Water Resource Management Plan

WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT PLANA CASE STUDY OF MADURAI CITY

DISSERTATION PROGRAM – 2013-2014

FINAL REVIEW

Thesis By: A.R.Alagarsamy (IP0112)

Guidance By: Dr.Anjana Vyas

Date : 22/04/14

SCHEME OF PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

NEED FOR STUDY

RESEARCH AIM, OBJECTIVES

METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

ABSTRACT FROM CASE STUDIES

STUDY AREA DELINEATION

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN MADURAI

ANALYSIS & ISSUES IN WATER SUPPLY

PROPOSALS & STRATGIES

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

INTRODUCTIONBackground of Study

Need of Study

Aim, Objective & Methodology

BACKGROUND

• A secure water supply is essential for public health, society and economy, therefore it is critically

important to manage water resources effectively.

• Uncontrolled development, ground water depletion, rivers getting polluted, overall demand for

water increased much rapidly in comparison to the population growth in urban areas.

• The purpose of the water resources planning process is to ensure security of water supply now

and in the long-term, taking account of increasing pressures on water supply from factors such as

increasing population, climate change and environmental requirements.

• And topographical and geological conditions also playing major role in water resource

management.

• The freshwater scarcity and water stress in many areas of arid / semi arid zones in India, there is

an urgent need for conservation and better management of water resources.

• Consistently increasing demand-supply gap, growing competition, conflicts over water use. Cha

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Source: Madurai CDP-2006, Census 2011

INTRODUCTION - MaduraiTIRUVALLUR

VELLORE

TIRUVANNAMALAI

DHARMAPURI

COIMBATORE

MADURAI

SIVAGANGATHENI

RAMANATHAPURAM

TUTICORINTIRUNELVELI

NILGIRIS

KANNIYAKUMARI

SALEM

NAMAKKALERODE

KARUR

PUDUKKOTTAI

DINDIGULNAGAPATTINAM

CUDDALORE

THIRUVARUR

PERAMBALUR

THANJAVUR

CHENNAI

VILUPPURAMPONDICHERRY

(PONDICHERRY)

NH

.5

NH.4

NH

.45

NH

.47

NH

.7

NH.49

NH

.49

NH.7A

NH

.7

NH.45

TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI

Tamil Nadu State

VIRUDHUNAGAR

KANCHIPURAM

Madurai District

Peraiyur

Tirumangalam

Usilampatti

Vadipatti

Nattam

Melur

MADURAI

Source: Madurai CDP 2006

• Madurai City is the administrative headquarters of Madurai district

• Locates on the banks of River Vaigai.

• Area – 51.96 km2

• Population (2011) – 11,37,595

• Bifurcation of Madurai district in to Madurai, Dindigul (1994), Theni

(1997) results decline in Growth rate.

• Average Rainfall 850mm

• Madurai is rich in culture and heritage city and it’s average daily

floating population is 2.10 lakhs.

1970 – the city Municipality upgraded into corporation

1985 – Dindigul district bifurcated from Madurai district

1996 – Theni district bifurcated from Madurai district Cha

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NEED OF THE STUDY

• High urbanization and increasing population growth in recent years increasing

water needs.

• Depends up on Vaigai Dam, locates 60 km away from city

• Inconsistent and improper water supply.

• Rainwater conservation potential not exploited.

• Large amount of runoff, during monsoon.

• Surface water bodies in city deteriorating because of encroachment and

blockage of drained water by wastage disposal.

• The topography and geographic formation of the city is helpful for artificial and

groundwater recharge and ground water is suitable for drinking and domestic

purposes.

What could be an appropriate strategy for management of water resources available in urban area, to meet its

future water supply needs for a city like Madurai, and How to optimize water resources in Madurai City will meet

its future demand for water?

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Source: Madurai Corporation

AIM

To prepare strategic water resource management plan for water supply in the city of Madurai

from assessment of existing water resources present in the city and evolve a technical solution

towards water conservation, distribution and maintenance of the system.

OBJECTIVE

The specific objective of this research are the following:

To identify and evaluate the present water resources for Madurai city.

To evaluate the existing water supply and issues towards distribution.

To analyze and assess the possibilities of implementing new strategies in water resource

management.

To prepare a strategic plan for water supply and water conservation for Madurai city.

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METHODOLOGY

Study the role of water resources in planning of urban area

Significance of water resources development and Management

Approaches to management of water

resource

Role of various stakeholders in

managing the resource

Distribution and status of existing water resources and management plans for

future

To study existing pressure points on

the resource

Natural and human induced factors

affecting water supply

Existing institutional structure for

management of resource

To study the consumption pattern and

the trends

Mechanisms for water resource augmentation

Strategies and Guidelines in the form of Water Resource Management Plan

Literature review

Data collection

Analysis

Outcome Cha

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LITERATURE REVIEWPolicy Review (in Central & State Level)

Case Studies Review

Inferences from Case Studies

LITERATURE REVIEW – PROJECT & POLICY REVIEW

Policies & Schemes contents

National Water Policy

2002

WRD&M consider as basin and sub basin level management; integrate surface and ground water for

sustainable use; transfer water from rich area to insufficient area. Encourage PSP & PPP in water resource

projects.

Hydrology Project Hydrological data storage system; Hydrological surface and groundwater Modelling system; Ground water

estimation and ground water management system implemented in 13 major states

Repair, Renovation and

Restoration of Water

bodies

Restore the existing water bodies, improve and augment storage capacities of surface and ground water

bodies; Ground water recharge, Community participation and self supporting systems, Capacity building at

community level; Improve drinking water availability. Introduced in 15 states during XI five year plan

Artificial Recharge to

Ground water through

dug well

To provide recharge facility and improve groundwater condition in the groundwater depleted areas; improve

groundwater quality; increase sustainability of groundwater table and Community level participation in water

resource management in the affected areas.

Policy on Ground

Water Recharge and

Rainwater Harvesting

Based on this program, every buildings are instructed to do Rainwater harvesting system in their households,

and build the structure as per standards and specifications given by State government.

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CASE STUDIES REFERRED

Case Study Focus to

London Water resource estimation and augmentation of future projection; Private participation in water

supply

Singapore Maximum use of water, like Reuse of reclaimed water; Self sustainable water management

techniques

Kochi Water resource management guidelines; Efficient use of alternate water resources, Rainwater

Harvesting

Jaipur Water distribution management for reducing Non Revenue water by Fix leakages; Public Private

participation in water conservation program like Artificial recharge and Rainwater harvesting

Dewas PPP in water supply and Rainwater Harvesting System.

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RELEVANCE OF CASE STUDY

Importance of water resource are quite high.

Demand forecasting practices for water resources

Different Water resource management practices.

NRW reduction

Leakage Management

Use of Reclaimed water

Sustainable Water Resource Management

Various water augmentation techniques

The city depends on the existing water resources for its demands which locates away from its premises.

The city faces heavy water shortage in certain period of time.

Economically importance city.

High numbers of Floating population.

Cities from Arid / Semi arid climate region.

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Inferences from case studies

Forecasting future water demands is important for water resource augmentation and to understand demand-supply

baseline.

Water connection guidelines

To regularize illegal connections

Optimum use of water supply.

For NRW reduction measures

Water Audit

Leakage Management

Complete mapping of water network

Maximum use of water (reclaimed and reuse of water)

Efficiency improvement in water supply network.

Sustainable water resource management by careful planning and management with consideration of existing resources.

Use Maximum of surface water, it automatically recharge when it raining.

Reduce the dependency on ground water.

Integrate adequate infrastructure investment technology with efficient technologies.

Policy for Groundwater recharge, rainwater harvesting etc.,

Public awareness campaign on water conservation measures.

Encourage public participation in water supply project.

Objective 1

Objective 3

Objective 2

Objective 4

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIESLondon Singapore Kochi Jaipur Dewas Madurai

Decentralization No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Regulation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Policy Setting Defra (Govt) MOWR (Govt) WRD (GoK) WRRA, (GoR) MPWRD TWAD

Project done by Private PUB (Govt) KWA PHED Private PWD, TWAD

Sufficient Natural Resources

Availability

(Like Rainfall, Surface Water)

Yes Yes No No No No

O & M Private PUB KWA PHED Private ULB

Community participation No No No No Yes

Forecasting Yes

(For 25 Years)

For self-sustain Yes No No No

Metering In Progress Yes (100%) Yes (90%) Yes (60%) No No

Sustainable Water Management

Rainwater Harvesting Yes No Yes Yes (Implementation

by policy)

Yes No

Reclaimed Water Yes, for industrial uses Yes, NEWater Yes, for industrial uses No No No

Artificial Recharge No No Yes, to avoid salination Yes, to recharge

ground water

No No

Source augmentation in advance Yes Yes Yes No No No

NRW Reduction Measures

Leakage Mapping Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Timely management of distribution

system

Yes Yes Yes No No No

Efficiency Improvement in distribution

system

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Source : Compiled from Case studies review

Are

as

Need

to c

onc

ern

for

wa

ter

reso

urce

Ma

na

gem

ent

in

study a

rea

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Research Questions from Literature review

On the basis of literature review of International and Indian cities scenarios, the following are the clarifications

need to be deal for the study area taken

• At present, what is the scenario for water resource in the study area?

• What are possible water resources in the city?

• What are the different suitable water management for urban area?

• What could be an appropriate water conservation and water augmentation mechanism to be adopted by

city to achieve water resource management in the study area?

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STUDY AREA DELINEATIONAdministrative zones

Population Trends

Budget Analysis

Source: Madurai CDP, Madurai Corporation

Madurai Corporation

Madurai

Corporatio

n

North side

of Vaigai

River

South side of Vaigai River Total

North Zone East Zone South Zone West Zone

Ward (Nos) 21 16 19 16 72

Ward List 1 - 21 44 – 59 31 – 43 &

60 – 65

22- 30 &

66 -72

Area

(Sq.km)

19.50 6.12 7.40 18.78 51.96

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Anaiyur

AvaniyapuramThirupparanku

ndram

Source: Madurai CDP & Madurai Corporation

Source: Madurai Corporation; Census 2011

Source: Madurai Corporation. Madurai CDP

Population density and population growth

From the recent population trends, the ward 56, 35, 45 and 46

are densely populated wards in Madurai Corporation. And

Ward 4, 11, 66 and 67 are less densely populated wards in

city.

From this above graphs, the East Zone and South Zone are densely populated zones,

North Zone is newly developed Zone, so population are some how equally distributed among wards.

In West zone still need to develop, most of the areas are open area.

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BUDGET SCENARIO – WATER SUPPLY SECTOR

After reviewing Budget from Madurai corporation, the expenditures are less than Income, corporation has surplus amount for

new water conservation projects. (In 2012-13, Surplus of 1374.32 lakh)

Here, the incomes are from Revenue income (Water supply Tax, Devolution Fund, Service Charges and Fees) and Capital

income (Funds from MP & MLA, Grants for JnNURM scheme and others)

Expenditures are Revenue Expenditure (personal cost, Operating Expenses, Program Expenses, Administrative and Finance

Expenses) and Capital Expenditure (Capital Works and Repayment of Loans)

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WATER SUPPLYWater Source

Water supply Process

Per Capita Supply

Water supply Indicators

Source: Madurai Corporation, Google Earth

WATER SUPPLY IN MADURAI

Madurai Water supply System

Vaigai Dam

Water supply Sources

Schemes Designed Capacity Present Quantity

Second Vaigai Water supply

scheme

47 MLD 22 MLD

First Vaigai Water supply

scheme

68 MLD 65 MLD

Manaloor and Thiruppuvanam

Head works

7 MLD 2 MLD

Collector Well, Melakkal Head

works

50 MLD 14 MLD

Thachampattu Head works 2 MLD 2 MLD

Total 174 MLD 105 MLDVaigai Dam

Floccul

ation Sand

Filter

Chlorination

& Alum

Mixture

Clear Water

tank

ReservoirTo Madurai

City

Water Treatment System – Pannipatti Village

Chap

ter

4

Source: Google Earth

Source: Tamilnadu Agritech

Source: TWAD Board; Madurai Corporation

Water storage & distribution system

Storage System

North Side – 12 Nos – 155 Lakh Liters capacity

South Side – 16 Nos – 374 Lakh Liters Capacity

Ground Level Storage Reservoir – 1 No – 68 Lakh Liters

Distribution System

Combination Grid Iron and Tree system

28 distribution zones

Pumping Main – 128 KM

Distribution Pipe – 650 KM

Pipes dia from 90mm to 350mm pipe materials from

AC, CI and PVC material

Chap

ter

4


Per capita water supply

Standard to provide

= 135 lpcd

City Average

Supply = 103 lpcd

Graph 4: Per Capita water supply – Madurai Corporation

The above graph shows per capita water supply in ward wise,

the Ward numbers18, 30, 33. 36, 60 are having high per

capita supply. But in wards 34, 40, 55, 66, 70 having low per

capita supply in the city

Chap

ter

4

WATER SUPPLY INDICATORS

Name of City Madurai Corporation

Present LPCD 103 lpcd

Population Coverage 100%

Households Coverage 93%

Treatment Capacity (% of Supply) 75%

Total no. of OHT 28

Total Capacity of OHT 530 Lakh Liters

Total No. of UG Sump 1

Total Capacity of UG Sump 68 Lakh Liters

Storage Capacity (% to Supply) 50 %

Length of Pumping Main 2 x 64 = 128 KMs

Length of Distribution Main 650 KM

Distribution Network Length (% of Road Length) 83%

No. of Distribution Zone 28

Frequency of Water Supply Once in 4 Days

Domestic Water Supply Connections 128230

Commercial Water Supply Connections 7835

Industrial Water Supply Connections 580

Slum Population per Stand post 70

Majority of water collected from Vaigai Dam by Vaigai

water supply scheme

Very less quantity of water augmented from Head works

near in city limit.

The city has very well network coverage and has enough

water supply infrastructure.

The corporation receives funds from JnNURM schemes

and state governments funds for improving infrastructure

development works in city.

Chap

ter

4


ANALYSISIssues (Surface Water & Ground Water)

Non Revenue Water

Water Demand Projection

Deficiency Measures (Water Demand Vs. Water Source Availability)

SURFACEWATER ISSUES

Surface Water Bodies – Lakes, Ponds and Ooranis: In and around Madurai Corporation

From the shown surface water bodies, the corporation

can store up to 27.44 MCM of water during Monsoon

season.

At present 6.34 MCM of water only able to store in this

surface water bodies

Encroached

Water bodies

Source: Dhan Foundation

Cha

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Source: Madurai Corporation, TWAD Board

GROUNDWATER ISSUES

• Over extraction from groundwater, without making

any recharge, the Ground Water table depleted.

• Poor maintenance of drainage system and absence

of recharge structure (rainwater harvesting) linked

with GW depletion.

• Population growth and densely populated wards

also impact on ground water usage.

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NON REVENUE WATER

Non Revenue Water ChartWater Input

Vaigai Water Supply Scheme

1 & 2 – 110 MLD (77%)

Authorized

Consumption

(66.25%)

Billed Authorized

Consumption

(64.42%)

Billed metered

Consumption-

Revenue Water

(64.42%)Collector Well, Melakkal

Headworks – 20 MLD (14%)

Billed Unmetered

Consumption

91.47 MLD

(64.42%)

Manaloor and Thiruppuvanam

Headworks – 7 MLD (5%) Unbilled Authorized

Consumption (1.83%)

Unbilled metered

Consumption-

Non-Revenue

Water

(35.58%)

Thachampattu Headworks – 5

MLD (4%)

Unbilled Unmetered

Consumption

2.60 MLD

(1.83%)

Water Losses

(33.75%)

Apparent Losses

(7.25%)

Unauthorized

consumption

10.30 MLD

(7.25%)

Metering inaccuracy -

Real Losses (26.50%)

Leakages in

transmission and/or

distribution mains

26.00 MLD

(18.31%)

Leakages and

overflow of storage

tanks

10.58 MLD

(7.45%)

It Includes 15 MLD

of Industrial supply

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WATER DEMAND FORECASTING – POPULATION PROJECTION

For considering, those above three methods of population projection system, the incremental increase method is adopted for further water demand

calculation and other infrastructure services proposal and strategies suggested on this report.

Because incremental increase method, is somehow relate value with Arithmetic increase method. But in exponential method of calculation the values

are varies much from other two method consider for projection

Exponential Method

Method Arithmetic

Increase

Incremental

Increase

Exponential

Method

Year

2011 11.38 11.38 11.38

2021 12.32 12.41 16.65

2031 13.26 13.61 24.48

2041 14.19 15.00 36.07

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Source:: Discussion with Madurai corporation officials

WATER DEMAND FORECASTING - POSSIBLE AREA OF EXPANSION

Existing Zone Expansion Areas

North side of Vaigai River

Anaiyur

Avaniapuram

Villangudi

Kannanaendhal

Naganakulam

Thiruppalai

Melamadai

Uthangudi

Vandiyur

South side of Vaigai River

Thirupparankundram

Harveypatti

Thirunagar

Anuppanadi

Chinthamani

Iravathanallur

Pudukulam

Thiyagarayar Colony

Possible Expansion areas

Area - 94.71 Sq.km

Present Water supply (by

various sources) – 31.70 MLD

Total Area

Area - 146.67 Sq.km

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WATER DEMAND

Year PopulationAdded

Areas

Total

Population

Water

Demand

Institutional &

Industrial

Demand

Fire

Fighting

Demand

Distribution

Losses

Total

Demand

Water

Supply

Melakkal

Headworks

Thachampattu

Headworks

Manaloor

and

Thiruppuvan

am

Headworks

Hand Pump

& Power

Pump

First Vaigai

Water

supply

Scheme

Second

Vaigai

Water

supply

Scheme

Added

AreasShortage

1991 9.41 9 127 13 10 22 172 60 112

2001 9.29 9 125 13 10 22 170 85 10 2 5 68 85

2011 11.38 499,818 16 154 15 13 27 209 115 14 2 7 2 68 22 31.7 94

2021 12.40 623,695 19 167 17 14 30 227 146.7 14 2 7 2 68 22 31.7 81

2031 13.61 747,572 21 184 18 15 32 249 146.7 14 2 7 2 68 22 31.7 102

2041 15.00 1,118,528 26 203 20 16 36 275 146.7 14 2 7 2 68 22 31.7 128

Demand Supply

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Source:: TWAD Board

Source: TWAD Board

WATER DEFICIENCY

• If we consider 135 lpcd with some losses in the system, the total demand will be

209 MLD (Present) but corporation supplies 115 ML in 4 days once.

• At present per capita supply is 103 lpcd

• In 1991, the shortage was 112 MLD, during 1993 the corporation received

World Bank for First Vaigai water supply scheme, because of this scheme it

adds 65 MLD in the system.

• Project demand for 2021, it needs 227 MLD of water, but it can able to supply

146.7 MLD only with possible sources.

• The shortage of water is growing like 81 MLD (2021), 102 MLD (2031) and

128 MLD (2041)

• If the corporation did not take any action at present, it may face very

big water problems in the future.

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Outcomes from Analysis

Madurai has sufficient amount of surface water bodies which helps to store rainwater and runoff water to store for non

drinking purposes and ground water recharge.

After the growth in industrial and real estate, the surface water bodies and its drainage paths were encroached. So the tanks

cannot get drainage water.

The city is completely depend on Vaigai River and Vaigai Dam for water supply.

NRW – High leakage in system, absence of metering

To achieve source sustainability by reduce over dependency on Vaigai dam and Vaigai River.

Implement Water Harvesting system (Rainwater Harvesting, Artificial Recharge, Restructure, Rehabilitate and Rejuvenation of

existing surface water bodies).

Focus on reduction on NRW by efficient water distribution system, control and Fix leakages, Water metering

Reuse of Reclaimed water for industrial purposes

Alternative Source

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PROPOSALS & STRATEGIESPossible Strategies

NRW Reduction

Water Harvesting

Reclaimed Water

Groundwater Extraction

Proposals and Strategies – Methods to be adopted for WRM

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Sl.No Strategies Major scope

1 Implement metering in all kind of water connections to regularize the water supply process and increase the revenue.

NRW Reduction

2 Use computer application and software for monitor water supply process.

3 Leakage Control – Water Auditing, Fix overflow sensor

4 Detect and regularize the illegal connection

5 Optimum usage of produced water

6 Harvesting of Rainwater and other water sourcesWater Harvesting

7 Artificial Recharge

8 Systems and technologies development for Recycling and Reuse of waste water for reducing burden on water resources. Reclaimed Water

9 Restoration and Rejuvenation of surface water bodies Alternate resources

10 Optimum use of conserved water

Management

approach

11 Maximum usage of storage reservoirs and Tanks

12 Improvement of water supply in scarce locations

13 Integration of surface water management and Ground Water management

14 Transfer the approach from water supply management to water demand management

15 Watershed level management approach

16 Private sector participation in water supply projects in capital and O&M activities. PSP

17 Public awareness campaign and IEC activities for economic use of water. IEC

Source: Water Resources Management-A World Bank Policy Paper

Proposals and Strategies – NRW Reduction

As per CPHEEO limits, 15% of transmission losses in the system, but if it is more than that, the Water supplying authority

needs to take action to reduce Non-Revenue water losses in the system.

At Present the Madurai Corporation has 35.58% of Non-Revenue water losses,

Apparent losses are 7.25%, it happens because of improper management in the system, unauthorized consumption is

easy to reduce by proper surveillance in the city.

Real losses are 26.50%, it happen because of leakages from the system. Madurai Water supply system is one of the

oldest system in the country. The major leakages are happen in Main lines (18.31%) and storage reservoir (7.45%)

Action 1: Water Audit and Water Balance

Action 2: Water Metering – in Household level and District Metering Area

Action 3: Leakage Control

Action 4: Detect and regularize the illegal connection

Action 5: Operation and Maintenance Practices

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Proposals and Strategies – NRW Reduction

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Water lost in NRW 49.48 MLD (35.58% of total supply)

Where is it lost from

Unbilled Authorized Consumption – 2.60 MLD (1.83%)

Unauthorized Consumption – 10.30 MLD (7.25%)

Leakages in transmission and distribution mains – 26.00

MLD (18.31%)

Leakages and Overflow of Storage tanks – 10.58 MLD

(7.45%)

Reasons for NRW

Poor water management

Old infrastructure in core areas (South and East Zone)

Improvement

measures

Prioritizing water loss reduction strategies in the system

Leakage Monitoring, Leak detection and repair policy

Water Zoning map

Address causes of unauthorized consumption

Training to staff

NRW Reduction Schedule and Cost (Amount in Lakhs)

Sl.N

o Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total

NRW

Measures

1 Water Audit

10

20

15

45

2 Metering

180

180

180

180

720

3 DMA zone

formation

40

20

60

4 SCADA

200

170

370

5

Regularize

water

connection

25

20

45

Cost (in

Annually)

190

200

435

370

25

20

-

1,240

Work Plan for NRW

Reduce this losses from 33.01% to 15% by using NRW

reduction strategy, i.e., 18.01% of losses have to be reduce

from the system.

Source:: Non Revenue Water (NEW) Management Strategy for Surabaya Water Company; Water Resources Management-A World Bank Policy Paper; NRW Reduction Toolkit

Proposals and Strategies – Rainwater Harvesting for Buildings

• Rainwater Harvesting can be

done in 10 Years period

• From this the system, can

save 64.76 Million Liters of

water per year in monsoon

season (i.e., rainfall period

45 days) Totally 392.42 ML

water can able to harvest.

• Total Project Cost –

Rs.15,469.31 Lakhs

• Project Benefit cost at the

end – Rs.7,848 Lakhs (in

terms of recharge GW, i.e.,

50paise/liter)

• Reduce this cost by providing

50: 50 (Govt : Public)

`

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Source: Cost Estimation based on Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation – Manual by CGWB-MoWR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Building Type

Residential 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823 12823

Commercial 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566

Industrial 287 287

Cost/ RWH

Residential 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Commercial 80757 80757 80757 80757 80757

Industrial 185983 185983

Construction cost

Residential 769.38 769.38 769.38 769.38 769.38 846.32 846.32 846.32 846.32 846.32

Commercial 1,264.65 1,264.65 1,264.65 1,264.65 1,264.65 - - - - -

Industrial 533.77 533.77 - - - - - - - -

Total cost (in

Lakhs) 2,567.81 2,567.81 2,034.03 2,034.03 2,034.03 846.32 846.32 846.32 846.32 846.32

Water savings (in

Million Liters /

Annum) 8.34 16.68 24.16 31.63 39.11 44.24 49.37 54.5 59.63 64.76

Savings interms of

consumed water

(in Lakhs) 166.8 333.6 483.2 632.6 782.2 884.8 987.4 1090 1192.6 1295.2

Phase 2Phase 1

Proposals – Water Harvesting by Surface Water Bodies

Rainfall Harvesting Potential = Rainfall (in mm) x Collection Efficiency

Rainfall = 850 mm (Average)Sl. No Items Area (in Sq.Km)

1 Circulation area 8.29

2 Public Places 2.07

3 Vacant land 4.14

4 Water Bodies 5.03

Total 19.53 Sq.km

Possible Areas to collect and store rain water in Madurai

Percolation rate = 10 ml / min (for black and red

soil) = 10, 000 Liter / KM

Per day percolation rate = 10,000 x 19.53 / (10

^ 6) = 0.20 ML per day

By using surface water

bodies, increase storage

upto 28.71 ML/Annum

Recharge ground water

upto 9.04 ML/Annum

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Source: Author


Proposals – Water Balance

At present, the city losing 164.56 ML of water per

Annum in runoff during regular monsoon season.

In the month of Sep, Oct and Nov Maximum

runoff

Because of improper maintenance in the drainage

system, the storage capacity in water bodies are

deteriorating

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Source: Author

Source: PWD, Madurai Corporation

GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION

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Groundwater availability = 10.27 MCM (within City Area – 146.67 sq.km)

Groundwater can extract by providing Bore wells in the location.

We can use same bore wells as used for recharge purposes during monsoon season.

Bore well cost (1 No.)= Rs.2,00,000/- O&M cost 20% of capital cost

Ground Water Exploration (Rs. In Lakhs)

Sl.NoYear 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total

1Bore

Wells 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 280

2 O & M 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 224

Cost (in

Annually) 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 504

Source: CGWB, TWAD Board

Proposals and Strategies – Waste Reuse in Industrial purposes

Cha

pte

r 6Usable Reclaimed water

Stage Actions Quantity

1 Generation 97 MLD

2 Collected 61 MLD

3 Treated by STP 34 MLD

4 Disposed from STP 25 MLD

5 Sewage Farm 13 MLD

Industrial demand in city, at present = 15 MLD

Reclaimed water from Avaniyapuram STP = 12 MLD

Infrastructure cost for Reclaimed water

Distance between Avaniyapuram and Melur Industrial Estate = 30 Km

Distance between Avaniayapuram and Kappalur Industrial Estate = 12 km

Provide 600mm dia AC pipeline from STP to respective industrial estates,

Rate for 1m of pipe laying and its relative works = Rs.1284/-

600mm dia. Pipe laying - including Supply, Installation, Testing

& Commissioning of Pipe Lines & Associated works

Sl.NoDescription of

ItemsQuantity Units

Rate (in

Rs.)

Total Cost (in

lakhs)

1

To Kappalur

Industrial

Estate 12,000 m 1,284.00 154.08

2

To Melur

Industrial

Estate 30,000 m 1,284.00 385.20

Total Project

Cost 539.28

Total Project period is 3 years starts from 2015.

Source: CPWD Rates-2007

• There are 2 Industrial Estates locates in Kappalur and Melur, 5

large scale industrial units and 12364 small and medium scale

industrial units are present in Madurai.

• By using this system, industries can reduce 50-60% of water from

their demand

Water Resource Management

After implementing all this possible Water Resource Management Strategies, still the corporation is shortage of 8.81 MCM per

Annum. (24.14 MLD)

It can further reduce by IEC activities on water conservation measures and public awareness campaign.

Cha

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ItemsPer day

(MLD)Per Annum (MCM) Share %

Shortage (@ 2021) 94 34.31 100 %

Proposed WRM methods

NRW Reduction (from 35.58% to 15%) 29.00 10.59 31 %

Surface water storage 0.08 0.03

Runoff Storage 0.44 0.16

Groundwater Extraction (Potential) 28.14 10.27 30 %

Rainwater harvesting 0.19 0.07

Reclaimed Water 12.00 4.38 13 %

Needs to augment 24.14 8.81 26 %

Reduction in Water deficiency

Groundwater

Exploration

Reclaimed Water

NRW Reduction

Water Resource Management

Cha

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WRM Techniques Water Resource Management Schedule and Cost (Amount in Lakhs)

Sl.No Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total

A NRW Measures

1 Water Audit 20.00 40.00 15.00 75.00

2 Metering 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 20.00

3 DMA zone formation 80.00 30.00 10.00

4 SCADA 200.00 70.00 70.00

5 Regularize water connection 25.00 20.00 45.00

B Ground Water Draft Works

1 Bore Wells 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 80.00

2 O & M 8.00 16.00 4.00 32.00 40.00 48.00 56.00 24.00

C Reclaimed water for Industries

1 To Kappalur Industrial Estate 30.82 92.45 30.82 - - - - 54.08

2 To Melur Industrial Estate 77.04 231.12 77.04 - - - - 385.20

Cost (in Annually) 355.86 599.57 646.86 452.00 105.00 108.00 96.00 2,363.28

During the year 2012-13, the corporation has surplus amount of 1374 lakhs under water supply sector. As per project estimation

cost is below the surplus amount in hand, so the corporation can execute the above mentioned projects with their budget limits.

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Atkins. "Future Proofing Indian Cities - Final Urban Diagnostic for Madurai." Urban Diagnostic. 2014. Report.

Brar, Tejwant Singh, R.K. Jain and Deepak Khare. "Water resource Management Plan for An Urban Area - Patiala." International Journal of Earth Sciences and

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—. Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation - Manual. Manual. New Delhi: Central Ground Water Board , 2002. Document.

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Dass Amit, Jethoo A.S, Poonia M.P. "Impact of Drought on Urban Water Supply: A Case Study of Jaipur City." International Journal of Engineering and Innovative

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Daykin, Ann Davies Suzie. Review of Water Resources Management Plan Process-Final Report. Policy Projects for CLG, DfT, DECC and Defra. London: ihpr-In House

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Farley, Malcolm, et al. The Manager's Non-Revenue Water Handbook. Bangkok: United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2008. Handbook.

Gaurav Dwivedi, Makarand Purohit. Privatised Industrial Water supply in DEWAS - A Case Study Of Impacts And Conflicts. Case Study. Barwani, MP: Manthan

Adhyayan Kendra, 2012. Report.

GIZ-ASEM. Draft City Sanitation Plan-Kochi. Sanitation Plan. Cochin: Corporation of Cochin, 2011. Report.

Gopakumar, Govind. Transforming Urban Water Supplies in India - The role of reform and partnerships in globalization. New York: Routledge, 2012. Contemporary

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M.S., C. Balamurugan: Dheenadayalan. "Studies on the quality of groundwater in Madurai, Tamilnadu, India." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research

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P.C.Bansil. Water Management in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2004.

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Sapient Techno Consultants. Preliminary Water Audit: Estimation of Water Losses and Strategy for Loss Reduction - City of Kalol, Gujarat, India . PAS project.

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United Utilities. Draft Water Resource Management Plan. Report. London: United Utilities PLC, 2013.

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W.Mays, Larry. Water Resources Engineering - Second Edition. Tempe, Arizona: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

World Bank (John Briscoe; R.P.S.Malik). India's Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent future. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Source: ‘Water Resource Management Plan’ – Thames Water Report

Water Resource Estimation for future projection

Before WRMP

• In Early stage, water drawn from Thames River, and its tributaries. The City authorities

appointed water keepers to maintain, operate the water conduit and collect fees from the

water users [ Concept for Private companies ]

• In 1902, the private water companies were nationalized, acquires and created as

‘Metropolitan Water Board’ by the Metropolitan Water Act, because of bad quality in water

supply.

• The MWB, started and Operated several reservoirs in & around London because increase in

demand side. The MWB & Other local water boards were combined and formed ‘Thames

Water Authority’. Later it was privatized as ‘Thames Water’, a state regulated private

company. Which currently provide London’s water supply needs.

Present Water Resources and it’s Management

Present Water demand = 1,217 MLD

• Demand vs Supply Baseline to calculate Surplus / deficit in every year

• Every five years, water companies in England and Wales are required to produce

a Water Resources Management Plan that sets out how they aim to maintain water

supplies over a 25-year period.

• Water resource management can be done in four various ways: 1) Leakage

Management, 2) Efficiency Improvement, 3) Use of reclaimed water, 4)

Development of New water resources

Location England, Europe

Population 8.17 Million (2011)

Climate Zone Oceanic

Area 1,572 Km2

Urban Water use 150 lpcd

Decentralization No

Regulator Ofwat (Office of Water service)

Policy Setting Defra (Department of Environment,

Food and Rural affairs)

Project Private Water Companies (Thames

Water in Greater London)Learnings from Literature Review - London study

Source: http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/singaporewaterstory.aspx#sthash.snSIBAzZ.dpuf

Sustainable Water Resources Management

Before WRMP

• Singapore imported water from Malaysia for it’s needs based on agreement signed on

1961 & 1962.

• In 1998, Malaysia asked to increase the raw water price (0.04 US$ / M3) and in 2002

still increase now it’s 0.45 US$/M3. This rate is equivalent to the price of desalination.

• Singapore refused to accept the new prices, but based on the old agreement Malaysia

have to supply 1100 MLD upto 2061 (99 Year agreement)

Present Water Resources and it’s Management

Water demand = 1,730 MLD, it may double in the year of 2050

Water resources are precious in Singapore because of densely settled land

Water resources are classified four types of

1) Local catchment water (17 Reservoirs) it collects 750 to 1100 MLD, based on rainfall (Average

2400mm)

2) Imported water (from Malaysia by two agreements) 1100 MLD

3) Highly-purified reclaimed water known as NEWater, (It meets 30% of demand)

4) Desalinated water (It meets 10% of demand)

Lessons from Singapore:

• Forward Planning

• Careful Management of Water Resources

• Sustainable Water resource management

• Source Augmentation for meeting demand – (e.g. Desalination)

• Putting together adequate infrastructure investment and efficient technologies.

Water Bodies in Singapore

Location South East Asia

Population 5.18 Million (As on 2011)

Climate Zone Tropical Rainforest

Area 710 Km2


Decentralization No

Regulator No

Policy Setting Ministry of the Environment and

Water Resources

Project Public Utilities Board (PUB)

Learnings from Literature Review - Singapore Case study

Source: Kochi CDP, Kochi CSP, “Challenges in urban water management in a changing environment – case study from a growing tropical city” –Shadanan Nair

Water Resource Management Systems, Guidelines & Suggestions

• In 1963, Public Water supply system established; And New Plant started in Aluva (48 MLD).

• Source : River Periyar (Perennial River)

• In 1975, additional plant of 72 MLD; In 1983 – 70 MLD (World bank aided); In 2000 – 35 MLD (HUDCO

Scheme)

• Total capacity 225 MLD, Kochi city consumption 120 MLD, Rest sent to adjacent areas. Shortage of 69 MLD

• 83% of Water supply Coverage

• Mattancherry area suffers from very low and unreliable supply in some cases as low as 25-30 LPCD, So

Households depends on expensive private tankers.

For Water Resource Management System:

• Rain water Harvesting (Ground water recharge, Judicious Management of available

water resources)

• Proper and timely maintenance of the public water system, Control of unauthorized use

of public water.

• Discourage use of chemicals and fertilizers before heavy rainfall to prevent its

transportation through water, minimizing river pollution from industries, Proper filtering of

tanks.

• Reducing water loss in distribution system and starting water conservation measures from

domestic level, increased public awareness on the needs of water conservation and

pollution control and advanced training for the engineers and technicians.

Location Kerala, India (Commercial Capital)

Population 601,574 (as on 2011)

Climate Zone Tropical Monsoon

Area 94.88 sq.km

Urban Water use 90 LPCD Approx.

Decentralization Yes, Corporation of Cochin

Regulator Kerala Water Authority

Policy Setting Water Resources Department,

Government of Kerala

Project Centre for Water Resources

Development and Management

Water Demand Supply

2011 189 MLD 120 MLD

2021 227 MLD

2031 272 MLD

Learnings from Literature Review – Kochi

Case study

Source: PHED, Jaipur

Water Distribution Management

• Water Demand – 41.97 MLD; Supply – 34 MLD => Deficit 7.97 MLD

• Illegal & Long distance connections

• Low Pressure, short supply duration and tail end problems

• Incidence of water pollution due to choking / over flowing sewers & seepage from

manhole chambers

• Increase in demand of new water connections from consumers due to reduced yield of

groundwater in private wells and demanding bulk water.

• Poor utility and asset mapping affecting monitoring process.

• Poor utility and asset mapping affecting monitoring.

• High non revenue water due to insignificant water tariff.

• Consumers counseled for regularization of illegal connections.

• Distribution network strengthened by providing additional pipelines, valves.

• Water Audit started from year 2011 with complete accounting of water quantity right from

all sources to consumer end. (NRW reduced from 42 to 32% and savings provided for

useful water )

• Three level water quality monitoring system introduced including mobile units for daily

monitoring. (almost 50% reduction in incidences of polluted water supply)

• New water connection guidelines introduced to curb use of water in non drinking purposes

like; construction, washing, industry & process etc.

• Policy for release of connections in multistoried buildings implemented with provisions for

bulk metering, RWH and recycling.

• Consultant appointed for preparation of GIS based complete mapping of water utility and

other assets.

Location Rajasthan, India

Population 3,073,350 (3.07 Million)

Climate Zone Semi Arid

Area 467 Sq.km


Decentralization Yes

Regulator Water Resources Regulatory

Authority

Policy Setting Water Resources Regulatory

Authority

Project PHED

Sources of Water

Tube Well (1897 Nos) 2900 LL

Single point Tubewells (117 Nos) 15 LL

Bisalpur Dam 720 LL

Total 3620 LL

Water for Jaipur city is pumped from Bisalpur dam, at a

distance of 110 KMs with almost 95 Mtrs. of Hydraulic head.

More than 50% of O&M expenditure goes on power charges

alone.

Source: P.C.Bansil. Water Management in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2004; Gaurav Dwivedi, Makarand Purohit. Privatised Industrial Water supply in DEWAS - A Case Study Of

Impacts And Conflicts. Case Study. Barwani, MP: Manthan Adhyayan Kendra, 2012. Report.

Community led Water Resource Management & Privatized Industrial Water supply

• In 1980s, Transition from Agricultural town to industrial town

• Dewas Industrial Area majorly contain DIE industry, those DIE industries facing

acute water shortage from last one decade.

• Receiving maximum of 2.40 MLD, but actual requirement is 12 MLD

• This 2.40 MLD also received from Tube-wells, Shipra River and Tankers

operated by the local residents.

• This water shortage affect the industries growth.

In Dewas, Industrial Area

• Introduced BOT project for industrial water supply

• Water fetched from Narmada canal located at Nemavar 128 km from Dewas

Industrial area. PPP Project

• EPC ; O&M Contractor – MSK project (India) limited

• Present supply 15 MLD & it may increase upto 23 MLD (30 Years contract)

• The over extraction of groundwater was completely stopped because of this

project, it reflects in the Ground water table improvement.

• For Urban settlements also receive water from this project

Location Madhya Pradesh, India

Population 1,64,364 (2001)

Climate Zone Arid Zone

Area 45 Sq.KM

Urban Water use 80 LPCD

Decentralization No

Regulator Dewas Industrial Association (DIA)

Policy Setting Madhya Pradesh Water Resource

Department (MPWRD)

Madhya Pradesh State Industrial

Development Corporation (MPSIDC) –

For Industrial uses

Project MSK Projects (India) Ltd, Baroda,

Gujarat – BOT Project

Learnings from Literature Review – Dewas Case Study

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS – RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Recharge Pit Method Rainwater Harvesting for Individual houses area < 100 m2; pit size 1m x 1m x1m

Sl.No Description Unit Quantity Rate(Rs) Amount (Rs)

1 Excavation work for Percolation pit m3 141.00 41.00

2 Filling Materials - Brick bats m3 0.6312.42 187.00

3 Filling Materials - sand m3 0.4326.92 131.00

4 Cover Slab -Precast RCC perforated - 40 mm thick m3 1175.00 175.00

5150mm Ø PVC pipe connection (includinng earthworks, laying, fixing and pipe

surround with sand and gravel fillingm 10

400.00 4,000.00

6 Miscellaneous items - -500.00

Total5,034.00

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS – RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Recharging Trench method; Rainwater Harvesting for Multi Storied building of size 30m x 20m (area = 600m2)


1 Excavation work for Percolation pit m3 141.00 41.00

2 Filling Materials - Brick bats m3 0.6312.42 187.00

3 Filling Materials - sand m3 0.4326.92 131.00

4 Filing Materials - Pebbles in the top layet of recharge trench m3 1262.50 263.00

5150mm Ø PVC pipe connection (includinng earthworks, laying, fixing and pipe

surround with sand and gravel fillingm 10

400.00 4,000.00

6 Miscellaneous items - -500.00

Total5,122.00

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS – OFFICE BUILDINGSRainwater Harvesting for Individual office Buildings with compound Dug well depth 1m and Borewell Depth 10m


1 Excavation work for Percolation pit (1m depth & 1m dia.) m3 141.00 41.00

2 Filling Materials - Brick bats 40mm size - 0.7 m depth m3 0.6312.42 187.00

3 Filling Materials - sand - 0.3m depth m3 0.4326.92 131.00

4 Cover Slab -Precast RCC perforated - 40 mm thick m2 1175.00 175.00

5Recharge Borewell (250mm dia. & 10m depth) by rotary drilling including pipe material

No. 150,000.00 50,000.00

6 Filing Materials - broken stone (40mm size) in the top layet of recharge trench m3 0.5445.36 223.00

7200mm Ø PVC pipe connection to the recharge well (includinng earthworks, laying, fixing

and pipe surround with sand and gravel fillingm 50

500.00 25,000.00

8 Miscellaneous items - -5,000.00

Total80,757.00

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS – OFFICE BUILDINGS

Injection well Method : Rainwater Harvesting for office Buildings; Well dia 1.5m; Depth 5m and Borewell depth 10 m


1 Excavation work for Percolation pit (2m dia.) m3 30 41.00 1,230.00

2 Soak way pit (Precast RCC Ring - 1.5m dia) with soft soil and 150mm dia. PVC casing Nos 17 300.00 5,100.00

3 Filling Materials - Brick bats 40mm size - 4 m depth m3 8 312.42 2,499.00

4 Filling Materials - sand - 1m depth m3 2 326.92 654.00

5 Recharge Borewell (250mm dia. & 10m depth) by rotary drilling including pipe material No. 1 50,000.00 50,000.00

6 Filing Materials - Pebble stones in outside potion of precast rings m3 8 1,500.00 12,000.00

7200mm Ø PVC pipe connection to the recharge well (includinng earthworks, laying, fixing and

pipe surround with sand and gravel fillingm 150 500.00

75,000.00

8 150mm dia. Borewell for for monitoring groundwater table fluctuation - 15m depth No. 1 30,000.00 30,000.00

9 Cover Slab -Precast RCC perforated - 100 mm thick; 1.5m dia m2 1 1,500.00 1,500.00

10 Miscellaneous items - -8,000.00

Total185,983.00


GROUNDWATER RECHARGE (DURING MONSOON)

Ground water Potential (As per CGWB & PWD-WRO)

Madurai District Madurai City

Utilizable Ground water Recharge 684.7 MCM 2.06 MCM

Net Ground Water Draft 424.9 MCM 1.63 MCM

Balance – Ground water storage 259.8 MCM 0.43 MCM

Stage of Groundwater development 62.06 %

Category of blocks as per need of Ground Water development

Over Exploited (>100%) Chellampati,Usilampati, Sedapati,

Critical (90 to 100%) Alanganalur

Semi Critical (70 to 90%) Kallupati, Thiruparankundaram,

Thirumangala,

Safe (<70%) Madurai East, Madurai West,

Vadipati, Kalikudi, Kotampati,

Melur

Salinity Ingression Nil

Focus on recharge

Ground water for

long-term benefit

Advantages of using surface water over

ground water

Easily available and accessible water

resource

Less amount of water treatment

required compare to other methods.

Utilize surface water bodies as tourism

attraction also, and it became an

important economic factor for that city.

Surface water bodies can use for

fisheries

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Proposals and Strategies – Dredging and De silting of Water bodies

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater or fresh water areas with the purpose of

gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location. This technique is often used to keep water bodies can able

store to maximum amount of water and it is helpful to recharge groundwater aquifer.

The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried away from the dredged area. Dredging can produce

materials for land reclamation or other purposes (usually construction-related).

Capacity of Existing Surface Water bodies = 27.44 M.Cu.m

= 27440 Million Liters / Annum

Consider 50% of water only able to useable for domestic purposes,

= 50% x 27440

= 13720 Million Liters / Annum

= 13720 / 365 = 37.59 MLD

Water savings from Surface water bodies = 37.59 MLD

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Strategies for Water Resource Management

Transfer the approach from water supply management to water demand management

Watershed level management approach

Optimum usage of produced water

Systems and technologies development for Recycling and Reuse of waste water for reducing burden on water resources.

Integration of surface water management and Ground water management

Restoration and Rejuvenation of surface water bodies

Optimum use of conserved water

Maximum usage of storage reservoirs and Tanks

Improvement of water supply in scarce locations

Harvesting of Rainwater and other water sources

Public awareness campaign and IEC activities for economic use of water.

Private sector participation in water supply projects in capital and O&M activities.

Implement metering in all kind of water connections to regularize the water supply process and increase the revenue.

Use computer application and software for monitor water supply process.

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Water Resource Management Plan

Documents

Transcript of Water Resource Management Plan