Bureaqf Entomqlqgy Bulletin No - Forgotten Books

- U : S DERAR TM‘

ENT O F AG R ICU LTU R E ;BUR EAfi QF ENTO

MQLQGY— BUL L ETIN No.

L . O . H O WA R Dp E fi tom'

o log i st and C h i éf of B ure au .

“ V“ '

ISS U E D D E CE M B E RV

WA SH ING T O N '

- G O V E R N ME § T

NT I N G JO F F I C E .

3-1 9 0 6 .

B UR E A U O F E N TO M O L O G Y .

L . O . H O W A R D,

IE ntomol ogi st and Ch i ef Of B ureau .

C . L . M AR L ATT , E ntomol ogi st and A cti ng Ch i ef i n abse nce of Ch i ef .

R . S . CL IF TON , Ch i ef Cl erk .

CHITTE NDE N ,i n ch a rge of breedi ngexper i ments .

H O PKIN S , i n charge of forest i nsect i nvesti gati ons.

H UNTE R ,i n charge of cotton bol l weev i l i nvesti gati ons.

W E B STE R,i n charge of cerea l and forage-plant i nsect i nvestigati ons .

Q UA INTA NCE ,

i n charge of dec i d ixous-f ru i t i nsect i nvesti gati ons.

A N K B E NTON ,i n charge of api cu l tural i nvesti gati ons.

D . M . R O G E R S , i n charge of gipsy and brown ta i l moth work.

A . W . M O R R I L L , engaged i n i vh i te fi g i nvesti gati ons.

E . A . SCHWA R Z , D . W . CO Q U IL L E TT , T H . PE R GAND E,N ATHAN B ANKS

, A ssi stant E nt

mol ogi sts .

E . S . G . T ITUS,A UGUST R USCK , O TTO H E ID E M ANN ,

R . P. CUR R IE,J . G . SAND E R S , A .

CAUD E L L , F . D . COUD E N , E . R . SA SSCE R ,J . H . B E ATTIE

,I . J . COND IT, A ssi stants .

L I L L IAN L . H OWE NSTE IN , F R E D E R ICK KNA B , A rti sts .

MAB E L COL COR D ,L i brar i an .

H . E . B UR KE, W . F . F ISKE J . L . W E B B,J . F . STRAUSS

,engaged i n forest i nsect i nves

gati Ons.

W . E . H IND S,J . C . CR AWF OR D ,

W . A . H OOKE R,W . W . Y OTH E R S , A . C . M OR G

W . D . PIE R CE, F . C'

B ISHOPP,C . R . J ONES , F . C . PR ATT C . E . SANB OR N

, J .'

M ITCHE L L , W I L M O N N E WE L L,J . B . G AR R ETT, C . W . F L Y NN

, A W . B UCKNE R , R .

CUSHMAN , W. H . G I L SON, engaged i n cotton bol l weevi l i nvestigati ons.

Gr. I . R EEVE S , W . J PHI L L IPS,C . N .

A INSL IE,engaged i n cereal andforage-pl ant i

investi gati ons.

F R E D J OHNSON , A . A . G IRAUL T, D UDL E Y M OUL TO N , engaged i n(deci duous-fru i t

i nvesti gati ons .

E ’F .zPH ILLIPS

,J . M . R ANK IN

ngaged i n api cu l tura l i nvestigati ons.

J , G I L L ISS , T . A . KE LEHE R, W . A . KE L

E HE R , engaged i n s i lk i nvestigati ons“.‘

f‘ [f

‘”I

P A“

U . S . DEPAR TMENT O F AG R ICU LTU R E,

B UR EAU OF ENTOMO L O GY— B UL L ETIN N O . 62 .

O . H O WA R D , E ntomo l og i st a nd C h i e f of B u re au.

HE SAN J OSE OR CHINESE SCALE.

O . L . M A R L A T T,

E ntomol ogi st and A cti ng Ch i ef i n A bsence of Ch i ef .

IS SU E D D E CE M B E R 5 , 1906 .

WA SH IN G TO N

G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E .

1 9 0 6 .

L l iT'

l i R t) l i TRANSMITTAL .

U . S . D E PARTM E NT O F A GRICUL TURE,

B U R E A L’

\O F E NTOM O L O GY

l l i csh i ngton ,D . C.

,A ugust

S IR : I have the hono r to submit for publication a manuscript entitl ed

“ The San J os e or Chines e Scale ,”which i s a th e re revis ion of

the previous publ ica tions on this subj ect is sued by the Depar tment,

namely,Bul let ins N o s . 8 and 153

,new s eries

,of this O ffice . In spi te

of th e large number o f articles w hich have been publ ished concern ingthis insect i n experiment. s tation bul letins and i n j ournals and magaz ines . there i s a dis tinct need for a comprehens ive treatment of thismost important s ubj ect and this need

,I think

,h as been met i n an

excel lent way by Mr . Marlatt i n th is manuscript . I recommend thati t be publ ished as Bul le tin N O . 62 of this Bureau .

R espectfu l l y .

L . O . H OW ARD

E n tomol ogi st and Ch i ef of B ureau .

H on . J AM E S W I L SON ,

S ecre tary of A gr i cu l ture .

PR E F A CE

B ul letin No . 3 (new series ) of this office , giv ing a ful l accoun t of theSan Jose s cal e , was presented for publ ication ,

unde r the j o int author

ship o f Doctor Howard and the write r,November 29

,1 895

included the results of two years of very thoro s tudy of the San Jose

scale . Two years late r Docto r Howard issued,as Bul letin No . 1 2(new

series ) , a record of the work to the e nd of 1 897 , more particularly giv

i ng an account of th e spread of the San Jose scale i n the U n i ted Statesduring th e i n terven ing period and the resul ts of remedial work by thisoffice and the different experiment s tations

,togethe r with additions to

the b ibl iography . It has now been more than te n years s ince thepubl ication of the larger bulle tin giv ing the fu l l l ife h istory of th i sscale pest

,and i t seems advisable to issue a new gene ra l publ ication

to include i n one bul letin the cons iderable addition s which have beenmade to our in formation o n the subj ec t .

The port i on of Bul letin 8 giving the l i fe h is tory of the insect wasworked out with great m i nuteness and i s reproduced W i th l ittl e change .

Th e facts re lating to the original home of the insect,as discovered by

the writer i n 1901 i n the course of explorations i n Ch ina and Japan,

are incorporated i n this bulletin,and the dis tri b ution of th e insect h as

been brought down to date .

The l i terature of the last te n years relating to th e San Jose scale i sof enormous volume

,probably exceed i ng that relat i ng to any other

inse ct pes t . Most of th is l iterature relates,however

,to the s t rictly

economic phase of the su b j ect— name ly,distr i but i on

,i nj ury to plan ts

and the means of control -togethe r W i th l ega l enactments of variousforeign countries and of the several States of th e U n i on . The l i stingof al l th e publ ications on the San Jose s ca l e subsequent to i ts appearance i n the East i n 1893 would mak e a bu l letin of itse l f and wouldprobably serve no very useful purpose

,and th e i e fo re no b ibl iography

i s given i n th i s pub licat i on . T h e earl i er wr i tings on this in sect are,

however,recorded i n Bul letins 3 and 19 .

The early exper i men tal work with remedies given i n Bullet in 3 isomitted

,and no effort has b een made to summar i ze the enormous

body of reports on work w i th remed i es recorded i n the publ icat i onsof different experiment s tat i ons i n th i s country . The resul ts of thelater work with remedies conducted by th is Bureau are to b e found

4 PRE F A CE .

i n the five d i fferent editions of Circu l ar 42 , relating to the contro l ofthe San Jose scale

,and i n the two editions of Circular 52

,relating to

the l ime,su lfur

,and sal t wash , and also i n several articles i n th e

m iscel laneous bul letins of the Bureau .

Inasmuch as a good deal of the present bulletin h as been rewritten,

and as mos t of the added matter i s from articles publ ished by thewriter

,at the suggestion of Doctor Howard this publ ication i s issued

as a new b ul l e t i n'

of the Bureau series and under s ingle authorship .

Cons iderable matter,however

,from Bul le tin 3

,notably that relating

to l i fe‘

h i story and habits,h as been used

,as al ready indicated

l ittle change ; th is publ ication i s largely , therefore , a compilation , withthe aim of bringing the subj ect down to date and making it completeand available as a means of present information on the habits and

status of this important scal e insect pes t .The portion on true paras ites -(pp. 58—62 ) was k indly prepared byDoctor Howard

,w h o h as l ong been the authority on this group of

parasi tic four -w i nged fl ies .

CO NT E NTS .

Introducti onPre sent status of th e prob l emO r igi n of th e i nsect

E xpl orati ons i n e astern A s i aE xpl orati ons i n Japan

E xpl orat i ons i n Ch i na

R e cord of th e spread of th e i nsectH i story i n Cal i forn i a and th e WestH i story i n th e E ast

Pri nc ipal sources of i n festati on i n th e E astSummary , b y States and Terr i tor i es , of d i stri buti on and present cond i ti onTh e rel at i on of cl imate to spread

H ab i ts and l i fe h i storyN ature of th e damageF ood pl ants

Ci trus fru i ts and th e San Jose scal eL i fe h i storyDescripti ons of scal e and i nsectSy stemat i c pos i ti on and rel at i onsh ips

Means of d i str i buti onParas i tes and oth er natural enem i es

True paras i tes(b y L . O . H oward )Predaceous i nse ct enem i e s

N at i v e and i ntroduced enem i e s of oth er scal e- i nsectsTh e A s i at i c- l adyb i rd enemy of th e San Jose scal e

F ungous and oth er d i sease s of th e San Jose sca l eMeans of control l i ng th e San Jose scal e

Insecti c i de appl i cat i onsTh e l im e -sul fur wash

Th e soap treatmentKerosene treatmen tTh e O i l -water treatmentPe trol eum—soapemul s i on

F um igat i on of nursery stockL egi s l at i on agai nst th e San Jose sca l eIndex

IL L USTR ATIO NS .

PL ATE S .

Page .

PL ATE I . Th e San Jose scal e and i ts w ork : F ig. 1 .

— Peach tree w i th top k i l l edb y th e scal e. F ig. 2 .

— Peach tw i g, m oderate l y i nfested ,sh ow i ng

mal e and femal e sca l e . F ig. 3 .

— Peach l im b b adl v i nfested w i thsca l e

M apof Ch i na and Japan ,to i l l ust rate geograph i ca l pos i t i on i n rel at i on

to nati ve h ome and d i str i b ut i on o f San Jose scal e .

F ig. 1 .

— Japanese appl e orch ard ,sh ow i ng tre l l i s meth od of t ra i n i ng.

F ig. 2 .

— O l d nat i v e pear orch ard of Japan ,Sh ow i ng meth od of

tra i n i ngF i g. 1 .

— Pon y fru i t cart i n w h i ch products O f th e h i l l country are

brough t i nto Pek i n ,Ch i na . F ig. 2 .

—Port i on of street dev oted tosal e of fru i ts i n Pek i n

, Ch i na

L i fe z ones of th e U n i ted S tatesF ig. 1 .

—L arge appl e trees w i th l ower l imb s k i l led b y th e San J osesca le

,Y oungstown ,

N . Y . F i g. 2 .

— App1e i n fested w i th San Josescal e

Pupati ng l arvae of Ch i l ocorus s im i l i s on th e term i nal s of tw i gs i n

D epartment orch ardCages used i n b reed i ng A s i at i c l ad y b i rd (Ch i l ocorus s im i l i s )Steam pl ants for cook i ng l ime- sul fur wash

TE XT F IGUR E S .

F IG . 1 . M ap of th e U n i ted States,sh ow i ng l oca l i t i es known to h ave been

i n fested w i th th e San Jose scal e up to 1896A spi di otus pern i ci osus : appearance of scal e on barkA spi di otus perni ci osus: young l arva and devel opi ng scaleA spi di otuspern i ci osus : devel opmen t O f mal e i nse ctA spi di otus pern i ci osus : adu l t mal eA spi di otus pern i ci osus : adu l t fema leA spi di otiphagus ci tr inusProspa l ta auranti i

A bl erus c l i si ocampae: fema leM i crowei sea(Penti l i a ) m i sel l a : adul ts , l arvae , pupaeCh i l ocorus simi l i s: ov ipos i t i on and earl y l arval stagesCh i l ocorus s imi l i s : l ater l arval stage s , pupa , adul t

TH E SAN J O SE O R CH INESE SCAL E .

IN TR O DUCTIO N .

The San Jose scale i s now known to b e of Chinese origin . Its nameis derived from i ts first point of colonization i n A merica

,name ly

San Jose , Cal . , and is , i n a sense , undes i rabl e , as giving an unmeritednotoriety to the dis trict i n Cali fo rn ia which had the misfortune ofbe ing the accidental place to firs t harbor it . A more appropriate desi gnat i on i s the Ch i n ese sca l e , but i t i s improbab le that a new name wil lever be adopted for an i nsect which h as become so th oro l y wel l knownand explo ite d under i ts original designation .

Probably no other insect has had so much notoriety as h as th is species

,and certain ly none has assumed so great an i nternational impor

tance,as indicated by the vast amoun t of interstate and fore ign

l eg i s lati on which has been enacted rel ative to i t . In a l l the earlierpubl i cations of this office

,beginning with Coms tock ’

s original de scr i ption and note in th e R eport of the Department of A gricul ture for 1880

the very great econom ic importance and capac ity for harm of th isscale insect has b een commented uponand the fact that there i s perhaps no inse ct capable of causing greater damage to fruit interests i nthe U n i te d States than the San Jose or pernicious scale .

It i s i nconspicuous and often for a time passes unnoticed or unre cogn i z ed . Meanwhi le i ts enormous fecundi ty enables i t to overspread thetrunk

,l imbs

,fo l iage

,and fru i t of th e tree attacked(B l s . I

,VI) , so

that i t i s only a ques t i on of two or thre e years,un less proper remedial

steps be taken,b efore the condition of th e plant becomes hope less or

i ts death i s brought about . In capacity for harm th is species probablyexceeds any other scale insect known

,and i t attacks practical ly al l

deciduous plants,both those grown for fruit and the ornamental s . Its

economic importance i s further increased by the ease with wh i ch it isdistributed over W i de districts th ru the agency of nursery s tock

and the difficu l ty and,as a rule

,impossibi l ity of exterm inat i ng it where

once introduced . l ts capacity for evi l,w hich was recogn i zed in i ts

earl ier work on th e Pacific c oast , was at once even more strik inglydemonstrated on i ts fi rst appearance i n the East

,and before measures

of control we re'

unde rtak e n i t was much more d i sas trous i n peachorchards of Maryland

,New J ersey

,and oth er eastern and south ern

States than in Ca l i fornia and the W est .

8 T H E SA N J OSE O R CHIN E SE SCAL E .

PR E SE N T STATUS O F TH E PR O B L EM .

The es timates given i n our early publ ications of the seriousness ofthis pest have been more than borne out by the experience of the lastten years . Since i ts appearance on the A tlantic seaboard i n the earlynineties i t has

,i n spite O f al l efforts at control i n nurseries and by

State quarantine,spread wel l over the eas tern and middle U ni ted

States and into Canada , so that there are now very few regions wherefruit growing i s at al l important i n which i t has not gained permanentfoothold . Maine and a fé w of the middle wes tern States have not sofar reported this scal e insect

,but i t i s only a question of time when

it wil l complete i ts extens ion over the enti re fruit-growing areas ofNorth A m erica with in i ts cl imatic range .

Nevertheless the San Jose scale h as no t been an unmitigated scourge,

and the active inves tigations by the Bureau of Entomology of theU nited States D epartmen t of A griculture and th e entomologists of theState experiment stations have demons trated the practicabil ity ofseveral means of control , and particularly of the l ime - sulfur wash ; sothat the fears aroused by this scal e insect are rapidly subs id ing and i tno longer i s cons idered as an insurmountable obstacle to the growthof deciduous fru its . In the case of certain frui ts

,as , for example , the

peach,it h as been found that the l ime - sulfur wash h as a very great

value as a fungicide,and so much so that some growers are re com

mending i ts use whether the San Jose scale be present i n the orchardor not . Furthermore

,the presence of this scale has l ed to

much morecareful methods on the part of nurserymen and i n the planting and

care of stock,thus rais ing the standard and giving the intel l igen t and

conscientious , painstaking grower a distinct advantage over h i s carel ess neighbor . The resu l ts i n the East

,in other words

,are following

rather closely on the experience i n Cal i fornia and elsewhere on thePacific coas t

,W here the San Jose scale

,long looked upon as the worst

menace of the deciduous - frui t interests,i s now no t ne cessarily so

regarded,and the same benefits have come to Cal ifornia fruit growing

by the use of better methods of planting,prun ing

,and care .

This does not mean that th e San J ose scal e i s to b e l ook t upon as

a bl essing . The benefi ts of spraying are not always uni form,and are

less pe rh aps'

i n the case of th e apple than they are with the peach,

pear,and the smoother barked fruit tre es . The necess i ty of annual

spraying of th e trees i s now clearly shown, and th is amounts to avery large annual cost

,partly offset

,as already indicated

,by the fun

gi c i dal value of the standard l ime—su l fur appl ication . Nev ertheless ,nei ther the inj u ries from th e scale nor the cos t of treatment have putmore than a temporary check upon the advance of the frui t indus try

and great confidence i s being expre st by the large r commercial growerswho follow out the remedies w ith greatest th orone ss

and i n the most

B u l . 6 2 ,B u re au o f E ntomo logy U 8 D e pt o f Agri c u l t u re PL AT E I.

PR E S E N T ST A TUS O F TH E PR O BL E M .

racti cal manner , and who consequently get the bes t resu lts : It isow large l y a matter of getting the owners of smal l orch ards tofollow a regular annual sys tem of spraying the i r trees .

The presence of San Jose scale has not only resul ted i n a cons ider

abl e increase of information as to remedies and to improvements i n

th e methods of cul ture which directly relate to i tsel f , but i t h as beenproved m ethods and more efficien t means of contro l

uct i v e insects,h as demons trated the necessi ty

st the introduction of s imilar pests from foreignled to active eflorts i n the direction of quarantinethe part of practical ly all of the several States of

The con trol of the San Jose scale by paras i ti c and predaceous e nemies i s increasing al l the time

,but there Seems to be no l ikel ihood that

r such natural enemies as are now i n th is country or those whichhereafter be imported w i l l ever do more than merely l essen the

abundance of the scale . In other words,from past experience and

from a large acquaintance wi th o ther S imi lar scal e pests i t i s extremelyimprobable th at even under the fnost

favorab l e ci rcums tances w i l l suchnatural enemies reduce th is scale as

much as would one th e re treatmentwith the l ime - sulfur wash or other standard remedy . The insectEnemy o f the scale can on l y exis t when i t has scale food ; h ence a normal balance is very soon reached i n which the scale and natural enemyfluctuate i n relat i ve abundance . A complete extermination of thescal e insect or hos t wi l l rare ly i f ever be accompl ished

,and there wil l

probab ly always be enough scale present to cause spotted and unmarketable frui t . This does not mean that such enemies are not going tobe helpfu l . They wil l decrease the v iru l ence and destructiveness ofthe scale

,but to get cl ean fruit i t wil l probably be always neces sary

to Spray . A very few scale on a t ree wil l cause spotted fru i t evenwhen they may no t be abundant enough to do the tree i tsel f materialinj ury . The fact that a large

,succu lent scale insect l ike the fluted

scal e of Cal ifornia h as been con trol led by a ladybird enemy does notnecessari ly al low one to hope for the same resul t w ith the San Josescale . The l adybird and other enemies introduced into Cal ifornia tocontrol scales S imi lar to the San Jose scale have not succeeded in thesame measure at al l . This s tatement i s made to correct hopes whi chmay be aroused by certain popular articl es which have recentlyappeared on the subj ect of parasites .In brief

,th erefore

,the San Jose s cale must be recogn i zed as a per

manent condition to be met i n the growth of deciduous fru i ts . Thegreates t care Should always be taken i n the purchase of nursery stockto see that it i s absolute ly free from i nfestation

,and preferably also

that it carr i es with i t a certificate of fumigation . Orchards Sh ould besprayed according to wel l - es tabl ished methods annual ly as soon as th

10 T H E SA N J OSE O R CH I N E SE SCAL E .

first S ign of infes tation i s found . Fruit growers and others inte rhave come to accept th is conclus ion and are facing the San Jos eproblem as one to be regularly deal t with

,as with othe r es tabl

i nsect enemies of fruits . The range of food plants o f th is scalegreat that local extermination i s out of the ques tion

,and i t i s r

n i z ed as useless to des troy orchards or new s tock becauseinfestation . The San Jose scale wil l have so soon gained footholdmany ornamental and wild plants that such destruction of orchawould be of no avail

,and new stock would be very quickly re i nfe ste

from near- b y sources .

O R IG IN O F TH E IN SE CT .

The San Jose scal e was firs t es tabl ished i n this country i n the earlseventies at San Jose Cal .

,i n the grounds of Mr . James Lick .

Following the studies of Professor Comstock of this pes t i nforn i a i n 1880

,efforts have been made to determine whence the or

infes tation came ; i n othe r words , to locate the native home 0

insect . The importance of discovering the origin of this scalefrom the now wel l—known fact that .where an insect i s native imal ly kept i n check and prevented fromfeatures

,o r at l eas t maintaining such

by natu ral enemies,e ither paras i tic o

or othe r d iseases . M r . Lick,i n whose orchard the se al

was a great lover of plants,and imported trees and

ornamentation of h i s grounds from foreign countries,

natural ly inferred that i n some of these impo f tati onsduced th is insect . Before this investigation started

Lick had died,and i t was imposs ible to trace h i s importation

the scale was not European i n origin was eviden t ; otherwiseundoubtedly have come to this country long before with the nimportations of stock from Europe . Its original home was tnatural ly placed i n some eastern country . In the course O fti gat i on i t was found that the San Jose scale occurred i n theIslands

,i n Chile

,i n Japan

,and in A ustral ia .

“ In the caHawaiian Is lands it was conclus ive ly shown

,however

carried there on stock from Californ ia . The ev idence relatand A ustral ia was of a similar nature— namely

,that it h

those countries comparative ly recently on i mported stock .

rence i n Japan was not discovered unti l 1 897 , and thefrom be ing conclus ive that it was indigenous i n that country ; neverth e l e ss th e be l ief that Japan was the source of this scale came to berather general ly accepted . The obj ections to it were voiced by DoctorHoward and the writer i n an article read before the A ssociation of

a Se e B ul . N o . 3,new seri es

,D i v . E nt .

,U . S . D ept . Agr i c .

, pp. 10—12 , 1896.

1 2 T H E SA N J O SE O R CH IN E S E SCAL E .

acre to 2 or 8 acres i n extent . These are trainedhead trel l ises (P l . III) , and at a short distance look 1There are several d is tricts where such orchards occu r inumbers . These orchards are very ancient

trees more than one hundred years O l d . If the San Josenative to Japan i t would occur i n these pear orchards , the pearone of the favorite food plants of this scale insect .In northern Japan

,including the is land of Hokkaido

,and the no

e nd of the main is land , Hondo , apple raising h as been i ntrodu

modern times very much on the l ines fol lowed i n this Country .

to the opening of Japan to foreign commerce and exploration theapple as an edibl e fruit was unknown i n that country . The orchardsi n northern Japan are chiefly

,therefore

,of A merican origin and rep

resent A merican varieties . Most of the s tock came from Cal iforniaand much of it was undoubtedly infes ted with San Jose scale when i twas rece ived . There i s

,therefore

,thruout these northern apple

orchards a mild infes tation with this scale . The Japanese are veryenthus iastic i n the i r efforts to gain al l the b enefits of western civi l ization

,and this i s shown i n horticul tu ra l as wel l as i n other fields . The

three leading nurseries,therefore

,of Japan have been very active dur

i ng the las t twenty or thirty years i n importing the differen t varietiesof pear

,peach

,and apple from A merica

,and al l th ree of these nursery

dis tricts have become infested with San Jose scale,evidently from such

importations from California,where the scale h as been widely d i s

tributed for th irty years . Outs ide these nurseries,however

,i n cen

tral and southern Japan,the San Jose scale did not occur

,except where

it had been introduced on new stock from the nurseries referred to .

The O l d native pear orchards were free from scal e,excep t where

replants had been made of A merican varieties,or new native s tock

fi l l i n breaks i n the orchards . The infes tation was very often j us tbeginn ing and imm ed i ate l v surrounded the replants . In al l Japan

therefore,i n the l ittle house gardens and temple grounds where were

cherry,plum

,and other trees suitable for San Jose scal e

,this insect

did not occur,except wh ere the evidence was very plain of i ts recent

introducti on as indicated . Withou t going into details of the evide nce,

i t i s sufficient to say that the conditions i n Japan are essentially thesame as i n th i s country . The San Jose scale i s a recent comer . Itwas

,i n fact

,not known i n Japan prior to the year 1 897

,when i ts

presence there was firs t determined , but i t h as now‘

been scatteredpretty wide ly by nursery s tock

,exactly as i n th is country , and 0 00

under simi lar conditions ; i n other words , only where i t has been

recently introduced . The inv estigation showed very dis tinctly thatJapan could no t be cons idered respons ible for the San Jose ~scal e .

The results and conclus ions arrived at by the w ri ter were afterwards ful ly confirmed by a very th e re and painstaking explora

PLAT E II.

IL LUSTRAT E GEO GRAPHICAL POSITIONIN R E LA TIO N TO NAT IVE HOME.

ANDDIST R IB UTION O FS ANJ O S ESCAL E .

B u l 6 2 , B u re au of E ntomo logy ,U 5 D e pt o f Agrl c u lture PL AT E Il l .

F IG . 1 .

— J APANE S E APPL E O RCHAR D , SHOW ING T R E L L IS M E THOD O F T R A INING .

(AUTHO R ’ S IL L UST R AT I ON. )

F IG . 2 .

—O L D N AT IVE PEAR O RC HARD O F J APAN , SHOW ING M ETHOD O F T R A INING .

(AUTHOR ’ S IL L UST R ATION . )

LIB RARY

UN IVERSITY OF ILL INO IS

URBANA

E XPL O R A T IO N S IN CH I NA .

i on of the en ti re Japanese Empire conducted by Japanese e ntomo l o

gis ts under the authori ty of the Imperial A gricul tural Experiment

Stati on i n Japan . The publication giving the resul ts of this inves tiga

i on “ i s a very in teresting and valuabl e contribution to our know l edge

) f the subj ect , and i s i l lus trated by nume rous maps and figures .

E XPL ORATIONS IN CHINA .

Investigations up to this point , while freeing Japan from the onusf giving th e San Jose scal e to the world , l eft the problem unsettl ed

i s to the original home o f this insect . China remained as the most

l ikely place of origin ,and the writer proceeded to China to continue

hi s explorations there .

VVh i l e i n Japan a good deal of information

was gained rel ative to fru it conditions i n China , from Engl ish , Ger

man,and A merican residents who were spending th e summer months

i n Japan to e scape th e rather try ing cl imate of China . In brief,i t

may be stated that deciduous fruits are grown from the Shanghairegion northward

,the peach A lb e i ng practical ly the on ly fruit grown to

any extent about Shanghai . Th e g reat apple district of China i s theregion lying back of th e city of Ch ifu i n the north . This appl e

growing industry was started many years ago by a missionary , DoctorNevius

,and has assumed very cons iderable proportions and covers a

good deal of the prov ince of Shantung . Be low Shanghai the orangeand othe r subtropical fruits repl ace the deciduous varieties . Northof Ch ifu native fruits on ly are grown

,cons isting of the native pear

and peach,and such wi ld fru its as wild crab apples and an edible haw

apple .

A very considerable exploration of the country ly ing immediatel yback of Shanghai was made i n the course of a long house - boat trip .

great many peach orchards were examined and a good deal of misce l l ane ous fruit and other plants growing about house yards werei nspected . Nowhere was th ere any evidence of the San Jose scale

nor we re scale insects of an y sort much to be seen . The cl imate ofthis region i s

unfavorable for such ins ects and they are normal lyki lled out by fungous di sease . The wri ter afterwards proceeded byboat to Chifu— a fi v e - day ocean trip from Shanghai

,and made a con

s i de rab l e exploration th ruout the apple orchards of th is region on

horseback,visiting

,among others

,the original orchards plan ted by

Doctor Nevius . In al l these the San Jose scale was found scatteringlypresent

,however

,doing any special damage , and probably not

enough to b e noticed,i f i ts poss ibi l ity for evi l was not so wel l estab

l i sh ed. The presence of the San Jose scale i n th is reg i on did not,

however,have any special s ign ificance

,s ince much of the original

aTh e San Jose scal e i n Japan . Imper i al Agr i cu l tural E xper i ment Stati on ,Tokyo ,

1 4 T H E S A N J OS E on CH IN E S E SCA L E .

s tock was O btained from Cal iforn ia,and doubtless from nurse

which were infes ted w ith the scale .

The j ourney of exploration was continued northward to Tients in and

Pekin . In this region the San Jose scale was found on native plantsalso

,including the flowering peach

,a tree grown for ornament solely

and no t for fruit,and notably on th e native fruits i n the markets in

these cities .

The markets of Pekin were of especial interes t i n this connection .

Pekin i s the center and market for a l l the region ly ing to the northand wes t

,and the s treets (Pl . IV,

fig . 2 ) devoted to the sal e of fruitsand other products i n the Chinese city are one of th e great showpl aces . The frui t and nut products are brought into Pekin i n l it tl etwo -wheeled carts(P l . IV,

fig . or more general ly on came lback,

great caravans of heavily loaded camels and s treams of carts constantlyentering the city with the products of th e outly ing provinces . O ne

finds,therefore

,i n the markets of the Chines e ci ty the fruit products

of al l northern China,and can s tudy them at ease . A l l the district

ly ing between Pekin and the great wal l,north and wes t and east

been most careful ly explored and mapped by the fore ign mil itaryauthorities . From var i ous i ndividuals empl oyed i n this minute sur

vey a great deal was l earned relative to the fruit growing in the distri c t indicated . Much of the fruit found i n the markets of Pek incomes from the h il l region l eading up to the mountains separatingChina from Mongol ia and Manchu ria . These frui ts are native apples

pears,and peaches

,and the l i ttle haw apple al ready mentioned . Great

quantit ies of these fruits were examined i n the market,with the excep

tion of the peach,which was then out of season

,and later s imilar

examinations were made at Tients in . A very scan ty but general i nfe stat i onwith San Jose scale was found on the differen t frui ts examined.Perhaps one apple i n a hundred would have a few of these scales aboutthe blossom e nd and the same proportion was true of the haw appleand the native pear . Thruout th e region where these fruits are grownthere has been no introduction of foreign s tock . The occurrence of th eSan Jose scal e on thes e two fruits was concl us i ve evidence that in theregion whence they came the San Jose scale is native . Th e scatteringoccu rrence of th e scale also i ndicated

,as would b e anticipated

this pe st i n i ts native home i s kept i n check by natural means .

Th e inves tigations made at Shanghai , and later southward to Hongkong

,the Mal ay Pen i nsula

,and Java , indicat ed that th e San Jose

scale in eas te rn A s ia can not survive below Shanghai .The spzc i a l di S t l i

t where i t i s native and thrives i s a fai rly w el lShut o ff r an ion

fch probably accounts for the failure of this insectto beco : e a world pes t ages ago . This dis tr ict i s the region l eadingup to th e moun tains and compris ing the northern and northeastern

LIB RARY

UNIVERSITY OF ILL INO IS

URBANA

H ISTO R Y IN CA L IF O R N IA A N D TH E W E ST . 1 5

frontiers of China proper . Beyond the great wal l on the north andwest l ies Mongol ia

,cons is ting ch iefly of the vas t Desert of Gobi . To

the northeas t,and separating th e region from Manchuria and Korea

i s the eastern Gobi Desert . To the south and eas t lies the great al luvialplain

,the product of centuries of mud carried down by the Y el low

R iver,a region where cereals on ly are grown . These are al l efle ct i v e

barriers ; and especial ly so when considered i n connection with th epoli tical conditions of the past . W e have

,therefore

,as the orig i nal

home of this insect a natural ly shut - o ff area from which it could noteas i ly escape under th e conditions prevail i ng up to our own times ;The means by which the San Jose scal e came from China tO ' Ame ri ca

‘ is a matter of interest . A s previously s tated,i t i s be l ieved that th i s

pest reached Cal iforn ia on trees imported by th e “ late James Lick .

It i s th e writer ’ s b e l ief that Mr . Lick imported from Ch ina,possibly

thru Doctor Nevius,with whom he was probab l y in correspondence

flowering Chinese peach,and brought with i t the San Jose scale to his

premises . U ndoub tedly this scal e insect came to th is country i n Somesuch way on orname n tal s tock from China .

R ECO R D O F TH E SPR EAD O F TH E IN SE CT .

N O attempt wil l b e made to trace the detai l s of the l ater e xtensionof the San J ose scale

,but the earl ier h is tory of th is scale i n th e

U nited States i s wel l worthy of record as i s also a summary at‘

least ofthe means by which i t became so wide ly and disastrously d istr ibutedso shortly after i ts first appearance - on the A tlantic side of theContinent .

H IST O R Y IN CA L IF O R N IA A N D TH E W E ST.

Th e Spread of the San Jose scale from the poin t of original infestation in the San Jose Val ley was somewhat r apid , i ts area increasing i nevery d ire ction

,but more rap i dly toward the north and the west . By

1873 it had become a serious pest i n orchards'

wh i e h had direct connecti on w i th that of Mr . Lick

,and in 1880

,when Professo r Comstock

studied i t,h e reported that

he h ad never seen any other spe cIe s soabundant and inj urious as this was in certain orchards . A s reportedby Mr . Coqu i l l e tt , i t had extended as far west as San F rancisco by1883

,but i t had not reach ed important deciduous - frui t d is tricts in

southern Cal iforn i a three years later . Prior to i ts reaching the Easti n 1 886 or

1887 i t had s l owly extended i ts range~on the Pacific coast

and in States west of the R ocky Mountains,Including Cal ifornia ,

Oregon,W ashi ngton

,and Idaho on the north

,and Nevada

,A rizona

and N ew Mexico on th e south . In the early nineties it h ad penetratedi nto British Columbia .

8449— N O . 62— 06— 2

16 TH E SA N J OSE O R CH I N E SE S CAL E .

H I ST O R Y IN TH E E A ST .

The general records of the discovery of the insect i n the Eas treproduced

,with s l igh t changes , from Bulletin 3 .

The occurrence of th e San Jose scale in the Eas t was firs t di scov eearly i n A ugust

,i n the grounds of Dr . C . H . Hedges

l otte sv i l l e , Va . A n infested pear had been sent by Doctor HedMr . Gal loway

,chief of the Division of Vegetable Phys i o l og

Pathology of the Department of A gricul ture,on the suppos i t i o

i t was affected by a fungous disease . The fruit was submittedthen acting entomologis t , Doctorthe inj u ry as due to the San Jose scale

,and the startl ing

able fact was establ ished of the introduction into easternth is worst scourge of deciduous trees of the Pacific Slope , asth e fact that i t was evidently able to ma i ntain i tsel f i n a supless favorable climate . The importance of th i s dis covery was atreal ized

,and two agents of the Bureau

,Messrs . Schwarz and CO

l ett,were detai led to make a th e re investigation . In conj unction

the State board of agri cul ture of Virginia and under the supe rvof Mr . Coqu i l l e tt a th e re fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas wgiven to the infested trees and plants .

The introduction of the scale was su b sequently traced to currabushes purchased from a New Jersey firm .

In March,1894

,the presence of the scale was determined by Doctor

Howard,at R iverside

,Charl es County

,i n a I ath e i large orch ard

s i tuated on the riv er front,and incl uding over two thousand peach

and se veral hundred apple trees . This orchard was vis ited by thew ri ter

,wh o found that many of th e trees were infes ted with the San

Jose scal e,large numbers having already peri sh ed . The infested s tock

was again i n th i s instance traced to a New Jersey nursery . Thisorchard

,on account of i ts proximity to W ash i ngton and the facil itie s

thus afforded for experiment,was use d by th e Bureau i n th e testing

of various washes for th is scale .

During the same month (March , 1894) specime ns of the San Josescale were received from D e F uni ak Springs

,F la .

,thru the e nto~

mo l ogi st of the Florida Experiment Station , Mr . P . H . R olfs . Thelate Mr . H . G . Hubbard , one of the assistants of . the divis i on,v is itedthe i nfes ted local i ty and found th e scales confine d chiefly to peachand plum

,occurring

,howeve r

,i n smal l numbers on Ki cfle r pear

pecan,and“ pers immon . Many thousands of trees were found to be

infested,including nearly every orchard within a radiu s of 5 or 6

miles . The source of the infestation i n th i s case was not definite lyascertained

,but it was e vident afte r examination that some infested

nursery had sent a shipment of trees,and the i ndications were that

PR IN CIPA L S O U R CE S O F IN F E STATIO N IN TH E E A ST . 1 7

there had been repeated importations , the first i ndication of inj u ryh aving been noted S i x years before .

On rece ipt of the Florida specimens Doctor Howard concluded thatas the scales had been found i n th ree such wide ly separated local ities

,and as the i nformation gained from the owners of two of the

afle c ted orchards led to th e supposition that the original stock hadbeen obtained from a l arge easte rn nursery

,the probabil i ties were

strong that th e scale,

had establ ished itse l f in many eastern pointsduring th e preceding five or s i x years . He therefore immediate ly prepared a circular of warning and had nearly copies mai led earlyin A pril to al l eastern agricul tural newspapers and to very many easternfruit growers . A s a result of the i ssu i ng of this circular many newlocal ities for the scale were asc ertained

,a widespread interes t i n the

subj ect was aroused,and careful investigat i ons were made in al l the

States to which there was any l ikel ihood that the insect had beencarried b y nursery stock or other means .

B y the e nd of A ugust, 1894 , the scale was known to occur in thefoll owing local iti es i n the East : In a rather wide l y extended district

i n Flor ida,one l ocal i tv in Virginia , three i n Mary l and , one i n Indiana ,

two i n Pennsylvan ia , many i n New Jersey,and one i n New Y ork

the east bank of the Hudson R iver a l i ttle be l ow A l bany . Very shortlyafterwards

,during the same summer

,i t was found on Long Island

occurring both i n orchards and nurser i es . Later i n the fal l the scalewas found at three new locali ties in Mary land, and stil l later spec i menswere rece ived from th e extreme southern part of Georgia . In December Professor W ebster reported rece iv i ng the Scale froma largeorchard distr i ct in southern Ohio

,and a l i ttle l ater specimens were

receive d from Jefle rson -County,Ind . The scale was found also near

New Castle,D e l i , i n January , 1 895, and add itional l ocal i ties were dis

covered during the fol lowing spr i ng and summer of 1895 i n some ofthe States mentioned

,as also in A labama

,Louisiana

,and M assachu

setts . In nearly every, i nstance the sou rce of i nfes tation i n the Eastwas the same

,namely

,one or the other of two i mportant New Jersey

nurseries .

PR IN CIPA L S O U R CE S O F I N F E STA T I O N IN TH E E A ST .

A s stated,nearly al l the eastern occurrences of the San Jose scale

were traced to two l arge New Jersey nurseries,from which infested

stock had unwittingly been sent out broadcast for Certainly six or sevenyears . The damage thus done to the fru it interests of the East bythese nurserymen can hardly be es timated

,and yet i t must be admitted

that they were,i n a measure

,blameless

,s ince they were undoubtedly

entirely unaware of the dangerous character of th e scale i nsect whichinfested the i r stock . W e can hardly avoid the conclus i on

,however

1 8 T H E SA N J OS E O R CH I NE SE S CAL E .

that they were aware that they were dis tributing diseased s tock S i nceto deny this presupposes that the s tock rece ived no examination . Ifthe scale was noticed it was doubtless s upposed to be one of the common eas tern speci es

,which

,while bad enough

,are of l ittle importance

compared with the San Jose scale .

The two nurseries respons i b l e fo r th e original eas tern introductionof th e scale became infested i n the same way . E ither i n 1886 or 1 887

i n the endeavor to secure a th oro ly curculio -proof plum,both of these

nurseries introduced from Cal iforn ia an improved Japanese variety,

the Kelsey,obtained from the San Jose dis trict . We have th e state

men t from the proprietors of one of the nurseries that the plum treesi n question ,w ere s ecured i n the spring of 1887 from San Jose

,Cal .

andwere shipped thru the agency of a Missouri n ursery company,which

acted i n this instance apparently as a mere transmitting agent . Thetrees were unquestionably th oro l y infes ted when received , did not

thrive,and i n both cases mos t of them were ul timately taken out and

des troyed . The stock,however

,had been mul tipl ied by nursery

methods,and from the original s tock

,and that subsequently obtained

the scale spread more or less complete ly thruout both of the nurseriesi n question . Both of these firms

,when the nature of the infestation

was brought to their attention and the seriousness of ' the damage theywere doing was made apparent to them

,undertook measures to

exterminate the scal e .

In addition to the two prominent nurseries mentioned,several smal ler

nurseries i n the Eas t were found to harbor th is scale . Some of thesehad been recently infes ted

,but i n others the infes tation was of long

standing . Three nurseries of the latter cl ass we re located on LongIsland

,and apparently received thei r original scales from N ew Jersey ;

one i n Florida,reported by Prof . P. H . R ol fs

,and two in Georgia

apparently received infes ted s tock from eas te rn sources,and one - or

more each in Louis iana,Miss iss ippi

,and A labama became infes ted

with the scale thru pear s tock coming from Lewiston,Idaho . In Mas

sachuse tts there were infested nurseries at Cambridge and Bedford,

the origin of the scale i n these cases being obscure ; and a nursery i nMissouri was under suspicion as having been the agency thru wh ichth e original infested Japanese plums were transmitted to easternnurseries . Two infested nurseries were known to exist i n Marylandal so .

SU M M A R Y , B Y S TA T E S A N D T E R R IT O R IE S , O F D IST R I B U T I O N

A N D PR E S E N T CO N D ITI O N .

The detail ed facts relating to the first introduction of th e San Josescale into the several States are given i n Bulletins 3 and 1 2

,and with

greater minuteness i n the various publ ications of th e experiment station s of the several States i nvolved . Th e dis tribution has now. become

SU MM A R Y O F D ISTR IBU TI O N A N D PRE SE NT CO N D ITIO N . 19

so general i n most of the States where the San Jose s cale has occurredfora number of years that i t i s impracticable to indicate the d i fl

e re nt

points of infestation , and even i n the States wors t infes ted manyarchards are free from the scal e ; but if an attempt was made to graphleal ly picture the distribut i on on a map

,the points of infes tation

would be so numerous as to give th e appearance of absol utely completeinfe station . The publ ications ci ted may be referred to

,therefore

for the more detailed and comple te records . A mere s tatemen t of the

prese nt general s tatus of th e San Jose scale i n th e several States i nwhich i t occurs wi ll now be given . This s tatement i s based on repl iesto a circular letter of inquiry sent to S tate entomologis ts and expe r i

ment s tation officers i n May of this year .

F IG . 1 .—M ap of th e Un i ted S tate s

,sh ow i ng loca l i t i e s known to hav e b e en i n fe sted w i th th e San J osesca le up to 1896 . (O ri g i na l . )

It i s interesting for compa i i son to reproduce the map(fig . 1 ) Showi ng the known distribution at the time of the publ ication of Bul letin 3i n 1896

,when th e scale was reported In on ly 20 States and In compara

t i v e ly few l ocal i ties l n each , with the single exception of New Jersey ,which had been most energetical ly i nspected by Dr . John B . Sm ithand found to be very general ly infested . Bulletin 1 2 records the scaleoccurring i n 3 3 States and also i n th e District of Columbia and Canada

and i n very many new local i ties i n all of the States previousl y recordedas harboring the scale . Th e number of actual records of th e SanJose scale now availab l e are many hundredfold what they were at thetime of the publ icat ion of Bul letin 1 2 at the b egl nn i ng of the ye ar1898 .

There are sti l l a few States i n which the San Jose scale does notnow occur or h as no t been reported

,namely,Colorado , Maine , Minne

20 T H E S A N J OS E O R CH IN E S E SCAL E .

sota,Nebraska

,North and South Dakota

,V\1scons i n

,and Wyoming .

It probably occurs i n some of thes e States,howeve r

,al tho i t h as so

far escaped noticeAL AB AM A .

The occurrence of the San Jose scale i n A labama was firs t indicatedi n A pril

,1 885

,by material received from Prof . J . IV. H o fi

man,of

the Tuskegee Ins titute,Tuskegee . A s ne w reported by Mr . II. S .

Mackintosh,State horticulturis t

,the infes tation i s scattering thruout

the State,b ut chi efly al ong some of the main rai l road l ines

,and mos t

of the infested orch ards became so before people knew about thescale and before the adoption of quarantine measures to prevent i tsintroduction and spread .

ARIZONA .

The San Jose scale h as been present i n A rizona i n th e older orchardsof the Sal t R iver Val ley for more than twenty years . Director R . H .

Forbes,of the agricultural experiment station

,ne w reports that this

scale insect has rather dropt out of s ight,probably because of the

success ion of exces sively hot dry years from 1899 to 1901,inclus ive .

During th is period a large proportion of the deciduous frui t trees ,including almonds

,peaches

,pears

,apricots

,and apples

,perished

apparently from lack of irrigating water and partly from the effect ofextreme l y high temperature and dryness .

ARKANSAS .

The presence of the San Jose s cal e i n th is State i s recorded i n B u ll e t i n 1 2 on material reported by Professor Stinson . Mr . C . F .

A dams , the entomologis t of the agricultural experiment s tation , ne ws tates that the spre ad of this insect i s stil l not very general ; th at ith as been reported from sev eral counties

,and that he h as seen i t i n two

flor i sts’ establ ishments

,but has not found i t i n any of h i s nursery

inspection .

CAL IF ORNIA .

The San Jose scale has , of course , long been general ly disseminatedthruout th e State . Prof . C . W . Woodworth

,entomologis t of th e

agricul tural expe riment s tation,ne w reports that i t does no t occur at

Berkeley , but probably occurs everywhere else i n the State where fruittrees are grown

,except i n isolated plantings i n the footh il l regions .

U sual ly i t i s no t serious l y troublesome,tho i t may increase rapidly at

any time and become a pe s t . Th e un iform treatment with the lime,

sul fur,and sal t wash keeps i t i n check

,and paras itism i s

often fai rlye fficient . In some dis tricts

,as about San Jose

,where it h as almost

d i sappeared,the result may be due both to paras itism and to some

2 2 TH E SAN J OS E O R CH IN E S E S CAL E .

D ISTRICT O F COL UM B IA .

The O ccurrence of the San Jose scal e i n the Di s t ri ct i s repo rted i nB ul letin 1 2

,and i t i s now pretty general ly dis tributed on fruit trees

i n the city O f \Vashington and i ts suburbs .

F L ORID A .

The occurrence of the San Jose scale i n Florida was brought to ourattention i n March

,1 894

,as recorded i n Bul letin 3

,and additional

local i ties soon fol lowed . Mr . E . W . Berger,ass istant entomologist

of the State experimen t station,reports that the present distribution

i s extens i ve,the scale occurring i n some twenty - odd counties

wherever peaches are grown .

G E ORGIA .

The early records of Georgia infes tation beginning in 1 894 are

given i n Bul letins 3 and 1 2 . The San Jose scal e i n 1 894 had a prettys trong foothold i n th is State . The recent condit ions i n Georgia areindicated on a map prepared by Mr . Newel l and publ ished in the proce edi ngs of the Twenty - e ighth A nnual Meeting o f the Georgia StateHorticul tural Society

,i n 1 904 . This map indicates very general

infestation thruout the State,including mos t of the counties where

fruit growing i s of any importance . Prof . Hugh N . Starnes,i n a

le tter transmitting th is report,s tates that th e large increase indicated

on this map does not mean that infestation i s s ti l l progress ing,but

merely that i t h as been more de fi n i te l v located and the present Statelaws l ooking to the control of this pes t are

ampl e i n thei r provis ions andare being rigorous ly en forced . Mr . N ewel l reports i n th is connectionthat during 1 904 out of a total of 2 18 nurseries inspected

,on ly 9 were

found infes ted,and\ that th is i s a very cons iderable reduction from th e

percentage of infes tation shown by records of prev i ous years .

ID AHO .

Th e infes tation i n this State i s directly from weste rn sources and i sof long -

standi ng,

at l eas t i n th e l imited area about Lewis ton,where

the oldes t orchards are located . Mr . L . F . Henderson,th e e ntomO l o e

gist of the State exper i ment s tation,reports on the present s ituat i on

under date of May 2 9 as fol lows

Th e,sca l e i s very prev al ent al ong th e l ower r i ver bottom s

, such as L ew i ston on

C l earwater,Jul i ae tta and Kendr i ck on Potl atch R i v er (a tr i butary to C learwate r ) ,

up and down th e Snake at W e i ser , Payette , Ca l dwe l l , N ampa, as far as G l enns F e rry ,

poss i b l y farth er . Its eastern l im i t seems ab out M ounta i n H ome,as I do not know of

i t at Sh osh one. It does [not? ] ex i st on th e Upper Snake, as B lack ot , nor i n th e

extreme south east , as M ontpel i e r . Th e el evati on of th i s d i str i ct seem s too h igh for i t

as i t v ari es from to feet a l t i tude. Th e a l ti tude seem s a l so too h i gh ab out

S U MMA RY O F D ISTR IBU T ION AN D PRE SE N T CON D ITIO N . 2 3

doscow and R ath drum ,th e th i s al t i tude feet ) i s not m ore th an at W ei ser and

Io i se . Poss i b l y greater rai n fa l l i n th ese l ast d i str i cts d i scourages i t . A t any rate ,yh i l e i t h as ex i sted at L ew i ston for fi fteenyears , i t h as no t ascended to G enesee, 12pi l e s d i stant , b ut nearl y feet h i gh er .

In m any pl aces i t i s b ei ng wel l contro l led i n th e orch ards, wh ere careful and sys

emat i c Spray i ng w i th l ime- su l fur spray i s done .

IL L INOIS .

The San Jose scal e was l ocated i n Il l inois i n 1 896 by Professor

Forbes,who

,at th e e nd of the fol lowing year , had found the scal e i n

22 colonies i n 1 1 counties,as reported i n Bul letin 12 of th is Bureau .

In a rece n t l etter Profes sor Forbes gives the details of the presen tinfestation

,which may be briefly summarized as fol lows : O ne - half of

th e counties(51 of the 102 ) of the State are now known to be more Orless infes ted

,but 43 per cent of the infested orchards are included i n

2 of the se counties and 80 per cent i n 5 counti es,and i n 3 0 of the

counties l isted the average number of infes ted orchards i s but 3 S.

In four of the counti es th e infestation i s found only i n one or moretowns and not i n orchards . It wil l be seen from this s tatement thatwhile th e San Jos e scale i s pretty widely scattered thruout the State

as it is also i n adj oining States,i t i s far from having gained a gen

eral foothold save i n a few counties,and even in the wors t counties

infestati on is not y e t genera l . In no States h as inspection and remedial work been carrie d out more thoro ly than i n Il l inois , and thisaccounts for the rather favorable conditions

,in view of the fact that

probably nearly al l of the infested orchards and districts have beenlocated .

IND IANA .

The firs t case of infe s tation was brought to ou r atte n tion i n May,

1894 , and subsequent re cords are indicated in Bulletins 3 and 1 2 . A s

indicated i n a map sent by Prof . J . Troop,horticul tu rist of the State

experiment s tation,the scale i s now . dis tributed over the enti re State

occurring,however

,i n l ess than hal f of the counties . It occu rs i n

al l the Ohio R iver coun ties,and Vanderburg i s indicated as th e one

wors t infested .

IOW A .

Iowa hitherto has b een one of the western States supposedly freefrom the San Jose scal e . The State entomol ogis t

,Mr . H . E . Summe rs

reports that he now knows of but one infes ted point i n th e State,con

fined to a s ingle orchard i n L ouisa County . Some other cases ofintroduction of the s cale were discovered a few years ago

,but were

treated i n such a th e re way that reinspection during the las t th reeyears has shown no further devel opment of scale . N0 San Jose scalehas been found i n any nursery in the State .

2 4 T H E SA N J OS E O R CHIN E S E S CAL E .

KA N SA s .

Kansas has long belonged to a group o f middle wes tern States frf rom th e San Jos e s cale . During th e pres ent y ear

,howe ve r

,th is

insect h as bee n se nt to u s f or dete rminat i on from Dodgetwigs

,which i s the fi rs t and onl y reco rd so far for this S tate

authori ty of Prof . E . A . Pope no e ,entomologis t of the State exp

ment s tation . A general examination of the orchards o f the Statebeen begun ,

however,and additional records wil l probably . be d

covered .

K E NTUCKY .

But one record of the San Jose scale was known i n Kentucky at ttime of the publ ication of Bul letin 12 . Professor Garman

,State e

mo l ogi st , ne w reports that the scale i s s ti l l not general lyi n the State

,and the credit for this he bel ieves i s due to

ins ti tution of nursery inspection shortly afte r the San Jose scale camei nto prominence i n the Eas t . IVi th i n the pas t four or five years

ever,he reports an increas e i n th e number of infested local i ties

t i cul ar ly i n northern counties,and i s inc l ined to bel ieve that i n some

cases the s tock condemned on the other s ide of the river i s broughtover and distributed on the Kentucky s ide . The infes tation i s confined to the rive r counties and some ha l f a dozen i nterior counties , al lly ing rather above the median l ine of the State .

L OUIS IANA .

The early records of infes tation i n Louis iana are given i n detai l i nBul letin 3

,and the scale i s supposed to date i n this State from about

1891 , as there recorded . The present s i tuat i on as given by Mr .W i lmon N ewel l

,the en tomol ogis t of the State experiment s tations

indicates 1 2 distinct local ities of occurrence,ranging from the north

e rn l ine of the State to N e w Orleans . These points are widely separated , and th e State i s comparatively free from the scal e . Mr . Newellstates that no very thoro inspection of al l the orchard se ctions ofthe State has been made

,but that from the work al ready done he

bel ieves that no t over 5 per cent of the orchards,at th e outs ide

infested . But one smal l nursery i s known to be infes ted,and th e

owner of this nursery is not permitted to place h i s stock on th e market .

M AINE .

The San Jose scal e h as never been reported'

from Maine,and th is i s

confirmed i n a recent le tter from M iss Edith M . Patch,the e ntomo l o

gis t of the State experiment station .

S UM MA RY O F D ISTR IBU T ION A N D PR E SE NT CO N D ITI O N . 2 5

M ARY L AND .

Maryland early became one of the eastern States worst i nfested byhe San Jose scale , and one that suffered mos t , pe rhaps , from th is

)€S t. It also received th e most energetic early work i n efforts atand control . The present S i tuation ,

as ind icated byState en tomologist

,shows the San Jose scale to b e

(I over the entire State,with the exception of the

11 counties,Garrett and A l legany

,th e former hav

ng th e San Jose scal e at 2 points and the latter at 1 5. By the method

Df employ ing State inspectors i n the various counties , trees

) f various kinds have been inspected each year for the past four years ,i nd from the records thus gained 18 per cen t of the fruit trees i n

spe c ted are infested , and 65 per cent of the orchards , and thi s es timatels be l ieved to be moderate .

M ASSACHUSE TTS .

The presence of the San Jose scal e was determ i ned i n Massach usettsas early as A pri l 25

,1 895

,as recorded i n Bu l l etin 3 . A dditional rec

ords are given i n Bul letin 1 2 . Prof . H . T . Fernald,summing up the

i3 00, present s i tuation,says that h e was f orced to - give up the effort of

i931 ,“keeping a complete l ist of local ities known to be infested i n 1 900,finding that the scal e was practical ly everywhere i n Massachusettseas t of the Connecticut R iver . A t the present time i t may be foundi n almos t e very town to the western boundary of the ConnecticutVal ley

,say 15 miles west of th e river on the average . In Berkshi re

County,which l ies west of th is

,he has no records

,but he would not

“Ml be surpri sed to fi nd i t somewhere in that region,particularly along

the Housaton ic Val ley . A s to percentage of infestation,he says that

abou t one - th ird of the orchards are infested to a greater or less degree,

and the infes ted orchards are particularly the more recently plantedones . In th e older orchards i nfe sted ' repl ants may occasional ly be

.ewel found . Many of the cases of infestation,howev er

,are of ornamental

trees and shrubs i n house lots . He states that from such places as

the A rnold A rboretum and the Me tropol i tan Park system aroundwe Boston

,which have had the Scale for n early fifteen years i t has

Spread i n al l directions,and th

in M assachusetts i t i s le ss an orchardproblem than one of ornamental plants .

M ICHIG AN .

Mich igan was not known to be infes ted at the time of th e publ icaHolO' tion of Bul letin 3

,but Profes sor Barrows

,in A ugust

,reporte d

14 local it ies i n 10 counties,the evidence showing that the scale had

been presen t i n the State s ince 1 890. The present s i tuation i s i ndientomologist of the State experiment

2 6 T H E SA N J OS E O R CHIN E S E SCAL E .

s tation,Mr . R . H . Petti t

,w i th th e as s istance of Pi o fc s so r Taft

shows s cattering infes tatio n th ruout the south rn th i rd o f the S tthe points fa i th e s t n O i th i n the interio r away i i i i the influence 0Lake Michigan being at Ithaca and Otte r Lake

,which are both rathe

beyond the anticipated range o f the scale insect . It i s no t shownhowever

,that the extreme points i n the range are points of pe rmane n

infes tation .

M INNE SOTA .

The San Jose scale h as no t been reported from Minnesota .

M ISS ISSIPPI .

Miss is s ippi apparently became infes ted with the San Jose scalethe same time(1891 ) and from the same material which carried tpes t to Louis iana . Mr . Glenn W . Herrick

,professor

A gricul tural Col lege,Miss

,new reports the scale from 16

15 counties . It i s probable,however

,that i n portions of Miss i

and Louisiana th e San Jose scale wil l not become nearly as serpest as i n northern local i ties

,on account of the action of fungous

diseases .

M ISSOURI .

The occurrence O f th e San Jose scale i n 16 local i ties,as reported by

Professor Stedman,i s noted i n Bul letin 12 . Mr . Stedman new s tates

that the San Jose scal e has practical ly overrun the whole of St.LouisCounty

,and that there i s a bad case of infestation south of Independ

ence,another j us t west of Cape Girardeau

,and one near Charleston .

M ONTANA .

The San Jose scale h as never been reported from Montana . Mr .R . A . Cooley

,th e State entomologis t

,reports that during h i s seven

years i n Montana he has been i n touch w i th al l parts of the State,and

feels sure that if th e San Jose scale occurred there he would haveknown of i t . A few reported cases inves tigated have turned out tobe of other species .

NE B RASKA .

The San Jose scale h as so far no t been found i n N ebraska,as reported

by Prof . Lawrence Bruner,

“e xcept on fru i t that h as been shipped

i n,principal ly from Colorado .

”In Vi ew of i ts nonoccurrence i nColorado

,the frui t referred to mus t have come from Cal ifornia or

el sewhere .

N E W HAM PSHIRE .

It was early hoped that the San Jose scale would not be able toinfes t much of the fruit regions of N ew England

,but thi s hope seems

to be dimini sh ing,and Prof . Clarence M . Weed reports the San Jose

scale as far north as the White Moun tain region i n New Hampshi re ,

S U MM A R Y O F D ISTR IBU TION A N D PR E SE NT CO ND ITI O N . 2 7

an extent that i t i s seriously destructive . The records of i nfe si on show the occurrence of this insect i n New Hampshire i n then part of Manchester

,i n Dover Point

,and Intervale

,and in

Dover,Epping

,and Seabrook ; also i n tree s f rom these

R ol l insford,Lee

,and Durham . Mr . E . D . Sanderson

en tomologist of the State experiment station,adds two

local ities,one i n Newington and the other at North D an

Sanderson reports that no orchard inspections have beenthat as practical ly al l of the nursery stock comes original ly

om outside of the State,many of the younge r orchards are probably

fe sted.

N E W J E RSE Y .

New Jersey,respons ible for much of th e original d istribution of

the San Jose scale i n the Eas t,early became general ly infested

recorded i n Bulletins 3 and 1 2 . Dr . J . B . Smith,State entomologist

reports that th is scale now occurs thruout the State and probably i n90 per cent of the orchards . In a general way

,he says

,those di s

tr i c ts that are longest i nfested are i n a b etter condition than thosethat have become more recently infested

, b ecause growers i n the firsti ns tance have learned how to deal with the insect to the bes t advantage .

NE VAD A .

The occurrence of the San Jose scale i n Nevada i s noted i n Bul letin12 i n

gardens i n the city of R eno . We have records also from CarsonCity dating from 1903 and 1 904 . Prof . J . E . Stubbs

,director of the

State experiment station,writes that the inse ct i s fai rly under control

i n the State . In 1 904,he says

,and prior to that time

,i ts ravages i n

three or four counties were considerab l e,and farmers com plained that

they were los ing - the i r frui t on account of it . A t th e session of thelegis lature he ld i n 1 903 a law was past giving authori ty to the several counties to appoint an i nspector of trees

,especial ly fruit trees .

In Washoe , Ormsby , Humboldt , E lko , and,

Linco l n counties theseinspectors are said to have done pretty good work and to havechecked the scale by spraying ; especial ly was this true i n the countiesof VVash oe and Ormsby .

N E W M E xICO .

Th e distribution of the San Jose scale i n New Mexico has probablychanged very l i ttle since the pub li cation of Bul let ins 3 and 12 , and nolate records have been rece ived from th i s Territory .

N E W YORK .

The presence of thescale i n New Y ork was determined i n A ugust ,1894

,and the early records are noted in B ul letins 3 and 1 2 . The

present condition of th is scale insect i n N ew Y ork has been reported to

2 8 T H E SA N J O S E O R CH I N E SE SCAL E .

us by Mess rs . M .V . Sl ingerland and E . P . Fel t . Mr . Slinge rlandlong l is t of the infes ted local ities received at the Co rnel l e xpe r i i ntion

,and reports that i n general L ong Is land , the Hudson R ive r

and N iagara County seem to be the wors t - infes ted sections . Mrrecords were made afte r consultation with Mr . A twood

,of th

department of agricul ture,who has direct charge of nurse ry

tion work . The following counties are reported as badly i nfee ither because of the pest being general ly distributed th ruout the ccounty o r

e l se because of i ts inflicting cons iderable damage intain res tricted areas : A lbany ,

Cayuga , Chemung , Columbia , DuteErie

,K ings

,Nassau

,Niagara

,Ontario

,Orleans

R ensselaer,R ichmond , R ockland , Suffolk , Wayne, We

Y ates . It i s also known to occur i n the fol lowing counChautauqua

,Delaware

,Fulton

,Greene

,Jefferson

New Y ork,Oneida

,Orange

, S ch e ne c

eca,Steuben

,Tompkins

,U ls ter

,and Washington . Mr . Felt r

that the sca l e may be safe ly said to be present i n mos t s ections whefruit interes ts are at al l extens ive

,th e not always generally distribute

NORTH CAROL INA .

Th e first records of the occurrence of the San Jose sca l e i n NoCarolina are given i n Bulletin 1 2 . Mr . R . S . W oglum ,

actentomologist of the North Carolina department of agri cu l tur

submitted a map indicating general infes tation thruout therepresented by over fifty counties

,i n which the number of

infes ted range from 1 to 42 . These points are defin itely known c ifrom personal O bservation or else from th e receipt of specimensplants . West of th e Blue R idge M ountai nS

th e region i s quite frefrom th e scale

,only four infested local ities being known .

NORTH D AKOTA .

N0 San Jose scal e .

OHIO .

The e arly conditions i n Ohio,as determined by Prof . F . M . Webster

are reported in Bul letins 3 and Mr . A . F . Burgess,ch ief -Stat

inspector,giv es the fol lowing summary of the present conditions

Count i es h av i ng no i n fested orch ardsCounti es w i th 1 i n fested orch ard l ocal i tyCounti es w i th 2 i nfested orch ard l ocal i t i esCount i es w i th 3 i nfested orch ard l oca l i t i esCount i es w i th more th an 3 i n fested orch ard l ocal i t i es or h avi ng l arge i nfested areas or numerous sma l l outbreaks

Th e majority of the larger cities of the State are more or lessinfested .

These points of infes tation cover the State pretty generally .

3 0 T H E SA N J OS E O R CH IN E S E S CAL E .

counties of th e State,nor i n some of the counties northwes t o f

center of the State,such as Cameron , El k , Fore s t , M cKe an

Warren .

R IIO D E I SL AND .

No records from R hode Is land had been received up to the timethe publ ication o f Bul letin 1 2

,i n 1898

,but Mr . A . E . Stene

,o f t

Co l l ege of A gricul ture and Mechanic A rts,s tates that the scale

now spread over almost. the enti re State , and nearly every orchwhere planti ng h as been done i n the las t te n years i s more orinfes ted . There are a few old orchards where no new treesrecently been s e t that are s ti l l free f rom the scale . It i s bel ieved thafour - fi fth s of the orchards i n the State are infes ted .

SOUTH CARO L INA .

But a single record for South Carol ina had been received up tthe t ime of the publ ication of Bul letin 1 2 , large ly , as there indicatefor the reason that there had been no State entomologist

work of inspection had been done . Th e'

re cords which have coto this office from South Caro l ina now number 10

,and represem

d ifferent loca l i ties dis tributed misce l laneous ly over the State . Naral ly ,

very few of the actual records would come to us,and the i n

cations are that the State i s pretty general ly infested . Mr . C .

Chambl iss,the entomologist of the experiment s tation

,now report

24 infested local ities,al l of which had the scale prior to 1900.

SOUTH D AKO TA .

N0 San Jose scale has y e t been reported from South Dakota .

W . A . Whee ler,the entomologist of the experiment s tation

,states

he has inspected nurseries of South Dakota for two years,and ha

found the San Jose scale i n any nursery . I t h as been introducedstock received by th e col lege from othe r States

,but has always

speedily disposed of w hen rece ived,and so far is not known to i

any of the orchards .

TE NNE SSE E .

A s ingle local i ty was recorded for the San Jose scale i n the easternportion of th e State i n Bulletin 12 . Since that time the number ofrecords for the San Jose scale which have come to this office for determination h as increased to 14 . These are dis tributed generally over th eState

indicate rather widespread infestation,and naturally v ery

much more than i s Shown by the material which h as been sent to th eDepartment .A recent l etter from Mr . G . M . Bentley

,ass is tant entomologis t

gives the information that no complete survey of the State has been

SUMMA R Y O F D ISTR IBU TIO N A N D PRE S E NT CO N D ITION . 3 1

J ade , but , roughly speaking , 3 0 per cent of the nurse ries are more or

ess infes ted , and i n eas tern Tennessee the San Jose scal e i s very ge nral ly present ; ,

but the section of the State,notably Frankl i n County

vh e re mos t of the nu rseries are located , i s free from the pes t . Th e

xtreme weste rn part of the State , i n the Memphis section,i s also

lre tty badly infes ted . N0 general o rchard inspection of the State has

me n inade .

TE XAS .

E ight local ities were reported fo r Texas i n Bul letin 1 2 . The scale

s ne w fai rly widely d i s tributed in the State , the records of this offi ce

iumb e r i ng 19 , some of these , however , representing the same dis tri ct .fh e l ocal i ties cover , general ly speaking

,the eas tern half of the State

i ame ly ,the nonar i d port i on where fruit growing i s fol lowed to a

greater or less extent . Prof . A . F . Conradi,the State entomologis t

Ias records of th e insect ’ s occurrence i n Bexar , B raz on i a , Calhoun

Jh e roke e , Comal , Comanche , Eastland E rath,Galves ton

,Harris

Iarri son,Hopkins

,Valverde

,Wharton

,and W ood counties .

UTAH .

No San Jose scale was recorded for U tah i n ei ther Bul letin 3 or 1 2 .

In 1899 i t was sent to us for determination from both Ogden and

hogan : Mr . E . D . Ball,the entomologis t of th e State exper iment

Itat i on,reports that he i s unab l e to give the exact local ities of the

i ccurre nce of th is insect , but s tates that it i s pretty wide ly spread i n,he central section of the State , doing , however , l i ttle damage . It

seems to be control led by the twice - stab b ed ladybird . The commer: i al orchards , as a rule , are practical ly free . A good deal of spray ingi as been done with th e s tandard l ime - su lfur wash .

VE RM ONT .

(1With

li een’ The occurrence of the San Jose scal e i n Vermont was brought to

infest J ur not i ce i n 1 899 . M r . Will iam Stuart,hortic‘ul turist o f the State

experimen t s tat ion,s ays that i t i s now known to occur i n on ly two

local ities,namely

,Charlotte

,Chittende n Coun ty

,and Orwel l

,R utland

County ; i n both instances occurring i n on ly one orchard .

VIRG INIA .

The detai ls of the early records i nVirginia are g i ven in Bulletin 3 andletih 1 2 . A great many new records have b een rece ived fromn i a and more material h as come tO ' th i s Bureau for determination

om Virg i n i a than from any other State except Pennsy lvan ia . Mr .L . Phill ips

,State entomologist

,i n rep ly to our circular letter re fers

8449— N O . 62— 06— 23

3 2 T H E S A N J OS E O R CHIN E S E S CAL E .

to h i s pub l ications ,i n wh ich i t appears that the San Jose s cale i

recorded from 78 counties . Many o rc hards i n a l l o f the countie s are

s ti l l free from the scale,but infestat ion i s very general th ruout the

State .

W ASHINGTON .

Th e State of Washington was early infes ted with the San Jose s calef rom California

,and at the time of the publ ication of Bulletin 3

1896 , the frui t - growing regions were pretty wel l dotted with th is pes t .Mr . A . L . Melander

,ass is tant entomologis t

,submits a map which i s

about to be publ ished i n a bul letin s howing the dis tribution o f th isinsect . It indicates the occu rrence of the scale i n the western settledsection of the State , where fruit growing i s important , following theriver val leys ,

b u t with some important s catte ring dis tricts on the wes ts ide of the mountains . where i t seem s to have a p recarious foothold .

It i s l ittle dreaded b v orcha rdis ts , and fruit trees are common ly sprayedwith the l ime

,sulfur

,and sal t wash i n February

,and one treatment

i s reported to be e ffective for s eve ral v e ars .

Wiscons in i s , on the authori ty of Mr . E . P . Sands te n,horticul turist

of the State O xperiment s tation,now free from the San Jose s cale .

The on ly occurrence of th is pes t i n the State was three years ago ,i n

the extreme southern part,and i t was here stamped out by the prompt

adoption of rad ical measures .

W YOM ING .

M r . B .

C . B ufluni,director of the agricul tural experiment station

reports that the San Jose s cale has not vet appeared i n W’ yoming .

There are but few orchards i n bearing , and these are believed to befree from this pest .

IVE ST VIRGINIA .

The San Jose scale was firs t noticed i n Wes t Virginia i n 1896 .

Many examples of the San Jos e scale i n th is State have been sent toth is office for determination

,showing the scale to be very general ly

dis tributed .

Th e recent reports of th e Wes tVi rgin ia experiment s tation,notably

those for 1903 —4 and 1 904— 5 , and later records received from theentomologis t of the experiment station

,Mr . W . E . R umsey

,indicate

very genera l infes tation thruout the State,condi tions being s imi lar

to those i n Virgin ia . N evertheless,while there are hundreds of

infeste d orchards and several infested nurseries,th e great mass of the

orchards and nurseries are sti l l free from scale . A very carefulnursery and orchard inspection i s maintained i n W est

T H E RE L AT ION O F CL IM A TE T O SPR E A D .

ih e actual conditions of infestation are perhaps as wel l known i n thi s

State as i n any other . In many local ities th e scale i s held i n check by

.h i s careful system of inspection and b v the prompt and th e re

idopti on of the remedial treatment .

CANAD A

O n the authority of Dr . James Fletcher,the Dominion e ntomo l o

gist , the San J ose scal e infestation i n the eas te rn portion of Canada is

zonfi ned to th e N iagara Pen insula and counties along the north shore

i f the wes t e nd of Lake Erie . It h as also been found i n several local i

gies i n British Columbia , having reached th is province i n i ts northward

i i i grat i on along the Pacific s lope .

TH E R E L A T I O N O F CL IM A T E T O SPR E A D .

This subject was rather careful ly cons idered i n both Bulletins 3 and

-2,in connection

,with the cl imatic d istricts,

or l ife zones estab lished

)y Dr . C . Hart Mer riam,within which parti cu l ar animal s th rive

Ind outs ide of which they fail to establ ish th emse ly e s . Theseife zones as thus l imited hav e a Spec i al va l ue i n indicating the

) rob ab l e spread of many inj urious insects,and seem to b e par

i i cul ar ly significant i n the case of the San Jos e scal e . Thes e l i fe zonesire : The tropical

,occupying smal l areas i n Florida and southern Texas ;

h e lower andi

upper aus tral , covering the bulk of the U nited States ;ind the trans ition zone

,coming between the l as t and the boreal zone

>f Canada northward . These zones wil l be better unders tood by refe rence to _the accompany ing map(Pl . V) . The early records led to the) e l i e f that the San Jose scale would be p ractical ly l im ited to the upperInd lower and that the important frui t dis tricts i n thei orth e rn U n itedS tates and i n e l evated mountain regions

,represented

iy the tra nsit ion zone , would be s l ightly i f any infes ted . In the main,

he records of the distribution of the San Jose scale have confirmedh i s bel ief . N evertheless , the scal e has

,i n a number of ins tances

.ppeared wel l into the transi tion zone as fi xt by Doctor Merriam,

i otab ly i n Massachusetts , i n New Y ork , i n Michigan ,and a few other

)oints ; but i n mos t of these cases the ev idence gained from the relai on of ot her animals and plants would indicate that the trans i tion and

ippe r au stral zones were no t correctly charted,so that in general the

i e l i e f in the immun i ty of the transi tion zone holds .

A s pointed out by Doctor Howard i n Bull etin 1 2,the coastal law

vh i ch b rings about the intermingl ing of northern and southern formsy il l probably j ustify the eas tern Massachusetts occurrences . Other

ence s i n Massachusetts are j us tified by the river - val ley l aw i nn to th e Connecticut R iver

,and Doctor Merriam admi ts that h i s

ross the southern pen insu la of Mich igan i s not very accurately

3 4 T H E SA N J OS E O R CHIN E S E S CAL E .

drawn . Special topographical conditions and protecting mo untainswil l probably account for other divergences .

In the lower austral and tropical regions th e San Jos e scal e,as

pointed out by Doctor Howard,may no t prove as in j u rious as i n the

upper aus tral,and th is fol low s th e gene ral ru l e regarding armored

scale insects i n warm countries.

A rmored scales rarely appear orthrive i n the moist Tropics

,as shown b v the explorations of the write r

i n th e Eas t andWes t Ind i es . Fungous diseases,which thrive i n warm

and mois t cl imates,are the principal agency i n keeping such scal e

insects i n check,and i n the case of the San Jose s cale the common

scale fungus Sp/zaerostél be coccop/Li l a h as al ready done good work i nFlorida and other portions of the lower austra l zone . Moisture i s aprerequis ite i n the case of this disease

,and l ittl e benefit comes from

it i n the dr ier portions of th is zone . Too much s tress , however , shouldnot be put on zonal l imitations

,and the re may

always be outb reaksof longer or shorter s tanding i n th e borders of the trans i tion region .

H AB ITS AND L IF E H ISTO R Y .

N A T U R E O F T H E D A M A G E .

The San Jose scale,

as already s tated,occurs on al l parts of the

plant— l imbs (Pl . I ; Pl . VI , fig . l eaves,and fruit (P l . VI , fi g

A s the plan t becomes badly infes ted the scales l i e very close togetheron the l imbs

,frequen tly overlapping

,sometimes with several young

ones clus tering over the surface of an old mature scal e . The ge neral appearance which they present i s of a grayish

,very s l ightly

roughened,scurfy depos i t . The natu ral rich reddish color of th e

young l imbs of peach,pear

,and apple i s quite obscured when these

trees are thick ly infes ted,and they have then every appearance of

being coated with ashes . When the scales are c rush t by scraping,

a yel lowish,oily l iquid wil l appear

,resul ting from the mashing of

the soft,yel low insects beneath the s cales . Exam i ned under a hand

lens during th e summer,numbers of the l i ttle orange - col ored larvae

wil l be seen runni ng about , and the snowy white young scal es wil l beinterspersed wi th the old brown or blackened mature scales . Th e

appearance presented at this t ime under th e_l ens i s shown i n fig . 2 .

Very frequently the s cale h as a marked tendency to infest the extremities of the branches and tw i gs . This i s particularly noticeable withpear . A s usual ly found on peach

,the scal e i s n i assed often more

densely on the older growth,and work s out more S l owly toward the

n ew wood .

The leaves a re much les s apt to bear s cales , b ut i n severe cases theupper surface particularly becomes infes ted

,the scal es frequently rang

i ng i n two or more quite regular rows on e i th e r s ide of the m id rib .

N A TU R E O F TH E D AM A G E .

The male s cales are more numerous on the l eaves than the females .

The infes ted leaves turn purpl ish b rown .

The San Jose scale was formerly supposed to di ffer from al l others

i n the peculiar redden ing effect which i t produces upon the Skin of thefruit and of tender twigs . This

,h owever

,sometimes occurs with other

scales,but is a particularly characteris tic feature of th is insect , and

renders i t easy to dis tinguish . The encircl ing band of redd ish discoloration around the margin of each female scale i s very noticeab l e

F IG . 2 .

— Appe aran c e of San J ose sca l e (A sp i d i otus perm ci osus ) on

b ark : a,i n fe s ted tw i g , na tura l s i z e ; b , b ark as i t appe ars unde r

h and l e ns , sh ow i ng sc a l e s i n v ari ous s tage s of d e v e lopme nt and

young larv ae . (F rom H oward and M arlatt

on fruit,especial ly pears . Thi s appearan ce

,however

,sometimes so

closely resembles the Smal l spots on fru i t produced b y a common fungus ,E l tomocpor i um 7

nacu l cmma, Lev .

,as to require close examination with

a l ens to distinguish it . Fruit severely attacked becomes d i storted,

rough,and pitted

,frequently cracking

,and may eventual ly fal l p rema ~

ture l y or at least become unmarketable .

The cambium layer of young twigs where the scales are massedtogether i s usual ly stained deep red or purpl ish

,and when the scale i s

only scatter ingly present the distinctive purpl ish ring surrounding each

3 6 T H E SA N J OSE O R CH IN E S E SCAL E .

i s almos t as noticeable on young twigs as on fruit , and i s of the greaservice i n facil itating the inspection of trees which have been sub

to poss ibl e contag i on . The almos t m icroscopic young scale might eas iel ude th e most careful s earch

,but the s triking ci rcl ing ring makes

a comparatively conspicuous obj ect w i thout the aid of a glass .

If the tree s urvives the attack the infes ted wood eventual ly b e comknotty and i rregular

,partly from the sapp i ng of the j u ices by the inse

and also Without doubt larg ely f rom the poisoning o f th e sap ofcambium layer by the punctures of the insect

,as indicated by the

coloration . Y oung peach trees w i l l ord inari ly surv ive the scale on ltwo or th ree years . Pears are sometimes ki l led outr ight

,but general l

maintain a feebl e,s ickly exis tence

,making l i tt le or no growth for a

somewhat longer period .

F O O D PL A N T S .

The San Jose scale may attack almos t any deciduous plan t , i nc l udi nfruits

,ornamental s

,and th e vari ous shade trees . Food - plant l i

were pub l ish ed i n Bul letins 3 and 1 2 of this Bureau,and several

sequen t writers have given l ists,with important additions . The

careful inves tigation of the subj ect,re lating particularly to ornam

trees and shrubs,but also to fruit trees

,as th e se '

ornament,was that conducted by the State e ntomo l o

cut, Mr . W . E . B ri tte n

,who sent out a c ircu lar l etter to the

ogi sts and horticul tural inspectors of the variou s States as

data under th ree headings,namely : (1 ) Plants common ly infested ;

(2 ) those occas ional ly or rarely infested ; (3 ) those not infested.

Forty - fi v e replies were received,and from these and other records his

l ist was prepared , This l i s t I have reproduced , together with h i sfol lowing explanatory paragraphs .

L IST O F H A R D Y T R E E S,SHR U B S

,A N D VINE S .

COM M ONL Y O R B AD L Y INF E STE D .

A caci a. Sp. L i ntner,F el t

,N . Y . ; A l wood ,

A keb i a Sp. F el t,N . Y .

A kebi a qui nata D e ca i sn e . A l wood , Va .

A me l rmch 'i er canadensi s M ed i c,and oth er spec i es . Sh ad-b ush

, Juneb erry . B ri tte n,

K oeh l er, Conn . ; A l wood ,

Ci trus tr i foljrrta, L i nn . Scott,C a ; A l wood , Va . ; G ossard

,F l a .

Cam us (Il l /(t L i nn . v ar . s i b i r i crt L odd . B ri tte n, Conn .

Cornus be i l eg/t Cou l t E vans . G ou l d (i n N .

Cornus sangurinca L i nn . Br i tton,Conn .

Cotoneaster Sp ? Br i tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y . ; Card ,

R . I .

Cotoneaster v ulgar i s L i nd l . A l wood,Va .

(6 R eport o f th e Connect i cut Agr i cu l tura l E xper iment Stat i on ,1902

,Part II , 2d

R eport o f th e E ntom o l ogi st , pp. 13 2—13 8 .

PL A NTS C O MM O N L Y on B A D L Y I N F ESTED . 3 7

Cratergas Sp. H awth orn . Bri tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N .Y . A lwood ,

Va . Sm i th,

N . J .

Cra ta’

gus cordata So l and . Koeh l er,Conn .

Cm tazgas oxyacantha L i nn . E ngl i sh h awth orn . Br i tton,Koeh l er , Conn .

Cra ta’

gas cocc i nea L i nn . Koeh l er , Conn .

O ratazgas cra s—ga l l i L i nn . Koeh l er , Conn .

Cydon i a vu lgar i s Pers . Common qui nce . Br i tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , N . Y . ; A l wood ,

Cydoni a japoni ca Pers . Japanese or flower i ng qu i nce . Br i tton , Koeh l er , Conn . ;

L i ntner,N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Va ; Joh nson ,M d .

F agas sy l vati ca L i nn . v ar. parparea A i t . E uropean purpl e- l eaved b eech . Sm i th,

N . J .

J ugl ans si ebol di ana M ax im . Japanese wal nut . Br i tton,Conn . ; A l wood , Va ; Sh er

man,N . C . ; Sm i th ,

N . J .

L i gustrum vu lga re L i nn . Common pri vet . A l wood,Va .

Popu lus Sp. Popl ar . Bri tton,Conn . ; Sm i th ,

N . J . ; Sanderson ,D e l . ; F el t , N . Y .

Popu lus de l toi des M arsh . Caro l i na popl ar . Br i tton,Conn . ; R o l fs Qua i ntance ,

F l a ; A l wood ,Va .

Popu lusmigra L i nn . v ar. i ta l i ca D u R o i . L om b ardy popl ar . Br i tton , Koeh l er , Conn . ;

R o l fs Qua i ntance,F l a ; A l wood ,

Pranas amygda la s Stokes . A lmond . L i ntner,N . Y . ; A l wood ,

Prana s armem’

aca L i nn . A pr i cot . L i ntner,F el t

,N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Va . ; Sm i th ,N . J .

Prana s avi um L i nn . Swe et ch erry . Br i tton, Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Va ; Sm i th ,N . J . ; Cockerel l , N . M ex .

Pranuspami l a L i nn . Koeh l er , Conn .

‘Prunus p'

am'i l a v ar . bessey i W augh . Sand ch erry . A l wood,Va .

F ram es ceras if era E h rh .

,v ar . atropurpw ea D i pp. (P. pi ssard i ) . Purpl e- l eav ed pl um .

Br i tton, Conn . ; F el t , N . Y .

Prunus domesti ca L i nn . E uropean pl um . Br i tton,Conn . ; A l wood ,

Prunus hortu l ana Ba i l ey . W i l d goose plum . A l wood,Va .

Prunus japoni ca Th unb . F l ower i ng a l mond . Br i tton , Conn . ; F el t , N . Y .

Prana s ni ari tima W augh . Beach pl um . Koeh l er,Br i tton

,Conn .

Pram/a s pers i ca S i eb . Zuec . Peach . Br i tton , Koeh l er , Conn . ; L i n tner,F el t ,

N . Y . ; A lwood ,Va ; Cockerel l , N . M ex .

Pranus tr ifi ora R oxbg. Japanesepl um . Br i tton,Koeh l er

,Conn . ; A lwood , Va.

Prunus seroti n'

a E h rh . Koeh l er , Conn .

Prunus v i rgi n i ana L i nn . Ch oke ch erry . Koeh l er,Conn .

Ptel ea tr ifol i ata L i nn . H op tree . F erna l d,M ass .

Pyra s communi s L i nn . Pear . Br i tton,Koeh l er

,Conn . ; L i ntner

,F el t

,N . Y . ;

A lwood ,Va ; Cockerel l , N . M e x .

Pyras si nensi s L i nd l . Sand pear , i nc l udi ng K i effer . A l wood ,Va .

Pyras baccata L i nn . Koeh l er, Conn .

Pyrus ma lus L i nn . Appl e . Br i tton,Koeh l er

,Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Va ; D oten ,N e v ; Ceck e re l l , N . M e x .

Pym s Sp. Crab appl e . Bri tton,Conn .

R i bes oxyacanthoi des L i nn . G ooseb erry . Br i tton , Conn : L i ntner,F el t

A lwood,Va ; T roop,

R i bes aureum Pursh . M i ssour i or flower i ng curran t . L i ntner,N . Y .

R i bes rubrum L i nn . Currant . Br i tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y .

R i bes m’

gram L i nn . B l ack currant . A l wood,Va .

R osa Sp. Br i tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , N . Y . ; A l wood , Va ; Cockerel l , N . M ex ; B ur

gess , O h i o ; T roop,Ind ; G oul d , M d ; Scott , G a .

R osa carol i na L i nn . Koeh l er ; Conn .

R osa luci da E h rh . Koeh l er, Conn .

3 8 T H E SA N J O SE on CH I N E S E SCA L E .

R osa v i rgi n i ana M i l l . Koeh l er , Conn .

R osa rugosa Th unb . Bri tton,Koeh l er

, Conn .

Sa l i x sp. IVi l l ow . Br i tton, Conn . ; F el t , N . Y . ; Sanderson ,

D e l .

Sa l ix l uci da M uh l . Koeh ler, Conn .

Sa l impentandra L i nn . L aurel - l eaved w i l l ow . L i ntner,N . Y . ; A l wood , Va .

Sa l /ix v i te l l i na L i nn . Koeh l er , Conn .

Sa l i x ba by l oni ca L i nn . W eepi ng w i l l ow . L i ntner,N . Y . ; A l wood ,

Sa l i x hum i l i s M arsh . Koeh l er, Conn

Sa l i x i ncana Sch rank . Koeh l er,Conn .

Sorbus Sp. M ounta i n ash . F el t,N . Y . ; H unter

,Kans .

Sorbus amer i cana M arsh . Amer i can m ountai n ash . Br i tton,Koeh l er Conn . ;

A l wood ,Va .

Sorbus aucupar i a L i nn . E uropean m ounta i n ash . Br i tton,Koeh l er

, Conn .

Sorbus me lanoca rpa C . Koch . (A roni a m’

gru Koeh ne ) . B l ack ch okeberry . Koeh l er,

Conn .

Symphor i carpos racemosus M i ch x . Snowb erry . F el t,N . Y . ; Sm i th ,

N . J .

Sym’

nga vu lgar i s L i nn . Comm on l i l ac . Burgess , O h i o ; comm i ss i oner of agr i cu l ture ,N . Y . ; T roop,

Ind ; A lwood , Va .

Syr'inga pers i ca L i nn . Pers i an l i l ac . Br i tton

, Conn .

Ti l i a Sp. Basswood ,l i nden . Br i tton , Conn . ; L i n tner , comm i ss i oner o f agr i cu l ture,

T i l i a amem’

cana L i nn . Amer i can l i nden or b asswood . Br i tton,Conn . ; A lwood , Va .

Toxyl on pom iferum R af. O sage orange . Br i tton, Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t

,N . Y . ;

A l wood , Va .

U lmus Sp. E lm . L i ntner,N . Y . ; \Ve b ste r , O h i o ; Troop,

U lmus amer i cana L i nn . Amer i can e lm . Bri tton,Koeh l er

, Conn . ; A l wood ,Va .

U lmus campestri s Sm i th . E ngl i sh or E uropean e lm . Bri tton , Conn . ; F el t ,. N . Y . ;

Sm i th,N . J .

O CCASIO NAL L Y O R R A R E L Y I N F E STE D .

A cer Sp. M aple. W eb ster,Burgess , O h i o ; F ernal d , M ass ; Butz , Pa ; comm 1ss10ne r

of agr i cul ture, N . Y .

A cer sacchari num L i nn . S i l ver m apl e . G ou l d,M d ; A lwood , Va ; H unter

,Kans . ;

F el t,N . Y .

A cer sacchar i num. Wei r ’ s cut- l eaved . F el t,N . Y .

A cerpl atanoi des L i nn . N orway m apl e . G oul d,M d .

A cti n i di a a rguta M i q . (A . pol ygama ) . A l wood ,Va .

/E s£:u lus h ippocastanum L i nn . H orse- ch estnut . F el t,comm i ss i oner of agri cul ture,

N . Y . ; Burgess , Parrot , G reen , O h i o .

A lnus Sp. A l der . F el t,N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Ampe lopsi s qui nquqfol i a M i ch x . Vi rgi n i a creeper . A lwood , Va .

B etu l a Sp. B i rch . F el t,N . Y .

B etu la a l ba L i nn . Cut- l eaved wh i te b i rch . Br i tton, Conn . ; R o l fs Quai ntance

,F l a .

B uxus Sp. B ox . Bri tton,Conn .

Castanea amer i cana R af. Ch estnut . R o l fs Qua i ntance,F l a ; A lwood , Va ;

F el t,N . Y .

Cata lpa Sp. R ol fs Qua i ntance,F l a .

Cata lpa b i gnoni oi des W al t . Common cata lpa .

A l wood,Va .

Ceanothus amer i canus L i nn . Koeh l er, Conn .

Ce l ti s occi denta l i s L i nn . Koeh ler, Conn .

Cerc i di phyl lum japon i cum S i eb . Zuec . Br i tton , Conn .

Ci trus auranti um L i nn . G ossard,F l a .

Cornus a l tern ifol i a L i nn . Koeh ler, Conn .

Cam us stol om’

fera M i ch x . Koeh l er,Conn .

PL ANTS O CCA S I O NA L L Y O R RA RE L Y IN F ESTED .

Cornus c i rc im tta L’H eri t . Koeh l er , Conn .

Cornus amomum M i l l . Koeh l er,Conn .

Corners cauch’

d i ss ima M arsh . Koeh ler , Conn .

Corrms flor i da L i nn . Comm i ss i oner o f agr i cu l ture , F e l t , N Y . ; Br i tton , Conn .

Cornusflori da . R e d fl ower i ng. A l wood,Va .

Deutz i a Sp. F erna ld ,M ass .

D i ospyros v i rgi n/[ari a L i nn . Pers i mm on . L i n tner

,N . Y .

E ta ’

agnu s Sp. F el t,N . Y .

E tzragnus l ongipes G ray . S i l ver th orn . Comm i ss i oner o f agr i cu l ture, N . Y . ; Scott ,G a .

E uca lyptus Sp. F e l t,N . Y .

E uonymus Sp. L i ntner,N . Y . ; A l wood ,

F i cus car i ca L i nn . F ig. F el t, N . Y .

F orsyth i a Sp. Comm i ss i oner of agr i cu l ture , N . Y .

F l ux iuus Sp. A sh . F el t,N . Y . ; Butz , Pa .

F raariuus amer i cana L i nn . W h i te ash . H un ter,Kans .

(i ted i tsch i a tr i acanthos L i nn . H oney l ocus t . Br i tton , Conn . ; Sanderson ,D e l . ; com

m i ss i oner o f agr i cu l ture , N . Y . ; Jo h nson ,M d .

[Itb i scus syr i acus L i nn . Sh rub b y a l th ea . Sm i th ,N . J .

H i cor i a pecan Br i tt . Pecan nut . L i ntner , N . Y . ; A l wood ,Va ; S cott , G a .

J uglans u igra L i nn . B l ack wa l nut . A l wood,Va R o l fs Qua i n tance

,F l a .

J ugl ans regi a L i nn . Pers i an or E ngl i sh wa l nut . A l wood ,Va ; L i ntner , F e l t, N . Y . ;

Sanderson ,M d .

Ka lm i a l atifol i a L i nn . M ounta i n l aurel . F el t , N . Y .

Kerr i a japon i ca DC . G l ob e fl ower . Japanese rose'

. F el t , N . Y .

L igustrum ora l ifoti un'

t H assk . Jal i forn i a pr i vet . Br i tton,Koeh ler

,Conn .

L oni cera Sp. H one v suck l e . F el t,N . Y .

Morus Sp. M ul berry . A l wood,Va ; Burgess , O h i o ; Joh nson ,

M d . ; Scott , G a .

Morus Sp. Tea ’

s weepi ng m u l berry . Taft , M i ch .

Physocarpus opul ifol i us M ax im . Koeh l er, Conn .

Pi cea a l ba L i nk .

W h i te Spruce . F erna l d , M ass .

Prunus cerasus L i nn . Sour ch erry . F el t,N . Y . ; A l wood ,

Va ; Burgess , O h i o .

Photim’

a m’

l losa DC . Koeh l er,Conn .

R hodotypos kerr i oi des S i eb . Zucc . Koeh l er, Conn .

R hus Sp. Sumac. ”R ol fe Qua i ntance

,F l a ; A l wood ,

Va ; F el t , N . Y .

R h us cotjt'

uus L i nn . Smoke b ush . Comm i ss i oner of agr i cul ture , N . Y .

R ob i ni a Sp. L ocust . Sanderson,D e l . ; Burgess , W eb ster , O h i o ; Joh nson ,

R ubus str i gosus M i ch x . R ed raspb erry . A lwood,Va ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y . ; Joh n

son,M d .

R ubus n igrobaccus Ba i l ey (R . Comm on b l ackberry . L i n tner,F el t

,N . Y . ;

Joh nson,M d .

R ubus v i l l osus A i t . (R . Canadens i s ) . D ewb erry . F el t,N . Y .

Sambucus Sp. E l der . Comm i ss i oner of agr i cu l ture , N . Y . ; F erna l d ,M ass ; Web ster ,

O h i o .

Sassafras ofi i ci na l e N ees . Sassafras . Sanderson,D e l .

Sorbar i a sorbi fol i a A . Braun (Spi raza sorb i fol i a L . Br i tton,Conn .

Spi rzca Sp. Br i tton,Conn . ; L i ntner , F el t , N . Y . ; A lwood ,

Thuya occi denta l i s L i nn . A rborv i tae . F erna l d , M ass .

Vi burnum Sp. Br i tton, Conn . ; A l wood , Va .

Vi burnum cassi noi des L i nn . Br i tton,Koeh l er

,Conn .

Vi burnum opu lus L i nn . Koeh l er,Conn .

Vi ti s Sp. G rapes . Br i tton,Conn . ; F el t , N . Y . ; A l wood , Va; Butz , Pa ; R o l fs

Quai ntance,F l a ; Joh nson , M d .

40 T H E SA N J O SE on CH INESE SCA L E .

N O T I N F E STE D .

A i l anthus gl andul osa D e s i . T ree of h eaven .

Amorpha f ruti cosa L i nn .

A ndromeda Sp.

A ra l i a spi nosa L i nn . H ercu l es ’ c l ub .

A r i stol och i a macrophy l l a L am . D utchman’s pipe.

A si mi na tr i loba D un . Papaw .

B acchar i s ha l imifol i a L i nn . G roundse l tree .

B enz oi n odor iferum N e e s . (L i ndera benz oi n B l ume ) . Spi cebush .

B erber i s (a l l Spec i es) . Barberry ,i nc l ud i ng Mahoni a .

B ignon i a Sp. T rumpet v i ne .

Ca lycanthusflori dus L i nn . Caro l i na a l l spi ce , sweet-scented sh rub .

Ca rpi nus Sp. H ornbeam .

Cedrus Sp. Cedar .

Ce l astrus scandens L i nn . B i ttersweet .

Cepha lanthus occ identa l i s L i nn . Buttonb ush .

Cerc i s canadensi s L i nn . Judas tree , redb ud .

Chamaedaphne ca lycutata M oench . Cassandra ) . L eath er l eaf .Ch i onanthus v i rgi ni ca L i nn . F ri nge tree .

Cl adrasti s ti nctor i a R af. Y el l owwood .

Cl eth ra a ln ifol i a L i nn . Sweet pepper bush .

Corylus Sp. F i l bert,h az el nut .

D aphne mez ereum L i nn .

D i erv i l l a Sp. W ei gel a .

D i rca pa lustr i s L i nn . L eath erwood,m oosewood .

E xochorda grand ifi ora L i ndl . Pearl bush .

G aylussaci a Sp. H uck l eb erry .

G eni sta tinctor i a L i nn . D y er ’ s greenweed .

G i nkgo bi loba L i nn . M ai denh a i r tree .

G ymnoc l adus canadens i s L am . Kentucky co ffee tree.H a l es i a tetraptera L i nn . Si l v er b el l , snowdrop tree.

H amamel i s oi rgi ni ana L i nn . W i tch h az el .H edera h e l i a~ L i nn . E ngl i sh i vy .

H i cor i a Sp. (except i ng H . pecan Br i tt ) . H i ckory .

H ydrangea (a l l Spec i es ) .

H yperi cum moseri anum A ndré . G o l d flowe r.I l ex Sp.

[ tea v i rgi ni ca L i nn . V i rgi n i an w i l l ow .

J asm i num nudiflorum L i nd l . Y el l ow jasm i ne.J ugl ans c i nerea L i nn . Butternut .

J uni perus Sp. Jun iper .

Kce l reuteri a pan i cu lata L axm . Varn i sh tree.

L aburnum vu lgare G ri se b . G o lden ch ai n .

L ar ix Sp. L arch .

L i qu i dambar styrae iflua L i nn . Sweet gum .

L i r i odendron tu l ipi fera L i nn . Tul ip tree .

L yc iuni ha l imifol i um M i l l . M atr im ony v i ne.Magnol i a (a l l Spec i es ) .

Myr i ca ceri fera L i nn . Wax m yrt le.

N yssa syl vati ca M arsh . Tupel o , pepper i dge, b l ack gum , sour gum .

O strya v i rgi n i ca \Vi l l d . H ornb eam ,i ron wood .

Pau l owni a imper i a l i s S i eb .,Zucc .

42 TH E SA N J O SE O R CH INESE SCA L E.

T h e most common l y i nfested ornamental s are purplnese qu i nce, m ounta i n ash

,red- tw i gged dogwood ,

and R osa rugosa . PPers i an l i l ac

,Cotoneaster

,e lm (b oth A meri can and E uropean ) , and osage

h ave been found th oro l y i ncrusted b y th e i nsects,espec i al l y wh en grow i n

i n fested trees .

Of the plants which are reported as noninfes ted i n th isprobably many of them may be subj ect to s l ight or o e cas

infes tation . N otwithstanding the San Jose scale ’ s wide range O fplants

,s trangely enough certain varieties O f pear seem to be a l

never attacked,and are

pract i ca l ly

e xempt from in j u rytrue also

,to a less extent

,with different varieties of other

The s trik ing il lustrations are the Lecon te and K ieffer variepears

,and th e reason for th is immunity i s difficult to explain .

e nce s i n the densi ty and texture of bark could hardly accountbecause that would scarcely protect new and comparative lygrowth . A notable ins tance of the immun ity of the Lecontes een i n the l ittle grove connected wi th th e i nse ctarv of thisment . This grov e h as been th ickly plante d to pear and applethat the branches are i nterlacing al l the time

,and i t has b e e

badly infested with the San Jose scal e o ff and on for te n years,a

yet the 10 or 1 2 Leconte trees have been clean th e whole time,w h

the rest,representing different varieties O f pear , apple , peach , an

plum,have died out or have been replaced

,some of them over an

over again .

CITRU S FRU ITS A N D TH E SA N J O SE SCAL E .

The su sceptibi li ty of the orange and lemon and other citrus plto the San Jose s cale i s a matter of great interes t to citrus grIn catalogs of the food plants of the San Jose scalelemon and othe r c i trus fruits are l isted

,notably i n

Catalog of Coccidae . The facts on which this statemrather meager

,when examined

,do not warrant

of in j ury to the ordinary cul tivated citrus fruits . I

that the San J ose scale wi l l infes t rather freely the ta hedge plant somewhat close ly related to th e orange and lemoSome trifoliate trees

,for example

,on the Department grounds

now rath er th ick ly covered by the San Jose scale , but even i n the caO f this hedge plan t the infes tation i s

,as a rule

,not serious

according to Mr . Gossard,the plant seems to throw the scal e o ff as

grows . T h e fi rs t undoubted example of San Jose s cale on orange wo n certain hybrid sorts produced b y cross i ng the tr ifol iateW i th the sweet orange

,and was received i n 1 903 from Mr . G

from Florida . Mr . Gossard s tated that i n a single instance wsmal l sweet orange tree i nterlaced with the

\branches o f a

infes ted trifol iate orange the former had matured perhaps half aSan Jose s cales .

L IF E H ISTO RY .

The second undoubted record is of mater ial sent to Doctor Howard

O r determination by Dr . James Fletcher,entomologis t of the Canadian

ge nt i al Experimental Farm at Ottawa , who repO I ted that the infes ted

{ranges sent had been forwarded to him from British Co l umbia and hadleen i mpe l ted from Japan . These oranges

,evidently of a manda i i n or

anger i ne type , Showed undoubted infes tat ion with the San Iose scale .

t i s therefore ev ident that this scale insect may occas ional ly infesthe orange

,but the long coexis tence of th e San Jose scal e and orange

a l ture i n southern Cal iforn ia would seem to indicate the practical

mmun i ty of the orange tree from this scale pes t . A n earl ier recordi f the San Jose s cale on a citrus plant , by Mr . Cockere l l , h as always)O O I1 under the ques tion of a m i s i de nt i fi cati on of the food plant .

L I F E H I S T O R Y .

In common with al l th e armored scales,the l i fe round of th is i nsect

Vi th the exception of a few hours of active larval exis tence and an

l ly brief winged existence i n the case of the mature mal e , i s past

inder the protection O f a waxy scale . This scale covering concealshe real insect beneath and prevents any easy observation or s tudy of

ts l ife h is tory . Th e San Jose scale h as been under most carefu l>b se rv at i on by Mr . Pergande on potted plants i n the insectary

,and i ts

l i story , which has hitherto been v e rv Impe rfe c t ly worked out , has been

h oro l y and careful ly elab orated .

The winter i s pas t by the insects i n a half - grown c ondition undermal l black protecting scales

,mere points

,j us t visib l e to the naked

zye . The male scales are normally vastly i n excess of the females ,i fte n representing 95 or more per cent . E ar ly i n A pri l

,i n thi s lati

,ude the mal es transform to pupae and emerge

,and thi s gives the

.ppearance of .

a sudden death of the great maj ori ty of these ove rw ine red insects on

th e”

bark,and h as l ed to some confus ion i n interpret

ng the e ffect of washes . The females at this period have arrivedLt the s tage of impregnat i on , and th e del icate two -winged males di sippe arafter a few days . A bout a mon th later , varying with the cl inate the

ove rwintered females come to fu l l maturi ty and begin to

give b i rth to a new generation,continuing to produce young for a

i e ri od of upward of s i x weeks,when they reach the l imit of produc

.i on of young and perish .

The adu l t female gives birth immediately to l iving young , di ffering

in this respect f rom most other scale insects . Ordinar i ly eggs arel epos i ted b eneath th e scale

,which i n the course of a longer or s h orter

.ime hatch,and the young larvae make thei r escape and migrate to

l i ffe re nt parts of the p lant . In th e case of some scale insects theFemale fi l ls i ts scale W i th eggs i n the fal l and peri sh es

,the eggs w i n

tering over and hatch ing the fol lowing spring . In others the insect

44 T H E SA N J O SE O R CH INESE SCAL E .

hibernates i n th e nearly matu re condition,as does the San Jose scale

and depos i ts eggs i n the spring or earl y summ er . The viviparoushabit

,or the giving birth to the l iving young

, posse st by the San Josescale , finds a paral le l i n many other insects and frequently i n aphides .

In the case of th e San Jos e scal e the eggs are fai rly wel l formed,

a few at a time,within the body of the mother . What takes the place

of the eggshel l consists of a v ery del icate and th in membrane— theamn ion— which incloses the developing larva and which at the momentof b i rth is cas t o ff , and remains attached to or partly within the oviduct . The amn ion i s probab ly pushed out by the next larva i n turn .

F IG . 3 .

— Y oung larv a and d e v e lopi ng San J ose sca l e (A spi’

d i otus pern i c i osus ) : a , v en tra l v i ew o f

larv a , show i ng suck i ng b e ak w i th se tae separate d ,w i th e n large d tarsa l c law a t ri gh t ; b , dorsa l v i ew

of same,sti l l more contrac te d , wi th th e fi rst waxy fi laments appeari ng ; c , dorsal and late ra l v i ews

of same , som ewhat con trac ted ,i l lustra ti ng furth e r d e v e lopme nt

of wax se cre t i on ; d , la te r stage o f

sam e ,dorsal and late ra l v i ews , Sh ow i ng ma tt i ng O f wax se cre t i on s and fi rst form of young scale .

A l l greatly en larged (from H oward and M arlat t ) .

The difference between this mode of b irth and the ordinary methodthru the medium of true eggs i s s impl y that what corresponds withthe egg i s retained by the femal e unti l the larva i s developed

,instead

of developmen t of the larva progress ing afte r the egg leaves theparent .The emergence of the young from the female over a period of s i x

weeks l eads to a very confus ing intermingl ing of generations and

renders i t diffi cult to make observations o n the l ife his tory except byisolating and watch ing individuals . By means o f such isolation ofindiv iduals

,howeve r

,we have been able to mos t careful ly trace the

L IF E H ISTO R Y .

l i ffe re nt generations . The course of the deve lopment of a S ingl e

generation fol l ows :

A fter be ing expel led the l arva remains motionless for a l ittle wh ile ,wi th antennae and legs folded beneath th e body . It soon hardens

gnough to run about, and, forcing its way out from beneath th e pro

,ce ting scale of the mother , scurries ov er th e plant to fi nd a suitable

) lace to settle .

The newly born larva(fig . 3,a ) is an almos t m i croscO pi c creature of

J ale orange - yel low color,with long oval body

,and with the customary

l l X legs and two fee lers . The long thre ad - l i ke proboscis with which

.b e j uices of the plant are sucked up i s doubled on i tse l f and l i es i n an

nv agi nat i on of th e body wal l , the tip only proj ecting .

A fter crawl ing about for a few hours the young larva settles down

i nd slowly works its long bristle - l i ke sucking beak thru the bark,

’olds i ts antennae and legs . beneath i ts body,and contracts to a nearly

zi rcul ar form . The development of th e scale begins even before the

arva becomes fi xt . The secretion s tarts i n th e form of very minu te

White fibrous waxy fi lame nts,which spring from al l parts of the body

i nd rapidly become more numerous and dense(fi g. 3,b,

A t first th e

i range co lor of th e larva Shows thru the th ickening downy white

anv e l op, but wi th in two days the insect be comes enti rely concealed by.h e white or pale grayish ye l low shel l o r scale

,which now has a promi

Ient centra l n ipple(fig . 3,d) , the younger ones often possess ing instead

L central tuft . T h e scale i s forme d by the s l ow matting and melting

.oge th e r of th e fi laments of wax . During the“

first day the scale appears

.ike a very microscopic downy hemisphere . The matting of the secre

.ion continues unti l th e appearance of down and individual fi laments isanti re ly l os t and the surface becomes smooth . In the e arly h i s tory of.he scale i t maintains its pale whitish or grayish ye l l ow color

,turn ing

gradual ly darke r g ray , the central nipple remain ing l igh ter coloredi sual ly thruout deve lopment .The male and female scale s are exactly S imi lar i n s ize

,color

,and shape

Inti l after the fi rst molt,which occurs twel ve days after the emergence

) f the larva . W i th th is molt,however

insects beneath the Scaleose al l resemblance to each other . The males(fig . 4

,a) are rather larger

.han the females and have large purple eyes,while the females have l ost

.heir eyes enti re ly . Th e legs and antennae have disappeared i n bothi exe s . The males are el ongate and pyriform

,while the females are

i lmost ci rcular,amounting practical ly to a flattened sac with indis tinct

segmentation,and without organs

,except a l ong sucking bristle

springing from near the center beneath . The color of both sexes i s l ight.emon -yellow . The scales at th is time have a decidedly grayish tintave rcast somewhat with ye l low .

Eighteen days from birth the males change to the firs t pupal condition(pro -pupa) (fi g. 4

,b) , and the male scales assume an e longate oval

46 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INES E SCA L E .

sometime s s l ightly curved , Shape , characteris tic o f the se x,the exu

or cas t l arval skin showing near the anterio r e nd .

The male pro - pupae are very pale ye llow ,with the legs and anten

(which have reappeared) , together with the two or three te rminalments

,colorless . The eyes are dark purple and placed close

The antennae are s tout and bent close ly along the edge of thfar as the firs t pair of l egs

,where they curve s l ightly inward .

nen t wing pads extend along the s ides of the body . The

segmen t bears two sh ort spines .

Th e female undegroe s a second mol t about t wenty dayslarva . A t each molt the old skin spl i ts around the edge ofthe upper half adhering to the cov ering scale and the l ower fo rm

sort of ventral scale next to the bark . This form of molting i s com

mon to scales of th is kind .

F IG . 4 .

—D e v e lopmen t of male San J ose Sca le (A spi d i’

otus pcrn i czosus ) : a , v entral v i ew o f larv afi rst mo l t ; same a fte r se cond mo l t(pro -

pupa stage ) ; c and d ,true pupa , v entra l and dorsa l v

A l l grea tly en larged (from H oward and M arla tt ) .

The covering scales at th is stage are of a more purpl ish gray,

portion covering th e exuviae incl in ing to yel low i sh . The mal e so

are more yel lowish than th e female . Th e effect of th e sucking ofinsects i s now quite apparent on the young grt h

,causing the bark

to assume a purpl ish hue for some distance around the central portion,

contrasting s trongly with the natural reddish green of the unin j u redbark . W i th the second mol t th e females do no t change material lyfrom their former appearance

,retaining th e pale ye l low color with a

number of transparent spots around the edge of th e body . The sucki ng b ris tl es are extremely long , two or t hree times the length of thebody o f the insect . The only d istinctive features are i n th e l as t segment and are noted i n the techni cal description .

A bout twenty days after bi rth the male insect transforms to thetrue pupa . With the firs t mol t the sh ed l arval skin is retained beneaththe scal e as i n the case of the female ; with the later mo l ti ngs

skins are pushed out from beneath the Scale .

L I F E H ISTO RY .

second molt presents on the i nside two l ongitudinal ridges runn ingfrom one e nd to the other , touch ing the s ides of the pupa , and whichapparently enabl e the insect to move backward or forward and ass is tthe image i n pushing i tse l f out .

The true pupa(fig . 4,c,d) i s pale ye l low ,

sometimes purpl ish,darkest

about the base of the abdomen . The head,antennae

,wing pads

and s tyle are wel l formed , but almost colorless . The antennae reach

as far back as the second pair of legs and are no t curved under,as

formerly,but l ie close to the s ides O f th e body ‘with the ends free .

:The firs t pai r of legs i s held forward , reaching s l ightly beyond theeyes

,the mi ddle femora proj ecting somewhat beyond the margin of

th e abdomen . The hind legs are incl ined backward and reach to th ee nd of the body . The style rounded at tip

,conical

,and about as

long as the posterior tibiae .

F IG . 5 ,

—A spi d i otus pern i ci osus : adul t ma l e,grea tl y e n larged (from H oward and M arlatt ) .

From four to S i x days late r,or from twenty - fou r to twenty—s i x days

from birth,th e males mature and back out from th e rear e nd of the i r

scales,having prev i ously

,for a day or two

,remained practi cal ly

deve loped but resting under the scale . They seem to i ssue chiefly bynight or i n th e evening .

Th e mature male(fig . 5) appears as a del icate two -winged fly- l ike

insect with long fee lers and a S ingle anal s tyl e proj ecting from the e ndof the body ; orange i n col or , with a faintly dusky Shade on the prothorax . The head is darker than the re st

o f the body , the eyes aredark purple

,and th e antennae

,and s ty l e are smoky . The wings

are iridescent wi th ye l low and green,very faintly cl ouded .

Thirty day s f rom bi rth th e females are ful l grown and the embryon ic

young may be see n within the i r bodies,each i nclosed in a de l icate

8449— N o . 62— 06— 4

48 T H E SA N J O SE O R CH INESE SCA L E .

membrane . A t from th irty - three to forty days the larvae again beginto make thei r appearance .

The adul t female,prior to the de v e l opme nt

b f the young,measures 1

mil l imeter i n l ength and a l i ttle l es s i n breadth,and i s pale yel low

transparent spots near the margin of the body(fig .

The l ength of a generation i s determined by the female and,as

Shown by the above record , covers a period of from thirty - three toforty days . Success ive generations were fol lowed careful ly thruout

F IG . 6 .

—Adul t fema le San J ose sca le (A spi d i'

otus pern i c i osa s ) b e fore d e v e lopment of eggs : a , v entralv i ew ,

sh ow i ng v e ry long suck i ng se tae ; b , ana l‘pl ate , show i ng characteri sti c ornamen tat i on of edge .

G reatly e n larged (from H oward and M arlatt ) .

the summer,and it was found that at Wash ington four ful l generations

are regularly developed,with the poss ibi l i ty of a partial fi fth genera

t i on . O n a number of potted trees a single overwintered femal e wasleft to each tree . A fter the full progeny of this individual had goneout over the tree

,al l were removed again

,except one of the oldes t and

fertil ized females . This method was continued for each generationth ruout the breed ing season . Some interesting records

,tabulated

below,were thus obtained

,which indicate the fecundity of the females

as we l l as the number of gene rations .

50 T H E SA N J O SE on CH INESE S CAL E .

of May ; at A mhers t , Mass ,they were fi rs t noticed June 12

,and i n

A rizona they are recorded as appearing i n March . The larvae are conti nuous l y present on the trees unti l further hatch ing i s prevented bysevere frosts . In 1894

,as we have al ready Shown on page 2 89 of Vol

ume VII of Insect L ife,the fi rs t fros ts at Washington occurred i n the

latter part of October and the hatching of the young ceased before the1 st of N ovember . October 24

,1 894

,however

,Doctor Howard saw

recently settled larvae,not more than 5 days old

,at Lewisburg

,Pa . In

1 895 the October fros ts were ins ignificant,and i n th is neighborhood

no severe fros t occurred unti l about the l st of December . The resul twas that young l arv ze were found at Washington unti l late i n November

,wh i le on twigs received from Ches tertown

,November1 3 and

November 2 7,the young were more or less abundant . The cold spel l

of the las t week i n N ovember and the firs t week i n December put as top to development here . This same cold spel l was of very wideextent . A s far to the southwes t as San A ntoni o

,Tex .

,th e th e rmom

eter dropped to 3 1 C on December 3 . A s imilar,or even lower

pe rature was noted at New Orleans,yet on December 1 6 Doctor

Howard found newly hatched young,l ess th an 24 hours old

,upon a

plum tree at A udubon Park,N ewOrleans .

In autumn,or when further development i s s topt by cold weather

h ibernation i s begun by scales i n al l s tages of developmen t,from the

white,minute

,down - covered recently hatched young to the mature and

ful l -grown females and males . U nques tionably many young perishduring the winter

,and normal ly i n spring q uite a percentage of the

sma l ler or h al f -grown scales wil l be found to have perished . It i s

very probable that manyfemales have union with th e mal es i n the'fal l

but the maj ority of them are unques tionably immature,and are ferti l

i z ed i n th is l atitude early i n A pril by overwintered males which , as w e

have noted,appear nearly a month before the first young of the spring

brood .

The actual rate of the production of young at different periods ofthe l ife of the adult female has not been determined with accuracy .

A S the average reproducing period of the ’adul t female i s s i x weeks,

and as the average number of young from each female is about 400,

there,mus t be born from 9 to 1 0 young every twenty - four hours . The

great l abor o f watching an individual femal e and removing everytwenty - four hours the v oung sh e h as given b i rth to during that periodhas no t been ente red upon . Sufficien t observations have been made

however,to indicate that the main period of reproductive activi ty i s

th e s econd o r th ird week after the female h as reach ed maturity . A t

fi rs t the y oung are born with les s f requency , and there i s a co rrespo ndi ng reduc tion i n reproductive activi ty toward the e nd o f the l ife of the

i ndividual .haps mo re

D ESCRIPTIO NS O F S CA L E A N D IN SE CT .

however,examination of the trees under observat ion alway s shows

many migrating young wh ich mus t have been born during the n igh t,

while O bservations at n igh tfal l show always as many,and f requently

more,which have been born during the day .

The gradual production of the young b y the female has an importantbearing on the ques tion of remedies . and the old washes , which aimedat the des truction o f the young as soon as they emerge from the females ,are rendered almost valueles s because

,to make them effective

,i t i s

necessary to repeat them many times during a period of s i x weeks .Within two o r

th re e days afte r hatching the young larvae w il l haveformed a scale wh ich wil l be impervious to these weaker washes .

The larva does not ordinari ly travel far from th e parent insect,and

usual ly res ts within a few inches of the old scale or at the first avai lable point . They wi l l no t

,so fa r as observed , travel very far from

the base of the tree,and i n the potted trees none were obse rved to go

more than 2 inches from the base of the trunk .

D E S CR IPT I O N S O F S CA L E A N D IN S E CT .

S ca l e of f ema l e .

— The scale of the female i s circular,very s l ightly

raised central l y,and vari es i n diameter from 1 to 2mm

,averaging about

1 .4mm

. The exuvia i s centra l or nearly so . The large,wel l ~developed

scales are gray,excepting the centra l part covering the exuvia

,which

v aries from pal e to reddi sh yel low ,al tho i n some cases dark colored .

Th e scale i s usual ly smooth exteriorly or som etimes s l igh tly annu l ated,

and the l imits of the l arval scale are always plain ly marked . Thenatural color of the scal e i s frequently obscured by the presence ofthe sooty fungus (F umayo sa l i c i na ) .

S ca l e 0f ma l e .

— The mature male s cale i s oblong - oval,nearly twice as

long as wide,and averaging i n l ength about hal f the diameter of th e

female scale. The position of the l arval scale i s marked by a nipplel ike prominence located between the cente r and the anter io r marginof the Scale . The scal e of the mal e i s usual ly darker than that of th efemal e

,sometimes black

,but often gray

,th e larval scal e covering the

exuvia v ery frequently l igh t yel low ,as with the female . Not uncom

monl y the circular scale , formed prior to the first m e l t,i s black

,while

the later additions,giving it i ts ob long shape

,are gray .

The scale ‘covering of th e h i b e rnat i ng‘

i nse c ts i n winte r is black,and

on the bark i n summer also the scal e covering i s dark or often blackened by the sooty fungus referred to . But the normal color of thescal e of both female and male i s l ight

,and on the leaves of pear

example,th e male scales are often a very l igh t buff

,and present such

a marked contrast to the w inter appearance that no one would suspectthem of belonging to the same insect .E gg

— The egg i s never(or rarely ) extruded as such by the female,

and as i t exists within the body of the mother is - a mere amn iotic m em

52 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE SCA L E .

brane,and the form i ng embryo showing th rough gives i t a ye l l ow

white color . The emb rv o with the envelop measures about 0. 2mm l

by 0. 1mm wide .

[Vew l y batch ed l arv a— The young larvae of both sexes are al ike

are pale orange i n color,with long oval bodies . They measure i n length

ab O ut 0. 24mm by 0.1 m i n width . The sucking bristl es are normal ly

doubled on themselves,but when. unfolded are nearly three times the

length of the body . The ante nnze are apparent l y fi v e - j ointed,the last

two j oints being much longer than the othe rs,S lender

,subequal i n

length,and both finely and dis tinctly annulated . The l as t j oint bears

a smal l n ipple - l ike proj ection near th e tip . The head i s somewhat concave i h front

,and the eyes are nearly transparent and S l ightly purplish .

The terminal segment of the abdomen fore shadows i n structure thep l ates and spines of the adul t female . The large centra l plates “ eachterminate i n a long hair . The tarsus is represented by apparen tly asingle

,s trong

,sl ightly curved claw . The tip of the tibia bears exte ri

orly two rather long cap itate hairs,and two simi lar hairs proj e ct also

from the inner extremity . Other details of structu re are Shown i n th eil lus tration .

[ are a of the second stage— A fter the first mol t the differenc e i n the

sexes becomes apparent,altho th e covering s cales are s ti l l identi cal .

The female insects are somewhat smal le r than the males at th i s ‘

stage .

The eyes,l egs

,and antennae i n this sex have enti rely d isappeared . The

form i s almos t circular,flattene d . The color is yel low

,with irregular

transparent spots appearing i n different parts of the bodyThe males are somewhat larger than th e females , elongate , pyriform .

The eyes are prominent,purple i n color . The legs and antennae

with the females,are wanting . The general color of the body is

ye l low,with the i rregular transparent spots noted i n the case of the

female . The greatest d iameter i n both s exes is less than one - h alf amill imeter

,and i n the c haracteristics of th e terminal segment bot h

agree, practical ly , with the adul t female .

rlf al e pro-

pupa— With the second mol t the male assumes a form

foreshadowing the true pupa,which may be cal l ed the pro -pupa .

The form i s e l ongate oval ; l ength 0. 5mm

. The color is v ery paleyellow

,with the antennae

,l imbs

,and w i ngpads , and two or three te r

minal segments of the abdomen,col orles s . The l egs and antennae

noted,have reappeared

also prominent pads foreshadowing thew i ngs of the adult . T h e eyes are dark purple and placed close together .The antennae are very s tout

,and curved closely around the edge of

the body as far as th e anterior legs,where they bend inward . The

(1 T h e ex i s tence o f a pro-

pupa or a fi rst pupa l stage i n th e Co cc i dae ana l ogous to

th e f i rs t pupa l s tage o f h igh er l l em i pte ra h as a l so been aff i rmed b y D r. F r. L oew.

(W i ener E n tom . Zei t .

, J an .,1884 , p.

D ES CR IPTI O NS O F INS E CT .

w i ngpads are s tout and almost enti rely cover th e abdomen . The terminal segment i s stil l broad and fl attened and bears two short spines

but the other characters have di sappeared .

True pupa of ma l e — The true pupa resembles the previous stage,

except that the members are longer and slenderer,and the prominent

anal sty l e has appeared . The pupa i s pale yel low and purpl ish i ncolor

,darkes t about the base of the abdomen

,the head

,antennae

wing sheaths,and sty le being almos t colorless and transparent . The

eye spot-s are dark pu rple . The antennae’

extend nearly to the middlefemora

,and are not curved under the body_as fo rmerly , but are appl ied

close to the s ides with the apex free . The anterio r legs are held forward

,reach ing sl igh tly beyond th e eye s . The middle femora res t

transv ersely to the body,proj ecting somewhat beyond the margin of

the abdomen,whi l e thei r tibiae form with them a right angl e and reach

nearly to the apex of the h ind femora . The latter incl ine posteriorly,

while the hind tibiae are appl ied close to the S ides of the body,except

toward the tip,and reach nearly to the base of the s tyl e . The s ty le i s

rather s tout,con ical

,obtusely poin ted at tip

,and about as l ong as

posterior ti b iae . Length,0. 8mm

,including s ty le

,which measures about

0. 15mm

JWature ma l e — The general color i s orange with a fain t duskiness onthe prothorax . The head i s somewhat darker than the res t of thebody . The eyes are dark purple

,almos t black . The antennae are

yel low ,somewhat O bscure or smoky . The legs and s tyle are dusky

the latter paler than the former . The thoraci c sh ield is regularlyovoid , compressed anter iorly , dusky in color , with margin brown , moredistinctl y so anteriorly ; transverse band narrow

,brown . A ntennae

10- j ointed,two basal j oints shortest

,second nearly globular

,inserted

i n the first ; j o ints 4 and 5 s ub equal,l onger than any of the others ;

j oint 6 next‘

i n l ength,and j oints 3

,7,and 9 Shorter and subequal ;

j oint 10 sti l l shorter,coni cal . A ntennae somewhat hairy and nearly as

long as the body of the insect . W ings faintly dusky,i ridescent with

ye l low and green . Length of body about 0. 6m m

; sty le , 0. 2 5mm

F ema l e,th i rd stage

— A fter the second mol t the females sti ll appearpale yellow as before

,w i th various larger and smaller transparen t spots

around the border of the body . The form is nearly circular,with

greatest diameter av eraging The sucking bristles are veryprominent and l ong

,th ree times the length of the insect . The last

segment i n this stage has practical ly the characters of the mature female,

as fol lows : There are two pairs of lobes,the terminal ones largest and

nearly th ree times as broad as the other lobes . Terminal l obes arerounded at the apex and are .di st i nct ly notc hed near the middl e of theexte rnal edge . The second pair of lobes i s smal ler and narrower

i s also notched external ly . Between the first and second lobe on'

e i th e r

54 T H E SA N'

J O SE O R C H INESE SCA L E .

s ide i s a smal l spine,and two or three such spines are j us t back of the

second lobe,whi le back of these are th ree stout teeth curv ing anteri

orly . A sti l l smaller b lun t tooth sometimes occurs near the middle ofthe lateral margin . The segmentation of the body at this stage i squite dis tinct .M ature f ema l e .

—A fte r reach ing maturity the embryon i c young areat first not vi sible

,b ut later the body becomes fi l led with them . Th e

mature female measures 0. 8mm wide by about 1mm long .

The fol lowing description of th is stage is reproduce d from Comstock

T h e b ody of th e fema l e i s yel l ow i sh and a lm ost c i rcul ar i n outl i ne ; th e segmentati on i s di st i nct , th o not conspi cuous . T h e l ast segment presents th e fo l l ow i ngch aracters :Th ere are on l y two pai rs of l ob es v i s i b l e ; th e first pa i r converge at t ip,

are notch edab out m i dway th ei r l ength on th e latera l margi n ,

and often bear a S l igh t notch on

th e m esal margi n ,near th e t ip. Th e second pa i r are notch ed once on th e l atera l

margi n .

Th e margi n of th e ven tral surface of th e segment i s deepl y i nc i sed tw i ce on eachs i de of th e meson

,once between th e bases of th e first and second l ob es , and agai n

l aterad of th e second l obe . O n each s i de of each of th ese Inc i s i ons IS a c l ub-sh apedth i cken i ng of th e body wal l .Th ere are two i nconspi cuous S i mpl e pl ates be tween th e medi an l obes , and on eachS i de S i m i l ar pl ates extend i ng caudad of th e fi rst i nc i s i on ,

th ree Smal l pl ates serrateon th ei r l atera l margi n caudad of th e second i nc i s i on

,and th e c l ub - sh aped th i cken

i ngs of th e body wal l b ound i ng i t , and th ree w i de pro l ongat i ons of th e margi nbetween th e th i rd and fourth spi nes . T h ese pro l ongat i ons are usual l y fr i nged on

th ei r d i sta l margi ns . Th ere are al so , i n some,i rregu l ar pro l ongati ons of th e margi n

between th e fourth Spi ne and th e penu l t i mate segment .

Th e fi rst —and second spi nes are s i tuated l aterad of th e first and second l ob es,

re spect i v el y ; th e th i rd spi ne l aterad of second i nc i s i on , and th e fourth spi ne ab outone -h alf th e d i stan ce from th e fi rst l obe to th e penul t i mate segment .

S Y ST E M A T IC PO S IT I O N A N D R E L A T I O N SH IPS .

The”San Jose scale was described by Professor Comstock from

material col lected i n 1 880 i n Santa Clara County , Cal . , on apple , pear ,plum

,and other fruit tre e s .

b The relationsh ips O f th i s scale insecthave been di scust by various authors

,notably by Prof . T . D . A . Cock

e re l l,without

,however

,reaching a very good solution

,i n the j udg

ment of the writer . Without going i nto a detai l ed technical discussion

,the San Jose scale i s quite as c l o se l v al l ied i n s tructure , scale

covering,and habit with the A on i di e l l a group as i t i s with the group

includ ing ancy l us and os treaaf orm i s . I t i s a very.

distinct and wel lmarked species

,however

,and i s always easy of identification after one

becomes once fami l iar with i ts principal characteristic s tructural featu res , and i t i s one of the few scale insects which can ordinari ly be

a R ept . U . S . D ept . Agr i c .

, p. 3 04 .

5 R epo rt of th e E ntomo l ogi st , i n th e R eport o f Comm i ss i oner of Agri cu l ture for1880 pp. 3 04

,3 05.

SYS TEMA T IC PO S ITIO N A N D RE L ATIO N SH IPS .

safely identified from the appearance of the scale covering and without being prepared for microscopical study .

Three varieties of the San Jose scale have been des ignated , none ofwhich are val id . Of these A smi cl i otu s pern i c i osa s var . a l bopuncta tus

Ck l l . was described from twigs of a supposed orange seedl ing sentfrom Japan and s topt by Mr . Craw i n h i s quarantine Work i n San

Francisco . The twigs are thorny and may poss i bly be of the trifol iateorange or of some orange seedl ing

,but whether of ordinary orange

or tangerine or some oth er h orticul tural variety can not be determined .

From the extreme unl ikel ihood of the San Jose s cale attacking ordinary o range

,the probabi l i ty i s very strong that these seedl ings were

either trifol iate or of the mandarin or tangerine type s . A t any rate ,the scal e i tsel f is typical San Jose scale , and there i s no bas is whatever for t l e separation of these specimens as a variety . The characte r

on which the variety was founded , name ly , the white dot surroundedby a black ring marking the exuvia

,i s a feature which may be very

commonly found in the San Jose Scale from any source .

The other variety es tabl ished by Mr . Cockerel l i s hi s A spi di otus

pern i c i osus var . androme l as,fi rs t described i n Cal iforn ia Fruit Grower

June 5,1 897

,on a plant l abe led P/i aeten i a gl auca ,

”from Japan,also

rece ived from Mr . Craw . Thi s variety i s also based on the characterof . the covering s cale

,and i s described as whol ly b lack with ou t any

l igh t do t and ring,a condition which is easi ly produced by rubbing or

otherwise accidental ly and may occur anywhere .

A th ird synonym of the San Jose scale is Maskel l ’ s Species A sp i

cl i otus f usca , described i n the New Zealand Transactions,Volume

XXVII,page 43

,figures 6— 9

,Plate I . This insect was described

from material col lected i n A ustral ia on peach ; and from Maskel l’s own

figure s and account of i t , and al so from the study made by Leonardii n Italy

,and from the later note on the subj ect by Maskel l h imsel f i n

the Canadian En tomologist,i t i s evident that this spec i es was based

on material repre senting the last s tage of the female of pern i c i osas ,but before the secretionary supplemen t had been much i f any developed

,se that the second exuvium was s ti l l larger than the newly

mol ted insect . This point can not,of course

,be ful ly dete rmined

without an examination of type material,but there i s very l ittl e doubt

i n the writer ’ s mind of the correctness of th is reference .

A fourth variety i s A sp i di otus pern i c i osus var . e uca l ypti Ful le r .A study of m aterial rece ived from Fulle r of th is v ariety indicates thatit should not be referred to the San Jose scal e at all

,but i s a good

distinct Species belonging to the genus A on i di e l l a and the namebecomes A on i di e l l a euca l ypt i Ful ler .

N O val id varieties or subspecies of the San Jose scale have thereforebeen found

,and al l of th e points of infestation now known can be

traced directly to the Chinese orig i n of the Scale .

56 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE SCA L E .

MEAN S O F DISTR IB UTIO N .

From an economic s tandpoint the important considerations i nmeans of spread of this insect are those which affect i ts wide di strition from one part of th e

Country to another . The transportationnursery s tock or scions or budding and

i n the foregoing accoun t of this i nse cand principal means of cartance of this means of dis treal ized i n this country i nand somdanger incurred not o n ly i n the indiscriminate introduction of pfrom foreign sources

,but also i n the carriage of plants from one

of th e country to another without competent inspection .

The San Jose scale i s also frequently carried about on fruit,

t i cu lar ly of the apple and pear . The young scale insectthe fruit

,and i n the case of badly infested trees there i s us

deal of scale on the fruit particularlyends . The scalemay go on breeding on such fru it and the young mbe found crawl ing about on the frui t and i n the boxes . Such fruitcommonly sh ipped - to remote points

,and infested fruit may b e fou

quite commonly i n the markets of this country ; and when attentiwas drawn to the San Jose scale by i ts firs t deve loping i n the Eainfested

frui t from California. could be found in almos t anyfruit markets of the principal eas te rn c i ties .The shipping of infested fruit from Cal iforn ia had been gofor a great many years

,and i n Spite of i ts wide dissemination

country,and to some extent abroad

,there is not

,so far as the

knows,a s ingle auth enticated instance of the seal

l i sh ed from such material . The possibi l ity of it,however

,undoubt

edly exists , but the danger seems to be incons iderable . The fruit i seaten i n such places and the parings and was te material are usual lydisposed of i n such a way that i t would be very exceptional indeed forsuch frui t

,or th e young scale that might hatch on them

,to get access

to trees on which the scale cou ld make l odg ine nt . It would prac t ically be necessary for the parings to be tied to a tree

,or the frui t to

be placed i n the crotches of th e tree,to secure infestation

,and i t is

the bel ief of th e w rite r that infestation from th is source can be praetical ly i gnored . This h as an important bearing on the legis lationagains t A merican fruits enacted by various foreign countries

,and cer

ta i n ly the h is tory i n this regard in the U ni ted States i s wel l worthcons idering where such fruit was shipped about for years prior to theSan Jose scale scare without restrictions . The wide dis tribution ,therefore

,of the San Jose scale i s subs tantially l imited to i ts carriage

on nursery s tock and cuttings .

58 T H E SA N J O SE on C H INESE SCA L E .

slow where trees are moderately widely separated,and u sual ly

entire orchard wil l not become affected from a s ingle original pofor several years .

Occas ional ly the young s ca l e s may be locally transported by m en

teams . A n interesting case i n point i s given by Professor R olfs .

states that s ome melons growing i n an infes ted orchard were giventhe owner to a friend

, wh o took'

them away from the orchard i nwagon . A year later the sca l e developed on a tree underteam had been hi tched whi le th e melons were unloaded .

orchard was enti rely free from the scale original ly , i t seemsreasonable inference that the young had crawled upon theharness

,or melons

,w e re

conv ey ed a dis tance of 3 miles , and

c e eded i n gain ing access to a tree wh ich probably touched the wageor team during the interval of unl oading .

PAR ASITES AND O TH ER N ATUR A L ENEMIES .

Th e fol lowing paragraphs,under the heading “

T rue paras i tes ,’

were prepared for this bul letin by Dr . L . 0 . Howard .

T R U E PA R A S ITE S .

Some eight species of true parasites have be en reared from the SaJose scale i n th is country . Nearly al l of these are widespread , c cring on the Pacific coast

,and general ly also i n the Eas t

,and ar

also i n other par ts of the world . None of them are specificof the San Jose scale i n the sense that they are l imited to this sp

of scale,but al l of them are gene ral parasites o n other armored seal

insects . They are as fol lows :Aph e l i nus f usc zfpenn i s Howard .

Ap/ze l i nus my tz’

l aspi di s Le BarA spi déozfip/cagus c i tr i nus Howard .

A nap/ws gram/72'

s Howard .

Pkg/sou s v ar i corm'

s Howard .

Pm spaZmwarran t i a’

Howard .

A bl e /mas c l i s i ocampaa A shmead .

R /copo i deus c i tri n as Howard .

Of these A spi d'éozfzp/tagus c i tr i n '

ecs,Prospa l ta mammal

,Ap/Le l i n

f us cz’

s,and Apfwl z

nus my ti l asp i di s are of very w ide di s tri b ut i oA sp{cl i otip/tagu s c z

nxus , for example , originally described fromforn i a i n 1 891

,i s now found i n many other portions of the U n

States,i n the IVcst Indies

,Italy

,A us tria

,Ceylon

,China

J apan,Cape Colony

, Q ueens land , South A us tral ia , and Hawaii ,this remarkable dis tribution is practica l ly fol lowed by the other thT h e mo s t. important of thes e paras i tes i s the l ittl e

pew / 4

s . It was reared i n large numbers by Mr . Coq

TRU E PA RA SITES .

specimens be ing reared as late as N ovember 10. It was subsequen tly

reared many times by Mr . A l exander Craw , M r . E . M . E hrhorn ,and

others , i n Cal iforn ia . In the Eas t i t attack ed th e San Jos e s ca l e atthe very outset

,hav ing previous ly ex is ted i n this part o f th e country

as a paras i te of othe r species of Diaspinae. It was reared i n this

office from m ate rial col l ected at R i vers ide , Md .

,and Charlottesvi l le

,and al so from the materia l col lected i n the firs t orchards found

infes ted,by Prof . J . B . Smith

,of N ew J ers ey . Profes sor Forbes has

reared it i n Il l inois from the San Jose scale,and i t has often been

reared i n Washington . That th is insect h as been s teadi ly on th e

increase seems l ikely , but i t i s also probabl e that there i s a certainperiodici ty i n i ts increase . In Bull etin No . 57 o f the Mary land A gricultural Experiment Station

,publ ished i n A ugust

,Prof . W . G .

Johnson s tated that he did not th ink i t poss ibl e to secure any imm ediate beneficial resul ts f rom thi s paras ite i n the State of Mary l and .

He said that i n al l h is efforts to secure them i n h i s breeding cages hehad been obl iged to inclose hundreds of thousands of scales to obtainone paras i te . Less than two years later

,however

“ he s tated that i n a

new l ocal ity for the San Jose scal e , near Eas ton ,Tal b ot County

he found the paras i tes i n enormous numb e 1 s . A quantity of smal lbranches 1nc 1 usted with the scale were brought to h i s l ab o1 ato 1 y and

inclosed i n b 1 eeding tubes . Much to h i s sn i pr i s e these tubes were

swarming with paras i tes a few days late 1 . From one tube spec

imens of Aphe l i nus f use z’

s were taken,while a second tube gave

43 2,a third and a fourth more than The other scale

insects i nfested by th is paras i te are A sp i d z’

otus 70 64296493 Com st .

,A spi dz

tus euonym i Targ .

,L epi dosapkes gl ooer z

Pack .,and L epz

dosap/zes

u lm i L

Ap l l e l i nus 777y ti l aspi di s Le Baron i s anoth e 1 important parasite wh ichwas reported i n earl ier publ ications as attacking the San Jose scale m

Cal i fo 1 n i a , whe1 e it was re a1 ed i n Santa Clara County by Mr . E . M .

E h rh o 1 n . It is al so a common and w idespread species,and infes ts

as ide from the San Jose scale , L epz’

dosap/zes u lm é , O /z i onasp i s pi m’

f ol z’

Fitch,and D i aspi s cara e l z

Targ . In the East it i s the commonestparas i te of the oyster - She l l scale of the apple . I t h as on ly recentlybeen found to attack the San Jose scale

,and i t i s an encouraging fea

ture that th is and other eastern species have at las t found a hos t satisfactory to themselves i n A spi dz

ozfus pern i c i osa s . It was las t year

(1905) reared at this office from San Jose scale co llected at Wash ington ,D . C .

,by Mr . A . A . Giraul t

,and at Y oungs town

,N . Y .

,by Mr . A . L .

Quaintance .

A sp i di otip/mgus c i tr i m as Howard(fig . 7) i s one of the most important paras i tes of armored scales i n Cal ifornia

,to which State i t was

evidently imported from oriental regions . In Cal ifornia i t h as been

“Bul l . N o . 2 6,new seri es

,D i v i s i on of E ntomol ogy ,

U . S . D ept . of Agr., pp. 73 , 74 .

repeatedly reared from the San Jose scale,but i t i s also known

attack O /zrysomp/La l us fi cus A shm . and O . aurcm ti z’

Mask. varic i tr i nus Coq . It has made its way to the E as t and has been rearedfrom the San J ose scale received from Hampton , Fla .

,where i t was

col le cted by Mr . A . L . Q uaintance . This species seems to be foundon ly i n the warmer countries

,and has no t been found north of Florida

i n the Eas t as yet .

gm cz’

l i s Howard,which was reported i n Bulletin NO . 3 as

original ly reared from specimens col lected at R i v ers ide , Md .,and

l ater from twi gs‘

re e e i v ed from Charlottesvil le,Va .

,h as no t again

been reared i n th is office from the San Jose scale,and the doubt

expre st'

i n our original note may be val id,namely , that th is species

may have been a parasite O f some other scale insect,probably the

oys ter- shel l s cal e,present on the twigs at the same time . Th e t y pe

of th e species was[

reared from th e oys ter - Shel l sca le of the apple,and

i t i s quite l ikely to b e an egg parasite on ly .

F IG .— A spi dw tziph agus ci trmus , grea tly e nlarged (from H oward ) .

The four Spe c l e s Just mentioned were recorded i n Bul letin No . 3 .

During the summer of 1 905 th ree other species have been reared byMessrs . Q uaintance and Giraul t . These are as fol lows

Pkg/sous oar i corm’

s Howard was reared from materia l col lected byMr . Q uaintance , May 3 0, 1 905, at Hampton , Fla . There remains al ittl e doubt as to the paras i tism of this species on perm

osus, as

according to the note there may poss ibly have been other hosts present .

The known hos ts O f th is species are A sp i d z’

otus ancy l us Putn .,

cespz’

s quercus Comst .,and O /ci onasm

s mner i cmi a Johnson .

I ’m spa lm a nranti i Howard(fig . 8) was reared from th e San Jose

s cale July 3 1 , 1905 , from material col lected from an infes ted pear tree

o n the grounds O f the Department of A gricul ture , at Wash ington .

This paras i te aff ects no less than nine distinct species of scale ins ects ,and has been reared from mate rial col l ected i n Cal ifornia , Florida ,Dis trict of Columbia , New Y ork , N ew Mexico , and I l l inois .

TRU E PA RA S ITE S .

A bl erus c l i s i ocampaa A shm . (fig . 9) was reared i n the summer of105 by Mess rs . Q uaintance and Giraul t from the San Jos e scalecurring upon pear upon the Department grounds , at W

aSh i ngton .

F IG . 8 .—Prospa l ta auranti z

,greatly e n large d (from H oward ) .

was also reared f rom D z

s pen tagona Targ .

,occurring upon

e grounds of the Department . It affects al so Ul t i onasp i s f urf am s

and i s known to occur i n North Carol ina,i n Il l inois , and i n the

i str i ct Columbia .

Ab l erus c l i si ocampae , female , greatly e n large d (from H oward ) .

hopo i deus c i tr i nus How . was reared i n 1 885 by Mr . A lbertat Truckee

,N evada County ,

Cal .,from A sp i déozfus pern i c i o

and was descr ibed b y’

th e writer i n the proceedings of thenal Museum

,N O . 1 142

,October 4

,1 898 . This record was

6 2 TH E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE SCA L E .

overlooked i n earl ier publ ications from th is Bureau,and the spe

has not s ince been reared from any scal e i n any part of the countrThe Koeb e l e 1885 Specimens are un ique so far as known .

PR E D A CE O U S IN S E CT E N E M IE S .

NATIVE A N D INTRO D U CED ENEM IES O F O TH ER SCAL E - INSECTS .

Practically al l of the scale - feeding Coccinel l idae,or ladybirds , m

feed on the larvae or older specimens of the San Jose scal e . A dozor more different species of ladybirds have been recorded i n thistry as attacking this scale insect . Our mos t important nativefeeding ladybi rd(O b i l ocorus bi oul nerus coth e twice - stabbed ladybird

,and represented by one species O

number of closely al l ied forms i n d ifferent sections of the cohas

not proven very efficien t against the San Jose Scal e,at leas t

Eas t,al tho commonly found i n infested orchards . Its prese

easte rn orchards,however

,may O ften be accounted for by i ts

attracted by oth er .native scale insects present i n th e sameIt i s a sl ow breeder

,having i n the North at least

annual ly,and seems to g i ve v ery l ittl e promise of be i

v alue as a means of controll ing the San Jose scale i n tthe U nited States . In Cal iforn iabut part icularly i n the Paci fi c coas ti s a much more active and important meascale i n check . It has been reported as multiplying enorinfested orchards i n Cal ifornia and almos t effecting the exte

of th is scal e . Such a report was s en t to us by Mr . N . W .

relative to orchards in T ulare County,Cal . “

A l arge number of Coccinell idae imported by Mr . Koe b e l e

fo rn i a and colonized there have been reported as attacking theJose scale . Th e fol lowing species have been observed to have deoped this habit : R h i z obz

us debi l i s Black,O rcus austra l as i ae Boi

R h i z obi us ZOp/zun t/Lac Blaisdel l , O wens cha l ybeus B o i sd.

,and M 2?

we i sea b(Pen t i l z’

a) mase l l a L e e . Th e las t named of these only i s ofimpo

a Se e Insect L i fe, Vo l . V , p. 53 .

b Se e Cockerel l , Can . E ntom .

,Vo l . XXXV

,N O . 2

, p. 3 8,F eb ruary , 1903 .

0 Th e effic i ency aga i nst sca l e i nsect pests O f c i trus trees o f certai n of M r. K

importat i ons o f fore ign l adyb i rds i nto Ca l i forn i a l ed th e State H o rt i cu l tura lof N ew Jersey to secure i n 1896 from th e State legi s l ature an appropr i at i on O

for th e purpose o f i mport i ng i nparas i tes from o th er States an

Jo h n B . Sm i th,entomo logi s t o f

i nru i a and sent a l arge quant i typlace s i n N ew J

ENEM IE S O F O TH ER S CA L E -INSE CTS .

and very interes ting species of M i crowe i se a,recently descri bed

attacks the San Jose scale,and is referred to below .

R h i z obz'

us l op/Lan t/zaawas original ly described from specimens foundpreying upon the San Jos e scal e at San Diego

,Cal . , but be longs to a

lot which was introduced by Mr . Koe b e l e on h is fi rs t A ustral ian trip

(1888—89) and subsequently lost s igh t of,and was described by Doctor

Blaisde l l under the suppos i tion that i t was a new Cal ifornia Species .

Of our native predaceous insects attacking the San Jose scale,the

most useful and interesting i s the li ttl e coccine l l id Tmcrowe i sea m i sal l a

(fig . which i n both the larva and beetle s tate feeds upon th i s

scale . It has a very wide range , occurring thruout the Eas t and al so

F IG .-M i crowez

sea (Penti l i a ) mi sel la : a,b e e tle ; b , larv a ; c , pupa ,

d, b lossom end of pear, sh ow i ng

scale s w i th larv ae of M i crowe i se a fe ed i ng on them ,and pupae O f M i crowe i sea a ttach ed w i th i n th e

calyx . A l l gre atly en larged (from H oward and M arlatt ) .

i n Cal ifornia,and began to attack the scale i n numbers in the Eas t i n

the first i nfested orchards discovered . This beetle was figured and

i ts habits briefly indicated i n Bul letin 8 . The paren t beetles preferthe full -grown female scales

,and may frequently be O bserved stand

i ng astride the scale,almost on e nd

,push ing their heads under the

margin of the protecting scale to ge t a t th e soft , yellow insectbeneath . The larvae of th ese beetles seem to feed more abundantly on

the young scales . Thei r mode of attacking the older scales was notO bserved . The egg of th i s particularly usefu l coccine l l id has no t beenfound , but a favorite place for pupat i on was discovered within th e

calyx of the pears . This cavity i s often l iteral ly fi l led with a mixture8449— N O . 62— 06— 5

64 T H E SAN J O SE O R CH INESE SCA L E .

of young and old Scale - insects,and frequentl y contains ful

Penti lia larvae,thei r pupae

,and freshly issued beetl es . (See

This beetle was original ly bel ieved to be essential ly an easternand th e fact that it attacked the Sanoutset was an inteHoward to sugges t i ts immediatcolony was sent

,i n 1894 , to Professor Woodworth , at Be rkeley .

account of this useful beetle having come to the attention of Mr .M cInty re , of L e spe , Cal . , he urged us to procure for h im some 1specimens . Having al ready sen t material to Mr . Woodworth

not immediate ly able to get a supply of the insects forat th is j uncture we received from Mr . G . W . Harney

,of Marysvil le

Cal .,some be etle s for dete rmination

,which proved to be M erowe i sea

mase l l a . He reported that i n the mountainous reg i ons O f Y uba Countymany apple trees had been very badly infes ted with A . pern i c i osa s , and

that hundreds of these l i ttle l adybirds were found preying on the scale .

The occurrence of th is ladybird i n Californ ia as thus determined,and

the fact that it there had the same useful hab i t,was a most interesting

discovery . W e immediately had Mr . M cInty re’s request transferred

to Mr . Harney for attention . It is more than l ike ly that th is l ittlebeetle i s already widely distribute d over the Pacific S lope

,and i t may

prove to have a continental d i strib ution instead of being res tricted tothe Eas t

,as original ly supposed .

A nother species of about th e same s i ze as M orowea'

sea. mase l l a,but

dark wine - red i n color and representing a distinct specunder O b servation for some time by Mr . Frederick M ask ew i n

e rn Cali forn ia,and at the time of the writer ’ s Vis it to Cal ifornia

autumn of 1903 his attention was called to this scymn i d,and

material was col lected and submitted to Mr . E . A . Schwarz,wh

noune ed i t to be an undescribed species . Mr . Masl ittle seymn i d i s always as sociated with the San Jose s cale

to be doing pretty good work against it . Mr . Schwarz has puba description of i t under the name Pseudowez

sea sutum l a’

A smal l predaceous beetle,Col l ops guadm

nm cu l atus Fab .

O bserved by Mr . Schwarz at Charlottesvil le,Va .

,feeding on the

of the San Jose scale . Th is beet le belongs to the fami ly M alach i i d

concern ing the l ife history and food habits of which very l i ttleknown . E vidently these beetles are in part at least predaceous

ev idenced by th is O bservation by Mr . Schwarz . This beetle i s,h e

ever,no t abundant enough apparently to have any practical value

a means of control l ing the San Jose scale .

66 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE S CAL E .

and often b ut a smgl e generation annually . The s lowness of breedof the A me rican species i s a very great bar to i ts usefulness i nl atitude which includes the principal deciduous - fruit interes ts of theU n ited States .

These facts were th oro ly demons trated from the breeding recordsof the material sent from China and Japan . Several sendings weremade by the writer

,but unfortunately mos t of the specimens died i n

transit or during the first winter . Two individuals,h owever

v i v ed,and during the firs t summer

,that of 1902

,from these two so

or more beetl es were secured . The breeding was firs t carrie

F IG . 12 .

— As i at i c lady b i rd (Ch i locorus s im i l i s ) , late r larva l stage s , pupa , and adu lt i nse ct : a , se con

larv a l s tage ; b , e ast sk i n of same ; c , ful l -grown larva ; d ,m e thod of pupati on ,

th e pupa b e i n

re ta i ned i n Spl i t larv a l sk i n ; 6 , n ew ly emerged adul t‘

not y e t colored ; f , ful l y coloredadu l t . A l l en larged to th e same sca l e (auth or’

s i l lustrat i on ) .

on i n cages (Pl . VIII) , but afterwards the beetl es were l iberatedsmal l experimen tal orchard attached to the insectary of the BurA good many colon ies were sent out to diffe rent States

and sou th,i n th e summer of 1902

,many more i n th e su

and a few additional colon ies i n 1904 . Many of thes el iberated under rather unfavorable conditions

or,i n

where there were very few infes ted trees,and the bee

became s cattered and l os t . The bes t success came withnic s se nt to G eorgia

,and especially th e notabl e ease of

l\/Iars ha l l v i l l e . This l ast was i n an orchard contain ing

B u l 6 2 ,B u re au o f E ntomo logy, U S De pt . ofAgri c u l t u re PLAT E Vl l .

PUPAT IN G L ARV/E O F C H IL O C O R US S IM IL IS O N T H E T E RM INALS O F Twre s IN

D E PARTM E NT O RC HAR D . (A UT H O R ’ S ILLU ST RAT IO N . )

UB RARY

UNIVERSITY OF lL l INO lS

URBANA

B u l. 6 2 ,

B u re a u of E ntomo logy, U S De pt ofAgri c u l tu re PLATE VIII,

CAG E S U S E D | N B R E E D IN G A S IAT IC L ADY B IR D (C H IL O CO R US S IM IL IS ) .(A UTH O R ’ S IL L UST R AT l O N . )

LIB RARY

UNIVERSITY IL LINOIS

URBANA

TH E A SIA TIC -L A D Y B IRD EN EM Y O F TH E SCA L E . 67

peach trees,covering about 75 acres

,and adj oined a v ery much larger

orchard belonging to the same owne r,con taining trees . The

ladybi rds were l iberated i n A ugus t,1902

,i n the smal ler orchard . A n

examination of this orchard i n July,1903

,indicated that the beetl es

were rapidly spreading,and that they would soon cover the smal ler

orchard . A n es timate at this time O f‘ the number of ladybirds i n al l

s tages placed the total at somewhere between and and

from O bservations breeding evidently conti nued at th is point up toJanuary . There was therefore i n this l ati tude at least a very flatte r

i ng outlook for good results from the imported beetle .

None of th e colon ies sen t to northern States,that i s

,north of the

Dis trict of Columbia,became es tabl ished nor gave any useful resul ts ,

and subsequent experience , and particularly the el aborate tests con

ducted by D I . J . B . Smith,i n N ew Jersey

,wou l d indicate that there

i s very li ttl e l ike l ihood of usefulness from th is beetle for northernfruit regions . That it may be establ ished i n the South was ful lydemonstrated by the experience noted i n Georgia and by the experiencein th e orchard attached to the insectary of this Bureau , and i n someother S imilar experiments where the results were pe 1 h aps less marked .

A t the time that th is beetl e began to demonstrate its probab l e con

s i de rab l e usefulness InGeorg i a and el sewhere In the South ,the pi ac

tical val ue of th e l ime,sul fur

,and sal t wash became ful ly establ ished

and al l comme rcial orchards were regularly subjected to spray ingO perations with thi s mixture . The resul t was that the scale food ofthe imported beetl e was almost complete ly des troyed

,and th is was

true i n the principal,

orchards where i t was doing its best work . A s

a consequence al l of the bee tles starved or their numbers were greatlyreduced .

The local s tock of ladybirds in Wash ington practical ly disappearedwith the gradual extermination of the scale food

,and by the action of

a native paras ite which began to attack it after the first year . Th isparasite i s one that we had previously reared from native ladyb i rdsand had supposed i t to be a secondary parasite ; but the fact that i t i sa primary paras ite became ful ly demonstrated

,and it attacked the

W ashington colony with such vigor as to practical ly exterminate it .Fortunately this same paras i te does not seem to have b een equal lyactive i n the case of the southern colonies

,but it wil l undoubtedly

always be a bar to great usefulness from thi s and al l ied ladybirds .

A very serious d iffi culty in the introduction and es tabl ishment of apredaceous insect l ike th is A siatic ladybird beetl e

,which h as rather

limited powers of fl ight and is not carried about on nursery stock as

are true paras i tes,is the very scattering nature of infestation i n th is

country . In spite of the fact that the San Jose scale has become so

a Se e Proc . E n t . Soc . W ash i ngton ,Vo l . V

,N O . 2

, pp. 1 3 8,1 3 9

,1903 .

wide l y dis tributed and i s doing S O much damage to orchards,i t i s s ti l l

far from being universal ly present,and occurs after al l i n a very scat

tering way i n orchards h ere and there,with O ften 20 or 3 0 miles

between places of infes tati on . In Japan and China,where the Chilo

corus occurs rather general ly,i t finds food for itsel f i n every country

and city dooryard,either the San Jose scal e

,i n Japan particularly

the white peach scale (D i as-pas pen tagona) , on which i t also feeds .

The s tock of ladybirds,th erefore

,i s always kept up i n greater or less

numbers,ready to take hold of any unusual s cale increase . In this

country,i f the local food supply i s stopt by spraying operations or

exhaus tion,the l adyb i rd necessari ly dies , and very rarely wil l go far

enough to fi nd another infested orchard and a new food supply . U l timately

,when the San Jose scal e occurs everywhere

,predaceous lady

birds l ike th e A siatic species wil l undoubtedly become much moreuseful than they are under presen t conditions .

Nei ther the A siatic ladybird nor any other predaceous insect— and

th is i s true also of the chalcidid parasites,tho perhaps i n a less degree

can ever be expected to so th oro l y exterminate the San Jose scale asto give suffi cient protection for commercial orchard purposes

,where

absolutely clean or unspotted fruit i s an essential . Predaceous and

paras i tic insects can only survive i n connection wi th thei r hos t species,

and therefore u l timately there mus t be a natural balance which wil lfluctuate from year to year or period to period

,i n which alternately

the paras i te and the hos t insect get the upper hand,but both meces

sari l y being continuous ly present . Where subs tan tial ly clean frui tmus t b e had

,as for Shipping and export purposes , Spraying or some

other dire ct means of control mus t be practised ; and now th at aninexpens ive tree wash for the San Jose scale has been discovered

is very much to the advantage of everyone to Spray regularly,rather .

than trust to control by natural enemies .The importation of the A s iatic ladybird and the action of other pre

dace ous enemies and of paras i tes can no t,however

,work anythingbut

good . These feed upon or paras itize and des troy scale insects and

wil l u l timately greatly reduce th e v irulence of the attacks of the SanJose species . The larva of th e A s iatic l adybird was O bserved to eatthe young of the San Jose scal e at the rate of five or s i x insects to theminute

,and even on an average of but one a minute a total of

scale insects per day would be des troyed . The appetite of these larvae

seems to be never satisfied,and they are eating practically al l of the

time . The adul ts also feed active l y on the scale . In add i tion to thei rgreater or less efficiency i n general ly checking the rapid multiplication

of the San Jose scale , they-

and other natural enemies wil l ul timatelybe of special service i n the control of th e scal e i n private grounds and

i n smal l orchards and gardens th e owners of which would not,under

ordinary circums tances,practise regular spraying operations .

70 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE SCAL E .

which Professor R ol fs,of the Florida experiment station

,identifi ed

and di scust at length i n Bul letin 41 O f that s tation,publ ished i n

1897 . This disease i s common to other species of s cale insects, i s

widely distributed i n Florida and elsewhere i n th e Southern States,

and was found to attack the San Jose scale i n Florida very efficiently .

A s outl ined by Professor R olfs , a San Jose scale attacked by thisfungus IS usual ly transformed into a mass of mycelia before there i sany external appearance of change . When the body of the insect h asbeen consumed a bright , orange—colored protuberance forms at thebase of the scale , or at times i t breaks thru the protecting cover of theinsect . This orange - colored protuberance i s the most conspicuouspart of the fungus and the on ly portion vis ible to the unaided eye .

It var ies i n s i ze from an eighth to a fortieth of an inch. Those thataverage about one - s ixteenth of an inch are mos t abundan t under favorable conditions . These protuberances are the spore - bearing bodies

and con tain spores i n great numbers . These orange - colored sporebearing bodies are dev eloped and mature within s i x weeks from thetime of infection , and countless numbers of spores are l ibe rated fromthem during rains and are washed down the trees and sometimes tothe ground . Oth er and smal ler spore bodies are eventual ly producedfrom the germination of these , and are carried about by the air orother means

,and thus extend the infection . The biology of this

fungus is rather techni cal and compl icated , and nee d not be gone in toi n detai l . “

Professor R olfs demonstrated experimental ly that th is fungus couldbe transferred from tree to tree artificial ly . H i s process was to i nocul ate acid bread with pure cultures of the fungus

,and th ree weeks later

to break up a p i ece of bread about an inch square i n cold water,and

apply to a scal y tree by means of a sponge or cloth or by spraying,

The appl ications were made i n midsummer,. and the O bservations as to

resul ts late i n February . Out o f'

e igh t experimen ts four we re successful

,three unsuccess ful

,and one doubtful

,the tree having i n the mean

time died . A good deal of interes t was aroused by this publicationof Professor R o l fs ’

s , and experiments with this fungus were made i nGeorgia and by entomologis ts to whom cultures were dis tributed i nthe North and West . The results from these experimen ts i n the morenorthern regions were not

,as a rule

,v ery satisfactory

,and the fun

gus h as not demonstrated great practical meri t outs ide of Florida andperhaps southern Georgia . U ndoubtedly

,however

,i t i s a very valu

abl e aid i n the control of the San Jose scale th ruout the Gulf region,

where h i gh temperatures associated with sufficien t humidity occur .The mos t careful experimental work with this fungus was that conducted by Prof . J . B . Smith i n N ew Jersey . While nearly al l the

a Se e B ul . N O . 4 1,F l o ri da A gr i c . E xp. Sta .

,1897 .

F U N G O U S A N D O TH ER D IS E A S ES . 7 1

experiments made by Docto r Smith were barren of results , one yieldedrather notable succes s . This was i n the orchard of Mr . Horace

R oberts,at Fellowsh ip

,N . J . Twigs from Florida bearing San Jose

scales infes ted by the fungus were tied to branches of infes ted treesabout the middl e of June . Toward the e nd of September DoctorSmith found the fungus upon almost al l or the trees upon which twigshad been tied . He reports that i t had spread pretty wel l over thetrees

,and i n some cases i ts presence was O bvious from the surface O f

the ground to the extremity of the branches,hundreds of patches of

the orange fru i ting processes being everywhere noticeable . In no

case,however

,so far as Doctor Sm ith O bserved

,had the d isease spread

to any adj acent trees , unl ess i n a l ess vis ible stage , and by no meansall of the scales on th e trees con taining th ese tw igs were dead .

Various saprophytic fungi which develop i n diseased or dying woodare sometimes so clos ely associated with the scale'

;or i n fact grow on

th e scale as wel l as on the wood , that the inference i s a very natural

one that the scal e i s be ing kill ed by these fungi . Examples of twosuch fungi have recently been sent to us fo r examination and weresubmitted to the Laboratory of P lant Pathology of this Departmen tfor investigation . The fol lowing report indicates thei r nature :

W e fi nd two spec i es of fungi presen t upon th ese Spec i mens . Th e m os t conspi cuousform i s M i cropera coroneastr i (F r. ) Sacc . Th e fungus forms smal l

,b l ack

, somewh atpu l v i nate masses On th e surface of th e bark

,somet imes cov er i ng O ld sca l es . T h e

pl ant i s not mature and Sh ows i n on l y a few i nstances pycnospores . It i s not an

uncomm on fungus upon d i seased or dy i ng branch es of fru i t trees and oth er c l osel yrel ated rosaceous pl ants . Its rel at i on to th e scal es present i s probab l y al ways acc identa l . Th e fungus probab l y devel ops m ore read i l y upon th e tw i gs wh i ch h av ebeen i njured or part i a l l y k i l l ed b y th e sca l e .

Th ere i s a l so anoth er fungus present i n a cons i derab le quant i ty on som e of th e

tw i gs . It cons i sts of m i nute b l ack , s l ender st ipi tate bod i es a few m i l l imeters h i gh .

Th i s i s a l so i mmature,sh ow i ng on l y con i d i a . It i s probab l y Spi nctr i na ceras i B . C .

In th e ab sence of the asc igerous form of th e fungus i t i s imposs i b le to state pos i ti ve l yth at th i s Is th e spec i es . A S i n the case of th e oth er fungus ment i oned ,

i t probab l ybears no paras i ti c re lat i on to th e scal es present , as i t usual l y occurs on dead or dy i ngb ranches of fru i t trees .

Th e first fungus men t i oned(M i crope ra) i s th e one m ost c l osel y assoc i ated w i th th esca les .

The plan of using contagious insect diseases to des troy importantpests

,such as th e San Jose scale

,i s a very attractive one

,and i n the

case of the San Jose . scale wel l worthy of more careful study than hasso far been given i t . I t i s possible that some of the O bscure forms of disease which have already appeare d in northern districts

,as i n Maryland

Virginia,and i n the State of W ashington

,may be capable of artificia l

propagation and distribution,and yield results of distinct value in the

control of the scale . A l l of these fungous and other diseases wil lundoubtedly become more efficient with the more wide and ge neraldistribution of the scale .

MEAN S O F CO N TR O L L IN G TH E SAN J O SE SCAL E .

IN S E CT I CID E A PPL I CA T I O N S .

A ctive e xpe ri m e ntat i on . w i th d i fle re nt remedies for the San Josescale was instituted by this Office promptly afte r the discovery of theoccurrence of this pes t i n eastern orchards and nurseries . A ful lrecord of these early experiments i s given i n Bu l le tin No . 3 (newseries ) of this Bureau , pages 56 to 71 . The subj e ct of the se expe r i

ments wil l not be gone into i n detai l . They covered th e use of thel ime - sulfur washes employed agains t th e San Jose scale i n Cal ifornia

the hydrocy’

an i c—acid -

gas treatment for orchards and nursery s tocklye washes

,pure kerosene

,kerosene - soap emuls ions

,res in washes

soap washes . The early experience with the l ime,sul fur

,and sal t

wash was unfavorable , l argely due appare ntly to th e fact that theO bservations on the trees treated were no t continued long enough tonote the effect of the l ate summer results . Good results wereobtained with the kerosene emu l s ions

,and particularly with th e soap

washes,and the fi sh - oil—soap wash became one of the s tandard means

of control l ing the scale and i s s ti l l among the best and safest washesto be used

,al tho rather more expensive than necessary

,except where

only a few trees are to be treated .

The subj ect of remedies was promptly taken up by different expe r iment s tation entomologis ts i n the Eas t

,and a vas t body of expe r ime n

tal data i s now on record i n various station publ ications . The studyof the subj ect of remedies has also been continued by this Bureau and

reported'

i n di fle re nt bull etins . The l ime,sulfur

,and sal t wash at

firs t reported on adversely by us was afterwards demons trated to beof real value

,and experimen tal work was taken up

,firs t by the Il l inois

Experiment Station,underProfessor Forbes

,and subsequently by other

Stations,and i t h as now come to be the general ly accepted remedy for

th e San Jose Scale . Without going at al l i n detai l into the subjecth is torical ly

,i t i s sufli c i e nt for the purpose of this bul letin to reproduce

the recommendations fo r the control of the San Jose scale subs tantial l yas given i n the fourth rev i sed edition of our Circular 42 .

In addition to the s tandard remedies mentioned below a great manyproprietary sub stances have appeared

,and some of these have some

mer i t. The bes t of thes e are ce rtain merchantable brands of l imesulfur compounds

,and oils which have “ been treated by some secret

process to render them mis cible i n water . The predominating con

s t i tue nt of the latter i s mineral oi l , and the resulting mixture , whichi s no t apparently an emuls ion

,i s undoubtedly of value if used i n suf

fi c i e nt s trength to get the requ ired amount of oil on the trees . Thereno advantage i n us ing any of these compounds over the standard

insecticides,and thei r greate r cos t i s a dis tinct O bj ection

,together

74 T H E SAN J O SE O R CH INESE SCAL E .

A year later(1901—2 ) very el aborate tes ts conducted by Doctor Forbesi n Il l inois Showed that fai rly hard rains wil l no t always inval idatespraying wi th this mixture . A vas t amoun t of experience of the mos tpractical kind S ince gained , contributed to by al l the eas te rn expe r i

men t s tations and by the b i g commercial f rui t growers of th e Middl eand Eas tern States , h as ful ly demons trated the practica l merit of th iswash and i ts superiority to others i n po i nt

of safety to trees and i n

cheapness . Thewash i s furthermore a valuable fungicide and is notably useful agains t the peac h l eaf curl

,sprayed trees being practical ly

i mmune from th is d isease,S O that the cos t of treatment i s often more

than made good by the fungicidal benefit alone . Its d i sadvantages arethe difficulty of preparation and the heavy wear which i t enta i ls on

apparatus— O bj ections,however

,w hich do not offset i ts notable .adv an

tages,particu l arly for commercial orchard work or where the number

of trees to be treated i s sufficient to warrant the trouble of i ts preparation . It i s

,i n fact

,the standard spray now used i n commercial orchards

for the San Jos e scale .

In the matter of compos i tion of the wash scarcely any two expe r i

men ters agree . Sal t w as a part of the original composition of the Sheepdip and h as longbeen retained , w ith the ide a that i t added , pe rhaps , tothe caus tic quali ties

,and particularl y to the adhes ive nature of the

wash . For the latter purpos e a very smal l amount only,1 or 2 pounds

to the bushel of l ime,need be added

,fol lowing the cus tom i n th e

preparation of wh itewash mixtures . In practical experience,however

the sal t seems to have been of very l ittle be nefit and i s thereforeomitted i n the formula now given . The proportion of l ime and su lfuri s a matter of some indifference . The mixture O btained i s sulph ide ofl ime

,and i f an excess of l ime is used i t s imply remains undissolved in

the mixture and adds to the whitewashing character of the appl ication .

T O O much l ime i s dis tinctly obj ectionable,however

,because of the

greater di ffi cul tyt

o f spraying and harder wear on the pump and nozzles .

The formula here given i s substant ial ly the one which has been h i therto recommended by this Bureau

,reduced to the 45 or 50 gal lonbas is

or the capacity of the ordinary kerosene barrel ‘common ly used in itspreparation by the s team method .

U ns l aked l i me -pounds 20

F l owers (or flour ) o f su l fur do 15

W ater to make -ga l l ons 45 to 50

The flour of sulfur,although requ iring somewhat longer cooking

seems to make as good a wash as the flowe rs of sul fur,but an hour of

th e re cooking i s ample fo r ei ther . Good qual ity s tOne l ime Should besecured and s laked i n a smal l quantity of hot water i n the cookingvessel

,say o ne - third the ful l di lution . The sulfur

,previous ly mixt

up into a s tiff pas te , should be added at once to the S lak i ng l ime . The

B u l. 6 2 ,

B u re au o f E ntomo logy,U 5 . D e pt o fAgri c u l t u re .

PLAT E IX,

ST EAM PLANTS F O R C O O KIN G L IM E - S U LF U R WASH .

(F rom Q ua i n tanc e . )

76 T H E SA N J O SE O R C H INESE SCAL E .

If sprayed i n midwinter or earl ier,the soap solution seems t

th e development of the fruit buds , and a los s of fruit fori s apt to be experienced , the trees l e afi ng out and growing , h owe v eperhaps more vigorous ly on this account . The soap treatment i s pefe ctl y safe for al l kinds of trees and i s very effective agains t the s ealW i th large trees or badly infes ted trees , prel im inary to treatment i tIi s des irable

,with th is as wel l as other appl ications

,to prune the

back very rigorous ly . This resul ts i n an economymuch more th e re and eff ective work poss ibl e . Thei n large quan tities at from 3 cents to 4 cents amixture cos t

,as appl ied to the trees

,from 7 cents to 8

The success of the soap treatment i s l argely influenced by the qual iof the soap used . M anv brands are on the market

,mos tly made w i

soda lye . A potash soap Should be insisted on,and one that does 11

contain more than 3 0 per cent O f water . The soda soap washes areapt to be gelatinous when co l d and di fli cu l t or impos s ible to sprayexcept when kept at a very high temperature .

KERO SENE TREATM ENT .

This cons is ts i n spraying the trees with ordinary i lluminating oi l

(coal oil or kerosene) . Th e appl ication i s made at any time during thewinter

,preferably i n the latter part

,and by means of a spray pump

making a fi ne mis t spray . Th e,appl i eat i on should be made with the

greatest care,merely enough spray being put on the plan t to moisten

th e trunk and branches without caus ing the O i l to flow down the trunkand col l ect about the base . With the use of this substance it mus t beconstantly borne i n mind that care l ess or excess ive appl ication of theoi l wi l l be very apt to kil l the treated plant . The appl icat ion shouldbe made on a bright

,dry day

,S O that the O i l will evaporate as quickly

as poss ible . O n a moist,cloudy day the evaporation i s sl ow

inj ury to the plan t i s more apt to result . If th e kerosene treatmentbe adopted

,therefore

,i t must be with a ful l appreciation of the fact

that the death of the tree may fol low . This oi l has been used,how

ever,a great many tim es and very extensively without consequent

i nj u ry of any kind . O n the other h and , i ts careless use h as frequentlyk il led valuable trees . Its advantages are i ts efle c t i v e ne ss

,i ts avai l

abil ity,and i ts cheapness

,kerosene spreading very rapidly and much

less of i t be ing required to wet the tree than of a soap and water Spray .

Pure kerosene i s more apt to be Injur i ous to peach and plum than topear and apple trees

,and the treatment of the former

,as with the

soap wash,shoul d be deferred unti l spring

,j us t before the buds swell .

“71th young trees especial ly i t i s wel l to mound up about the trunk afew inches of earth to catch the overflow of O i l

,removing the O i l

soaked earth immediate l y after treatment .

T H E O I L -W A TER TREA TM ENT . 7 7

TH E CRU D E - PETRO L EU M TREATM ENT .

Crude petroleum i s used i n exactly the same way as i s the common

i l luminating oil refer red to above . Its advantage over kerosene i sthat

,as i t conta ins a very large percentage of the heavy oils , i t does

not penetrate the bark so readily,and

,O n the othe r hand

,on ly the

l ight oi ls evaporate,l eaving a coating of the heavy O i ls on the bark

which remains i n evidence for months and prevents any young scal ewhich may come from the chance individuals that were no t reachedby the Spray from getting a foothold . Crude petroleum comes i n agreat many different forms , depending upon the l ocal ity , th e gradesuccessful ly experimented with i n the work O f th is Bureau showing

43 0 B aumé . Crude oil showing a lower B aum é than 43 0 i s unsafe,

and more than 450 i s unnecessarily h igh . The l ower specific gravityindicated(43 0 ) i s substantial ly that of th e refined product , the removalof the l ighter oi ls i n refining practical ly offsetting the removal of theparaffin and vasel ine . The same cautions and warnings apply to thecrude as to the refined O i l .

TH E O IL -VVA T E R TREATM ENT .

Various pump manufacturers have now placed on the market sprayi ng machines which mechanically m ix kerosene or crude petroleumwith water in the act of spraying . The attempt i s to regulate theproportion of kerosene so that any des i red percentage of o il can b ethrown out with the water and be broken up by the nozzl e into a sortof emulsion . Some of these mach ines

,when everyth ing is i n good

working order,give fai rly satis factory resul ts , but absol ute re l i a

b i l i ty i s far from assured .

The best outlook for good apparatus of th is sort seems to be i n carry i ng the oi l and water in separate l ines of hose to the nozz le , un itingthem in the l atter

,and i n maintaining an absolute equal ity of p res sure

on both the o i l and th e water tanks by employing compressed air as

the motive force,kept up by an air pump

,the air chamber commun i

cating w i th both of the l iqu id receptacles . A ny oth er source O f con

stan t pressure,as carbon ic acid gas or steam

,wi l l answer . One or

more manufacturers are now working on apparatus of this generaldescription . A 10-per - cent strength kerosene can be used for a summer spray on trees where the San Jose scale i s multiplying rap i dly andwhere i t is not‘ des i rable to let it go unchecked unti l the time for thewinter treatment . The winter treatmen t with the wate r - kerosenesprays may be made at a strength of 20 per cent of the O i l . Appl i

cations of the oi l -water spray Should be attended with the same precautions as with the pure oil

,and there i s even somewhat greater risk

owing to the natura l tendency one has to apply the di l ute m ixturemuch more freely than the pure oil . Th e application should be merely

78 T H E SA N J O SE O R CH INESE SCA L E .

enough to we t the bark , and should no t,to any extent , at leas t , run

down the trunk . The collect ion of water and O i l about the trunk i sj ust as dangerous to the tree as i s that of the pure o i l .In the use of the oi l sprays noted above one who has not had expericuce with them i s adv i sed to make some careful pre l iminary tests toful ly mas ter the process

,preferably waiting two or th ree weeks to

determine the results be fore entering on the general treatment of theorchard . It i s w e l l

,with the oil -water mixtures

,to test the pump

from time to time,spraying into a glass j ar or bottle to de termine by

ac tua l measuremen t whether the correct pe rcentages of oi l and waterare being maintained .

PETRO L EU M - SO AP EM U L SIO NS .

The kerosene - soap emulsion,following chiefly the R i l ey -Hubbard

formula,h as been one of the S tandard means agains t scale insects for

twenty years . Th e dis ti l late emuls ion general ly employed i n Cal iforn i a for spraying citrus trees

,on which th e l ime

,sul fur

,and sal t

wash can not be used,i s substantial ly the same thing

,except that i t

i s made with th e Cal ifornia disti l late or petrol eum oil . Crude petroleum of any kind , as we l l as the refined product , may also be used i nmaking this emuls ion . The use of th e soap emuls ions agains t the SanJose scale i n the East has no t been very gene ral , on account of th egreater facil ity with which the pure o i l or oi l -water m ixtures can b eappl ied . Th e diffi culty of obtaining un iform resu l ts with the l atterhas led to a return to the use of emuls ions to some extent

,and the re

can be no doubt about the i r superior merit when i t i s desired to dilutethe pure O i ls . Emuls i ons may b e appl ied at any strength with ab sol ute confi dence that there wil l be no variation . W here the emulsioncan be prepared wholesale by steam power i ts employment i s attendedwith no di fficulties . In Cal iforn ia i t i s prepared by oi l companies andsold at very slightly more than the cos t of the O i l and soap i ngredients . It i s made after the fol lowing formula :

Petro l eum gal l ons

W h al e-o i l soap(or 1 quart so ft soap) -poundW ater(soft ) gal l on

The soap,first fi nely d ivided

,i s dissolved i n th e water by boil ing and

immediately added boiling hot,away from the fire

,to the O i l . The

who l e mixture i s then agitated v iolently whil e hot by being pumpedback upon i tself with a force pump and direct - discharge nozzle throwi ng a s trong s tream

,preferably o ne - eighth inch i n diameter . A fter

from three to five minutes ’ pumping the emuls ion should be perfect ,and the mixture wil l h ave increased from one - th i rd to one - hal f i nbulk and as sumed the cons is tency o f cream . Wel l made

,the emuls ion

wil l keep i ndefini tely and should be diluted only as wanted for use .

80 T H E SA N J O SE O R CH INESE S CA L E .

L EG ISL ATIO N A G AIN ST TH E SAN J O SE SCAL E .

A s indicated i n another place , no insect has been the subj ect of somuch domesti c and foreign l egi s l at i O n as has the San Jose scale . In

this coun try nearly al l the States have past laws regulat ing the saleand shipment of nursery s tock andp rov i di ng for inspection on accountof th is s cale insect

,and a great many foreign countries have made

regulations regarding the importation of A merican plants and fruits .The domes tic legis lation on insect matters

,including the San Jose

scale,was compiled by Doctor Howard and publ i shed as Bulletin No .

1 3 (new series) of th is Office i n 1 898 , and the foreign legislation up

to 1 900 i s summarized by Doctor Howard in Circular No . 41 of th isOffice , publ ished i n A ugus t

,1 900. There has been a great deal of

additional l egislation by differen t States subsequent to the publ icationof Bull etin N o . 1 3

,and by a resolution of the A ssociation of Econom i c

Entomologists and the A merican A ssociation of Horticul tural Inspectors this Office has col lected

,by th e aid of special committees appointed

by the two associations mentioned,al l of the laws i n their present

form,and these have very recently been publ ished as Bul letin N O . 61

of the Bureau of Entomology . There have bee n also som e changesi n fore ign legislation

,and ultimate l y a revis ion of C i rcular 41 wil l be

i ssued . The subj ect i s much too large and bulky to be considered i nthis bul letin .

IND EX.

A b l erus cl i si ocampae, scal e h ostsA cac i a

,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

A cer pl atanoi des, food pl an t of San Jose scal esacchari num

,food pl an t of San Jose scal e

Sp.,food pl ant O f San Jose scal e

A cti ni ds’

a arguta , food pl ant of San Jose sca l epol ygama . (Se e A cti ni di a arguta . )

E scu lus h ippocastanum,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

A kebi a qui nata ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

Sp.,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

A l der . (Se e A lnus Sp. )A lmond . (Se e Prunus amygda lus and P. japon i ca . )A lnus Sp.

A l th ea,Sh rubby . (Se e H i bi scus syr i acus . )

Amelanch i er canadensi s and Spp.

,food pl ants of San Jose scal e

Ampe lopsi s qui nquefol i a ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

Anaph es graci l i s , i s i t paras i te of San Jose sca l e?A nts

,Spread i ng San Jose scal e

A oni di el la euca lypti , not v ar i ety of A spi dtotus perm’

c i osus

Aph el inus fuse ipeim i s, scal e h ostsmyti laspi di s, scal e h osts

Appl e . (Se e Pyrus ma lus. )h aw

,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

Apr i cot . (Se e Prtmus armem’

aca . )A rborv i tae . Se e Thuya occi denta l i s .

A roma m’

gra . (Se e Sorbus me lanocarpa . )A sh . (Se e F raxi nus Sp. and F . amer i cana . )

m ountai n . (Se e S orbus Sp.

,S . amer i cana

,and S . aucupa ri a . )

A spi di otiphagus ci tr i nus , scal e h ostsA spi di otus ancylus, paras i ti z ed b y Physcus m ri corm

euonym i , paras i ti z ed b y Aph e l i nusfuscipenn i sfusca. spi di otus perni ci osa s

pern i ci osas . (See a l so Scal e , San Jose . )A spi di otus fusca a synonym

v ar. a l bopunctatus ' A spi di otusperni ci osa sandrome l as A spadi otus pern i ci osa seuca lypti A on i di el l a euca lypti

rapax, paras i ti z ed b y Aph e l i nus fuscipenni sBasswood . (Se e T i l i a Sp. and T. ameri cana . )Beech , purpl e- l eav ed . (Se e F agus syl vati ca v ar. purpurea . )B etu la a l ba , food pl an t of San Jose scal e

B i rch . (Se e B etu la Sp. and B . a l ba . )

8 2 IND EX .

B i rds,Spread i ng San Jose scal e

B l ackb erry ,common . (Se e R ubus n i grobaccus . )

B ox . (See Buxus . )Buxus

,food pl ant o f San Jose Seal e

Castanea amer i cana,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

Cata lpa bi gnonoi des, food pl ant of San Jose scal ecomm on . (Se e Cata lpa b ignonoi ol es . )sp.

Ceanothus ameri canus , food pl ant of San Jose s cal eCel ti s occ i denta l i s, food pl ant o f San Jose scal eCerci diphy l lum japoni cum , food pl ant of San Jose scal eCh erry . (Se e Prunus av i um ,

P. cerasus , and P. pumi l a var . bessey i . )Ch estnut . (Se e Castanea amer i cana . )Ch i l ocorus b i vu lnerus , compari son w i th Ch i l ocorus s im i l i s

enemy of San Jose scal e .

s im i l i s . (See a l so L adyb i rd , A s i at i c) .

compar i son w i th Ch i locorus b i vu lnerusCh i nese scal e. (See Scal e, San Jose , and A spi di otus pern i c i osus. )Ch i onaspi s amer i cana , paras i t i z ed b y Physcus var i corn i s

fw jfurus , paras i ti z ed b y A b l erus c l i si ocampaepi nifol i ae, parasi t i z ed b y Aphe l i nus myti laspi di squerca s , paras i t i z ed b y Physcus ra ri corn i s .

Ch okeb erry ,b l ack . (Se e Sorbus mel anocarpa . )

Ch okech erry . (Se e Prunus v i rgi ni ana . )Chrysompha lus auranti i v ar . c i tr i nus

, paras i t i z ed b y A spi di otiphagus c i tri nus .

fi cus , paras i t i z ed b y A spi di otiphagus c i tri nasCi trus auranti um . (See a l so O range , and C i trus fru i ts . )

food pl ant of San Jose sca l efru i ts and San Jose scal etr ifol i ate ,

food pl ant of San J ose scal eC l imate

,a ffect i ng spread of San Jose scal e

Col l ops quadr imacu l a tus,enemy of San Jose scal e

Co l or protect i on ,of San Jose sca l e

Cornus a l ba v ar . s i bi r i ca ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

a l ternifol i a ,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

amomum,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

ba i l eyi , food pl ant of San Jose scal ecandi di ssi ma

ci rci nata,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

flor i da , food pl ant of San Jose sca l esangu i nea , food pl ant of San Jose sca lestol on ifera ,

food pl ant of San Jose sca leCotoneaster sp.

,food pl ant o f San Jose sca l e

vu lgar i s , food pl ant of San Jose scal eCrab appl e. (Se e Pyrus Sp. )Cra terga s cocci nea ,

food pl ant of San Jose scal ecorda i a

,food pl an t o f San Jose scal e

ga l l i , food pl an t of San Jose sca l efood pl an t of San Jose sca le

,food pl an t of San Jose scal e

Curran t . (Se e [ti l/ es mi l/ rum ,R . a ir/ram ,

and R . aureum . )Cydrm i a j rrpom

ca,food pl ant of San Jose sca le

vu lgar i s , food pl ant o f San Jose sca l e

84 INDEX .

Kerosene emul s i on . (Sec Petro l eum - soap emul s i ons . )remedy for San Jose scal e

Kero -water . (Sec O i l -water . )Kerr i a japon i ca , food pl ant of San Jose scal eL adyb i rd , A s i at i c . (Se e al so Ch i l ocorus s im i l i s . )

enem y O f D i aspi s pcutagoua

San Jose scal etwi ce- stabbed . (Se e Ch i locorus b i i u l nerus . )

L adyb i rds , A ustral i an ,unsuccessful i mportat i on i nto N ew Jersey

L aurel,mounta i n . (Se e Ka lmi a l a tifol i a . )

L egi s l at i on agai n st San Jose scal eL em on . (See C i trus fru i ts . )

c i dosaph es gl ovcri i , paras i t i z ed b y Aph e l i nus fuscipcuu i su lm i . (See a l so Scal e , oyster- sh el l . )

paras i t i z ed b y Aph e l i nus myti l aspi di sL igustrum ova l ifol i um ,

food pl ant of San Jose scal evu l gare, food pl ant of San Jose scal e

L i l ac . (Se e Syri nga au lgari so and S . persi ca . )

L ime-sul fur wash detr imental to estab l i shment of A s i ati c l adyb i rdremedy for San Jose scal ev al ue as fungi c i de

L i nden . (Se e Ti l i a Sp. and T . amer i cana . )L ocust . (Se e R ob i ni a sp. )

h oney . (Se e G l cdi tsch i a tr i acanthos . )L oni cera Sp.

M apl e . (Se e A ccr ‘

Spq A . pl atanoi des ,'

and A . saccha r inum. )M i cropera cotoueastri , acc i dental occurrence on San Jose scal eM i crou ’ci sca m i scl la

,e nemy of San Jose scal e 62

,63 —64

Spread i ng San Jose scal e[Pseudowei sea] sutura l i s , enemy of San Jose sca l e

Monomor i um mmutum,spread i ng San Jose scal e

Morus Sp. ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

M ountai n ash . (Se e Sorbus Sp., S . amer i cana

,and S f aucupari a . )

M ul berry . (Se e Morus Sp. )O i l water , remedy for San Jose scal e 77—78

O range . (See a l so C i trus fru i ts and C i trus auranti um . )h yb ri d O f tr i fo l i ate w i th sweet

,i nfestat i on b y San Jose scale

mandari n or tanger i ne type, i nfestati on b y San Jose sca letr i fol i ate . (Se e Ci trus tr ifol i ata . )

O rcus austra l asi zc,enemy of San Jose scal e

cha lybcus , enemy of San Jose scal eO sage orange . (Se e Toxy l on pomifcrum . )Peach . (Se e Prunus persi ca . )

Ch i nese fl ower i ng, food pl ant of San Jose scal ePear . (Se e a l so Pyrus communi s . )K i effer . (Se e a l so Pyrus s i nensi s . )

i mmune to San Jose sca l eL econte

,i mm une to San Jose scal e

orch ards,i n J apan

sand,i nc l ud i ng K i e ffe r. (Se e Pyras s i nens i s , and Pear , K i effer . )

Pe can nut . (S e e II r'

cor i a pccau . )I ’mI i l i a m i sc ]l a i l l i croum'i scrr, 717.[se l l a

I’c rn i r-i ous sca le . (Soc Sca l e, San Jo se

,and . l spi d i ol as pcru i r

' i osus . )Pe rs i mm on . (S e c D i r/spyros

IND EX .

Petro leum ,crude, remedy for San Jose sca l esoap emul s i ons , remed i es for San Jose scal e

Phaetcui a glauca ,food pl ant of A spi di otus perni ci osas v ar . andromcl as

Photi n i a v i l losa ,food pl an t of San Jose sca l e

Physcus uari corn i s , i s‘

i t paras i te of San Jose scal e?scal e h osts

Physoca rpus opu l i fol i us, food pl ant of San Jose sca lePi cca a l ba

Pl um . (Se e Prunus mar i tima,P. domesti ca ,

P. trif l ora ,P. ceras if era v ar . atro

purpurea ,and P. hortulaua . )

Popl ar . (Se e Popu lus Sp.

,P. de l toi des

,and P. u i gra v ar . i ta l i ca . )

Popu lus del toi des, food pl ant of San Jose scal en i gra v ar. i ta l i ca

,food pl ant of San Jose sca le

Pri vet . (Se e L igustrum vu lgare and L . oua l ifol i um . )Prospa l ta auranti i

, parasi te of San Jose scal eProtect i v e resemb l an ce , i n San Jose scal ePrunus amygda lus, food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

armen i aca,food pl ant O f San Jose sca l e

aai um,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

cerasi fera v ar. atropurpurea , food pl ant of San Jose sca l ecerasus

,food pl ant of San J ose sca le

domesti ca ,food pl ant of San Jose sca le

hortu lana,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

japom'

ca ,food pl ant of J an Jose scal e

mar i tima,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

persi ca ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

pi ssardi . (Se e Prunus ceras if era v ar . atropurpurea . )pumi la ,

food pl ant of San Jose scal evar besseyi , food pl ant of San Jose scal e

seroti na ,food pl ant O f San Jose Sca le

triflora , food pl ant of San Jose scal ez i rgi ni aua , food pl ant of San Jose scal e

Pseudowe i sca sutura l i s : M i crowci sca su lura l i s

Ptel ea tr ifol i ata ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

Pyrus baccata ,food pl ant of San Jose sca le

commun i s . (Se e a l so Pear . )food pl ant of San Jose scal e

ma lus . (Se e al so Appl e. )food pl ant of San Jose scal e

si nens i s . (Se e al so Pear , K i effer . )food pl ant O f San Jose scal e

Qu i nce . (Se e Cydoni a vu lgari s and C. japon i ca . )R aspb erry , red . (Se e R ubus str i gosus . )R hi z obi us debi l i s

,enemy of San Jose scal e

ZOphanthae , enemy of San Jose scal eR hodotypos kerri oi dcs, food pl ant of San Jose sca l eR hopoi deus ci tr i nus, paras i te of San Jose scal eR hus coti uus

Sp., food pl ant of San Jose scal e

R i bes aureum,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

u i grum, food pl ant of San Jose scal e

86 IND E X .

R i bes oxyacanthoi dcs, food pl ant of San Jose scal erubrum ,

food plant of San Jose scal eR obi n i a Sp.

R osa carol i ua ,food pl ant o f San Jose scal e

luci da , food pl ant of San Jose scal erugosa , food pl ant of San Jose scal eSp.

v i rgi ni ana ,food pl ant of. San Jose scal e

R ose,Japanese . (Se e Kerr i a japoni ca . )

R ubus canadensi s . (Se e R ubus ui l losus . )n igrobaccus (R . v i l l osus ) , food plant of San Jose scal estr igosus, food pl ant of San Jose scal ev i l l osus (R . canadens i s ) , food pl ant of San Jose scal e

Sa l i x baby lon i ca , food pl ant of San Jose sealhumi l i s , food pl ant of San Jose scal ei ncana

luci da ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

pentandra ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

r i te l l i na ,food pl ant of San Jose sca le

Sambucus sp.

San Jose scal e . (See Sca l e, San Jose. )Sassafras . (Se e Sassafras ofi i ci ua l e . )

ofi i c i na l c, food pl ant of San Jose scal eSca l e

,Ch i nese. (See Scal e, San J ose, and A spi di otuspern i ci osas . )i nsects , v ar i ous m eth ods of reproducti on 4 3 —44

oyster- Sh el l . (Se e al so c i dosaphcs u lmi . )

prob ab l y paras i t i z ed b y A naph es grac i l i spern i c i ous . (See Scal e , San Jose

,and A spi di otus perni ci osas . )

San Jose . (Se e a l so A spi di otus pcrn i c i osus . )act i v i ty of young l arvaadul t fem al e

,descri pti on

mal e, descri pti onand c i trus frui tsc l imate as affect i ng spreadco l or protecti oncontroldamage, naturedescr ipt i ons of: scal e and i nsectdestructi venessd i str i b uti on and present cond i ti on ,

b y States and Terr i tor i es

b y faunal z onesmeans

egg, descri pt i onexpl orat i ons i n eastern A s i a to determ i ne or igi nfecund i tyfem a le

,th i rd stage, descr i pt i on

fi rst estab l i sh ment i n th e U n i ted S ta tesfood pl ants

fungous and oth er d i se ase sge nerat i onsh ab i ts and l i fe h i sto ryh i bernat i o n

88 IN D E X .

Scal e,San Jose, i n W ash i ngton

W i scons i nW est V i rgi n i a 3 2—3 3

i nd i rect benefitsi nsect enem i es , statusi nsect i c i desi ntroduct i on i n to U n i ted States , supposed m anneri ssuance of adul t mal esl arv a , second stage, descr i pti on

new l y h atch ed ,descr i pt i on

l egi s l at i onl i fe h i story 43—51

on Ch i nese appl es , h aw appl es , and pearsor i gi n

paras i tespl ants comm on l y or b ad l y i nfested

not i n festedoccas i onal l y or rarel y i n fested

predaceous i nsect enem i espresent status of probl emprO pupa of mal e

,descr ipti on

pupa of mal e , descr i pt i on .

record of spread i n Un i ted States 15—3 4

rel ati on sh ipsremed i esreproducti onresemb l ance to E ntomospori um macu l atumscal e cover i ng, h ow formed

of femal e,descript i on

mal e,descripti on

seasona l h i storysources of i n festat i on i n E astStates st i l l supposedl y un i n festedsystemati c pos i ti onv i v iparous h ab i t

wh i te peach . (Se e D i aspi s pcutagona . )Sca l es , arm ored , sub ject to fungous d i seases i n T ropi csSh ad-b ush . (Se e Ame lanch i er canadensi s . )Smoke bush . (Se e R hus coti uus . )Snowb erry . (Se e Symphor i carpos racemosus . )Soap, wh al e- O i l or fi sh -o i l

,remedy for San Jose scal e

Sorbar i a sorb ifol i a (Spi rrca sorb ifol i a ) , food pl ant of San Jose sca leSorbus amer i cana , food pl ant of San Jose scal e

aucupari a ,food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

me lanocarpa ,food pl ant of San Jose scal e

,food pl an t o f San Jose Scal e

Sph zcrost i l bc coccophi la ,fungous enem y of San Jose sca l e

Sp’ i ucl r i na ccras i

,acc identa l occurrence on San Jose sca le

Spi rma sorb i fo l i rr. (Se e Sorbar i a sorb ifol i a . )sp.

,food pl ant o f San Jose sca l e

Spruce , w h i te. (Se e I’ i cca a l l/a . )Sumac . (Se c L ’

bus sp. ),Sy/nzphor

'i crrri ms rm rmosus,food pl ant o f San Jose scal e

IN D EX .

Syri nga pers i ca , food pl ant of San Jose sca l evu lgar i s, food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

Th orn,s i l ver . (Se e E l aeagnus l ongipes . )

Thug/a occ identa l i s , food pl an t o f San Jose scal eT i l i a amer i cana ,

food pl an t of San Jose scal eSp.

Toxy l onpom iferum ,food pl ant of San Jose s ca l e

TypOphorus caucl lus , Spread i ng San Jose sca l eUlmus amer i cana , food pl ant of San Jose sca l e

campestr i s , food pl ant of San Jose sca l eSp.

,food pl an t of San Jose sca l e

Vermorel noz z l e, for spray i ng l ime- sul fur washVi burnum cassi noi des , food pl an t of San Jose scal e

opu lus , food plant O f San Jose scal esp.

,food pl ant O f San Jose scal e

V i rgi n i a creeper . (Se e A mpe l opsi s qui nquefol i a . )Vi ti s Sp.

,food pl ants of San Jose scal e

V i v iparous h ab i t of San Jose scal eWal nut . (Se e J ugl ans u i gra , J . rcgi a ,

and J . s i ebol di ana . )W i l l ow . (Se e Sa l i x sp.

, S . pentandra , and S . babyl on i ca . )

Bureaqf Entomqlqgy Bulletin No - Forgotten Books

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