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1-1. unsworn i to
1-2.
Abstract
1-1. Objectives of the Research
1-2. Summary
sg2s mmsm
2-1. ^'Jvt 2-1-1.2-1-2. EJq|3£—2-1-3. S^St^<h BUe
2-1-4. iJUSifS^S®2-1-5. Modi Wind Farm 2-1-6. Moni Topolou Wind Farm 2-1-7. Melanios Wind Farm 2-1-8. National University of Athens(NTUA)2-1-9. Public Power Corporation(PPC)2-1-10. Center for Renewable Energy Source(CRES) 2-1-11. SPA Hellas Engineering S.A.2-1-12.
2-1-13. f'V v * (DWM
2-2-5. Dr.Jagadeesh 7u 7 < -)l 2-2-6. Y > KcDSl^HStW2-2-7. S33E$fc#®2-2-8. tM 0 o >0#)^2-2-9.2-2-10. JKEskDjfi^2-2-11. Y > KCD^S^b^S^CD 2-2-12.
2-2-13. T >2-2-14.
2-3. 7^ V ^2-3-1. #%#2-3-2. >/\-2-3-3. mMfttsm2-3-4.2-3-5. 7/2-3-6. University of Massachusetts(UMass)2-3-7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR EL) 2-3-8. U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA)2-3-9. West Texas A&M University(WTAMU)2-3-10.2-3-11. 7/ V^CD^W
2-4. ^-tr7 — 72-4-1. mm2-4-2. Hl|5£7 2// \ —2-4-3.2-4-4.2-4-5. Salmon Beach / Tern Mile Lagoon Wind Farm 2-4-6. Tararua Wind Farm 2-4-7. Hau Nui Wind Farm 2-4-8. ##£S:2-4-9. t^7~7(DWM
2-5. 3 - □ 'V / \°2-5-1. ##2-5-2. Hflt*2-5-3.2-5-4.2-5-5. 1999 European Wind Energy Conference and
Exhibition (EWEC’99)2-5-6. German Wind Energy Institute(DEWI)
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2-6.
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1-2-3. 7/ U * (1999 % 01 g)
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-2-
Abstract: Research of Wind Turbines for Storm Worthy and Easy Construction
1-1. Objectives of the Research
Major issues for wind turbine construction in Japan are tropical storm ‘Typhoon’ and poor infrastructures for construction. However in Japan, R&D activities for wind turbines characterized with strong to storms and easy to construct are limited up to date. To promote R&D activities is important for introducing wind
turbines successfully in Japan. Research has been conducted to investigate and study those operations in similar circumstances, R&D activities in foreign countries and in Japan.
1-2. Summary1-2-1. Greece (December 1999)
As many wind farms in Greece are scattered in mountainous districts, R&D activities for complex terrain wind turbines are developed well. Following suggestions were acquired from the research contributed by national laboratories and wind farms in Greece.
• Aerodynamic / structural design methods of wind turbine blade which are applicable for turbulent wind generated by complex terrain.
• Wind assessment and analyses in complex terrain.
1-2-2. India (December 1998)Onsite Investigation was conducted in Lamba / Navadra / Bhogat wind farms
in the western India, where many wind turbines were devastated by extreme strong cyclone attacked on June 9th 1998. The following points were suggested to survive in heavy storms.
• For designing and constructing wind turbines, unusual and extreme meteorological conditions, including tropical storms in specific site should be taken in account.
■ Wind turbines have to be controlled without outer electrical supply to enable
standalone protection after connecting grid broken down.
-3-
1-2-3. The United States of America (January 1999)R&D activities in USA emphasize the importance on small wind turbines and
Wind-Diesel Hybrid Systems in small remote grids. Through visits to and discussions with national laboratories and universities, suggestions are,
• For small wind turbines for developing countries or remote grids, easy construction is mandatory characteristics.
• Wind turbine systems up to 200kW can be tilt up/down easily by using gin- poles and winches.
1-2-4. Oceania (January 1999)In the large number of isolated small grids scattered on the western Australia,
lots of Wind Turbine-Diesel Hybrid Systems have been introduced. Wind turbines in New Zealand are constructed and operated mainly in the mountainous terrain. Following point was suggested through the research to Australia and New Zealand.
• In the selection of wind turbine makes and types in remote districts, additional cost of reworking roads and bridges, implementation of helicopter should be considered .
1-2-5. Europe (March 1999)Attended to one of the largest wind turbine conference, EWEC’99, held in
France and visited two wind turbine manufacturers, Vestas, N.E.G Micon and component suppliers located in Denmark. Outcomes of this visits were to learn the state of the art for,
• Aerodynamic analysis and offshore construction engineering for wind turbine.
• Production engineering and facility for blade, nacelle and tower.
1-2-6. Tappi (January 1999)Tappi Wind Park operated by Tohoku Electric Power Co. is located in
mountainous peninsula with complicated terrain. Suggestions learnt from the longest operation experiences in Japan are,
• Special tuning on control system is required for wind turbines on complex terrain.
• Wind conditions change abruptly even in a short distance. That would not be encountered in flat and simple place.
-4-
1-2-7. Okinawa (December 1998~March 1999)Okinawa is one of the most promising districts for wind turbines in Japan.
Following meteorological data and information were acquired.• Very strong typhoons used to approach several times annually. Sometimes,
those typhoons recorded very high wind speed, exceeding maximum design wind speed of conventional wind turbines, up to 85.3m/sec(1966 Miyako).
■ The number of Tornadoes which happens in Okinawa district is outstanding than any other district in Japan. F3 of Fujita’s scale(70~92m/sec) has been recorded(1994 Tarama).
■ The environmental condition for wind turbine built in Okinawa is extremely hostile in view of corrosion protection. The phenomena of salt and high humidity helped with high temperature accelerates corrosion.
-5-
S3$£Visited Place
1998 1999November December Jananuary February March
1. V'V(Greece)2. >T>K(lndia)3. T>U*(U.S.A.)4. 7(Oceania)5. 3—Uy/^(Europe)6. m^(Tappi)7. /(#$#(Okinawa)
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12/07(Mon)
Modi Wind Farm (Crete, Greece)
E.Spiridakos, Rokas Aeoliki S.A.
Moni Topolou Wind Farm (Crete, Greece)
H.Kostas,PPC
12/09(Wed)
Melanios Wind Farm (Chios, Greece)
M.Vrouzis (Supervisor), PPC
12/11(Thu)
National University of Athens(NTUA) (Athens, Greece)
S.Voustinas(Professor)
Public Power Corporation(PPC) (Athens, Greece)
G.Betzios
12/12(Fri)
Center for Renewable Energy Source(CRES)
(Pikermi, Greece)
P.Chaviaropoulos (Director of R&D)
SPA Hellas Engineering S.A.(Athens, Greece)
A.N.Fragoulis (General Director)
-7-
NTUA/PPG/SPA; Athe
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2-1-2)2-1-3.^IJPPC^Projects
Location Size[kW] Units Manufacturer Start-Up Total[MW]Andros 225 7 Vestas 1992 1.58Samos 225 9 Vestas 1992 2.03Chios 225 11 Vestas 1992 2.48Psara 225 9 Vestas 1992 2.03
Lesvos 225 9 Vestas 1992 2.03Eubia 300 17 HMZ 1992 5.10Crete 300 17 HMZ 1993 5.10
Samothrace 55 4 Hai-Windmatic 1990 0.22Ikaria 55 7 Hai-Windmatic 1991 0.39
Karpathos 55 5 Hai-Windmatic 1991 0.28Limnos 55 8 Hai-Windmatic 1992 0.44Limnos 100 7 Hai-Windmatic 1992 0.70Samos 100 9 Hai-Windmatic 1991 0.90Chios 100 10 Hai-Windmatic 1992 1.00
Kythnos 33 5 MAN 1990 0.17Mykonos 100 1 Micon 1986 0.10
Karpathos 175 1 HMZ 1987 0.18Skyros 140 2 NTUA/Biokat 1993 0.28Crete 500 2 Tacke 1993 1.00Crete 500 1 Nordtank 1995 0.50
Kythnos 500 1 Vestas Planned 0.50Astipalea 500 1 Vestas Planned 0.50
(2)Private ProjectsLocation Size Units Manufacturer Start-Up Total[MW]Euboia 55 1 Vestas 1984 0.06Syros 55 1 Vestas 1985 0.06Athen 55 1 Vestas 1986 0.06
Rhodes 75 1 Vestas 1986 0.08Rhodes 110 3 Wincon 1988 0.33Naxos 75 1 Nordtank 1989 0.08Chios 150 2 Nordtank 1989 0.30
Akarnanika 90 1 Vestas 1991 0.09Kea 60 1 Wincon 1991 0.06
Crete 150 1 Nordtank 1991 0.15Paros 110 1 Wincon 1991 0.11Syros 110 1 Wincon 1991 0.11
Rhodes 110 1 Wincon 1992 0.11Karpenisi 110 1 Wincon 1992 0.11
Kos 60 1 Wincon 1992 0.06Rhodes 110 1 Wincon 1992 0.11Athens 110 1 Wincon 1993 0.11Crete 500 1 Tacke 1993 0.50
Lesvos 300 2 HMZ 1994 0.60Ag.Efstratios 100 1 Wind Harvester 1995 0.10
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500kWX2 t Nordtank SOOkWxi ®t-'"E>X hU-->3
§o PMfflli Moni Topolou Wind Farm ffllJt$r#,a,?,® 3. <h0
2) Astypalea ® Wind-Diesel Hybrid System|b] U < v Thermie 1+107: Vestas 500kW #3 500kW ®T""-r —
%#h®/\T XV >y FXXXA&5=tXX M/—>3>t5o
A7ri±m^®m®i:±pg&mifx giSiiiTi'5.
3) Kythnos A® Wind-Diesel Hybrid System|B]C<s Thermie I+ETX
£t-'^>x h urt'^o
4) Mytilini A® 2.5MW X-f > K'Xr-A
R C < x Thermie l+BTX UPb^IHICJ: 0 2.5MW ®X -f > KX 7- At5tiS-r-So 3+il+x Enercon500kW XT^jSSSx5 ITJ: VtSfi£T3„
5) Therasia A®JS®-;i^7Wb^*'>XX AAPAS l+BTrll* 13 =k 3 ;§7k;$7k<fc X X ^ A 6 t^E > X h U-Xa X
TZo *XXXA7rl±, Vergnet 15kW #13+: V 5m3/B®;ii7k£;M+b
6)+IHtM?IC33lt-i. CRES2.5MW X -f > K X 7 — AGreek Operational Program of Energy lT=fc V , CRES 5
a® 5ookwts6mi±M$®+M ncisa u mmtiBiztsit s tm x ® si g,. / id-y^sijw /
ilEA'btSfiE-T-5 3Sffl®llt2lffifUyyiI7D hXTXfrb
7)Mykonos ASl®-;%7kfb#mxX^A
Thermie I+EXIIII41® Xn Xx X hTX Nordtank 300kW ®R#@#
®lii8S(®J$lS£I§eLT\ ;$7k-fbSE®fl:;®h LTiSffl LTi'3,,
-32-
2-1-11. SPA Hellas Engineering S.A.
(1
U '>-frS/SC07'U- K'C9Kit£fToTl'3 2-1-,4»0
(2)7'U-
NTUAv CRESs Patras ^fciSlXU S6*® IS'J'MEroiaith5Sujit®
SUUC&uT'U- K6EfFLTl'30 sa-StB^hB£ti3 LMGras-fibert±t. i±$xLT 10%$I*{bUfe7tii^&ia!tttfiP4A'’!Sl9Trfci.i:®3ho SLSStif
^STiaituru'^T'u- Froii#iiifS6 =fc bii5iicsi"/cto.•5 1~2mm^Slil:^:$UTU'50
-33-
2-1-12. ##£jR211) National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “IEA Wind Energy Annual
Report 1997”, 1998.212) European Wind Energy Association, “Wind Directions”, Vol.17/No. 1,
1997.2"1'3)Glinou, G.(CRES) etal, “Wind Power in Large Island Grids; Integration
Methodlogy and Its Application to Crete”, EWE A Special Topic Conference on Integration of Wind Power Plants in the Environment and Electric Systems, 1996.
2"14)“Wind Power Monthly”, July, 1998.215) Rokas Aeoliki S.A., “Modi Wind Farm Pamphlet(Sustainability in
Development -The First Wind Farm of the Private Sector in Greece)”,1998.
216) Voutsinas, S.(NTUA) etal, “Detailed Rotor Aerodynamics Using FreeWake Modeling”.
217) Voutsinas, S.(NTUA) etal, “Investigation of the Capabilities of a GeneticAlgorithm in Designing Wind Turbine Rotors”.
2"18)Voutsinas, S.(NTUA) etal, “Prediction, Control and Reduction of Noise Emissions from Wind Turbines”
2"1'9)Spera, D.A. editor, “Wind Turbine Technology”, ASME Press, 1994. 21'10)Oliver, A.G. and Voutsinas, S.(NTUA), etal, “Wind Turbine Blades
Equipped with Air-Jet Vortex Generators: Full Scale Verification of Blade Optimized Increased Performance”, EWEC Dublin Castle, Ireland, 1997.
2111) Voutsinas, S.(NTUA) etal, “Physical Modeling of Wind Resources in Complex Terrain Using a 3D Navier Stokes Solver”.
2112) Douvikas, D.(CRES) etal, “3D Viscous Computation over Complex Terrain Using Integral Boundary Layer Method”, EWEC Dublin Castle, Ireland, 1997.
2"113)Chaviaropoulos, P.K. etal, “Mean-Flow-Field Simulations over Complex Terrain Using a 3-D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Solver”, 1998.
2"1"14)Geobiologiki S.A., “Company Pamphlet(Wind Energy)”.
-34-
2-2. -i > K
2-2-1.
1998 06 n 09 Bx ^T'M^.%1̂. L t+M £ □ > AW > KIOSKS E© Gujarat#!6Hu. 2,000 A^l±©^#A^%±# to 3©>8@SP© Saurashtra %^©0 -r > K7? -ATIi 315 *©m$©i^ 129
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-47-
2-2-2.
2-2-2.jtteS
12/21(Mon) (Porbandar, Gujarat, India)
A.Jagadeesh (Wind Energy Consultant)12/22
(Tue)Lamba Wind Farm
(Saurashtra, Gujarat, India)Navadra Wind Farm
(Saurashtra, Gujarat, India)Bhogat Wind Farm
(Saurashtra, Gujarat, India)12/23(Wed)
s ta> t iSinmscDiiiE(Porbandar, Gujarat, India)
i
-48-
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2-2-5. Dr.Jagadeesh d -f —JU
> KCDJ!*=! >+MUd7 > htrfcS Dr. Jagadeesh 6'b (DM SIX
llioi't, Windpower Monthly IS 1998 09 H "t (@2-2-2) (D^Big^T
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HI 2-2-2. Windpower Monthly 1998 ^-09 (li
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-51-
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-52-
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Elecon Engg. Company Ltd. Turbowinds BelgiumEnercon(India) Ltd. Enercon GmbH Germany
Kirolskar Electric Co. Ltd. Wind Energy Group U.K.NEPC India Ltd. N.E.G Micon
TackeDenmarkGermany
Pioneer Windcon Ltd. Wincon DenmarkREPL Engineering Ltd. AN Bonus Denmark
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Suedwind GermanyTTG Industries Ltd. Husumer Germany
Vestas RRB Vestas DenmarkWindia Power Ltd. Nedwind Netherlands
-55-
2-2-8. +M a >C0«>5E(i)th-T ^
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-57-
Track of Cyclone in Arabian Sea that hit Saurashtra coast Tues. 9th June, 1998
Wind speed# as rewarded on U. S. satellite Max wind speeo *riau »peea new ^anuiR&ar1 nanWa average . ' 185 Kmph mean wind speed . 148 KmphGtist :(&7 ) 231 Kjmph peak wind speed : 185 Kmph
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-61-
2-2-9. ##* *)%(1)±HS!
itf* 2-2-7fhftot o liSSiSfSCD 06 fl 18 B ® T > K$£t The Economic Times IT® o
/cltofSIlCOi&ScDlgjtlBSS: El 2-2-11 IZfjito
2-2-7. 2-2-3)'2-2-51
II g9E# 2,000
WMUfcSS (dS) 129#itiiuteas (%es») 30MW ti.±
8,800 *0-f > h‘7 7 — ACOSS 5 Billion INRs
| Cyclone takes wind ! out of windmills
er,I Pur Cofraapondmil 8AROOAITJUKSj MORE then 60 camponiss have { suffered collective losses U> the j tune of fts 221 cron in their wind
fsnn projects due *o the cydlMW,; which ruined Xandla poet in ! Suarashtra region. Nearly 126 I windmills have been destroyed, ; u<*i ill the companies which have | wiieetiug arrangements with (ZB 1 against the power generated by i ilwir windntilU. ere expected in ; five major crises an the financial ; ss well as power supply'front.
Mr A N Khetri, director, Gujarat Energy Devrispnetf Agency
! j(ZQA), told The Rrwuweic | Ties*# that tiie damage figure is ! ItkHy logo upmihkkimlye pro- . duunary esscsxmnt. According to* Mm. when a detailed survey of the j demeg# k carried out by CEE* , and the private enmparoee logeth- j or, some snore wtadudlif arc like
ly so join the M.According te Mr Khetri, GEIlA
j is uuuMe so esetsa the damage at i i his stage mainly because the : power grid fines of GEB am not in : place 10 check the windmills' vie- i Why. UEQA — a state owned : unit engaged in the development
of reiwwubk source of emetgy — . h i pioneer in tlw development of : wiud farms in the state. Out of - (ZDA'y om 50 windmills, -35
ivindmilk 1i*yp Iwn ilmimyrd m
the storm.A ukeJ of 151 companies hm>
set up more than flOO windmills in the two districts of Sauraslurii. kaumgir and Rajkot. While all the windmills in Rajkot distriei but one remained imlnn, bi hm- iiager, 126 out of a total of 331: windmills hem been destroyed In the cyckne. said Mr KhairL Tlmv 336 windmills see located « thm- places, namely lambs, Nmotlrn mud Bheg« to Jhnmagar district.
(EDA has mtimsied initial loss es. In terras of power, at 30 MW at least, on account of the windmill crisis, ftwer loss b likriy t«» hamper the wradndD owner coin panics fat terras of power supply problem as well as firajici, Whh virtually no supply of power from the windmflk of these companies. GEB k tmfikdy to provide powrvto theee companies under thewting arrangeraete of 2 per eeui of wheeling Aarge*.
As per the arrangement lie ‘ i wssn the wind fans ownen am I GEB, the wind farm owners *u;»ply power generated by the wind mills to the nearest power grid of GEB sod against that it receive* the same amount of power with J per cent of wherfing charges at ii> factory premises. Gstnpouies will now have te procure power from GEfl at commercial rates like atn ether industrial customer.
ID 2-2-11. (The Economic Times)
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TRACKS OF STORMS / DEPRESSIONS 1996
Depression Storm —------ Sewn StormPortion ot 0300 UTC * Ftositien ol 1200 UTC Position o I 03 fcl? UTC —■—Po>n< ot dasipotion
28 M.
CAl {
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2-2-22. 1996 £E(DtH 5 □ >g)fIK2 2'61
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2-2-12.##*®2'2'”lndian Government, “Wind Energy Scene”, November, 1998.2'2'2) Wind Directions”, April, 1997, pp.8 - 11.2'2'3,"Windpower Monthly”, September 1998. pp20-212"2'4)B*®*x* 1L-*"-1Sdl$, “M±iJ:#1l/f -”, Vol.21/No.1, 1997, pp.4-5. 2'25,Martin Winther-Jensen(Risoe) et.al, “When Real Life Wind Speed
Exceeds Design Wind Assumptions", 1999 2‘2'6,”Cyclones and Depressions over North Indian Ocean During 1996”,
MAUSAM,48,3(July 1997), pp343-350.2-2-7)es, .1995.
-76-
STATION : lANSA 2-2-1 0 < > K7 7- ACDJIjftSUMNART Of VINO DATA
Month Monthly Mean Wind Speed
<K*VM
Monthly Standard Deviation
(kmph)
Hourly Malleus Wind
Speed (Kmph)
Peek Wind Speed (Kmph) Lull(Oate/Tear/TIme of
Occurrence)
In Hour. Prevailing Wind Direction
(10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20=)
JAM 14.21 16.58 2.84 1.73 35.80 39.42 49.88(31/93/13:37)
52.29(31/93/11:30)
144 68 M N
FEB 13.70 17.66 3.06 2.20 37.01 39.42 65.16(25/93/18:18)
68. S"(25/93/1. .8)
102 61 N/NW H
MAR 17.31 18.03 4.47 3.60 36.60 42.24 50.68(4 /93/14:47)
56.31(25/93/00:59)
100 79 M/MW N/Nv
APR * ’18.54 19.44 4.20 4.13 37.81 34.19 48.27(4 /93/16.-33)
49.07(7 /94/15:30)
57 50 u V
MAT 20.19 22.13 2.11 2.35 22.98 35.40 46.66(31/93/00:22)
48.27(31/93/00:22)
20 15 u V
JUM 22.07 23.99 0.79 0.94 42.24 43.04 53.90(15/94/10:00)
54.71(16/94/09:04)
28 25 v/su su
JUL 28.97 31.56 0.52 0.63 52.29 62.35 71.60(14/94/09:41)
82.86(14/94/08:18)
12 12 SU/S su
AUG 24.67 26.49 0.62 0.69 40.63 44.65 58.73(15/94/12:32)
61.95(15/94/12:32)
6 6 su su/u
SEP 18.17 19.99 1.63 1.60 35.40 40.63 59.53(24/93/00:02)
61.95(24/93/00:02)
66 45 w/sw u
OCT 12.37 13.48 3.61 3.24 30.97 32.58 67.58(31/94/16:15)
70.80(31/94/16:15)
237 196 U
NOV 13.55 15.53 2.26 1.46 28.56 29.77 44.25(21/94/15:27)
49.07(21/94/15:41)
132 88 N£ V
DEC 13.02 14.78 2.14 1.20 28.56 27.76 40.22(12/94/10:12)
42.64(28/94/11:46)
172 119 NS V
ANNUAL 18.23 19.97 4.85 5.06 52.29 62.35 71.60 82.86 1074(14/7/94 09:41)04/7/94 08:18)
764
(No Date for November-Dec errber 1993) Based on Date January 1993 ■ December 1994
STATION NAVAORA
SUNMART Of WIND DATA
Month Monthly Mean Wind Speed
(Kmph)
Monthly Standard Deviation
(kmph)
Hourly Maxi - «u» Wind
Speed (Kmph)
Peak Wind Speed (Kmph) 1(Oate/Tear/TIme of
Occurrence)
Lull in Hour, PrevailIng Uind
(10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m) (10m) (20m)
14.36 17.75 2.95 2.01 38.21 42.24 54.71(17/95/14:37)
55.51(31/93/11:20)
145 71 M
FEB 15.10 18.16 3.78 2.90 37.01 42.24 71.60(25/93/18:09)
82.06(25/93/18:09)
132 66 w/w N
HAS 16.98 19.67 4.76 4.06 36.20 44.25 65.97(11/95/14:57)
64.36(11/95/13:24)
104 • S3 M/MU/V H/U
APR 18.20 20.12 4.63 4.29 36.20 40.22 61.14(3 /95/11:45)
67.58(3 /95/11:44)
70 43 U U/KU
MAT 20.90 22.89 2.71 2.25 36.60 40.63 47.47(29/93/10:36)
53.10(17/95/05:29)
- 33 20 sw/w su/u
JUM 23.21 25.48 1.26 1.02 41.43 46.26 55.51(22/94/08:53)
61.95(15/94/07:31)
21 15 su su
JUL 28.23 31.14 0.47 0.70 53.90 59.53 71.60(14/94/10:18)
75.62(14/94/05:07)
19 17 su su
AUG 24.50 26.66 0.82 0.64 41.83 46.66 61.14(15/94/12:21)
64.36(13/95/22:30)
11 5 su su
SEP 16.93 18.69 2.75 2.18 34.59 37.41 60.34(25/93/02:13)
63.56(25/93/02:13)
109 78 su/u su/u
OCT 13.22 14.67 4.17 3.61 32.96 35.80 72.40(31/94/15:52)
70.80(31/94/15:52)
217 161 U/N U/N
NOV 13.80 16.44 3.36 2.42 39.42 42.24 65.97(15/93/23:25)
69.19(15/93/23:25)
181 103 u ME/N
DEC 14.19 17.76 2.60 1.60 34.19 39.02 51.49(25/93/17:39)
49.88(25/93/16:44)
128 61 M/wE
18.30 20.50 4.66 4.64 53.90 59.53 72.40 82.06 1172(31/10/94 15:52(25/2/93 18:09)
692
Sued on Oat* Jaixiary 1993 • Oec enter 1995
-83-
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1_S R^tm tl ftf&QCC 12- '/..r.C T S v.v'^.,3
MOTIONOFSTORM
Annulus of primary convection— intense rain— strongest winds
---------------------------- -- --------------- Soiral cloud bandsfrom secondary convection — moderate rain
Figura 6.6 Section through surface inflow in mature cyclone (northern hemisphe: schema:,:
6.2.3.5 Cyclones over land
As a cyclone crosses a coastline onto land, the supply of energy from the warm sea is immediately cut off. the friction losses in the surface inflow increase owing to the rougher land surface, and the cyclone begins to reduce in intensity. The highest wind speeds can therefore be expected at the immediate landfall. The reduction of sea depth as the coast is approached may amplify the typical 0.5 m rise of sea level in deep water to form a surge up to 5 m high, causing extensive Hooding of low-lying areas and undermining of coastal structures. It is often the combination of storm surge and wind that causes the worst damage.
The wind speeds may be considered to be maintained at the maximum value ovc$ the first 50 km inland from the coast. Beyond this point the wind speeds decrease rapid!). to about 30% by 70 km and to about 50% by 100 km inland. Further inland, the cyclone winds become less than those expected in frontal depressions or thunderstorms. Cyclone winds arc therefore a significant design problem only for island-; and the continental coastal strip in the relevant latitudes.
-84-
U 2-2-3. -f > KS-#K(D+h'f £ □
Analytic of Number of Cydonei - State/ District-wise1891-1970 (80 Year*)
Sr. jEL Coarf | IK CaasfNo. State/Dirt. jWos. jNo. State/Dist jNos.
1 ,Andhra Pradesh 1 Gujarat' 5ast Godavari 7 Bhavnagar 1Guntur 2 Bulsar 1Krishna 11 Broach 1Ncllore 10 Jamnagar 3Srikakulam 12 Junagadh 7VisakhapaLnam 5 Kutch 3Total 47 Total 16
2 Orissa 2. KarnatakaBalasore 13 S. Karnataka 1Cuttack 13 Total 1Gary am 6 3 MaharashtraPuri 7 Kolaba 3Total 39 Ratnagiii 2
3 Tamfl Nadu Thana 1S. Arcot (incl. Total 6Pondicherry) 4 4 KeralaChinglepet 15 Calicut 3Ramanathapuram 2 Cannanore 1Tanjavur (incL Emakulam 1Pudukkottai) 11 Trivandrum 1Tirunelveli 2 Total 6Total 34
4 West BengalMirirmporc 824 Parganas 19Total 27Total Cydones 147 Total Cydones 29
-85-
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University of Massachusetts(UMass) -Renewable Energy Research
Laboratory(RERL)(Amherst, Massachusetts, USA)
J. F. Man wellK. (Professor)
01/20(Wed)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR EL) -National Wind Technology Center(NWTC)
(Golden, Colorado, USA)
R.G. Nix
01/22(Fri)
U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) -Agricultural Research Service(ARS)
(Bushland, Texas, USA)
R.N. Clark (Site Manager)
West Texas A&M University(WTAMU) -Alternative Energy Institute(AEI)
(Amarillo, Texas, USA)
V. Nelson (Dean)
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2-3-6. University of Massachusetts^ Mass)
-Renewable Energy Research Laboratory(RERL)
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b)Hybrid Power System Simulator (HPSS)
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2-3-7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)
-National Wind Technology Center(NWTC)
(I)NREL-NWTC WMNWTC I* DOE(U.S. Department of Energy)3 NREL fr'il
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b)Wind Turbine Test Site
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Code Description a)Inflow SNLWIND-3D Simulates wind flowing into a turbine rotor D MAero
dynamicsPROP Predicts power output for a specified rotor S S
PR0P-3D Incorporates stall model PROP S SPROPID Designs turbine blades for specific power output M M
AERODYN Predicts blade loads M MSEAC Predicts rotor performance, annual energy output M M
SLICEIT Predicts rotor performance, blade loads S SVDART3 Predicts rotor performance, blade loads(more complex) M L
F3D Calculates airfoil performance characteristics D LStructures YAWDYN Predicts blade loads, yaw response to turbulence S S
UMDAC Predicts drivetrain loads caused by turbulence S SFLAP Calculates loads on a sinble blade M sFAST Predicts loads for simplified wind turbine model M MFEVD Calculates natural vibration frequencies of VAWT M S
FFEVD Calculates VAWT structural response M STRES4 Calculates VAWT structural response to turbulence M L
Fatigue LIFE2 Analyzes fatigue of turbulence components D SFAROW Calculates fatigue reliability of components M S
Controls ASYM Simulates a wind turbine controller S MACES Simulates smart turbine controllers M M
TotalSystem
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(S)Simple(M)Moderate(D)Detailed
(S)Short(M)Moderate(L)Long
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b)Hybrid System
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Major design innovations cause technology "jumps” to occur from one box to another. However, design chractoeristies may survive or evolve from one box to another •
zDiwctdrive; j*ntttaeur:M»gtt« generator "Smarter" rotors mi<t systems
::Shromaliofloniy<6,4tik'systems Mestble turbine svsiemsdrlvenwithtnteracttve controls
. 2000.Technology..
: yariaMedgwed^syitchronous generator Lev speeffrflrevt drrve Improved: titederksign
1995 Technology
vVariableor.Bxectspeed.lnduciance^fctietMdts
xVmjaWo pttdr dr stell regulated rotors •Rotots desigped: lilt wind turbines.
Ongoing.Lncrenhraa]. Improvement and Optinnration
&Xo#d9Wep%p<iwer elecfromes,drive trains ■K2bsi:itedutdiHtfrftbittteaiqiitg;etbaomtet(:d#:sttde;advaoced manufacturing: Ughiet aysMtod
: ■^•idoiRrMidd'ptoiFesigiipafhs'will: ad wavslxT-presml :"m:the market:
1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
m 2-3-7. NREL(^lflj2SSSSES^M2"3"4)
2-3-10. NREL 2"3'4) *1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2030
Rotor Increase from larger size
Increase fromsize, Reduction from advanced manufacturing
Increase fromsize
Incremental Reductions from lighter & smarter rotors
Tower Largest increase form largest
height increase
Decrease from smarter lighter, flexible top of tower system
Incremental increases with height (I ess than linear due to lighter components at top of tower)
Generator Induction - cheapest, off-the-
shelf
Synchronous - a little higher cost
1st generationpermanent magnet - highest cost
Incremental improvements in permanent magnet cost
Electrical 1st generation variable speed is
expensive
Major cost drop astechnologymatures
Incremental improvements
Drive Train Direct drive - N o transmission
BOS Incremental reductions from learning, maybe warranties
*BOS: Balance of Station (all initial cost other than wind turbines)
-99-
2-3-8. U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA)-Agricultural Research Service(ARS)
(1)USDA-ARS
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iibkJllS }Jbk 2Bergey Exel 10kW 1 2-3-15AOC 15/50 50kW 1 2-3-14
Enertech E-44 40kW 1 2-3-13
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b) Hybrid Systems Test Bench
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2-3-9. West Texas A&M University(WTAMU), Alternative Energy Institute(AEI)
USDA-ARS h^lWITSSISSlSJIlSCQE^iiitoi:t'i>0
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2-3-10.
23,|National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “IEA Wind Energy Annual Report 1997”, 1998.
2-3-au s Department of Energy, "Small Wind Energy Systems for the
Homeowner”, DOE/GO-10097-374, 1997.2"3 3|U.S. Department of Energy, “Wind Energy Program Overview Fiscal Year
1995 and 1996”, 1997.234|Cadogan,J.B., Parsons,B.(NREL) etal, “Characterization of Wind
Technology Progress”, NREL/TP-440-21476,1996.
-103-
2-4. zT — 1
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Salmon Beach Wind Farm,Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm
(Esperance, Austraria)
B. Hampson, (Supervisor),
Western Power02/01(Mon)
Tararua Wind Power*2"4"1 (Palmerston North, New Zealand)
D. Walker(Managing Director),
Central Power02/03(Wed)
Hau Nui Wind Farm*2"4"1 (Masterton, New Zealand)
D. Patten(Network Manager),
Wairarapa Electricity*2-4-1 : NEDOM@±S&P#< 2&m*i@S#mo
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jMijei'Eagopi Wind FarmJEsperartae, All
almerston North, NZ /
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ilmon Beach/
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2-4-5. Salmon Beach / Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm (Western Power)2'4'1*
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(2)Salmon Beach Wind Farm h Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm
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2-4-6. Tararua Wind Power Farm(Central Power)2'4"21,2"4'31
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(2) Central Power
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1998.24'4)Wairarapa Electricity, “Hau Nui Wind Farm(Panphlet)”, ANZES
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2-5-6. German Wind Energy Institute(DEWI)
(1)DEWI
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2-5-7. N.E.G Micon2'M)
h N.E.G Micon *±(i:% 2-5-2 )l± 1980
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2-5-8. LM Grasfiber A/S 2'5'31
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BELT RISO U7 h K5 -f 7 • #SfSttttt£flF3S LTt\/c%&©$±#h Technical University of Copenhagen © Krabbe tS±A'
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2-5-10. Vestas2"5"51
(1)Vestas lifts 1?
1999 1,800 19tih 157ti-es V3 -I- > h-<>?•*-6tB$Tli 381 tt£$x.30 1997 0±lflSli 1,953 Million DKK, 191 Million DKKTfcSo
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