 2 4 AA- A -frfefe 50 ~ 75 mL
4 9 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44£3 fefe, 3 g4 fefefe 7} 4-2 A AA AAAA fe fefe
4 fefefe 44-4-4 4]7]s-}$lfe. 4 4fe AA £324£3 fefe fe£3£[ fe£[444-4
- 118 -
fe 1 4 4 4:fefe$14-. 4 4fe AA 4 2 4 4 4 fe-frfefe Pu4 fe°lfe2£l fe4£[
412 4£3fe. HN03-fe°lfe2£}feA] A]343fe °]-§-£[ Pu fe44]fefe, 2 4 = 4 2 fe
4-§-4fe 4 2 4 £3 4:-frfefe 1 M HClfe -§-£]47l2 fe mg4 NH2OH • HClfe 7}
fe2 7} A AAA A A- A -frfefe 8 M 4 £[4] -§-44712, fe mg4 NaN02fe 7}£[
fefe, Dowex 1X8 fe444l fe44"2, 8 M 44:4- 10 M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe44fe 414
fe4 Ufe Thfe 417]*}$124, Pufe 9 M HC1-0.1 M HI -§-422 -§-44"$!4-. 2
4 2 , HCl-fe°]fe2£lfeAl A]343fe °]-§-£[ Pu fe44]fefe, 2 4 = 4 2 fe£|-§-4i:
fe34£3 4:-frfefe 10 mL4 1 M 4£[4l -§-£]47l2 fe mg4 NaN02fe 7}4-2 7}
A AAA AA- A -frfefe 9 M 4 AA AAAA AA, Dowex 1X4 fe444l fe44-
2 , 10 M 4 AA 8 M 4 £ [ 2 2 fe44fe 4144-4 Thfe Ufe 417]*}$124, Pufe
9 M HC1-0.15 M H2O2 -§-422 -§-4*}$14-. 4 1 : 4 £3 £3 £34-41 44-£3, 2 4 4 £1
A A # 4 2 2 4 fefe fe44£3 4fe £32£3 2 4 = 4 2 fe4fe} 10 g 4 4-4 £3 fefes}
4 fe£34-4fe £j^ffll2 Pu 4fefe4] fe fe4]7} AAA. 4 2 fe4fe} 50 g£3 4fe
fe AAAA fe£3422 4 2 4 2 £322fe4 Pufe A}£3fe4£}4 ^ 2 4 3]fefe4
3A]§1-711 AAAAA. AAAA fefe44-441 4 4 : 4 2 5 g4 fe4414fe fe£[4
4H- AA AAAAA AyS]AA AAA Pu 4fefe4 241 AAAAA. 2 7}A1 AA
AAA A A A AAAA Pufe £}-££[ 2 4 = 4 2 fe44l 4 £[4-2, 4fe£[ Pu 4fe
fe £34-11- fe44: fefefefe fefe £14-411- 4fe4-fe £34 2 4 4 £1 fefe444 4fe
2fe 4 4 : 4 A 4 4 2 47is}r£3 o] ^^-fefe vg7|-§|-o!c^ 2 4 2 , 4fefe
HN03-fe°]fe2£lfeAl A] 343fe HCl-fe4fe2£lfeAl 4243 A}441 Pu 4 fefe fe
47} 341 4-4-4:4-2 fe$lfe. AAA Pu 4fefe4 81.6%£141 4:4 fe7}£] Pu 4
fefefe 39.5%4] -11:4-4-$!fe fe4, fe7}£] 7§fe AA Pu fe 8.5%7} U -§-#44] fe
4 4 £ 3 2 4 , 15.5%7} Th -§-#441 fe4£3 4 2 2 fefefefe. °14fe HCl-fe°lfe2
£}fe4 A ] 3 4 3 4 1 4 Pu(lV) fes}4"4 AAA 4 4 4 - 4 fefe$!fefe 444:4- .
4:4, 4 4 4 4 Al-g-5l3 A A AAA^-AAA o]i|o]]3 4 fefe 4fe2£lfeAl
AA fe7l4fe2£}4]fe 4-§-£[ 4-4fefe£32 fe4 $4fe2 2 2 4 2 $14-. 41 fe fe
4 , Eakins4- Gomm[18]fe Pu7} -£4 2.44] fe4"4fe 4 4 f e °]-§-£l4 2 4 2 fe
4 Pufe fe44-$!4-. 2 4 2 4 1 44:4- £l£[4:fe -§-4fe 7}*}2 7}£34-4 fefe 7}fe
- 119 -
fe44£3 fefe 4~24fefeH- 7}44 £l£[4:fe £3441 Pufe fe£34£34-. £3£3fe fe
44 -4 500 °C2 £3444-4£3 fe 4 f e i : l M 4£[4] -§-44£3 fefe 7}£34-4
pyrosulfatefe 7}fefe44£34-. 1 M Na2S03 -§-4fe 7}44 Pu(III) fes}4"42 2 4
A AA AS-AAAA 7}44 pH 52 2 4 f e 2 , -§-4fe -£444- 14(glass fiber
filter)41 fefe44 Pufe £3441 fefe4 £3 fefe 6 M 4 4 : fe422 Pufe 4:4-4 £3
A. Kim fe[50, 51]fe 24=44- 4 4 fefe 4:fe £ 1 4 4 2 fe4 U, Th, Amfe Pufe
TRU, TEVA AA UTEVA 7 4 4 2 2 7[|1#fe44-7l 441 fefe4 4 2 ( 1 g)2fe4
4-4fefe£32fe fe22 A}£3fe4fefe 41 Diphonix fe4fe A}fefe$!4-. Diphonix fe
4fe polystyrene/divinylbenzene fefe£[4]4l diphosphonic acid4- sulfonic acid 2
A A A -§-7] A AAAA $lfe 4=4fe2£}feA]o]4-' A fe4fe 0.1 ~ l M 4 AA
4 AAAAAA, AAAAAAA AA AA 4=°lfe4l 4*114 +3, +44- +6 fes}£[
4 4 4-4fefe£3fe4- AAAAAA A fefelJ-fe. A fe4fe Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+4- Bi3+
2 fe4"l44-. AAA AAAAAA 7[|iife441 $44 24=44- 4 4 f e 4 2 4 fe4
-§-422fe4 4]fefe4 4 2 4 2 -42H- 41T]S-}£^ 4] A fe4fe 4-§-14 fe $14-.
3 4 2 A fe4fe 4 2 . 4 fefe fe24 H F -§-44142 £ [ 4 4 - 2 2 HFH- 4-§-414
4 2 4 447}fe 4r£l44 -§-44-4: 4 2 fe.#"fe4°)i2 A fe4fe 4-§-14 fe $14-.
A AAAA fe£3l4: AAAAAA fefe4 £34-11- 2 4 , 4 2 fe4-§-44 4 4 f e 0.1
M HCl-0.3 M HF2 2£3fe2 ascorbic acidS Fe3+fe Fe2+2 £}£34£3 fefe
Diphonix AA fe444l fe4*}$!fe. 0.5 M 1-hydroxyethylidene-diphosphonic
acid(HEDPA)2 4-4fefe£32fe fe4 4 4 1 2 4 , 4-4fefe£32 -§-#4fe Fenton's
reagent(H202-Fe2+ AA -§-4)[52]4- 2 f e 2 2 4 4 4 " 4 fe44£34-. 4-4fefe£32
H- -§-5]§}A1 £ t3 4 l : 0 l fefe£3 Diphonix fe4H- fe444l4 4 4 4 AAAA fe
44-4H- 4-§-44 fe44£3 fe2 $14-. Kim fefe A fe4-§-4fe AA 74247I2,
4:-frfefe 4 4 : 4 £[41 -§-4 4 4 fefe TRU £34, TEVA £344- UTEVA £34fe
4-§-44 Th, u, Amfe Pufe 7[|i#fe44-2 414414-4 4"4-fe4-fe422 fe4fe$!
AA, fe°]fe2£}4 fe4 £34:4 4 fe44~4fe 4fe£[ AAAAAA 7[ | i ife42 7}
fefefe.
- 120 -
4.2. ^ i H f ^ l AS- 7f ^rA^A H-T-S-B" 2T^ A A]
4.2.1. ^IHf-^*! A A- fe/^} A^
19914 £3fe£34 fe4-£34fe4 IAEAfe NPT 7}£jfel:4 4 # f e fe44 fefefe
4 f e fes}*}7l 4 4 4 “Program 93+2"2 -fe4fe 4lSfe 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 2 2 3 4 3
4 £3£341 4"fefe$!4-. 4fe£3 fefe£[ 4-s}4"41: fe4 4-4-fe £ }44 fe 4 4 4
fe4fe 4 £ l 2 4 £ [ f e i : AAA fe $lfe 44£3fe(nuclear signature) £ [ 4 4 fefe
2 2 4fe4-fe £3 4 £34-. fe, 4 4£34 41 fefe 4 fe4]4 4 4 4 : £ }44241 £[-££3
4 fe 4 f e 4 4 fe4£324H- AAAAAA 4 £ l 2 «fl%^^} 44£3fe 4 "4 * }2 fe
441 fe 4 4 4 - . 2 2 3 434 £3 4:41414 fefel4 £31: fe 4-4-fe £144 4 fe 4 2
fe4(bulk analysis) ^ ^ - i : 7[|1f}4-2 AAA 44l£jfe 7}fe 4 7} fe 4 (particle
analysis) 7lfefefe 7[|1f}4-fe AAAA-
IAEA4 4:4-3] fe 4 2 f e £3fe4£l 4 A } l lSfe £ } 4 4 2 4 4 (environmental
sampling)!! 19964 fe4l 4 £3 % AA fe£14-$!4-. £}44 fe 4 4 4 4 £3 £3 4:41
2fe A 4 4 £3 41 414: 4 4 £ 3 f e 4 4-4"£[(baseline nuclear signature)fe fefe7l 4
4 4 fe#4£31r4- £t^3fe 2 4 - 4 - 2 91A AAAA AA swipe4fe 4 4 4 1 fe4 4
^£fe4£324, 4 4 £3 2 f e 4 2 1 : f e 2 2 2 4 4 4 Seibersdorf4l $lfe IAEA4 4
4 4 4 4 4 1 4 fe44£3fe. 4~i:4 IAEAfe £3fe4 2fefe 4 l 2 f e 4 fe4*}2 AA
4-4fe 4 f e f e $ ! 2 4 , fe44: £}7§42fe fe4fe4 4 4 4 Seibersdorf4l fefel4
Class-100 4 4 4 £ 3 4 f e £3414-4 £3£34-$!4-. A £3£3£3fe 19964 fefe4 fe$!4
2 $124 , 4 4 7}£jfe!:4 fe$|fe2 91A fe4£3£3£3TcKNWAL; Network of
Analytical Laboratories)4 fe4 41}fe 4" 2 AA. AA, IAEA4 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4
A 4 3 } 2 £34 A} I44 2 fe7} A A fe44"4l 4 f e Seibersdorf4 4 4 4 4 4 ™ AA
A AAA AAAAA AAA fe $lfe 4 fefe A A NWAL4] 4fefe°l 4 f e 4 4
fe442 $14-. Table 4.341 NWALfe AAA fe£34"2 $lfe fe44]-§-i: AAA41
A 7114- $14-.
4:4, £}4fe4 fe°}4l4 £ }44 fe fe4 4 f e 2 A AA £34:422 £32fe4
(bulk analysis)!?- 4 4 4 : 4 - . 25}41, wj"A}fe fe#4 fe7]4- fefe fe4 4l wj"A}fe4
fe£3fe41 fefe£3 £3 4 2 4 : 4-4-fefe £34 AAA 19864 Chernobyl Al-3fe AA A
- 121 -
Table 4.3. IAEA Network of Analytical Laboratories for Safeguards
Laboratory
AEA Technology, Harwell, UK Atomic Energy Commission Laboratory(AECL) Chalk River, Canada Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC), USA Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) Aldermaston, UK Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung (BAM), Germany CEA Laboratories (Marcoule & Saclay), France CEA Laboratories (Bruyeres le Chatel & Valduc), France DOE Network of Analytical Laboratories (DOE SANES, USA) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), EU KFKI Atomic Energy Institute, Budapest, Hungary V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute(KRI), St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Laboratory for Micro -particle Analysis, Moscow, Russian Federation DOE New Brunswick Laboratory(NBL), USA Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten, Netherlands Nuclear Material Control Center, Safeguards Analytical Laboratory, Tokai, Japan Nuclear Research Institute(NRI), Rez, Czech Republic Austrian Research Centre(OeFZS), Austria Safeguards Analytical Laboratory(SAL), IAEA Insti tute for T r a n s uranium Elements (ITU), Karlsruhe, EU
Areas of analytical services
Nuclear material analyses
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Heavy water analyses
o
o
Reference material provision
o
o
o
o
o
o
Environmental particle analyses
*
o
o
*
o
o
Environmental bulk samples analyses
Radioactive
o
o
o
o
o
Not radioactive
o
o
o
o
o
o
* : Laboratories in the process of adding environmental sample analysis qualification.
- 122 -
4 £34-. fe, fe#£3 £[A}£3 jg-^.s-.o] ^H-tLo] Ay} AAAA. 2£[7}£j 47}(hot
particle) 4 -4-4 :222 44-41 44"?} A A A A fe 91AA AAA AAAA fe4
414 47}fe4(particle analysis)4 fe2£3fe 4fe41 £344"41 4£3fe. AAA AA
fe fefe £ 4 2 2 4 AAA A A, fe#44, 47}£J£3 4fe}4fe4- 47}4fe 4l7}4fefe
fe41} fe $14-[53, 54}
44-4" 4fefe 2 £44 4 4444"(nuclear forensics) 4 2 f e 241 2 7}A, A A
7} A A (particulate sample)4- £32A]s(bulk sample)2 fefe fe 91A- A7} AAA
4 - 3 3 43414 fe4 2 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 441 47}fefe fe4£[ 4 2 4 4 4]7l£3 AA A
A AAA, £l2£3 4 4 £3 A A 4 £ l 2 44-s414 -£#£3 47}fefe 4 4 4 : AAA
s AA swipeA]244-. £32AleLfe 47}4241 A A A A 7] A] fe£fe} 3 43414
4 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 fefefe AA, fe4£32 fefe, 4 4 2 7}fe, £37}2 fefe 4 4 4
44- 4:fe 44fefe7l A A AA AAA A A AAAA AAA 4 fefe 4:4:4455].
4 £[fefe4 fe44 £}4424l £4-££3 fe4fe4 4fe4fe AAA^A A A fe47lfe
2 4 £32fe4(bulk analysis)fe 4 7}fe4 (particle analysis)22 43=1} fe 91A- 4
3 A ] ^ 4 £3fefe £34111- 4 -44 £ [444- 4 4 - 4 4 4 - 4 2 2 fe44-4 £32A]EL4
4fe4 fe£3fe fe4fefe 4fefe 4 2 f e 4 4 4 , £ 3 2 A ] S 4 1 4 AA 4-4-H- fee}414
AA AAA fe£3fe fe4fe£3 47}fe4 4 £34-. Swipe4fe4 4 £ - 2 swipe4fe A
4] AA £3fefe4l 4 4 4 4 4fefe AAAA £32fe44 4 4 , swipe424l4 y}\
£1 47}4 fe£3fe AAAA 47}fe4 4 £34-.
4 2 f e 4 f e £37}44-s4 41fe4- 4fe4]4 4 4 4 : 24=, 4 2 , fefe 4 fe 4 2
41 4 4 4 : 4-4 A A AA3-AAA AAAA 4] -£-§-4-4-. 4:4, 4 4 - 4 - 4 2 fe44]
A] A A 4-4-4-4-41 4 4 fe4£3fe 2 4 4 - 4:fe 47}fe£jfe 4£4fefe £34 434:4
fefefefe. 44fefe7l4]4 -fr#4fe 4 f e 4 47}fefe 4 l42fe 4 t f l s 4£3 4]fe4-
4 fefe 4 fell fe $ 1 2 2 2 £}44fe AA swipe4fefe 4 4 £ 4 2 2 4 4 fe 47}fe
fe 4fe14 fe $14-. 3 4 2 2 4 f e 4 2 f e 4 4 4 4 f e 4 4 , 4 4 £3 41 fefe fe£l,
3 4 2 i i -224-2 3-fe AAA 41fe4l4 4fefe 4144-4 A7~\\ 4£3fe£l AAA
4 4 - 4 2 4 - 4-T] 4 # f e 4 4fe £[44]fe 414] 41 fe -£-§-£[ 42H- £3fe fe $14-.
4 f e 4 47}fe fe44-7l 4 4 4 f e 44-4-2 4 4 4 : AAA $144 £34-. Swipe4fe
- 123 -
41 fe4£3 47}fe4 £37}2 s £ l AA AAA AA (fission trackfel £[£34 £3 fe
4 4 fe44 A A A A fe4£[fefe A7]7} AA. 4144: 2 4 - 2 2 A AAAA A
fefe4 TIMS4 £3 e} 41241 fe44 fe4£32 2£jfe fe414 fe $144: A AAA
AAA AA A fe1 4 4 4 4 4 : 4 i£4 £34fe fe4fe 7 } A 1 3 $14-. 4-4-4 4£3£[
AA 44] AAA A fe $ 1 2 4 4 4 4 - 2 4 - 4 4 2 4 4 ] 4 TIMS4] AAAA AA
fe44~4 7}\^tA AAA A 4l7]4£34-. 1995£3fe4 ITUQnstitute for Transuranium
Elements)4l4fe swipe424l fe4£3 Ufe Pu ^ 4 1 4 # 4 " 2 fe4£32 2£jfe fe
4fe7l 4 4 4 SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry )fe 7[|1t[4-4 £[4456].
SIMS 7lfe4 fefefe2 4 4 1 Mm 4 4 " 4 47}4l JL4-4 4 4 4 " SIMS4 A A 41 fe
41 27fe} 4 fefe AAA fe44lfe 4 4 f e ° l $124 FT-TIMS(fission track &
TIMS)4 4 2 4 - 4 4 4 2 2 A 7}A 3 $14-.
19984 £3fe4 JAERlfe IAEA4 AAA 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 41414] 44"?} £ } 4 4
2 fe47lfefe 4-44-71 4 4 : fe242fe 4 4"*} $lfe. 20014, CLEAR(Clean
Laboratory for Environmental Analysis and Research) 2 fe4fe 4 4 4 A A
(cleanroom facility)!?- A/&AAAA; £ } 4 4 2 fe fe4 fe 4 f e 4 AA A £3fe4£l
7lfe 7fl1|}-i- fefe3}<£ A ] S £ 3 1 3 7lfe(sample screening technique) 3 4 2 1 H 4 S
4- swipe42 fe47lfefe 7fl1|}s-}$14-. 2002fefe4fe NUCEF(Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Safety Engineering Research Facility) 414 4 4 - 4fe£[ fe47]fefe A A swipe4
241 4fe*}7l 4 4 : 4fe7l|1|}i: 44"*}$14-. IAEA7} 4lfe£[ AAA A AAA fe4
fefe 47}4" IAEA 4A}41r4] 4 4 : CLEARfe NECEF4144 ?14-feA}fe 7] A
20034 l£l JAERlfe 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 fe44 4 : 4 4 2 f e fe41} fe $lfe NWAL4
£ 3 4 2 2 4 4 7}7]-g- ^m^}AA. 4 fe fe4 Ufe Pufe fefe 4 f e 4-4fefe£324-
4fe£3£3£34 fe4fe 4 4 4 AA7} 2 4 - fefefe2 £ 1 4 4 $lfe 7lfe 7[|it[41 fefe
4-$14-. A A 4:fe 7]fe7l|i|}4- £3 £3 4-4 £3fe 7}3r.e] Ai^fefe fe4fe2 $124 , $4
2 2 IAEA7} 4lfefefe 4 2 f e f e fe41} 414 A A.
JAERI4 4 4 4 - 4 - £3£3£3fe £ } 4 4 f e fe4fe22 £3 414 £ 3 2 4 , AA 700 m2fe
£34£3fe4 7}A]§13 $}2 4 4 4 4 ] f e s}4 -44 AAA 7fe]fe4 AAAA AAA
$lfe. 4 -4 -44 AAA 442(cleanliness)fe class 100(1 ft3 fe7lfe4l 4 4 0.5 Mm
- 124 -
A-A £?- w^fe} 100 7fl fe|^j-)o]j7 7l7l4fe^ AAA] ^£§££fe? class 1000°lt£. £ j ^
A^ 4l££7]]£r AA] £5!^ s i n A A A?] $\AA AA^AA A] $]A 3. A: ££#4111 A
AAA 'AAA. ^7iAA]A ^£i -£ i0 l spike 2£fe? SL^r-irS A>-§-5]S.S. £ j ^ £ l ^ : A
A A ^AA^A-JA A^A^- 91A. ^^A^ AAA A ^(positive pressure) £ r 4 l l l
Fig. 4.7x4- 4 f e ^ ^ 3 > # 2[-H]-4]£r S4T|A]VH A=-^A] S.A^°)A. ^t$\A ^A A]S-
41 A] A} ^TjjfeJ <fe^£j- ti>3]^}c^^^ ^ ^ J f e U ^ . 3 ] ^ 1 7 | £]-gfl 7VJ £3. 3] v£TV] lg 7] 4^.
(sample screening technique) °1 41-3 ArA-AA. CLEAR^l^fe? ^ M ^ i A7i ^tj-^-S-A l S # £i£|^l-Jl %IA- A, A l ^ ^ £47,1- 41- ^A^TVJ A]v£5] ^£§74 A^ <AAA
AL^AA. ALAAA AAA 7^AA, x-£i 7^AA, ^41A AAAA A &~A 7^AAA o]AA^, A A ^A-AA— -.-312} X - £ i ^ A7i ° t e anti-compton systemil: °)A
^>J1 &t}-[57]. UA V\xA\ AAA°] 1 Bq °l^r£l Al2l£r CLEAR 41^1 AAA3-, 1
Bq AAA A S-A ‘hot-cell sample’^ ^ A r ^ r ^ N U C E F 4 1 A : 1 4fe^^l-3l SlA.
CLEAR41A A AAA^, A^AAAA^ ^A AAr AAiA °)AAA ^AAAA
A A^-Ak AAAA, S-ATAS-A T§AA A^IA^A AAA?]^- AA. AA-A] A A
o]S-ALA3S-AS-^-A^\, ^#3-££-n}j33L4l3l ^A A^AAlA-jA AAAA AAiAk
Swipe i Samples J
Bulk Analysis Spike
Ashing & Acid Treatment
n A
•=> ' IA Chemical
Separation
CLEAR Ciean room
\A) [ICP-MS j
Particle Analysis
1 Screen ing j , ( Particle Recovery j d ) [ TXRF SIMS
A \ \ \ \ \ \
Particle Recovery j CZy MSSIOn fZ) I (~TI MS j
Hot Ceil Bulk Analysis ) MUCE-
Samples r = >
V Ashing & Acid
Treatment 3 2 2 , ^ 2 ; £
I Chemical ! Separation
\A) { TIMS
Fig. 4.7. Flow diagram of the environmental sample analysis.
- 125 -
fee] 4414:4-. AA 4:fe 4-4-44H- AA AA AA fe4-§-4 4 2 fe4 4 f e 4
4 A A fe4£3fe 2£jfe TIMS AA ICP-MS2 fe4 4:4-. 4241 4fe fe44-4
fe 7feAlAl £ t3 H } 2 ICP-MS2 fe4fefe 4 fe2 $lfe. 238Pu4- 4:°] 4:fe7fe} f4
fe 4 fefe £[A}fe fe4422 4fe£[4-. 4714 fefe42 4 4 4 : 4fe£[41fe TIMS
4 4 fefe 10~15 g°]2 ICP-MS4 4fefe 10~12 g/mL4 4-[574
SwipeA]2 fe4 Ufe Pu4 fe24- fe442y]fe fe4fe7l 4 4 : 42fe4414fe
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 - , fefe4, Ufe Pu4 fe4fe2£lfe4, TIMS AA ICP-MS4] 4 4 :
fe4£324 fe44 44-n- 4 2 2 $lfe. 47}fe4414fe 41 fe 1:4 fefefe fefe
(ultrasonic agitation)4"4fe 4-§-44 swipeAl22fe4 47}fefe 4fe4:4-. 4 f e 4
4 fe4 4 fefe 4-£lfe7l 4 4 4 4fe£3 47}fefe TXRF(total reflection X-ray
fluorescence spectrometer) 2 fe4fe4, 4: £3 A A AAAA AAAA EPMA
(electron probe micro analyzer)!! 4-§-4 4 A AAAA £32fe4fe 4" 2 $lfe. fe
4 4fe4fe fe£34-fe A AAA fe4£3fe 2 4 f e SIMS2 AAAfA $14-[574 2 4
4- SIMS4 A A 41fe41 4 4 l Mm 44-4 0fe34 fe44]fe 44fe° l $ 1 2 2 2 4
2 4 - 4 4 FT-TIMS(fission track & TIMS)fe £3241 4fe 4fe*}2 $lfe. Swipe
4 2 4 47}fefe polycarbonate membrane filter(pore size: 0.1 -m)4l 2fe fefe 4
7}A AAA £3 411" £ [444"4 fe42, A fe4i: polycarbonate film (thickness:
7-10 Mm)4l 4 4 4 - 4 £3fe£37}H- ^A}4£31fe sfefe 4-4-41 £34 £3 fefe 4fe£3 fe
4(fission track)fe ^ 1 4 4 2 2 4^;fe2, 4 1 4 4 4 2 2 4fe£3 fe4fe fe£[£[ fe4
fe fee}4!4 TIMS4 £3e}4l24l fe44 fe442fe fe4fe2 $lfe.
JAERI fe42£31rfe 7]-g-£i«fl<?i s. 4 f e 4 4 £-4- 4:fe wJ"A}fe fe47} fefe 4
2 4 s}4-fe44l 4 4 : fefe£[ 4£3fe 7}A] 3 $124, 4 414 4£3fe 4-4-22 AA
A 4 41 £3 clean-box4l4 ‘hot-cell sample’fe 534:4 4 £ 2 $lfe. 47}37l 25 Mm
4 fe4fe2£lfeAlll- 4fe 50 'fe fe44 AA fe4422 Ufe Pufe 4414: fefe
TIMS2 fe4fe2 $lfe. 5 ~ 10,000 ng4 U AA 0.01 ~ 100 ng4 Pu4 fe4 4l
4 1% 4 2 4 AAAAA 2 2 f e $ l 2 4 , 4414-4 41 4 4 : 4-4"£[(process blank)fe
U4 4 fefe <0.03 ng4 2 Pu4 4 fefe <0.02 pg4e}2 £[£34-.
- 126 -
4.2.2. ^ I H f - ^ * ! A A. A 3 - 4 - ^ 4 - ^rAlAAr A A A A]
4 f e 4 4 fe4£3244] 434: 4 2 f e 4 f e 4 4 fe£34- -§-2fe £[4fe 4] 4 fe fe
fefefe. 2 ^ 4 £b. £3wl23t5 «fl%^feA] 3 . ^ £}4fe4 4 2 4 1 4 Ufe Pu4 fe2
7} 4 fe £fe] 41fe4l 4 1 : 4 4 4 f e 4 - fe4£324H- fe4fefe £3fe 4 fe 4 4 4 - .
4 1 : 4 2 4 1 4 U fe4£324H- 4 4 - - 444-41 fe44-fe 41 $14 £[414fe U 4 4
4]fe27} fe2(AiA> ^ u fe2; ~ io~6 g/g) fe44fe fe4144 4-47} 41 fe 2 4 -
fe 41 $14-.(234U, 0.006%; 235U, 0.72%; 238U, 99.27%). 4 :4 , Pufe 4 # f e f e 4 fe£3
4]4 7}fe fefe£[ 4 2 4 4 4 : Pu fe27} 10"11 ~ 10~12 g/g$l fefefe 4-4 fe 414
4-£3 4 4 Pu4 fe2fe 434" 10~15 g / g 2 2 41 fe fefe. fefe Pu4 4 fefe 1940 ~
19414 7] 744] 4 f e 4 l 4 4 4-4 A4-2 A fe $124 , 4£3£3 41 4 4 8 fe AAA
Pu°l 4fefe£34l fe44 4 2 2 fe4£34-. 4fe£3 24= fe4 £lfe 239Pu4 4 f e f e 2
fe 10~13 g/g4l 7}AA. 4 4 4 4 - 1964441 fe£j£[ NASA4 SNAP-9A fe44 4 f e
fefe4l 4 4 : 238Pu4 7]4fe AAAjA'AA. 239-240Pu4 3 ~ 6%4 44264 Pu 4 f e 4 : 4
Pu fe442 2£jfe 93.5% 239Pu, 6.0% 240Pu, 0.5% 241Pu°]4, 4 fe4 238Pu4- M2Pu
7} £ [ 4 - 4 4 $14-. 44] A A AAA AAAA AAA A AA AAAA As. A A Pu
fe4£32 2£jfe 50 — 60% 239Pu, 11 — 12% 240Pu 2 4 2 1.4 —3%7} 238Pu, 242Pu4-241Pu°14-. 4 f e 4 AAAS-A Pu fe4£32fe AAAA 4fe£3 Pu4 fe£K4fe£[4-
fefe A}-§-fe442)fe A: fe $lfe.
Pufe 2 f e 2 l}4-£ l fe4- fe422 AAA fe $12fe 239Pufe 4-fe 44~4-fe4
0.25 BqfeO~10g22 41 fe £fe] 4lfe4l £ } 4 4 2 £ l 10~12 ~ 10~14 g/g fe22 1:4$!
fe Pufe 2 f e 2 4-4-fe fe4-fe47] A A AAA A A fefe fe 7 4 2 3 434 AAAS-A
fe4 Pufe fe4 fe44°} 4 f e 4 4 f e 4 4fe4-[584
4 :4 , 4 4 : 104 AA ICP-MSH- °]-§-£[ U fe4£32 fe44] AA AAA 91A
2 4 , TIMS4- 4 2 1 } 41 iCP-MSfe £[£14-2 fefe4l4 4 4 1 4 2 H - 4 4 fe414
fe $124 41 fefe 4 ] 2 4 2 2 f e 4 fe443fe £32H- Ffe44fes | f e £ fe4 4 7}AA
fefe 4-4fe 7 } A 1 3 $lfe. 3 . ^ 4 £b «flAi-7}-A]sfe fe£[414 £ } 4 4 f e fe4 U 4 4 -
Pu4 £[fe4- fe4424 fe44l4 ICP-MS4 4 4 2 4 - fe4£[4l7} TIMS4] 4 4
4 fe fefe £34 fefe A A- AAA Magara fe[57]fe 4 A } 4 " 4 2 fe4 4 7fl1|}4l4
- 127 -
AAAA fefe42 TIMS4] 4]414fe 10~15 g 3 4 2 ICP-MS4 4fefe 10~12
g/mL2 44fe$ l f e . AA, AA AA fe4£3244 4-4H- 4 - 4 - 2 2 4 f e 4 4 fe£3
fe £ [ 4 4 47l 41fe4l 4fefe44l $44 Ufe Pu4 fe4 4417} ^_AAAA. AA
4fe41fe £ 3 4 : 4 2 2 U4 Pufefe 107 4 A A A A A AAAA $14-[271. AAA
fe 4 2 4 1 U4 fe414-£3 4 f e f e 4 , fe4 fefe4 £3 4 2 4 2 H - fe44-fe ICP- MS
41 fefe 238UH feAfei^L 3437} 239Pu4 fe44l 4 :4 fe £32£3fe. 238UH4- 239Pu4 4
fefe fefe 239.05861 amu4- 239.05216 a m u 4 4 4 l r 2 7fl 4 ^ 1 fe44"4£3 AA
fe4fe(mass resolution) A 37,000°] 4 4 £3fe. AAA Pu 4 2 4 1 U°] 1:4 91 AA
Ufe 4] 7]*}2 Pufe fe4 4414-7] 4 4 : 3}4-fe4 7} llfefefe. JAERI414 fe£3£3
fefefe 5-fefe 4 4 " ICP-MS414 238UH/238U4 £ [ 4 4 4felfe rfl^ 8 x 10~54£34-.
° ]4fe Ufe Pu4 4 f e f e 4 AA7} 4-4-2 7}44-£3 U 4 fefefefe £[£[414 Pu4
fe44fe 4fefe fe414 4 f e 4 2 fe'4] 238U/239Pu £37}4fe4 10~424- 4 4 4 £3
fefe fefe 4 4 4 : 4 s 2 4 4 , U4 Pu4 107 4 o]xv ^0] ^ ^ ^ ^ J 4 A § A I S 4 1 4
Pufe ICP-MS2 AAAAA Pu4 s}4-fe47} £324-44574
«fl^£]tj- feo}£] AA AAAA 4 f e 4 fefe AAA^ A fe $14-. 4H- 414,
44"£3 Pu fe44] 4 4 4 fe4(4£[ AAA 7].#), s}fefee] A]7l, s}fefe5] fe44-
4 4 - Pu -§-211- Af>]A AA fe 4-41 4 4 AM 4 4 4 4 4 - 4 : fe4£32 fe44 A
24-4455, 594 Pu4 fe4Afe]fe 238Pu/234U, 239Pu/235U, 240Pu/236U, 241Pu/241Am AA 242Pu/238U4- 4:fe 2 4 f e 4 l 4 4 : fe4fe4 4 fefe 4 - 4 - 2 2 4l£[£[4-. Pu4 fe4£3
A AAA £37}2414 4 4 2 $424- 4?1£3 AAA AAA 2 4 2 4 4 - ^ 4 4 4 ,
fe £37}2 4-44- 4417} $ 1 2 2 2 Pu fe44 fe4£3fe 2£jfe fe44-£3 Pu A A
AAA 7lfefe A fe $141 £34-. 4 4 4 4 " 4fefe £32A]s£3 fe2 $1A1T4: 4 l2fe
£}4414 4 4 4 : 47}4fe£3 fe2 $14-. 4 7 } 4 f e 4 4 f e Ufe Pu4 £34]fe4 fe4
4 2 , 41 fe 4 f e fe4£3244 4-411- £ l £ fe $ 1 4 4 4 2 2 4 1 : 4 fe44l 2
fe TIMSH- 4-§-4-2 $lfe.
4-4 £ [ 4 4 , 4 £[fefe4 4 fefe fe£[£[ £}44 fe fe4 Ufe Pu4 fe44fe A
A A fe44-4£3 Ufe Pu41 A A AA7} AA 10~13 gfe 10~15 g 4 4 4 4 4 , TIMS
7} A 2£3fe fefe£[4-. IAEAfe NPT 4 £34- 4?1£[ 4 s ] 7}A1 4£[fefe4 4 2
- 128 -
A A A A Pu fe44] fe442444fefe44(lDMS)fe 4-§-4-2 $14-. 41 fe 1:4,
e ] 4 4 4 RADIUM4fe24l4fe ~10~13 g4 Pufe ~10~10 g4 U4 1:4 $12 U/Pu
47} 1067}A] fe°4=-sl «flA]-7}-A]s. 0.1 gfe 7}A13 ufe Pu4 £[fe4- fe4£324H-
IDMS2 A A A3- 91A[604
U AA Pufe 1}4-£lfe4-fe4 44- 4 4 l 4 4 - f e 4 4 2 2 fe4fe7] 4 4 4 f e fefe
4 £}442fe 4fe£l0} 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 £13^-2} v}A 4-4-fe 4-fe4ll:4 4:4 fe
41 T]*}7] 4 4 4 U44- Pufe fe4 4 4 1 4 4 £34-. 4-4-44fe4-fe4 41 fefe fe4 2
£3414 41 fefe 4 2 3 43 4 2 4 £}442fe A}fefe41 4 2 2 fefe32fe23£l4
AA 4 f e 2 £ } 3 2 f e 2 3 4 l 4 2 U°]fe Pufe fe4 44lfe7] 441 fe£34fe 4fe£[ A}4fe47} 7] A £3fe4 44-. Ufe Pu4 4 f e f e 4 4 l 4 2 s}4-fe47} £324-4-. 2 ^
4 4 : AA7} fefe£[ TIMS414fe fe4]422 2 f e 4 £}442fe £ | 5 l E f i fe£3
4- 4:fe A}4fe47} 4 : 2A] £!JL£[ AA AAA. AA, AAAAA 4 2 4 - 4:4 4
2 7} 4] 7} 4fe£3 4 fefe 4 2 fe4-§-44l 4 4 4" 4 - 4 4 4-4-fe/e] AA fe 4 4 4
-§-44 U44- Pufe fe4 44lfe4 4fefe44l \[-§-4-£3 £34-. 4 s ] 7}A ^[tj-^fe]
AAA $144: 241£3fe4 4 4 4 f e 4 2 $lfe fe4fe2£}32fe23 4144- AA
104 4-441 4-4-fe 4:2 $lfe fefe32fe23£l47} AA 4fe4fe Ufe Pu4 fe
44~4 44-. fefe £ffe4fe fe°lfe2#^Alfe AG 1 £3 4 4 , fefe22fe23 414 fe
4 2 f e EichromA} 4]fe4 Sr • spec, TRU, TEVA 4 UTEVA fe47} 7]-g-;E]3 A
A. Th, u, Np, Pu, Am fe4 4-4fefe£32H- 7 f l i i 422 4444-71 4 4 4 4 4 t
4fefe fefe32fe23£14 fe42 4fe 2 ~ 3 £44 44fefe 441 4"£-*}44- A
A AA 441 :4 - 7]fe4 fe4fe2£ife4 fee]fe ^LA -§-4fefe 4243fe 4fe4-fe
fe44243fe 4--£-14 3- AA. 2 ^ 4 £t, «flA]-7}-A]s414 ufe Pu4 44fe4- fe4
£32 2£jfe TIMSH- 4-§-4 4 fe414 4 fefe UTEVA AA fe44 Afe222 U
4- Pu4 fe4 44fe} 7}fe*}32 AAA £[£14-2 44444:4 114. AAAA. 4:4,
£}44fe fe4414 fe4 fe44°} A AA AAAA AAAA AA 24£34] 4 4
£}44fe4l 2 4 A £344-4 ^ 2 f e AAAA £344, 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 2 , 4 2 f e 4
4 3}4-fe47} 4:2A] 7 7$ A| *j 3; o\] A] 0 ) 2 ^ 0 ) : s[r£#
fe4fe2£}32fe23 4l4fe 4-§-44 4 2 4 fe7]£[ fe422fe4 Ufe Pui:
- 129 -
fee] 4 4] fefe 4]fe 4fe-fe4fe2£lfeAl A]343fe 4fe-fe4fe2£lfeAl A] 343 fe
4 2 AA AAAA AA. 2 ^ 4 £t fe444"°l Ufe Pu 2fe£14 4 4 £3 fe fe 4
2 fefe4:4441 4 f e 2 7}A1 ^ 4 A] 343 fefe]4 4 2 4-4-7} 4 AAA A $14-.
Ufe Pufe 1441 fe414 4 fefe A A 4243fe 4444-fe £34 4 4*} A. A A A A
434]4fe 4 4 4 2 4 2 £324- fefel Amfe Thfe 414 41T]A]£3 fefe4] Pufe Ufe
4 - 4 2 -§-44-71 41fe41 Pu - § - # 4 4 4 - U -§-#4fe 4-4 4414-4 TIMS AA A
AM 4121} £327} 4 4 §1 fe- 2 ^ 4 £t AA 4243fe 4--&14 4 f e U -§-#441
4 2 4 2 £324- Amfe Cm°l fefefe22 TIMS2 Ufe fe4fe7l 4 4 4 f e U fefe
4414 Ufe 4-4 fe4 4 4 1 4 4 £34-. 4:£3 fe44£[4 Pufe0]e}4 AA 4243° ]
4 4 1 } fe2 $lfe. AA 4 2 4 3 4 l 4 f e 4 2 -§-4fe fe444l fe-44-fe 4-441 4 2
4 2 £32, U, Amfe Cmfe fe£444 A7] 4lfe4] 4 fefe- 4 4 414 4] 7] A] £1 r£-g-
Pufe - § - 4 4 - 2 2 2 f e 2 £[£14-2 Pu - § - # 4 2 4 4414-4 ^rc5}2 AA. AA fe
4 4 4 " 4 Ufe0 le}4 AA 4243fe 4^fe_4_4 4 2 4 2 £32, Am, Cm, Th, Pufe
Np 2fefe AA 414 AA AAAA 41T]-S} fefe 4-44"2:S. ufe -§-4 4-£3 4 2 2
U -§-#4fe 4 4411} AA7} 7]A AA. 2 . ^ 4 7 } AA 4243fe 4--£-*}^l $4414
7]AA AA AA U -§-#441 4-4 4fe-fe4'fe2£ifeAi A ] 3 4 3 4 4 - -§-41fe#4-
£[£- fefe fe44~4fe 4-§-4-4 Ufe 4-4 4 4 1 4 ° } TIMS fe4 4] 44"?} fe2fe
7}A U -§-4fe £3fe fe $14-.
Wallenius4- Mayer[59]fe 238Pu/234U, 239Pu/235U, 240Pu/236U 4 242Pu/238U4- 4:fe
S-AA-AAAA 441H- 4 -§ -44 Pu4 fe44/lfe fe4fe7] 4 4 4 4fe-fe°lfe
2£}feAl A]343fe °]-§-4l4 Pufe Ufe fe4 4 4] fe$lfe. HCl-Dowex 1X8 4 2 4 3
4 fe°]fe2£}32fe23 4l4fe 0 l -§-44 Pu, Ufe Ami: fe4*}$lfe. 4 2 fe44
4 4 f e 9 M HCI/H2O22 2 4 4 - 4 fe0lfe2£}feA] fe444] fe4£[ fefe, fe44fe
9 M HCI/H2O22 414*}4 Ami: 4]7]s}$14-. Pufe A A HBr - § - 4 2 2 -§-4441
2 4 , 4 4 4 Ufe fefefefe -§-4*}$14-. Pu -§-#44- U -§-#4fe 4 2 4 4 2 , fe4
£3 4 AA CLfe 417]*}7] 4 4 fefefefe 6 M AAA fe°l2 -§-4fe AA AAA
A AA 4 fe fe4 fe 4 4 4 fefefefe 1 M AAA -§-44£34-. T I M S H - 4 4 4 A
e}4l24] AA A A Pu4 AA AA ~40 ngfe ~6 ng4£3fe.
- 130 -
fefe 7}4i^ 4£[-fe44r2£}feAi 4243fe 7i-§--si ^_o-o]4 u -§-#4fe fefe
A AA fe 7] A A A 4 41 fe $144614 Vienna4] $lfe IAEA £!£3£3414 4 4 f e f e
£JfeAisi AA Ufe Pufe fe4fe7l 4 4 4 4fefe 500 — 600 °C2 4 4 - 4 4 AA
4 f e 1 ~ 10 g4] 242Pufe 232U fe47} 4 1:12 fe£[l4 40% HF-65% HNO3H- 7}
4 - 2 fefefefe fefe4 4"4 H- 4 -§ -44 4 f e i : fe44£34-. fe4-§-4fe 65% 4 £ [ 2
s_ fe7}£l A A A AA fefefefe fefefe Ufe 14 32% AAA -§-44712 AA A A
AAA. fefefefe 65% 4 £ [ 2 2 fe4 fefe£l 4 A A AA l M AA A A A A 70
mLfe 4l2fe$14-. A A A AAAAA Fe3+fe 4 2 hydrazine hydroxide(N2H50H)
fe 7}£| £j£j£3 Fe2+fe °]-§-4l4 Pu £[5}4"4fe Pu(III)2 24fe$14-(Fe3+7} 4 :4
4 Fe2+2 £}44£3fe4H- 4-44-71 4 4 fe4-§-4 AA AAA l M NH4SCN -§-
4 l 4-fefe 7}i44-). 4 4 4 AA AAA 7 } 4 4 AA fe2fe 4 M S 2 4 4 - 2 7}
AAA AAA hydrazine hydroxide fe447l2 -§-4fe £!4-4£3 fefe, 5 g 4
NaN02fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(III)fe Pu(IV)2 £[4-4 £3 4-. fe4i: 1 ~ 2 fe # 4 4 NOxfe
fe#4£3 fefe AA fe2fe 8 M 2 2£3 fe2 fe^fe AG 1X8 fe444l fe44-$!4-.
Ufe Thfe 4-fe 8 M 4£[fe 10 M 4 £ [ 2 2 -§-44"2, Pufe 0.1 M NHJ-9 M HCI
2 -§-4*}$lfe. U - § - # 4 4 4 fefe TBP -§-4 fefe, Fe(OH)3 fe£3 4 HCI-AG 1X8
fe4fe2£}32fe23 414fe fe4 A 7] A Ufe 4 f e 4 4] 4-$14-.
Hrnecek fe[62]fe 4 4 f e 4 2 fe£]-§-44l 4fe-fe0]fe2£}feAl A]343fe 4 fe
4-4 Pufe 4444-4 ICP-MSS fe£3fe$14-. 4 2 l g i : 550 °C2 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 -
4 4 fefe 4fe4] 242Pu fe47}fe 7}*}2 7.2 M 4 £ [ 2 2 4 fefe fe44£34-. 4 2
fe£|-§-44l NaN02fe 7 } 4 4 Pu(IV) fes}4"42 AAA AA fe4i: Dowex 1X2
fe444l fe4*}2 7.2 M 44 :4 - 10 M 4 4 : 2 2 Ufe Thfe 414 4 1 T ] A ] 7 ] 2 , AA
4 2 2 0.36 M HC1-0.018 M H F 2 Pufe -§-44"$!4-.
Vienna4 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 fe444441 fefe s w i p e 4 2 4 l 4 Ufe Pufe fe4fe4
IDMSfe A A A A fe4fe2 $14-[634 Swipe42fe fe4fe} 1 g 4 2 4 f e 10 x 10
cm fe4444, 441 AA £3fefe fee} 4 fe44l 4 fe*}2 $lfe. AA swipe 4 2
41 233u4- 244Pu fe47}fe 7}4-2, 4fefe4l7} 0.5 g 4 4-4 £3 2fefefe£[4- fe44-
4H- 4-§-4 4 4 £ [ 2 2 4 fefe fe447l4, 0.5 g 4fe4£3 4fefe 4 4 4 7] 41 4
- 131 -
2 800 °C2 s]5}4£3 fefe 4 £ [ 2 2 4fefe fe44£34-. 44}-fe0]fe2£}feAi A]
2 4 3 2 2 Ufe Pufe fe4 4 4 l f e 2 $lfe.
4:4 , Apostolidis fe[64]fe UTEVA £34fe 4-§-4 4 Ufe Pufe 4fe£34£3fe4
fe£[-§-44]4 Ufe Pufe fe44-$14-. 7 M AA AAA A A -§-441 4-444-fefeH-
7 } 4 4 Pu £[5}4"4fe Pu(IV)2 24fe$14- . A -§-4fe UTEVA fe4 0.8 min- 4
fe fe444l fe44-2 4 M 4 £ [ 2 2 Am, Cmfe 4fe$444fefe 414 4l7]s-}$l2
4 , NH2OH HCI-ascorbic acid - § - 4 2 2 Pufe Pu(III)2 £}£344 fe4l} fefe
(NH4£C204 - § - 4 2 2 Ufe -§-4*} $14-.
Wallenius4- Mayer[59]fe S-AA~AAAA 4 4111- 4-§-4 4 Pu4 fe447]fe
fe4fe7] 4 4 4 UTEVA AA3-AAAZLAAM 4-§-fe$14-. 4 2 -§-44 4 4 f e 4
M AAA £ 3 2 4 , FeS044- NaN02fe A}-§-fe4 Pu(IV) fes}4"42 AAA AA A
4fe UTEVA 74441 fe4*}$lfe. £34fe 4 M 4 £ [ 2 2 £34 Ami: 4]7]s-}2, Pu
fe NH2OH ■ HCl-ascorbic acid fe4-§-422 - § - 4 4 4 1 2 4 , Ufe (NH4)2C204 fe4
2 2 -§-4*}$14-.
SRS(Westinghouse Savannah River Site)4l4fe 4 f e 4 f e 4 4 2 , 4]7]fe-§-44-
£}44fe4] 4fe1} fe $lfe £3fe1} AAAAAA fe#32fe23414 7lfefe 7}\A:
4-$144654 4-T] 304 AA AA Pu4 4fe fe4 fe 4 4 4 Pufe T T A S fefefe$l2
4 , Ufe hexone°14- TBPS fefe£}$l24- 19974 4 1 : ^ ^ - i : AA Pu-TEVA A
4 4 - U-UTEVA 4 - 4 2 2 4414H4- . Pu-TEVA AAAA A 4 2 -§-4 4 4 f e
2.5 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(N0s)32 2 4 f e 2 0.1 M FeS04fe 7 } 4 4 Pu fes}4"4fe
Pu(III)2 AAA AA 0.2 M NaMfeU- 7 } 4 4 Pu(III)fe Pu(IV)2 AA A A A A
A -§-4fe TEVA 7444] fe4*}$lfe. 3 M 4 £ [ 2 2 U(VI)4- Am(III)fe 3 4 2 6
M 4 4 } 2 2 Th(IV)fe 414 417] A] 7 1 2 4 , Pufe 0.02 M HNO3-O.OO2 M H F 2 -§-
44414- . Np(IV)fe Pu(IV)4- 7]fec>] £ £ 4 ^ pu £[5}4"4fe AAA 4 2 -§-4fe
70 °C2 5 fefe 7}£34"4 Np 44s}fe4fe Np(V)2 2 4 f e 4 TEVA fe4 41 fe4"4
4 "Sfefe. 2 4 = 4 2 4 - £Jfe4fe4 4 fefe 4 2 -§-4 fe44- 414 -§-4 fe47} 2
2 2 TEVA fe44 AA 2 4 2 feg324, 4 2 -§-44 AA fe2fe fefe2 4]£l
4£[4 ' i f -4fe fe2fe 0.75-1.0 M 2 fe7}A]7l4-. Al3+fe 1 4 4 4 2 4 ] AA AAAA
- 132 -
91A phosphate A oxalate £[fe fe4fe4- fefefe £344-4 fe 4 4-4 414 4 l r fe4
fe4 44=i : A A AA. U-UTEVA 4-4 414 fe, 4 2 fe4 4 4 f e 2.5 M
HNO3-O.5 M Al(N0s)32 2 £ 3 f e 2 o.l M FeS04fe 7 } 4 4 Pu 44s}fe4fe Pu(III)2
AAA A A A A -§-4fe UTEVA 74441 fe4*}$lfe. 3 M HNO3-O.OI M FeS04
A Pu(III)4- Am(III)fe 414 4l7]A]7l2 U(VI)fe 0.02 M HNO3-O.OO2 M H F 2 -§-
4*} $lfe. Th(IV)4- Np(IV)fe U(VI)4- 7] A A 4 : 4 4 : Th(IV)fe 6 M 4 4 : 2 2 3
4 2 Np(IV)fe 1.75 M HNO3-O.I25 M oxalic acid4] 4 4 414 417] 5] 4 , A A A
U(VI)fe TEVA 74441 fefe44 $14-.
AA, SRS414fe TlMSfe 4 -§ -44 Ufe Pu4 fe4£3fefe fe4fe7l 4 4 4 1
7114 UTEVA 7 4 4 2 2 ufe Pufe fe4 4 41 fefe 4-4 fe 7fl1i}s-}$14-[66]. fe4£34-
H- 2 4 , 233U4- 244Pn sipkell- 7}*}2 4l4fe 2.5 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(N0s)32 2 4
A 4 mL fe44 4 2 fe4-§-44] 200 -L4 1.5 M FeS04fe 400 ML4 3 M NaN02
fe 7} £12 7 } 4 4 Pufe Pu(IV) 44s}fe42 24fe$14-. A fe4i: 1 mL4
UTEVA fe4fe A A 4 4 4 1 fe44-2 10 mL4 3 M 4 £ [ 2 2 £34fe 4144: A
fe, 5 mL4 3 M HNO3-O.2 M H F 2 Pufe fe4l4 fe, 5 mL4 0.02 M HNO3-O.OO5
M H F 2 Ufe fe4 441 fe.
3 4 2 , ORNL4l4fe 144 4 2 £44 Ufe Pu4 fe4£324H- TIMS2 fe4fe7]
4 4 4 fefe4l 27114-fe £34-41 4 f e swipe42fe fe444 -§-44-1} fefe Ufe Pu
fe fe4fe2 $144674
7}) 4 4 fefe 414
A A 4 2 4 1 2 4 3}4-fe44l4 4-fefefe 4-4 4", 441, 47 ] , A A A A 2 f e
fefefe fefe fefe 2 4144:4-:
(1) fefefes 3 4 £!fe4-.
(2) 4 fe l4 6 M 44}4] 24 A A AAA-
(3) fefefeS Hjfefe.
(4) 4 fe l4 8 M 44H1 24 A A fefefe.
(5) 4 fe l4 fefefe41 AAA.
(6) Laminar flow hood4l4 £ 3 2 4 4 4 - .
- 133 -
(7) A}fel} 414-AI 1£4l£3 -§-7141 244:4-.
fe) 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 -
(1) 4 4 4 - fe4=°l fefe £34 $}fefe £}fe2fe swipefe 4 f e f e 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
41 4 4 4fefe. 4:4r 4 - 4 2 2 fe4j2fe 1 7}\ fe4l44-.
(2) fefefe 4:4r 4 7 1 2 4 fe2 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 swipefe 4 4 - 4 £3 A.
Step
Set point, °C
Ramp temp, °C/min
Holding time, min
1
26
10
2
100
10
3
10
4
200
7.5
5
20
6
300
7.5
7
40
8
400
7.5
9
40
10
600
5
11
12h
12
26
-10
13
end
fe) 4 f e 4 4}fe4
(1) 4 2 AA 4 f e 15 mL AA 30 mL -§-fe4 Teflon 4-41} 2 7flfe 4 2 4 - A
A3- -§-22 fe4l44-.
(2) 8 mL4 4 M 4 . 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 fe4 swipe 4fefe Teflon £ 0 l t S AAA
AA AA AAA A A 91 AA 4 M 44}fe fe7}2 7]-g3]-4 4 fefe 413^4 AL
fefe. 444J24 4fefe 4 M AA 4 mLfefe 7]-§-£|A] slfefe Teflon £°1 i f e
AAA-
(3) Teflon AA 9fA 1 mL4 4 4 : fefefe 7}£44-. '
(4) Teflon fe4$44] fe£3fe fe2 $44:414 125 °C2 48 4 4 : 7}£H4 fe 4 4 4 - .
(5) -fr7lfe 44717} fefe$l2£3 -§-4 fe44 4 4 : 4 2 4 30% H2O2H- 7}144-.
4 4 7 } £jfe4 4 4 7 1 4 4 fe7}2 fefefe 7}AA. f4fe£3 4 4 7 1 4 4 44}fe
7}!} fe2 $lfe. -§-4fe 4-fe4~ AA 7}AAA.
(6) 44717} 4 : 4 4 -§-44£32£3 fe£3fe $42 7}£34-4 AA A A 2414-.
(7) 4:-frfefe 4 mL4 4 M 4 . 4 4 2 2 -§-4]47l2, fe£3fe fe2 4 4 4 A A 7}A
AA. -§-4fe AAAA AA 4:fe 24-fe 4:fel44-.
A) fefefefe fefefefe spike 47}
(1) 4 2 - 4 fe-frfe4 A A Teflon 4-4 $441 5 mL4 4 M 444fe 7}*}2 fe41fe
41 fefe 2 AA A A 4fe4fel 7} A AA. A A3 A A fefe 3 mL4 44}4:
AAAA. (2) 4 2 f e 7 mL H}4$4fe fe«lfe2 fe41fe 44 - . e})-(l) 4:41414 AA 4 2
- 134 -
-§-4 £4 3 mLfe 4 4-4$441 44-2( fe4 j24 4fefe 4 2 -§-4 2fefe A
-§-£[), 4 -44 fe4fe 4]2-§-22 244:4- .
(3) 4 fe4$44l A A 8 — 10 ng4 ^ U t ^ ^ 0.08 g 4 100 ng 233U/g(2 M
HNO3) -§-4]fe 7}*}2, 233u -§-44 fe41H- 4 4 - 4 7]fei44-.
(4) A A 100 pg4 244Pu[tfl^ 0.16 g 4 600 pg 244Pu/g(8 M HNO3) -§-4]fe 7}
4-2 , 244Pu -§-44 fe41H- 4 4 - 4 7lfei}4-.
(5) 444J24 4 fefe ~4 ng4 233U[ —0.03 g 4 100 ng 233U/g(2 M HNO3) -§-4]
fe —100 pg4 ^Put t f l^ 0.16 g 4 600 pg 244Pu/g(8 M HNO3) -§-4]fe 7}*}
2 , 233u -§-44- 244Pu -§-44 fe41H- 4 4 - 4 7]fei}4-.
(6) 4-4 $44] fe£3fe 4 - 2 fe4£322£}c>i QAA 2 f e 4-fe£[ 7}£3i4 fefe AA
AAA. (7) 4:414 fe4£3223}o] s]3.fe 0.5 mL4 4 M 444fe 7}*}2 feA] ^ifl 4 3
4 £34-.
A) fefefefe fefefefe4 fe4
(1) 4 2 £ 3 4 2 4 - fe4J24l 4 m L 4 4 2.5 M HNO3-O.5 M Al(NOs)3 -§-4fe 7}
4-2 AA AAA 4 2 2 7} A AA.
(2) A fe4 $441 0.2 mL4 1.5 M FeS04fe 7} 4 -2 fe fefe fe£[4 4 Pu(IV)fe
Pu(lll)2 £34444 £34-. -§-44 4fefe 4 4 : 4 AA AAA 0.4 mL4 3 M
NaN02fe 7}4~2 fe fe -£41 4 4 : 2 2 7}fe*}4 £ [ 4 4 NOx 4 # 4 A}e}4
4 4 -§-44 AA AAAA AA fe£[422 A.A A 7}fe-i- AAAAAA
-§-4414 NOxfe 4 : 4 4 AAAA". N0X7} 4 : 4 4 4]7]5]4 £[2£3 UTEVA
fe47} A A £34fe 44- .
(3) EichromA}4 UTEVA fe44(UT-R50-S)4 4 fefe fefefeS 4144:4-.
(4) 4 4 4 4 fefe4l feA}7l fefe 4 r 4 4 7 l 2 , 4 4 4 4 44141 13] -fe yfe]fe fefefe.
(5) fe4 fe4$lfe fe $lfe Ufe 414 4l7]s-}7l 4 4 4 3 mL4 0.01 M 44}fe A A}7lfe4] 7}*}2 feA}7l 4 2 f e 2 2 4 fefe 4 4 1 mL/min -frfe22
UTEVA 444441 AAAA.
(6) fe44fe $}4s}47l7] 4 4 2 mL4 3 M 44}fe fe424 fefe, 2 mL4 3
- 135 -
M 44}fe fe7}2 fe-4244-.
(7) Pu(IV) 44s}4"42 2 4 4 4 2 fe4i: feA}7l fe4l fe4*}2, 3 mL4 3 M
4 4 } 2 2 4 2 4-4 $4 fe £ 3 4 4 feA}7l fe4l fe2A] 4 2 f e 2 2 -§-4fe 4 4
A A 1 mL/min -fj-fe22 fe4244-.
(8) 5 mL4 3 M 4 4 } 2 2 444fefe 4144-2 , 4-A] 1 3] A AAA AA 1 4-§-
4 7] 4] A A 44#4fe 4 4 f e .
(9) 5 mL4 3 M HNO3-0.2 M H F 2 Pufe -§-44:4-.
(10) 5 mL4 0.02 M HNO3-O.OO5 M H F 2 Ufe -§-44:4-.
(11) Pu -§-#44- U -§-#4fe AA 4 2 4 £ 3 f e . £324-£3 0.5 mL4 3 M 4 4} 2
A fe-frfefe fe°l2, A A AA 4 2 4 £ 3 f e . 44717} fe4l 2 4 4 4-4 44]
AA. 7fl2;4-4-2 £ } 4 : 4 4 TIMS AA 4 2 2 4-4M44-.
- 136 -
£} TL fe/ £}
1) J. C. Veselsky, Anal. Chim. Acta, 90, 1(1977).
2) K. M. Wong, Anal. Chim. Acta, 56, 355(1971).
3) C. W. Sill, K. W. Puphal, and F. D. Hindman, Anal. Chem., 46, 1275(1974).
4) S. A. Reynolds and T. G. Scott, Radiochem. Radioanal. Lettr., 23, 269(1975).
5) B. L. Hampson and D. Tennant, Analyst, 98, 873(1973).
6) C. W. sill, D. R. Percival, and R. L. Williams, Anal. Chem., 42, 1273(1970).
7) N. P. Singh, P. Linsalata, R. Gentry, and Mc. E. Wrenn, Anal. Chim. Acta,
111, 265(1979).
8) A. Dellesite, V. Marchionni, and C. Testa, Anal. Chim. Acta, 117, 217(1980).
9) Y. K. Lee, S. N. Bakhtiar, M. Akbarzadeh, and J. S. Lee, J. Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem., 243, 525(2000).
10) R. Ma, D. Bellis, and C. W. McLeod, Anal. Chem., 72, 4878(2000).
11) C. Testa, G. Jia, S. Degetto, D. Desideri, F. Guerra, M. A. Meli, and C.
Roselli, Sci. Total Environ., 232, 27(1999).
12) T. G. Scott and S. A. Reynolds, Radiochem. Radioanal. Lettr., 23, 275(1975).
13) N. A. Talvitie, Anal. Chem., 43, 1827(1971).
14) G. H. Coleman, “The Chemistry of Plutonium”, NAS-NS 3058, 1965, pp.24-
28.
15) K. M. Wong, G. S. Brown, and V. E. Noshkin, J. Radioanal. Chem., 42,
7(1978).
16) A. G. King, “Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Procedure Compendium”,
PNL-MA-599, 1993, Method PNL-ALO-466.
17) C. W. Sill, Health Phys., 17, 89(1969).
18) J. D. Eakins and P. J. Gomm, Health Phys., 14, 461(1968).
19) E. P. Horwitz and M. L. Dietz, Anal. Chim. Acta, 238, 263(1990).
20) D. S. Sill and S. E. Bohrer, Radioact. & Radiochem., 11(3), 1(2000).
21) F. E. Butler, Anal. Chem., 37, 340(1965).
- 137 -
22) R. P. Bernabee, D. R. Percival, and F. D. Hindman, Anal. Chem., 52, 2351
(1980).
23) J. C. Veselsky, Inter. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes, 27, 499(1976).
24) E. P. Horwitz and D. G. Kalina, Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch, 2, 179(1984).
25) E. P. Horwitz, D. G. Kalina, H. Diamond, G. F. Vandegrift, and W. Schulz,
Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch., 3, 75(1985).
26) G. Jia, C. Testa, D. Desideri, F. Guerra, M. A. Meli, C. Roselli, and M. E.
Belli, Health Phys., 77, 52(1999).
27) S. F. Boulyga, D. Desideri, M. A. Meli, C. Testa, and J. S. Becker, Inter. J.
Mass Spectrom., 226, 329(2003).
28) J. W. Grate and O. B. Egorov, Anal. Chem., 70, 3920(1998).
29) E. P. Horwitz, R. Chiarizia, m. L. Dietz, H. Diamond, and D. M. Nelson,
Anal. Chim Acta, 281, 361(1993).
30) R. A. Boil. G. K. Schweitzer, and R. W. Garber, J. Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem., 220, 201(1997).
31) E. P. Horwitz, M. L. Dietz, R. Chiarizia, H. Diamond, A. M. Essling, and D.
Graczyk, Anal. Chim. Acta, 266, 25(1992).
32) R. Bock, “A Handbook of Decomposition Methods in Analytical Chemistry”,
International Textbook Company, London, 1979, p.56.
33) E. P. Horwitz, M. L. Dietz, R. Chiarizia, H. Diamond, S. L. Maxwell, III, and
M. R. Nelson, Anal. Chim. Acta, 310, 63(1995).
34) R. Pilvio and M. Bickel, J. Alloys & Comp., 271-273, 49(1998).
35) R. Pilvio, J. J. LaRosa, D. Mouchel, R. Wordel, M. Bickel, and T.
Altzitzoglou, J. Environ. Radioact., 43, 343(1999).
36) J. Mellado, M. Llaurado, and G. Rauret, Anal. Chim. Acta, 443, 81(2001).
37) A. Adriaens, J. D. Fassett, W. R. Kelly, D. S. Simons, and F. C. Adams,
Anal. Chem., 64, 2945(1992).
38) T. Yokoyama, A. Makishima, and E. Nakamura, Anal. Chem., 71, 135(1999).
- 138 -
39) Y. Muramatsu, S. Uchida, K. Tagami, S. Yoshida, and T. Fujikawa, J. Anal.
At. Spectrom., 14, 859(1999).
40) M. V. Zoriy, C. Pickhardt, P. Ostapczuk, R. Hille, and J. s. Becker, Inter. J.
Mass Spectrom., 232, 217(2004).
41) A. E. Nevissi and R. S. Strebin, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 197, 211(1995).
42) C. S. Kim, C. K. Kim, and K. J. Lee, Anal. Chem., 74, 3824(2002).
43) E. P. Horwitz, R. Chiarizia, and M. L. Dietz, Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch., 10,
313(1992).
44) J. Korkisch, “Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins : Their Application to
Inorganic Analytical Chemistry”, Vol. II, CRC Press, Inc., 1989.
45) I. K. Kressin and G. R. Waterbury, Anal. Chem., 34, 1598(1962).
46) Q. Chen, A. Aarkrog, S. P. Nielsen, H. Dahlgaard, H. Nies. Y. Yu, and K.
Mandrup, “Determination of Plutonium in Environmental Samples by
Controlled Valence in Anion Exchange”, RISO-M-2856, 1991.
47) R. F. Anderson and A. P. Fleer, Anal. Chem., 54, 1142(1982).
48) F. S. Jiang, S. C. Lee, S. N. Bakhtiar, and P. K. Kuroda, / . Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem., 100, 65(1986).
49) M. P. Montero, A. M. Sanchez, M. T. C. Vazquez, and J. L. G. Murillo,
Appl. Radiation & Isotopes, 53, 259(2000).
50) G. Kim, W. C. Burnett, and E. P. Horwitz, Anal. Chem., 72, 4882(2000).
51) H. Dulaiova, G. Kim, W. C. Burnett, and E. P. Horwitz, Radioact. &
Radiochem., 12(3), 4(2001).
52) Ref. 32, p. 245.
53) R. Pollanen, T. K. Ikaheimonen, S. Klemola, and J. Juhanoja, J. Environ.
Radioact., 45, 149(1999).
54) K. Bunzl, Analyst, 122, 653(1997).
55) M. Wallenius, P. Peerani, and L. Koch, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 246,
317(2000).
- 139 -
56) G. Tamborini, M. Betti, V. Forcina, T. Hiernaut, B. Giovannone, and L.
Koch, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, 1289(1998).
57) M. Magara, Y. Hanzawa, F. Esaka, Y. Miyamoto, K. Yasuda, K. Watanabe,
S. Usuda, H. Nishimura, and T. Adachi, Appl. Rad. Isotopes, 53, 87(2000).
58) V. P. Perelygin and Y. T. Chuburkov, Radiation Measurements, 28,
385(1997).
59) M. Wallenius and K. Mayer, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 366, 234(2000).
60) A. V. Stepanov, T. P. Makarova, V. D. Domkin, E. V. Pevtsova, V. M.
Aleksandruk, O. V. Nikolaeva, I. V. Chubinskii-Nadezhdin, and Y. V.
Kulikov, Radiochem.(English translation), A6, 500(2004).
61) IAEA Report Cu 19/Sep/97, “Combined Procedure for the Determination of 90Sr, 241Am, 238U, 232Th and Pu radionuclides in Oats Sample from Belarus
and IAEA-300 Reference Material”, 1997.
62) E. Hrnecek, L. Aldave de la Heras, and M. Betti, Radiochim. Acta, 90,
721(2002).
63) D. L. Donohue, J. Alloys & Compounds, 271-273, 11(1998).
64) C. Apostolidis, R. Molinnet, P. Richir, M. Ougier, and K. Mayer, Radiochim.
Acta, 83, 21(1998).
65) S. Maxwell, III, Radioact. & Radiochem., 8(4), 36(1997).
66) S. Maxwell, III and J. Satkowski, Radioact. & Radiochem., 12(2), 12(2001).
67) fefefe, 4}44fe, “14-4 A AAAA 7]AAA AAA AA AAAA AAAA
4 4 A A/A A 4 4 4 A A Workshop 447}”, KAERFOT-1098/2003, 2003,
pp.50-58.
- 140 -
A 4 A 2\ A A
fe*S 7] ^ a . j i 4 AS- 4 fe7] fe22A] 4 3
KAERI/AR-741/2005
2 f e 2 2 A f e 4 3
41 fe / fe4]
INIS fe4l22
$444r5}4fefe4fe A A AAA fefefefe fefefefe fe47]fe
fe47} 4 fefe 4 4 fe $4; 47}44-4-$}fefe
fefe47} 4 fefe 4 A A 2 , 4 fe fe, 4" 4 A, A A 2 ; 47}44-4-$4fefe
# fe 4 4 4 AAIA A AAAAAAAA £[£3 £3 2005
41 4 4 140p. 2 i t $lfe( o ), AA( ) 3 7] AA
A3AA —
444fe -0-7IK o ), 4 4 y l ( ), 4 - 4 4
2 2 4 f e f e 7lfe^3%fe422A]
AAAA7]A 414=42
fefe (15-20144] 4 )
1 1 4 4 2 4 ] fe4fe22 fe4fefe fefefefe fefefefe4 $44fe5}4fefe44] 4 A 4fe4] £324} 4 fe £ 3 2 4 s}4-fe4 4 441 7]fe4- 4%fe 27}*}<£ 7]A AAA. fefefefe fefefefe4 fe44- 4414] A AA 2 $lfe £34, -§-4 fefe, A # 2 2 4 - 2 3 4 ] 4 4 4 4 r 2 £ } 3 2 f e 2 3 4l4 fe4 7] fefe £3 7} 4-$14-. AA, A 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 1 A 4}44- 4 2 - § - 4 7lfefe 27}§}<4 271]*}$14-. 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 144 4 2 AA AAA A A 241 4-§-14 fe $lfe fefefefe fefefefe fe4 4 441 4-4fe 4l$}fe7l 4 4 4 AA, 4 4 f e , 4fe , 4fe , 2 4 , fefe fe4 1 4 4 4 2 £4 fefefefe fefefefe4 fefe22fe234l4 4 fe°]4r2£}32fe23 4l4 fe44~4fe A414 271]*}$14-. 3rAii£iA}ii7lfe4 AAA 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 4141 4- fe4£3£3£3 2 4 2 4 2 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 1 4 4 4 2 fe47lfe4l 4 4 4 2 7]fe 4-$14-.
fe4l 4 7] A — (104:4414)
£}4fe4 4 2 , 4 f e 4 2 f e 2 4 4 2 , 4 2 f e 4
fefefe, fefefefe, $444r4-4fefe4, fe£3, -§-4fefe, fefe22fe234l4, ° ] 4 r 2 £ } 3 2 f e 2 3 4 l 4
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org. Report No.
Sponsoring Org. Report No.
Stamdard Report No.
INIS Subject Code
KAERI/AR-741/2005
Title / Subtitle Separation Techniques for Uranium and Plutonium
at Trace Levels for the Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Determination
S. H. Han, J. G. Kim, Y. J. Park, W. H. Kim;
Nuclear Chemistry Research Division
Publication Place
Daejeon Publisher I KAERI Publication
Date 2005
Page 140p. Ill. & Tab. Yes( o ), No ( ) Size A4
~ Note
Classified Open( o ), Restricted( ), Class Document
Report Type AR report
Sponsoring Org. Contract No.
Abstract (15-20 Lines) This report describes the state of the art and the progress of the chemical
separation and purification techniques required for the thermal ionization mass spectrometric determination of uranium and plutonium in environmental samples at trace or ultratrace levels. Various techniques, such as precipitation, solvent extraction, extraction chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography, for separation of uranium and plutonium were evaluated. Sample preparation methods and dissolution techniques for environmental samples were also discussed. Especially, both extraction chromatographic and anion exchange chromatographic procedures for uranium and plutonium in environmental samples, such as soil, sediment, plant, seawater, urine, and bone ash were reviewed in detail in order to propose some suitable methods for the separation and purification of uranium and plutonium from the safeguards environmental or swipe samples. A survey of the IAEA strengthened safeguards system, the cleanroom facility of IAEA's NWAL(Network of Analytical Laboratories), and the analytical techniques for safeguards environmental samples was also discussed here. Subject Keywords (About 10 words)
environmental monitoring sample, safeguards sample,
uranium, plutonium, thermal ionization mass spectrometry, coprecipitation, solvent extraction, extraction chromatography, ion exchange chromatography
![3} tj- 7] - OSTI.GOV](https://static.fdokumen.com/doc/165x107/631c4c86b8a98572c10cd705/3-tj-7-ostigov.jpg)
