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1.2 .................................................................1.3 ................................................................................1.4 .................................................................

sas ...............................................2. 1 DNE21 (Dynamic New Earth 2l)(D#0c...................................................2. 2 GRAPE tfVl/........ .......................................................................................2. 3AIM .......................................................................................................

2. 4 MESSAGE (IIASA) ..........................................................................2. 5 IMAGE 2 (RIVM) .......................................................................................

2. 6 GREEN(GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironment) (OECD) ......................

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CHAPTER 1. ADJUSTMENT OF OUTLINE OF EARTH WARMING ASSESSMENT MODEL

In order to cope with earth environmental issues, among others, climate

fluctuation issues, scientific knowledge ranging over a wide scope region from natural

science to social and cultural sciences is integrated, and a basic structure of problems

and its solving direction must be clarified. Such an approach is called an integrated assessment (IA). The integrated assessment is not a new notion, but it has been performed from old times in the form of qualitative integration, and with the progress of computers, each part is appropriately expressed by numerical formulae to perform modeling, and the development of interdisciplinary simulation models which integrate them has abruptly progressed. Such models are called integrated assessment models (IAM), and the development is central in studies of the integrated assessment of earth environment.

The integrated assessment models can basically be positioned as a platform for

integrating a process of a scientific critical mind and a process of a policy decision. The following are targets-

• To explore systematically prospective possible reasons in a human being and natural system.

• To discuss key issues in drafting policies.• To enhance capability of discerning certain policy options by imparting the priority order to studies.

Since there are extremely wide different targets concerning climate fluctuation issues, the integrated assessment models of so many species are used. Then, various models which have presently being developed are adjusted by use of six classification axes such as purposes of the development, regions or details handled by the models, approach techniques, and the like.

In this connection, determined definitions have not yet existed in the

integrated assessment models, and it is possible to capture them in different ways. All the models may not be thoroughly adjusted with the below classification axes, and in most cases, contingently speaking, it belongs to this axis, or a plurality of elements are stressed.

Furthermore, in a case where such an expression as an earth warming

1

countermeasure model is normally used, it is considered to be numerous in cases that a

responsible staff imagines “41 Hothouse Effects Gas Exhaust Quantity Forecast Model”

in the below-mentioned classification, in particular a thing of combining “411

Economic Society System” with “4-1*2 Energy System” among them, and there are some

cases of further fractionating it.

Please understand that the below description is intended for the entire

integrated assessment model and a certain viewpoint is presented.

TABLE CLASSIFICATION AXES OF INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELSCLASSIFICATION AXES CLASSIFICATION1. Classification according to

Development Purposes11 Issues explication Type Model1-2 Policies Analysis Type Model

2. Classification according to Handling of Policies

21 Policies Optimizing ModelExpenses Convenience Type ModelTarget Type ModelUncertainty Intention Type Model

2-2 Policies Assessment ModelDeterministic Estimation ModelProbabilistic Estimation Model

3. Classification according to Regions or Details to be Handled by Models

31 Full-scale Integrated Assessment Model3*2 Element Type Model3-3 Application Model3-4 Policies Responsible Stuff Model

4. Classification according to Constituent to be HandledMainly

41 Hothouse Effect Gas Exhaust Quantity Forecast Model411 Economic Society System4-1-2 Energy System4-1-3 Industrial System4-1-4 Estate Exploitation System

4-2 Climate Fluctuation Forecast Model4*3 Climate Fluctuation Influence Forecast Model 4-3-1 Natural Ecosystem System4-3-2 Estate Exploitation System4-3-3 Water Resources System4-3-4 Health Influence System4-3-5 Economic Society System

5. Classification according to Spatial and Temporal Resolution

5-1 Entire World Model5-2 Entire World District Division Model5-3 One Nation Model5-4 Entire Earth Model5*5 Mesh Division Model

6. Classification according to Difference in Approach System

61 Top-Down Type Model6*2 Bottom-Up Type Model

n

2. Outline of major Integrated Assessment Model

2.1 Outline of DNE21 (Dynamic New Earth 21)

As for the DNE 21 Model 1, New Earth 21 (NE 21 Model) was prepared as a

prototype in 1993 for the purpose of preparing an inclusive possibility assessment and a

future concrete countermeasure scenario (plain I) of various C02 problems countermeasure techniques extending over about the middle of the next century, as an

optimizing type world energy supply and demand model, and thereafter it was modified and improved and comes to the present time. The DNE 21 Model is intended for all the world, while directing a technique assessment based on engineering data. The assessment was difficult in prior art type econometric models or energy models which are intended for only one nation. Concerning technique countermeasures such as C02 withdrawal processes, transportation between energy long distance districts, etc. also, it is possible to assess them appropriately with the DNE 21 Model.

2.2 GRAPE ModelAs for the GRAPE Model, the world is divided into ten (10) districts of North

America, OECD Europe, Japan, OECD Oceania, China, the other Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa south of Sahara, Latin America, and the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and this model is constituted as the other districts model. Taking into consideration a time scale of climate fluctuation, it is possible to make a super- long termed simulation in increments equal to a decade from year 1990 to year 2100. When preparing the model, frameworks of the New Earth 21 Model and the MARIA

Model (Prof. Mori of Science University of Tokyo) are referred to. This model is constituted by five modules comprising energy system, climate fluctuation, estate exploitation change and food supply and demand, macroeconomics, and environmental

impact.

2.3 GREEN (GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironment) (OECD)As for the AIM Model (Asia Pacific District Integrated Model), an exhaust and

absorption quantity of a hothouse effect gas in an Asia-Pacific district is presumed to assess influences on warming and social economy, and this model aims at drafting for warming countermeasure in this district and contributing to the assessment.

The AIM Model is an “integrated assessment model” capable of analyzing by integrating a series of processes such as hothouse effect gas exhaust, climate change, influences thereby. Not only the discussion can be made by connecting the social economy of each nation and district with various climate changes according to this type

m

of model, but also the discussion can be made on how the climate change of an earth

scale exerts influences on the social economy of the nation or district. Therefore, it is

possible to integrally assess various warming countermeasures.

2.4 MESSAGE (IIASA)

MESSAGE MACRO is the result of linking an energy supply model of the Linear

Programming type (MESSAGE) with a non linear macroeconomic model (MACRO). The link is fully automated, but involves running the two parts in a stand alone model.

2.5IMAGE 2 (RIVM)

The general objective of the IMAGE2 model described in this paper is to fill in som multi disciplinary gaps in global change research by providing a disciplinary and geographic overview of the society biosphere climate system. It is our belief that this approach can provide new scientific information about the relative importnce of

linkages/feedbacks in the society-biosphere climate system, and new policy information linking human activity with its consequences on the global biosphere and climate.

2.6 GREEN (GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironment) (OECD)

The GREEN project has been started by the OECD executive office in 1990. The purpose of the project is to make a cost analysis of C02 emission control policies at the worldwide level, and a multi-district and multi-departmental dynamic generic equilibrium analysis tool GREEN was prepared therefor.

The purpose of the OECD GREEN is to make a worldwide economic simulation, acquire the nuclear fuel consumption, and calculate the carbon dioxide discharge

therefrom by a method wherein a generic equilibrium analysis is made for acquiring equilibrium between the demand and supply of energy or fuel and goods based on the given policy scenarios.

CHAPTER 3. COMPARISON OF CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH MODEL

Characteristics of the staple six models as adjusted in CHAPTER 2 will be assorted. The purpose of each model, development outlook, objective scope, and technical characteristics will be assorted.

Hereinafter, the purpose, development starting year, and development status of the models will be assorted.

IV

Table 3.11 Adjustment of the Purpose of Models and Conditions of Development

Purpose Development Start Year

Current Development Status

DNE21 To evaluate overall feasibility of various C02 countermeasure techniques and prepare future concrete countermeasure scenarios as optimizing worldwide energy demand and supply models

In 1993 Underdevelop ment

UnderGRAPE To Evaluate Earth Warming Policies In 1996 Develop

mentAJM To Forecast GHG Increasing by Human

Being Activities and Evaluate its Influences

In 1991 UnderDevelpment

VIESSAGE To Cultivate Knowledge in Future Technical Development Policies in Energy Sector

In the1970s

UnderDevelopment

1MAGE2 To Elucidate Issues such as Climate Fluctuations, Social Development, and Emission

In 1993 UnderDevelopment

GREEN To Make Cost Analysis of C02 Emission Control Policies at Worldwide Level

In 1990 UnderDevelopment

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL USE REALITIES OF EARTH WARMING INTEGRAL EVALUATION MODELS

Relating to the staple models as adjusted so far, they will be adjusted in a map like manner in order to clarify its positioning.

As mentioned in Chapter 1, since there are many cut ends in classification of the models, the way of adjusting is various and the models will here be adjusted by performing mapping with two axes of “an objective region” and “a detail of processes” based on the contents adjusted in Chapter 4.

Relating to the w ay of thinking as criteria for the mapping, the classification indicated in the table below is referred to.

v

Table 4.11 Application Scope in Terms of Extent of Visual Field and Details of ModelsExtent of Visual Field

Small--------------------------------------------- > Large

Objective Region Narrow Objective Region WideDetails of Processes

l

i1

Simple Modes Simplified and Easy to HandleElementary Analysis, Education Use

Models Indicating Outline of IssuesGrasping of Causal Sequence between Different Elements

Complex Models Specialized forSpecific PurposesDecision of RestrictedPolicies

Models Handling Issues in Wide ScopeComplicated and Difficult to Handle

In the chart below, the models are mapped based on the characteristics adjusted in Chapter 3.

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109

Simulation Observation70 End-use energy (EJ/yr)

USA70 End-use energy (EJ/yr)

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WORLD TOTAL300

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Industry IZ_~J Transport ■ Residential 1 Commercial1990

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Region Temperatecereals

Rice Maize Tropicalcereals

Pulses Roots andtubers

Oil crops Food crops (aggregated)

Grass andfodderspecies

Canada 0.36 N.A. 0.49 1.00 0.24 0.61 0.52 0.38 0.11USA 0.33 1.27 0.53 0.56 0.30 1.12 0.47 0.45 0.10Latin America 0.23 0.45 0.27 0.43 0.19 0.55 0.38 0.31 0.06Africa 0.20 0.52 0.21 0.19 0.38 0.29 0.28 0.24 0 03OECD Europe 0.66 1.03 0.60 0.58 0.32 1 12 0.89 0.68 0.36EasternEurope

0.49 0.18 0.42 0.31 0.20 0.78 0.77 0.50 0.29

CIS 0.30 0.55 0.26 0.16 0.53 0.45 0.59 0.32 0.07Middle East 0.35 1.24 0.27 0.70 0.48 0.60 0.53 0.38 0.13India andSouth Asia

0.39 0.44 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.45 0.25 0.30 0.34

China and CP Asia

0.32 0.79 0.32 0.36 0.29 0.76 0.41 0.52 0.05

East Asia 0.63 0.56 0.22 0.37 0.31 0.50 0.35 0.48 0.29Oceania 0.31 0.91 0.44 0.32 0.26 0.53 0.19 0.32 0.05Japan 0.40 2.64 0.41 0.79 0.63 2.52 1.11 2.20 2.79World 0.36 0.64 0.33 0.23 0.28 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.07

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m 1.5-2 m

Country Lerner et a/171 IMAGE 2.1

1970 1990India 10236 4894 6552Soviet Union 7824 4922 5756Brazil 7297 4121 6248USA 6878 4525 4181China 4304 3906 4534Argentina 3011 2860 3581Australia 1793 3528 3612Pakistan 1428 957 1882Mexico 1373 1357 1958France 1364 1290 1595Germany 1262 528 677Bangladesh 1123 224 241Ethiopia 1101 444 629Sudan 1030 711 896South Africa 958 701 797World total 71755 55879 70338

117

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119

i.s-3#

Author Period Fossil fuel Deforestation Terrestrial Ocean Storage in theemission biosphere uptake uptake atmosphere

Houghton el at (1983) 1980 4.5-5.9 -0.7-2.1 2.0-2.5 2.3-2.7Detwiler and Hall 1980 4.8-5.8 0.3-1.7 1.8-2.5 2.9(1988)Goudriaan (1992) 1980 5.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 2 8IPCC (1990) 1980 0.6-2.5 1.61± 1.4 2.0± 0.8Sedjo (1992) 1980 4.8-5.8 1.0 0.7 1.8- 2.5 2.9Alcamoe/a/(1994) 1980 5.1 1 1.9 1.4 2.8IPCC (1994) 1980-1989 5.5 ±0.5 1.6 ± 1.0 1.9 ±2.0 2.0 ±0.8 3.2 ±0.2IMAGE2.1 1975 4.5 0.9 1.4 1.2 2.8IMAGE 2.1 1980 5.3 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.9IMAGE 2.1 1985 5.8 0.7 1.9 1.4 3.1IMAGE 2.1 1990 6.3 0.8 2.1 1.6 3.4

Source: Refs 172-180

1.5.9

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S 1.5-8 m±# (1900 - 1990 #)

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— Sea Level Rise

S 1.5-10 El $*@±#^<7)^4-^ (1900 — 1990 #)

Component contributions Low Medium High

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Source: Warwick et al181

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IS 5.6-4 8 tiv*X • 7X • X-V37;uff-Wc43tt^*^sg**Rea! GDP Real GDP Growth Rates

(Billions of 1985 US Dollars) (percent per annum)

1985 1990 2000 19901985 1990 2000 2010 /1990 /2000 /2010 noio

European Economic Community 2,455 2.897 3,527 4,424 3.4 2.0 2.3 2.1Japan USI 1,705 2,092 2,610 4.8 2.1 2.2 2.2Other OECD Countries 874 1,010 1,276 1.602 2.9 2.4 2.3United States 3,998 4,595 5,864 7,375 2.8 2.5 2.3European Economics in Transition 209 212 251 385 0.2 1.7 4.4

-Baltic 3 —CIS 468 715 681 1,077 8.8 -0.5 4.7 2.1Brazil 182 198 273 414 1.7 3.3 4.2 3.8

427 626 1,366 1,911 8.0 8.1 3.4 5.7India 188 257 388 584 6.4 4.2 4.2Dynamic Asian Economics 282 437 740 1,114 9.2 5.4 4.2 4.8Energy Exporting Countries 1,076 1.103 1.514 2,286 0.5 3.2 4.2 3.7Rest of the World 678 777 1,173 1.762 2.8 4.2 4.2 4.2

OECD 8,887 10,419 13,011 16,397 3.2 2.2 2.3 2.3Other Annex I 468 715 681 1,077 8.8 -0.5 4.7 2.1Other 2,833 3,397 5,453 8,070 3.7 4.8 4.0 4.4Total 12,189 14.532 19,128 25,518 3.6 2.8 2.9 2.9

Population Population Growth Rates(Millions) (percent per annum)

1985 1990 2000 19901985 1990 2000 2010 //990 nooo f2 010 noio

European Economic Community 322 328 336 336 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1121 124 126 127 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1

Other OECD Countries 118 128 143 157 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.0United States 239 251 275 296 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8European Economies in Transition 118 120 119 118 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Baltic 3 —CIS 278 290 294 296 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1Brazil 136 148 170 190 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3China 1.040 1,123 1.241 1.327 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.8India 751 832 984 1.127 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.5Dynamic Asian Economies 174 189 215 238 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.2Energy Exporting Countries 655 741 915 1.106 2.5 2.1 1.9 2.0Rest of the World 869 982 1.244 1.545 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3

OECD 919 950 1.000 1,034 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4Other Annex I 278 290 294 296 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1Other 3,625 4.015 4,769 5,533 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.6Total 4,821 5,255 6,062 6,863 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.3

1. Labor productivity is assumed to grow at the rate of GDP minus the rate of population growth.2. Capital productivity is calculated in the BaU scenario to be consistent with the given rate of GDP, labor productivity, and AEEt assumptions

SB 5.6*5 S Base Year Energy Subsidies

(percent of world reference price)Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas

European Economies in Transition 48.1 61.2 43.1Baltic 3 — CIS 44.1 12.4 11.7Brazil 75.6 58.5China 45.0 98.3 88.8India 58.5 58.3 49.9Dynamic Asian Economies 82.7Energy Exporting Countries 63.6 79.2Rest of the World 81.7

Notes:/. Missing values indicate the relevant fuel has either a zero or positive tax applied.

125

Bail Scenario Kyoto 1 Scenario

(Units in exajoules)

OECD B-CIS Big 3 ROW World OECD B-CIS Big 3 ROW World

Notes:1. BS and ElecBS represent respectively the backstop fuels substitutes (both carbon-based and carbon-free) for conventional fossil fuels, and the

electric backstop option. PrmElec represents the generation of electricity from conventional non-fossil fuel sources, e.g. hydroelectricity, and nuclear.

2. The OECD region includes EEC, JPN, OOE USA, and EET. The B-CIS region is only BCS. The Big3 region includes BRA. CHN, and IND. ROW includes DAE, EEX, and ROW. The World total is the aggregate over all regions.

SB 5.6-2 0 Growth and decomposition of Energy Demand

(Units in million metric tons)

Bail Scenario Kyoto 1 Scenario

woo- :

5,000ft *.

wooV

m b-cis

SB 5.6*3 0 Decomposition of Carbon Emission by Region

126

(Units in million metric tons)

BaU Scenario Kyoto 1 Scenario

20101990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

2010

1990

OECD B-CIS Big 3 ROW World OECD B-CIS Big 3 ROW World

Notes:1. CBS represents the carbon-based backstop fitel.2. The OECD region includes EEC, JPN, OOE USA, and EET. The B-CIS region is only BCS. The Big3 region includes BRA, CHN, and IND. ROW

includes DAE, EEX, and ROW. The World total is the aggregate over all regions.

W> 5.6*4 0 Growth and decomposition of Carbon Emission by Source

(4) mease

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Coal Oil Gas Coal Oil Gas Coal Oil Gas Coal Oil Gas

EEC 1.53 0.55 0.44 0.53 0.18 0.15 0.54 0.18 0.15 0.20 0.07 0.05JPN 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.05OOE 2.86 0.55 0.68 1.15 0.22 0.27 1.18 0.22 0.27 0.43 0.08 0.10USA 2.10 0.44 0.52 0.95 0.19 0.23 0.97 0.19 0.24 0.35 0.07 0.09EET 2.06 0.48 0.63 1.02 0.23 0.31 1.03 0.23 0.31 0.37 0.08 0.11BCS 0.17 0.04 0.06 1.46 0.33 0.51 1.38 0.34 0.48 0.51 0.12 0.18

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(million metric tons)

1990 2010 Carbon Emissions in 2010 Percent of BaU Emissions in 2010

BaU Kyoto 1 Kyoto2 Kyoto3 Kyoto4 Kyoto 1 Kyoto2 Kyoto3 Kyoto4

EEC 859 1,087 791 936 934 990 73 86 86 91JPN 347 431 326 377 376 397 76 87 87 92OOE 304 435 294 336 335 364 68 77 77 84USA 1,366 1,794 1,271 1,426 1,423 1,535 71 79 79 86EET 325 438 302 328 327 361 69 75 75 82BCS 1,382 1,479 1,382 963 971 1,117 93 65 66 76BRA 88 134 139 136 136 132 104 102 101 98CHN 706 1,519 1,501 1,512 1,513 1,285 99 100 100 85IND 164 326 325 326 325 280 100 100 100 86DAE 131 274 282 278 278 261 103 101 101 95EEX 361 608 599 603 604 580 98 99 99 95ROW 299 606 614 610 610 531 101 101 101 88

Annex I 4,583 5,662 4,366 4,366 4,366 4,763 77 77 77 84Other 1,749 3,467 3,460 3,465 3,466 3,069 100 100 100 89

World 6,332 9,129 7.826 7,831 7,831 7,832 86 86 86 86

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Kyotol Kyoto2 Kyoto3 Kyoto4 Kyoto] Kyoto2 Kyoto3 Kyoto4

(billion $1985)(percent of BaU GDP in 2010)

EEC -35.5 -8.5 -18.4 -8.5 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2JPN -23.3 -6.1 -9.6 -5.5 -0.9 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2OOE -5.6 -1.5 -3.6 -2.7 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2USA -26.8 -12.0 -22.6 -16.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2EET 7.9 5.9 4.4 3.5 2.1 1.6 1.2 0.9BCS -10.3 7.8 32.0 13.9 -1.0 0.7 3.0 1.3

BRA 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4CHN -1.4 -1.3 -1.0 7.5 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.4DMD 0.5 -0.1 0.0 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7DAE 0.6 -0.3 -0.6 1.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1EEX -76.3 -32.6 -29.4 -21.4 -3.4 -1.4 -1.3 -0.9ROW -7.9 -3.7 -2.2 -3.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2

Annex I -93.4 -14.4 -17.8 -15.7 -0.5 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Other -81.5 -36.8 -32.1 -10.2 -1.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.1

World -175.0 -51.2 -49.8 -25.9 -0.7 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1

EEX tax 2010 ^(D^-X^-f > GDP \ZitWLT, 2010^t:ta:X<f X #^(D BCS

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134

5.6-10 8 : R$8i>KABillion $1985

2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2000 2(K)5 2010

EEC 58.2 102.9 113.6 24.8 38.5 47.7 24.8 38.5 48.6 24.8 38.5 19.0JPN 41.6 67.4 19.3 11.2 17.9 19.2 11.2 17.9 19.6 112 17,9 7.7OOE 13.4 25.2 37.1 8.9 13.7 17.4 8.9 13.7 17.7 8.9 13.7 7.0USA 62.7 109.3 141.2 38.5 58.8 72.1 38.5 58.8 73.5 38.5 58.8 29.1EET 6.9 14.3 32.6 8.5 13.5 17.8 8.5 13.5 18.1 8.5 13.5 7.3BCS 0.1 0.1 9.0 26.9 40.1 49.7 26.9 40.1 51.2 26.9 40.1 21.1BRA 0.0 0.0 3.4CHN 0.0 00 26.21ND 0.0 0.0 5.5DAE 0.0 0.0 6.0EEX 0.0 0.0 14.1ROW 0.0 0.0 11.2

Annex 1 183.0 319.2 352.8 118.7 182.5 224.0 118.7 182.5. 228.8 118.7 182.5 91.3Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.5

World 183.0 319.2 352.8 118.7 182.5 224.0 118.7 182.5 228.8 i 18.7 182.5 157.8

Percent of GDP

Kyoto l Kyoto! Kyoto3 Kyoto-4

2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010

EEC 1.7 2.6 2.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.4JPN 2.0 2.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.3OOE 1.1 1.8 2.3 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.4USA 1.1 1.7 1.9 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.4EET 2.7 4.5 8.4 3.4 4.3 4.6 3.4 4.3 4.7 3.4 4.3 1.9BCS 0.0 0.0 0.8 3.9 4.6 4.6 3.9 4.6 4.7 3.9 4.6 1.9BRA 0.0 0.0 0.8CHN 0.0 0.0 1.4IND 0.0 0.0 0.9DAE 0.0 0.0 0jEEX 0.0 0.0 0.6ROW 0.0 0.0 0.6

1.3 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.3 0.9 12 1.3 0.9 1.2 0.5Other 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

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