Dialect Of - Forgotten Books

34‘

GLOSSARY OF THE

DESS. w. To build or pile up, as applied to stacks, 810.

Old Norse des , a rick , bay-dies , a rick of h ay, We lsh day, G ae l .

da i s, heap , rick ,stack.

DEYLT. adj. Moped, di sp inted, impaired ln m ind.

Old Norse dwala'

, Dan. dazzle, a trance , state of torp idity, OldG erm . twé

'

lan, to be torp id. Hence dwalm or dwam , swoon,

suspens ion ofth e sense s .

D IBBLE . 7m. To plant seed. Sometimes appliedto burying a corpse . Th e syllable dié, expre ss ingth e act of striking wi th a sharp instrument , is a modification of

Sco . dad, to prick , Bohem . duh ztz’

, to pe ek , Eng .joé, to thrus tor pe ck , parallel with dag ordig , to strike wi th a po inted instrument." Wedg .

DrKE . sé. A h edge. Also a di tch,but rath er a dry

ditch . This double sense occurs also in th e Dut . dz'

jck, bo thagger and fovea , (Ki l ) , and in th e Dan. dzlge ditch and bank .

So also Ang.-Sax . die , Suio-G o th . dike, ditch and bank . This ,

observes Ihre , is naturally to be accounted for, as th e sameearth which is taken out ofth e ditch , serves to mak e th e mound .

Th e roo t , if i t be th e same as that found in Sansc . dz'

lz , to heapup , would seem to make i t appear that th e original sense wasthat ofthe bank or hedge .

D ILL. To sooth e.Old Norse (12714 , to. lull , as a nurse does a child .

DITT. 7m. To stop up.

Aug-Sax . dyfian,

Old Norse di tta , to close , to stop up .

DOBBY. ’

Sb. A h obgoblm .

Perhap s , by transposition of consonants , for boda’y. Hencesam e as 8 00 . booa

’

y, from G ael . baddala, spectre , boggle . Th e

converse transposition appears in Yorks. body, a simple ton(Ray) , probably th e same word as our dobby. See dope.

DOGKIN . sé. Th e dock (plant) .So Izollz

'

n for holly, z'

zzz'

n for ivy.

DODDY. 55. A cowWith out h orns.Doddyd, wythe-owte h ornysse .

—Pr. Pr u. Fris. doda’

, a

lump . To dad is to reduce to a lump , to cut ofi”

excrescences .

DOD sb. Th e name ofmany round-topped h ills inGumb . From th e same origin as above , in reference to the irround , lump -like form.

CUMBERLAND DIALEC‘T.

DOFF. am. To undress. To do off.In common use in Early Eng. Dut . afdam , to put off.

DOG—DAISY. 55. Th e common daisy.

Dog , in th e names ofp lants , s ignifies worthlessness.

DOG-PIG . sé. A castrated boar.Welsh diawg, s low, lazy , dull (di , prim, and awg , keenness ,de sire ) . Hence of s im ilar meaning to seg , a cas trated bull .Compare th e Craven s imile— “ A s li ther (lazy) as a libbe dbi tch.

DOLDRUMS. 55. LowSpirits,melanch oly.

G ae l . daliram , grief, vexat ion.

DON . va. To dress,to put on anyarticle ofcloth ing,

to do on, as to doj is to“ do off.

" “ Do on cloth ys ,induo .

"-P r. P ru.

DONKY. adj . Dnz zly, applied to th e weath er.Swed. da

'

nka , Dial . Dan. dynke , G erm . dun/ken, to make or cause

to be damp . D an/E and damp are synonymous , as syllable sending in m5 or mp frequently interchange with or nk.

DONNAT. sé. Th e deV1l. Also a worth less person.

D ow signifie s use fulne ss or virtue , and donna t is probably dowrzoug/zt , good for nothing , as G e rm . taugenic/zts , Dan. dogem

’

gt ,Dut . deugm

‘

et , a good-for-no thing person. So we use con

versely nought at dow.

For dancin’

h e was nouglzt a t dow,

But a prime ban”

for a drinke r.

”- Lomda le.

DOOK. va. and 72. To bath e, dive, duck, or stoop.

Dan. dukke, to dive , duck underwater.

DOOSE or DOWSE. va. To slap with th e hand.

G ae l. da is , th e hand , whence da z'

sea l, a beating. Comp . alsoVulg. G erm . dusel , a box on th e ear.

DOPE,DOPY

,DOBBY. 56. A S impleton.

Clev. dove, to be heavy and stup id . Fris . doéig , simple ,half

witted , Suio-G oth . dofwa , to have th e senses dulled or stup ifie’

d,

Old Norse dofi, torp idity, Sansc. div , to be dull or sleepy.

DOTTLE . sb. Th e small portion of tobacco leftunsmoked in th e p ipe — D ick.

“ Do telle , s tOppynge of a

ve ssele .

"—P r . P r v . Dut . dodde, a tap , stopper, p lug , Low

G erm . dutte, Dial . Dan. dot , a stopper, Ang.-Sax . dyttarz , Old

Norse difla , to stop , close .

DIALECT OF

WITH A CHAPTER ON ITS PLACE-NAMES,

ROBERT 1

7578G US01V,I

AUTHOR OE THE TEUTONxc RIVER-NAMES OF

EUROPE , &c.

LONDON WILL IAMS AND NORGATE,

14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT G ARDEN ; AND 24,

FREDERICK STREET, ED INBURGH.

CARLISLE : STEEL BROTHERS.

STEEL BROTHERS, PRINTERS, CARLISLE.

PHILIP HENRY HOWARD,ESQ ,

OF CORBY CASTLE, CARLISLE,

W ITH THE HIGHEST REG ARDS OF

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

THE importance Of our local dialects as a collateral

aid in th e study ofth e English tongue needs not now

to be asserted . Without reference to th ose various

forms of speech , out Of wh ich one has by dint of

circumstances become crystaliz ed in th e standard

tongue, th e language can no more be clearly illus

trated than it could be were we to omit to compare

it with th e cognate languages ofEurope.

Th e folk-speech of Cumberland has— thanks to

th e patriotic interest wh ich h er sons take in all that

belongs to h er— s had a more ample sh are ofrecognition

than generally falls to th e lot of provincial dialects .

Its humourandits pathos, its“canniness” —quaintness

with a touch ofcynicism— have been ably illustrated

in prose, and its rhythmical qualities attested in verse,

by th e writers whose names appear on th e subjoined

list. What remains to be done— and towards wh ich I

nowoffer my contribution— is th e e tymological analysis

Of its constituents,with a view to ascertain th e position

vi PREFACE.

wh ich it occupies as regards th e standard language,

and as regards th e oth er dialects of Scotland and

North ern England.

Th e most complete collection ofCumberlandwords

is that made by Mr. Dickinson, to wh om we are in

debted for th e rescue from that Oblivion to wh ich

advancing education and th e spread ofinter—communi

cation th reaten to consign all provincial dialects, ofa

number ofwords, many ofwh ich are ofgreat etymolo

gical interest. That th e list is not by anymeans yet

complete, th e extent and importance ofth e supplement

publish ed by h im with in th e space ofeigh t years goes

a long way to suggest. Th e work ofMr. Dickinson I

have taken, th en, as th e basis of my undertaking,

adding such words as I have been able to collect from

oth er sources . I have omitted all words that seem to

me to be unimportant variations from th e standard

language,or that do not call for any etymological

observation, my Object being to avoid as much as

may be interference with th e labours Of oth ers.

Th e most th orough investigation wh ich has as yet

been made of any north ern dialect is to be found in

th e work lately publish ed byMr. Atkinson, under th e

auspices of th e Ph ilological Society, on th e dialect of

Cleveland. Th is work, wh ich it may be said for th e

PREFACE. vfi.

first time on a complete scale exh ibits a dialect of th e

north as illustrated in th e ligh t ofmodern ph ilology, I

have taken as th e more especial basis Of comparison

so far as regards th e dialects of north ern England ;and th e great work Of Jamieson for comparison wi th

th e Scottish dialect. Among th e oth er works to

wh ich I am indebted,M r. Wedgwood

’

s lately pub

lish ed Dictionary of th e English Language, in wh ich

for th e first time th e provincial dialects find th eir due

place, has afi

'

orded me th e most important assistance .

Also th e Icelandic Dictionary, nowin course ofpubli

cation,wh ich was begun by th e late M r. Cleasby and

continued by th e learned Icelander, Mr. Vigfusson,

has afi’

orded me many valuable suggestions, wh ich ,

h owever, in several cases were not in time to appear

oth erwise than as after-notes.

I have added a chapter on th e local etymologyOf th e district, a subject very closely connected, it will

be seen, with th e speech of th e people, and for

wh ich previous investigations have to some extent

prepared me .

ROBERT FERGUSON.

M orton, Carlirle,

F eéruary, 1873 .

CONTRACTIONS AND AUTHORITIES.

Dick .

West . and

Camb. D ial.

Hate/limo”.

Hall.

A G lossary ofth eWords and Phrase s ofCumberland.

ByWilliam Dickinson, F

London andWh itehaven, 1859 .

Supp lement . 1867 .

TheWestmorland and Cumberland Dialects ; with aG lossary. London, 1839.

Songs and Ballads ofCumberland. Edited by SydneyG ibson. London and Carlisle , 1846 .

FOlk-speech , Tales , and Rhymes ofCumberland and

Districts Adjacent . AyA lex. Craig G ibson, F.S .A .

London and Carlisle , 1849 .

Cummerland Talk be ing Short Tale s and Rhymes inth e Dialect ofthat County. ByJohn R ichardson.

London and Carlisle , 1 871 .

The H istory of th e Count of Cumberland. ByWilliam Hutchinson, F.S . Carlisle , 1794 .

A Dictionary ofA rchaic and ProvincialWords , By

J . O. Halliwe ll , F.R.S . London, 1850 .

E tymological D ict ionary of th e Sco ttish Language ,

ByJohnJamieson, D .D. Edinburgh , 1 808 ,

A D ictionary ofEnglish Etymology. ByH. Wedgwood, M .A . London, 1867.

Promp torium Parvulorum s ive Clericorum . D ictionarius Anglo-Latinus Princeps. Edited by A lbertWay, A .M . London, 1864 .

A G lossary ofNorth-countryWords In U se . ByJohnTro tter Brocke tt. Newcas tle-ou-Tyne , 1825.

A NewEnglish Dictionary. By]. K . (John Kersey.London, 1702

A tb. or

Lomd.

Worsaae.

Rz‘

etz .

Rick i .

Outzen.

D annez’

l or

B rem. Wto.

CONTRACTIONS AND AUTHORITIES.

A G lossary of th e Cleveland Dialect ; Exp lanatory,Derivative , and Critical. By th e Rev. J . C. A tk inson.

London, 1848.

G lossary of th e D ialect of th e Hundred ofLonsdaleNorth and South ofth e Sands. By th e late RobertB. Peacock . Edited by th e Rev. J . C. A tk inson.

London, 1 869.

Th e D ialect ofCraven. By a Nat ive ofCraven.

London, 1 82 8.

Popular Names ofBritish Plants. By R . C .

‘

A . Prior.London, 1 863 .

Layamon'

s Brut , or Chronicle Of Bri tain. Edited byS ir F. M adden. London, 1 847.

Th e Vision and Creed ofPiers Ploughman. EditedbyThos. Wright , M .A . London, 1 856 .

Th e Danes andNorwegians in England , Scotland , andIre land . ByJ J . A . Worsaae . London, 1 852 .

Philological Essays Of R . G arne tt . London, 1859.

A Dict ionary of th e French and English Tongues.By Randle Cotgrave . London,

1 63 2 .

An Ice landic-English Dictionary. By th e late R ichardCleasby. Enlarged and comp le ted by G udbrandVigfusson. Ox ford .

BiOrn Haldorsen. Ice l. Lex . 18 14 .

G loss. Suio-G oth icum. Joh . Ihre . Upsal , 1769.

Ordbog Ofver Svenska Allmoge-sprake t afJoh . ErnstR ie tz . Lund . , 1868 .

Alt Friesisches Worterbuch von Dr. Karl F. Von

R ichthofen. Gottingen, 1840.

G lossarium der Frie ssich en Sprache vonN . Outzen.

Kopenhagen, 1837.

Etymologicum Teutonicae Linguae . C. K ilian

Idioticon Hamburgense vonM . R ichey , P .P .

Hamburg, 1755.

Holste inisches Idiotikon. Schusze . Hamburg , 1800 .

Bremisch-Niedersach isch esWorterbuch . Danne il.

68I 7

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CONTENTS.

GLOSSARY

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS FOUND IN

NAMES OF PLACES 1 89— 2 13

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 2 14- 2 30

2 6 .

50 .

1 1 6 .

1 2 6 .

164 .

ERRATA .

For Germ. Izaufm read

For Dan. gfen-oez’

read gjon-vez'

.

gammarel read gommarel.

For

For Grav. slain read slain.

For

GLOSSARY

OF THE

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

AAMAS. sb. Alms, in former times a handful Ofoatmeal or a slice ofbrown bread." Aug -Sax . d imesse

,

Dan. almisse.

ABACK. prep . Beh ind.

Ang-Sax . onba’c, Old Norse dbab, Old Norse afialla

babz’

, behind th e mountains , oraswe should say, aback o’

tbefells.

A BACK-o’-BEYONT. At an Indefini tely great di stance .

Euphony seems to have be en th e cause Of th e re tention ofbeyont

in this case , th e usual Gumb . word be ing ayont which , as e lsewhere no ted , (se e afore) , maybe due to Scand . Influence .

ABLE or YABLE . any. Generally, If not Invari ably,used in th e sense ofproperty , an able man, signifying a man

in good circums tance s. So th e Old Norse afla deno tes bo th tobe able and to posse ss or acquire , while “

in th e M od. Scand .

idiom s there are no trace s left of th e idea of force .

"- Cleasby.

In the pre sent dialect ofNorway avle signifies to harvest .

ABOON, A BUIN . prep . Above.Aug -Sax abufan, whence by sync. aboon.

ABREED. on. To spread or extend.Aug

-Sax . abredarz , to drawout.

ACK. on. To take though t about,to lay to h eart.

Neer a sk— there ’

s nae hard laws in EnglandExcep t this bit th ing aboo t game .

— M z'

ss B lamz'

re.

Old Norse akta , Ang.-Sax . eaktz

’

an, to consider, meditate ,G e rm . , Dut . ac/zten , to m ind, care for.

ADDLE . w. To earn.

Old Norse o'dlaz , to obtain, acquire , Ang.-Sax . edleamiarz, to

2 GLOSSARY OF THE

AB LINS. sb. Earnings .

Ang.-Sax . wdlean, recompense .

AFORE. ado. Be fore .

Th e Ang.-Sax . h as bo th th e prepositions be and on, while th e

Scandinavian idiom h as only th e latter. Hence th e use in our

dialect of0: (Old Norse d= 0n) instead ofbe— as in afore, a/zim‘

,

a tweerz , ayorzt , instead ofbefore, bebind, between, beyond, may, assugge sted by Cleasby, be due to Scand. influence .

AGAIN or AGEAN . prep . Against.Ang.

-Sax . ongean, against .

AGATE or A GEAT. Literally on th e road (Old Norsegala , road orway) , but used in th e general sense ofbeing as tir,go ing about.

AGLEE. ado . To look aglee is to look to one side oraskance .

Sae fine sh e goe s , sae far aglee,That folk s sh e kenne d sh e cannot see .

-M i.ss Blamire.

Clev. gleg , to cast s ide -looks , glance furtive ly.

A tk . refers to Old Norse gluggr , Dial . Swed . glugg , Opening,window, eye , Dial . Swed . t i tta mi ner glagg , to look askance .

AGLET. sb. Th e metal po int at th e end ofa boot-lace.Fr. a igui llet , a dim in. ofa iguille, a needle . (A igui lle is p rop erly a p o int on th e end of a lace for drawing i t through th ehole s) . Hence eylet or aylet

-bole, properly aglet-bole.

AHINT. adv. Beh ind . See afore.Th is word in Gumb. , as no ted by A tk . of Clev. , h as th e i shortas in G erm . h inten.

AIRD,ARD. ad] . ApplIed to land In Its primary

s ignification seems to m ean high , G ae l. and Ir. a rd, high ,cognate with Lat . arduas , Sansc. aerd, to e levate . In a se con

dary sense , dry or parched, such lands be ing dry or parchedonly because they lie high . — B oucli er.

“ I never heard th eterm in Cumb .

— D ieb.

A JYE or AGEE. Crooked, awry.

G ee is to move , turn round , Swed. gaa , to turn, hence agee,

(a z on) is awry.

ALLAN . sb. A piece of land nearly surrounded bywater. Apparently th e same word as island, from Ang .

-Sax .

edge , ed/z , eye . U nlesswe can think ofWe lsh elirz , angle , e lbow,

in th e sense Of a p iece ofland surrounded on. two side s bywater.

4 GLOSSARY OF THE

ARGY. on. To argue,di spute.

M ight be taken to be no thing more than a corrupt ion ofEng.

argue. I t may, however, as Jam . sugge sts , be from th e SuioG o th. jeg a , sempe r eadem Obgannire , ut solent amiculae iratae ,

cognate with Lat jarga, Sansc. j/zare , to squabble . We stm .

a rg . to argue , Sussex arg , to grumble , seem rather to favourthis sugge stion.

ARK or A IRK,

sb.,

A ch est, appli ed more particularlyto th e large che sts used in farm-house s for keep ing flour or

meal. A ug-Sax . eoro, a chest , Old Norse o

'

rb, Dial . Swed .

are , a che st for meal ; We lsh arc/z , G ae l . a ire , chest , cognatewith Lat . area , Sansc . ark , Wel. argau , to enclose .

ARR. sb. A scar, mark ofa wound.

Old Norse orr ,Dan. ar , Fris. aar .

ART or AIRT . sb. Quarter of th e h eaven,direction

or po int ofth e compass .

Of all th e a irts th e wind can blow.-Burns.

G ae l . a i rd,quarter Of th e heavens , Old Norse dtt , G erm . ort ,

p lace , region. Die fenbach sugge s ts a possible connectionwithG o th . a irt/za ,

Ang .-Sax . eort/ze , Eng . earl/i .

ARVEL. sb. A funeral feast.Suio—G o th . arfal, li terally inheritance ale , from th e ale drunkon those occasions . Th e usage in Scandinavia was that no he ircould take posse ssion Of h is inheritance until h e h ad given th e

arval-feast . A 77“

originally meant cattle , andwas then app l iedto property in general.

ASIDE. prep. See afore.

A SK. sb. Th e newt or water-lizard.

G ae l . ase . adder , G r. ex i s viper. But perhaps rather (asb z ax )a contraction ofAug

-Sax . a tnex e, newt .-AT. eonj. That .

There 's nit m ickle on h er—we ken a t guid stufl'

Laps up i'

lal bundles , an’

she '

s lal eneugh .-G ibson.

Old Norse a t , Dan. at .

‘AT. rel. pron. Th at, wh ich .

Ilk lad nowhugs th e lass h e leykes ,Wh eyle some h ev half a dozen,

Unless some wre en ill-natured tykes ,A t car

’

nt if th ' lasses wiz z en.

"— S tagg .

Old Norse a t, qui , wh o .

AT. prep . To .

“Ah can dui nough t mair at it.Old Norse at, Ang.

-Sax . a t, at, to .

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. 5

AT. To, as'

th e Sign ofth e infini tive.Awwad leyke a t gan to Care l.” Nearly obsole te now, but

common in th e e ighteenth century. —D i ek. Old Norse at, Signofth e infini tive ,

ATTERCOP. sb. A spider’s web. Properly th e insectitse lf. Aug -Sax . a ttercoppa , li terally po ison-bag .

AUMRY. sb. . A cupboard wh ere victuals, & c.,are

kep t , Fr. armoire , a cupboard , prope rly a p lace where arms

are kep t , Lat . armariuni (Diez ) .

AWE or OWE. rja . TO own, possess .

Th e Older form onwhich own is formed , and which was in use

t ill th e time ofElizabe th. Sansc . i e , G r. ex w, G o th . a i/zan,

Ang .-Sax . agan , to own. A s in Clev mo st commonly used in

th e phrase whee 's awe this A tk . , quoting Sim ilar instancesin Old Eng. use

,takes th is to be “wh o Sha ll awe (or own) this?

’

Ax . z/a. To ask .

Aug —Sax , aesian, ax ian.

A! LE-TEETH. sb. Th e grinders .

Old Norsejax lar , dentes molares .

AYLET or EYLET-HOLE . A lacing‘

h ole in a pair ofs tays , &c. Prope rly aglet-kole. Se e aglee.

AYONT. prep . Beyond. See afore.

BACK-BOARD or BACK-BWORD . sb. A baking board.

Dan, bagebord.

BADGER. sb. A travelling dealer in grain,meal

,

butter, &0. Wedgwood makes badger a corrup tion ofFr.

bladier , one wh o carries about corn for sale on mule-back.

BAG . sb. Th e be lly. Also th e udder Of th e cow.

G ae l . bal bag , be lly, Ang.-Sax . ba lg . bag , walle t , Old Norse

belgr , i ted skin, leather sack , be lly. Th e tendency of th ediale

gt to

k

drOp th e l in such case s , makes balg into bag , as balk

Into aw

BAGG IN . sb.

. Provisions taken into th e field forlabourers. E ither from th e

‘

bag in which th e p rovisions are

carried , or perhap s more probably from the bag (see last word)Inwhich they are to be rece ived.

6 GLOSSARY OF THE

BAIN . aay. Near,conveni ent, applied to a road

willing, handy, applied to a person. Old Norse beinn, direct ,straight , Swed . ban, a good or even road. Old Norse beins irvegr , Gumb . ba inest way. A s in Scandinavia , where ne ighboursare sparse , th e me taphorical meaning of hosp itable grewup as

applied to a pe rson, so in our district that ofwilling or Obliging .

BAIRN. sb. A ch i ld .

AnglOS ax . bearn, Old Norse barn. This word , originallycommon to all th e Teutonic idiom s

, was superseded by kind inG e rmany as early as th e 1 3 th cent and by ek ild also at an

early pe ri od in Southern England. I t is still in e x clusive use

throughout th e whole of Scandinavia, as also throughout Scotland and Northern England .

BALK, pron. BAWE . sb. A beam . Also a ridge ofland be tween two furrows . Th e Ang.

-Sax . balea h as bo th thesetwo meanings . Th e Old Norse h as two separate words , bidlki ,a beam

, and bdlkr , a partition. Suio-G o th . balk , a ridgebe tween two furrows . In th e sense ofa beam , th e word is alsofound in th e Welsh , and G ae l . bale .

BAM . sb. A falseh ood,trick, deceit.

A rm . barnein, to cheat .BANDYLOW or BANDYLAN . sb. A woman ofd i ssolute

character, a pro stitute . Perhaps from G ae l . ban, woman, and

diol, hire , recompense , as Eng. wkore, Ang.-Sax . kura , from

A .-S . byran, Eng . k ire , and Lat . meretri x , from mereor. Unless

we mh

a

l

iy think for th e latter part ofthe word ofWe], di elw, vi le ,wort e ss.

B ANG . r1a. TO beat. Also to excell, surpass.

Old Norse banga , to beat , bang , a hammering.

BANNOCK. sb. Th ick oat-cake , usually made for th eharve st home or kem supper. Gae l . bannae/z , a cake , bannag ,

a cak e made for Chri stmas .

BARGH. sb. A h ill .Old Norse biarg , berg , Aug -Sax . beoig , G erm . berg ,

.

mountain,

hill.BARLEY. 71a . TO bespeak , gene rally used by ch i ldren

at play. Barley me that ,” is a form of putting in firs t claimto anything. Peacock refers to M anx barelk ian, I h ad rather,but I doubt whe ther th e ordinary derivat ion from parley, Fr.

parler , is not to be preferred .

BARM . sb. Yeast.Aug

-Sax . beornza, Old Swed. berma , Dan. beerme, Dut. barm.


BASH. ea. To strike hard, work vigorously.

Clev. pas/z. Dan. baske, to beat , cudge l , Swiss batscken, to

stri ke wi th th e hand .

BASK. aby'

. Sharply acid .

Old Norse beiskr , Swed. besk, bitter, acrid, Fris. basok and

barsck , Ge rm . barsek,harsh , sharp , tart.

BASS. sb. Th e perch .

Bace ,fysch e .

”— Pr . P ro . Barsli , perch , Westm . Base , th e

sea perch , Hamp . Aug -Sax . beers , Dut . baars , G erm . bars ,barsek. This is th e Old Teutonicword , which h as been super

seded in English by th e French perebe .

BASS. sb. Matting, originally, no doubt, confined to

that made ofth e inner bark ofth e linden tree ,but now inclusive

of o ther materi als , as straw, large rushe s , &c .— A tkinson.

Aug-Sax . beas t , O ld Norse bas t, th e inne r part ofth e lime tree .

Dan. bas t maat te , bass matting. Th e roo t , like that ofbaste , tosew loose ly, is probably found in Sansc. band/z , to bind .

BASTE . e a . To beat .Old Norse beysta , to beat , be labour.

BASTE. aa. To sew loosely, Wi th large sti tch es.

Bas tyn clothys, subsuo .— P r. P ro . Old Norse basta , to

bind into a parce l , Dut . besten, levi ter consuere , (Ki l ) , Pers .

basta , to bind , from th e Sans . bandk, to b ind.

BAT. sb. A blow, stroke.G ael . ba t , to beat , Ir. batta , blow, Old Swed. be dda , to strike ,North Fris. bat , to beat , Aug -Sax , bat , club .

BATTEN . sb. A bundle or truss ofstraw.

I connect this word immediate ly with batt , th e pre t . ofOldNorse binda , to bind . Comp . N. D . band, a bundle , Norw.

binda , forming its pre t . in bant or band.—A tk .

BATTEN. on. To th rive .Old Norse batna , to ge t be tter, G oth . gabatnan , to thrive .

BATTER. sb. Dirt or mud.

Sco . batter , paste , some thing adhesive. We]. baw, mud, bawedi ,nastiness , budro, to dirty.

BAZE. w. To lift or priz e with a lever. See poee.

BEADLESS . adj. Impatient under suffering.

Old Norse bid, endurance , patience, wi th th e priv. term. less.

8 GLOSSARY OF THE

BECK . sb. Th e general word th rough out the Northof England for a small stream , as brook in S . Eng . and burn

in Scot . Old Norse beekr , Dan. bak, Ang.-Sax . bees , G erm .

back .

BEEK. on. To bask by th e fire . Also to h eat haz elor o ther rods to make them bend. Old Norse baka , Aug -Sax .

baean to heat , bake , Eng. bask and bake, ofwhich th e Cumb.

word i s only another form .

BEEL. on. To be llow.

Old Norse beljia , Aug-Sax . bellan, to be llow.

BEESTINS. sb. Th e first m ilk from a newly-calvedcow. Ang.

-Sax . byst , bysting , ofsame meaning .

BEET. on. To beet th e fire or oven is to supply fuelto it . Ang.

-Sax . betanfir, Old Norse be ta elld, to mend or

kindle a fine .

Bee t on th e eldin.— S tagg.

BELK. on. TO belch .

Ang.-Sax . beale ian.

BELLY-RYNE or BELLY-RIM . sb. The membrane inclosing th e intes tines . Th e latter is the correct form, fromAng .

-Sax . reama , mem

BENK or BINK. sb. A low sh elf or ledge of rocks.

We lsh baneian, table , p latform , Corn. bene, bench , Aug -Sax .

benc, Old Norse , bekkr , bench.

BENSEL. e a. To beat. Also as a noun, a bounce,a sudden bang. A frequentative ofbounce, ofwhich th e ori ginalmeaning was to strike . Dut . bonz en, Swiss bantseken, to beat .

BENT. any. Bleak.

We lsh ban, bant , high , G ae l . ban, bleak , barren. Hence bent

grass , th e coarse grass that grows on moor land.

BENWORT. sb. Th e dai sy. B ellzs perennis .

Th e p lant generally known by th e name Of banewort is th e

ranunculus flammnla ,

“from its baning Sheep by ulceratingthe ir entrails " (Prion ) Ang.

-Sax . banwyrt (ban , wound , hurt ,andwart , p lant) was applied bo th to th e viole t and th e centan

reaminor. In th e names Of plants there is oftenmuch confusion.

BERRY. ba. To thrash corn.

Old Norse beria , to beat , beria korn, to thrash corn.


BET. ob. pret. ofbeat.Th e Southerner makes no distinction be tween beat as th e pres.and beat as th e pre t. while th e Northerner forms th e pre t. asmet from meet. Hence this , among th e be tter educated classes ,is one ofth e dist ingu ishing marks ofa Northern origin.

BICKER. sb.

“A smallwooden vessel used for porridge,

&c.-D ie k. S tagg uses i t in th e more generally rece ived sense

of a drink ing glass . Old Norse bikar , G erm . beaker, a large

BID. na. To invite.Ang —Sax . beba

’an,Old Norse bidda , (pres. bid) , Dan. byde , to

invite.BIDE. on. To await, stay. Also to dwell, abide.Old Norse bida , Old Swed . bida , Aug

-Sax . bidan, abidan, to

wai t , stay, abide .

BIELD. sb. A place ofsh elter, hut, h ovel, a fox’s den.

Old Norse byli , a dwe lling. In Ice land a den, a lair. Th e finald, (as in build, formerly bylle) , is a phone tic addition.

BIG . 71a . To build.

Aug -Sax . by gan,Old Norse byggi a . Hence th e term . by,

big ) , Of Danish origin, in names of p lace s . as Crosby ,Aglionby, &c.

BIGGLE. va. To bl indfold, bzggly, blind man’

s buff.When th e boy is bl indfo lded , ano the r turns h im gently round

to confuse h is ideas Of locality.

"—D iek . Hence may be the

word , viz . ,from Dut . biegen, Old Norse beygja , to turn, to bend ,

Suio-G o th . bygel, a turning. Or i t may be th e same as begui le ,Low G erm . begigelen, prope rly to dece ive by juggling tricks ,from gig , exp re ssing rap id mot ion, th e idea in e ith er

'

case be ingthat of confusing th e person.

BILLY. sb.. Broth er, comrade.Old Eng. bully. Jam ieson'

s deri vation from bi llig, aequa lis , iserroneous . Th e connections of th e word are wi th M id. HighG erm. buole , fri end, bro ther, consort , Dut . baelen, to love .

BIR or BUR. sb. A sudden and rapid movement, asthat of a m issile through th e air. Th e same , I apprehend , abree, which we have also in a s im i lar sense . Perhap s to be con

nectedwithWelsh bar , vio lence , rage , h ome , to throw, cas t.

BISEN or BIZZEN. sb. A spectacle or sigh t in th esense ofwarning, an examp le to be avo ided . Old Norse bysn,a strange and portentous thing, Ang.

-Sax . birn, example .

IO GLOSSARY OF THE

BITTER-BUMP. sb. Th e bi ttern.

Apparently a combination of two different names for the bird ,one ofwhich appears to be Ce ltic, and th e o therNorman-French .

Th e Old Eng. word was bi tour , from the Fr. butor , Th eWe lshnames are been and bump y gors , from bwmp , a booming. As

in Lonsd. th e bittern is called s imp ly th e bump , i t seems pro

bable that th e We lsh term generally used was s imp ly bwnzp .

Hence by th e combination of these two different words wouldcome B ITTER-BUMP.

BLADDER or BLATHER. sb. Foolish or idle talk.

Suio-G oth . bladdra , to prate , to chatter.

BLAIN . on. To become Wh ite, to bleach .

Old Norse bleikna , Dan. blegne, to become white .

BLAKE. ad]. Pale yellow.

Ang.-Sax . blde , Old Norse bleikr , G erm . bleick , pale , fai r. The

O .N , bleikr was variously app lied to th e co lour ofgold , to thatOf a fie ld ofripe barley, and to th e light hair of a baby.

BLARE. on. To roar or bellow.

Dut . blaasen, mugire , Fris . blarren, to ye ll , howl . Wedg . .

comparing Suio-G o th . bladdra , takes blaaren to be a cont . ofbladeren,which seems probable . Such contractions are especiallycommon in Friesic.

BLASH. on. To splash .

Old Swed. plaska , to Sp lash .

BLATE. adj. Bash ful,shy.

Old Norse blaudr , bashful , properly soft or effeminate , Ang.

Sax . bleatk , soft , gentle .

BLEABERRY. sb. Th e bilberry or wh ortleberry, vaccinium myrt illus. Old Norse bldber.

BLEARY. adj. Windy and Showery.

Clev. blear, to expose onese lf to th e wind . Old Norse bla r , a

puffofwind , draft ofair.BLEB. sb. A bubble.

G ael. plab, a soft no ise , as of a body falling into water. Th e

word is emp loyed , first to s ignify th e sound of some thingwetor soft fall ing against anything ,

and hence to designate th e

object making such a sound, a lump ofanything we t or soft ,drop of liquid , bubble , &c. Wedg.

BLENK,BLINK . sb. A gleam

,as Of sunsh ine.

Old Norse lltk, gleam, G erm. bliek, Dan. blink, glimpse , Dut.blinken, to shine.

GLOSSARY OF THE

gratuitous help given by ne ighbours On th e occas ion ofa man'

s

entering upon a newfarm , &c. O ld Norse bbn, Ang.-Sax . bén,

prayer, p e tition. Inwriting ofth e m iddle ages bo‘

n occurs for

tribute , as if a thing that was disliked could be rendered lessobnoxious by,

th e use ofsmoo the language .

"-1kre.

BOOSE. sb. A stall for a h orse or Cow.

Ang.-Sax . bbs, Old Norse bas , a stall , more part icularly for a cow.

BOOZE. sb. A carouse, drinking-bout.Derived byWedg . from Dut . buyz en, to drink deep ly, from buyse.a large dagon, S co . boss , a jar or flagon, Old Fr. bous , grandeboute ille .

BORRAN. sb. A cairn,large h eap ofstones.

Lonsd. barrel. Bo th are probably diminutives from Ang .-Sax .

beorg , Old Norse biarg , mountain, hill, heap .

Boss. sb. A m ilkmaid’s cush ion for th e h ead.

Dut . bos , bunch , bundle , G erm . bausclz, bunch , wi sp of straw,

cushion, Eng. boss , projection.

BOTCH. sb. A bungle.Th e original idea seems to be s imp ly that ofmending. Ang.

Sax . betan, to repair, Swiss ba tsc/zen, pa tsc/zen, Eng. patck ,

Then that of clumsy or unsk ilful repair ; and finally, that ofgeneral bungling.

BOTCHER. sb. A drink made by pouring water on

th e honey-comb after th e honey h as be en extracted. Clev.

boteket. A corrup tion Of braget , from Wel. bragad, a fermenteddrink , bragodi , to ferment .

BOUN. adj. Ready,prepared

, on th e point ofstarting.

“A s sh e was boun to go th e way forth rightToward th e garden.

"—Ch aucer.

Old Norse bitinn, prepared , ready, from th e verb beta, to pre

pare , se t out .

BOURT. on. To pre tend,make believe.

Dut . boerten, to jest , sport , Bre t . bourd, dece i t , trick, Gael . burt ,mockery.

BOWER. sb. A parlour.Old Norse , Aug

-Sax . bur, a chamber.

BRAFFAM ,BRAUGHAM . sb. A collar for a h orse.

Clev. bargani . Referred byWedgwood with much probabilityto th e same origin as the word 114 772587106 , or kanaborouglz, a

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. I 3

coarse horse -collar, made ofreed or s traw, from be; we or borougk ,

p ro tection from th e kames , th e two words ofth e compound be ingin this case reversed .

BRAID. an. A cowis said to braid during parturition.

I apprehend from Old Norse breida , Aug-Sax . breedan, to

s tre tch , widen, expand .

BRAID. on. To resemble, take afte r,used with a

prep . of or after , He braids 0 '

me , h e re sembles me . OldNorse bregda , used wi th th e prep . t il= to, to turn out likeano ther. Honunz bregdr ti l jbreldris.

“ He braids of h is

father.

BRAKE . ua. To beat.Ang.

-Sax . bracan, to break or bruise .

BRAKESOUT. sb. Inflammatory fever in sh eep.

S co. bra ik, brax y. Th e form er part of th e word is from Ange

Sax . broe , SuiO-G o th . brak , s ickness , distemper ; th e latter partfrom Ang.

-Sax . sz2/zt , Old Norse sdtt, disease .

BRANDRETH. sb. An iron frame for supporting th ebaking p late above th e fire . Ang.

-Sax . brandred, a gridiron,

Old Norse brandrei t/z, a grate , G erm . brandrut/ze, and-iron.

BRANDLING . sb. A small kind oftrout.Old Norse branda , a li ttle trout. Comp . M anx braddan,

salmon, pe rhaps radical ly allied .

BRANG . Brough t, pret . ofbring.

BRANK. on. T0 h old th e h ead afl'

ectedly and proudly.

Perhaps connected with Old G erm . brangen, M od. G erm .

prangen , Fris. prunken, to Showoff, make a parade , Old Norsebraka ,

insolenter se gerere , Arm . braga , to Strut.

B/

RAN-NEW. aay'

. Quite new.

M ore properly brand-new,newfrom th e fire . So span-newand

splinter -new,i .e chip -new, new from th e workman

'

s tools ,“re ferring in th e one case to th e newne ss of a me tal instrument-in th e o ther to that of some thing fashioned out ofwood. "

BRANNIGAN . sb. A fat puffy infant boy — D ick.

G ael. bra in, large , big , brannock , big-be llied.

BRANT,BRENT. adj. Steep, as applied to a h ill.

Old Norse brattr, Swed. brant, steep .

14 GLOSSARY OF THE

BRASH. adj. Rash, h eadlong.

G ae l . bras , hasty, rash , venturesome.

BRASHY. adj. Weak,del i cate

,fragi le.

Old Norse breyskr , prop . brittle , but used me taph . to expressWeak or infirm . G ae l . brisg , Arm . bresk ,

tender, fragile ,from

th e same general roo t signifying to break.

BRASS. sb. Impudence .

Old Norse brass , procacitas , (properly brast , from th e verbbrasta , to blust‘erP) Th e noun is no t in th e D ie t . ofCleasby.

BRAT. sb. A coarse apron. Also a contemptuousterm for a child . Wel. bra t , a rag, G ae l . brat , an apron, cloth,Ang .

-Sax . bra t,cloak , clout .

BRATTLE. sb. A loud rattle.Aug -Sax . brastl, a no ise , crackling.

BRAVE. adj . Worthy,excellent.

Sco . braw. Old Swed. braf, Swed. , Dan. brav, Dut . braaf,worthy, exce llent , honest , Arm . brav , handsome , agreeable ,

Gael . breagk , Ir. breag , Fr. brave, spruce, fine . Our wordwould seem to have rather more affinitywi th th e Teut . , andth e Sco . brawwi th th e Ce lt ; i t is not easy, however, to defineth e separat ion be tween them .

BRAY. va. To beat.Old Norse braka , to beat , subdue, Aug -Sax . braean, to pound ,Dan. brage, to crush .

BRAZZLED or BRIZLED. adj. Scorch ed, applied to

peas, scrambled for by boys . Aug -Sax . brastlian, to bum ,

crackle .

BREAD. TO be in badbread is to be out Offavour.— D iek.

B read may perhaps be from Wel. brawa’, Corn. breut/z,G ael.

brei t/z , judgment , verdict, op inion.

BRECK. sb. A pi ece offun, an amusmg occurrence,a practical joke . oe Tyson teem '

t a pint o'

yal down DannyTowson

’

s back. asn’

t that a break -Heard by M r. G ibsonat Dean. Old Norse brek, explained byCleasby as a fraudulentpurchase of land , and in th e p lural as “ freaks , e specially of

children.

"And certainly th e break above referred to is childish

enough .

BREME. vn. To frothProbably re lated to Old Norse brim, surf.


BREUKT. adj. Pam-coloured.

Thus a white sheep with black legs is a breukt sheep . Sco .

braik it or broeked. G ae l . breac, Spo tted, p iebald . Fris.

bru iket, Dan. braget, vari egated , Th e word m ight thus havee i ther a Ce ltic or a Teutonic origin, though th e latter seems

pre ferable .

BRIDE-WAIN. sb. A festival h eld at a wedding, duringwhich vari ous games were he ld , and a subscrip tion made for th e

y‘oung coup le . Th e cus tom h as become obsole te of late years .

h e bride-wa in is prope rly th e waggon onwhich th e furnitureand effects of th e bride were carried, accompanied by a largecavalcade , to h er newhome .

BROACH. sb. A pin or spindle to Wind yarn on. InClev, also th e sp ire or ste ep le ofa church . Th e idea is that ofsome thing sharp-

po inted , as found in We lsh precio, to stab,thrus t, G ae l. brag , to goad, prick , Fr. brocke, sp i t , Eng . broack.

BROB or BROG . sb. A strawor twig, stuck in th e hatorworn in th e mouth , by those wanting to engage in service on

th e h iring-day, in token of the ir being Op en to an engagement .In Lonsd. small branches used to mark out lots of hay

-grass ,

&c. , at a sale . Vulg. Ir. brob, a straw, We lsh brigwm twig,

brwg , brushwood.

BROCK. sb. Th e badger.Old Norse brokkr , Aug -Sax . broc, We lsh , Corn. , Arm . brook ,G ae l . , Ir. , Manx broe. Th e origin is th e same as breukt, g,v..in re ference to th e animals white-streaked face .

BROON-LEEMERS. sb. Nuts browned Wi th ripeness,and ready to drop out Of the ir husks . A tk. shows that leave,originally meaning to shine or glance as a ray Of light , acquiredin Old Eng. th e sense Of slipp ing or gliding. Hence leemers are

slippers ,"i .e. , out of the ir husks .

BROT. sb. Refuse corn, &c.

Old Norse brot , a broken p iece , fragment , used especially inth e p lural. Hence brot is properl broken b its, from brio

‘

ta ,

to break. Comp . G erm . brack, re use , sim ilarly derived frombrecken, to break ; and Clev. brask , refuse , from Ang.

-Sax .

brysan, to bruise .

BROT OUT. vn. Grain sh ed from over-ripeness i s saidto brot out . Old Norse bribta , to break , used with th e preposit ion oz

,like our brot out . Th e Ang.

-Sax . breotan, ObservesCleasby, was rare ly used, and then only in the sense of

16 GLOSSARY OF THE

destroy, demolish , whereas this word is common to all the Scan.

dialects, and th e G o th. bra iean, G e rm . brecken, Eng. break isunknown to them .

"Hence this word may be taken to be one

ofthose indicative ofScand. influence in our district .

BROUGH, BUR, BRUFF. sb. A halo round th e moon.

Burwh e , se t ele , orbiculus. -Pr . P rv. A tkinson’

s sugge st ionofOld Norse baugr , ring, rosa-baugr, a circle round th e moon,

seems to me less open to Objection than h e himse lf considers it .Bo th ofth e changes invo lved— th e insert ion ofa phone tic r , andth e change ofg final into j}are offrequent occurrence .

BROWSE. adj. Crumbly,friable.

b

Dut,broos , brittle . Th e roo t is that ofAug -Sax . brysan, Eng.

ruzse.

BRUSEY. sb. A coarse, fat person.

Wel. brwyso, to grow luxuri antly, brwysg , unwieldy, brass ,coarse , fat .

3UCKLE . sb. Condition ofbody, state ofh ealth . Tobe in prime buckle to be infirst-rate condition. Old Norsebukr , G erm. bauck , trunk , bodywi thout th e head .

BULE. sb. Th e bowofa basket or pan.

G e rm . bitgel, bow, any p iece of wood or me tal that is bent ,Dan. bugle, bule , bo ss , dint .

BULLHEAD,POWHEAD. sb. Th e tadpole. Th ese are

only different forms ofth e same word , pow=pull. We lsh pwl,blunt , G ae l . poll-ckeannan, a tadpole . Pole, in tadpole, is thesame word .

BULLISTER. sb. Th e frui t ofth e bullace-tree.One m ight think that it was prope rly th e tree itse lf— bullis—terbullace -tree . But th e G ae l . bui leas ta ir , bullace— th e endingbe ing apparently ta ir , worthless— seems to po int to a differentconclus ion.

BULLSTANG . sb. Th e dragon-fly.

Th e We lsh name Of th e insect , ewi ldraw, derived byOwen fromewi l, bee tle , chafer, and tarw,

bull , contains a s im ilar allusion.

SO also th e small be e tle called th e lady-cow, h as a sim ilar appe llation bo th in French and G erman. There se ems to be some

ancient allusion to th e bull or cow, th e origin ofwhich we knowno t . Th e latter part of th e word may be from stang , a pole , in

allusion to th e unusual length of th e insect’

s body. Th e o therWe lsh name of th e inse ct , gwa

'

ell—neidr , from gwaell, skewer,sp indle, knitting-needle , contains the same idea.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. 1 7

BULLYRAG. vn. TO scold, to reproach .

M ay be from th e same origin as bully-rock

,a violent, over

bearing person, whichWedg. refers to LowG erm. butler-brook,of same meaning. Dut . bulderen, to rage , scold , threaten,

Swed. buller, noise , clamour.

BUMBLE-BEE. sb. Th e humble—bee.Old Norse buwla , to buzz , Dut . bomwele, drone .

BUMBLE-KITE or BUMMEL—KITE. sb. Th e bramble orblack-berry. Haldorsen gives a verb bumbla (from bumbr, th ebelly) , found only apparently in th e phrase bumbullt er ko

‘

num,

h e h as a pain in th e s tomach. Hence , ki te meaning be lly,bumble-kite might be that which gives th e stomach-ache , re

ferring to th e effe ct produced byeating a quantity.

BUNNELS . sb. Th e dry h ollow stems of th e cowparsnep and simi lar p lants . Clev. bun, bunnon. Aug —Sax .

bnna , cane , ree d , p ipe .

BUNSIN—COW. sb. A cowgiven to striking.

Du t . bonzen, to stri ke , Eng . bounce, of which the originalmeaningwas to strike . A bans in cow, then. is s imp ly a bouncingcow, in th e Old sense ofthe word.

BUR-TREE,BUL—TREE, Bow-TREE. sb. Th e elder.

Sco . bur-tree , bun-tree. Th e various Teutonic names of thistree , Aug -Sax . cllarn, LowG erm . clloorn, G erm. kollder, Dan.

signify , according to Wedg. , ho llow.

"To th e same

origin A tk . refe rs th e bur or bore-t ree, viz . , Old Norsehole , boring , while th e Sea. bun (Aug -Sax . bnna , cane. reed)st ill contains th e same idea. Our form but may also be from a

s im ilar origin, th e roo t bal or but signifying originally bubble .

There is a tree called bb’rr in the Edda, but ofwhat sort does

BURLER. sb. Th e attendant who carri es round th eale at th e fes tivitie s in th e Lak e district . Aug -Sax . byrel, OldNorse byrlar i , ale

-bearer, from byrelian, to give to drink , (fromcal, ale , and beran, to carry?) Th e word is supposed byCleasby to be ofAug -Sax . introduction.

BUSK. sb. A bush .

Nearly obsole te .

”-D ick. Old Norse bnskr, Dan. bask.

BUT AND BEN. sb. Th e outer and th e inner roomsof a farm-house , wh ere there are only two . U sed only on

the Sco ttish border. Ang .~Sax . butan, wi thout , and binnan,

within.

1 8 GLOSSARY OF THE

BUTTS. sb. Th e sh ort ridges approach ing th e cornerof a p loughed fie ld . Old Norse buir , Fris. butt , butt , stump ,We lsh pwt , anything short and thick, PT. buter , to touch at th eend, to abut on.

BUTTY . aby. Th ick at one end.

Prov. G erm. buttzg, short and thick . See butts.

BUT-WELT. va To turn th e butt-ends of cornsheaves to th e Wind to dry. Aug

-Sax . wceltan, Old Norsevelta , to roll or turn.

BYRE. sb. A cow-h ouse.Th e word by i tse lf s ignifie s simp ly room , building, Aug -Sax .

and Old Norse bur , and originallywould have some prefix designat ing its purpose , as a cow-byt e , &c.

BYSPELL. adj. M i sch i evous, full ofVice.Th e form byspelt , given by Brocke t t , is a nearer approach toth e right one , if th e word h e , as seems probable , properlybevspi lt , from Aug

-Sax . sp i lt , corrup ted , depraved, from sp i llan,

to corrup t, the prefix be ing th e Aug-Sax . be, as in benumbed,

begirt , not , in these cases, adding to , or altering th e sense . Or,ifwe might suppose i t to have been originally a noun, we mayth ink of Dut. byspel, exemplum , proverbium, in a sense likebisen, ofan examp le to be avoided.

CAD. vn. To mat or felt togeth er.Thus matted or tangled hair is caddi t. I take i t to be from th eWe lsh cyddio, to join, connect , coup le , from cyd

‘, cyw, signifying

combination, and cognate with Lat . cum , com , con, Teut. sam ,

Cad or cat is an Older Ce ltic form , (Zeuss , G rarnm . nowfound only in some compounds, as We lsh cad-blyg Lat .complic(atio) . A G ae lic form is coi rnk , which we seem to h avein ourword cumm'

t , curdled , app lied to milk. Th e corresponding Teutonic sam is sim ilarly used as a verb in th e Northerndistri ct, as in Clev. saw

, to compress or knead together, Grav.mm, to collect or gather tog e ther.

CADGER. sb. A dealer in small articles going aboutwi th a cart . Referred by 7am. to Dut . ka tren , to run, or cause

t o run about. A tk. also notes Old Norse kiagga, to move as

2 0 GLOSSARY OF THE

CAP. z'

fa. To excel, to be pre eminent

,wh ence

CAPPER, one who takes th e lead of h is fe llows. Old Norsekappa , to strive , contend, Jutl. kappz

‘

, a champ ion.

CARL. 55. A coarse and rough fe llow.

Old Norse , Dan. , Swed. karl, Ang.-Sax . ceorl, a man, male ,

old man. A s c/zurl represents th e Ang.-Sax . , so earl th e Scand.

form , bo th in a derogatory sense .

CARLINGS. sb. Grey peas soaked in water, and eaten

on Care-Sunday, whence probably th e name .

CARR. sb. A flat, marshy hollow.

OldNorse kjarr, Suio-G oth . ba rf, Dan.m . a marshy place.

CAT-TALK. sb. Small-talk, ch i t-chat.I t seems probable that cat is th e same as chat, especiallyifthatword h e , as Sk inner h as it. from th e French . In th e d ialect ofPicardy, whence most of our French was derived, a hard 0

generally corresponds to th e soft c]: ofordinary French.

CAT-MALLISON. sb. A dog given to worrying cats.Old Fr. maliroa , a curse.

CAWKERS. sb. Th e irons on th e toe and h eel ofaclog or wooden-soled shoe . Comp . Lat. calceus , shoe , calzjga,

half-boo t worn by so ldiers and studdedwi th large clums nailscalled calz

'

garer. A lso Lane. coakm , a blow from a orse'

s

shoe , Dan. kok, hammer, &c.

CHAFTS . sb. Th e jaws.Old Norse kz'aflr , Suio-G o th. éaft , Dan. kiaft . In Denmarkth e word is vulgarly used for a person, z

’

kke en éz’

afl, not a

person.

CHAP. sb. A male, man or boy.

From chaffor chap , s im ilarly (see above) used inDenmark.

CHATS. 56. Small branch es only fit for fuel, andme taphorically app lied to stripling youths. Th e original senseofth e word , which is common, wi th slight variations , to severaldialects , is that of young shoo ts . Aug

-Sax . airla, a youngtender shoot, Swiss aide, twig , Prov. Eng. c/zz

'

tr, th e firstSprouts ofanything , Dut . bea ten, to sprout . Th e word ai m! isapp lied to a boy, as e lsewhere ch i efto a gi rl, in th e same senseas whenwe speak ofa Sprig ofnobili ty.

CHEG . a . To ch ew, champ with th e teeth .

Comp.A .S. caac, Swed. kek,jaw,Welsh reg ,mouth cegu, tomouth.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. 2 I

CHERTS . sh. Th e first blades ofgrass in spring.Properly, I think , ch eets or ch i tr, tender shoo ts, th e firssprouts ofanything.

— Hall. See ch ats .

CHIPIES. sh. Omons.

Fr. civc, a leek , Lat. ccpa , onion, Aug -Sax . cipe, onion, We lshcihcllyr, chive garlic. This may be a word ofth e class referredto by Dr. G uest (Ph il. S oc. i ii. 1 69) as probably derived by ourance stors from th e Romans through th e Celts, prior to the

Saxon se ttlement in th e British Isles .

CHIEL, CHIELY. sh. Fellow, companion, generallyused wi th more or le ss of familiari ty, and wi th a sense of

waggery.Play up , old ch icl, a rantin

’

ree l. — Upshot , Lomdale.G ael. and Ir. cci le, Corn. cclc

,M anx chai lley, We lsh gi lya’cl and

obsolete ci lya’

, fe llow, companion, th e roo t ofwhich is found inSansc. h il, to bind . Th e origin of this word seems to havee scape d th e obse rvation ofJam ieson.

CHIGGLE. 7m. To cut wood, &c.,unski lfii lly.

Perhap s formed as a frequentative from ch ick , which , originallyderived from th e sound ofa blowor crack , acquired in Old Eng.

th e sense ofcrack , fiaw. Waag . Comp . also Fr. ch iquetcr, tocut , gash , h ag.

CHILLIPERS. sh. Nuts or small coal.Perhaps fromWelsh chwi lfrz

’

wio, to shatter, break to p ieces .

CHIP. va. To trip up, a term used in wrestling .

OldNorse h ippa , to trip up , G erm. h ippm , to tip over.

CHIP. 55. Th e various modes of th rowing an

adversary in wrestling are called ch ips. See above . Comp.

also We lsh chwip , a quick flirt or turn.

CHIRM . 7m. To ch irp .

Aug -Sax . cyrman , to cry, scream.

CHOCK-FULL. day. Full to th e top .

Swab . schoch , a,heap , g

’

rchochet voll, chock-full, full to over

flowing — Wedg .

CHOOP. sh. Th e fruit ofth e wild rose.Norw. hjupa, ano ther form ofAng.

-Sax . h iop, Eng. hip.

CHOW 56. Th e fleshy part ofthe ch eek.

Aug —Sax . ceolc, Gael , Ir. giall. cheek , jaw.

2 2 GLOSSARY OF THE

CHUNS. sh. Th e sprouts ofth e potato.

Seemingly referable to Go th . huni , Old H igh G erm. chumzi ,Old Sax . hamzi , Aug -Sax . cyn, race , fam ily, offspring , th eroot-word ofwhich s ignifies to bege t or produce . Th e We lshchwyn, aweed , in th e sense of some thing springing up of itself,may be related .

CHUNTER. 7m. To murmur,mutter inaudibly.

Probably formed from cutter , to whisper low, wi th th e introduction of th e nasal , to express th e idea of a dull, mufiledsound. S imilarly clanter from clatter.

CHUR. sh. Th e subdued growl ofth e dog. Also th enote ofth e fem -owl or night-jar. Old Norse har m, to murmur,Dut . ki rren, Norw. h ar m, to coo , as a dove . Comparing th eSuio-G o th . huttra , it seems rather probable that th e Old Norseh arm , and th e o ther verbs referred to , are a contracted form ofit . Compare our ca ttery-coo, th e note ofth e dove .

CLAG . 7m. To stick to, adh ere, as a viscid substance.Old Norse h leggi , a close or compressed mass , Dan. Hag ,

viscid , sticky, Ang.-Sax . clceg , clay.

CLAM . 7m. To satiate, to cloy.— c h . To starve

wi th hunger. West. and Cumb. D ial. Clev. to p inch , compress. Th e las t is th e original meaning, from Old Norsehlcmma Suio-G o th . h lamma , G e rm . klemmen, to compress.I t is curious that th e same word should have acquired, in ourdistri ct , th e sense bo th ofrep le tion and starvation, starting fromth e same original idea ofp inching or compressing .

CLAMMER. sh. A yoke for th e neck of a cow, toprevent h er leap ing hedges. G erm. klammer, a cramp , brace ,hold-fast, from klemmen, to compress.

CLANTER or CLONTER. 7m. Applied ch i efly to th enoise made by th e iron-bound clogs worn by th e Cumbrians.Apparently formed from clatter , wi th th e introduction of th enasal to express a rather duller sound than clatter. So chunter

from cutter. Comp . also Dut. klaa t, clod.

CLAP-BREAD. sb. Oaten or oth er cakes beat or

clapped out wi th th e hand. Dan. klappe thin cakes beatenoutwi th th e hand.

CLAR'

r. sb. Dirt ofan adh esive character, anyth ingsticky. Formed like sla ir , gla ir, words ofa sim ilarmeaning inth e Northern dialects, upon Old Norse leir , mud, mire , whichwe may trace through th e Welsh llai , mud. to Sansc. li ,


CLASH . sh. Idle gossip. Also a tale-bearer, scandalmonger. Vulg. G erm. klatsch e , a gossip, tale-bearer.

CLAT. sh. Has both th e two meanings of th e aboveclash . Clev. clat , to chatter or prate . Comp . Old Norse hlid ,

garritus . Sansc. elaa’

, to resound.

CLAVER. na . To climb. Or rath er to clamber or

scramble , th e idea ofbo th hands and fee t being involved. OldNorse h lifra , mam

’

bus e t pedibus clivum ascendere,Dan. h lavrc.

to clambe r.CLECKIN or CLEEKIN. sh. A brood ofch ickens, &c.

Clev. cletch . Old Norse h lchja , to sit , as a bird . Dan. h la hhc.

CLEG . sh. Th e common h orse-fly.

Old Norse h leggi , Norw. h lcgg , horse-fly. From th e sense of

sticking. Se e dag .

CLEFS. sh. Tongs for pulling up weeds.

Lonsd. clip , to clasp . Ang.-Sax . clyppan, Old Norse hlipa , to

grip . catch .

CLEUGH (pron. CLEUF) . sh. A cleft or ravine.Aug -Sax . clough , a cleft , Old Norse h leyf, fissura rup ium.

CLIART. ah}. Havmg th e lungs adh ering to the ribs

{pfcattle ) . Th e word would seem to be th e same as Sc

aving tumours in th e flesh , Dut . h lz’

er , a hardthough th e word has acquired with us a somewhatmeaning.

CLICK. na. To snatch sharply.

Thus , in reference to three tributaries of th e Eden, 3 Cumberland rhyrne says me taphorically,

Eamont , Croglin, and Cockley Beck ,

Eden clicks them a’

by th e neck.

Th e origin is not very clear. Comparing Fris. hlich , verber ,ictus Fr. claque, Eas t . click , a blow i t m ightseem that th e original meaning was tha t ofstri ing. A tk inson,however, take s a different view, ci ting th e Jutl. h lcehhc vea

’

, to

stick tight to , hold fas t by, as close ly resembling th e use ofourword, esp ecially in the phrase click h ad.

CLINK. sh. A blow. Also a Jingling sound.

Dut . klinken, to sound , t inkle , h linhslag‘

, a. blowwith the

hand.

CLIP. na. To sh ear sh eep.

OldNorse klippa, Dan. h lippe, to cut, clip.

2 4 GLOSSARY OF THE

CLOCK-HEN. sh. A h en about sitting.

Dut. blah -hen, a brooding-h en.

CLOCK. sh. A general name for a beetle, as a

black-clock , water-clock , &c. 8 00 . galaah, used precise ly in th esame manner. Old Norse h laha , a beet le (in hrunn-hlflha , th e

dytiscus or water-c lock) , Swed . h locha , an ear-wig ,M id. H igh

G erm . huleich , Bav . h ieleck , a bee tle . Jam ie son has forcharllach , an ear-wig , as a G ae licword , and in the Diet . Of th eighland Soc. I find collag-lion wi th th e same meaning . There

seems no doub t that the se , Ce ltic andTeutonic, are all differentform s of one original word , but while th e Sec , golach seems tobe from th e Gaelic, our clock se ems most probably ofScandinavian origin.

CLOG . sh. A sh oe Wi th soles ofwood plated Wi thiron, in commonuse in Cumberland. Waag. refers i t to clog in

th e sense of a block or clumsy p iece ofwood , and compares

i t wi th G erm . h lotz-sch uh , Dan. bloa'

s , a clog or wooden shoe .

In l ike manner, from I tal . zocco, a log, zoccoli , clogs, pat tens.

CLOOT or CLOUT. sh . A blow, buffet.Dut . kloteren, to strike .

CLOT. sh. A clod.

Dut . h lot, globus , Fli es. hlot , clod.

CLOT-BUR. sh. Th e burdock.

Clote, Chane . and Pr. Prv. Aug -Sax . cla te , G erm. klette , Dut .

klissen, a bur , Fries . horre, hurre , Dan. horre, a bun Th e wordthenwould se em to contain a redup licat ion.

G erm . kli tschen, to flap , clash , slap , Dut.mm to beat to

ge ther, as eggs.

CLOT—HEAD. sh . A blockh ead, clOd-poll.G erm. hlozs—kopf, a clod-pate .

CLOWE. va. To scratch , beat.Dut. h louwcn, to beat soundly.

CLUDDER. ah . To Crowd togeth er.Dut . hlottercn, to coagulate. Comp . alsoWelsh clutter, heap.

CLUNCH. sh. A h eavy,stupid person.

Dut. klonte, clod, Swed. klnns, lump , G erm. blank” , clod.

COBBY. h ay. Headstrong, obstinate.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. z5

COB. 71a. To beat or thump.Welsh cohia, to beat .

COBBLE, COBBLES TONE. sh. A rounded stone suchas are used for paving. Norw. kappel,

“a cobble or round Stone.

Old Norse kappa -steinn, a boulder.

COCK-LOFT. sh. Th e top garre t.We lsh coeglofi

‘

, a garre t , from coeg , empty.Se c dancin’we

’

d h ev i th’

coch-lofl.

"—Anderson.

Th e cock-loft , as an available empty room , is Often used fordancing.

COCKLY. adji . Shaky,unsteady, e asily moved.

Lane . hcgly. Brocke tt gives also th e form cogly. OldNorsehogla , G erm . hugeln, to ro ll , Dan. h ugle, G erm . hagel, a. ball,Dan. kegle, nine -p in. We lsh gogi , to move , to shake .

COD. sh. A pillowor cush ion.

t

(31d Norse hoda

’i , Swed. hudde, a cushion, Ang .

-Sax . t ow, a

ag.

COCKS-WUNTERS. A clipped oath , God’

swonders.

CODDLE. na. To clasp m th e arms, to embrace.I am disposed to connect ourword withWelsh cydio, to join,to couple , from eya

’

, cyf, cym , combination, o ther and olderCe ltic forms ofwhich are cad and cod, th e latter found inWelshcodi , a concubine (if we may trust Bullet) . From th e form cod

would , as a frequentative , come coa’

a'

le.

COLLOPs. sh. Sl iced pieces ofmeat.Suio-G o th. hollops , shoe s Of meat softened by beating be forecooking , th e originofwhich maybe found inProv. G erm. klapps,a dish ofmeat made tender bybeating , from hlapfen, to beat.

COLERAKE or COWLRAKE. sh. An iron scraper.Coole-rake — Pr. Prv. See cowl.

CON. sh. A squirrel’s nest.Lonsd. th e squirre l i tse lf. I t would seem rather probable , fromth e We lsh cont , tail , that there h as been some such Ce lticwordfor th e squirre l.

COOMB. sh. A h ollowplace surrounded by h ills.Ang.

-Sax . comh, a valley, probably adop ted from th e Celtic.Welsh cwm.

COO-CLAP. sh. Th e firm dung ofth e cow.

2 6 GLOSSARY OF THE

COO-SWAT . sh. The semi-fluid dung ofth e cow.

Lonsd. coo-squat. Dial. Dan. squatte, to sp irt , sp lash, squat , aSlop. InDerbyshire squat signifies to Spot with dirt.

COO—PLAT. sh. Th e same as coo—swat.D ial . Dan. ho-hlat, from hla t, drop , blot.

COP. sh. Top, peak.

Aug -Sax . copp , G erm. hop];Welsh cop , head, top.

COPPY—STOOL. sh. A small round stool .Derives its name , like cup , Ang.

-Sax . topp , from its round form.

COPT. oa’

f. Pert, set up, saucy.

Lonsd. cop , to be saucy. Dut. happig'

, self-Wi lled, Fin. hopccz ,

to be conce ited or se t up .

COREY. sh. Th e carrion-crow.

Fr. corhcaa. See gorlin.

CORKER. sh. Someth ing very appropri ate to th e

p oint , a se ttler. Perhaps from th e idea of corking up , se ttlingth e matter. Orpossibly fromWelsh corc, compact , neat , smart .whence carcen, a smart girl.

CORP . sh. A corpse.G ae l. and Ir. corp , Welsh caij i corpse , body, Lat. corpus,Sansc. garhh as .

COT. on.

“To wai t upon a Sick person, to saunterabout home .

— D ich . Clev. cot, to cook for one'

s self, to doone

'

s own household work . A th . refers i t to th e same sourceas O . N. hot-harl, a poor cottager, Dial. Swed. hutnr, a poor

lodger in a co ttage , one wh o h as to do everything for himse lf.

COTTER. on. TO entangle, mat togeth er.Wedg . collates a number ofwords inwhich cot has th e sense ofsome thing matted or clotted. I think that th e origin is to befound in Old Ce lt . ca t , coa’, cot , Welsh cya’. See caa

'

.

COTTIT. any. Short-tempered.

Apparently fromWe lsh cwt , Corn. cot , cut, short.

COUP. oh. To barter, to exchange.Old Norse haupa , to traffic, to barter. G erm. haufcn, to

purchase .

COU P. va. and 72. To upset, overturn. Also to fall.A th . thinks that from th e sense of exchanging , that is , ofone dealer turning over articles to ano ther, comes th e sense

of a li teral turning or upsetting. But it is certainly a t e

2 8 GLOSSARY OF THE

COWPRESS. sh. A wooden lever.Properly chwl-press , from,

according to A tk OldNorse kylf’

a ,

G erm . keule , a Strong, thick s tick (as used for a lever) , andOld Norse pressa , Eng .press . Comp . also G ael. caa i ll,Wel.cagall , cudge l, truncheon.

CRACK. on. To boast. Also to tell stori es andgenerally to converse . Th e form er sense , which is common to

various dialects , and found also in Early Eng. , is th e originalone . From crack, in th e sense ofa loud report. SO Fr. craquerwas used in a similar sense , se vanter mal a-propos e t faussement.— M enage.

GRAD, CRADAGH. sh. A troublesome ch ild.

Seems to be connectedwi th Gae l. cradh , to vex , torment.

CRAG . sh. Th e face or countenance .

“A word Of th e mountain vales .— D ick. From th e example

which h e give s, He hung a lang crag when t’

news com,

”-it

may be taken to meanmore esp ecially jaw. We lsh erogen, jaw,

from crogi , to hang .

CRAMMEL. on. To walk Wi th difficulty, or as if th efee t were sore . G erm . krahheln , Dan. kraale, to scramble . As imi lar interchange ofm wi th h orf is se en in Eng. scramhle ,Cumb. scrafie. I t seems probable that our crammel representsth e word onwhich , by th e prefix of s , is formed Eng. scramhle.

CRANKY. aay'

. Ailing,infirm .

Old Norse krankr, Dan Swed G erm. krank, sick , feeble.

CRANKY. aaff. Ch ecked, applied to th e linen materialformerly extensive ly used for shirts, aprons , &c . Th e idea isthat ‘

ofbending at ri ght angles . Old Norse kraki a , deviate ,

Dut . .krinkelen, to turn, to bend , kringelig, full ofturnings.

CREE. va. To crush , to bruise.Fri s. kro

'

ge, Dan. kraye, to crush.

CREEL. sh. An Old-fash ioned h orse-pannier, a Wi ckerbaske t used by fish ermen. G ae l criol, Ir. kri l, a basket orcoii er. Old Norse kri li , baske t , from kri la , to p lai t , to

CREWEL. oh. To cover a ball with parti-colouredworsted . Properly crewel is a ball ofwors ted . G erm. knd

‘

ael,

LowG erm. h levcl, a ball ofthread. Th e interchange ofliquidsin this class ofwords is very common Wedg.


CRINE. oa. To scorch, sh rivel.Welsh crino , Gae l. crime, towi ther, dryup .

CRINKELTY-CRANKELTY. aa’o. Very crooked, fii ll of

twistings. Dan. kringel, crooked, Dut . krinkelig, full of

tum ings.

CROBBEK or CROW IK. sh. A disease ofth e stomachin cattle , occas ioned by change ofpas ture . Probably crop-vik ,from crop , th e s tomach , and Old Norse wig , wound , hurt.

CROBS, CROB-LAMBS. sh. Th e worst ofth e flock.

One m ight think Of Eng . scruh, in th e sense of some thingworthle ss , Dan. skrah , scrap ings , trash. Or th e sense may bethat of feebleness and decrep i tude , derived from shrive lling or

crookedne ss , as We lsh erah , wrinkle , crehach , shrunk , withered ,G ae l . cruh, to crouch , crahan, crooked creature .

CROCK. sh. An old ewe .

G ae l. crog , a ewe pas t be aring, crogan, a shrive lled Old woman,

Eng. crone (which also means an old ewe ) . Th e roo t is probablyth e same as that of cranky, ailing , infirm , Sanso. krik, to

become thin or lean.

CROFT. sh. A field or inclosure near a h ouse.Aug

-Sax . croft , a small inclose d fie ld.

CROFUL. sh. A very lean person i s said not to havea“croful offlesh upon h im

— D ick. I take i t to mean handful, from G ae l . crog . hand , paw, a word generally used , as inth e present case , Wi th some thing ofa contemp tuous sense .

CROOSE or GROWSE. adj. Bri sk, l ively.

Jamie son suggests Suio-G oth . krus , G erm. kraus , Signifyingcurled , comatus , as th e origin of this word. Ihre give s SuioG oth. krauskopji li terally “ curled-head, as denoting an irritable or e xcitable pe rson.

CROP. sh. Th e stomach .

Old Norse kroppr, th e trunk , body wi thout th e head. Pro

bably formed by metath . from corp . Ir. corp , Lat . corpus,Sansc . garhhas .

CROTTLES. sh. Small lumps.Sco . crate , th e smalles t particle . Welsh erwa’, a round lump ,

crottes,th e globular dropp ings ofshee From

th e same general origin as cards or cruds , crowdy, 0. OldNorse gm , krn, crowd.

30 GLOSSARY OF THE

CROWDY . sh. Oatmeal mixed with th e fat ofbroth .

Suio—G o th . grad, Old Norse graa tr , porridge made ofmeal andwater, Ang.

-Sax . grut , meal, Welsh crwa’, a round lump .

CROWKINS. sh. Greaves from melted iat.Probably for crowdkins. See crowdy.

CRUD . sh. Curd,Ofwh ich it is th e older form .

Crua’des Ofmylke .-Palsg . See crottles and crawcly.

CRUNE. sh. Th e subdued roar ofth e bull.Sco . crane signifies th e murmuri ng or groaning noise madewhen they want food , are pained, or dissatisfied on whataccount soever.

"Dut . kreunen, to groan, to whimper.

CUM-METHER. sh. A godmoth er.Sco . cummer , gossip , companion.

2{amieson refers to Fr. cam

mere, god-mo ther. Comparing th e ng.-Sax . cum-peed”

feeder t ) , god-father, ours seems a different word, fromSax . cuma , comer, stranger.

CUMM’

T MILK. sh. M i lk curdled Wi th rennet,and

seasoned wi th sp ices — D ick. Lane . cammed m i lk. FromG ae l . coimh , Ir. coins, signifying combination, corre spondingwith Lat . cum , We lsh eya

'

, cm , and Teut . ram , th e idea be ingthat of coagulation. Thus our cammed m ilk corre sponds wi thth e Yorks . sammed milk , th e one be ing a Ce ltic, and th e othera Teutonic form ofth e same originalword.

CURROCK. See kirrock.

CUSH ! CUSH int/i A call note for cattle.Old Norse , Fris. kit

‘

s ! kits sim ilarly used. See cush ie.

CUSHIE. sh. A pet or familiar name for a cow.

Old Norse kussa , Ice l. kusa, a colloquial dim inutive , frequentinmodern use .

— Cleashy. Hence th e call cash , cash .

CUTS. sh. Small pieces Of strawor paper ofdifferentlengths used in drawing lots. Cut or Lo te . — Pr. Prv.

We lsh cwtws , lots.

CUTTER . on. TO wh isper, talk softly .

1’

th’

pantry th e swee t-h earters cuttered queyte soft .A nderson.

Suio-G oth . kuttra , to chatter, Swed. kuttra , to talk lowand in

secret . A frequentative form ofDut. kouten, Ang.-Sax . cwéthan,

&c. , to talk.

CUMBERLAND DIALECI’

. 3 I

CUTTY. aa’

j. Short.Welsh cwt , Corn. cot , cat, GaeL, Ir. entach , short .

CwOLv, COLIE. sh. A sh eph erd’s dog.

Sco . collie. G ae l. m ilcah , dog , hound. Properlyanappellative ,it is used like Tray, as a proper name .

If hares were as p lenty as hops ,I durs tn'

t fe ll yan for my life , man,

Nor tak’t out o‘

auld Cwoley’

s chops. -M iss Elamin .

Ran Col our dog, andTalbot , and G erlond.

Similarly, i t se ems to me by no means improbable that Tray ,nowpre se rved only as a proper name , and that more e speciallyin legend or poe try , may have been an ancient appellative ,signifying runner, from Sansc. frag , G r. rpex w, G o th . th rdgi an,to run, and ofwhich also in th e Ce l tic branch a trace is foundin th e Obs. Ir. tra ig, G ae l . troigh , foo t . We find from M art ialthat vertragus (in some editions incorrectly vertagws) was th e

name ofa hound imported from Bri tainNon sibi , sed domino , venatur vertragns acer,Illaesum leporem qui tibi dente fere t.

’

And also Arriam (De Venat . ) remarks that swift-footed dogswere called in Bri tain anertragoi. G luck exp lains vertrag as

-foo ted , from trag , as above , and th e intensitive part iclevcr , gwer , presentWe lsh gar . If we migh t suppose th e prefixto be th e same word as th e We lsh guare, Corn. g

'ware , to play,sport , i t would give to vertrag th e appropriate meaning ofasport ing dog ,

"suggesting th e poss ibility of a word trag,

whence possibly our Tray— for a dog ingeneral .

DADDER, D IDDER, D on. To shake,tremble,

sh iver. Dyderyn or oolde .

"- Pr. Pro, A

’

ll tak sum 0‘

that dadderin'

stuff, M r. G ibson heard a Cumberland youthsay at a supper table , indicating at th e same t ime a shape ofjelly. Old Norse a

’

atta , to vibrate , G erm. z i ttern, Dut. si tteren,

Old Norse ti tra , to shiver.

lDAFFIN . ah. joking, bantering.Th e sense of folly enters consp icuous ly into our word , whichseems to be from th e verb a

'af, e x plaimed by Iamieson as to

3 2 GLOSSARY OP THE

be foolish .

"Clev. daj

rmeans also coward, dastard. OldNorseda stup id, deyfa , to make blunt , to stupify, Dut . do],Old Norse tapr , imperfectus, cui aliquid deest , Gud. A nd.

DAFT. ady. S imple,h alf-Wi tted

,stupid

,or fooli sh .

A tk. takes daft to be th e pas t part . of th e above verb dajComp . also Swed . tafa tt , stup id , awkward , Bav. tappet , foolish ,Old Swed . tafatt , adv. inep te , th e adj. be ing probably lost .

DAGGY. adj . Dnz zly.

Clev. dag or deg , to drizz le . OldNorse deigr , moist. In

Ice land ,’

observes Cleasby, as app lied to th e weather, i timp lies less thanwe t and more than damp . This is exactlyth e meaning i t h aswith us.

"

DALE (pron. dealt) . sh. Valley.

Aug-Sax . ddl, Old Norse dalr. G erm. thal. Th e origin is

Aug -Sax . deelan , Old Norse deila , to divide , separate , in reference to th e valleys as divisions be tween the mounta ins . Dale,observes M enage , has s till in Normandy th e meaning of a

channe l , gutter, or trough , through which water is carried away ,which— th e dale form ing th e channe l bywhich th e water is carried away from th e mountains— h e takes to be a re lic Of th eS cand. dalr . But i t seems rather t o be a re lic of anotherNorthern word da la , a k ind ofgroove through which th e b ilgewater is carried out ofa ship , present NOrw, dala, a grooveformed trough, eaves, a trench .

DALEs-MEN. sh. Th e inhabitants ofth e dales .

Ice landers say dala-menn,

‘dales-men,

’

as in Eng. lake dis

DANDER. on. To h obble, to wander listlessly .

Sco . dander, dandi ll, to saunter. G erm. tandem, to trifle ,loite r.

DALLY. sh. A tee-totum .

Old Eng. daly, a p laything, from Lat . talus , th e ankle-bone ofanimals , then a die to p laywi th . Wedg .

DANDER. sh. PaSSIOn, exci tement. A person In a

passion is said to have h is dander up . Perhaps , alongwithtantrum , from We lsh taut , spasm , throb , th e idea ofwhichseems to be tension, tannu , to s tre tch , throb.

DANG . ou. To strike, th rust, push .

t

l

gynge r

-P . Pl. Old Norse dengja , Swed. danga, to bang,ump .

CUMBERLAND Drawer. 33

DARK. on. To lurk, li sten in th e background.

Sco . dam , to hide , conceal . Old Eng. dare, to lie qui e t ands till. I rather think that ourword may be a corrup tion of one

or o ther of th e above , formed from a striving after a meaningwhen th e original word came to be forgo tten. Th e 8 00 . damis from Aug -Sax . deam ezz , to hide th e Old Eng . dareWedg.

connects wi th LowG erm . hedarezz, to be still and qui e t .

DAVE. va. To sooth e, assuage.Suio-G oth . dofwa , to benumb, deaden, Swed. do

‘

fva , to mitigate , alleviate.

DAWD, DODE. sh. A lump ofanyth ing.

Old Eng. dot , a sma ll lump . Fris. dodd, a lumpDAZED . adj. Benumbed, stup ified. Also as applied

to pas try , half-baked. Old Norse dasadr , exhausted , worn out ,

Ang.-Sax . divas , Dut . dwaas , dull , heavy. As app lied to pastry

th e sense is that of heaviness .

DEAL or DALT. sh. A share in common land.

Aug-Sax . dd l, Old Norse dez

‘

ld, a share or divis ion, Ang.-Sax .

M lazz , Old Norse dei la , to divide . M enage remarks that daleanddelle are still used inNormandy to denote a certain measure

of land , no doubt a re lic ofth e Northmen.

B EEF. aay'

. Appli ed to ligh t grain, also to unproductiveland . Aug

-Sax . dea4 0m , barren corn, Suio-G o th . daufjora’

,

unproductive land. h e word , which is th e same as Eng . deaf,was wide ly used in th e sense ofdeprivation.

DEET. oa. To winnowor dress corn.

Ang.-Sax . dz

'

lztazz , to prepare , arrange , dispose. In most ofth e o therNorthern dialects th e word is ofmore general app lication, in accordance with th e Aug -Sax .

DEEVE. oh. To deafen.

Old Norse deyfa , Dan. dove , to deafen, stun, stup ify.

DEFT . adj. Handy, neat. Also quiet,silent.

Ang.-Sax . défi e, mild, convenient , neat .

DEG or DAG . am. To ooz e,distil.

Old Norse dezgia , to be mo ist .

B ENSH, DA INSH. day. Delicate,fastidious

,squeamish .

de licacy, damn /221g, fas tidious. Th e originseems to be We lsh dazzt , too th , whence dazzlaz

’

dd, fastidious,nice , Eng. daimjy. So Eng. loath some, from tool/z.

“

E

34 G LOSSARY OF THE

DEss. oa. TO build or pile up, as applied to stacks, 810.

Old Norse dos , a rick , h ey-dos , a rick of h ay, We lsh das , G ae l .

da i s, heap , rick ,stack.

DEYLT. ad]. Moped,di spiri ted

,impai red in m ind.

Old Norse dvalz'

, Dan dva le, a trance , state Of torp idity, OldG erm . twélan, to be torp id. Hence dwalm or dwam , swoon,

suspension ofth e senses .

D IBBLE . on. To plant seed. Sometimes appliedto burying a corpse .

— D z’

oh . Th e syllable dz'

h , expre ssingth e act of strik ing with a sharp instrument , is a modificat ion of

8 00 . dah, to prick , Bohem . duha tz’

, to peck , Eng.joh , to thrustor pe ck , para lle l wi th dag or dig , to strike with a po inted instrument. -Wedg.

D1KE . sh. A h edge. Also a di tch,but rath er a dry

ditch . This double sense occurs also in th e Dut . dz'

joh , bo thagger and fovea, (KM ) , and in th e Dan. dzge, ditch and bank .

So also Aug-Sax . die , Suio-G o th . dike , ditch and bank . This,

observe s Ihre , is naturally to be accounted for, as th e sameearth which is taken out ofth e ditch , serves to mak e th e mound .

Th e roo t , if i t be th e same as that found in Sansc. dik , to heapup , would seem to make i t appear that th e original sense wasthat Of the bank or hedge .

D iLL . va. To sooth e.Old Norse dz

'

lla, to lull , as a nurse does a child

DITT. 71a. TO stop up.

Ang .-Sax . dytta zz , Old Norse di tto , to close , to stop up .

DOBBY. ‘

sh. A h obgobl in.

Perhaps , by transposition Of consonants, for hoddy. Hencesam e as Sco . hoody, from G ae l . hodaolz , spe ctre , boggle . Th e

converse transposition appears in Yorks. hody, a s imp le ton(Ray) , probably th e sam e word as our dohhy. See dope.

DOGKIN . sh. Th e dock (plant) .SO hollz

'

n for holly, z'

w’

zz for ivy.

DODDY. sh. A cowwith out h orns.Doddyd, wyth eiowte h ornysse .

— Pr. Prv. Fris. dodd, a

lump . TO dod is to reduce to a lump , to cut offexcrescences .

DOD .. sh. Th e name ofmany round-topped h ills inCumb . From th e same origin as above , in reference to the irround , lump-like form.

36 GLOSSARY or THE

DOUSE, DOWSE. aay'

. Kindly, pleasant, hOSpitable ;Aye th e douse dapper lanlady cried eat an

'

we lcome .

’

Fr. doux , douse. Th e original meaning is preserved more close lyWi th us than in Scotland, where yam. explains it as thrifty .

Dow. sh. Usefulness, virtue.Ang.

-Sax . dugan, Dan. due, to be ofuse , to be good or fit forsome thing, Sansc. dah , valere .

DOWLY. adj. Melanch oly, dejected. Applied to a

p lace , lone ly, cheerless . Old Norse ddlegr, wre tched.

DOWP. sh. A bay in a lake.This seems to be a charac te ristic Scandinavian word. OldNorse djdp , th e deep sea close to land (whence the name ofDieppe ) , and then a large bay.

DOWY. adj. Down-h earted, dejected.

Perhaps from Welsh dueg , me lancholy. Or perhaps for dowly,

Old Norse ddlegr, wre tched, hap less.

DOZENT. adj. Spiri tless, stupified.

various re lated words are Fris . dos-4g, dizzy , Ang.

foolish , Dial . Dan. dase, to be heavy or listless , dose,in sense and faculty. Th e roo t is th e same as that

Of daz ed.

DOZZLE . on. To driz z le, applied to th e weath er.Prov. G erm. do

'

seln, to drizz le.

DOZZLE. sh. A lump.

G aeL dos , a lump .

DRABBLE . on. To make wet or duty, to draggle.Drabelyn, paludo .

— P r. P rv. Old Norse drahha , to dirty,Dut . drahhe, D an . draw, dregs , LOW G erm . drahheln, to slobber,G ae l. drah/z, dregs, drahacle, dirty.

DRAFF. sh. Brewers’ grains.

Old Norse draj} Ang.-Sax . drahhe, Dan. drao , dregs. refuse

food for hogs , G ae l . drahh , dregs.

DRAKT. ad] . Wet.We st . drah es , a l p or me ss . Old Norse drech z

’

a , to p lunge inwater, to drench . TheWelsh lroc/zz

'

, to dip , to plunge , seemsto be an alliedword.

CUMBERLAND DiALEcT. 3 7

DRAMMOCK. sh . A mixture ofoatmeal and water.

DREE. adj. Slow, tedious.From th e sense ofwhat is drawn out , Go th . drig ,

driugr, longdrawn out , Old Norse dridgr-g

‘

mz, taking long to pass (ofa road) , Swed. dog-m il, a long or a dree) mile .

DREEN . sh. Th e gratified sound made by the cowduring milk ing. Old Norse dreyzzja , Dan. drone, Dut . dream ” ,

G erm . dro'

hnen, to roar, to be llow, Sanso. dlzran, to groan, giveout a hollowsound.

DREUVT, DREEAVT. adj. Drench ed or saturated withwater. Probably from th e same origin as drahhle, q.v.

DRIP. sh. Driven snow.

Found only in th e phrase whi te as drip , app lied to anyt hingbrill iantly white . Old Norse drij; driven snow. Th e ph

i tse lf, [wi t sem drz'

j; white as drip ,”

is current in Ice land.

DRUCKEN. adj. Drunk.

Old Norse druekz‘

nn, Dan. druhhm , drunk .

DRUSH DOWN. on. To rush down, fall down suddenly.

Sco . th ruselz , to fall or come downwi th a rushing or crash in

noise . Go th. driusa, to fall. Prov. G erm. (Hennebe rgfidraws/zen, to rush .

DUB. sh. A small pond or pool.Old Norse dapz

'

, a poo l, Fri s. dohhe, a ditch, puddle , Gae l .duhhagan, a pond. In Lonsd. Peacock give s th e additionalmeaning Of a deep hole in a ri ver, ” but this would seem to bean al toge ther different word , from Old Norse djfip , Dan. d h , a

deep ho le , a wordwhichwe also re tain, but in a to tally ercut

DUB. va. To prepare a cock for figh ting.

Fr. addouher, to dress , arm at all po ints.

DUBLER, DOUBLER, D IBBLER. sh. A large plate or dish .

Th e duhler was brong inwi’ wh eyte breed an

’

brown.

A nderson.

Dobeler.— P . PI. I t seems probable that th e meaning is that

ofa vesse l which require s to be carried in bo th hands . This isth e origin sugge ste d by Schmeller for Ge rm . zuher , tub, in Opposition to G erm . ez

'

mer , Old H igh G e rm . a z’

nhar , a pail , a

ve ssel carried in one hand. The author Of th e Craven G lossary

3 8 GLOSSARY OF THE

refers for th e origin to aWe lsh dwhler , but though Lloyd givesdwhler as a word used in Cardiganshire , i t does not appear inany dict ionary that I canfind, and may be more probably borrowed from th e English . Way, in a no te to th e Pr. P rv. , saysth e te rm is derived from th e Fr. dozehlz

‘

er, a dish , whichse ems more probable , though th e only term I find is douhleva isseau, a caldron or ket tle full Of h ot water (Coig .)

DUDS. sh. Cloth es, more especially wh en worn andshabby. Gae l . dud, rags.

DUFFY . my. Soft, spongy, woolly .

Lonsd. and Grav. dufi l, a clo th with a rough nap . Old Norsetag , th e rougher part ofa fle ece , from toga , to drawout . Hence

dujfy is from th e same roo t as tough , which , like it, replaces th eg sound by that Off.

DUM P. va . To butt with th e h orns.

Old Norse dumpa , Dan. dumpe, to strike , to thump .

DUMPY—COW. sh. A cowgiven to striking. See dump .

DUNCH. va. To nudge Wi th th e elbow.

Dunch yn, tundo .

”-P r . P rv. Dut . donsen , pugno in dorso

p ercutere , Suio-G oth. dunsa , impe tu e t fragore procedere , Dan.

dundse, to thump .

DUNNECAN . sh. A privy.

Perhap s from G ae l. dionaclz, reserved, se t apart , from de'

ore,

she lter, covert .

DURDEM . sh. A tumult, uproar, disturbance .Lonsd. durdem , durdezz. On th e whole , I think th e derivationfrom G ae l . durdan, murmur, humming, th e most probable .

DUST. sh. Uproar, disturbance.Suio-G oth . dust , dyst , tumult .

DWALLOW. on. To Wi th er, turn yellow Wi th age .

Old Norse dvalz‘

, Swed . dwala , dulness , fainting , stupefaction.

Th e sense of our word has changed from mental torpor tophysical decay.

DWAM . sh. A swoon.

Properly dwalm. Suio-Go th. dwalm, a state of torpor, a

SWOOII .

DWINE . on. To with er, pine away.

Dwynyn a-wey, evaneo .

" —Pr. Prv. Ang.-Sa.x . dwimm,

Old Norse doina, towi ther.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT . 3 9

DYSTER. sh. A dyer.S tands in th e same category as hrewster andwehster , bothwordsof th e Northern dialect , for brewer andweaver. Th e ending isp roperly a female one , Ang.

-Sax . estre , as insangestre , songstre ss ,but th e distinction seems at an early period to have been lost ,aswhytster, a fuller, is rendered in th e Pr. Prv. candidarius , and

in Palsg. hlazzo/zz'

sseur.

EAR. sh. Th e kidney.

Th e same in North . , Sufi , and Sec . Old Norse nyra , Dan.

nyre, G erm . m ore”. A similar anacope ofnwe have in est for

nest.

EATH . adj. Easy. I/Vest. and Cumh. D ial.Old Eng. eith , Ang.

-Sax . catil , easy.

EEN. sh. Eyes .

Ourword, like th e Sec . em , re tains th e Old plural .

EFTER. prep . A fter.Old Norse qftz

'

r, Dan. , Swed. efler. Th e Aug-Sax . also has

bo th oefter and after.

EGG ON. rja. To incite, stimulate.Ang.

-Sax . eggz'

arz , Old Norse eggia , Dan. e e. Th e roo t idea,as in s timulate (stimulus , a goad) is that O prick ing, Ang .

-Sax .

cog , a sharp po int.

ELDIN. sh. Fuel, as peat, turf, wood .

or fowayle .— Pr. Prv. Old Norse eldz

'

ag , fuel,elda , to kindle a fire .

ELDIN. sh. Th e butter-bur.Th e name , like that ofth e e lder, probably contains th e meaningOf hollow, which is also that contained in hur. Se e hur—tree.

ELLER. sh. Th e elder.Ang.

-Sax . alr , celr, G erm. eller. In th e Pr. Prv. eldyr or

EDSON. sh. A Sh oemaker’s awl.Dut. else , Old Dut. elseue , awl.

40 GLOSSARY OF THE

M ay be derived from th e ,Old Norse a m, than— metro: em:a t/zrz

'

r ,

“mair en others . But we also find in Prov. Ge rm .

(HenneberTglzlemz for den— net meh r emz drez

’

, nit mair en

three .

”

e Old Norse can is formed by anacope from th eme,as is th e Prov. G erm . emz from dean. Or in o ther words i tmay be said to be th e resul t ofdefective pronunciation. Th e

anacope ,

” Observes Cleasby, is entire ly Scandinavian,

“

which , if i t means that i t is not to be {maid in G erman, is to be

qualified/by th e excep tionabove quo ted. Nowth e question isis ourword derived from th e Scandinavian, or is i t th e re sult Ofs im ilar phone tic tendencies wi thin th e di alect i tself?TO thiswecan give no certain answer, but in any case i t is probable enoughthan these phone tic tendencies in our dialect , (ofwhich anotherinstance is er for nor.) may be ofScandinavian origin.

ER oonj. Nor (used for than) .M ine ’

s be tter or thine .

ESH. sh. Th e ash .

Esche .-Pr. Prv. Aug -Sax . test , OldNorse ash , eshz

’

.

ESP. sh. Th e aspen.

Espe .-Pr. Prv. Old Norse espi , Ang.

-Sax . cesp . Words

that seem to repre sent th e s ibilant sound of its ever-movingleaves , as in asp , G r. atom s, from its hiss ing.

”— Prz’

or .

EST. sh. Nest.Thisword ,with wh ich I canfindno th ing e lsewhere to compare ,e xcep t ear for near , shows in a st ill stronger manner th etendency ofth e dialect (see on) to cut offan ini tial consonant .

ETTLE . on. To aim at, intend, propose .

Old Norse , Old Swed. catla , to think , purpose .

BZINS or BASINS. sh. Eaves ofa building.

efesiau , to cut in th e form ofeaves .

FADGE. sh. A slow h eavy trot.Clev.fadge, to move as a corpulent persondoes. Swed.fagga,

to load, to we ight.

CUMBERLAND D i ALECT. 4 x

FAFFLE. on. To trifle, to saunter.Dut. femelen, Fris. fample, Prov. G erm. fappelu , to trifle ,fumble .

FAG . oh. To load, to encumber.Swed.fagga , to load .

FAIN. Glad, anxious, fully disposed.Ang.

-Sax .feegen, Old Norseflgz’

un, joyful , wi lling.

FA IR. adj. and ado. Used mtenswely, altogether,

entire ly. It'

s afa ir sham , z’

. e. , a comp le te shame . Thereis a remarkable co incidence of sense and application be tweenthis word and th e Dial . Dan. fa r , fcere, adj. and adv. , quo tedby M olbech , and exp lained as meaning greatly, in a highdegree , remarkably, e. g . , la m var fare m yhket, sh e wasextremely pre tty — A th .

FALLOPS. sh. Rags, untidy dress ofa woman.

Seems conne ctedwi th Dut .falte , a loosewide dress ofwomen.

FARLIES. sh. Wonders, remarkable th ings.Ferly, a wonder.— P . Pl. Ang.

-Sax .fa rlz'

ee, sudden, unforeseen, Old Norseferlegr , mons trous, horrible .

FARNTICKLES, FANTICKLES. sh. Freckles on th eface, &c. Farm is , no doubt , as suggested byA té a contrae

Offreokm , Old Norse frehna , freckles . And t ickle is a

dim inutive Of tick, a slight mark . Fantz’

cklemaybe only ano th efform, or i t maybe from OldNorsefina ,also Signifying a freckle .

FARRANTLY. da}. Orderly, respectable, well-behaved.

On th e whole , I am disposed to accep t M orris's derivation fromG ael . arraa ta , brave , s tout . Farraa ta is from fear, a manand e idea Of that which becomes a man, which, in th e eyesof th e fierce G ael , was courage in th e fight , m ight , as in th e

ease ofmeme, similarly derived , become that ofa peaceful propri e ty ofconduct.

FASH . 71a. TO annoy, trouble, vex.amieson

’

s conclus ion that this word is borrowed directly fromth e Fr.fat h er (formerlyfasoh er) must , in viewofits universalprevalence throughout th e North , be regarded wi th some 5115

p icion, and I am rather disposed to agree wi th A tk. in h is

sugge stion ofa Scandinavian origin. He suggests Swed ,flam e

andfiasha , and Dial . Dan.fasse, all having very much th e samemeaning oftaking useless care and trouble .

4 2 GLOSSARY OF THE

FAUGH (pron. sh. Fallow.

Aug-Sax . fealg , Dial. Dan. feelge, fallow. Our dialect

, as

usual , suppre sse s th e l, and changes th e sound ofg into f.

Comp . saugh or saj‘ltree, th e willow, from Aug -Sax . salg.

FA! ED-STAR. sh. A comet — Hall.Ang.

-Sax .feax ed steorra , a haired star, a come t, from Ang.-Sax .

feax , Old Norsefax , hai r, mane .

FEAL. on. To h ide. West. and Cumh. D ial.Old Norsefela , Suio-G oth.fala ,fela , to hide.

FECKLESS. adj. Helpless, inefficient.Fromfish , th e imperfect ofOld Norse fd, to attain, acquire(whence I take our word fue) , A té . , I think rightly, derivesClev.feoh , ability, efficiency, whence our wordfeckless. Fromth e corresponding G erm .fa

‘

lzeu , comesfa'

h z'

g , capable , effe ctive ,which would correspondwithfeohy ,which h as probably been at

some time in use.

FEEK. on. To be restless or anxious, to fidget.Fykynge about in idleness .

— Pr. P rv. Old Norse ha , to

make haste , to bus tle , Dut.fishers, Bav.fieheu , to swi tc moverap idly to and fro .

FEEL. any. Smooth .

Ang.-Sax .fioltan, to file , po l ish , make smooth. In Clev. to

file over is to smoo th over, to cajole . Th e Ang.-Sa

'

x .

feolz‘

an, judging from Old Norsefdga , G erm .flgen, to polish ,may be a contract ion offegolz

'

an. Comp . Fr.filou , sharper.

FELL . rja. To knock down with a blow.

Ang.-Sax .jellan, Old Norsefella , to knock down.

FELL. adj. Energetic,striving.

Ang.—Sax .fill, fierce , crue l , severe .

FELL-FAW. sh. Th e field-fare.Ang .

-Sax .fialafbr, fromfialo , yellow.

FELL. sh. A mountain.

Old Norsefiall,fell, Swed.fjdll, Dan.field. Th e word is notfound in th e Saxon idiom , and its universal use throughout th edistrict may be taken as a proof ofNorthern occupancy.

FEND . on. To manage or make sh ift, to be carefuland industrious . Aug -Sax .faudz

’

aa , to try, prove , search out ,Dan.faute,feute, to strive , to acquire wi th to il and care.

44 GLOSSARY OF THE

FLACK . sh. A square piece ofturf.Lonsd./dah , Dan.flag , a flat sod of turf, used in some partsofJutland as a covering for peat and turf stacks. —M olh.

FLAN. ad] . Flat, shallow,appli ed to dish es, &c.

In Yorks. toflan is to widen towards the top , to expand Out

wards. Old Norse fleaua , to expand, to s tre tch out , fleutr ,e xpanded,fleau-eygr, saucer-e yed, Dial . Dan.flaue, to gape , tos tare .

FLANNEN. sh. Flannel.Ourword shows th e old and correct form, flanne l be ing originally aWe lsh manufacture , andderived, no doubt, fromgwlauea ,

flanne l , from gwlan, wool.

FLAY . 7m. To fri gh ten.

Old Norsefldja , to put to flight , terrify.

FLAYSOME. adj. Frigh tful. Seeflay.

FLECKED. adj. Spotted, marked, streaked.

Andwonderful foweles,Withfleohede feth eres .

-P . P l.

Old Norsefieeka , to spot , stain,jteelaottr, spotted, G erm.fleehm ,

to s tain.

FLEUZ’T. adj. Brui sed, fringed, broken into filaments.

Lonsd Grav. fluz z ed. Old Norseflysja , to sp li t into slices ,fits , a sp linter, Dan.flz

’

se, to sp linter.

FLEER. on. To laugh h eartily — Duh .

To have a countenance expressive Of laughterwi thoutout — B rock. To manifest th e fee ling or Sp irit ofmoscomful ridicule without actually laughing out — A té .

son'

s definition is borne out as regards Cumb. in th e followingThey brunt h is wig, an

'

greym'

t h is feace ,Andwaken

'

t h im wi’

fleerz’

n.- eUpsh ot , Lonsdale.

Dial. Dan. jlz‘

re, to smile sneeringly, Nor. fiz’

r , suppressed

laughter.

FLEET. sh. Lot, large number.Th e hailfleet o

’ them.-D z

'

oh . Sco . fleet , to abound. OldFr.flatte, a crowd ,flotte de gens, crowd ofpeople . Th e originis pfobablyTeutonic.

FLICK. sh. A flitch (ofbacon) .Ang.

-Sax .flteee, OldNorseflihh z‘

, flitch ofbacon.


FLINDERS. sh. Fragments, small pi eces.

Old Eng.fli tter , to scatter in p ieces. Norw.flz’

udra, a shiverofstone or th e like . Dut .floa ters, tatters.

FLIPE. sh. Th e rim ofa hat.Dan.flip, tip, corner, extremity.

FLIT. on. To remove from one house to anoth er,generally in th e sense ofevading creditors , though that sensedoes not enter into th e origin of th e word. I t seems almostalways to imp ly th e removal ofsome thing, e .g.

,Of th e out-going

tenant's movable property."

-A tb. Old Norse fli tja , to carry ,convey. Dan.flytte, to remove , carry away , shift or changedwelling.

FLYTE. on. To mock, scold, ridicule .Flyt in or chydin.

"-Pr . Prv. Ang.

-Sax . flz’

tau, to strive ,dispute , quarre l.

FLOFF. sh. Th e l igh test of ch aff.Eng. flue, fluf, down or nap . LowG erm . flog , l i ht thingsthat rise and fly in th e air, flog-ashe , light flying as es . Th e

common change Occurs ofg intof.

FLODDER. sh. Froth , foam,half-dissolved snow.

Probably allied to flut ter , LowGerm .fluddern, Bav. dem ,

Wall. fluturare , to flutter, as a butterfly or flake o snow,

fluturu , a flake of snow. Comp. also Dut .floderen, to trudgethrough we t and dirt.

FLOW. sh. A bog, qOld Norseflat a marshy fen, fromflha , to flood , Prov. Ge rm.

flage, a u .agmire This sense Of liquidity i s exemp lified in th eof lway Flow, by an irrup tion in th e last century, which

caused extens ive damage and some loss oflife .

FLOUGH. adj. Wild, skittish , as a young horse.App lied also , in th e case ofa person, to wi ld and reck le ss e x .

penditure . Swiss/luck , ski ttish , app lied to a horse , LowG erm .

flugg, live ly and sp iri ted beyond what is becoming. Th e idea ,

0

so in ourwordsfligh ty and volati le, is derived from that offlyi ng.

FLOUGH. adj. Cold, boisterous, applied to th e weath er.From th e sense offlying, as in above . Comp . Fris . flaag , a

sharp and sudden shower, LowG erm .flage , a passing storm of

wind or rain, Old Eng.flaw, a violent storm ofwind .-Hall.

‘

46 GLOSSARY OF THE

FLUET. sh. A blowor bufi'

et.

Properly, I think , a Slap wi th th e flat hand. Perhaps th e sameas Old Eng.fli rt , a fillip , rap , or flirt , (Cotg . ) Halliwell hasalso Prov. Eng.fla tten, to slap , andfla tte occurs in P . P l. in

th e sense ofdashing water on th e face .

FLUKE, FLOOK. sh. A flounder,flat fish .

Ang.-Sax .flhe , Old Norseflhh i , a flat fish .

FLUSTERATION. sh. Excitement and confusion.

Clev.flusterment. Old Norseflaustr , precip itancy, excitement ,Walach.flusturare, to do a thing in a bo isterous or turbulentmanner.

FOG . sh. After-grass, wh en th e hay has been cut andremoved. We lshfl og , dry grass, (Garn. Phil . Ess .)

FOGGY . adj. Ligh t,soft

,spongy.

We lshj‘wg , what is volatile (as dry leaves or grass) .

FOISTY, FUSTY. any. Hav mg a close, d i sagreeablesme ll, as ofdampne ss ormoudliness . Fyyst , stynk.

— Pr . P ro .

Th e origin seems to be Old Norse flsa , to blow, also to breakwind ,whence Old Norsefis , Dut . oeest , G erm .fist , flatus ventris ,LowG erm .flstrzg, ill-sme ll ing, as a peasant

'

s room .

FOOTH . sh. Plenty,abundance.

lth .

l

Formed fromfull, as wealth from weal andh ea

FOOTHY. aaj. Well Off, in good circumstances.D ish . gi ves also th e sense ofliberal , hosp itable . Seefooth .

FORBYE. ado. Besides, in addition to.

Dan .jbrhi , G erm. vorhei , be sides, over and above .

FORCE. sh. A cascade or waterfall.Clev.jbree andfoss . Old Norsefors , waterfall , arm, to streamin torrents Norw. and M od. Ice l . foss . h is,

"observes

Cleasby , IS a test word ofScandinavian language and origin.

”

He also refers to a p assage in Constant . Porph . De A dmin.

Imperi i, where th e Byzantine author give s th e names of somewaterfalls in Russia,

from which it would seem that th e Russ ianword was then flopcrlfi or ! 6pos , (Russia , i t mus t be remem

Pron. wars) , in M od. G reek. Hence , probably , as well asforos ,th e same word as th e Old Norsefors.


be red , was colonised by Northmen) . I t seems probable thatO ld Norsefars is formed from th e p rep .fra jo ined with th e verbi sia , proruere .

FORDER . va. TO furth er, assist, promote.Suio-G oth . fordra, promovere , juvare , G erm. fo

’

rdern, to promo te .

FOR-ELDERS . sh. Ancestors.

Old Norse foreldri , forefathers , Dan. foraeldre (limi ted to

parents) .

FORMEL. on. To bespeak.

Old Norseformcela , to appo int , Dan.formelde, to proclaim.

FORSET. rja. TO waylay.

Ang.-Sax .forsettan, to se t before , Old Norsefbrsdt , anambush.

FOSPEL-HOLE . sh. Th e print ofa footstep on soft ground.

Fospel may possibly be a corrup tion Offosper , i .e . , foot-spor .

Old Norse fit-spor , foo t-print . Otherwi se I can suggest noexp lanation, unless we may think ofWe lshfosp , breach , gap.

FOTTER. ou. TO hummel barley in order to breakoffth e awns. Crav.fawter . Sco .fa tter . Th e properword isfalter , as found in M arshal's Rur. Econ. A th . thinks it “ anarbitrary app lication Of th e s tandard word , conne cted wi th th einte rrup ted or up

-and-down mo tion Of th e instrument when inuse . I am more dispo se d to think of G erm . foltern, Dut .

fe tteren, to put to th e rack , torture , torment .

FOWT. sh. A fondling, a petted ch i ld .

In Clev , also a fool , stup id lout. A th . , however, separates thetwo words , deriving th e former from Lat .fatas , and th e latterfrom Old Norsefauti , s imp le ton. I confess , however, to some

doubt re specting this — th e connection be twe en fondness andfolly be ing so close . Thus th e original sense offond i s foolishwe spe ak of “ do ting

"on one , and through th e North “

s illything

"is a common term Of endearment towards children. I

should there fore be dispose d to cons ider th e two sense s as con

current , and to make th e Old Norsefanti th e origin ofboth .

FOZZY. adj . Soft and spongy, as frosted turnips.Pruss . fossen, to break up into a spongy mass of ligaments ;Dut. voose , Spongy , voose raapen, fozzy or frosted turnips. OldNorsefaushr , a rotten, dry log.

FRA, PREV. prep . From .

Old Norsefra, (pronouncedfray ) .

GLOSSARY OF THE

FRAHDLE. on. To talk foolish ly. I/Vest. and Cumh.

D ial. 800 .fraydant , quarre lsome . Welshfraethder,wi ttiness, flippancy,fregodi , to chatter, talk gibberish .

FRA INED. adj. Freckled, marked with small-pox .

Old Norse rehnhttr , Dan.fregnet , freckled, cognate , i t wouldseem , with elsh hreeh .

FRAP. 71a. To snap th e fingers.

Apparently from Fr.frapper , to strike .

FRATCH. on. To quarrel . squabble .In th e Pr. Prv.fraeehyn is de scribed as th e creaking Of newcarts , &c. , and exp lai ned by s tr ideo. Hence . it would seem

that th e original meaning Was that Of a harsh grating sound ,whence , me taphorically, th e jar ofquarre l. A varying readingin th e P r. P ru. is frash in, which corre sponds with Sco .frais ,to make a crack ing or crashing no ise , and i t seems rather probable that this is th e original form , inwhich case th e probableorigin is Suio-G o th . fraesa , stri dere . Our word fractious,quarrelsome , seems more probably derived from th e abovefra tch , than from Lat.fractus , to which it is referred by Todd ,Jamieson, and o thers.

FREELIDGE. sh. Th e freehold privi leges belongingto th e burgage tenure .

— D ieh . Also (th e s tones which mark

th e boundarie s Of a borough be ing called freelidge stones.) itwould seem to app ly to th e privi leges of th e borough freemen.

Probably th e same as G erm .freileh en, freeho ld.

FREM or FREMMED. adj. Foreign, strange, unfamiliar.Aug

-Sax .fremed, Dut . oremmed, s trange , fore ign.

FROSK. sh. A frog.Nearly obsole te .

-D ieh . Frosch e .-Pr. P rv. Aug -Sax .

frost , Old Norsefroshr, G erm froseh .

FROUGH, FROFF. aa}. Easi ly broken,sh ort in grain.

Seems to be most probably a variation offroth , used by Tusserin th e same sense . Ang.

-Sax .freoth an, fricare . For Sim ilarinstance s of interchange be tween th andf; s ee swai th and

FROW. sh. A morose or forbidding-looking woman.

Aug-Sax .freo, Old Norsefreyja , m istress , lady , woman. Like

queen, this word , originally a' term ofhonour, h as come , in pro

vincial speech , to be used in a contemp tuous sense .


FROWSY. adj. Coarse, vulgar. Seefroze .

FRUDGE. on. TO rub rudely against.Clev.fridge, to rub up or chafe . Lat . fri care . I tal . fricciare ,to rub.

FRUMMETY. sh. Barley boiled with milk.

Prop .frumengr, from Fr. frumentee, a kind ofwheat grue l ,Lat .frumentum.

FRUSH. aaj. Brittle,crumbly.

Fr.froisser, to break , I tal .frusciare , to crush toge ther.

FUDDERMENT. sh. Warm wrappings or lining.

Old Eng. fodder , to line a garment . Old Norse fb’

dr , lining ,

fidra , to fur or line a garment . Hence , by cont . , ourwordfur.

FUE or FEw. on. Used, as elsewh ere shape, frame,

oflizr , in th e sense ofShowing ap titude for anything.

1’

th’

chimley nuik some gay guid hans,An

'

gai ly ill to slocken,

Fe ll tui wi' poddingers an’

cans,An

’

few'

t we ll to ge t drukken.- Lonsdale.

Sco . faw, to Obtain, acquire . Probably from Old Norse fa,

Dan. faae , to gras p , acquire , to be busy , exert onese lf, Ang .

Sax . fan, G erm . fahen , to catch , se ize , to be of effect , whencefa

'

h zg, capable , fit . Th e im ofOld Norse fd is feeh , whenceprob. Clev. fech , ability, w ich we seem only to have in the

FULL. na. To fill.Go th .fulljan, Ang.

-Sax .fi11an andfullan, Dut . vullen.

FUR, FOOR. sh. Furrow.

Ang.-Sax .fur, Old Norsefor , Dan.fure.

FUZ-BAW, FUZ-BALL. sh. Th e puff-ball, a kind Offungus , Fr. vesse. Th e idea seems to be that ofrottenness, andthe origin th e same as that Offozzy.

FUZZEN. sh. Potency, briskness, applied to liquors.

G erm. pfusch en, Swiss pfusen, Eng. fizz , represent th e soundofwater flying Off from a hot surface , Of air andwater in intimate mixture and commo tion. Hence fuz z , having th e natureof things whichfiz z . Wedg . Th e word fuz z no doubt t elated to ourfuzzen , was formerly current in th e sense ofge tting

F

5° GLOSSARY OF THE

drunk , as also its frequentatlvgé

uz z le, whence , as a com , come sour pre sent word fuddle. e Univers ity troop dined wi thth e Earl ofAbingdon, and came backwe ll fuz z ed. Wood in

GG AB. sh. Th e mouth . Also foo lish or idle talk .

Dan. gah, Pol. goha , mouth . Prov. Dan. gahe , over free or

c

kat tering talk , Old Norse gahha , Ang .

-Sax . gahhan, to mock ,

0 eat , lie .

G AE, GAN, GANG . vn. To go.

Ang.-Sax . gangan, gdn, Old Norse ganga ,

Old Fries . gan,Dut .

gaan. As in Clev. gan is in Gumb . th e most common form .

GAIN . adj. Near,direct

,convenient, applied generally

to a road or way. Old Norse ge direct , h inu gegnsta veg ,

th e shortest way. Dan. gfen-vei , S ort cut .

GALORE or GALWORE . sh. Abundance.Wi’ snaps and gingerbread galwore.

— Bridewain, byS tagg .

Apparently from We lsh gwala , fullness , sufficiency, gwalyo, tomake full, Ir. glei re , much , p lenty.

GALLY-BAWR. sh. Th e beam or bar across th e ch imney,from which th e pot-hooks are suspended. L iterally gallowsh awk , Old Norse ga lga , gallows. Compare th e Warend

word gall-stang , which I be l ieve h as th e exact meaning Of ourword , simp ly substituting slang for hawh .

—A th .

GAME-LEG . sh. A lame or injured leg.

Probably fromWel. cam , Corn. gam , t am, crooked, Fr.gamhir ,to crook .

GAMMERSTANG . sh. A tall,awkward person.

Th e latter part of th e word is from stang , pole ; th e origin of

gammer is not so Obvious . Dr. Whittaker says , ganger-stang ,

awalking-pole . M orris derives i t from gammer , an Oldwoman,

which jam : also refers to for Sco . gamareerie, tall , raw-boned ,and awkward. Or th e origin may be th e same as that Ofgammarel, q.v .

GANGREL. sh. A tramp,vagabond.

Derived in Cleasby'

s Ice l . Dict . from Old Norse gangleri , wanderer But th e term ination rel is common to so manywords in

52 GLOSSARY OF THE

GATE (pron. geeat ) . A road, street, or way.

Old Norse gata , Dan. gade, Ang.—Sax . gea

‘

t , G erm . gasse.H ence gate as th e equivalent of street in most Of th e Northerntowns .

G ATINS. sh. Sh eaves ofcorn, & c.,set up S ingly to dry.

Perhaps from Old Norse ga ta , to tend , take care of, in th e

sense of things requiring extra attention. Or perhaps forgastins , G ae l. ga istean, a sheaf or bundle ofhay, &c.

GAUT. sh. A b oar pig.

Prop . galt. Old Norse galti , Dan. galt, boar.

GAWKY. sh. A stup id and awkward person.

Old Norse gauh r , Ang.-Sax . geao, s imp le ton, Old Norse g ich ,

G e rm . gaueh , foo l , Fr. gauch e , awkward, Corn. gagy, foo lish,G ae l . goic, scoff, taunt .

G AWVISON . sh. A fooli sh person, to wh ich D ick addsth e sense ofno isy. Clev. gauhy, gauvey, gauvison,

all wi th th esame sense . Old Norse geipa , to talk nonsense , gapa , to s tarewith open mouth , Norw. gap , a s imp le ton.

G AYSHEN . sh. An emaciated person,all skin and bone.

Perhaps from G ae l. ga is , to shrive l up .

GEAL. vn. To ach e or tingle with cold.

Sco . gell. G erm .gellen, to t ingle .

G EALLS . sh. Cracks or fissures in timberwh ile seasoning.

Seems allied to g i ll, a cleft or ravine . Old Norse gi lia , to spli tor cleave , g io

’

ll, pe tra cava .

GEAR. sh. Dress, equipment, h arness of a cart or

p lough , prop erty in general . Ang.-Sax gear

'we, Old Norsegorv i , gear, appare l .

G EE . sh. Gee i s th e carter’s word Of command to h i shorse s to turn to th e right or from h im . To take th e ee is

to tak e affront , and to declare abrup tly -off. Jam . rei rs to

Swed . get , to budge , to turn round.

G EGG IN . sh. A small tub with a long handle.G ae l . gogan, a small wooden dish made ofseveral p iece s.

G EG GLES. sh. A giddy girl.Crav. geg , to walk in a care le ss manner. Th e idea is that ofrestle ssness or unsteadiness . Fr. g igue, a jig or rap id dance ,

g igues, a giddy girl , Old Eng. gig . a top , Swiss gagli , a girl


that cannot sit still . Wedg . Th e roo t is found inWelsh ogi ,to agi tate , move quickly, whence also G ael . gogaid, a ckle

woman, Fr. coguette.

GETTER. sh. One wh o begets.

Old Norse gelara , one wh o gives b irth to. In 0 . N . th e wordwas app l ied to bo th parents wi th us i t is exclusive ly applied toth e male .

G IF. conj. If.

GILDER or G ILDERT. sh. A snare for catch ing birds.

Old Norse , Old Swed , g i ldra , a snare , gin, trap .

GILL. sh. A small ravine.Old Norse gi t , Norw. gi l, gfi

'

el. Brooks and tributary streamsflowing through clefts in t e fe ll-s ide to th e main river at th ebo ttom of a vale are in Ice land called g i l.

"— Cleashy. This is

precise ly ourg ill, only th e word app lies properly , I take it , notto th e stream i tse lf, but to th e cleft through which it runs.

Hald . has th e verb g i lia , diduce re , alveum facere , but th e verbin that sense is wanting in Cleasby. Th e modern spe lling Ofghyl, (intended no doub t to Show that th e g is hard) , imp lyingas i t doe s that th e history of a word , as contained in its form ,

is of less account in a dialectic word than in one Of th e Eng.

language , is , I hold , reprehens ible .

GILT. sh. A sowpig that has not yet h om e .

Old Norse gyltr, Ice l . g ilta , Aug -Sax . gi lte, a young sow.

GIMMER. sh. A ewe under two years old.

Old Norse g mhr , a ewe of one year Old , Dial . Swed. gimher, aewe that h as not ye t borne a lam b .

GINNERS. sh. Th e gi lls Of a fish .

Diefenbach co llates ginners wi th g ills . I t seems to be fromOld Norse gjo

'

lnar , gills , th e I be ing dropped as usual. Hence

g inners would be a double p lural.

GIRD. sh. A fit, as a gi rd Of passion or laugh ter.Perhap s from We lsh gyroedd, drive , impulse , gyrddu, to act

vehemently. Or from Old Norse gr id, aestus anim i.

GIRD. sh. A h oop formed of an Oz ier rod bent intoa circle . Ang.

—Sax . gyrd, Old Norse girdi , a rod, a twig.

GIRDLE. sh. A Circular plate to bake cakes,&c., on.

We lsh greidyll, a bak ing p late , from greidia, to burn, to scorch .Comp . also Suio-G o th .

‘

ssel, (prop . , according to Ihre ,graedsel ) a baking-plate , rom graedda , to bake .

54 GLOSSARY OF THE

G IRSE. sh. G rass.

Aug -Sax . goers, grass, Dut. gars , gras , Eng. grass.

GISS intj. A call for swine . Perhaps forgris.

Old Norse gris , a li ttle p ig.

GLAD. ad] . Smooth , as ofa door on i ts h inges.

Old Norse gledia , to pol ish , Dut . glad, G erm . gla tt , smoo th ,polished . Th e ori ginal sense is that Of brightness , next comesthat ofsmoo thness , and lastly, that i oyfulne

-ss.

GLEE. vn. To squint.LowG erm. glien, to slip or slide .

G LEGG . adj. Smart,quick .

Old Norse gleggr , sh arp-sighted , whence met . clever, G erm.

glau, We lsh , Com . gle'w, sharp , clever.

GLENT. sh. Glimpse.Dial . Swed . glinta , to sl ip , slide . G rimm supposes a lostS trong verb glintan, to shine , glance wi th light , and probablythis wordwhich remainswi th us is th eword in question.

’— Rietz .

Comp . Dan. glim t , glance .

GLIFF. sh. A sudde n or hasty view,passing glimpse.

Dan. glippe, to s lip , to m iss , to wink , Dut. glippen, to slip .

GLIME. vn. To look Sideways.

Seems rather to be re lated to gleyme , viscus , mucus , than to

gleam. Th e sense would th en be that of slipp ing, turningas ide , as in LowG erm . glippen, to slip , Dan. glippe, to Slip , to

miss, to wink .

GLISK. vn. To glisten.

Old Norse glyssa , Old G erm . glizan, Norw. glisa , to glisten.

Comp . Lat . gliseere, to take fire , begin to burn.

GLOP. vn. To stare with open mouth .

Old Norse glapa , to stare , gape .

GLOWER. vn. To‘

sta'

re , gaz e intently.

Old Norse gldra , to gleam , stare like a cat's eyes , (Cleasby) ,Dial. Swed . glora , Norw. glora , to stare , Dut . glaren, to leer.

G LUMPT. adj . Sulky.

Clev. glumpy. Old Fris . glupa , Prov. G erm. glupen, to looksullenly, LowG erm . gluppen, to look covertly from under th ebrows. By th e insert ion of th e nasal we ge t glump , and then,

dropp ing th e finalp , Eng. glum, Dial . Dan. glunz, scowling.


GLOUT. sh. A lout, clumsy fellow.

G lowt , to look doggedly or sourly , K . Dut . h loete, loete,homo agrestis. Perhaps from th e no tion ofa lump or clod.

"

G OAL. sh. A deep pool.Wel. gvolw, channe l, Swi ss gz

‘

tlle, Bav. gilllen, a s ink , Eng.

gully-hole.

G OB. sh. Th e mouth .

Gae l. goh, ludicrously app lie d , probab ly allied to Old Norse

gapa , Eng. gape, &c.

GOFF, GUFF. sh. A Simpleton.

Perhaps from Old Norse gapa, vapour, s team , whence , me taph ..

a foolish and emp ty person. Bre t. goap , mockery, Fr. gwfi’

, a

simpleton.

G OLLER or G OLLow. vn. To sh out, halloo, to barkloudly. Old Norse gaula , to be llow,Wel. galara , G ae l. guil,to weep , lament.

G OMMAREL. sh. A fool ish and awkward person.

Comp . Old Norse gamhra , to brag , bluster, prate , gamhrari ,bragger, blusterer, gumari , a fop , from gum, fuss , exaggeration.

But ifth e word be properly goneri ll, as Brocke tt has i t , which Iam rather dispo se d to admi t , then th e most probable originwould be Old Norse ghna , to stare in a foolish manner.

G OOD-FEW. A tolerable quanti ty,nei th er very large

nor very small . Th e Clev . expre ssion,

“a good little ,

"is not

in use in Cumb. Ihre refers to a similar use of Suio-G o th.gudi ,

d

wh ich adjectivis e t adverbiis additum , significationeminten it.

G OODIES . sh. Sugar sweetmeats for ch ildren.

Dial. Swed. guttar , Swiss guleli , swee tmeats for ch ildren.

GOODLIKE. adj. Handsome, good-looking.

Old Norse godlih r , good, virtuous. SO goodly, in its after-useapplied to pe rsonal appearance , is expla ined in the Pr. Prv. as

benignus , benevolens .

G OPE. vn. To sh out.Old Norse gapa , Eng . gape. To gope is to shout wi th Openmouth .

G ORE, GORLIN. sh. An unfledged bird.

Clev. gojpin, Sco . gorhling , gorling , gorhet . Gorlin is properlyor rath er gorhling , the fundam entalword be ing garb or

GLOSSARY OF THE

M , Th e 800. gorhle, to swallowgreedily, Gael. gai rhh , agreedy

“

be lly, Show, I tak e i t, th e origin of th e word , which isderived from th e characterist ic voracity Of young birds. Th eroot is to be found in G r. qrpdw, comedo , G ae l . gaorr , to gorge ,

Dut . gh i eren, avide pe tere , (K iL) Hence North . gormaw, th e

cormorant , gorcrow, th e carrion crow, Old Norse , G erm . gei r ,

Dut . gh i er , vulture , in all Ofwhich creature s voracity is th e dist ingui sh ing feature . Pro bably also Old Norse gorhor , Norw.

gorp , Lat . corvus , Sco . corhy or gorhy, raven. And G ae l Ir.

g iaraman, glutton, whence prob . Fr. gourmand. Th e name

G e ri , of one Of th e ravens of Odin, appo inted to consume th e

bodie s of those slain in battle , is, no doubt , from th e sameorigin, in th e sense ofvoracity.

Lonsd . grosh . Clev. grassy. OldNorse grdsha, gramenverh aus,(Hald ) , from grha, to grow.

Old Norse gauhr , Aug -Sax . ac, G erm. gouoh , Gael. and Ir.cuach . Th e roo t is found ingrim. cuc, to cry.

GOWK. sh. A simpleton. See gawhy.

GOWK. sh. Th e core ofan apple, &c. See m oh.

GOWL. vn. To weep, to lament. See goller.

GOWPIN. sh. Th e quanti ty that can be h eld in th ehollow Of th e hand , or Of bo th hands toge ther. Old Norse

ganpu , prop . bo th hands h eld toge ther in the form Of a bowl ,then as much as can be taken in th e hands held toge ther,

G OWZE. vn. To gush .

Old Norse gjhsa , to gush.

GOYSTER. vn. To bluster, laugh loudly.

Perhaps from Old Norse gussa , to make a fuss and no ise . Or

from gus ta , to blowin gusts.

GRAB. va. To Siez e, snatch .

Swed . grahha , to grasp , G o th. grezpan, Old Norse greipa,

. G erm . gr eifi'n, to s ie ze .

G RA IDLY. adj. and adv. Proper, decent, _well-behaved,orderly, properly.

“ Se ldom heard in Cumb .

”— D ich . Old

Norse grei th a , Norw. greida , to prepare , make straight , put in

order.


GRAINS. sh. Th e forked branch es of a tree , th ep rongs ofa fork . Old Norse grez

’

n, Swed. gran, th e fork of a

branch , Old Norse gr eina , to separate .

GRATER-FACED. (my. Marked Wi th small-pox .

Seem s to be from Old Norse gram” , Aug -Sax . grut , groats , towhich th e marks on th e face may be re sembled. Comp . G raut

nefr, porridge-nose ,

”

a nick-name in th e Ice l. S turlunga Saga.

G RAVE . w. To dig, to use a spade .Ang.

-Sax . grafan, Old Norse grafa , Dan.grave, G erm. grahen,

to dig.

GREET. 7m . To weep, to cry silently.

Ang-Sax . grcétafl , Old Norse grdtcz (pre t . grét) .

G REG . w . To annoy,to vex, mortify .

Probably nearly allied to grudge, which oc curs as grad: in th eP r. P rv. Suio—G oth . grufwa sig , (wi th th e var. grugha) , togrumble .

G RIME. sh. Soot, smut.Dan. grime , Norw. grima , Dial . Swed . grima , a black spo t orsmut , e specially on th e face . Th e word anciently signified a

mask , or a hood partly covering th e face.

CRIM IN. sh. A sprinkling, sligh t covering, as ofsnow.

Seems to be from grime , in its original sense of a coveringeasily removed.

G RIPE. sh. A dung-fork .

Suio-G o th . grepe, Swed . grape, Dan. greh, a stable-fork .

GROON (pron. greeuzz) . sh. A swrne’s snout .Old Norse gram , be ard . beak , lip s ofa cow, Fr. groin, snout ofa p ig. M e taph . Old Fr.

‘

ng , cape , promontory, tongue ofland jutting into th e se a. ence , no doubt , th e name ofG rune

Po int , a projecting tongue ofland near Skinbum e ss .

GROOP. sh. Th e gutter beh ind th e cows in a byre .

G rowpe .-P r. P rv. Clev. grip , Norf. gr up . Aug -Sax . grep ,

O ld Norse grof, Swed . grop , ditch , channe l , Eng . groove.

G ROOSAM . (th’

/Z G nm ,forb1dd1ng

—looking.

Cle v. grue . G e rm . grausam , fierce , terri ble , Dial . Swed .

grusam , dismal-looking ,deje cted , Dan. gru , horror, G erm .

grauerz , to have a horror or avers ion.

58 GLOSSARY or THE

GROOVES. sh. Places out ofWt l‘l coal, slate, & c.,

h as been dug . G roove or grove , a deep pit sunk to search form inerals . K. Crav. groove , a mine or shaft . Dut . groej;furrow, di tch , groove , G e rm . grahe, a pit , ditch , hole dug in th eground .

GROUTY. aay. Smeared,muddy

,dirty.

Dut . graefe. dregs , grayz‘en , to mud or clean out canals , Norw.

greet, dregs , gra tea , thick , muddy.

GRUN. sh. Ground .

Old Norse grumzr , ground.

G RUNDSWA ITH. sh. Th e rag-wort .

Ang.-Sax . swa th u , swath in mowing . Th e sense seems to be

that ofsome thing trailing on th e ground .

G RYKE, CRYKE. sh. A crevice in a h ill-side.Old Norse h ip/hi , corner, recess.

G ULL. sh. Th e corn-mangold,Chrysanthemum segez

‘

am,

some tim e s called th e golden. Clev. gamlah a’. Dial. Swed.

gulle-hlommer , gold-flower, th e corn-marigold. Dut . oaa

’s

hloem , go ld-flower, th e common marigo ld . We lsh go a'

, th e

corn-marigold , ola’wyr , th e common marigold. Ourword may

be taken to be rom Old Norse gall, gold .

GULLY. sh. A h ollow between two h ills . See goal.

GULLY. sh. A large knife,especi ally one used for

cu tting bread and chee se . G ae l. golaz'

a’h , a clumsy knife , Corn.

galye, Bre t . goule'

a , We lsh g'welz'

o, to cut or wound . Hence

prob. Old Fr. gone, a large knife .

GUM PTION . sh. Sense,sh rewdness, judgment .

Old Norse gaamr, heed , attention, geyma ,

Ang .-Sax . geomz

'

aa ,

G o th . ga zemjan, to give heed or attention. Clev. h as also gaum,

sh. and oh.

G UTLIN. sh. A glutton.

G a tlle is another form ofguz z le. Old Norse gatla , to sound asliquids in a cask , is re ferred to as th e origin by Wea

’

g . I doubt ,however, whe ther i t is not s imply from g ut .

G YVERSOME. aq’

i . Eager,greedy.

Aug-Sax .ner, greedy.

60 G LOSSARY OF THE

HAIN. on. TO prese rve untouch ed,to save.

To exclude cattle from a fie ld so that grass may growfor hay.

Hall. Old Norse h egna , Dut . h eynen, to fence around , to protee t , G erm. hagen, to fence round , preserve .

HAIRLY. ae’o. Hardly.

Prob. from ha ir , in th e sense of finene ss , as in h a ir-hreaa’lh .

Sco. ha ir , a very small rtion or quantity, as a h a ir ofmeal,i .e. , a fewgrains, (yams

0

HAKE ! intj. An expression Of defiance.Hahe for a fight 1 Se e next word.

HAKE. sh. Provocation excitement.They drank awt yell up ivery sup ,

Wi ’ nouther hake nor quarre l. —Lonsa'ale.

Bre t. h eh or h eg , provocation, irri tation, h ega , to provoke ,irritate , (whence Fr. agacer P) Fris. h aggh ea , to quarre l , G erm .

hakelei , teaz ing , provocation. Hahe is prob. allied to , thoughnot identical wi th egg , to incite th e idea in th e latter is that ofa sharp po int , inth e former that probably ofa hook.

HAKE . on. To tire, di stress.As applied to land , it indicates exhaustion, or be ing over

cropped.-D ich . Old Norse h eih iaz , to fai l, be wanting,

G erm . h agem , to become lean, h ager , lean.

HAKE. sh . A lean h orse or cow. See above.

HAKE. on. To butt with th e h orns.

Wel. hyeh io, to thrust , push , Old Norse h cecha , e levare .

HAKE. sh. A convivial meeting.Perhaps from Wel. h a ig, crowd , large gathering.

HAKKER. we. TO stammer.Bre t. h ah , stammering , h ah eta , to s tammer, Wel. h eez

’

aa , to

halt , limp , Dut . h ahh elea , to falter.

HALE or HELLE. on. To pour.Old Norse h ella , to pour.

HALLAN . sh. A mud-wall parti ti on wrthrn th e entranceofa farm -house . am . refers to Suio-G o th . h aell, th e stonelaid at th e th re sh o d of a door. But th e G erm . h alle, porch ,Eng. h all, seems to Offer a more natural explanation. A S th e

author OfWe st . and Gumb . Dial. Observe s , a h allaa is to a cot

tage what a hall or lobby is to a large house .


HALLAN . sh. Th e division between two stalls foroxen or horse s . Prob . for h alveling , as a division into twoe qual parts, like G erm . th ei lzmg , parti tion, from th ei len, to

divide .

HAMMER-BLEAT. sh. Th e snipe, (D uh ) .Prope rly, as in Lonsd. , th e note Of th e snipe . In th e breedingseason th e no te Of th e male bird re sembles th e bleating Of agoat .

"— D ieh . See ing th e frequent interchange off and m , I

am Of Op inion that hammer is a corrup tion Of Old Norse h afr ,Ang .

-Sax . h eejier , goat . Thus h ammer-hleat would be s imp lyth e Aug -Sax . hmfer—hla l, bleating Of a goat.

HAMES . sh. Th e wood part of a h orse-collar,to

which th e traces are attached . Flem. h aem, a horse-co llar,Ir. ama , collar.

HAMMER-BAND. sh.

“In Old times th e h orsewas yokedto th e cart by a rope from th e shoulders , and an iron rings liding on th e shaft , he ld by a p in ; this was h ammer-hand

yok ing .-D ich . Comp . Dial. Swed . h ammel—t

'yg , (hamme l—tie ) ,th e yok ing Of a cart or p lough by swingle -tre e s . I incline tothink that ourword should be properly h ammel—haad. We se e

in th e case of h ammer-hlea t h owstrong th e tendency is , whenever th e mean ing of a word h as be en forgotten, to corrup t i t tosome thing which h as at leas t th e appearance ofmeaning.

HAM-SAM ao’

a. Promiscuously, all in confusion.

But weddit fwok rare laughing bed,

I'

th'

bowerwi'

yan anithe r,For five or six gat into th e bed,

An’

sat h am-sam togith er."— Upsho t , Lonsa’ale.

S am Lat . cum , G r. o ily, Sanse . sam , Wel. aym , &c. , in th e

sense of combination, is common to all th e Teutonic dialects .

Th e Yorks. diale cts have sam , to colle ct , gather toge ther, th eSco . h as sam in (G o th . samana ) , adv. , toge ther. We have i tin th e above , in sam-cas t , app lied to two ormore ridges p loughedtoge ther, and in sanh , a quantity, colle ction of things . Th e

prefix ham is use d only alliterat ively , as in how-straw, h elter

shelter , h ummle-jammle, forms to which our dialect is verypart ial .

HANCH . me. To make a snap, as a dogwh en h e bites.

Old Fr. h anch er , to gnash or snatch at with th e tee th. -Cotg .

HANK. sh. A knot or loop, metaph . a habit or practice.Suio-G oth. haah , a loop for fastening a gate .

6 2 GLOSSARY OF THE

HANK. va. To fasten with a loop,tie up a horse.

Old Norse h anha , to fas tenwi th a rope .

HANKLE. on. To entangle.A frequentative Of h ank, q.v.

HANNIEL. sh. A long lanky person.

Pe rhap s from Dial. Dan. and Swed. h amzel, shaft ofa flail,(corr. Of h and-vol) , in a me taph. sense , like gamma -slang.

HANSEL. sh. Prop . haaa’sel. Th e first money received

by a se ller, as for instance , on Opening a newshop . Hence ,

th e first use ofanything. Aug -Sax . h and-selen, a putting intoanothe r's posse ss ion, Old Norse h and-sal, th e conclus ion ofa

bargain by jo ining hands . Shak ing hands over a transactionwas anciently, and is still in Scand . , as wi th us , th e token ofconcluding th e bargain.

HANTEL. sh. A considerable quantity, a great deal.A ccording toWedg. , prop . h anbel, G erm . h eahel, Norw. hoanh ,bunch , cluster Of things hanging toge ther.

HAP. va. TOwrap up, but rath er wi th loose coverings.

Happyn orwh appyn.— P r. P rv. Wedg. suppose s i t a cor

rup tion ofwh ap from wlappe. I am rather disposed , however,to look for a conne ct ion with Clev h amp ,

“an art icle of

clo thing which may have be enworn next th e sk in, or at time sover th e under-clo thing.

— A th . Dial . Dan. h empe, farmer'

s

smo ck ,Old Swed. h ampa , ve stis , indumentum. Perhaps with

Old Norse hjfipr , shee t , shroud , hypja , a large , coarse covering.

I suppo se a lost ve rb , from which ourword h as been derived.S ee h appe

'

ns and h ipp iezs .

HAPPINS. sh. Th ick woollen bed-covers.

Perhaps from Old Swed . h ampa , ve stis . indumentum , hmja , a.

large coarse covering. Se e hop and h z’

pp ins.

HAR, HARTREE. sh. Th e stronger post Of a gate, onwhich it swings. Old Norse h iara, Aug -Sax . h earra , Dut.

harre, hinge .

HARD. aay'

. Sour, appl ied to ale or beer.Suio-G o th . h ardt , app lied to liquor, deno te s what is beginning to turn sour, h ara

’

t a’r icha , hard ale .

—1h re. Dial . Swed.

h ard, s imilarly applied . So by th e Romans a’

urum was used todeno te rough or acidwine , in opposition to molle.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

HARDENC LOTH. sh. A coarse linen fabric .

Aug -Sax . h eordan, hards , th e refuse oftow.

HARNS. sh. Th e brains.

Old Norse hjam i , Dan. hjerrze , cerebrum .

HARP ON. ea. TO keep dwelling on some subject,particularly an unpleasant one . Old Norse ham at , to keepfinding fault .

HARRY. va. TO rob, applied most frequently to birds’

nests. Ang.-Sax . h er iaa , to ravage , plunder.

HASK . adj . Harsh,rough . Keen

,dry, as applied

to th e weather. Harske or haske .

"—~P r . Prv . Suio-G oth .

ha rsh , Dan. harsh , harsh , rough , Zend . h ush , Sanse . sushha ,

dry. I t would rather seem, from th e Sansc. and Zend thatha sh is th e original form.

HASTER. sh. A surfeit, (West. and Gumb. Dial. )

Seems to be from Old Norse hasa , to be surfe itedwi th food.

HAUGH. sh. Alluvial land by th e side ofa river.A green plo t in a meadow.

"— Lorzsd. Ang.

-Sax . h a a , fie ld,

Old Norse hag i , pas ture . No te the frequent change 0 g into[i

HAUNTED. adj. TO be haunted to a place is to

growaccustomed to it . Fr. hanter , to frequent , haunt .HAVREL. sh. A prater

, a simpleton.

Suio-Go th . h avar, garrulous , Dial. Dan. hahhre, to chatter fas t .

HAVER. sh. Oats.

Old Norse hafr, Dan. havre, G e rm . h afer, Dut . haver.

HAWSE . sh. Th roat, neck, th e collar Of a mountain.

Haweswater derive s its name from a promontory in th e m iddlewhich divides i t into two shee ts, connected by a hawse or ne ck .

Old Norse hdls , Ang.-Sax . , G e rm . , Dut . h als, neck .

HAYLER. sh. An industnous and energetic worker.Haggler, th e upper servant Of a farm , Isle ofWigh t , is perhap sre lated . Thenwe have hag ,

a job ofwork ,North . , which seemsto po int to Old Norse haga , to manage , to arrange , h agr ,

handy , sk ilful . As a frequentat ive Of h aga would be haggle,contr. ha le , whence , I take it , th e present word.

HAYSTER. va . and a . To starve, to be pinch edwith

co ld or hunger. A lso , to pull about roughly. In th e lattersense the word seems re lated to Ang .

-Sax . ha’

e‘

sl, Old Norse

64 GLOSSARY OF THE

hast-r , hot , hasty, violent , Suio—G oth. hetsa , Fin. hasz‘

ttaa, to

incite , se t dogs on, Swed. hasta , to hurry one on, &c.

HEADWARK, (pron . h eedzoarh ) . sh. Th e h ead-ach e.

Aug -Sax . h eafod-wa rc, a hurt or sore on th e head. Old Norseho

’

faa’verhr , head-ache .

HEAF. sh. See h efted.

HECK. sh. A rack for hay, &c. A half-door orhatch-door. Aug

-Sax . ha sa , hatch , Dan. h ehhe, rack , Dut .h ehheh , gate , rail.

HECKLES. sh . Th e long feath ers on a cock’s neck .

In Scot . h echle is a fly for angling, dressed with a cock'

s feather,and deriving its name , according to yam from its re semblanceto a h ech le, or comb for dre ssing flax . If th e exp lanation Ofyam . be correct , th e heckles would be so called on account ofsuch flie s be ingmade from them . But th e converseWould seemto be in a more natural sequence , inwhich case h echles may befrom Old Norse h ahha , to e levate , to raise , in re ference to th emanger in which th e feathers stand out when th e bird is en

rage

HERONSEw. sh. Th e h eron.

Fr. h eroaceaa , a young heron.

HEFT. sh. Handle, as Of a knife. A pretext orexcuse , prevarication, de cep tion. Aug

-Sax . h eft , G erm. h eft ,Dan. h efte, hilt , handle , Swed. ha

‘

fta , to take hold of. Th e

second sense comes me taph . , like handle;

HEFTED. adj. Hefted or h eaf-ganging sh eep are

mountain sheep le t alongwi th a farm , and depastured upon a

part icular part ofa common called a heaf.— D ich . Hq

'

ted

se ems to be from Old Norse h efa’a , to acquire by use or pre

scrip tion,h efdadr , acquired in such manner, and to apply to

th e right , probably originally acquired by usage , to pastureupon a part icular spot . And h eaf (which is some times , in a

m istaken sp irit Of amendment , altered into h eath ) may be referable to Old Norse hafi , me ta, scopus, prOportio, jus.

HEFTER. sh. Used to express th e effective disposing,as ofan argument , like clinch er, both words be ing derived fromth e idea Of firmly grasp ing. Compare Old Norse h aft , bond ,

HEIN . z'

atj. Be OffOld Norse h edan, away ! be Off Ray give s this as a Gumb.

word, but I have never heard it used.


HELM-WI ND. sh. A Vi olentwindwh ich at particularseasons blows from th e summ it Of Cross Fe ll. I t h as be engenerally derived from th e h elm or cloud which re sts during th eperiod upon th e top Of th e mountain. I t may, however, bepossibly open to question whe ther th e word may not p roperlybe whelm ,

Dut . wemelen , towhirl, turn round , h elm-wind be ingthus th e same as wh irl-wind. Comp . also 8 00 .

“helm Of

wee t , a great fall Of rain.

HENCH. rya. TO th rowby ajerk from th e hazmch or h ip .

Old H igh G erm . hlancha , whence Fr. hanche,h ip .

HERPLE. me. To walk lame, or as one having corns.

Old Norse herpast , to be contracted as wi th cramp . I f notanother form Of h urh le, Old Norse ho

’

rh la , to hobble .

HESP. sh. A latch , clasp, or fastening.

Ang.-Sax . h osps , Old Norse h espa , Dan. h asp , a latch or

\bolt .

HEUGH. sh. A dry dell, a ravi ne Wi th out water. — D z’

ch .

Lonsd. , a rocky hill . am . gi ve s both th e above meanings ,and connects th e wor with Aug -Sax . hoa , hill . I am ratherinclined to think that the re may be two different words , one of

which , containing th e sense ofa de ll or ravine , may be allied toh owh , Suio-G oth . holha , to excavate .

H IGHT . va. TO promise.Aug

-Sax . h ei tah , O ld Norse h ei ta , to promise .

H IKE. va. TO throwup inth e arms, asnurses do ch ildren.

Old Norse hcecha , e levare .

H INE-BERRY. sh. A raspberry.

Dan. h iaa’

hcer,Dial. Swed . h iahar , G erm . h imheere

,raspberry.

H IND. sh. An upper farm-servant.Aug -Sax . h ina , a servant . Th e word properly signifies member ofa fam ily , in which sense th e Swed . hjz m is used at th epre sent day.

— Wea’

g . And throughout th e North th e farmse rvants used formerly , as is still th e case to a considerable e xtent , to live as members ofth e fam ily.

H IPPINS. sh. Napkm s or under-cloth es for infants.

Jam ie son'

s exp lanation is , for wrapp ing about th ewhich , as A tk inson Observes , would be more satisfactorywe re th e wo rd generally used in th e dialect . I t seems to me to

be mos t probably conne cted with Old Norse hypja , which seemsto have h ad ve ry much ofth e same meaning as ourword.

G

66 GLOSSARY OF THE

H ISK. on. TO catch th e breath,as one does on first

go ing into th e water. Old Norse h i x ta , to gasp or sob .

H ITCH . 7m. TO h op .

From th e same origin as hatch . Bav. h utsch en, to rock , to

wriggle forward , Swiss hotz en, to shake , to jog . Th e idea isthat Of progression by a series Of jerks .

HOBBLE . sh. A difficulty,a fix.

Th e idea is that offe ttering or confining, as in hohhle , to tie th ehind fe e t Of a horse , to prevent h im from straying. Th e origi nalidea is that Of imp eded action, as in Sec . h ahhle, to stammer,

Eng . hohhle , to limp , Dut . hohhelea , to stamme r, to jolt , Bav.

hoppelen, to jog up and down, as a bad rider on a tro ttinghorse . Wedg .

HODDEN-GREY. sh. Cloth made from th e naturalblack andwhitewool. Properly , I take i t , h oldea -

grey , fromth e durabil ity of its co lour. O ld Norse h aldimz , ho lding , eu

during , ha ld durable , (applied to clo the s , ) Dan. h olden,

whole , ent ire . Jam ieson'

s derivation from Old Eng . hoz’

a'

ea ,

rustic, clownish , is no t , I think , suitable— to tho se wh o gave th ename th e thingwould not seem rustic or clownish.

HOFE THICK. aaj. Simple,fooli sh .

Perhaps not from h alf; but from aw]; an elf, Ang.-Sax . mlf,

Old Norse a lfr. Th ich in our dialect means int imate hencehofl-th ich may mean intimate with e lves , those wh o were sup

p osed to have re lat ions wi th ano ther world be ing , as regardsthis , not all there .

" Comp . Lonsd. hoafea , a half-wi ttedp erson, Clev. awjish , half-wi tted .

HOG . sh. A lamb for twelve month s after weaning.

I think that th e origin Of this word may be found inWe lshhogiau , hogya , strip ling , lad, hogen , a young girl— hog meanings imply a young animal. Th e Teutonic idioms have h ag, p er

hap s a paralle l word , as in Ang.-Sax . hagsteald, Dut . h agestolt ,

bache lor, virgin, novice .

HOG GERS. sh. Upper stockings Wi th out feet.Probably, l ike hough , and hoch (ofa horse ) , from Ang.

-Sax .

hoh , th e h am.

HOKKER. 7m. TO scramble in an awkward manner.

A lso Lonsd. , to crouch over th e fire . Th e idea in bo th case s isth e same— that of crookedness. Old Norse h ohra , to go bent ,to crouch.

HOLM . sh . An island . Also alluvial land by a rivers ide , which in time offlood may become more or le ss insular.

68 GLOSSARY OF THE

How z'

ntj. A word used in driving cattle, to quicken

the ir speed . Fris . , Ice l. , Dan. haze used in th e same manner.

How. sh. A sepulchralmound or barrow. A natural h ill .Old Norse h augr , a mound , e spe cially a grave mound . In

Clev. th e word , Wi th abou t two excep tions , deno te s th e gravehills on th e moors .

- A th . In our district many of them are

natural hills , and ofconsiderable e levat ion, as S ilver How, near

G rasmere , but i t is p ossible that an artificial mound may, in

some cases , have be en raised , in accordance wi th th e ancientde s ire for a burial-p lace in a consp icuous s ituat ion, upon th e

summ i t of th e natural one . In North how changes into

HOWK. va. TO excavate, to scoop out .

Suio-G oth. h olha , to excavate . Hence hulh , that which ish o llowed, h as th e inside scooped out .

HOYSE . va. TO h oist .Dan. h eise, Swed. h issa , Fr. h isser, to ho ist .

HUBBLE. sh. A crowd, a confused gath ering.

Swed . h op , Dut . hoop , G erm . h aufe , a heap , crowd Of peop le ,Dut . h ohhelen, to collect into a heap .

HULET. sh. Th e owl.Fr. hulatte, a young Owl.

HULL. sh. A small sh ed for calves, pigs, &c .

Aug-Sax . h al, hull , she ll , from h elan, to cover. Th e idea is

that of a light and simp le structure , as we speak ofa bui ldingbe ing only a shell .

HULLERT. adj. Coagulated, applied to blood.

Se em s allied to Bre t . haaaled, We lsh ceulaidd, coagulated ,We lsh cealo, to coagula te .

HUMMEL or HUMLIN . sh. A Sh eep with both testiclesin its lo ins.

-D ich . Aug-Sax . hdm elan, th e te sticles , G erm .

h ammeln, to cas trate , Swed . h ammel, a cas trated ram .

HUNSUP. sh. A turbulent outcry.

Originally a tune p layed on th e horn under th e windows of

sportsmen very early in th e morning , to awaken them . Hence

th e term was app lied to any no ise Of an awakening or alarmingnature .

”

Hall.

CUM BERLAND DIALECT. 69

HURSLE. va. To sh rug th e sh oulders .

Then Tyelor h e began to chow,

An’

h arsled up h is shoulde r. —Upsho t , Lonsda le.

Probably ano ther form Of h urh le . Dut . h urhen, to crouch , toshrug. Old Norse ho'rh la , to hobble .

HUSH . sh. A sudden gush .

Prov. G erm . h asch , a sudden shower Of rain.

Huz zrr, HOUSEWI FE. sh. Awoman’

s case for needles,& c. Old Norse base, a case , sha r is-hds i , a scissors case . Hence

housewtfe seems to be simp ly a woman'

s case , A .S . wt]; woman.

I . prep . In.

Old Norse , Dan. , Swed . i , in.

ICE-SHOCKLE, ICE-SHOGGLE. sh . An icicle.Fris . i s—jah el, Norw. is-juhel.

ILL. adj. Evil,wicked.

Old Norse i llr , Suio-G o th . i ll, Norw. i ll, wicked.ILK . pron. Each .

I lke or eche .

”—Pr. Prv. Ang.

-Sax . a le , Dut.

ILL-G IEN . adj. Ill-tempered.Possibly from Old Norse i llg iarn, malignus , if not s implyi ll-gi ven.

IME, IM IN . sh. Scum,th in covering, boar-frost.

Sco . 0am. Old Norse hem,a thin film ofice , eimr , thin vapour.

IMP. sh. A ring or ClI'

Cle added to a bee-h ive frombeneath . Ang.

-Sax . impi an, G erm . impfen,Dan. ympe , to

engraft , We lsh imp , a scion, imp io, to graft. Hall . gives imp ,

an addition, insertion, North .

INCOME . sh. A sore or swelling not caused byexternal injury. See ancome.

ING . sh. Meadow land, m a low Si tuation.

Old Norse engi , Suio-G o th . a’ng , Dan. eng . According to Ihre ,

wag properly deno te s leve l land by th e sea-shore . From th e

roo t-meaning ofth e word , which se ems to be found inOld Norse

engr , Aug—Sax . enge , G e rm . eng ,We lsh ing ,

narrow, Sansc . ac,

to bend or contract , I should supp ose that th e original meaningh as been, as Ihre says , strips Of pas ture land by th e sea-shoreor s t ill more commonly, in th e bed Of a river, formed by th e

shifting Of its channe l.

70 GLOSSARY OF THE

INGLE. sh. Fire,flame.

“An ingle Of s ticks is a common expre ssion in Cumb . West .

and Cam . D ial. G ae l. a ingeal, fire , l ight .

INKLE. sh. Coarse narrowtape, as used for sh oe-tres,&c. Derived byWedg . from Fr. lignal, strong thread used byshoemake rs , &c . , whence Eng . lingel , thread , and then, by th e

loss Of th e ini tial 1, ingle. I t doe s not seem to me , however,altoge ther certain that inh le, narrow tape . may not be directlyfrom ing , which (se e ing ) bo th in Ce ltic and Teutonic signifiesnarrow.

INSENSE. na . TO make one to understand a th ing.

A good Old Shakesperianword.

IZELS . sh. Embers,h ot ash es

,flakes from burning

s traw, &c. Isyl Of fyre .—P r . P rv . Ang .

-Sax . ysela , embe rs ,h o t ashe s , Old Norse aysa , cinis ignitus.

J .

JAB. on. To slop over, or against th e sides, (as Of

liquids in a ve sse l) . Clev. jaup . Old Norse gialpa , to dashagainst , as waves upon th e shore .

JABBER. sh. Garrulity,ch atte ring.

Clev. jam/ er .

“Javeryn , jabe ryn, garrulo .

—P r. P rv . Fr.

japper , to ye lp , jav ioler , to gabble .

JACKALEGS . sh. A pocket clasp-knife .From Jacque s de L iege , a famous Flem ish outle t — 17am .

JAGS. sh. Rags,splrnters .

jagge or dagge of a garment , fractillus .— P r. P rv. (referring

to th e prevai ling fash ion of fancifully jagging or cutting th e

edge s Of a garment) . O ld Norse jacha , to cut with a bluntinstrument , Dan.jash , rag , tatter.

JAM . aa . TO squeez e,compress, wedge.

To press in be twe en some thing that confines th e space on

e ither s ide like th e jamhs of a door.— Wedg . This definition,

I own, strike s m e as somewhat narrow, and I rather suspe ct aconne ctionwith Wel. , Com . , Bre t . gen, Ir. gein, G ae l. geinn, a

wedge , allied to Lat. cuneus.

JAMMERS, JIMMERS. sh. Small cupboard h inges.

Properlyj immels , from Fr.jumelles , Lat . gemelli , twins , in reference to th e hinge s as work ing in pairs.

JAM P. ah. Jumped,pre t. Ofjump.

CUM BERLAND DIALECT. 7I

JANGLE. on. TO wrangle,squabble .

jangelyn or iavervn, oggario.—P r . Prv. Dut . jangelen, to

ye lp ,Old Fr. jangler , to prattle , jest , lie , Old Norse jagg ,

squabbling .

JANNOCK. any. Just, proper, righ t, straigh t, or even .

Old Norse jafn, O ld Swed . je ma , e ven or s traight, Old Swed.

ja mha , Dial . Swed . janha , to mak e even or s traight . Comp . ,

also , We lsh , iawa , right , equitable , jus t .

JARBLE . on. To be spatte r.Probably for jahhle. See jah .

JAYLS. sh . Cracks and fissures in timber.

JAYFEL. on. To stagger, walk unsteadi ly.

See ing th e close connection that exists be tween different k indsof imperfect action, as be twe en limp ing or walking lame and

s tammering, (see hahh er , hohhle , s totter ) , I am inclined to thinkthat th e origin Of th e present word may be found in Old Norsegeifla , to mumble .

JEDDER. on. To jar.

Dan.jaddre, to babble , prattle .

JEEST. sh. A jo i st .G yste , that gothe over th e flore .

- Palsg . in Way. Fr. g iste,a bed, p lace to lie on, from ges ir , Lat . jacere, to lie . Th e

term sleeper , wi th which rai lways have made us so familiar, is a

repe tition Of th e sam e idea.

" Wedg .

JERT. on. To j erk.

_

‘

7ert and jarh se em to be different form s of th e same word ,t and h interchanging as in various o ther instance s . Th e roo tmay perhaps be traced toWel. gyr , impe tus , impulse .

JEYK . on. To creak.

SCO . jeeg , geig . Jam . refers to G erm . ge igen, to p lay on th e

fiddle , which is re lated to jig , a rap id movement , We lsh gagi ,to shake . I t refers , therefore , to th e action Of p laying on th e

fiddle rather than to th e sound produced . In any case , I thinkth e We lsh gwicia, to creak . Offers a more probable derivat ion.

Th e Bav. gzgh en, to utter broken sounds , may also be allied .

JILLET. sh. A j i lt .Clev. g iglet shows th e original form , whence comes first our

ji llet , and then Eng . j i lt . Th e origin may be Ce ltic— Prycehaving g iglot as a Corn. word , signifying a wanton, lasciviousgirl . Th e roo t is th e same as that ofgeggles, We lsh gagi , tomove , stir.

72 GLOSSARY OF THE

J IM P. adj . Tigh t,too li ttle, tucked up in th e flank

as greyhounds are .— D ich . Th e most general sense , however,

is that Of e legance derived from slendem ess , as in Sec . j imp ,

neat and slender. We lsh gwymp , smart , neat .

JOGGLE. sh. TO jog, to sh ake .A frequentative from jog , We lsh gagi , to shake .

JOME . sh. Th e jaumb or side-stone Ofa door orwindow.

Fr.jamhe, leg , also s ide ofa door orwindow.

JOOK. are. To stoop or bend to avoid a blowor am issile.G erm . z uch en, to shrink . Jam . also refers to Suio-G o th . dnha ,

Dut . daych en, to duck or stoop ,as radically allied .

JOOK. sh. A long and tiresome journey on foot. —D ich .

G erm . z ug , pull , tug ,expe dition.

JORAM . sh. A large mess, abundance .We lsh gorm ,

full , garamla , to superabound, from gar, much ,exce ssive .

JOWL. ah. To jumble .

Re late s more part icularly to th e disturb ing ofa ve sse l containing fluid .

— D z‘

ch . This m ight make us think Of Old Norse

g iogl, water, fluid . But perhap s only a contract ion Ofjaggle.

KALE, (pron. heall) . sh. Broth

,oatmeal porridge , greens,

Old Norse hdl, Dan. haal, Aug -Sax . cawl, G erm . hoh l , We lshcawl

, G ae l . , Ir. ca‘

l,Corn. caa l, Bre t. caol, Lat . caulis , Eng.

cole. Th e original m eaning ,then, is first cabbage , then gre ens

in general , and finally bro th , as made from greens Of all sorts .

KANJY. aaj. Cross-grained, ill-tempered.

Comp . Old Norse hang in-yrdi , jee ringwords , Ice l . hanh , jibes.

KAYK are. To poke out th e neck and stare.An

’

Peat lass ,wud h er yallowmuffs ,S tuid ha ih in leyke a gez zlin.

— U p sho t . Lonsdale.

OldNorse haga , to bend forward and p eep , pry (Cleashy) exactlyrepre sents ourword , which se ems to be th e same word as h ech ,

with a l it tle difference ofapplication.


KAY-BITTIT. adj. Marked by h avrng a p i ece cut outof th e ear, app lied to sheep . Th e former part of th e wordseems to be conne cted wi th Old Norse hjagg ,

a blunt hatche t ,Dial . Swed . hage , a s tump . B i tti t ma be from O .N . h ilda

‘

ttr ,

marked omth e cheek , (applied to sheep perhaps in th e sense Ofmarked by cutting, from h ildr , a hatche t .

KAYK. sh. A twi st in th e neck .

Clev. h eeh , to throw back th e head and neck . Crav. h eah , a

distort ion ofth e sp ine . Old Norse h ei hr , having th e back-bonebent back , Norw. hjeiha , to bend back or to one s ide .

KAYMT. aaj. Crooked,contradictions.

We lsh , G ae l Ir. cam , crooked .

KAVE, (pron. heao ) . e a . and 72. TOmove restle ssly, paw,

as a horse , also to rake straw,&c. Old Norse hafa , to Spread

or turn over h ay, &c. , Norw. hava , to use a rake , turn overl(ray ,ice , move thingsfidge ttingly, Dut . haven, eventilat e paleas ,

K i l.

KEBBY-STICK. sh. A h ooked stick.

Lonsd. h ihhle , a thick , strong stick . Old Norse héppr , Dan.

h i ep , stick , s taff, Lat . cippus , pole .

KEEK . 7m. TO peep.

Suio-G oth . h iha , Dut . h ijhen, Fris . h ieche, to gaze , s tare .

KEENS. sh. Cracks or chaps in th e hands from frost.Clev. h ins. Ang .

—Sax . cine , Chink , cle ft .

KEEN . aaj. Eager, sharp , earnest.Aug

-Sax . cine, Jutl. ho’

n, G e rm . h it/in, vigorous , energe t ic.

KELD,KELL . sh. A spring.

Old Norse h elda , Suio-G oth . h eella , Dan. h i lde, spring, fountain.

KELK . e a T0 beat or thump .

Why, man sh e h elh’

d thee leyke a log,

An’

ch e ss'

d thee leyke a cwoly dog .

"— S tagg ,

A tk . sugge sts that h elh is a transpo sed form Ofclich , in th e sense

(which I have taken to be th e orig inal one ) ofs trik ing.

KELTER. sh. Condi tion,Circumstances.

TO be in high halter : to be in good condition. Wedg . ap

p rove s Of Skinner'

s sugge stion that th e origin is to be found inDial . Swed . h i ltra szg, s ignifying to gird onese lf up , as in readine ss forwork .

74 GLOSSARY OF THE

KEMPS . sh. Hairs among wool .Se ems most probably conne cted wi th hemh, comb , hempster, awomanwh o cleans WOOL— Hall.

KEN . va. To know, be acquainted with .

A ug-Sax . cennan , Old Norse h enna , G erm . hennen.

KENSPECT, KENSPECKLED. adj. Conspicuous, easi lydistinguished . Clev. h enspect . Suio-G o th . ha nnespah , Norw.

hjennespah , sharp or quick in finding out . Ourword containsan inve rsion Of th e sense , probably arising out Of th e idea thatspah (Old Norse spah r , wise , knowing) , is from spech in th e senseOf a distinguishing mark .

KEP. va. TO catch, as a ball.

Aug-Sax . cépan, to catch , Old Norse h ippa , to snatch.

KERN-WINN IN . sh. Harvest-h ome.Aug

-Sax . winnan , to s trive ,labour, hence to acquire by toil .

K ern (Ang.-Sax . cyrn , churn) h as reference to th e ancient cus

tom , refe rred to by Brand , Of producing cream in a churn as

part Of th e entertainment .

KESH. sh. Th e cow-parsnip .

Lonsd. h esh , white we ed , a k ind Of hemlock . K echs , cash es ,th e dry, hollowstalk s Of umbe lliferous p lants — P rior . nor bunne , or drye weed .

— P r . P rv . Prior's Obje ction to whatseems th e most natural derivation,

from We lsh cecys , ho llows talks , hemlock , on th e ground that “ our ance stors borrowedno thing(in th e way ofagricultural terms , I apprehend to be h is

meaning from that language but proper name s of localitie s ,doe s not seem at any rate to be borne out in our district , wherei t is in such terms more e specially that th e vestiges Of th e Ce ltare to be traced .

KESLOP. sh. Th e cured stomach Of a calf used formak ing renne t . Dut. h aeslihhe, cheese renne t , Aug -Sax . ceselih,G erm . ha

'

slah , curded m ilk .

KETT . sh. Carrion,h ence filth Of any kind.

Old Norse hat , h et , flesh , meat , Dut . haet , filth .

KEVVEL on. To Sprawl,kick

, or leap awkwardly.

Lang sair they h evaeled, danced , and sang.— S tagg .

A frequentative ofhave, q .v.

KICK. sh. Th e top Of th e fash ion.

Perhap s from Old Norse sh ich , Dan. sh ih , custom, usage ,fashion.

76 GLOSSARY OF THE

KITE . sh. Th e belly.

Old Norse hvidr , Aug-Sax . cwi th , Suio-G o th. awed, stomach ,

be lly.

K ITL IN . sh . A kitten.

Old Norse hetlingr , a k itten, Norw. hjetla , to kitten.

KITTLE . va . TO tickle .

Ang .-Sax . ci telian, Old Norse h i tla , Dut . h i ttelen, to tickle .

K ITTLE . aaj. Ticklish,excitable

,easily acted on.

Norw. h ela ll, Swed . h i ttlzg, Dial. Swed . h etall, excitable .

K IZZENT. adj. Parch ed or shrive lled .

Crav. h iz z ened. I think th e author Of th e Crav. G loss . is rightin tak ing th e word to be th e same as ga iz ened, which Ray g ive sas app lied to tubs or barre ls that leak through drought . Th e

origin, then, is evidently to be found in Old Norse gi si an,

leaky (Of tubs and ve sse ls. )KNACK. are. To speak aflectedly.

I take hnach to be ano ther form Of hnap , q .v.

KNAP. na . TO tap , strike gently and quickly, to crackor break . Suio-G o th . hnappa , Be lg . hnappen, to strike , to crack

or break , We lsh cnipws , fillup .

KNAP . on. To talk in an affected manner, to apefine

,

speak ing , a commonway Of do ing which is to give a Closesound to th e broad op en vowe ls .

Sh e talk 'd a ' vas t , but hnapp’

t sae sair,At nin cud understand h er.

“— Lansdale.

Clev. hnapper . Sco . hnap , to sp eak after th e English manner,

to hnap Suddrone , to speak l ike th e Southerners.— yam . Old

Norse h neppa , to cut short , curtail , Old Norse hnappr , Dan.

hnap , t ight , contracted .

KNEP. na. TO bite in play, as h orses do .—D ich .

Clev. hnap, to crop th e herbage in small bits , to bite or cropshort herbage . Suio-G o th . hnappra , to bite gently , D an. hnihe

,

to nip .

KNEUDD . va. TO butt with th e h ead, as a calf orlamb doe s when suck ing .

—D ich . Old Norse hnoda , to knead ,Dan. gnide , to rub .

KN IDGEL. va . To castrate by ligature.Ang.

-Sax . cnytan, SuiO-G o th . hnyta , to bind , tie , fasten.

KNOP. sh. A small tub.

Se ems all ied to Old Norse hnappr, Dan . hnap ,Dut . hnoppe,

knob , in th e sense ofro tundity.


KNOPPY. adj. Lumpy, knotty.

Aug-Sax . cnoep , Fri s . haoh , Dut . hnap , G erm . hnapj,We lsh

cnwh , a knob or kno t .

KNOW. sh. A rounded h ill.Properly haall. Aug -Sax . cnoll, hill , summ it.

KNURR’T. adj. Stunted ln growth .

Lonsd . hnorr , a dwarfish fe llow, Sco . haurl, a dwarf. Jam .

refers to Dut . hnarre , a kno t in timbe r. Comp . also Swed .

haarla , to curl or twis t up , and Prov. G erm . hnorz , a kno t ,and, figurative ly , a little stumpy , fe llow.

KYE . sh. Cows.

Aug-Sax . cy , Old Norse hyr , cows .

KYPE . on. To insinuate to th e disadvantage Ofanyone .

Perhaps allied to Old Norse h ifa , Dut. h ijven, to quarre l, towrangle .

KYPE. 7m. T0 die .

Seems to be used somewhat as a cant phrase t'

ould horse isgaan to hype.

-D ich . I am rather inclined to take i t to be an

Oblique form ofmap , to overturn, corre sponding wi th G erm .

h ippen, to tip over, to up se t .

KISTY. aa}. Ill-tempered.—c h . Dainty

,nice

in eating .— Wes t . and Cumh . D ial. Th e latter sense , which

is also that Of Lonsd. and Crav . , must at all events have beenth e original one . Be lg . h eisetzg, Dut . h iesch , nice , fastidious ,from h zez en, to choo se ,

A ug-Sax . cis , nice in eating, cisnes ,

daintiness , fas tidiousness.

LAAL,LYLE. adj. Little .

Comp . Dan. li lle, small , similarly contracted from Old Norseli till.

LABBER. are. To Splash or dabble.North . lahher , to Sp lash , to dirt lape, to walk about in th e

mud. Clev. lahher , to splash , m e we t . Prov . G erm . la‘

ppera ,

to make we t , sprinkle , Dut . lahheren, to tramp through we t andm ire . Th e sense seems to vary be twe en that ofwe t and dirt ,and we may think of G ae l : la ih , mud, m ire , and of th e roo tas Sansc. li , G ae l . Ieagh , Old Norse h la , liquescere .

78 GLOSSARY OF THE

LAGHTER. sh. A h ood ofch i ckens, &c. Also a settingOf eggs . Th e latter sense , which is that Of various o ther diale cts , is , I apprehend , th e correct one , from Aug

—Sax . lecgan,

Dut . leggen, to lay (eggs) .

LAG G IN . sh. Th e end Of th e stave outside a cask .

Lonsd. lag . Old Norse logg , Suio-G oth. lagg , Swed . lagg ,

border Of a cask .

LAIK. an. TO play, to amuse one self.Ang .

-Sax . Idcan, Old Norse leiha , to p lay. Th e originalmeaning , as found in G o th . lathan, would seem to be to jumpabout , to dance .

LAIT. va . TO seek, search for.

Old Norse leyta , Old Swed . lai ta , Dan. lede , to se ek.

LA ITIN . sh. Th e circuit Of neighbours invited to a

funeral , &c. See la i t .

LALL,LALLUP. on. TO 1011 out th e tongue .

Che sh . , Som ers . lolliher , th e tongue . Comp . Sanse . lallana ,

Swi ss lalli , Bav. leller , th e tongue , Swiss la llen , to put out th e

tongue , th e general origin be ing probably onomatopoe ic.

LAM . va . TO beat.Old Norse lamja , to beat , lama , to bruise .

LAND-LOUPER. sh. One wh o decamps with out payingdebts, a vagabond. Old Norse land-h laapar i , a vagabond .

LANE . ah. TO connive at, or h ide a fault.Old Norse leyna , to cover, to conce al .

LANGEL, LANKET. sh. A fetter for sh eep .

Lonsd. langled, having th e legs tied. Suio-G o th. lach ha , to

fasten,Dan. la nh e, to fe tter. Lang/el} and lanh/et/ seem

only different forms ofth e same word lang or lanh .

LANG SEN . ado . Long Since.Swed . langesedan , Dial Swed. lang

-san.

LANGSOME. aaj. Tedious, wearisome .Old Norse langsdmr, Dan. langsom , tedious .

LANT,LANTER. sh. Th e game Of 100 .

Rather se ems to have some connection with lanter , to loiter,e ither in th e sense Of an idle way ofpassing time , or in that ofth e flapp ing or shak ing of loose things ,

"

(as cards) , Swiss

8c GLOSSARY OF THE

LESSIL. sh. A wanton woman — Hall.Prob. from Aug -Sax . leas , emp ty, false , Norw. leas , lascivious.

LET-WIT. vn. TO make known, let out.Dut. laetenweten, to make known.

LIB. va . TO castrate .Dut . lahhen, Dial . Dan. live , to castrate , th e root Ofwhich mayperhaps be Sansc. la , to cut ,

L IBBIE. A contraction Of Elizabeth .

{iihh is s im ilarly used for Elizabe th in Dial. Swed. , according toie tz .

L ICK. va . TO beat.We lsh llach ia, to beat , cudge l , Suio-Goth , laegga , to strike.

L IG . vn. To lie .Aug -Sax . liegan ,

Old Norse lzggjlz, G erm . liegen.

LIG ON. vn. A th ing 15 said to lzg on or lie on, wh enit is Of importance that i t Should be done . Th e same expressionis used in th e Scand. tongues , Old Norse , Ice l . lzggja d, to lie

on, to be Of importance . SO also th e G ermans say es liegt m ir

daran, i t lies upon me , is Of consequence to me .

LILT. vn. TO Sing Wi th out using words.

Suio—G oth. lulla , to s ing , Dut. lollen, la llen,to sing wi thout

words . Probably formed by onomatopoe ia, like Dan. lalle,Dut . li llen , to prattle . See lall, lallop .

LIM . sh. A m i sch i evous person.

Sco . limmer . Dut . slim , bad, Old Norse slamr, vilis , abjectus ,properly deficiens , sleima , homuncio . The se seem to be formedby th e prefix of s , on th e form found in We lsh llymio , to make

bare , whence llyman , sorry fe llow— th e sense be ing , first , thatof deficiency, as in Old Norse sle mr , deficiens , and in Eng.

slim , and then, that Of vilene ss orwickedne ss. I have some

doubt whe ther to ascribe ourword to a Ce ltic or a Teutonicorigin.

LIMBER . adj . Supple, pl iant.Old Norse limp iaz , to become re laxed or slack , Swiss lamn ,

loose , flabby, We lsh lleipr flaccid, droop ing.

LIMMERS. sh Th e sh afts Of a cart.Old Norse Jim , limi , bough , branch of a tree , Of which it isprobable th e first rude shafts were made .


LIN sh. A precip ice.Sco . lin means bo th a cataract , and also th e 01at th e bottomof th e fall. I t seems uncertainwhich of ese is th e primarysense . For Aug -Sax . h lynna deno tes a torrent , Ice l. lind a

andWe lsh llhynn,Arm . Zen, Ir. lin, a pool.

LING . sh. Heath er,callnna vulgaris .

“ Lynge or he the .

"— Pr. P rv. Old Norse ling , Dan. lyng ,

heather, any small shrub Of like growth.LING—COW. sh. A stem Of h eath er.We lsh myncog. hea th . Our cow would rather seem to be

re lated to cog in above myncog . Perhaps to We lsh cawn, reeds ,stalks.

LIRK. sh. A fold, crease, or wrinkle.Old Norse larha , to p lai t or fold , lerhad-fa t, a rumpled dress .

LISH. adj. Nimble, active, sprigh tly.

Perhaps from lish , th e gro in, as th e seat Of act ivi ty.LISK. sh. Th e groin.

Old Norse ljoshi , Dan. lyshe , Dut . liesch .

LISTIN. sh. Woollen selvidge.Old Norse Iisti , Dan. liste

,se lvidge , Dut. lijst, edge , border.

LISTY. ad}. Strong, active.Lus ty or listy. -P r. P rv . Derived , like lusty, Ofwhich it is

ano ther form , from Aug -Sax . lyston, Dan. lyste , to take p leasurein, Dan. lysti merry , jovial. Th e change of sense h as takenp lace from acri ty Of will to that of physical energy . Hence

th e converse listless , inwhich th e Older sense is re tained . Th e

Ice l. lystagr is nowused in th e sense of a hearty appe t ite forfood.

— Cleashy.

LITE. vn. TO rely, trust, depend upon.

Aal li te on th a to pay’t ."— D ich . Old Norse h li ta , Swed. li ta ,

Dari . lide , to trust, re ly on.

LOB. va. and n. To run or leap in a h eavy or lazymanner. TO p i tch , throwunder hand , and ne ce ssarily gently.Th e roo t may probably be found inWe lsh lloh

, an unwie ldylump , whence Old Norse Inhhaz , to lo iter about , Eng. lahher,and o therwords indica tive ofslackness or indolencef

LOCK. sh. A small quantity Of anyth ing that can betaken in th e hand , as a loch ofmeal, &c. Dial. Dan. loge, a

handful , a. small wisp or bundle .

8 : GLOSSARY OF THE

LOFE. sh. A chance, opportuni ty.

Old Norse lofa , Dan. love, to permi t, to promise .

LOFT. sh. A garre t.Old Norse lapt , a garre t or top room , from Iapta , e levare , Dan.

loft . I t is also found in Ce ltic, as Welsh lloft, G ae l. lohh t. Seecoch -loft .

LOG . adj . Sti ll,quiet.

Log watter, calm water.—D ich . Old Norse [agn, calmne ss

or s tillness Of th e atmosphere ,lygna , to be come calm , Dut .

law, she ltered from th e wind , Fris . logh , lay,

dull , lazy.

LONNIN. sh. A country lane .

Clev. lane. Sco . lannin or loaning . Fris . lana , laan, a lane ornarrowpassage . Perhap s from Old Norse leyna , to hide .

LONTER . vn. TO loiter.Dut . landeren, to dawdle.

LOOF (pron. leenf.) sh. Th e palm ofth e hand.G o th . lofa , Old Norse ldh , We lsh llawf, palm ofth e hand.

LOOK,LOWK. va . TO weed corn.

Aug-Sax . lyccan, to p luck up , Dan. lnge , to weed, Fri s. lahe ,

Swiss leuch en, to pull up out ofth e ground .

LOOM . sh. A ch imney.

S ibb . conjec ture s that this may be from Aug -Sax . leom ,light ,

scarce ly any o ther light be ing adm itted than through this holein th e roof. — fam . One m ight also think Of Swed. ljamma ,

Dial . Swed . lamma , to warm . But I rather suspect that th eorigin is to be found in Old Norse h lemmr , an Opening in a

floor, a trap-doo r (Gleam) .LOOM . sh. A scamp .

Old Norse lavma , to sneak , lh'

mr , meanness , Dan. lamsh ,dece itful .

LOOM . sh. Th e slowmovement Ofwater ina deep pOOlProbably all ied to Old Dut . lame , slow, lazy.

LOOVER . sh . An Opening in a roof to let out th esmoke , &c . Old Norse lio

‘

ri , (pron. liowri or liovr i , ) Norw.

liore , We st G oth . la i ra , de scribed in th e stat istical accounts Ofthose countrie s as a sort Of cupola wi th a trap door, serving th etwo-fo ld purpose of a chimney and a sky

-light . G a ; n.

Davi es , however, refers in preference toWe lsh lwfer , a chimney(Lewis) .

84 GLOSSARY or THE

LYPE. sh. A large slice.Probably for slipe. Ang.

-Sax , slzfan, to slice . S lz'

ve, a largep iece (M rs . Baker) .

LYTHE. 7m. To listen, h earken .

Old Norse lzljlda, Dan. lytte, to listen.

LYTHvfi aay'

. Th ick,applied to fluids.

Clev. lz'

t/ze , to thicken, bro th especially, with meal , &c. Welsh[li t/z, meal soaked inwater.

MADDLE . 7m. To ramble, talk incoh erently.

Swiss madeln, to chatter. A frequentat ive ofmad, used inOldEng. as a verb , to be be side oneself.

MAFFLE. 7m. To blunder, act incoh erently.

Th e original idea is to speak imperfectly , to stammer. Dut .

mafi len, to stammer, Bav. mufi ln, to mumble .

M AFF,MAFFLIN. sh. A simpleton. See mafia.

MAILIN . sh. A farm .

Th e meaning is that which is rented , from ma il, Ang.-Sax .

mal, Old Norse mall, G ae l. Ir. mal, Welshmael, rent , tribute .

MAN . sh. A pi le ofstones on th e top ofa mountain,has been that th esemblance of th e

’

mountain. Thenby Peacock and

o thers . Th e true origin of th e word I take to be found 1n OldNorse me nd , cacum inat e , to come to a point , whence mam

’

nfastigium domus . (In Old Norse and Ang.

-Sax . ce is pro

nounced as th e a in man. ) Found in Ce ltic, as allied wordsare We lsh ma in, Corn. main fine , slender. Sk iddaw man,

then, like th e Swiss R ighi-kulm , would s imply mean th e culminating po int ofth e mountain.

MAN. sh. Husband.A se t 0

'

dow-for-noughts , to drawFwok

'

s men away to th '

public-houses ,An

’ here to h and yerm idnight houses. -S tagg .

Dan. mend, husband, man.


MANDER. 7m. To talk confusedly.

A nasali sed form ofmadder , formed , like maddle , onmad, psedin Old Eng. as a verb. Se e mada

’

le.

MANT. 7m. To stammer.G ae l. manntadz , lisp ing , stammering, We lsh mantaclz, too thless , mantaz

’

, mumbler, Ir. mamzlac , one tha t s tutters, or h as

los t th e front tee th.

MARROW. sh. An equal,a match

, one ofth e same sortA word th e derivat ion ofwhich seems very obscure .

’

On th e whole , Jam ie son’

s deri vation from Suio-G o th . mag” ,

s, a re lation, seem s as probable as any. Dut . and

ligare , alligare may also present a possible

MASK. va . To 1nfuse,apph ed more particularly to

making tea. Dan. ma sher, Swed. maska , to stee p in h ot water,G e rm . mei sch en, to mash , G ae l. mas

-

g , to infuse , Sansc. masj,mafy

’

, to we t . Th e roo t doe s not seem to be th e sam e as mi x ,

Lat. m iscea, We lsh mysgu , to which some have p laced it th e

Lat . re lative is rather, I take i t , merge .

MASTEL. sh. Part ofan arable field never plough ed.

Ang.-Sax . ma st-land, pas ture land, from m i c a , to feed , fatten.

M ATTIE. sh. Th e mark at quoits or any such game.Dut . maat , measure , in refe rence to th e matlle, as th e po intfrom which th e distance ofeach compet i tive cast is measured.

MAWK-M IDGE. sh. Th e flesh -fly or bluebottle .

M aw/é is from Old Norse madler , Norw. makh ,maggot . And

midge from Ang .-Sax . mycg , LowG erm . magg , G erm . m ilcke , a

gnat or fly, comprising nearly all two-winged inse cts . Th e

Scandinavian words , Suio-G o th . mygga , Dan. myg , se em t e

stricted to th e sense ofgnat , an insect that bites , and so no t so

suitable for th e present word mawk-mz’

dge, a maggo t-fly.

"

MAZED. aa’

j. Bewildered, stupified.

Swiss maus en , to spe ak uninte lligibly , Old Norse masa , tojabber,Norw. masast , to drop asleep . Wedg .

MAZLIN. sh. A simpleton, one in a state of stuporor confus ion. See mazaa

’

. Comp . also Dial . Dan. maasle, to

do a thing in a disorderly manner.

MEAL or M ILK. sh. Th e quantity ofmilk that a cowgive s at one milk ing. Old Norse mail, Dan. maal, measure.

86“

GLOSSARY OF THE

MEEN . on. To moan.

Ang.-Sax . mé rzan , to moan, lament .

M EERISH . (my. Effemmate .

Old Norse mcer , a modest virgin, Ang.-Sax . mearo , tender, soft ,

de licate . Ourword , from its ending (is/z, as in childish ) , wouldrather se em to be formed from th e noun.

M EG-O’-MANY-FEET. sh. A k ind ofsmall centipede.

M eg in th e above seems to be from Old Norse mad/hr , Norw.

makh , maggo t.

MEER-STAN. sh. A boundary-stone .Old Norse ma rl, Ang.

-Sax . mé re , a boundary.

M EKKIN. sh. Th e ye llow-flag.

Would seem to be from Ang .-Sax . mece, a small sword , i ts

o ther Cumb. name , seggz’

n , be ing also from a sim ilar origin,

Ang.-Sax . scoog , seax , a small sword , (P r ior) , in re ference to its

sharp-po inted leaves . Peacock , however, refers to Gae l. meacon,

p lant , bulb, applied to various p lants .

MELL . on. To meddle.Old Fr. mesler , mailer , mez

’

ller, to mi x , meddle .

MELL. sh. A conical h ill, as Mell Fell, Mell Break .

We lsh moel, G ae l. mal, a conical hill , We lsh moel, bare , bald.Comp . , also , Old Norse mall, frons montis , promontorium .

MELL . sh. Th e jockey wh o IS last in th e race i s

called th e mell. I t has been said that h e is so called from i thaving been th e cus tom to give a mell (malle t) to th e owner ofth e last horse th e p re sumed custom ,

however, lacks p roof.West . and Cumh. D ial. D ick. also exp lains mel as th e lastcut of corn in th e harvest fie ld . We may perhap s think of a

connectionwith G ael . mall, slow, lazy , mo z’

lle , de lay.

MELDER . sh. Th e quantity ofmeal ground at one time .

Old Norse mela’r , ma ld

’

er , th e corn in th e m ill , G ae l . melldreaclz ,melllz

'

r , a quantity ofcorn sent to be ground.

MENG . va. To renew— D ish .

Prope rly , I think , to m ix . Clev. mang , to m ix up .

Here , lanleady, sum mair shwort keaks ,An

'

meng us up thar glasses .— S tagg .

Ang.-Sax . menggan, Old Norse menga , Ge rm . mengen,

m ingle . Th e word m ight be used for renew in th e sense

m ixing up oldwith new.

88 GLOSSARY OF THE

M IDDIN-PANT. sh. Th e pool wh ich receives th edrainage ofth e dunghill. We lshpant , ho llowplace , depression.

M lDD IN-SUM P. sh. Same as middm-pant.Old Norse sahh, sordida colluvies , Dan. , Swe d. sump , m ire , bog ,

LowG erm . swamp , swamm , G erm . se/zwamm, a sponge , thatwhich sucks up water, Eng . swamp .

MIDGE. sh. A gnat. See mawk—midge.

MIMP. on. To talk m incmgly.

Seems , along wi th 500 . mump , to speak indistinctly , to be

allied to Eng . mumhle, Dut . mompelen, Bav. mumpfi‘en, mem

melen, th e narrowvowe l be ing emp loyed to convey t e sense of

afi'

e ctation offine speak ing , a main feature ofwhich is th e con-straction ofth e broad open sounds.

MIN . Vocative ofman, used only in fam iliarity, andmost commonlywi th some thing ofa contemp tuous sense .

MIRK. adj. Dark,gloomy.

Ang.-Sax . mire, Old Norse mynér , dark.

M ISCANTER. on. To m iscarry.

S co . m ishanter, m isfortune , shows th e proper form , (order foradventure) . See anter.

M ISLEERT. adj. Led astray.

Ang.-Sax . m isléran, to teach wrongly.

M ISLIKKEN . on. .To neglect or forget.Dut . m isseliek , ambiguus , dubius, in quo errare , aut de quo

dub itare po te'

st .— ! i l.

M ISMAY. oh. Th i s word i s used negauvely, to

express absence of fear. Our cowt met soldiers , and niverm ismay

'

t h issel. —D iclz. M ismay and dismay are parallelwords , formed (probably) from th e G o th. magan , to have power,to be able , wi th th e re spective negative s m is and dis. D ismaycomes to us through the Romance language s , Span. desmayer

to despond , Prov. esmagar , esmo ler , to trouble , frighten, Fr.

s'

esma i er , to be sad or astonished , which Diez refers to G oth .

ma an , as above . Our word m ismay may probably be alto~ge er ofTeutonic origin. Wedg . collates wi th dismay, Dan.afmagt , swoon. Our m ismay

'

t Izissel"is th e paralle l of Fr.

se esmaier. This is an intere stingword, which I have neverme t with e lsewhere , unle ss th e G rav . mismeave; to perplex, be ,

as seems rather probable , th e same .


M ISNARE. ao. To incommode, to put out ofth e way.

— West . and Cumh . D ial. Perhaps from Old Norse tiara ,

fovere , recreat e , wi th th e negative termination dis .

M ISTALL. sh. A cow-h ouse .

Probably cow-s tall , from Ang.-Sax . mes , a cow.

MISTETCH. ao . T o teach improperly. A mi stetelzedhorse signifies a horse that h as some pe culiar vice . West. and

Cumh. D ial. Ang.-Sax . m is tcécarz, to ins truct amiss.

MITTENS . sh. Woollen gloves.

Fr. mi ta ine, awinter glove , G ae l mutan , a muff, thick glove.

MIZZLE. sh. Small rain .

Dut. m ieselen, to rain gently.

MOAM . day. Mellow, soft.Th e radical meaning i s a degree ofripeness approaching to dis-1

solution.— Wedg. Dut . molmm , to moulder away , G erm.

malm , dus t , powder, M anx mli olm , to moulder ,Welsh mallu ,

to ro t , moam , a crumbly s tone found in Oxfordshire , Ang.-Sax .

mealm-stan, sand-stone , Prov. G erm. matsoli , mellow, appliedto app les and pears.

MOOR—TIDY. sh. Th e ground-lark .

Clev. moor-ti tling . Old Norse t i ta , ti tlingr , bo th app lied tosmall birds , Dut. tij ,i t ita , a chick or small bird . Hence our

t idy se ems to be th e same as ti t 111 t itmouse , titlark ,&c.

MOWDY-WARP. sh. Th e mole .Old Norse moldvama (

mold, earth , andwarpa , to throw) , Dan.

muldvaty, G erm. mau wary:

MOYDERT. my. Confused, bewildered, overworked.

A tk inson'

s derivat ion from Suio-G o th . mo‘

da , trouble , appliedas we ll to mental anxie ty as to bodily fatigue , Dut . moci le,trouble , Old Norse mhdr , defatigatus , G erm. m ilde, tired, seemsto me to be we ll-founded .

MUCK. sh. Dirt generally, especially manure.Old Norse myki , Norw. mok , fimus, manure .

MORT. sh. A large quantity.

From th e same origin as mertli .

MOTE-HEARTED. ad]. Timid,faint-h earted.

Dut. moetigli , vacuus , otiosus , Dan. ma lt , Swed. malt, weak ,

faint. See also moydert,wh ich seems to be from th e same origin.

90 GLOSSARY OF THE

MUD. 21h Must, pret. ofman.

But h e h as sent ye this bit cake ,

He thought that be mad treat ye .— M iss Blamire.

Perhaps for mund. Th e pre t . munt (ofman) is still used insome of our northern countie s . I f i t exist in our southerndialect

,i t would no doub t take th e shape ofmund, answering

to th e Ang.-Sax . ge

-munde.

"— (Dr. G uest , Proceedings Phil .

Soc. , vol. 2 , p .

MUGGY. ad]. Damp and th ick,applied to th e weather.

Old Norse mugga , damp , thick weather, We lsh mwg , smoke ,mwygl, sul try, close , G ae l . muig . cloudiness , darkness , gloom .

M UG-SHEEP. sh. Th e wh ite-faced breed from wh ichth e improved Le icester originated — D ick. Seems to be frommug . th e face , nowonly app lied in ridicule . Esth . mok, snout ,mouth , Sansc. m il /alias , mouth , G ae l. smuig , snout .

MULL. va. and a . To crumble .Old Norse LowG erm . mullen, to bruise , to pulveri se ,

S . Jutl. mu roken or crumbled p iece (as ofbread) , G ae l.mal, chafi

'

, mwl, chaff and broken strawon a floor afterthrashing,

MULL. sh. Dust,anyth ing crumbled. See above .

MUN . aux . oh. Must.Old Norse mun, Old Swed. muna , aux . vb . M un, there can

be li ttle doubt , is th e same verb as Ang.-Sax . ge

-munan, to

think of. In th e Old Eng . , i t often indicates mere futuri ty,like th e Ice l . man ; and th e pecul iar sense nowgi ven to it , thatofobligation, appears to have been its latest derivative me aning.

Th e phrase “we man go may have taken successlvely th e

meaning we think ofgo ing," we shall go ,

”

we mus t go .

G uest , Phil . Soc. , 2 ,

MURL. oh. To crumble into small preces.

We lsh mwrl, a crumbling stone , Fin. m arrella,to break , Swed .

mo’

r , G erm . morse/z , friable . Diefenbach collates marl withG o th. ga-maurjarz , to reduce , to shorten.

MUSH. sh. Dust or powdery refuse ofdecay.

Old Norse mosh , Norw. musk, powder, dust .

MUSHAMER. sh. Mush room .

I am rather inclined to th e Op inion that this is not a corrup tionofmush room , but an independent word , and p erhaps derivedfrom Ang.

-Sax . myse, table . Nowth e most striking feature inall this class of fungus is the irfiat shape , as compared with th e

GLOSSARY OF THE

NATTLE. on. To tap, to knock gently and quickly,as wi th th e fingers on a window. We lsh uaddial, to keepch ipp ing, D ial. Swed . guaddra , to em it a lowsound as in tittering, playful screaming , guatta , to nibble , probably in referenceto th e sound, rather than to th e nibbling action.

"— A tk.

NE. ado. N0, used as an assent to a negation.

M unwe gan hyem to-night Na , (negation )We

'll nit gi t hyem to-night. N e (assent to negation.)Ang.

-Sax . ne, nay, by no means.

NEDDERT. aay'

. With ered; not in a th riving state.Ah th e

‘

belth e was neotheredFor lurre ofh is monnen.

— La_yamon.

K ing [Elfii c had recovered from h is wounds, but h is health wasni t/rend for th e loss Of h is men.

Ang.-Sax . u i tlzeriau

, to put down, niered (contraction of

ni t/zered afflicted, straightened, Dan.,Swed. uedrig , low,

abject .

NEED-FIRE. sh. F1re produced by th e friction ofwoodand carried from house to house for th e purpose of passingcattle through th e smoke , as a prevent ive ofmurrain and o therep idem ics . In use so late as about 1B4I .

—D iek. Swed .guida ,

Dan. guide, to rub.

NEEZE. on. TO sneez e.Ang.

-Sax . niesau ,Old Norse lmjosa , Dan. uyse, Dut . m

'

ez en, to

snee ze .

NEI F. sh. Th e fist, clench ed hand.

Old Norse [me/i , Dan. 7268728 , fist.

“

NIEVEL. ao. To strike with th e fist. See neif.

NEIVY-NACK. sh. A game wh ich consists in guessinginwhich ofth e closed hands any article is to be found .

Burgh lass laik'

t at ueivy—uaek.

— Lonsdale.

From neif, as above , and leuaeé , a trick ofdo ing anything withth e fingers , Ir. euog , a knock , crack . In th e same way, fromDut . kuappeu , to snap , hnap , alacer, kuap-handig, dexter, manue x pedi tus . Wedg .

NEUK. sh. Nook, com er.Fin. noteka , th e beak ofa b ird , nose , po int , moan uokka , a nook

of land, Esth. uukka , tip , corner, nook , Wall. nouk, knot , e x :


crescence . Wedg . A tk. also co llates Dial. Dan. no an

angle or corner made by th e winding of a river or be a

sense exactly co incident with ours in one application of th e

word.

NEWDELT. adj. Bewildered,stupified.

Dut . neutelen, frivola agere , neuteler , homuncio frivolus .— K i l.

Comp . , also ,We lsh nwydwyllt ,whimsical , freak ish , from nwyd,

N ICKER. on. To neigh , also to laugh .

Old Norse gnaka , LowG e rm . nieken, Fris. noggre, to ne igh .

NICKT 1’ T’ HEAD. adj. Havmg extravagant fanci es,

not quite sane . Perhaps to be connected wi th Dan. i t M e ,

Swed . nyeh , Dut . nu/e,whim , caprice , foolish fancy, Low rm.

nileéselz, fanciful , capricious.

NIGGARTS, NBEGARS. sh. Iron plates used for con

tracting a fire-place to save coals . We lsh a igio, to contract , tostraighten. See also nzgler.

NIGLER. sh. A careful and industrious person.

Probably from th e same origin as niggard, Norw. nyggy'

a , Swed.

wgga , to rub, to scrape , Swed. njugg , niggardly , sparing.

edg .

NIM. on. To walk or run Wi th sh ort, qu1ek steps,Clev. also to catch up quickly. Th e latter se ems to be th e

original sense , as in Ang.-Sax . numol, capable , quick at grasp

ing a thing , (whence Eng. nimhle, ) G o th. niman, Ang.-Sax .

niman, to s iez e , snatch.

NIP UP. ao . To snatch up a th ing hastily, often witha sense ofthieving. Old Norse Izney

’

a , to snatch , G erm . knippen,

to snap , Dan. nappe, to twi tch , pluck .

NOBBUT. eonj. Noth ing but, only.

Old Eng. nough t hut , not hut , forwhich we nowuse e ll ipt icallyhut .

NOG . sh. A handle for th e Shaft ofa scyth e.I take th e sense to be that ofjo int . Dan. note/be, to jo int, Dut .knoke , ank le . In Craven, cattle are said to be we ll noggedwhen

gi ey have strong legs or jo ints. Comp . also Old Norse lmoggr ,ail.

94 GLOSSARY OF THE

‘NOGG IN. sh. A quarter-pint measure.G ael. nozgean, a wooden cup .

NOCCY. sh. Coarse th read.

Would seem to be immediate ly from nogs , hemp (Salop . ) Butcomp . We lsh , Corn. noden, Bre t. neuden , thread . A lso OldH igh G erm . nagan, M od . G erm . na/zen, Dut . naeden, naeyen ,

to sew. And Esth . noggel, Fin, negla , Bre t . nados , We lshnodwydd,

needle . I t maybe a que stionwhe ther our noggy doesno t be long to th e sam e group , th e root ofwhich is probably tobe found in Sansc. na/z , to jo in, and through which , it will bese en, runs th e interchange ofd andg .

NOP. w. To crop, to nip th e ends Ofi'

gooseberries, &c.

Old Norse nappa , to p luck , Lap . nafi et , to cut off th e e x tre

mit ies, to crop , Dut . reopen, rem brevi ter tangere (K i l. )

NOPE. 21a. To strike on th e h ead ,

Lonsd. no

ge , a small blow. Dut . nopen, to touch lightly. If

not from 1d Norse nh’

p , head, Eng . noh.

NOUS. sh. Intelhgence , sense, moth er-Wi t.Sansc . noyas , inte lligence , from nay, to direct , G r. vovs, sense ,

sagacity , from voew, mente ag ito , cogi to . Though corresponding bo th in sense and in form so much more nearly with th eSanscrit and th e G reek , th e more imm ediate connection of our

word is probablywith Ang.-Sax . neo

‘

s ian , Old Norse finfisa , to

search out , investigate .

NOWT. sh. Cattle.Old Norse naut , Ang.

-Sax . nedt, Swed. not , horned cattle , oxen.

NOWTHER. eonj. Ne ith er.Ang .

—Sax . naut/zer, nei th er .

NUDGE. ao . To jog or touch ligh tly, generally forth e purpose of calling attent ion to some thing. Old Norse

nadda,frequenter fricare , Norw. nagga , to rub , scrape .

NUNTY. aay'

. Formal,Old-fash ioned, verging on

shabbine ss (of female dre ss) . Perhap s , tak ing th e nasal , fromDut . nutt ig , utilis , nutten, sobrie sume re ad neces sitatem e t

utilitatem (K i l. )

NYFLE. va . To pilfer, make away with small th ings .

Old Norse Iznefa , arripere , from Iznej‘

i , th e fist or closed hand .

96 G LOSSARY OF THE

ORNDINNER, HORNDORN. sh. A lunch eon, forenoonrepas t . Se ems to be a corrup tion ofaandorn or undern. Ang.

Sax . undern, Old Norse undorn, afternoon, We lsh antert/t ,forenoon, S . Jutl. anden or undern, mid-daymeal . “ Th e wordis sagaciously referred by Schmeller to th e propos ition unter ,

anciently deno ting hetween, q .d. , th e intervening period ; whichaccounts for its some time s deno ting a part of th e afternoon, or

a meal taken at that time— and some times a period be tweennoon and sunse t . —Garnett .

085. on. T0 try, to essay, to set about a thmg.

G arnett refers i t to We lsh osio, to offer to do , to essay. Doubt ,h as been thrown upon this as a genuine Ce lticword . G luck ,

however, treats it as such , deriving from i t th e name ofth e Ce ltictribe O sismi, in th e sense of audaces . I t maybe cognate wiihLat . andeo. Th e derivation from th e We lsh 1s rendered all th e

more probable by th o use of th e word in Shropshire , near th eWe lsh border (A tkeneeum, April 2 0 ,

OWE. on. To own. See awe.

OWSEN. sh. Oxen.

A LowG erm . form, as inDut . as, Hols t . as, ox .

O! TER. sh. Th e arm-pit.Ang.

-Sax . ox ta , th e arm-p it.

P.

PACE-EGG S. sh. Eggs bo1led hard and stained or

ornamented as p laythings for children at Easter. Th e custom,

wh ich prevai ls over a great part ofChri stendom , h as probablyreference to th e Re surrection, ofwhich th e egg is a type . Dan.

paaske-ag , an egg bo iled hard, s tained wi th vari ous colours, andeaten commonly on Eas ter eve .

PACKS. sh. Dense h eavy clouds collected in th e sky.

G erm . , Dut .pack, a bundle , Fin. pakko ta , to stuff, to cram.

PADDOCK. sh. Th e toad or frog.

Sco . fade. Ang .-Sax . pade , Old Norse fadda , Dut . fadde,

Dan. padde, Swed .padda , Prov. G erm . padde, toad or frog.

PADDOCK-RUD. sh. Th e spawn offrogs and toads.

Old Norse ruda , rejectaneum .

PADDOCK-STOOL. sh. A toad-stool, applied to most‘

sorts of non-e sculent fungi . North. pad-stool. Dut. paddestoel, G erm. paddenstulzl.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

PAICKS sh. A thrash ing.

O thou ’

s a m ense less urlin, ista,

Wee l thou de serves thy pa ia és , at dista.-S tagg .

Old Norse p io t‘ed , pungere , tundere , Dial . Swed. pals/ha , to beat,

G erm . peit se/i en , to whip , to flog.

PAN . on. To pair, to fit,agree

,work togeth er.

Clev. pan, to fit in, to correspond . ComparingWe lshpanan,what invo lves o rworks toge ther, pannas , p lai ted straw, panela ,

to p lait , one m ight presume a Ce lticword pan ,with th e meaningofcombination, and probably allied to Sansc. panh tis , cohe sion.

Again, in the Ang .-Sax . pan , p ie ce , p late , h em ,pan-h ose , p ie ced

o r patched hose , and in th e Dial . Dan. paaniwerh , pa tchwork ,

we seem to have a trace ofa sim ilar word in th e Teutonicidiom . Then, in th e Rom . we have Pro v. pan , rag , clout , lap ,p iece , Fr. pan, pane , p iece , or panne l ofa wall, th e pane of a

hose or cloak — Cot. In th e Sclavonic branch we have L ith.pa ine , entangling , p innu , I p lai t . Coming to th e English dialects , Forby h as paned curtains , curtains made of long narrows tripe s jo ined toge ther , also pan , th e hard earth be low thatwhich is s tirred by th e p lough , th e sense be ing , we may pre sume,

probably that ofsome thing compact or adhering toge ther. Th e

general roo t I am inclined to take to be found in Sansc . pac, toj o in, to fasten, which take s th e nasal inpanh t is , co he sion. Aparalle l formation to that ofpan from pa e is seen in Welshgwyn, from th e roo t co ld G e rm . lzm i t (G luck , K e lt. Nam . )I t first takes th e nasa l , as in O ld Ce lt . wind, and then drop sth e d, as in Wel. gwyn. S im ilarly pae would be com e pane ,and then, dropp ing th e e , pan. Acco rd ing to G rimm '

s Law,

however, which replace s Sansc. p by G e rm . f, we should haveto pre sum e that the Teutonic words in th e above group werenot ind igenous . Or that they are in some way e xcep t ional.

PANG. on. To stufi”

, to cram.

An‘

some the re we re could scarce ly speak ,

The ir thropple s were sae pang'

d.- Bridewain, by S tagg .

Sco . pang . yam . refe rs to Old Dut . hangh en , to force intosmall compass , which , according to K ilian, is for he—ang/zen ,

from ang , implying constriction. This se ems doubtful , com

paring Lat . pangere , to drive in, to faste n, Fin. pa hka ta , to stuff,to cram , and I ra the r think of th e gene ral roo t as th e same asthat ofth e las t word pan.

PANT. sh. Pool, swamp . See middin—p ant.

PARLISH . aay'

. Remarkable,noteworthy.

A h'

parlis/z pranks , on S illoth banks ,They bed as they were com in.

"-S tagg.

98 GLOSSARY OF THE

This has been supposed by Peacock and others to be a corru ption ofperi lous , which seem s doubtful , at least so far as regardsth e sense in quest ion. I am rather inclined to think ofa con

ne ct ionwi th Fr. parler , in th e sense ofsome thing worth talk ingabout.

PARTLES. sh. Th e globular droppings ofsh eep, & c.

Perhap s from We lsh pardduo , to smutw th ougth if so , th e sense

h as be come somewhat divergent .

PASH . va. To force or th rowVi olently down .

Dee th cam dryvynge after,A nd al to duste pa ss/zedKynge s and knygh te s .

— P . Pl.

Barn ! I pas/i t them down,

"— said by a noted Cumberlandwre stler to a ne ighbour

'

s daughter on h is first victory — G ihson.

Probably ano ther form of hash , Clev. pas/t , to strike hard. Se e

hasli .

PASH. sh. A h eavy and sudden Shower.There is a distinction be tween a pasfiand a splash . It maybe a b it ofa splash , but it Willent be a girt pas/z.

-D z'

ck. G e rm .

pa tselze, puddle , Dan. p iash e , Dial . Swed . pasha , to sp lash .

PATTLE . sh. A plough -scraper.

Probably th e sam e as Eng . spa ttle, a trowe l , G erm . spattel,I tal . spa tella , dim inutive s of Eng. spade, G erm . spa ten, Lat .

PAW. sh. Th e hand, use d familiarly or contemptuously.

Bre t. pav , pao , We lsh pawon, hand , p aw.

PAWKY. do}. Sly,1mpudent, too fam i l iar.

Jam ieson connects th e above with Ang .-Sax . pa ean, to dece ive ,

pa ea , a dece iver. I t seems to me , however, to be rather alliedto G ae l. poeanae/z , impudent , pocan , an impudent little fe llow.

One m ight think of th e o rigin as found in G ae l . pue , to push ,jostle , We lsh pwg , thrus t , shove , in th e sense offorwardne ss .

Th e Swed . poha , to presume , demand wi th insolence , may alsobe re ferred to .

PAWT, POAT. on. TO push or st1r Wi th th e h and or

foo t . A lso to walk heavily. A tkinson refers to Dial. Dan.

pote, to stamp or pound th e earth , as , for instance , round something newly p lanted , Suio-G o th . potta , digi to vel baculo e x plo

rare . Compare also Corn. poof, to k ick like a horse , We lshpwtio, to butt , push , poke .

PAY. va . To beat .I t seems uncertainwhe ther i t be an oblique sense ofFr.payer,

or fromWelshpwyo, to beat .

I OO GLOSSARY OF THE

PEG . 71a. To beat, to thump.

Dan. pukke, to stamp , to pound, Dut. p ickers, We lshn o, Fr.

p iauer , to pri ck .

PEGH, PECH . on. TO pant, breath e hard.

Clev. pee/z , to cough in a subdued way. yarn. considers pee/zto be radically th e sam e as Swe d . p ieka , to palp i tate , to giveout a low sound , as a repe ater watch , Dan. pi kke , to palp itate ,

G erm . pocken , to be at , throb . A more certa in conne ction, itseems to me , is wi th We lsh pucko , Fin. pu/zkia , to pant , blow,

Boh . puck , a brea th ing.

PELK. ou. To be at.Perhaps anothe r form ofpelt , t and k interch anging as in jertandjerk. Or pe rh aps from Old Norse p ioka , tundere , tak ing a

phone t ic I.

PELTER. sh. Anyth ing very large .Th eer aWh illimser chee se abuin t’ bed hee d,A h

' dall ! but it ’s a pelter.

"— Lonsdale.

One m ight perhaps think of a conne ct ion wi th G ae l . pa i li ,p lentiful , abundant , Bre t . puld

'

er , abundance . Or p erhap s.

pelter may only be like hamper , th umper , and o ther words inwhich th e sense of some thing large is derived from that ofaheavy blow.

PENNIES—A-PIECE. For a penny-ap iece.

An’

dance rs pat i'

Brannnery’

s h at ,P ennies -ap iece for the fiddler.

— Lonsdale.

A Cumbrian 1f asked the p rice of anything , as, for instance ,

eggs , invariably use s this p lural form . A furth e r ins tance of

this tendency occurs in th e following, re lating to a game at

cardsForjenwas always winners . — Lonsdale.

I am unable to say h owfar th e same may prevai l in other diav

lects , never having seen i t not iced in any glossary.

PENNY-STONE. sh. A stone used 111 pltCl‘

llng in placeof a quo it . One might pos s ibly think ofpenny-stone as a cor

rup tion ofGae l . peilzstei r , a quo i t, or a flat stone used insteadofa quo it , provided that the word , which se ems to be th e same

as th e Lat . paleestra , was ever in popular use among th e G ae l .jam ie son,

and,following h im , th e author ofth e CravenG lossary,

refer i t to Swed . pena , to flatten, flat stone s only be ing adap tedfo r th e purpose . I should rathe r, however, failing th e former

sugge stion, be disposed to look on penny-stone as a corrup tionofspe nnye stone, Norw. spenna , to project . See spang.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. I O I

PENSY. aaj. Of de li cate appe tIte . Appli ed to one

wh o trifies wi th h is food Perhap s to be conne cted wi th Fr:penser , Ang.

-Sax . p ins ian, Dut . peinz en, to m editate , ponder.

Or with Fr. panse, paunch , be lly , Prov. Fr. panser , to livedaintily. O r again, we m ight think of Fris . pan, nice and

affe cted in eating and in o ther things .

PENTAS. sh. A SlopIng roof bui lt agamst a wall.Not a corrup tion ofpent/ muse , but , according to Wedg . , fromFr. appentis , I tal . pendice , anything bending or down-hang ing ,

Lat. pendere , to hang .

PEPPER-CAKE. sh . A cake ofginger-bread.

Dan. peher-kage, ginger-bread.

PETTLE . on. To occupy tune WIth tnfles .

Th e same as Eng . p iddle , th e fundamental idea of whichse ems to be to p ick , to use th e t ip s ofth e fingers in do ing.

"

Wedg . Prov. G erm . po'

ttdn , to work at anything by smalltouches, Norw. p i tta , to p luck , p ick , sip . Th e roo t may pro

bably be found inWe lsh p id, a po int, p i tzo , small .

FEYL. ao . To beat. West. and Cumh. D ial.Dan. p i lle, Dut . pellen, We lsh p i lia, to strip , skin, peel ,whence,me taphorically. to flog or be at.

P ICK. 77a . To p i tch , l1ft or th rowWi th a fork .

Hence to le t fall premature ly, of a cow, &c In reference to

h er young. Th e original idea is that of some thing po inted,Old Norse p ikka, We lsh n o

, to prick , We lsh ple io, to dart.cas t.

P ICKLE. sh. A grain ofcorn.

7am. give s th e more extended definit ion of any m inute particle , as a grain of sand.

"Th e original idea is that of a point.

Se e p ick.

P ICKS . sh. Th e diamond at cards.

Furst deal aboo t h e gat sp ead yace,A h

'

crewan'

yamme r'

t sair than.

But p icks was trump , and h e tuik grump ,

An’

sed h e wad laik nae mair than.

“—Lonsdale.

Probably from the ir two sharp po ints re sembling a limestonep ick .

—Peacock. But th e term seem s to app ly so much more

naturally to th e spade , tha t one would almos t be inclined to

think that i t had origi nally been, as in G e rmany p i eke, and inFrance p laque noware , app lied to i t.

P IGG IN. sh. A small tub with an uprigh t handle.G ae l. p igean, We lsh p iejn, a little jar, a p ipk in.

GLOSSARY OF THE

P IKE. sh. A peak, th e name ofmany mountains in

th e district . Dan. p ig , We lsh p ig , po int .

P ILE . sh. A blade ofgrass,& c .

We lsh p i l, stem , Old Norse p i la , Dan. , Swed . p il, shaft ,arrow.

PILEY. sh. A wh ite game fowl with some blackfeathers — D ick. Probably from th e Fr.p iolé, spe cked , spo tted .

PINNERT. Shnvelled, starved, Sickly.

Lonsd. p ind’

er , to shrive l . Clev. p ine , to shrink , contract ,under th e influence of cold , drought , s ickne ss . P im zer seems

to be a frequentative from Ang .-Sax . p inan, to p ine ,

langu ish .

P I PE-STOPPLE. sh. A broken p i ece of th e sh ank of

a clay p ipe . S topple is no doub t a dim inutive ofOld Norse

stélp i , Dan. s tolpe , a post , p illar. Halliwe ll 's exp lanation of

No rth . p ipe-stopple as a tobacco-stopper must , I think , be a

m istake th e word must be th e same as ours.

PISSIMER. sh. An ant,p i sm ire .

Old Norse maur , Ang .-Sax . m ire , Dan Swed . myre , ant . Th e

p refix h as re fe rence to th e sharp , urinous sme ll ofan ant-hill ,Dut . pismz

’

ere , p ism ire . Th e same idea , see Wedg . , runs

through o ther language s .

PLACK. sh. A small copper com,formerly In currency.

Th e word is nowused in th e sense ofa thing ofno value . Dut .

p lach e , Fr. plague, a small co in of various value in differentcountries.

PLASH . va . To mm a h edge .To lower and narrow a broad-spread hedge by partially

cutting off th e branche s and entwining them wi th those leftupright . — H a ll. O ld Fr. p lesser , to p lash , to bow, fould, or

p lai t young branche s one within ano the r ; also to thicken a

h edge , or cover a walk by p lashing .— Cotg. M od. Fr. plisser ,

to p lait .

PLASH . va . To splash .

Dan. pladse , to p our, as rain, plaa'sh e , to sp lash , Swed. plaska ,

Dut . p lassc/zen , to paddle , sp lash , Dut .p lasc/z , a p lash or puddleleft by rain — A tk.

PLAT. 7m. To walk h eavily.

G ae l . p la i t , a clumsy foo t .

PLAT. sh. A broad ridge ofland .

G erm . platz , a broad even surface , Dut. plat , fiat .

1 04 GLOSSARY OF THE

POCK-ARR. sh. Th e mark left by th e smallpox .

Ang .-Sax . pace , G e rm . paeh e , Dut . pok, a pock , pustule , Dan .

koparret , marked with th e smallpox. (In Dan. hop , Swedkappa , a pock , th e oonsonants are transposed . Wedg . ) See arr

POD. va . To poke.Probably th e same as prod.

PODDISH. sh. Porridge of oatmeal,in common use

throughout th e ag ri cultural dist ricts , e spe cially for breakfas t ,and though irreve rently compared by Dickens to diluted p incushions without th e cove rs , a very wholesome article of die t.We lshpates , M anxpaddaslz.

POIK. on. To steal wh en playing at marbles — D ieh .

Pe rhap s th e same as Eng . paae/z . From G ae l . poo, to pocke t.Or from Fr. poeli er , to thrust or dig out with the fingers.

POKE. sh. A small sackPooke (or poke t or wale tte ) . — P r . Prv. Old Norse poh i , a

sack , Ang-Sax . poem , a bag, poke .

POLLY. sh. A cowwith out h orns .

Dut . polle , pat, head To pot! is to cut offth e head ofa tree ,

to shave th e head, to clip .— Wedg . Other nam es are daddy

and cowl cow.

POPE,POAP . 7172. To walk about vaguely, or as one

in th e dark . Se em s to be from Fr. palper , Lat . palpa re , to

touch lightly , in re ference to grop ing or fee l ing wi th th e hands .

PORR. sh. Poker.

Dut . parre/z . to st ir up , Dan. purre, to rouse , excite , LowG erm .

parren , to stir, to poke .

Poss . va . To work cloth es in wash ing, ei th er Wi thth e fee t or with a heavy stick . Probably from G ae l. past , totread with th e fee t , wh ich , we may pre sume , was th e originalsys tem , andwh ich is still th e gene ralway in Sco tland.

POTTER, POTTLE . on. To work in a trifling or

ineffectual way. Prov. G ermnpottelen, to work at anything bysmall touches.

Pow. sh. A swamp.

Probably forpool. Old Norse pallr, standing water, Dut . poet,marsh , lake , We lshpwl, G ae l. poll, hole , pool.


POWSODDY. sh. An ale-posset.Sco . powsowdy, shee p

’

s-head bro th , also m ilk and meal boiledtoge ther. Th e Eng. posset is fro m th e Fr. posset , for pasquet ,Old Fr. posgzeé, Lat . pasea . Bu t th e Sco . powsowdy , sheep

'

s

head broth , seems to be a diffe rent word , from paw, head , andSwed . saad, bro th , —yam. To which of th e two our wordbe longs se ems uncertain.

RREEN. ao . To comb and dre ss th e hai r.Th e origin is Old Norse pr ion, Sco . preen, a p in or knittingneedle , from th e notion of p icking or arranging nice lywith apointed implement . Wedg . Hence Eng. prune, to dress or

trim trees.

PRESS. sh. A cupboard,especially for cloth es or linen.

Bre t. pres , armo ire , (diale ct of Léon) , G ae l . preas , a woodencase , armarium . In th e Dict . of th e H ighland Socie ty , th e

word is taken to be derived from th e English , but th e co

incidence of th e Bre t . word sugge sts whe ther in this particularsense th e word may not be ofCe ltic origin.

PRIG . ao . and 71. To beat down in bargaining.

D ick. gives th e above sense , as we ll as th e ordinary one to p ilfer.Th e Swed . preja , to use extort ion in dealing , coincide s with th eformer, which may be th e original sense .

PRIZE. t1a . To raise or lift with a lever.From Fr. prise, a taking , se iz ing, any advantage .

PROD. sh. A th orn, sh arp point.p ld Norse hraddr, Suio-G oth . and Swed. prodd, point , sp ike.

PROD,PRODDLE . on. To poke, to prick.

Ang.-Sax . hryrdan, to goad , Old Nors e hfydda , to form a point .

P roddle is a frequentat ive ofprod.

PRY. sh. A kind ofsh ort coarse grass .

See ing that hea t, ano ther k ind of coarse grass , is in all proba

bility derived from hem t , high , whence , in a secondary sense ,

bleak ,I think that prymay in like manner derive its ori gin from

We lsh brig, top , summ it , th e interchange of h and p be ing of

common occurrence in Ce ltic as in Teutonic. Comp . , however,Dial . Swed . parr , star-grass , a k ind ofcarex.

PUBBLE. day. Plump,as a pubble goose.

G ael . pluh, a soft unwie ldy lump , th e original idea in which(see hleh) is th e sound ofsome so ft body falling into water.

106 G LOSSARY or THE

PULT. sh. A fat and lazy cat orwoman.— D ieh.

Pe rhaps connected with Old Norse po'

lti , globulus . But comp.

polt, a thump or blow.— Hall. Hence polt-jh at , a club-foo t ,

th e no tion ofa blowand ofmass iveness be ing frequently con‘

nected.—Wedg . Swed . halta , to knock or beat , M anxpolt a

blow, thump .

PUM . ao . To beat, to pummel .We lsh pwmpio , to beat , thump , Corn. ham , blow.

PUMMER. sh. Anyth ing very large .

L ike hanger , th umper , slapper , &c s im ilarly derived from th e

idea ofa blow.

PUNCH . ao . To strike with th e foot, to kick .

— P r . P rv. D itt . hansen, LowG erm . h i m

sen, to knock , Prov. Dari . pandse, to butt as a ram , Dut.

ponssen , to punch .

PURDY. sh. A sh ort and th ick-set person.

Perhap s, assum ing th e r as phone tic, to be connected withLowG erm . p addig , stout , thick .

— Brem . Wt . B .

PUTT. on. To butt,strike with th e h ead or h orns.

We lsh pwt io, to poke , thrust . Hence “putting th e stone“ in

H ighland games.

PUTTY-COW. sh. A cowgiven to striking.

Q .

QUERN . sh. A h and-mill for grinding co"

rn.

Ang .-Sax . ewéam , Old Norseworn, a hand-mill .

QUILT. ao . To beat.Probably from Ang .

-Sax . cwellan, Old Norse gaelia , to kill ,Ang .

-Sax . ewi ld, slaughter, destruction. Formed like rift, tobe lch , from th e noun as a secondary verb.

QUIT. (my. Free , released, rid of.

OldNorse gui ttr , free , Dut . haq/t , rid of.

108 G LOSSARY or THE

RAM . any. Having a strong or fe tid smell.Old Norse rammr , Dan. ram , rank , fe tid.

RAM . m . To rush viol ently.

Dut . rammelen, tumultuare , G erm. rammeleiz , to routabout, sp ort in an excited manner.

RAMMEL-SLATE. sh. A coarse kind ofslate — D iek.

Rommel is properly rubbish or debris . Swed . ramla , to rattle ,

fall wi th a clash .

“ In like manner, from Dut . rahhelen, to

rattle , is formed Eng. rahhle , what comes rumbling down, th e

ruins of old walls . And from Fr. rahaselzer , to rattle , comes

Eng. ruhhis/z. Wedg . Comp . also Dut. rommelea , to rumble ,rommeler ij, rubbish .

RAMP. sh. A sprain. See wramp .

RANDIT. (my. Streaked .

This term is chiefly applied to butter, when of two colours .

— D iek. Norw. randut, striped , marked in strokes, from rand,

a strip e .

RANDY. sh. A terrnagant, a noisy and riotous person.

RANK. aoy'

. Close or th ick togeth er.Ranke , crassus.

— Pr. P rv. Ang.-Sax . rane , rank , fruitful .

RANNEL-TREE,RANNEL-BAWK. sh. A cross beam in

th e chimney, onwhich hang th e pot-hooks. Clev. randle-halk.

In a collection ofwords from Vend-sysse l , rane is exp lainedas a pole or bawk , fixed at some he ight in th e chimney , to hangmeat to smoke on. E lsewhere in Sweden, rander, rdnde, and

RANN i GAL . sh. A Wi ld or riotous person.

Clev. ramzaek, a wi ld , unsteady p erson. Norw. rangla , to

reve l , ri o t , wander about , G e rm . ranken, rankelen, to run

wildly about.

RANTY. aa7. Wi ld,riotous, fri sky.

G erm . ranten, ranz en, to make a no ise , move noisily about ,Bav. ranten,

‘

to p lay tricks , Dut . randen, randterz , de l irare ,ineptere , insanire , Swab. junger m ade , a young Sport iveperson, (Wed

RAPPACK. sh. A pet name for an unruly ch ild— D ick.

Perhaps from G ael . rapasti , noisy, bo isterous.


RAP OUT. va. To speak rapidly, as to rap out oath s.

Old Norse lzrapa , to rush , to do a thing in a hasty manner,

lzrapordr , speak ing with precip itation, Dan. rap , quick , nimble .

RAPT. adj. Ragged, dish evelled.

Old Norse kraufa , dive llere , G erm . raufen, to pluck , Old Norse

rifa , to tear asunder, rag/ill, res lacera , Dut , rat/ elm , to rave lout.

RASH . adj. Brisk, active.Old Norse rhskr , Dan. rask, G erm. rasclz, quick , impe tuous,sp irited .

RATCH . on. To roam about,with some sense ofroughness.

Old Norse reika , vagari , racki , canis plautus , Ang.-S ax . ra ce ,

Old. Eng . rae/ze , a hound that runs by scent.

RATE. ao . Towh i ten by bleach ing on th e grass — D ick.

H all. give s rate as a Gumb . word , to become ro tten. The seare p robably only different sense s of th e same word , as th e

e ffe ct of continued bleaching is to ro t . In Lonsd. and Clev.

th e term is applied to h ay, &c . , th e fibre ofwhich h as be en part ially destroyed by exposure . A tk . re fe rs to Dan. rode , to layflax or hemp in ,

steep ,

“th e intention be ing to induce part ial

decay of th e s talk , Norw. rhyta as nearly as possible 00

incident Wi th ra te in all respects.

RATTAN . sh. A rat .

Ratun.— P r. P rv. and P . P l.

RAVEL. on. To speak ina confusedand rapid manner.Dut . rahhelen , to rattle , gabble , precip itare s ive confundereverba , (K i l ) , is pre cise ly th e equivalent of ourword . Comp .

also LowG erm . rahela ,Dut. ra t/elm , to rave , G ae l . rah/1d.

idle talk .

REAN . sh. A bawk or strip ofland left for a boundaryin a common fie ld. Old Norse rein, a boundary , Dan. ager

reen, a boundary be tween two fie lds , We lsh r/zaa , G ae l . , Ir. ,Bre t . ramz , Corn. ran, M anx raaney, a divis ion.

RECKLIN . See wreeklin.

REE. va. To shake corn in a Sieve.Old Norse r ia

’a , Dut . rz

‘

i a'

eren, rijeren, to tremble , G erm .

ratteln, to shake , sift ,winnowcorn. Hence Ang.-Sax . kr iddel,

I‘

I O GLOSSARY OF THE

REEDENT. adj. Passionate, excitable.Sco . retlz , fi erce ,

unruly. Ang.-Sax . kri tlziaa , to rage , to

excite .

REEK . sh. Smoke .Ang.

-Sax . rec, Old Norse reykr , Dut . rook, smoke .

REEP ofearn sh. A h andful ofcorn in th e straw,

used as a bai t to catch a horse with — D ick. Ang.-Sax . r ipe,

ripa , a h andful ofcorn in th e ear.

REEP UP . va. To refer back to some unpleasant subject.Old Norse rippa app , Dan. to rip up an old sore or

grievance .

REEST, REESTY. adj. Stupid or obstinate.Fr. restif: Stubborn.

REESTY, REESTIT. ad]. RanCid.

Reest , as fle sch e (re sty) rancidus .— ?Pf. PM . Th e radical

meaning seems to be stale o r over-kep t bacon, as e/zars restez ,

remnants , broken meat , is glo ssed in B ibele sworth by res t) ! flee s ,(ree sty fle sh) , and rest] or rest ive , from Fr. rester ,

is p ronouncedreesty in th e North of England. Bure assez reste ,

’

stale or

rancid butter, (Reliq. A nt . ) On th e o ther hand , th eword may be th e equivalent of G erm . ra

'

se/i , rass , ressig, sharptas ting , harsh , Swab. ra

'

s , over-salted , sharp , biting,harsh in

tas te , Fr. rée/ze , rough to touch. Wedg .

RENDER. va. To me lt tallow.

Sco . r ind. Old Norse renaa , to flow, to be made liqu id, to be

me lted . Dari . rende , to run.

RENKY. adj. Lengthy, extended.

Dut . recken,Ang .-Sax . rdécan to stre tch , to reach , Wesh rlzenc,

Bre t . reak , l ine , rank , that which is s tre tched.

RESH . sh. Th e rush .

Ang.-Sax . r ise , LowG erm. rise/z, rush , from Ang.

-Sax . kriseiaa ,

to rustle , shake , vibrate .

RESTLES . sh. Th e stakes to wh ich cattle are fastenedin th e stalls . O ther words are r id-stakes , rest-stakes , rad

stowers . In all the se words th e'

prefix se ems to be r id, whichmay be th e sam e as th e Ang.

-Sax . r i t/z in r i tlz-fa ld, a pasturewhere cattle are bred and fattened , andwhich is probably fromkri tlzer , cattle . Hence restle would be r i t/z-stel, cattle—stake ,from stela , s talk , stake ; and rad-stower s imilarly from stawer,

1 1 2 GLOSSARY OF THE

RIVE. ao. To rend or tear asunder, to pull or tugviolen

fly. OldNorse rifa , lacerare , Dan. rive , to rend , to tear,

to pul

ROAN-TREE. sh. Th e mountain ash .

Old Norse reynir , Suio=G o th . ramz , Dan. ramze. Ihre sup

pose s that th e Scand . nam e of th e tree is derived from rana ,

incantation, magic , in referece to th e supposed effi cacy of its

wood as a charm , which Seem s probable .

ROCK. sh. A distafi'

.

Old Norse rockr , Old Hi 11 G erm . raeeo, Dut . spinroek , Dan.

rokkelzaoed. Th e origin 0 th e term se em s pre se rved inFin. andLap . ruako , a reed , from th e distaff having be en made of thatmaterial .“ Wedg . Rather, i t Seems to me , from th e sense ofrock ing , shak ing , or moving , common to bo th th e distaff andth e ree d .

ROKE. rm. To scratch glass, & c . ,Wi th a sharp po int.

Probably formed, like rook, from th e imitation of a harshgrating sound . G ae l . rat , a harsh sound or cry, Lat . raaezzs.

So G erm . ratsch , sound im itative ofscrap ing, scratching.

ROOL, (pron. reeal. ) sh. An unrulyperson or animal.We st . raal, to pull about roughly .

—Hall. Clev. rail, to rompor p lay bo isterously. Crav. raol, to rumple . Lonsd. rag le, to

shake . Old Norse ragla , confundere , turbare , Swab. ral ea , to

be no isily merry.

ROOVE, (pron. reeav. ) va. To unroof. T’

Windrezw

'

t our h ay-Stack .

" —*D iek. I do not fee l Sure ,however,

that th e word is really from roof] te ctum , and no t from Dut .

roaverz , G erm. raufen, Old Norse krouja , to p luck , tearasunder.

ROUGHNESS. sh. Grass left for winter eating — D ick.

Ha ll. h as raaglz, luxuriant , asgrass, Nari/z. One m ight possiblythink ofSanse. rule, to grow, whence raalzas , p lant . Or fromrough in th e sense ofcoarse and rank, as G erm . raucle-kafer ,wi ld oats .

ROUSE. sh. A drunken debauch , a carouse .

Old Norse rass , Swed. ras , Dut . roes, G erm . ra aselz, drunkenness , Swed. rasa , to fuddle .

ROWK . sh. Th e m ist ofth e Valleys.Clev. rake. Dut . rooek , vapour, Dial. Dan. rag , fog or mist ,Old Norse rakr, madidus .

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

ROWT. on. To roar or bellow, as cattle wh en uneasyor exci ted . Ang.

-Sax . h ru taa , Old Norse lzr ihta , to snort ,snore , Norw. rjota , rauta , to roar, Sansc. rud, to roar.

ROWTH. sh. Plenty, abundance.Clev. rowty, rank or thick-growing , coarse ly luxuriant. Garne t tre fers to We lsh and Corn. ru t/z , a heap , while in th e D iet . of

th e H igh land 500 . i t is referred to G ae l . rutli , prosperi ty , increase , profit co llating We lsh rlzad, gratia , and G erm . rat ,

salus , prosp entus , e t cop ia rerum parata Wach t . This seemsto be th e more probable origin, th e roo t be ing probably in e ithercase to be found in Sanse. ruk , to grow, to increase .

ROYSTER. 7m. To bully, to be noisy or turbulent.Swed. rusta , to make a rio t ordisturbance , Fr. rustre, a ro ister,hack s ter, squabbler, (Galg ) , G aeL r iasta ir , become turbulent

“

or disorderly.

ROZZLE. sh. Rosin.

Ang.-Sax . krysel, ros in.

RUCKLE. sh. A disorderly crowd.

Old Norse ragla , confundere , turbare , Dut. rukkerz, to pull ,tug , Norw. rugla , to shake , waggle about .

RUCKSHIN. sh. A riot, disturbance. See ruekle.

RUFT. sh. Th e plot oflea ground to be plough ed inth e year. Probably from Old Norse kraufa , Dut . raaueu , to

pluck , tear asunder, in th e sense ofopening ou t th e ground.

RUG . 7m. To pull rough ly.

Cley . row, to use vigorous exert ions. Old Eng. ragg, ragg , to

tug. Old Norse raga , moliri , niti , ragga , to rock , Dut . rukkeu,

to tug .

RUMBUSTICAL. aay'

. Boisterous, noisy, overbearing.

Se e rumpus .

RUMPUS . sh. A disturbance .Sco . rummys , to roar, be llow. I tal . mmhaz zo, a clat ter, Swissrumpuseu , to pull one ano ther about . Th e general origin is tobe found in Old Norse rumr , rymr , clash , no ise . Wedg .

RUMPLEMENT sh. Coarsematerials. Also d i sorder.—D iek.

Th e first idea is that ofbroken sounds , G e rm . rummelu , rum

pelu , to rumble , rattle . Then that ofconfus ion ,disorder, Bav.

rummel, a disturbance , uproar. Then that of rubbish , G erm .

rummel, lumber, old th ings — Wedg . Hence th e origin is

s im ilar to that of rammel-slate. q .v. Th e ending in meat is a

favouri te one in th e dialect .

1 14 GLOSSARY or THE

RUNCH. sh. A th ick-se t person or animal.I think th at raneli may h e th e same as rump , nk or ask and mpinterchanging as in dank and dam Fris . romp , Dut . romp ,

G erm . rump]; trunk , carcass . e are led from analogousforms to suppose that th e prim itive meaning is projection.

”

RUNG. sh. A staff, step ofa ladder or gate.Old Norse m ung , rib of a boat , G o th. rugga , staff, rod, G ael.

rang , staff, rib ofa boat , any p iece ofwood bywhich o thers arejo ined .

RUNNER . sh. A small st ream.

Ang .-Sax . m ele, Old Norse renna , rensl, a stream , channel,

from renna , to flow.

RUNRIG . sh. In some undmded common lands , th eowners hip ofthe parcels changes annually in succession.

— D zek.

Respect ing this custom in Scot land , see 7am , wh o suppose s

it to be a re lic of th e custom ofth e ancient G erm ans , to holdthe ir cul tivated lands in common, and thinks that it was introduced from G ermany or Scandinavia first into Orkney and She tland , where i t is most prevalent , and whence i t has graduallyfound its way from North to South.

RUNT. sh. An aged ox .

Dut . rund, an ox , bullock , G erm. rinde.

RUNT. sh. A sh ort and th ick-set man.

Fin. runta, truncus corporis major, runtewa, corpulent , robust.

RUTTLE. vn. To breath e Wi th a broken or rattlingno ise , as one sufferi ng from as thma. Dut . rotelen, murmillare ,rotel, murmur, quale moribundi edunt, murmur ra

'

ucum.—K i l.

Ano ther form is ruekle.

RYLE . va. To teaz e, to vex.Lonsd. rayle, to bluster. To rai l, to disturb , trouble , vex .

H all. Fris. rule , Jutl. role, South Dan. ryle , to cry in a harshvo ice . Th e above are probably contracted form s , th e wordfrom which they are formed be ing rak, in th e sense of a harshnorse .

RYNER. sh. An augur.Seems to be th e same word as Lonsd. rimer , a tool used for enlarging screw-holes in me tal orwood , probably from Ang.

-Sax .

ryman, to enlarge .

RYSEL. sh. A turbulent ch ild.

Perhap s to be connected with Old Norse ris ialldr, homo verluse t violentus, Ang.

-Sax . rese, violence .

rr6 GLOSSARY OF THE

SARK. sh. A sh lrt .Ang.

-Sax . serc, Old Norse serhr , toga, tunica, indusium , Fris.sérc, a shirt , Dan. scar/h, a garment formerly worn under th e

armour, Flem . san k , te lae genus subsericum .—Kz

'

l. I am in

clined to take th e original meaning to have been a shirt ofmail ,or p o ss ibly a garmentworn under i t , and th e word to be form edon Ang.

-Sax . seam , Old H igh G erm . saro, armour, equipment ,(cognate wi th Lat . sero, I jo in, connect , fasten?) Inwhich casei t would seem probable that We lsh sez

‘

rc/z, equipage , harness ,

trapp ings , is th e sam e word as our sarh . Unle ss , indeed , wecan suppose th e r in sank to be intrusive , and th e word properlysah , in th e sense of a loose garment. Comp. Sansc. sagga,

SARRA. va. To serve.In o ther cases , as in div for a

’ee (do) , our dialect assumes th e

sound here rejected.

SATTLE. sh. A wooden seat or sofa.

SCALD-HEAD. sh. Th e nngworm ln th e h ead.

Lonsd. scald, scabby, part icularly in th e head. Dan. scala’et,

bald , bald-head , Swed . shallot , bald , Old Norse

shalla'

a , to be bald , G ae l . sgall, baldne ss , scab. Th e abovese em to be formed , by th e prefix of s , upon th e form found inAng.

-Sax . calo , G erm . kah l, Eng. callow,Lat . calvas , bald.

SCALE. 71a. To spread, as manure over a field.

Dan. sh ille, Swed. sh i lfa , to separate persons or things from one

ano ther, Old Norse sh i lja , discrim inare .

SCANTED part. Kept sh ort,insufficiently supplied.

Theywadn’

t see h im scanted.

"— M z

°

ss B lamire.

Old Norse sham ta , dividere , dime tiri , shammr , brevis , accisus ,Norw. shanta , to measure off, to cut offa little so as to make athing exact , to give sparingly.

SCAR. aa’

j. Shy, Wild, frigh tened.

Old Norse sh iarr , tim id , shy, Norw. shjerriz, to scare , frighten.

SCAR. sh. A precipi ce,a steep rock.

Old Norse shor , Norw. shar , breach , cleft in a rock , Old H ighG e rm . scorro , p raerup tum montis , scopulus , Old Dut . sc/zaere,

scopulus , rupe s , Dan. skier , rocks , cliffs . Th e origin seems to

be Old Norse shera , to cut , a scar be ing that which is cleftsheer down.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. 1 r7

SCAR. sh. A bed ofrough gravel.Dan. share, fragment , shard . Th e connection seems to be wi thOld Norse shara , to rake , scrape .

SCARN. sh. Cow-dung.

Ang.-Sax . sccem , Old Norse sham , dung.

SCODER. va. To scald.

Dan. skalde , to scald . I t may possibly be a questionwhe ther,in some of the se verbs , as scoder , Dan. skola

'e ; sniffer , Dan.

snh’

fte ; sh iander , Dan. sh iezzde , our form in er doe s not simp lyrepresent th e Scandinavian ending in e or a , as from th e mutesound of r final no difference can be distinguished be tweenthem . But if so , th e part iciple form, as in scoderea

’

, must havebeen a later formation.

SCODER. sh. Th e skin wh en frayed by h eat andfriction during vio lent exercise . Clev. to be scalderea

'

, to be in

such a s tate that th e surface pee ls off in scales . Th e more

immediate connection of thisword is wi th Eng . scald-head.

"

A th . Comp . also G ae l. sgz'

olta , unhusked, hulled , having th e

skin pee led off, L ith. skeltz'

, to sp li t , burst .

SCOGGERS. sh. Stockings with th e feet cut offwornon th e arms. Probably from Old Norse shochr , sheath , en

ve10pe .

SCONCE . sh. A stone bench or sh elf. c h .

A screen capable ofbe ing drawn across th e front of th e fire .

West . and Cumh . D ial. Lonsd. sconce h as bo th these twomeanings . Old Norse , Suio-G o th . slam s , munimentum , G erm.

schanz e, fort , shelter, sclzanzklez'

a’

, a canvass screen drawn rounda ship during an engagement .

SCON. sh. A barley cake .

Probably from Old Norse shda , crus ta, cortex , Fris. share, rind,skin.

SCOODER. va. To take great effect upon, bungdown quickly. Ned went a-shutting. and h e scooderca

’ themdown. Probably from th e same origin as Eng. scud

’

,

Dut . sch ua’den, to shake , toss , jog . A s th e figure of shak ing

expre sse s th e exertion of superior power over an obje ct , Eng.

scud is used to signify th e movement of a body under th e influence of overpowering force . To scua

’

be fore th e wind is todrive be fore i t wi thout attemp t at resistance .

" Wedg. Verymuch of th e same idea runs through the word scooder as de

scribed byDick.

1 18 GLOSSARY or THE

SCRA FFLE. rm. To scramble, to struggle hard for a

living. Old Norse shreflaz , to keep one’

s fee t with difficulty,shrz

'

flaz , to scramble through difficul t p lace s. Th e Dut .sc/zraej elen, again, to scrape toge ther, a frequentative ofsch raefin, to scrape , co incides more with th e second of th eabove meanings.

SCRAFFLES. sh. An empty boaster.Pee r scrafles l thy lan

'

grows nae girse .

"-Ana

’erson.

Suio-G oth . shrafla , boaster, prater, Old Norse shrefa , homuncio,me ticulosus jactator, shrapr , futilis jactator, shrapa , erepere ,

Swed . sh ra'

fla , to rant , to rave, to rattle. In th e dialect of

Ho lste in sclm z el is sim ilarly used as a term ofcontemp t , siguifying a good or-no thing pe rson.

SCRAPPLE. sh. An iron scraper.A diminutive ofSwed. skrofa , Dan. skrahe, a scraper.

SCRAT. va. and a . To scratch . Metaphorically tostrive hard for a living, Scrattyn, or scratchyn.

"— Pr. Prv.

Suio-G oth. krat .a , Dan. kratte, Dut. h ratsen, to scratch.SCREE. sh. Th e debri s ofloose stones running down

th e side ofa mountain from th e decompo sition ofits surface .

Hence th e name of th e Screes upon Wast-water.‘ Perhapsfrom Old Norse shrida , ruina montium, Old Norse skrz

‘

da ;Gae l. sgz

’

orr , to slip or slide .

SCREEN. sh. A wooden sofa.

S imilarly, in th e case of sconce, th e idea ofscreen is extended tothat of some thing to sit down or rest upon ; the connect ion of

thought is not very obvious.

SCR IBE. sh. A line, stroke, most frequently used in

th e expression “scrihe of a pen.

"Clev. scree

-h e,

“to mark

metal orwood Wi th an instrument that scratches or cuts some ofth e material away. G ae l. sg‘

rz'

oh, to scrape , Welsh ysgrz‘

fo, tonotch , to write , Dut . sclzreef, l ine , stroke . Th is is a co llateralwordwi th Lat . scriho, but not , I think , derived from it.

SCRIMPY. aa) . Scanty, p inch ed, g1ven grudgingly.

Dan. shrumpe, to shrive l , contract , Norw. skrumpet, shrunk ,

emaciated , Dial . Dan. shrimpe, a miserable half-starved creature ,Dan. ,bejympe, We lsh cr impio, to contract.

SCROBY. aa’

j. Mean, nlggardly.

Perhaps from Dan. skruhhe, Swed. skruhha , Dut. schrohhen, to

scrub , scrape , Gae l. sgrioh, to scrape , scratch , make bare byrubbing. Or we might think of Old Norse scrflfa , , Dut.

sch roe'ven, to screw, the connection ofwhich wi th the idea of

meanness is obvious.


Th e same as ca tty, onwhich it is formed by the prefix ofs.

SEA G . sh. Th e [res pseua’acorus .

S edge, segy, or segs , originally th e samewhich is identical wi th swcg and seax , a small sword, andwasapplied indiscri m inate ly to all sharp -po inted p lants growing infens.

— Prior . Its o ther Gumb. name mehh irc, may be fro m a

s imilar origin, Ang .-Sax . mece , a small sword.

SEED. Saw, pret. ofsee .

SEETER. sh. A worn or frayed place on a garment.Clev. siefer , a Sieve or riddle . As thin as a seafre, worn intotransparency or holes, as clo th when i t grows thin. Wk . 6 7.

Old Norse sigti , Dan. sighs, G erm . sic/def, a sieve .

SEEVE. sh. Th e rush .

Old Norse sef, Dan. sic , rush . The origin seems to be Sansc.

s i , sz’

v, to jo in, Eng. sew, in re ference to th e use of th e rush for

p lai ting orweaving .

SEG . sh. A callous place on th e hand or foot.OldNorse sigg ; ca llus , hard and thick sk in.

SEG . sh. A castrated bull.Clev. segg , a bull cas trated after it has grown to maturity.Dial . Swed. s iggf. a cas trat ed boar or ram , Dial . Dan. seeg , a.

boar cas tra ted after having come to maturity. Th e ori gin isp robably to be found in Old Norse sezjgrr , lentus , quie t , gentle ,seigaz , lente scere , cognate wi th Lat , segnis , in reference to th e

effe ct produced upon th e animal '

s disposi tion. So riggelt , an

animal imperfectly cas trated , is probably derived from a wordofopposite signification.

SEGG IN . sh. Th e Iris pseua'acorus .

See scag and mech in.

SELT. Sold, pret. ofselL

SEN . SYNE. aa'

v. Since.Ang.

-Sax . si then, (sick-titan, after then) , Old Norse sia’au , con

tracted sync.

SET. 71a. To nauseate.Th e idea seems to be that of se ttling the appetite for food.

Ang.-Sax . secca ie, to se ttle , appease.

SETTEN. Past part. ofse t.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. I 2 I

SETTLE sh . A wooden sofa. See sattle.

SHACKLE. sh. Th e ringwh ich Slides upon th e cow’s restle.

In Clev. and Lonsd . also th e wrist . Ang.-Sax . sceacul

,shack le ,

Dut . schahel, link ofa chain, Dial. Swed. shah , a link , a chain.

SHAFF mt] . An express1ou ofcontempt. StuffI am inclined to take i t to be properly sh raj: and to connect i twith Old Norse sh raf, babbling , sh rapr , futilis jactator. Swed.

sh rap , trash , lumbe r. Se e scrafies .

SHAFFLE . on. To be undecided, to vacillate.A tk . refers to LowG erm . sch u

‘

feln, to shuffle or act in an underhand way. Ifnot from th e same origin as shaj

'

above .

SHAGRAG . sh. A mean,beggarly person.

Guerselet, somewhat like our shagrag , a by-word for a

beggarlie souldier. " — Coig . Perhap s a corrup tion of G ae l.sgrogag , anything shrive lled and contemp tible , a little old

woman, from sgrog , to shrive l. Hence also , perhaps, sh ragges ,rags , patches — Hall.

SHARPS. sh. Flour, Wi th th e bran m i t.

Grav . sha rps, flourwith a portion ofbran, shaps , oats wi thoutth e grain, re taining no thing but th e sh ape.

"Sco . shaup , hull,

husk . I am inclined to think that sh arps is th e same word as

th e $00 . shaup , from th e Suio -G o th shalp , vagina , Dan. sh a lpe,hull , husk , in re ference to sh arp s as having th e flour and branground up toge ther. From th e way in which r is slurred inEnglish pronuncia tion, hardly any diffe rence can be discernedbe tween th e two . Th e Crav. sh aps , which th e Editor m istakenlyexp la ins as oats re taining no thing but th e shape ,

"is also no

doubt from th e same ori gin, meaning s imply husks .

SHAWL. 7m. To walk crookedly.

Lonsd. shoal, sh ewl. Clev. shela’er . Schaylyn or sch eylyn.

D isgredior.— P r . P r o .

“ I shayle , as a man or horse dothethat go the crokedwith h is legges .

"-Falg . inWay. Dial . Swed.

sh°

a la , to walk crookedly, Old Norse sh ialgr , obliquus , froms a, crookedness , Gumb . shew; Sanse . shah ], to deviate , (whenceLat . seelys , wickedness , deviation from th e right way, as Eng.

wrong , that which iswrung or twisted out oftruth .)

SHEAR . va. To reap .

Sch eryn or repe corn. M e to .— Pr . P rv. Ang.

-Sax . scérarz ,

Old Norse shéra ,Dut . sch ererz , G erm . sch eren, to cut . Ignorance

of this Northern term once brought a London illustrated paperto grief, when, on th e occasion of th e late Prince Consorthaving been reported as present at a sh earing in Scotland, i t


forthwith presented its readerswi th a graphic repre sentation ofa sheep-shearing scene , with all th e acce ssorie s , at a seasonwhensuch an op eration is never, under any circumstances , perm itted.

Th e Northernword for shearing sheep is clipp ing.

SHILL . va. To Sh ell, or hull peas, &c.

Old Norse sh ilfa, Dan. sh ille, to separate , LowG erm. schellert ,to pee l or hull.

SHILLAPPLE. sh. Th e ch affinch .

Properly sheldapple , from sh eld, spotted, Dan. sh iola'et, part i

co loured (ofca ttle ) , Norw. sh iola’et , spo tted . From th e same

origin is shela'

rahe, a part i-co loured kind ofduck . Wedg.

SK ILLIES. sh. Sh ingles,th e loose pebbles on th e sea,

beach . Referred by Peacock to Manx sh i llee ,loo se stones . Th e origin of th e Manx wordfound in OldNorse sheila , to cl ink , clatter, in reference to thesound produced inwalking among loose pebbles.

SHINDY. sh. A disturbance,a row.

Clev. sh ine, a row or disturbance . Perhaps connected withDan. sh iena

'e, to scold.

SHIPPEN. sh. A cow-house.Ang.

-Sax . scfl ea , a stall , stable , G erm. schuppen, a cart-house ,shed.

SHIVE. sh. A slice, ofbread, &c.

Old Norse s

if

ifa , Dan. sh ive, Dut . sch zjf, G erm. sch eihe, a slice ,

Old Norse s fa , Dan. sh ive, Dut. sch ifi‘m , to divide .

SHOG . on. To shake.D1

23ischohh en, Swiss schaugg

’

m , to jog, We lshysgogi , to stir, tosh e.

SHoo mij. An exclamation used in drivmg awayfowls and th e like . G rimm (Deutsch. G ramm . ) refers to sch ze

as an interjection expre ssive of a sense of cold S ch u, sch u I

h owcold it is Hence Wedg . , through th e sense ofshuddering , suggests an originfor shy, G e rm . sch ere , Dut . schouw, tim id ,shunning, Old H igh G e rm . sciuh an, to fear, be tim id or alarmed ,and o ther cognate words . I t will be seen that our use of th e

word sh oo is more distinctly connectedwith th e sense ofshynessor timidity than th e G erman.

SHOON . sh. Plural ofSh oe.

SHOOP. sh. The fruit ofth e dog-rose. See choop .

GLOSSARY OF THE

SKELLED. adj. Distorted,awry.

Old Norse shz la , detorquere , shwldr, twisted, awry.

SKELLY. sh. Th e Chub.

Comp .

‘

Dan. shulle, roach , Ang.-Sax . scealga , rock-fish .

SKELP. va. and 71. To smack,strike with th e Open

hand . Also to run fas t , move rap idly. Old Norse sh elfa , to '

strik e with th e band, also to go fas t . Comp . also Gae l. sgeilp ,

SKEMMEL. sh. A form or long seat.Ang.

-Sax . scamel, Dan. shammel, a form or bench . Th e wordis also found , h or v exchangingwith m ,

'

in th e Ce ltic idiom , as

Corn. scavel, Bre t . scahel, Wel. ysgavell, Ir. sgahhal. Lat.

scahellum .

SKEN. mi . TO squint.Clev. shelly. Our form seems to stand alone , th e Clev. corre

sponding bo th wi th th e G erm . and Scand. forms , as Dan. shele,Swed . sh ela , G e rm . sch ielen, to squint , Ang.

-Sax . sceol—éage,squint-eyed. Bo th are , no doubt , however, from th e same roo t ,Old Norse shh , obliquitas , Ang.

-Sax . sceoch , crooked.

SKEP. sh. A basket ofstraw or rush .

Ang.-Sax . scep ,

baske t , Old Norse shepjba , modius.

SKEYBEL. sh. A worth less person.

Sco . shyha ld. Dan. shahh als , a scamp . Probably, alongwithEng. sh ahhy , from shah , th e i tch , as a term expressive of con

temp t , from th e itching sk in and scratching habits Of aneglected , dirty person. Wedg .

SKEW. sh. Some th ing crooked.

Old Norse shh , obliquitas , Ang.-Sax . sceoch , crooked. A -shew

Old Norse d-shd, (a on) , awry.

SKIANDER. va . To scold, to blowup .

Dan. sh ieude, to scold. I t se ems possible , see scoder , that th eending er in sh iauder, may simp ly represent th e Scand. endingin e.

SKIB Y. adj. Th in, slender.

S h ide, a thin board — P . P l. Old Norse sh e’

d, a‘thin p iece Of

wood, Ang .-Sax . scddau , G erm. sch eiden, to divide . Sansc.

ch id, to cut .

SKIFT. va. and u. TO Sh ift, remove.Old Norse sh z’pz

’

a, Dan. sh ifte, to Shift , remove from one placeto another.


SKILL. sh. Knowledge.Old Norse shi l, discrimen, sh ilja , to understand , discriminate .

SKIT. mi . To cast reflections on.

Probably a derived sense from Ang.-Sax . sei tan, to dart , shoot

SKIRL. 7m. To screech .

Old Norse shraIIa , Suio-G oth. shra’

la , to screech .

SKIRL. on. T0 Slide on th e ice.G ae l. sgior , to slide .

SKIVER,SHIVER . sh . A scale, fragment.

Dut . sch eueren, to shiver, break to p ieces. Old Norse sh ifa, to

sp li t.SKLATE . sh. Slate.

Sklat or slat stone .

"— P r. Pr v. Old Eng. sclae‘e. From Fr.

escla t, a shiver, sp linter. Wedg.

SKOLLICK. sh. A th ing ofno value.Perhaps connected wi th Old Norse shol, nugm. If not anotherform Of scar; ich

SKRIKE. 7172. TO screech .

Suio-G oth . shriha , Dan. shrige, to shriek.

SKURRICK or SKUDD ICK. sh. A th ing Of th e smallestvalue . Lonsd. scurr ich , a small p ie ce . Peacock refers to

Manx sh i rrag , a splintei' , which is probably from G ae l . sgat

r ,

Welsh ys aru or Ang.-Sax . scerau, Old Norse shéra ,

divide . huddich i s probably only ano ther form , th e tendencyofour diale ct be ing to change r in th e m iddle ofa word into d.

SLACK. sh. A h ollowor depresswn in th e ground .

Dan. slag , hollows in a road or track , Ang .-Sax . slog ,

hollowp lace Slough .

“ S lach , a depression in th e ground , may be

exp lained byNorw. slahhje, slackness , a Slack p lace in a tissue .

”

SLACK. sh. Th e small coal left after screening.

Perhaps th e same as slag , th e dro ss of me tals , G erm . sch laeh e,Swed . slag . Or pe rhaps more directly connected wi th Swed .

slagg , Slush , LowG erm , sla hh , so much Of a slabby material asone tak es up at once in a shove l , th e idea be ing that of something soft as comparedwith th e round coal.

SLAGG ER. on. TO loiter, to be slovenly.

Old Norse sli tij’

ga , h ebe tare , Suio-G o th. sloha, vagari, otiose

1 2 6 GLOSSARY or THE

SLAGGER. rm. To scatter.Norw. slagga, to sp ill or flowover the sides ofa vessel.

SLAiN. adj . Bligh ted.

Crav. slaz'

u coru, smutted or mildewed corn. Clev. sla in, thesmut ofwheat . A th . refers to Dial . Dan. slo

'

i , shrunken,withered , S . ]utl. slog, poor, having no vigour. Th e originmaybe Old Norse slagua, to become soft ormoist.

SLA IRY. adj. Nasty,wet

,miry.

Formed from Old Norse leir, mud, mire , by th e prefix ofs.

SLAKE. va. To lick. To rub or clean sligh tly andimpe rfectl

y. Old Norse sleihja, F ris. slache, to lick, Dan.

slihhe, to ick , to rub .

SLAM . ou. To Wln all th e tricks at cards.Sco . slam , a share , or th e possession of anything implying theidea ofsome degree of violence or trick in th e acquisition.

refers to Suio-G o th . slama , to gather or heap to e ther,slemmeu , to feas t luxuriously. (Ihre

'

s definition 0 S . G .

slama , per fas e t nefas corradere , accords more close lywi th$00 . slam thanyam. renders it .) Th e G ermans use sch lemm at

cards in like manner to our slam th e connection seems to bewith sch lemmen, to carouse , feast luxuriously, so far corroborating Jam ieson

’

s view.

SLAPE. adj. Slippery.

Old Norse sleipr, slippery.

SLAPE-FINGERED. adj. Dish onest, th iewsh .

Left-handed Sim , Sam ,

Nae lawcud iverClev. slay -fingered, is defined byA th . as le tting slip , or apt to

let slip , through or from one’

s fingers , and h e connects it wi thOld Norse sl z

‘

feugr , in acquirendo vel attigendo infelix . Th e

connection 0 our word might rather be with slope, to cheat ,Dut . sluzp, underhand , (comp . also Corn. slev , cunning, ski lful) ,but on th e whole I think i t is only an app lication ofth e sense ofslipperiness.

SLARE. on. To saunter, to be slovenly.

Probably a contracted form ofslagger.

SLASHY. aay'

. Wet and dirty.

Dan. slashe, to dabble , paddle , Swed. slasha , to paddle ,sloppy, slash , puddle , wet , slashzg, wet, dirty.

SLAT. 71h. Pret. ofslit.


SLITCH. sh. Fine mud,silt

,slake .

Dut . slijh , Fris. slz'

ch , LowG erm . slihh , mud, ooze , Eng. slush ,which is another form ofth e same word.

SLOBBER . we. To weep noi si ly andWi th many tears .

Th e general appl ication ofth eword is to sup liquids with noise .

Old Norse slupra , Dan. sluhre, LowG erm . sluhheru , to sup ,

Dut . slohhereu, to sup in a no isy and vulgarway.

SLOCKEN. ou. To extinguish , to quench th irst.Suio-G o th. slochua , to be extinguished.

SLORP. sh. Th e noise wh ich a vulgar person makesin supp ing or drink ing. Dut . slorpeu , to sup up . Th e Old Norse

slurha , to swallow, Dari . slurh , draught , are paralle l forms , pand h interchanging as in many o ther case s .

SLOT. sh. A fall ofearth from th e side ofa drain.

Old Norse slo'

dr , depressio re i, lacuna, sletla , prOJicere , Dut.

sloot, di tch.

SLOTCH . on. To walk h eavily.

Perhaps allied to slouch , th e idea ofwhich is to flag, to hangdown for want Of inherent stiffne ss . Or p erhapsrather allied to Ang.

-Sax . slcege, Old Norse Dan. slag ,

blow, clap , Dut . slaegh eu , G erm . sch lageu , to to thump ,

Old Norse slag h amar , a sledge hammer.

SLOWDY . adj. Untidy .

Clev. slowdy , lanky, ungainly. Dut . slodde, LowG erm. slodde ,Dial . Dan. slo

'

dder , sloven. One of th e large fam ily ofwords ,as slut , slouch , slugga rd, in which th e original idea is that ofloosene ss or slackness .

SLOWMY. aaj. Applied to soft and weak straw thath as be en laid in growi ng. Old Norse slamr , deficiens, Dut .

slommer , cumbe r, lumbe r.

SLUSH . sh. Wet mud,h alf-melted snow.

Swed . slash , dirty liquid , slasha , to slop , dabble , Bav. sch lolz ,

mud, dirt . Se e sli tch .

SMEETH . aaji . Smooth .

Ang.-Sax . smé th e , smooth .

SM IT . sh. Th e daub ormark ofownersh ip on Sh eep .

Ang.-Sax . sm i lla , Dan. smet , spo t , smut .

SM ITTLE . aaj. Infectious .

Dan. smilte, Swed. smilla , Ang.-Sax . smiling , infect ion, con

CUMBERLAND DIALECT. 1 2 9

SMOOT, SMOOT—HOLE . sh. A h ole in a fence th roughwhich hares or rabbi ts may pass. Dan. smutie, a private wayof entrance or egress, smut

-h id , a hiding-p lace , a smoot-hole .

Th e origi n seems to be Ang.-Sax . smugau , smuau , Old Norse

smi ziga , to creep , to ge t into a hole , Dan. smutte, to creep Off.

Hence Ang..Sax . smygelas , conies. Th e root is the same as

SMUG . aaj. Spruce, neat, smart .G erm. schmuch . handsome , fine , neat , Dan. smuh , pre tty, Swed.

m ycha , to adorn.

SMUSH . adj. Smart, Spruce.Probably a softened form ofabove smug .

SMUTTY. auj. D irty, indelicate .Swed. smuts, G e rm . schmutz , smut , dirt , whence , metaphorimlly, indecency.

SNAAR. adj. Greedy. I/Vesl. aud Cumh. D ial.Perhap s from Ang.

-Sax . suear, active , nimble , through theintermediate sense of eagerness. Or p erhaps formed, by th eprefix of s , from near , greedy, parsimonious , Dan. ucerig ,

Ang .-Sax . h ueaw, niggardly, cove tous .

SNAFLAN. part. Trifling, saunteringSco . sugfie, to trifle . Suio-G oth . suafwa , Belg. sueveleu , to

hes itate .

SNAPE . 71a. TO snub, to ch eck .

Old Norse sueipa , pudorem alioni suffundere , Dan. suihhe, to

rebuke , snub.

SNAP . sh. A small gingerbread cake .Old Norse map , esculenta emedicata , Dut. huuphoeh , hard

SNECK. sh. A latch .

Snekke or latch e .— Pr. Prv. M anx sueg , latch. {

amiesonrefers for th e original idea to Dut . suacheu, to snatc in th e

s ense ofthat which catches.

SNELL. adj. Keen, Sharp, as a“suell wind.

Ang.-Sax . suel, Old Norse suiallr, quick , swift , smart.

SNERP. mi . To contract, tigh ten, as a knot or snare.Dan. suerpe, to tighten, contract , Dut. sueryfieu , to nip.

SNERP. sh. A snare. Se e ahooe.

L


SNERRILS. sh. Th e nostri ls.LowG erm. suurre, Swi ss schuerre, nose , snout. A lliedwordsare no doubt Old Norse suo

'

rla , Ang.-Sax . suora, Eng. more,

th e root be ing probably to be found in Swed. suo, to twist.

SNERT. on. To laugh in a suppressed way.

Nearly allied to Dut . suorheu , Dan. suarhe, to snore , to snort ,Dut. suerheu , to make a noise , as butter in th e frying-pan, l andh interchanging as injert andjeru.

"SNEW. Pret. Of snow.

SNIFTER. mi . To sniff, as persons do who have a

co ld, orwh o do not blowth e nose properly. Dan. suh’

fte hasexactly th e same meaning.

SNIG . r1a. To lop th e branch es Of fallen timbe r.Norw. sh icha , to cut , to wo rk wi th a knife , Flem. suoecheu, to

'

cut, lop , prune .

SNIG. oa. To draw timber by horse and chain fromth e place where i t h as been fe lled. A lh . refers to Ang.

-Sax .

sa ican, to creep , Dan. sa ige, to cause to move in a glidingmanner.

SNIPT, SNIP-FACED. ad]. Havmg a wh i te mark downth e face . Dut . suehhe, LowG erm . suihhe, beak , LowG erm.

sh epel, a sort offish th e mouth ofwhich becomes white at its

death .— Hamh. Idiot . Th e idea , however, notwithstanding

th e coinc idence ofth e last word, seems to be no thing more thanthat ofa narrowmark .

SNITE. va . To wipe th e nose.Ang.

-Sax . suyifau, Old Norse sui ta, to wipe , cleanse .

SNIZY. aaj. Cold, cut ting, (ofth e Wind. )Th e sense seems to be that Of cutting, and th e word to be

allied to suase , to prune trees, Old Norse af-snei sa , Westerwaldschuaseu , to cut off branches , prune tree s. S im ilarly Dut .suippeu , Dial. Dan. sueve, is applied to a cuttingwind.

SNOCK-SNARLS. sh. Entanglement.Suarls is from suarl, a knot , Old Norse suara , Ang.

sueare , knot , noose. And suoch seems to be a word formedfrom th e same root , Swed. suo, to twis t.

SNOD. adj. Level, smooth .

Old Norse suoddiu, Norw. suh’

ydd, smooth , bare . Th e originis Ang.

-Sax . suidau , Old Norse snida , to cut , th e idea beingthat ofsometh ing lapped orpruned till it is smooth.

1 3 2 GLOSSARY or THE

SOUGH, Soc . 36. Th e distant Slgh lng or surging ofth e wind or sea. A tk. and 7am. bo th collate cognate words ,as Ang .

-Sax . m ogan, to sound , howl as th e wind , but seem to

have overlooked th e word most distinctly concerned, th e OldNorse mgr, ventus per rimas in domum pene trans , maris aestus.Th e former ofthese two defini tions is Haldorsen

'

s th e latter isadded in my copy in th e handwriting ofth e late Charles Konig,of th e British Museum . Th e LowG erm . sukk, G erm. sag , a

draught ofwind , may perhaps be connected.

SOOA int. Still Be quietOld Norse saez’, fie . Ang .

-Sax . smiga, silence ?

SOOALS. sé. A swivel Jomt m a chain, commonlytermed a pair of SOOd lS .

— D i! k. S ooal is another form of

swivel, as maple ofm z’

pple. OldNorse weifla , to swing round,to brandish , wif, sudden and rap id motion.

SOOP. r1a. To sweep .

Old Norse sdpa , to sweep , sdpr, a besom, Swed. sopa , to sweep .

SOOPLE. s&. Th e upper part ofa flail.Old Norse m ’

pa , to brandish , move rap idly to and fro , Norw.

ruina , to turn round, Old Norse wed/2a , to swing round, to

brandi sh .

SOOREN. 7m. To become sour.Ang.

-Sax . sdrz’

an.

SOP. sb. A tuft ofgrass, &c . A mi lkmaid’s cush ionfor th e head . Th e mas ses inwhich th e p lumbago or black-leadis found in th e famous mine at Keswick are called Welsh

tuft , mp , compressed

Soss . sb. A boiled mess for a cow.

G aeL a m ixture ofmeal andwater given to dogs,Welsh soy,pulpamentum sordidulum .

SOTTER . sb. Th e noise made in boiling.

G ael . sad, no ise ofbo iling water, G erm . sod, bubbling up of

bo iling water, LowG erm . saddem , to bo ilwith a. gentle sound.

SOUSE . $6. Th e pickle of brine, ch iefly used in the

phrase sour as souse .

” Wedg . re fers to Fr. saulse, sauce .

Orwe may think ofOld Norse sam, cibaria acida.

SOWDER . sé. A bungled m ixture in cookery.

Perhaps connectedwi th Old Norse sddaz , to become nasty. Or

perhaps rather with Old Norse Sada , to become mouldy orfusty.


SOWE, SEUGH.

’

sb. A Wlde , wet dl tch .

Prov. Eng. so wet . Old Norse so‘

wet , sagr , alluvies

mari s, G ae l. g mo isture , we tness , elsh swgio, to soak ,

Sansc. sic, to be we t.

SOWENS. so. Pottage ofoatmeal dust.G ael . sag/tan, th e liquid ofwhich sowens is made by bo iling ,

from sugfz, juice , appears to give th e origin ofourword.

SOWT. so. Th e joint-ill in lambs and calves.Ang.

-Sax . sfi/zt, Old Norse sdi , sdtt, illness , disease .

SOWPY. adj. Soft,watery.

Clev. soup , to soak , saturate . S imp ly another form of sop .

A tk. Norw saboa , to dabble , m om , soaked, Low Ge rm .

sappig , we t , sloppy.

SPANE (pron. spoan.) na. To wean .

G erm. spanerz , LowG erm. spenrzen, towean, Ang.-Sax . spam ,

Old Norse spent“

, teat .

SPANG. va. and a . To leap, to spring. To shoot,fling , project with force . Old Norse ma ma , to bend a bow.

Norw. spenna , to move onese lfwi th force or spring, spm na , to

thrus t or k ick with th e foo t. Comp . also We lsh ysponc, a

spring , jerk.

SPANGHEW. 71a. To pitch up suddenly.From y ang , as above , andperhaps Swed . l a , to upraise . Or

Old Norse boggva , Dan. bugge, to strike .

SPAN-NEW. adj. Perfectly new. See brannew.

SPARLING . so. Th e smelt.Sco. sparling , sperling. G erm. sp ierling , Dut . sp ieri rzg, th e

smel t. Isl. erling is rhaps th e same . G . Andr. give si t as th e name 0 a fish . am . Th e Suio-G o th . name is nors ,which Ihre takes to be from nor, a straight , be cause the se fishescrowd into narrowfriths. Orrath er, from th e same root as nor , in

th e sense of some thing small and fine in shape . So sparling ,

like spear , spare, sparrow, sprat , seems to be from a root siguifying fineness and smallness . (While I wri te , Cleasby confirmsme wi th udra , a small , wee thing , s i lz mgs ridm , 8. small trout .)

SPATE. (pron. speeat.) so. A sudden and h eavy shower.Dut . spatten, to sp lash , Norw. sputta , to sp irt , spout. Spat:is s im ilar to spout inwater-spout.

SPAULDER. on. To sprawl, move in anawkwardmanner.Probably from Dan. spreelde , to toss about th e limbs, th e r

being dropped for the sake ofeuphony.

I 34 GLOSSARY OF THE

SPAVE. (pron. speeao.) va. To castrate a female animal.G ae l. spot/i , Manx spoiy, to cas trate , Lat. spade , eunuch.

SPEER. on. To inquire.Ang.

-Sax . spyrian, Old Norse spyria, to investigate.

SPELK. so. A long splinter or slip ofwood.

Old Norse spidlk, a sp linter, Gael. spoalg.t.

SPIDDICK . so. A spigot .Manx spyttog. Not to be considered as a corruption of

as formed in a s imi larmanner from th e paralle l rootsignifying sp linter, Bav. speidel, a chip , splinter.

SPILE. so. Th e vent-peg Of a cask.I t . sp illo , a Sp igo t or gimle t , also a hole made in a piece of

wine wi th a gimle t or drawing-qui ll , Vene t. spi lare, to bore a

hole for a peg in order to le t in th e air. Wedg. Comp . alsoSwiss spzlggel, sp linter, Bav. spickel, wedge , Welsh yspzjg,

Sp e .

SPINK. sb. Th e chaflinch .

Welshysp z’

nm . chaffinch .

SPITTEN-PICKTER. so.

“Strong likeness. Yon barn’sh is varra sp i ttea -p icter.

— D ic,é. That barn'

s as like h isfadder as an h e

'

d been sp i t out ofh is mouth."-f Crav. Th e

expressionwas used in Early Eng. He was as like him as ifh e had be en spi t out ofh is mouth.

"- Cotg.

SPLAT. r1a. Pret. Of split.

SPOLE. va. TO partially separate the shoulders Ofan animal from th e chest. Lonsd. spalc/z, to sp lit. Suio-G o th.spja

'

la , Dan. spalte, Fris. spjellerz, G erm . spaltm , Gael. speak ,

to cleave or sp li t , Dial. Dan. spaala'

e, to Split a fish Wi thoutactually separating th e halves. North. spalding-knife , a knifeused for Sp litting fi

SPRECKELT. aay. Speckled.

SPREED. rja. TO spread.

I 3 6 GLOSSARY OF THE

STARTLE. rm.

“Cattle startle wh en th ey erect th eirheads and tails and gallop madly in h ot weather through fearof th e stinging flies.

—D ick . Old Dut . s teerten, fugere . Or

possibly there may be a more direct re ference to th e rai sing thehead and tail , Ang.

-Sax . steart , tail , extrem ity, some thingwhich projects. SO th e corresponding G erm . sturzen is appliedto a horse pricking its ears.

STAYK. on. To wander vacantly, to blunder.Norw. stauka , to go slowly, stump along , G ae l. stale , towalkwi th halting gait , Ir. sta i lc, stop , impediment . Hence our

word seems to be from th e same origin as Eng. stalk.

STAYVEL or STAYVER . on. To wander about in a

listlessway. Suio-G o th . stapla , to ree l, stagger, a frequentativeofstappa , to walk , step .

STEAD . so. Th e fixed or allotted place Of a thing, asa farm -stead, mi dden &c. Aug-Sax . state, a p lace ,

s tation.

STEADLIN. so. A foundation for a corn or hay-stack.A diminutive Of stead.

STECK. on. TO be obstinate, as a h orse that will not

STEE. so. A ladder.Old Norse stigi , Dan. stige, Swed. stage, ladder, Ang.

-Sax .stigan, OldNorse sfiga , to climb, to mount . Hence sty, in the

ofa mountain path , in th e Lake

STEEK. r1a. TO shut, fas ten.

Clev. steak. To stick or stake, to stab, to stick, to fix or

fasten, and thence to close , to shut . — Wedg . Dut . slocken,

figere , pangere , claudere l igueis clavis.— l( i l. Th e M id. H igh

Germ . stecken, rendered by Z iemann befestigt , festgehaltense in,

”

seems also to have had a sense akin to our own.

STEG . so. A gander.Old Norse s teggr, steggz

‘

,

‘

a gander or drake , Norw.

stag , the male ofany bird.

STELL. so. A large Open drain— Hall.There canbe no doubt that this is merely th e abbreviation cf

CUMBERLAND B IALEGI‘. 137

STEVEN. so. To set th e steven 18 to agree upon thetime and p lace ofmee ting

'

previous to some expedition — West.and Cumb. D ial. Ang .

-Sax . stefnian, to call , cite , proclaim,

Old.

Norse stefna, to summons , Lapp. steono, oonvocatio ,

concio .

Dan. stdv, dust , G erm . stated.

STEw. sb. Trouble, difficulty, perplexi ty. To be inastew.

Perhaps me taphori ca lly , as Wedg . has i t , from stew, dust , confus ion. But comp . Old Norse stid, labor molestus, Dan. sto

'

i ,Swed . stoj, noise , bustle , hubbub , Lapp . sti‘ws, tumultus , per

STICKS. sb. Furniture.G erm . stuck, p iece , art icle .

STIDDY. sé. An anvrl.Old Norse stedi , Swed . sta

'

a'

, Old Dut. stiete, anvil, connectedwi th Ang .

—Sax . sti tlz , firm , steadfast , Lapp . sti ttjo, rigidus ,and probably withWe lsh syt/z, stiff, firm (as Gae l. sraam, Eng.

STlFE. aay'

. Sturdy, obstinate.Old Norse sb'fr , durus , rigidus , obstinatus , Ang.

-Sax . stif,inflex ible , st iff, G erm . stei/ I

STILT. sb. Th e handle Of a plough .

Swiss stelz , stalk . Probably another form Of Old Norse stilkr,Dan. stile, stalk , stem , t and k interchangng as in jert and

STILT. on. To walk in a stiffmanner.Swed. stylta , to halt , to limp , Ang.

-Sax . styltan, to’

h esitate ,stammer, G erm . sti lte, awooden leg.

STINT, STENT. sb. A righ t ofpas turage for a certainnumber Ofcattle. Ang.

-Sax . stinton, to st int.

STIRK. so. A young h eifer or bullock.

Styrk, nee t or bee fer. —Pr. Prv. Ang.-S ax . styre , Dut. M ,

G erm. sta’

rke, heifer.

STOB. so. A stump, post .G ae l. stob, stump , stake , Old Norse stator , Dan. stud, Ang.

Sax . styo, a stock , stub , San'

sc. stalk , stable, to fix.

STOOK. sb. Twelve sh eaves ofcorn set up in th e fieldWe lsh

Ei

gh ts , shock of corn, G erm. stawek , LowGerm. stabs.

heap. h. stolz, heap , hay-cock.

138 GLOSSARY or THE

STOON, STOUND. so. Th e benumbing sensationarising from a blow. Ang.

-Sax . sram’

an , to strike agains t , to

lit

e‘

dn' G erm. staunen, to lose the power ofaction, to be stupi

STOOR. sb. Flying dust.Thatwhich is stirred, Ang.

-Sax . styrian, Dut. stoererz, Belg.

stooren, to stir. Th e Diet. ofth e Highland Soc. has star, dus t ,as a Gae licword.

STOOTHE. na. TO plaster a wall by th e application ofbattens and laths. S toth e or st Of a house .

"— P r. P rv.

Ang.-Sax . stytit , stat/z , p illar. l. stuad/z , p illar, also th e

wall ofa house .

STOOV’T, STUF

’T. adj. Marked in indication ofownership by having th e end of th e ear cut off, app lied to

Old Norse styfa , amputare , stufa , a female slave whoseears have been cropped for theft , LowG erm . stuvm , to lop or

Cut off th e he ad of tree s . In Iceland an animal with close lycropped ears was called al-stiyingr ; i t was forbidden by th elaw to mark shee p in this way unless public notice had pre

STOP. oa. TO stuff, to cram.

Dut . stoppen, Dan. stoppe, G erm. stopfen, to stuff, fill, cram.

This (see Wedg . ) is th e original sense ofEng. stop .

STOPE. on. To walk as one does in th e dark.Low G erm . stappen, to strike th e ground wi th a stick in

walking, N. Fris. stupp ia , to s trike against.

STORE. sb. To set store on a th ing 18 to put value Orplace dependence upon it. We may perhaps refer to whatWedg. thinks may be th e origin ofEng. store, viz . , OldNorse

staurr , Old H igh G erm . stiura , a stake , post , prop , and

thence , aid, ass istance , contribution.

STOW. va. TO cram, to surfeit.Dut. stoum ,

‘

G erm . stazm z, Dan. stave, to push , stowor thrusttoge ther in packing.

STOT. na. and 71. To bound as a sh eep or deer doeswhenjump ing with all th e fee t toge ther.— D icé. To rebound,as a ball . G erm . stoszen, to strike , hit , to reco il, Dut . stui ten,

Swed. stutta , to stop , to rebound. Th e idea, as in stutter.seems to be that ofan abrupt or sudden check.

r4o GLOSSARY OF THE

STRIPPINS. so. Th e last ofth e milk.Th e idea seems to be that of squeez ing or compression, as InSwed. stvpa, to s trangle , Dut. stroppen, stringere , premere.

STRITCH. on. To strut.N. Fris. stanrlze, to strut. Th e idea seems to be that ofrigidityor s tiffness, as in Ang.

-Sax . streccan, Dut . strecken, to malmtight, to stre tch.

STRUNT. so. A fit Of obstinacy. A horse that refusesto drawis said to tak th e strunt ." Sco . strunt. Clev. stunt.

Th e Clev. , I take it , shows th e proper form , our dialect and theSco . , as in some o ther case s , tak ing a phone tic r. Dial. Swed.

stunnt— taga stunnt, exactly coincident with our tak stunt ,”

(A Ang.-Sax . stnnt, foo lish , stup id.

STRUNTY. aay. Stunted, dwarfish .

Clev. stunt , stunty, shows th e proper form, our dialect , as inth e prece ding word strant , tak ing a phonetic r . Suio-Goth .

stunt, truncatus , brevis, Swed. stunta , to cut short , OldNorsestuttr , short .

STULP, STOOP. so. A gate-post.Old Norse stdlpi , Dan. stolpe , post , p illar, Germ. stolp , block.

STUMMER. on. TO stumble.Dial. Dan. stnmre , to stumble .

STURDY. so. A disease in sh eep, caused bywater in

tal

kie head. Gael. sta ird, stuirdean, vertigo. a disease inwp .

STUTTER. on. To stammer.Old Norse stanta , G erm. stottern, to stammer, Swed. stalla , to

stumble .

STYME. so.. Not to be able to see a same

”is an

ex press ion indicative of perfect inability to _discern anything.

S tyme se ems properly to signify a part icle , awhi t . Suio-G o th .stomm deno tes th e elementary rinciple of anything , Welsh

ystum , form , figure , species."

am.

STYNE, STYAN. so. A swelling on th e eyelid.

Norw. stzgje, stigkdyna , LowG erm. sti eg , a sty, a pustule at

th e corner ofth e eye .

SUCKAM. so. Th e drainage from a dung-h eap,

We lsh sng , Gael. sag/z, mo isture , Welsh snean, steepmg, Old

Norse sngr, alluvies maris, G erm. sogen, to drip.

CUMBERLAND DIALEcr. r4 i

SULLERT. adj. Stuffed or ch oked up with a cold.

Perhaps connectedwi th Old Norse sullr , a swe lling. S imilarlywe have soap for sweep , sooal for swivel, sump for swamp.

SUMPH. sb. A Simpleton.Dan Swed. sump , m ire , fen, bog. Th e same idea of folly asderived from th e idea Of some thingwe t and soft is found in sap

SWAB. so. A wooden sofa. See squat .

SWAD. so. A hull or husk, ofpeas, &c.

Perhaps , as suggested byA tit , connected wi th swat/re, to wrap ,

to enfo ld. Or perhap s another form of sward, Ang.-Sax .

sweara', sk in, rind. S imi larly, Low G erm. swadd for swara'

(swathe in mowing . )

SWADDER. on. TO dabble in water.Suio-Go th. sgnaetta , liquida effundere ,

‘

Swiss selrwadern, Bav.

sckwadern, to dabble , sp lash , Dut. swadderen, profundere , tur

SWADDERMENT. so. Drink. See swatter.

SWADDLER. so. A meth odist.

SWAGT. adj. Bent downwards in the centre.Clev. swag , to sway to one side . Old Norse sweigy

‘

a , inclinare ,

Dial. Dan. soak/fie , to lean out ofth e perpendicular.

SWAG—BELLIED. adj. Having a hanging or protuberant

SWAITH. sb. Th e appari tion ofa person seen at th emoment ofh is death . Wai tlz, (Brocke tt , ) an appari tion in theex act resemblance of a person, supposed to be seen just be foreor soon after death , I take to be th e sameword , m inus th e prefixofs. Brocke tt also gives th e alternative form waj: ti: andfinterchanging as inmany o th er cases. We may think , then, OfSuio-G o th. wefwa , swefiaa , Swed. sva

'

fva , Dut . sweyven, to

h over, float (as an apparition) . Or perhaps we may refer toth e Clev. swip , personal image or representat ion, exact likeness, as in th e phrase “He

’

s th e varra swip of h is father.Th e Scotch form ofthis word Jamieson gi ves as swap or swaup .

Old Norse svipr , look , countenance , fashion of feature , Norw.

svipa , Dial. Swed . mipa , to re semble another in features. The

swai tn (or swa i O a person might then, as in th e phraseswip Of h is fat er, (Sco . swap) be h is exact image or counterpart . But , again, th e Old Norse svipr has th e fii rth er senseaccording to Haldorsen, of a sudden apparition, a spectra.


which forms a still closer connect ionwi th ourword. Jamiesoncollateswith our swai tk th e $00 . wra i tk , but thiswould seemto be a different word , and probably derived from OldNorsekreda, M od. Icel. krceda, boggle .

— Cleasty.

SWANG . sé. A damp or boggy h ollow.

Old Norse svangr, lacuna , Swed . wank, bend, hollow. Seemsformed by taking th e nasal on swag.

SWAP. r1a. TO exchange.Ang.

-Sax . n’

cf

rz

fiian, Old Norse rvipa, to do anything smartl or

quickly. e sense ofbarter or truck seems to come In

th e no tion ofa sudden turn, an exchange of p laces in th eobjects that are swapped. In th e same way to clawis to do .

anything i/i

fic

znly, to turn suddenly round, and to swap or

SWAPE. sb. A lever, pump-handle.Old Norse sw

'

pa, to swing to andfro, su'

pa, awhip.

SWARMEL. on. To creep along a pole, scramble upa tree . Old Eng. swary

‘. Dut . swermen, LowG erm. sekwdr

men, to wander, Bav. sckwarbeln, to move in a confusedmanner. Comp. Eng. squirm, to wriggle .

SWARTH. sb. Skin,rind, ofbacon, &c.

Old Noise svardr, Ang.

-Sax . sweard, Dut. swaerde, skin of

bacon, c.

SWAT. on. TO sit.Th e same as squat, Of which th e original idea (see Wedg.) is tothrowanything flat agains t th e ground.

SWATTER, SWATTLE. on. TO tope.Swattle, to consume , to waste , generally fluids — Brock. Sco.

swai ts , swats , newale orwort. LowG erm. swuddern, to tope(Dannei l ) , Ang.

-S ax . swatan, ale , beer, Dut . swadderen, tosp lash , dabble , sp ill , S

SWATCH. so. A bi ll-hook.

Perhaps connected with Dut . , Fris. swade, sickle , scythe , OldNorse media , a large knife or dagger. Is this th e word uponwhich , by th e insertion ofr, is formed Old Norse ward, Dut.zwaard, Eng.

SWATCH. sb. A strip ofcloth cut offas sample.D ial. Swed. skvatt , a small portion or quantity, a little , as

en skv

lqlfit

s

mjol, a little meaL—A tk. Comp. also Lapp.mattja.fascic

144 GLOSSARY OF THE

SWINGLE-TREES. sé. Th e wooden bars bywh ich thehorses draw in p loughing or harrowing. Dial. Dan. wingelfre er, swingle-trees.

SWIPE. 71a To drink offhastily.

Ang .-Sax . swip ian, Old Norse svipa , to move quickly, do any

thingwi th a momentary action.

SWIRL. 7172. To wh irl round.

Norw. sai rla , to whirl , revolve , a fre quentative ofDan. wire,

SWIRTLE . am. To move rapidly and tortuously, as a

small fish in a shallowstream .—D icé. I am rather inclined to

take th e word to be more prop erlyW ide, and to connect itwi th Sco . swa tter ,

“to move quickly in any fluid substance ,

generally including th e idea ofan undulatory motion, as that ofan eel in th e water. Suio—G oth . squalia , agitat i , mo tuinequali movere , Lapp . m aitjet , moveri, Dut. swada

'

erea , tur~

bare aquas , fiuctuare .—K il.

SWUM . am. To swim.

SWYKE. sé. A th in-shaped animal.Dut. swiy

'

ck,defectus , swijc/éen, deficere , labascere , m ack,

debilis, infirmus , quod faci le flectitur, Dan. , Swed.

swag , weak , frail , slender, Lapp . swaikes, weak , yielding , Ge rm.

scfiwac/z, weak.

SWYRE. sb. A worthless, untrustworthy person.Sco . m ick, fraud, dece it. Ang.

-Sax , stoic, Old Norse wile,fraud, treachery, Ang.

-Sax . swica, Old Norse svikari , impostor,traitor.

SYE. sé. A drop, small quanti ty ofwater 0025or percolating through. Oal Robin sank a we ll , an

' twassent a sye ofwatter in it.

"—D ick. Clev. s ie, to drop . Old

Norse sia , Ang.-Sax . scan, to filter or strain by percolation,

Dan. sic, G erm . seilten, to strain, to filter.

SYKE, SIKE. sé. A wet dltch or dram.

Old Norse sibi , lacuna aquosa, sija, rivulus aqua , Ang.-Sax .

sic/z, Fris . sick, a watercourse. Sansc. sic, to be wet, We lshsicio, to soak .

SYLE. na. To stram through a sieve .

Swed Norw. si la , to s train, LowG erm. silen, G erm. sielen, to

draw offwater. G ae l. s il,to drop , rain, drip , Bre t. si la , to

filter. Garne tt suggests (Pail. Ess. p. 178) a. possible connec


t ion be tween G ae l. s il and Lat . st i llare , to drop , which seems

probable . This word is found in many river-names , as S ilis ,th e Scythian name of th e Tanais or Don (P liny) , th e S ih l inSwi tz erland , and th e S ilaro near Naples :

SYLE-TREES. sb. Th e tunber roof-blades ofa clay h ouse.Ang.

-Sax . syl, a ground-post , support , p illar, Old Norse s z21a ,

p illar ofa house . Tree, as in ”weep-tree , s ignifies some thingmade ofwood.

SYME. a . A straw rope.Clev. semmi t , supple , p liable . Sco . sowm , a rope . Ang.

-Sax .

sima , Fris . seem , semm , a band , fas tening, Old Norse sim i ,ductile quid , Dan. si nce , a cord or mm of hair or straw, Fin.

rijma , Lapp . seima , a cord of horse -hair. Comp . , also , G ae l.si oman, a rope or cord usually oftwisted strawor heather. Th eroot may probably be found in Sansc. si , s iv, to join, fasten.

SYNE. 7m. To draw or strain ofl'

.

Dut . egg/zen, to strain, to filter, G erm . vemi egen, to drain or

dry up . Here , too, perhaps, Swed. sina , to dry.

SYPE, SIPE. 7m. To ooz e out, soak th rough .

Fris . sipe, to ooze , drop , Dut . z ijpen. to drop ; Fris. at s ipe ,S . Dan. sife ad, to ooze or sipe out.

SYRE. sé. A gutter,sewer.

From th e same origin as sye and sync. in re ference to th e sewer ,as that bywhich th e water is drained or drawn ofl

'

.

SYZLE. am To saunter.To B udless's nowoffthey si x elled,

An' there gat far mai r than enough .

-A 7!derson.

LowG erm. s iisseln, to perform trifling household duties , Dan.

sysle, to be busy, Swed. sysla , bus iness , occupation. Th e wordseems to have undergone some change .

TAAs. sé. Wood cut th in to make baskets of— Hall.Clev. tag , a twist of long, freshly-cut grass . Sco. tag , a longand thin slice ofanything. Old Norse tee , tag , twig, Dial. Dan.

tag , long straw, rushes , &c. , used for thatching.

TAB. sé. Th e narrow end ofa fie ld. Th e extremeend ofanything. Ang.

-Sax . tappe, properly tip or corner, Old

146 GLOSSARY on THE

TAFFLE. va. To th row into disorder, perplex, confound.

Probably from th e same origin as th e Old Eng . dafi? See

TA G . so. Th e end ofanyth ing.

Lonsd. tag , th e end of a fox’s tail . Swed. tagg , Low G e rm.

tak/be , po int , proje ction. Hence comes Ang .-Sax . iégl, Old

Norse tagl , Eng. tai l.

TAG GELT. sb. An idle,di sreputable person .

Th e origin , l ike that of tag-rq , seems to be tag , th e end or

extrem ity , whence Sco . tag , refuse,and hence taggeli , one

be longing to th e refuse of socie ty.

TAG GY—BELL. sé. Th e curfew bell,

“still rung at

Penrith and K irby S tephen .-S ullivan. Referred by S a il. to

Dan. ie kke , to cover , Swed . tacka , hence equivalent to curfew

TAHMY, TAAMY. aay'

. Coh esive, like tow.

Old Norse ialma , coh ibere .

TAISTREL. sé. A worth le ss or di sorderly person.

Clev. tas i rill, a passionate or violent p erson. A tk . refers thisword , given in th e Le eds G l. tarestr i ll , to Ang .

-Sax . i i ran , to

tear. But comp . Old Norse i eistr , austerus , which seems moreprobably to be th e origin. Th e termination rel is a commonone in th e diale ct .

TAK EFTER. na . To resemble.Old Norse iaka efl

‘

ir, imitari.

TAK TIL HISSEL. va. To take as personal a remarkor insinuation. Old Norse { aka ti ll sin, s ibi arrogare vel

app licare .

TAK UP. vn. To cease to rain, to become fine.Old Norse nfl i ekr ofan a]; imber desaevit (Haldorsen) .

TALLY. sé. Th e squads in wh ich voters were formerlytaken to th e poll were called ialli es . From I tal . tagliare ,Fr, ia i ller , to cut , is formed Fr. ta i lle , a tally or p iece ofwoodon which an account was kep t by no tches . When comple te ,

th e wood was sp lit in two , with corre sponding no tches on eachp iece . Hence , to tally , to correspond exactly.

" Wedg .

Hence th e tallies ofvoters , as correspondingwith th e lists .

TANZY. sb. A public-h ouse ball.Fr. dancer (ofTeutonic origin) , G erm. tanz en , Dan. dem i se , to.

dance . Th e origina l idea, according to Wedg. , is that of

148 GLOSSARY or THE

TATE, TEAT. sé. A lock or small quanti tyofanyth ing,such as wool , flax , or hair. Sco . lale. Old Norse leela , lanugo ,

Swed , lolle , Dan. lal , a small knot ofwool or o ther fibrousmaterial , Dan. feel, close , compact , OldNorse la la , to tease

woo

TATTY, TATTIT. aa7. Matted.

Clev. lellerea’

. See tale.

TAVE. cu. To make restless motions Wi th th e hands,to p ick th e bed-clothes as a delirious person does. A tk. ,

assuming th e sense to rave given in th e Line. G lass. and byHall. as th e original one , refers to Ang.

-Sax . l/zefiau , to rage.This seems a li ttle doubtful, and I am rather inclined to thinkofOld Norse lifa , manus oeleriter movere . Or Old Norsellzaufa , palpare in tenebris, which seems to accordwith th e ideaofth e aimless movements ofde liri

TAVE. ou. and n. To wade th rough mire. To workup plas ter. Perhaps connected wi th Old Norse lejj

’

a , morari ,hmrere .

TAWPY. sb. A simpleton.

Dut . lulpe , a blockhead, lulp isclz , stolidus , stupidus , ineptusG erm. lo

'

lpel, a blockhead.

TEAM . 71a. and n. To pour out, to empty, ofsolidsas well as fluids . OldNorse lama , to drawout , to empty.

TEANEL. sb. A basket. Wiesl and Cumb. D ial.Ang.

-Sax . lanel, a baske t , from ldn, a twig. S imilarly swill,(contraction ofswigel, ) from Old Norsewigi , a twig.

TEARIN. so. Th e rendering ofa roof.North . leer , to bedaub with clay, leer-wall, a claywall — Hall.

Lanc . leer, to p las ter be tween rafters . Swiss lirgen, to daub ,

work in dough . Ang.-Sax . leor, Old Norse tjura , G erm . l/zeer ,

tar

TEcx , TACK. sb. A stitch .

Dut . lacken, tangere , arripere , appreh endere , figere.

TE-DRAW,TEU-DRAW. sl . A place of resort.

A p lace to draw up to. Dut. loe-dragicen, apportare ,

TEEN-LATHE. sb. A tith e-barn.

Sco . li ends, t ithes. Dan. tiende, Swed. lionde, tithe , tenth ,Dut . lien, ten, tiende, tenth, lienden, tithes. See lal/u .


TELT. Told, pret. oftell.

TEMSE. sb. A hair s ieve.Dut . teems , N . Fris . lems , Dial. Dan. terns , a sieve .

TETCH. vn. To be restive or obstinate.Probably for slelc/z. Old Norse sleigr , contumax. See sleek.

TEUFIT. so. Th e lapwmg.

Clev. leufil. I t is remarkable that th e Danish form , or

wri tten representation, of th e cry of this bird , correspondsexactlywith this Clev. name ofth e bird itse lf. — A lé .

TM ! or TUE. ou. and n. To t01l, take trouble, workhard. To rump le . crease , pull about. Probably ano ther formof lug. Ang.

-Sax . leogan, leonan, Old Swed. ljuga , G o th .

t iu/zan, to draw, pull , drag.

TEU-FAW (To-fall.) sb. A lean-to sh ed.To-falle , shudde , appendicium , teges. — Pr. Pru. Dut . loe

vallen, adjungere se , adjungi .

THACK, THEAK. va. To thatch .

Th accyn h owsys , sartatego .— Pr. P rv. Ang.

-Sax . llzaccan,

Old Norse l/zekia , Dan. lcekke, to cover, to thatch , Sanse . lvac ,

to cover.

TRACK-BOTTLE. sb. A bundle ofthatch .

Bo telle ofh ey. Fenifascis .— P r. Prv. Fr. bolel, diminutive

ofbelle, a bunch , G ae l . loi teal, a bundle ofh ay or straw. Henceth e phrase , to look for a needle in a bo ttle ofh ay.

THACK-SPITTLE. so. An implement used in thatch ing.

Probably for spattle. SeeW rile.

THAR-CAKES or THARTH-CAKES. so. Th ick cakes ofbarley or oatmeal . Properly liza if-cakes. Grav. Mar-cake, a

heavy , unleavened cake , lnar stifi'

, unleavened bread , lilarf,stark , stifl

'

. Ang.-Sax . l unleavened bread.

THARTH. aaj. Reluctant, unwi ll ing.

Clev. llzarf, backward , re luctant. A ll}. refers to Old Norselno

‘

rf, nece ssitas . But th e connection seems to me to be ratherwi th Old Norse l/zrd (pron. lnraw or l/zrau) , obstinacy. contumacy, Ang .

-Sax . l/zweoriz, perverse , Eng. lbwarl.

THICK. adj. Friendly,intimate.

Perhaps from Old Norse llzecéja, to know, be acquaintedwi thl/zeckr, gratus, accep tas.

150 GLOSSARY OF THE

THINK ON. on. To remember.Th erfor llzyné onwhat I you say.

—Town. Mysl.

Comp . G erm . andenken, remembrance , from th e obsole te verbandenken. to think on.

—A delung.

THIRL . va. To bore.Ang.

-Sax . l/zirlian, Dut . dri llen, to p ierce , drill , perforate .

THIVEL. sé. A stick to stir th e pot in boiling.

Ang.-Sax . llzyjel, thorn, stick .

THOWLESS. aaj. Soft, wanting energy.

Ang.-Sax . lnedw, behaviour, endowment , quality , wi th

privat ive term less.

THOLE. on. To endure , suffer.

Ang .-Sax . ibolian, Old Norse l/zola , to suffer, bear, endure .

THRANG . any. Busy, close ly occupied.Old Norse l/zraungr , Ang.

-Sax . l/zrang ,Dan. trang , tight , com

pre ssed , crowded.

THREEP. on. To argue, assert a th ing pertinaciously.

Ang.-Sax . lfireap ian, to chide , scold , Old Norse l/zrey

’a , sub

l itigare .

THREEP-TREE. so. Th e bar to wh i ch th e h orses areyoked in p loughing. Tli reep may possibly be a contraction of

from Ang.-Sax . tizi l. po le or shaft of a carriage or

wagon, and Ang .-Sax . rdp , Eng. rope. Tree, as in swingle

lree, lia r-lree, &c . , s ignifies wood , or some thing made ofwood ,hence l/zreep-lree might be th e wooden pole to which th e tracesare attached.

THREAVE . sb. Twenty-four sh eaves ofcorn.

Ang.—Sax . l/zreaf: a handful , a thrave of corn, Swed. lrafwa ,

Dan. lrave, a score ofsheave s.

THREETEN . va . To threaten.

Ang .-Sax . lizrealian.

THRESHWOOD. sé. Thresh old. VVesl. and Cumb. D ial.

(D ick . h as l/zreslzwurl, which , I take it , is simp ly a corrup tion.)a esnwood is a paralle l word with l/zreslzold, Ang.

-Sax . l/zresc

wald, only substituting Ang .-Sax . wudu for Ang.

-Sax . weald of

th e same meaning. Th e former part is from Ang .-Sax . lnrescan,

to beat , strike ,tread , th e thre sho ld be ing th e bar onwhich we

tread on entering th e house . Ourword thus , by th e substitutionof a paralle l com onent , serves to confirm Wedgwood

'

s derivation of llzres/zol from wald, wood.

152 GLOSSARY OF THE

TICK-TACK. sb. Th e tick ofa clock.

LowG e rm. lick-lack, a clock orwatch. -Dannei l.

TIDY. aa}. Neat, orderly ; h ence, l ike canny, a

general term of approbation, applied , as in Scotland bo th top ersonal and mental characteri stics . LowG erm . t idzg , early ,time ly, Suio-G oth. lidig , decorus , deoens , conveniens.

TI FT. on. To pant, fetch th e breath quickly, as afterviolent exert ion. Clev. l ift , to squabble . U sed in severalsenses , all ultimately reducible to that of awhiff or draught ofbreath. - Wedg. Norw. tev , left , drawing ofth e breath , windor scent ofa beast , lei/a , to pant, breathe hard .

TrG . r1a. To touch gently. G enerallyused in boyish play.

Dut . libken, LowG erm. tieken, to touch lightly, Sansc. fig.

TIKE . so. A dog, a cur, an unmannerly fellow.

Old Norse lie, lijé , a bitch , Dial. Swed. till, a bitch , a foolishwoman , tyke , a pe tulant , insolent person.

TIL. prey) . To .

Old Norse til, Swed. till, Dan. til.

TILLER. an. To spread, to send out shoots.Clev. telly , a straw, a s talk ofgra ss. Ang .

-Sax . lelgor, a twig,

branch , lelg ian, to branch , to shoot, G erm. teller, Dut . telg ,

shoo t . Sansc . till, to grow, shoot.

TINE. va. To shut up a pasture field till th e grassgrows again. Ang .

-Sax zjlnan, to inclose , to shut .

TIRLT. cl . Unroofed,havrng th e thatch blown off-D ick.

Sco t irl, to uncover, as to t irl a house . Probably a frequentative of tirr , used in Sco tland in th e same sense . Ang.

-Sax .

leran, LowG erm . teren, to break , tear, s trip.

TITE. ado. Soon, quickly, willingly.

Old Norse lidl or t i ll, soon, quickly, readily.

TITTER. comp . adv. Sooner, rath er, more Wi llingly.

Na, na au’

d li tter h ev collop er puddin any day. M esswadah was th e rep ly of a Cumberland farmer dining with h islandlord, my grandfather, on be ing invited by th e lady of thehouse to take some pudding . Old Norse , Old Swed. tidore,Dan. tiere, sooner.


Tim . sb. Sister.

My li ly G reeceAre gangan bye

Sco . ti tty. jamieson’

s exp lanat ion,

“th e diminutive ofsister,

is very inadequate . Th e word is probably allied to Dial. Swed.

tulla , a li ttle girl , Finn. tylly, gi rl, daughter. Perhaps con

ne ctedwi th Old Norse t ita , a small bird , anything small , Eng.

ti t ,“anything small ofits kind , a little gi rl, a little b ird.

"

Wedg . Comp . Lonsd. lot, a term ofendearment to a Child.

TITTYVATE. r1a. To adorn, make smart, deck out.

Th e idea seems to be that ofapp lying small touches .

Tiv. prep . To, used before words beginning with a

vowel or a silent It .

TIZZIC. sl. A sligh t d istemper ofa catch ing nature .G ae l . teasaclz, a fever, from teas , heat . Bre t. tiz ic/é, consumpt ion. Th e latter may be an adop tedword correspondingwi thEng. tisick, corrup ted fromp/ztlzisi ck. Ourword may rather befrom th e G ae l . , wi th which it corre sponds to a certain extentin meaning, though th e coincidence of th e two words is

puz zling.

To . prey) . To mak to th e door is to shut the door.G e rm. sumac/zen, to shut.

TOFT. sb. Th e Si te ofa deserted h ouse or bui lding.Ang.

-Sax . to a croft , a home fie ld , Old Norse loft , area domusvacua , S Norw. tom l, p lace where a house h as once stood.

Tomt seems th e original form , Old Norse tomr , Dan. , Swed .

tom , vo id, emp ty, f and m interchanging, as in many other

TOKKER. sl. Portion , dowry.

Th e breyde nowon a coppy-stuoiS its duin i th

’ fauld a wh ith rin,

Wi' pewter dibler on h er lap ,

Onwh ich h er loéleer'

s ge th rin.

Bridewain, by S tagg,

Sco . locker. G ae l . , Ir. toehar, dowry , Gae l . toic, wealth , fortune ,

property.

TOME, TOOM . sb. A fish ing-line.Clev. tawm . Old Norse taunzr , a thong , rope . fish ing

-line ,

Swed. tom , Norw. laum, re in, line , Dut . loom , bridle .

r54 GLOSSARY OF THE

TOOM ING . sl. An ach ing or di z zmess of th e eyes.West. and Gumb. D ial. G erm . i unznzel, diz z iness , giddiness ,from tummeln, to roll , tumble . S imilarly, ont word may bereferred to Old Norse lumla , cadere praeceps, ofwhich tummelnis a frequentative form .

TOOTH-WARK . sb. Th e tooth -ach e.Ang.

—Sax . lot/i -weare, th e tooth-ache .

TOOZLE. i a. and 72. To ruffle, to pull about rudely.

LowG erm . luseln, to pull th e xh air about .

TOPPIN. sé. A roll or curl ofh ai r standing up overth e forehead ; a crest , on a bird , &c. Top , or fore top , top ofth e bed.

— P r . Prv. O ld Norse toppr , cirrus , villus , th e forelock ofa horse orman, e specially th e former Old Swed. topper ,id We lsh lopyu, top , crest .

TOPPIN-PEATS. sé. Turfwith th e h erbage on. Seeloppin.

TOPTIRE. sb. Towering passion.

Tire in th e above seems to be allied to 800 . tirr, quarre lsome ,

Ang.-Sax . lyrwian , to vex , provoke . Se e tarnl.

TORFER,TORFEL. vn. To fai l, th e , give in, decline.

Sco . toffel, lore/tel. Suio-G o th . lorfwa , Swed. larfva ,Ang.

-Sax .

t/zea iyi an, to be inwant , Swed . torflzg, poor, needy, Dan. taro ,

need , want , Ang.-Sax . steorfan , to s tarve , die .

TORREL. sé. Ane k i ll qubai r cornes are dryed.

Life andM i racles of S ancla B ega .,This word is probably now

ex tinct . —D i c/é. Probably , like G ael . lorran , a diminutive of

G ae l . torr , We lsh lwr , a bill, mound, tower.

TOWERTLY. adv. Kindly,in a friendly manner.

Why that is Spoken like a toward prince .

S /zalzs. Hen. VI .

S imilarly, th e reverse ,froward.

TOWP. ua. and n. To upset. overturn. Also to fall.Tmo?and map , th e two words of our diale ct signifying to

.

fall,or to Up se t , have curious po ints of re semblance . In ne i the rcase do we find th e word from which ours is immediately derived.But lowp bears th e same re lation to lipe (to tip up , fall over)that coup bears to clzip , to trip , Old Norse kippa , to trip up.

Again, lowp seems to have th e same re lation to top that conp hasto cop (head, top ) , and p erhap s that Sansc. pal, to fall, h as topale. Towp is th e word onwhich , as a frequentative , i s formed

i 56 GLOSSARY OF THE

TRAPESING . any. Wanderi ng about idly, flauntingabout. Trape, to trail along in an untidy manner.— Wea

’

g .

LowG erm. trappsen, trappen, G erm. tralen, Dut. trappen, to

tramp about . Se e traane.

TRASH. on. To trudge, to wearyoneself.Swed. trasla , to trudge .

TREAK. sl . An idle fellow.

Old Norse tregr, Dan. trag , lazy, slow, Old Norse tregaz ,seguescere.

TREED. on. To tread.

TRET. Treated, pret . oftreat.

TRIG . an}. Tigh t, well-fitted, in good trim.

Clev. trig, to supply, full , stuff, of th e result rather than th e

action, of eating heartily. I connect this with Old Norselryggi a , to secure , make safe , attach , Dan. letrygge, OldNorsetoyggr, Dan. tryg , safe , se cure , fearless.” -A tk.

TRIM . sb. Order,condition.

Ang.-Sax . trymman, to establish , prepare , dispose .

TRIVET. sb. Someth ing supported on th ree legs.Old Norse tli rifcettr , tripes , We lsh tri ledlz, Corn. tri let , (deri ved byWill iams , though , i t seems to me , rather doubtfully,from Lat . tripes.)

TROD. sé. A footpath .

Old Norse trod, a road or path to a farm-stead, Ang.-Sax . trod.

a path , track .

TROLLYBAGS. sb. Tripe.Swed. tri lla , Dan. tri lle, Swiss lra

'

llen, to roll, “th e idea be ingthat ofa convoluted bag-like recep tacle .

— A tk.

TROOAN. sb. A truant.We lsh truan, poor, m iserable , wre tched, G ael . truag/zan, a

wre tched creature . Th e primary meaning, then, oftruant is a

vagabond orwandering beggar.

TRUG . sl. A wooden coal-box .

Old Norse , Ang.-Sax . trog , Dan. trug

'

, trough.

TRUNCHER. sb. A trench er or wooden platter.Fr. tranc/wi r, a wooden p late onwhich th e meat was cut up ,

from tranc/ler. to cut.


TURN-DEAL. sb. In some undivided common fieldsth e ownership of th e parcels changes annually in succession.

D ick. See run-rig.

TUSHIE-PEGS. sb. A ch ildish name for th e teeth .

Ang.-Sax . tusc, Fris. task, tooth. See peg.

TUTE. on To wai t upon, to hang about a person or

a p lace . He tutes about h is laal wife as if sh e was a barn.

D ick. Lonsd. tout , to pry inquisit ive ly. Toot , a verb used forth e action ofprying into any thing a li ttle more curiously thanth e person observed like s — Hunter. Old Eng. tale, to peep .

To late, in Somerse t , is to bulge out , and probably th e radicalmeaning of th e word may be to stick out . Old Norse tota , a

Snout , tuta , anything stick ing out , having prominent eyes.

TWILL. sb. A qui ll.I t is scarce ly necessary to do more than simply advert to thevery frequent interchange of twand on in th e Northern dialectsand tongues . Rie tz remarks that in certain districts to is

iounde

gis kw or ku, as , for instance, kwongin for tuungen,

c.

"t

TWILT. ua. To beat .Th e same as guilt , qv.

TWINE. i a. To wh ine.Worsaae (Danes and Northmen) refers ourword to Dan. twine.a dial . form , I presume , oftwine.

TWINTER. sb. A two-year-old sh eep.

Holst . twenter, a two-year-old sheep , Fris. twinter-a’ier , an

animal two years old, Ang.-Sax . troy

-winter, duos annos natus .

Our ancestors reckoned age bywinters.

And in a tawny tabard ,Of twelfwynter age .

"-P . P I.

S imilarly, we have l/zrinter , a three -year-old sheep .

TWIST. sl. A feeder, an eater.Lonsd. twist is rendered by Peacock “

a great eater, as in

th e phrase , He’

s a rare twist." Th e word by i tse lf, however,I think means simp ly “

eater, from Ang.-Sax . gewistan, to

feed,feast , Ang.

-Sax . wist, Old Norse v ist,food. We may

presume an Ang.-Sax . gewista , feeder ; whence , by th e inter

change ofcw or gwwith tw (see twill) comes our twist. In

Cumberland th e word is some times used in th e sense ofappe tite ,which may probably arise from “ h e

’

s a rare twist, (inwhichway th e word is most generally used) , be ing taken to be

“h e

has" instead of“be is.

"

r58 GLOSSARY OF THE

TWIST. mi . To Wh ine, to be peevi sh or out oftemper.Clev. twisty . p eevish . Dan. tvisl

,Dut . twist , s trife , disagree-s

meri t , squabbling, Dan. lniste,Dut . twisten

, to quarre l ,squabble .

TWITCH-BELL. sl . Th e ear-Wig.

Twi le/z seems to be from Ang.-Sax . twig , two , double , in refer

ence to th e forked tail of th e insect . Th e ending bell, as also

inwarlle, (th e name ofan inse ct) , seems to be a contraction of

TYLE. ca and n. To weary, di stress, wear out .I'

s tyled to death wid this kurn.— G ilson. Tyle mayperhaps

be for lewt, as a frequentative oftew. which we use in th e same

sense , as in I'

s fairly tewed to death.” See tew.

U.

UDDER-GATES. ado . Oth erwise .Udder-gales is o therways . See ga te.

UNHOMED . auj. Awkward,unlikely. West. and

Cuml . D ial. Perhap s from Dut. kornen, convenire , dece re ,

wi th th e negative prefix.

UNKET. adj . Strange,unknown .

Clev. unkard, unki l. Sco . unco. Eng. uncoutk . Uncowth ,

extraneous , ex oticus .-Pr. P rv. Ang .

-Sax . un-cutk , unknown,

strange .

UNKOES. sb. Wonders, news.Th e origin seems to be th e same as above unket .

UP. ca. To lift up . To upset .Old Norse yppa , Dan. yppe, e levare , Ang.

-Sax . uppian, to

ri se up .

URCHIN . sb. Th e h edgehog.

Sco . kurckeon.

“Orchen, a lyte ll bee st full ofpricke s, h erison,

—P alsg . Th e derivation seems to me to be involved in con!

siderable uncertainty. On th e one hand we h ave Lat . er icius,Span. er iz o

,Fr. keri sson, th e idea inwhich is seen in I tal . r iccio,

something rough or prickly, Fr. lzer isser , to se t up h is bristle s .

And on th e o ther, G ae l . ui rcean, a little p ig, whence in th e

Diet . of th e H ighland Soc. is derived our urckin. And th e

Bre t , Izeureuc/zin, hedgehog, which seems to be a compoundword , Corn. karow, rough , bristly, and Bre t. hoe/z, pig, Welsh

‘

I 60 GLOSSARY OF THE

WAD. sb. Black-lead or plumbago.

Probably for wag , from th e frequent interchange ofd and g.

wrecg , a mass ofme tal , black-lead be ing found , as in

us m ine at Borrowdale , in masses or lumps of pureme tal . Ano therword for black-lead, nowobsole te , would seemto have been collow. See cale'vine.

WAD-EATER. sl . India-rubber,from its erasing th e

marks made bywad or black-lead. See wad.

WAFF. so. A puff ofwind .

We lsh ekwaf, a gust. Dan. vifte, Swed. vefi‘a, to waft.

WAFF. sb. Th e bark ofa small dog.

Wappynge (of h oundys) or barkynge .— Pr. Pr v. G oth .

i an,

1

01d Fris . wepa , S trl. vap ia , to cry, Ang.-Sax . waflan,

to babb e .

WAFFLE . i n. To waver, be undecided.

Seewalkle.

WAFFLER. sb. A fickle, uncertain person .

Dut. weyfeler , homo vagus , inconstans , vacillans — Kil. See

wablle.

WAITS. sb. Nigh tly musicians Wh o used to play inth e stree ts at Christmastide . Wayte , waker, vigil.

” —P r. Prv.

Old Norse vakta , Old High G erm. walzten, G erm. wackten, to

watch , or keep awake .

WALE. i a. To beat, cudgel.Probably from Old Norse volr, Swed. val, a stick Wel.gwia l,a rod, twig.

WALKER. sb.’

A fuller.Ang.

—Sax . wealcere, Dan.walker, a fuller.

WALLOP . va. and n. To dangle loosely. Also to beat.Swiss nalple, vacillare .

— Idiot . B ern. Wallop bears th e samere lation to wallle that Swiss swalpendoes to G erm. sckwappelen,

to sp lash or dash to and fro like water, or Old Eng. walmyngeto wanzelynge ofth e stomach. (Pr. Prv. ) Wedg.

WALLOW. adj. Weak, faint, tas teless, insipid.

Dut . walg/zen, to nauseate , to loathe . See welik .

WAMMEL. i n. To rock to and fro .

Dut . wenzelen, Low G erm . wummeln, to shake to and fro ;

Welsh gwammalu, to waver.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

WAN. Won.

‘

Pret. ofwin.

WANDY. aaj. Long andflexible, as a wand.

Old Norse vo’

ndr, a rod, wand.

WANDLY orWAANLY . adv. Gently, carefully.

Come , luiv ,

’

quo I , aw’

llwaanly take thee down.

S tand off, thou gowk ,

’

sh e answered, wi th a frown.

Ewan Clarke.

Sco. waynd, to care , be anxious about . Ang.-Sax . wandian,

vereri , revereri , Old Norse vanda , to do a thing attentive ly orcarefully , vandlega , sollicite .

WANG-TOOTH. sl. A grinder.Ang.S ax . wang-tot/z, a grinder, from wang , th e jaw.

WANKLE. ad] . Weak, Infirm,tottering.

Ang.-Sax . wancol, unsteady, Dut . wankelen, to totter, stagger.

Formed by tak ing th e nasal , on waggle , G erm . wackeln, Dut.

waggelen, &c.

WAP . sl . A bundle ofstraw.

Old Norse vefja , involucrum, Ang.-Sax . wafan, to envelope .

WARE. mi . To expend.

Old Norse verja , to spend , to trade , Welsh guarina , to Spend ,d isburse .

WAR-DAYS. sl . Working days, all days but Sunday.

Suio-G oth . kwardag , Dan. lwerdag , an ordinary day.

WARISON. sl. Th e belly— Hall.See wariskin.

WARK. sl. Pain, ach ing.

Aug-Sax .wcerc, Old Norse verkr, pain.

WARN. va. To summon to a funeral .

WARN. na. To deny, forbid, keep off.Ang.

-Sax . wyrnan, to re fuse , forbid , hinder, Old Norse va rna ,

proh ibere , obstare , Old Sax . warnian, re cusare .

WARN. r1a. To assure, to warrant . -D iek.

North . warn, to warrant — Hall. Old Fris. wernja , to warrantverbiirgen, sicherhe it geben.

—R iclzl. ) I have never, h owever, myse lf, heard th e word used in such away as to be certainthat itwas not a contraction ofwarrant.


WARRIDGE. sb. Th e Wi th ers, or sh oulders, ofa h orse .

A tk. collates warr idgewith G erm . wi lli er r ist,wi thers . But we

may perhaps find a connection wi th We lsh gwar , th e nape of

th e neck , th e part just belowth e ne ck , Corn.gwar , ne ck , guarde,that which is bent . Th e Old Norse sv ir i , Ang.

-Sax . sweor,Old Eng. swire, neck , seems to be from th e same roo t .

WAR P. na. To lay eggs.

Old Norse verpa , Suio-G o th . warpa , Swed. va’

rpa , to lay eggs.Th e primary meaning is to cast or throw.

WARRISHIN . sb. Store,provi sion.

Sec a warr is/zin of sooins an’

yal.— D ick. Warris/zin

se ems to be from th e same origin as wares , goods , merchandise ,onwhichWedgwood obse rve s that th e radical meaning seems

to be provisionment , s tore s , from th e roo t ware , to look ,

observe , tak e no tice of. Th e deve lopment ofth e s ignificationis e spe cially clear in Finnish

"— warala , to be provident , warasta ,

provisions , s tore s . Comp . , also , Swed . matwa ror , provisionOf meat , jiskwaror , provi sion offish . Th e above shows th emore remo te origin of ourword , but i t is , in all probability,immediate ly derived from Fr. garnison (orig . guarnison) ,i tse lf of Teutonic origin, Th e n is lost in Eng. garr ison,

which is th e same word as our wam’

s/zin, in th e restrictedsense of th e supp ly of so ldi ers (perhap s originally generalsupp lie s) for a fortre ss . Then th e Scotch h as war ison, in

th e sense of guerdon or reward ; we find also in Cornish ,no doubt a re lic of Old English use , weryson or gueryson

in th e same sense ; i t appears to be th e same word witha variation of meaning. Th e West. and Cuml . D ial. h as

warison, th e stomach and its contents, in a sense again some

what divergent . Th e Lonsd. wari sk , to recover from S ickness,Old Eng . waresc/ze, to cure , to heal , though from th e same

general origi n, do not seem to be immediate ly connected withourword , but to be from th e Fr. guerir , to heal, a deve lopmentin another dire ction ofth e same root ware, and a correspondingsense to which is found in Lapp . warres, sanus, bene valens.

WATH. sb. A ford in a river.Old Norse vad, Old Swed. wad, Swed Dan. wad , a ford , ap lace through which one canwade. Hence I tal. guado, Fr.gue

'

,

ford .

WATTER-BRASH. sb. A ri smg Of acrid saliva into th emouth . B rask is connected by A tk. with Old Eng. brake, Dut.

lraecken, to vom i t. I t occurs to me , however, as not impro

bable that i t may be by transposition for larsk , Fris. larsck ,

G erm . larsen, bitter, acrid. Or from a corresponding noun.


part ofa rainbowwhen the rest of th e arch is not seen. West.

and Cumb. D ial. Grav. weatker-gall, a secondary or brokenrainbow. S co. weatker-gaw, part ofone s ide of a rainbow,

appearing immediate ly above th e horiz on, viewed as a prognostic of badweather. Isle ofWight water-geal, a secondaryrainbow— Hall. G erm . wasser-galle or regen-galle,

“a part

of a rainbow, an imperfe ct rainbow, ofwhich only a part isseen.

— A delung . Old Norse kajlgall, a rainbow on th e sea,

portending a storm . Wachter’s explanat ion of G erm. wassergall, splendor p luvius , referring to Ang .

-Sax . gyi , sp lendid , doesnot seem to me very satisfactory. If we take weather to beused in th e sense of foul weather or storm, which is one of themeanings ofOld Norse vedr , andwhich , as yam . observes , h asth e sanction of ancient use in Scotland , andwhich appears tobe th e obvious meaning in Lonsd. weatker-breeder, a suddenfine day of extraordinary beauty, followed often by rain and

storm th e most natural exp lanation ofgallwould seem to bethat of “

presage , trom,Ang.

-Sax . galan, to fore tell. Thusweatker-gall would be , like th e Old Norse vedr-spaer, thatwhich fore te lls bad weather, as th e G erm. wasser-gall and

Isle ofWight water-gealwould be thatwhich fore te lls wet.

WEBSTER. sl. A weaver.Ang.

-Sax . weoeslre, a female Weaver. Th e dist inction of se x

seems at an early period to have been lost. See dysler.

WEEKY. adj. Moi st, Juicy.

Old Norse vo‘

kva , madefacere , nakui , humour ; Dut. wack,udus, hurru

'

dus , lax us , molli s,wecken, to soak, steep , LowG erm.

wikwilder mildweather, thaw.

WEEL. va.,

To select, to pick out.

Old Norse velja , Dan. va tge, Swed. wi lja, to choose , to e lect .

WELL. na. TO weld .

Swed . walla,G erm . wellen, to jo in two p ieces of iron by heat.

From G erm . wallen, Dut . wellen , Ang.-Sax . weallan, to boil .

Th e proce ss ofwe lding is generally named from th e word forboiling in o ther languages. Wedg.

WELSH . any. Insipid, tasteless.Referred byJam ieson to Dut . gaelsck , insip id. But i t may berather a contraction of wallowis/z, nauseous (Hall ) , which ,again,

from wallow, flat , insip id. Comp . valg , tasteless,insip id (A asen) , and also Dut . walgen, to nauseate .

"-A tk.

WELT. 71a . To upset, to turn over.Ang.

-Sax . wealtiau , Old Norse vella, to turn, roll over.


WELTS . sb. Th e ribbed tops ofstockings, &c.

We lshgwald, h em, border.

WENTS. sb. Narrow lanes In th e towns ofCockermouthandWork ington. Went, in th e sense ofa passage , ane dernwent ," a dark passage , occurs in Doug . Vi rg . I t seems to beth e sam e word as wynd, used in Sco tland for an alley or lane ,

andwhich 7am . refers to Ang.-Sax . wendan, G erm . wenden, to

turn,

“as tum ings from a principal stree t.

” Rather, i t seems tome , from Ang.

-Sax . wendan, in th e sense of ire , procedere , as

passage, that through which one passes, and as alley, from alter ,to go.

WENTIT. adj. Turned sour.Th e word properly denotes simply “turned.

"Ang.

-Sax . wendan, Old Norse venda , to turn.

WEYT. sb. A vessel formed of a wooden hOOpcovere d wi th sheepsk in, used for lifting grain in th e barn. Sco .

weckl. Iamieson part icularise s two different k inds ofwee/i t ,one forwmnowing th e grain, and th e o ther for s imp ly l ifting it .In th e former sense h e suggests h is derivat ion from G erm .

wecken, welzen, to blow, Be lg . wayer , more properly vecker ,"

a farmer or winnower. In th e latter sense we m ight think ofAng .

-Sax . wegan, O ld Norse vega , to lift , whence Ang.-Sax .

wegd, LowG e rm . wee/i t, Dan. vceg t, Eng. wei kt, that which islifted. In any case bo th words are probab y from th e same

origin.

WHAM P orWAM P. sl. A wasp.I t seems uncertain to What extent ourword is coincident withEng. wasp , more e spe cially as th e e tymology ofwasp remains tobe accurate ly defined. Wedgwood , collating o ther names of

th e insect , (as G ae l. speac/z , from speac/z , to bi te , st ing) , saysthere can be li t tle doubt that i t comes from a word signifying

to sting. Perhaps Sanso. vis , to p ierce , which from its derivatives visan, po ison, Lat . virus (Eich off) , seems to have h admore e specially th e sense ofsting ing. But there is also anothers trongly-marked characteristic from which th e wasp m ight takeits name , and that is, its peculiar conformation, or, in o therwords, i ts thin waist . And in th e We lsh asgu, to press or

squee z e , whence gwasg , th e waist, th e p ace Where th e bodyis squeezed in, we seem to have at all events a noteworthy comparison With wasp . Our word wamp , if i t be not

s imp ly a variation ofwasp , (comp . clamp with clasp) , may,

changing n euphonically into m , be compared wi th We lshanu , G ae l . guin , Corn , gwane, to p ierce or sting, whenceelsh gwenynen, Corn. gwanen, a be e . Wi l liams finds th e

roo t in Sansc. van, to p ierce which, if, as seems probable, i t


is also th e roo t ofvenenunz, Welsh gwenwyn, Corn. guenozn,

poison, seems,l ike vis , to h ave th e sense of stinging. But in

this case again, we have th e Bre t . gwana , Ir. geinninz, to press,squee z e , sugge sting an e tym on in th e o ther dire ction. S till , onth e who le , th e former seems th e more probable derivation, and

we may think ofwasp andwamp— ifnot s imp ly variations ofth esame word— as paralle l words derived from two collateral roo tsS ignifying to s ting.

WHANG . sl . A th ong, a leath er strap, a slice of

some thing tough , as chee se . Ang.-Sax . t/zwang , Suio-G oth .

twa’

nge, a thong.

WHANE. va. and n. To stroke down caressingly. Alsoto coax , to wheedle . Lonsd. wkane, to coax , entice . Clev.

wkally, to stroke th e back of an animal gently also to obtainone

'

s ends by care ssing orwheedling. Wkane andwkally seemto be paralle l words th e latter, as A tk. h as it , from Old Norseviola , to take in, impose upon, and th e former from Ang.

-Sax .

wagnian, ofth e same meaning.

WHANTLE. va. To fondle — Hall.Seems to be a frequentative from Old Norse vanda , to do a

thing attentive ly or care fully, (see wandly) . I f not forwkannel,as a frequentative Of above wkane.

WHAT intj. An often-used exp letive.Jemmy how’

s thou?— D iek.

I caw'

d to sup cruds W1 Dick M iller,An

’ hear awh is cracks an’

bis jwokesTh e dumb Wife was te llin’ the ir fortunesW/zat I mud be leyke udder fwoks.

— A nderson.

Wkal .” quod th e preest to Perkyn,

Pe ter, as me th ynke th ,

Thou art le ttred a lytel.— P . Pl.

Ang.-Sax . kweel, what lo

WHEEN. sb. A certain limited quantity, a little.Sco . qu/zene. Ang.

-Sax . kwéne, somewhat , a li ttle , G erm.wenig,LowG erm . weenzg, a li ttle , a few.

WHEEZLE. vn. To wh eez e, breath e with difficulty.

A frequentative from Ang.-Sax . kweosan. Old Norse kvasa , to

wheez e .

WHELK. va. To beat Or thump .

Wh ele orwh elke .—Pr. Prv. A mOdificationofwale orweal.


WHILLIMER. sb. A verypoor kind ofch eese, said tohave been originally made in th e township ofWh illimoor. ButLonsd. winnymer , also s igni fying a very poor cheese , seems tothrowa doubt on th e above exp lanation. And Lonsd. h as alsoin th e same sense wizangly, a puz z ling word, which seems to befrom wkang , a thong or sl ice of some thing tough , as cheese ;and ye t , from its ending ly, would seem to indicate th e nameofa p lace .

WHIM . aa}. Soft, noi seless, qui et, running smooth ly.

Lonsd. wkeam , soft , quie t , m ild , smoo th , she ltered. Clev.

wk inzly , softly, gently , Stilly. Crav. w/zeem , smooth , calm ,

unruffled, app lied to th e surface ofwater unruffled by a breeze .

Wkeanz , smooth , she ltered , impervious to th e wind — B rock.

Halliwe ll h as wkeam , snug , convenient , N ortk . andwkeamly,

s l ily, dece itfully, L inc. A tk inson finds th e general root inAng.

-Sax . cwenzan, to satisfy, p leas e , delight. But there is afurther suggestionwhich seems to me worth mak ing respect ingthis word. In most of its meanings i t co incides exactlywithEng . calm , and i t appears further as if i t might contain th esame root . NOW calm comes to us from th e Romance throughth e French , and its prim itive m eaning (se e Wedg . ) seems to bebeat , Port . calma , heat , Prov. Sp . calma , th e heat of th e day.

Nowth e questionwhich occurs to me iswhe ther ourword wkinzorw/zeeni , in th e sense of calm , may not be in a s im ilar mannerderived from Ang.

-Sax . wi lzn orwelm , Signifying heat. Comp .

Ang.-Sax . kwem , a corner (sheltered p lace?)

WHIN . sl. Furz e or gorse.Properlywaste growth , Weeds, but nowappropriated to gorse

Wedg . We lsh ckwyn, weeds , Swed . li ven, bentgrass , Old Norse kvonn, ange l ica , common in a Wild state inIce land , Norw. kvanne.

WHIN-cow. sl . A stem offurz e or gorse.

WHINGE. vn. To wh ine,Suio-G oth . wenga , p lorare , Dial. Swed. livinka, to whine ,

lament , LowG erm . wingern, to moan, whine .

WHINNEY,WHINNER. vn. To neigh .

Lat . kinnio, Fr. bennir, to ne igh , imitative ofthe sound.

WHINTIN . sl . A dark slate-stone found on Skiddaw.

Sco . gubin-slone.

WHIRR. sl. Old and curdled butter—milk.

Perhaps properly wh iff; from Ang.-Sax . Izwirfan, OldNorse

Izverfa , to turn. Or fromWe lsh ckwerw, bi tter.


WHISHT intj. Hush Si lence It i s sometimesused as an adjective . ASwlzis/zt as a mouse .

” —Dick. Swed.

nterje ction ofnurses lulling children to sleep (S erenius ) ,wiszja , to hush to sleep . Old Norse kviska , Dan. lzvi ske, Fris.wiske , to whisper, are probably allied , th e general origin be ingonomatopoe ic, representing a slight sound , such as that ofsome thing stirring , or th e breathing or whispering ofsome one

WHISK. vn. To move smartly or quickly.

G e rm. wiscken, to do anything wi th a light quick movement.Fin. kuiskata, to run to and fro , Lapp . swisko, a switch.

WHISK. sb. Th e game ofWh i st.Wkist is generally derived from th e interjection enjoiningsi lence , in reference to th e rap t attentionwhich it require s. I fnot from wh isk as above , in th e sense oflight , rap id movement ,as that ofdealing cards.

WHITE. va. To cut orwh ittle anyth ing, such as a st ick.

Ang.-Sax . tkwi tan, to cut .

WHITEFISH . sé. Flattery,cajolery.

Clev. wki tekeft. Th e prefix wizi te , as in wki tefislz, wki teke t ,seems to be a s imi larword to th e Sco . wki le , hyp ocritical , is

sembling , inwhich Jam ie son finds an evident allusion to th e

wearing ofwhite garments , as an emblem of innocence , especially by th e clergy in times of popery.

"Th e ending fisk

(comp . Sco .feese, to flatter) , may po ssibly be from Swed .fia’

sa ,

to fondle , cajole . Or i t might be th e same as G erm.jisc/zen, to

fish , which , in a me taphorical sense , means to get by cunning.

WHITTLE. sb. A knife.Ang.

-Sax . Izwytel, a large knife .

WHITTLEGATE. sl . Th e pnvrlege , accorded to clergymenand schoolmasters , of using a knife and fork at th e tables ofthe ir various parishioners , as a means of ek ing out the ir scantys tipends . Th e custom still (1 858) exists in one or two fe lldales. —D ick. Se e wki ttle andga te.

WHY . sl . A h eifer.Old Norse gu iga , Dan. guie, a he ifer.

WIDDERFUL. adj. Cross, fretful, contradictions.Ang.

-Sax . wi lli er , contrary or opposed , wi tker ian, to resist ,Oppose . G e rm. widerwillig , reluctant , cross-grained , widrig,cross , adverse .

17o GLOSSARY OF THE

WIDDY, WITHY. sl. A band ofplatted Willows.Ang.

-Sax . wi t/t ie, a twisted rod, Swed. vidja, willow, twig.

WIGG IN. sl . Th e mountain ash .

Another name is wi tck-wood. Ang.-Sax . wice, th e mountain

ash , from wiccian, to use enchantment , to bewitch . All th e

various names of this tree , whi ch , among th e Northmen.wassacred to Thor, as wiggin, wi tch -wood, and roan-tree, seem to

be connected with th e supposed efficacy of its wood in spe llsand incantations. See roan-tree.

WILK. sb. Th e bark of a young dogwh en In Closepursuit — D ick. Th e idea se ems to be that of a short , sharp ,

half-choked sound , and i t seems probable that wi lk is a paralle lword wi th wkerk , to make a noise in breathing. Old Norseguerk, th e throat , Dan. kve rke, to choke . Comp . Sco . gukilk,short cry ofa gosling , and Old Norse guakla , suspirare .

WILLEY. sb. A Ch ild’s nigh t-dress — Hall.Sco . wili e-coat, an under-vest , generallyworn inwinter. Ruddiman

'

s derivation from Eng. wily, because by its not be ingseen , it doe s , as it were , cunningly or slily keep menwarm ,

”

is

absurd enough . Th e following extract from Spalding, quotedby 7am . in h is A ddenda , shows that i t was formerly used inth e same sense as ourwilley. But sh e (th e Queen) gets upout ofh er naked bed in h er night waly-coal, bare-footed andbare-legged.

”

Th e origin, onwhich 7am . remarks as qui teuncertain,

"is , I take it , to be found in Old Norse li vi la , Dan.

Izvile, Swed . kvila , to re st , repose , go to sleep , Old Norse kvi la ,bed, Izvi la-vod, bed-shee t. Th e word is found also in th e

Ce ltic , as Welsh , Corn. gwely, Bre t. gwele , bed, Bre t . gweleden,

a shift or under-garment . Wi li e—coa t , then, ofwhich ourwilleyis a contraction, means simp ly sleep ing or night-dress .

WILL. vn. To doubt, to consider, to deliberate,

as I wills Whe ther to gang or nit ."—D ick. Sco. wi ll, adj. ,

uncertain h owto proce ed . 7am . refers to Old Norse vi lla , to

lead as tray. Th e Old Norse ve la , one of th e meanings of

which is to cons ider, turn over in th e m ind , seems to suit bestwith th e meaning ofourword.

WINEBERRIES. sl. Red andWh i te currants, nbes.Old Norse vinler , a grape , Suio-G oth. winde r , nuncupamusribe s, e x quadam cum uvo s im ilitudine (lit re) , G erm . weinleer,grap e . Th e term currant itse lf, now applied to th e frui t ofvarious ribes , properly applies to th e small grape brought fromCorinth . By a S im ilar confusion th e red currant was inTurner

'

s t ime called a raisin-tree .

"— Prior.

172 GLOSSARY OF THE

WORTS, ORTS. sl. Th e refuse offodder left by cows.N . Fris. orten, to leave remnants in eating, LowG erm. orten,

to p ick out th e be st and leave much remnants , Dut. oor-aete,reliquiae fastiditi pabuli. Wedg .

WRAMP. sb. A Sprain.

Dut . wrempen, to twi st th e mouth, rimpe, awrinkle , fold, twist ,Ang.

-Sax . Izrympelle, awrinkle .

WRECKLING . sb. A fe eble,unh ealthy ch i ld th e

smallest andweakest ofa litter. Sco . wri ofth e same meaning. Fris. wra

'

k , Jutl. vra'

gling , a small , eeble person, Swed.

vrak, refuse , some thing worthless , vra‘

ke, to reject .WROWKE. va. To sti r up rough ly.

I olas liked John, but I cared so laal for G race at I cud ha'

tean h er nu '

wrowkt th e fire wid h er,"— said by a Cumberland

woman ofh er Chi ldren (G ibson) . Old Norse Izrekja, pellere ,prope llere , Fris . wreka , to use force to , to wrench. Or Dut .rukken, to tear, pull, tug.

WUD. day. M ad, furious .

Ang.-Sax . wud, mad,

furious , insane , Dut.waeden, to be wildor mad.

WUMMEL. vn. To wriggle or worm into a h ole.He

'llwummel hisse lf intil t ' creuktest rabbi t whole i' S iddick ,-said Of a terrier (G i lson) . LowG erm . witmnzeln, to wabble ,Dut .wemnzelen, to drive round , whirl , thence to bore with an

augur. Paralle l forms are Fr. gimlelel, Langued . j/zinilelel,a gimle t , j/zinzlla , to twist." Wedg. Wummel is anotherform ofwanzmel.

WUN . vn. To dwell, inhabit.Ang.

-Sax . wunian, Dut . wonen, G erm. wohnen, to dwell.

WUNS intj. An exclamation of surprise or

Th e breyde , geavin awroun h er,Cries Wuns / we forgat butter sops.

—A nderson.

Seems to be a profane expre ssion,like Ods wuns. A t th e same

time i t may be observed that wann is used as an interjectionvery much in th e same manner in LowG erm . (Haml . Idi ot.)

WURSLE , RUSSLE. vn. To wre stle .Ang .

-Sax . wre stlian, Fris. wrassele, wrustle, Dut .worstelen, towrestle , Old Norse russla , contrectare .

WYKE. sb. Th e corner ofth e mouth .

OldNorse vik. recessus , Dan. mundvzg, th e cornerofthemouth.

CUMBERLAND DIALECT.

YAN,YEN. One.

Old Norse einn, Dan. een, Ang.-Sax . an, one ,

" S . Jutl. jen,

which corresponds almost exactly in form and sound with our

yan, is e specially no te-worthy."

-A tk.

YADDLE. vn. To prate, to Ch atter.Dan. jaddre, to babble , prattle . Or perhaps th e same as the

Clev. yajle, Dan. e vle, to prate , chatter.

YAKKER—SPIRED. aay. Wh en th e malting processis too long continued , and bo th roo t and sprout are visible , th e

barley is yakker-sp ired, and injured formalting.

"— Di ck. Crav.

sp ire. to Shoo t up luxuriantly. Dan. s i re , germ , Sprout , Swed .sp ira , bud, shoo t , sprout. Th e pre may be th e Dut. andG e rm . ae/zler, behind , in re ference to th e sprouting from thebottom as we ll as from th e top .

YAL. so. Ale.Ang.

-Sax . eala , Old Norse at, Suio-Go th. at. Th e pronunciat ion of this word sugge sts a Scand . origin, inasmuch as An

eale presents a long syllable or sound in contras t wi th t eshorter and sharper sound of th e word in e i ther of its threenorthern forms.

"— A tk.

YAL-JAW’T. aaj. Partially intoxicated, worse for ale .

Sco. jute , to tipple . Perhap s from Ang.-Sax . gedlan, Dut .

gieten, Swed. gjota , to pour, to smelt.For each was at a slwote a smelter. -

.Stagg .

YALLA-YOWDERIN. sé. Th e yellow-hammer.Sco. yeldr ing . Yewle-rin (Cotg. ) seems th e more properform , from Ang.

-Sax . geo e, ye llow, in reference , as 7um.

suggests , to th e ye llowring which , at leas t partly, adorns th eneck of this bird." Hence yellow-

yowderin is tautologous.

YAMMER vn. To talk fast and wildly— Dick .

Furs t deal about h e gat spead yace ,An

'

crewan'

yamrnered sair than.-Lonsdale.

Brocket t exp lains i t to comp lain, to whine , which seems tobe th e original sense. Dut .jammeren, G erm .jammern,

Dan.

jumre, to wai l, to lament , Ang.-Sax . geomrian, to groan,

lament .YAP. so. A troublesome

,misch ievous ch ild.

Clev. yap , a troublesome , cross , or crying child , also a cur.

A tk. refers to Dial. Dan. jappe, or kiappe, to be over hasty in

174 GLOSSARY OF THE

act ion or speech . Comp . also Low G erm . jappen, to snap.

But perhaps th e word may be th e same as yelp , Old Norse

gjalpa , obstrepere , Fr. japper, to ye lp .

YAR. adj. Rough,h arsh .

We lsh garw, Corn. garow, G ae l. , Ir. garl/z, rough , sharp ,

fierce . Hence probably th e river name s Garry . Yare, Yarrow,

in th e sense ofviolence .

YARK. va. To beat soundly.

Se ems to be th e same word asjerk. To yerk, jerk, orwhip .

K . A tkinson, remark ing that th e L inc. G loss. gives bothyack andyark wi th nearly co incident senses , sugge sts Old Norsek iacka , jacka , to beat , as th e common origin of both . Comp .

also Flem.jacken, flagellare scutica .—A

’il.

YAT, YET. sb. A gate.Old Fris . i et forgal, Ang.

-Sax . geat, gate .

YAUD,YAD . sl. Amare (G ilson) , an oldmare (D ick) .Fra Tindal Fe ll twe lve pecks she

'd bringSh e was ayad fit for a k ing.

— A nderson.

Lonsd. yade , a riding horse , Grav. yaud, a horse , North. yaud,

a horse or mare (H all ) 8 00 . yad,

“properly an old mare ,

"

Halliwell makes i t th e p rovincial form ofjade. But

i t is in fact , as I take i t , th e more correct form , th e ori gin of

bo th be ing to be found in Old Norse jalda , a mare (used onlyin poe try) , Dial. Swed . jalda , a mare , wi th which Ri elz , Ithink rightly , collate s Eng .jade. In this case th e spe cial senseofa mare as distinguished from a horse , which th e word haswi th us, would be th e right one .

YEDDER. sl. A long rod or wand used in h edging.

Ang.-Sax . eder , a fence or hedge . Hence slower andyedder , a

mode of fencing wi th rods or twigs fastened to upright s takes.S ee slower .

YERDFAST. sb. A stone fast in th e earth,and just

a visible at th e surface . Old Norse jard-faslr sleinn,Dial. Swed.

jordfasl sten , a s tone fixed deeply in th e earth.

YETLIN. sb. A small i ron pan.

Sco . yettlin, of or be long ing to cas t-iron, yet , to cas t me ta ls.Ang.

-Sax . gedlan, Dut . gi eten, to me lt , to cas t me tals . Hence

yetlin, some thing made ofcast-me tal.

YOLLER. vn. TO sh out, to halloo .

Probably th e same as galler , qv.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS .

ASLEY. adv. A s asley, as Wi llingly, as soon thatway as th e other. - D ick. A sley would seem to be th e OldEng. as lief, as willingly , Ang.

-Sax . lelf, dear , lelfre, rather,more will ingly, liever. In this case , as asley is redundant.

BARNACLES. sl. Irons put on th e nose of a horseto make h im stand quie t. A lso an old name for spectacles .

Bem ak for horse , chamus. — Pr . P rv. Wedgwood takes th elatter sense to be th e original one , re ferring to Lang. larni , blind,

lernikal, one wh o sees with difficulty , lernigues, spectacles .

BEARD . va. To lay projecting brushwood over th eedge ofa wall . Sp . larda , coping ofstrawor brushwood forth e pro tect ion ofa wall , Fr. larder , to bind or tie across , overcross , or athwart , lardeau , a Shingle or small board such as

house s are covered with Th e origin ofth eword , whichse ems to be derived more immediately from th e French , may beOld Norse lord, edge , brim.

BRANGLE. vn. To wrangle.Sco . lrangle, to confound , throwinto disorder. Perhaps fromOld Norse lrengla , to distort .

BRANKS. sl . A kind ofhalter having a nose-bandwhich tightens as the horse pulls. G ae l. lrangas or lrancas , ah alter.

BUCKELT. auj. A sawor anyth ing is luckell wh ichh as lost its pllane from be ing over-bent . — D ick. G oth.

ljugan , Old Norse uga , Dut . loogken, lagkelen, to bend.

BUMMELKITE. Th e black or bramble berry.

Ice l . limlult (pron. lumlull) , to fee l uneasy (Cleasly) , seems tobe th e same word as that quoted from Haldorsen.

CALEEYER. vn. To prance, kick about In an ungainlymanner. Perhaps connected wi th Old Norse klifra , Dan.

klavre , to clamber, in th e idea of sprawling , Spreading th e

hands and fee t . Compare also Old Norse klaufi, an awkwardand clumsy boor, klaufilegr , awkward. clumsy.

1 78 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

CASH. sl . Friable strata.

Span. easear , Fr. casser , to break , I tal. casco, old, deca ng.

Th e word , however, no twi thstanding its more close resemb ence

to th e above , may be ofTeutonic origin, Ang.-Sax . cwisan, to

crush , G o th . quistjan, to Spoil , decay, go to ruin, connected byBenfeywith Sansc. cisk, to cut . Comp . Eng. guask.

CONK. sl. The nose or profile.Perhaps, assuming th e n as phone tic, to be connected wi thG ae l. coc, to cock or st ick up aprup tly, coc

-skran, a cocked-upnose .

COWT-LWORD. A pudding made ofoatmeal and lumpsofsue t . Th e derivationoflword from lard, sue t , is inconsistentwi th th e pronunciation, which imp lies a word formed wi th a

long 0. M oreover, Dick inson, in h is Supp lement , gives th e

alternative caw’

t leeady. I must leave th e latterpart ofth e wordunexplained.

CRONK. sl. Th e cry ofth e raven.Old Norse krunk , cry ofth e raven.

CUTTLE. vn. To chat or gossip .

L ike cutter , a frequentative from Ang.-Sax . cwiddian, Dut .

kouten, to talk.

CUVVIN. sl . A pe riwinkle or sea-snail.Clev. cuvv in, Lonsd . kewin. Old Norse kdfiengr, a periwinkle ,from kufr , convexity.

DIRL. vn. T0 give out a tremulous sound.

Dut . d; i llen, motitari , Swed. drilla , to shake or quiverwith thevo ice . Ano ther form ofl/zri ll.

DOLLOP. sl. A large lump.

A tk . ci tes Old Norse dolpr , a Shapelessly fat brute .

Wel. talp , mass , lump . But possibly from Corn. Wel.

dwylaw, th e two hands , Wel. dwylafa id, th e full ofbo hands,in a similarway to gazep in .

FAW. sl . An i tinerant potter or tinker.Th e name h as be en derived by some from Johnnie Faw, th e

leader ofth e gip sies. But it seems a questionwhe ther h e mightnot rather derive h is surname from h is occupation. One m ightpossibly think ofOld Norse farri , land-louper, vagrant , r finalbe ing almost mute in English .

G ALF . sl . Wild myrtle.Ang.

-Sax . gagl, wild myrtle .


HAP. va. To wrap, cover up.

I have Supposed a lost verb. Cleasby h as kypja , to huddle onth e clo thes , and Izjupa , to put in a shroud, bo th corre spondingto a cons iderable extent with kap , which h as rather th e sense ofa loose covering , as with bed-clothes.

HASK . adj. Harsh .

Old Norse keskr , harsh (Cleasly) .

HECK AND REE. Ancrent terms used in guiding h orsesto right or left , and nowonly used in reference to an obstinatep erson or horse wh o will nowther li eck nor ree. — D ick.

Th e Northumbe rland keck is th e Ice landic koegr (pron.balkir) . - G ould (Scenes in Iceland) . Swed . koger, right.

HEF’

I‘

IN. sl. A beating.

H eft would seem , like gui lt , to be formed as a secondary verbfrom Old Norse kefa , to hit.

HELSE. sl. A rope to put round a h orse’s neck inp lace ofa halter. Old Norse kclsi , a collar, from kals, th e neck.

H IDE. va. To beat.To give one a k iding ,

"is a slang term ofgeneral use . Old

Norse kyda , to beat , kyding, a flogging , from land, th e skin.

H IKE. va. To th row in th e arms, as nurses doch ildren. Perhap s more probably from Old Norse lzjdka, to

nurse , than from th e origin be fore assigned.

H IPE. va. One ofth e modes ofth rowing an adversaryin wrestl ing. Yorks. kipe , to strike with th e head or horns.Dial. Swed . kypa , to strike , byp , a heavy blow.

HOOSIN. sl . Th e husk ofa nut .Dut . kulse, kuysken, husk . Old Norse kauss

,the Skull.

HOBTHRUSH. cl .

“A h obgoblm h aying th e repute ofdo ing much useful work unseen and unheard during th e night ,if not interfered wi th , but discontinuing or do ing m ischie f ifcrossed or watched. ”— D ick.

“ A local sp irit , famous for

whimsical pranks . In some farm-houses a cock and bacon are

bo iled on Fassen'

s eve (Shrove Tuesday) and if any personneglect to eat heartily Of this food , Hobthrush is sure to amuse

himself at night with cramming h im up to the mouth wi th l ig

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 18 1

ckaj .— Brackett. Hence th e following , addressed sat irically to

a greedy eaterFor aw

’

s wee l seer Hobthrush ’

ll neer

Ha thee to chowk wi kafl, mum- Lonsdale .

A tkinson'

s suggestion that kal is th e same as th e G oth . all ,Old Norse alfr , elf, seems to carry wi th it a good deal ofprobabil ity. Comp . Oleran , th e k ing of th e fairie s , withA llruna , th e Wise woman of th e G ermans in Tacitus (all , elf,and run , mystery, se cre t knowledge ) . Th e only objection seems

to be that if tkrusk be , as suggested byW. G rimm (D eut .Myth ) ,connected wi th Old Norse l/zurs , giant , hobgoblin, th e wordwould be tautologous . Unlesswe mi ght think rather ofa con

nection with Old Norse t/zruska ,mulier laboriosa. Or wi th

G o th. tkwa irs , Dut . dweersck , athwart , Ang.-Sax . flkwyreslic ,

p erverse , Old Norse lkrio'

lska , contumacia , Swed. trask, per

verse , wi lful— in th e one case giving th e sense ofan industrious,and in th e o ther that ofa perverse or se lf-willed elf— bo th of

which are in accord wi th t he descri p tion gi ven ofHolt/zrusk.

HOLT. sl . A peaked h i ll covered Wi th wood.

West. and Cuml . D ial. Ang.-Sax . ball, a wood , Old Norse

kall, properly a wood, copp ice , G erm . k ale , wood , lignum . In

Iceland , where tree s are rare , th e word denotes a stony bill, asOpposed to a marsh or ley (Cleasly) .

How. aaj. H owneet,”applied to th e dead ofth e

night. Clev. koll, th e dep th ofwinter, some times app lied toth e dead ofnight .

Wi monny mair see M eggy Hoop ,

Wi h er h it sark in linenA t keep

’

d h er feckly thro th ’

kowdoup ,Wate wee l ree t constant spinnin.

— S tagg .

Here we have low, as in Clev. , app lied to th e dep th ofwinterdaup be ing probably th e same as Sco . doup of th e day, th elatter part ofth e day, applied to th e season ofth e year.

HUKE. sl. Th e h ip .

Comp . Swed. kuka , to sit squat . We do not find the nounfrom which ourword is directly derived.

HULLERT. any. Coagulat ed,as blood.

Th e Ce ltic words I have referred to may probably be cognate ,but th e word mos t nearly conce rned is , I take i t , th e Ang.

-Sax .

Izwelan, to become foul or putrid , keolfer, clotted blood.

HUMMEL M ITTENS. sl . Woollen gloves Wi th out anydivision but for th e thumbs . S im ilar gloves are worn by th eNorwegian peasants . H ummel I take to be th e same as kuvvel,

q.v. , from th e frequent interchange ofmwi th v orji

1 8 2 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

HUVVEL POKE. sb. A cap for protecting a sore finger.Clev . flufle , Izuwz

'

l, a protection for a sore finger. Old Norseh afa , cap , hood , Dial . Swed. lzzw, a covering, hood.

JOWET. sb. A term ofefi'

eminacy. Th ou’s a fecklessjowet. — D z

’

ek. Probably from th e Frenchjoaet, toy, p laything.

KAYTER. aq’

i . Friendly,agreeable.

Perhaps connectedwi th Old Norse (z eta , to gladden.

KEMPS,CAM PS. sb. Hairs In wool.

Th e true origin of this word , for which various exp lanat ionshave been Offered , is , there seems li ttle doubt , to be found inOld Norse kampr, beard, whi sker, moustache (Cleasby) .

KEP—JOPE. sb. A ch ild’s pinafore.Kep , in our dialect , is to catch , and jope is to sp ill . Hence

is that which catches what is sp ilt (and so protects th e

KES-FAB. 56. A ch eese vat.Properly, I think , fies-fa t , Old Eng.fat, Ang.

-Sax .fat a vat ,Gae l.fiadfzan, a chee se vat.

K IND. aafj. Friendly,intimate.

Knowe th me kyndly.-P . P l.

A tkinson, comparing th e above with our“ h im and me

’

s varrakind,

"refers to Norw. kjana

’

, Am t,we ll acquainted, and observesthat ourword retains an— perhaps th e— ancient sense whichh as passed away from th e current speech.

”

K IPPERT. adj. Partly cured (offish ) .There seems to me to be considerable doubt as to th e correctnessOf Jamieson’

s derivation Of kippered from kzpper , a spawner, onaccount offoul fish having been originally used for th e purpose .

Th e word is app lied to o ther fish , as herrings. I t may be

rather from Old Norse kz‘ppa , a bundle drawn on a string,fir/Eka

’

ppa, a line offish on a string, kz'

pra , to wrinkle , drawt ight.

KYPE . TO fall Off, give up, die.

Cleasby adduce’

s a verb, kopa , to fall offfrom age or th e like ,which seems to be th e paralle l to our kyjbe, rather than G erm.

kz’

ppen.

KYPT. aa’

j. Bent or twIsted.

A sawis said to be kypt or buckeltwhen i t is twisted.Ofthese two words th e one (bucéelt) is probably Teutonic th e

o ther se ems more probably Celtic. Comp . Wel. to con

tort, from cy s at. cam.

1 84 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS .

llarz'w, flood it be ing a rainy season, and they expect aflood.

"

MORTAL. ao’a. Much

,very, used as an intensi tive

,

as mortal fine . Carr may, I think, be right in derivingmortal from mart, a large quantity. I t might originally be anoun, like bantel.

MOOT-HALL. so. A town hall.Old Norse , mo

‘

t , Ang.-Sax . gemot , a mee ting. In Norway m:

is a town mee ting, as opposed to t/zz‘

ag , a county mee ting

PEEL-HOUSE. so. A place Of defence in th e borderwars, a small fortress. Wel. pi ll, a fortre ss, a se cure p lace .

Th e original idea would seem to be that ofa Stockade , fromp i ll, a stake .

FLUTTERY, PLEUTERY. so. Lumber,rubbi sh .

Swed . paltar , rags , Low. G erm . pultm , rags , pulterzgg,G erm . plunder , rubbish (originally rags. ) S imilarly,

rom G erm . lumpm , rag , lamperez’

, trifle , trumpery. And fromSwed. lam or , rags , lumpen, paltry. I am inclined, from th e

analogy o th e above , to think , though Wedgwood’

s derivationis different , that th e present word is th e origin ofEng.paltry.

PLOY. Employment.This seems to be th e same as th e wordplough in th e following

Of preieres and ofpenaunoe

Myplouglz shal ben h erafter.— P . Pl.

POAP. To grope, walk as one in th e dark.

Comp . also Wel. palfa , to grope gently, probably cognate withLat . palpare.

PUNDER. on. To crowd, press.Ang.

-Sax . pyna’an, to hinder, shut in, impound.

RAG . so. Hoarfrost.D ial. Dan. rag , fog or mist.

RA ISE. A cairn,h eap Of stones.

Old Norse lzreysz'

, a heap ofstones (Cleasby) .

RAMPS . sb. Wi ld garlic, allz'

um urrz'

num.

Ang.-Sax . lzramsa , Dan. ramre, Swed. ramslo

‘

k. From ram ,

rank , strong smelling. Th e G ael. creamlz,wild garlic, seems tobe an allied word , th e initial c representing an asp irated lz, asin Ang .

-Sax . kramsa , nowlost .

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1 85

RAMSHACKLE . aa’

j. Rude, wild, uncouth .

Perhaps from Old Norse ramsléalebr , quite wrong, absurd .

REED. oa. To strip . Butch ers reea’ th e entrails Ofslaughtered animals to obtain th e fat . Old Norselzry

'

oa’a , to strip , Swed . recla , to clear, to disentangle .

RID. rja. To clear away tre es from land.

Ano ther app li cation ofth e preceding word. Old Norse rz‘

oa’r , a

p lace cleared ofwood , Dan. made , to grub up , Bav. rz'

ea’en , to

clear away, roo t out , r z’

ea’er, riddings, place s cleared ofwood.

RI FT. on. To belch .

My supposition of a secondary verb formed from th e noun is

unnece ssary , as Cleasby h as th e verb itse lf, Old Norse reypta , to

be lch .

RIPPLE . so. A sligh t scratch .

A dim inutive of r ive or rip , to tear, scratch , Swed, repa, to

scratch , &c.

ROAN. so. Th e roe Offish .

Old Norse braga , Dan. rogn , roe , spawn.

ROOP’T. ady

'

. Hoarse,as Wi th sh outing.

Clev. roupy , hoarse from th e effect Of, cold , roupea’

up , to be

rendered hoarse . SCO . map , to shout , roupy, roopz'

t , h oarse .

Jam ieson derive s roopz’

t, hoarse , from map , to shout , Old Norse

lzropa. A tkinson conne cts i t with th e same roo t as raven, col

lating Dut . raven, Dial . Dan. ra’ooe, reappe , to croak . Roop t

may in fact , as i t seems to me , be raw-oopl, from Ang.-Sax .

Izreow, Old Norse lzrdr, Swed . ra , Eng. raw, and Old Norse 6p ,

Ang.-Sax . wop , shout , cry

— roupt thus be ing raw, or rouglz

ROOSE. oa. TO praise, flatter.Old firo'ra , Dan. rose , to praise .

ROOSTY. aa’

j. Rough In manner.Probably conne cted wi th Old Norse lzraastr , strong, hearty ,Izryssz

’

ngr , coarsene ss , brutality , Swed . rasta , to make a riot ordisturbance , Eng . roz

'

ster , &c . See royster .

SAFE, SEF. aa’

j. Certain. He’

s safe to be drowned .

Lanc. ref. Se ems probably to be , as Davi e s has it , fromWelshsq; certain.

I 86 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

SAMM IL. so. A kind Of conglomerate gravel.A word in use in th e lake district . From sam , imp lying combination. See dam-sam.

SCABBLE . oa. TO rough dress stone for bui lding.

Crav. scapple . Probably a frequentat ive Of Ang .-Sax . scapan ,

Old Norse ska/pa , Dan. skat e, to shape , to seaoole be ing to shaperoughly.

SCOPY. aay'

. Th in of5011.Crav. scaup , a thin '

so i1. Perhap s allied to scoop , Dut. se/zop ,

Low G erm . sc/zzzppe, a shove l , Boh . kopa tz'

, to hack , dig , seopybe ing that which is readily scooped. Or p erhaps , tak ing th e wordas p rop erly sealpy, to be conne cted wi th Sco . skeloe. to separatein thin layers , G ae l . sgealo, to Sp lit , splinter, sgealo elzreag , a

sp lintered or she lvy rock ,Bre t . skalfa , to Split , separate .

SCROO . so. A slide.G ae l . sgr

'

orr , to slide .

SHANGLE. oa. To fasten a tin can to a dog’

s tai].A nasalised form , I take i t , ofsbaelzle.

SHAW. so. A copse ofnatural wood.—D z

’

el .

Old Norse slogr, Dan. sl ow, a wood .

SHORPEN. on. To shrive l by h eat.Old Norse skorpfza , to shrive l or wrinkle , reorpz

'

mz , shrive lled ,wrinkled , contracted.

SHUGGY . so. A swing.

Clev. sfiaggy-s/zaw, Sco . slzuggz

’

e-sl me . Swiss sckuggen, to jog ,

Wel. ysgog z’

, to wag , shake to and fro .

SIB. Akin.

Ang.-Sax . so}, alliance , relationship .

SICKER. adj. Sure .

And s z'

leer thu mih t hider comen.— Layamon.

Dan. s eeker , Swed. sa'

ker , Dut . z eleer , sure .

SKA ITCH . TO beat with a stick.

S eutelz , to strike with a thin switch , which is often done to

snake s — H unter .

We have scale/zed th e snake , not killed it .— M aeoetfi.


TRUNLINS. so. Large or round coal.a large coal . Wel. tam , round,

treadel, a circle . Hence th e idea is th e same as that in round’cOal.

WORCHIT, ORCHIT. so. Orchard.

Ang.-Sax . weorteard, ortgeard, Old Norse jurtagardr, a yard or

inclosure forwarts (vege tables) .

YERTH,YURTII . so. Earth .

Ang .-Sax . eartbe , Old Norse jc

'

ird, Dan. , Swed . (y in th eabove Scand. words is sounded as oury.)

OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS FOUND

IN THE NAMES OF PLACES.

BESIDES th e words at present in use in th e district,

th ere are many Obsolete terms nowexisting only in th enames Of places. Some Of th ese, and notably th ose Of

Celtic origin, have probably been out Of use for many

centuries,wh ile oth ers still survive in kindred dialects,

and it is th erefore reasonable to suppose have not been

long out ofuse in our own.

‘

Th e connection, th en,between th e nomenclature ofth e district and th e living

speech of th e people is so intimat e th at a chapter on

local etymology is an appropriate supplement to a

glossary ofth e dialect.

Th e tendency among men to call th eir lands

after th eir Own names” is strongly characteristic of

th e Teutonic race, and in England, as in Germany, a

large proportion of th e names ofplaces are derived

from th e names of th e menwh o founded th em . In

Cumberland a great part of th ese names date from

th e division of th e so il among th e followers of th e

Conqueror, of wh ich Denton gives us many Of th e

particulars. Thus Dovenby"was called from Dolfin,

There is also a p lace called Dolp/zenoy, near Penri th. And

th e name Dolfin is found on th e Runic inscrip tion discovered inCarl isle cathedral .

190 OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS

th e son ofAilward ; wh ile A ilward th e fath er gave

h is name to A ilwardby, perhaps th e present A lleroy.

G ameloy took its name from Game], lord Of Both el

M elmerby and Oasoy (formerly Ulfsby) , from M elmor

and Ulf,th e sons ofHalden or H alfden. Pom onoy

h as its name from one Ponson in th e time ofSteph en,andM oresoy from one Maurice. A lloi zoy is said to

have been founded by Alan,second Lord ofAllerdale .

Longzoatfioy, formerly called Long Waldeofby, may

have been founded by Waldeof, son Of G ospatrick, towh om Allerdale was given by M esch ines. AndB oot/lily may probably h ave been founded by Bueth,wh o also gave h is name to B ea/castle (Bueth castle ) , in

th e same part of Cumberland. Th e post-fix in all

th ese cases is th e Danish oy, a village .

Some Of th e above names,as Ulf, Game], Dolfin

(Old Norse Dolgfinnr) are distinctively Scandinavian.

M elmor,th ough in company with D anish names,

seems to be itself more probably Celtic, and may,

as was th e name Nial,h ave been borrowed by

th e Northmen from th e Celts. On a stone at

Kirk Mich ae l,in th e Isle of Man

,is an inscrip

tion in Scandinavian runes M al Lumkum raised

th is cross to h is foster-fath er M almor. Th is, de

scribed by Worsaae as a Norwegian inscription

with purely Gaelic names,

seems,to give furth er

evidence as to th e adoption Of th is name by th e

Northmen. Bueth , wh o founded B ewcastle,and as

I h ave suggested, B ootfioy, and Gil (G isil) , h is son,

who gave h is name to G ilslaizd, seem to have been

1 92 OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS

Einar in E flnerdale. Also Ragnar in Ramzerdale,

Am i (eagle) in Am side,Hamill in Amoles ide ; th ese

th ree names, h owever, are not exclusively Scandinavian.

Silver, in S ilverbow, S ilverdale, &c.,may be from th e

name Solvi, wh ence SOlvadalr in Iceland. And in

Honister crag we may find th e Old North ern name

Hogni, wh ence Hognastadr in Iceland. E m i tter

migh t be a contraction ofHonistader,but more pro

bably it maybe th e same as HOgnasetter" in Sh etland

,

wh ere also Hogni is found as a man’s name in a

ch arter Of th e 1 4th century. Olafii r, at present one of

th e most common Ch ristian names in Iceland, is found

in Ulcerstofi (Taylor, Words and Places) , and possiblyalso may be that found in Overwater. Orin

,a dis

tinctively Scandinavian name worm,serpent) ,

perh aps retained in our present name Oram ,is found

in Ormat/zzoaite, Ormesgi ll, & c. So also Ulf

watf, wolf) , in Ulleszoater, li lo/1a, &c.

Th e word flow (O .N. lzaugr, a sepulch ral mound) ,is found in many cases coupled with a Scandinavian

name,we maypresume that Of th e warriorwh ose grave

it was. Th us we h ave G unner’s flow from Gunnar,Cornfiozo from Kom i (comp . Komahaug in Norway) ,and Loaden/lozo from Lodinn (h irsutus) th e last-namedwas Opened in th e last century, and th e remains Of th e

warrior found th erein.

This name occurs in th e Roll of property belonging to th e

M onastery of S t . M ichae l at Bergen, am ong other possessions inShetland. On Scottish and Irish Local Names , byProf. Munch ,in th e M emoires des Antiquaires dzcNord.

FOUND IN THE NAMES OF PLACES. 1 93

Butraldi (stumpy) is also an Old Danish name foundin B atterela

’

kela’

,near BowFe ll

,in Cumberland .

Elter and Devoke , in E lterwater and D evokewater,

are names probably Teutonic, but not e specially

Scandinavian. Th e latter may be th e same name as

that found in Camden/ace, so we have elsewh ere inEngland Comb Basset

,Comb Martin

,& c .

, similarlycompounded with names of men. G lassonoy and

Lazonby (formerly Leysingby) also contain names pro

bably Teutonic— th e latter perhaps th e same as th e

present Germ . Le ssing. Dagsa, in Dagsa’

s stone , nowD alston

,seems to be a name Of th e early Saxon class.

Mr. Kemble (Saxons in England) has referred toth e names indicative of fam ily se ttlements in various

parts ofEngland. Th ese names sometimes consist

Of a nominative plural in as,as in Hastingas,

“th e

Hastings ; sometimes Of a genitive plural in a,with

dam,tun

,& c .

,appended

,as in Herelingatun,

“th e

town of th e Herelings,”nowHarlington. [ng in th e

above is th e Ang.-Sax . ing, son, descendant, as in Billing,

son or descendant ofBil or Bila. Names Of th is class,so common in some parts ofEngland, are , as Kemble

remarks, scarce north Of th e Humber. And in th e

sparsely occupied mountain districts Of Cumberland

andWestmorland especially, th e names are th ose rath er

of individual occupancy th an ‘

of family settlements .

Kemble notes in Cumberland th e following as being

probably Of th is class, viz .,Distingas as found in

D i stington, Hanesingas in Hensing/zam,Irth ingas in

[rt/zington, Weorcingas in Workington, Cameringas inR


Carnnzerton,Hearingas in Harrington, and Rotingas in

Rottington. From th is list must be deducted [rt/i ington,wh ich takes its name from th e river Irth ing, onwh ichit is situated

,and not from a fam ily se ttlement. And

forHearingaswe must substitute Haeferingas, th e name

of Harr ington h aving originally been Haverington.

We mayadd to th e list Aldingas as found inA lding/iam,

and Frisingas as found in Fr isington. Th e th reewh ich

I have added are all found byKemble in oth er counties

Of England. We have also Snellings, wh ich migh t

represent an ancient Snellingas as a nominative plural“th e Sne llings. But it seems to me as probable that

it may simply be from th e name Snelling as a posses~

sive , equivalent to“Sne lling’s property, like Rare/son

’

s

and oth er names Of places in th e district. Th e above,it sh ould be Observed, are to some extent speculative 5it is only in case s wh ere we have th e Anglo-Saxon

form Of th e word as pre served in charters or e lsewh ere

that anyth ing like certainty is to be attained. M r.

Kemble h as two lists,th e former consisting ofnames

thus h istorically te sted ; and th e latter, among wh ich

are th e Cumberland examples,Of names wh ich seem

formed in an analogous way.

Th is tendency to call th eir lands after th eir own

names,perh aps to some extent a Sign of want Of

imagination,seem s to h ave be en less common among

th e Ce ltic races I only know of th ree names in

Cumberland wh ich seem to be thus formed 3 Carlisle,th e capital, wh ich may be probably called from its

founder Luol ; Cardurnock, formerly Caerdronack, in

96 OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS

BLEN . Wel . alaen, top, summi t, extremi ty.

B lencogo and B lencow may be from Wel. goclc, coclt , red. Orfrom caeg , emp ty, perhap s in th e sense of vo id of wood .

B lindcrake (formerly Blencreye ) is probably from cra ig, rock .

B lencat/i ra , th e ancient name ofS addleaacle, may be , I think ,

from Wel. cader , G ae l. ca tnai r, se at or chair, in allus ion to

th e pe culiar form ofits summ it . Hence ofmeaning somewhatanalogous to that ofits o ther name Saddleaack. From a sim ilarorigin lames (Wels/i N ames of P laces) derives th e name of

Cader Idris , on one of th e rocks ofwhich there is, h e says, an

excavation like a chair.

BLITTER . In B litterlees , near Si lloth .

Comp . ali ttcrt , torn by Winds , G erm . alattem , to come off in

sca le s. This is very suitable for th e locality in que stion, a range

ofsand-hills constantly stripped or pee led by th e wind.

BOTEL. BOL. Ang.-Sax . oatel, a h ouse, dwelling.

Hence probably Balti cl and Bootle. Th e word in th e Scandinavian tongue s is contracted into on, whence probably Bowscale(scale , a wooden hut ) and Bowness , formerly Bolness (ness , apromontory) .

BREAK. A s in M el/break.

Old Norse arekka , a slope , a gentle acclivity. As a law-termin Ice land th e hill where public mee tings Where he ld and lawspromulgated

"

(Cleasby) . Common innames ofp laces inNorwayand Ice land.

CAER. Wel. caer, fortified place, Ci ty.

Re specting Carlisle and Cardam ocle se e p . 194. Caer M ote, a

hill on which are th e remains of entrenchments , is evidentlyfrom th e above and mate , a little hill . Jam ie son derives mote

from Ang.-Sax . , Old Norse ma

‘

t, conventus h ominum , a mee ting,

“appl ied to a little bill, because anciently conventions Werehe ld on em inence s. But Ch evalle t (Origine etformation de la

languefranca ise) refers French matte, an em inence , to a Ce lticsource , Sco Ir. mota , a hill , th e correctness ofwhich seems

very doubtful.

CAM . Ang.-Sax . cama

,Old Norse t amer, a crest, ridge .

Frequent in local nam es in Ice land , “ ofhills rising like a crest"

(Cleasby). Hence Cam Fell, Catsty cam , &c.

CARROCK. Wel. careg, a rock .

Hence Carrock F ell, Castle Carroclz, &c.

COVE. Ang.-Sax . cofa, a cove, recess.

Hence Red cave and K epple cove onHe lve llyn, th e latterperhapsfiguratively from Ang.

-Sax . cepla , a baske t .

FOUND IN THE NAMES OF PLACES. 1 97

CRAG . Gael . creag, Wel. careg, a rock .

I introduce this as th e only Ce ltic word app lied in names of

p laces which , if not exactly current , is at le ast , I think , unders tood in th e diale ct . Tli rang crag , near Elterwater, is th e s iteofan extens ive slate—quarry , and probably derives its name fromthis source , tlzrang

'meaning busy, crowded.

DUN . Gael .,Corn. dun

,a h ill.

D nndraw seems probably from th e above andWel. derm , oak s .

DURRAN. In D nrran bill,near Carlisle.

Pe rhaps from Wel. da ryn, beak , snout , whence Davie s derivesD a rn , a project ing po int or ledge ofland ,

"

in Lancashire .

EARTH . Old Norsejo'

rd,earth , used also in th e sense

ofa farm or e s tate . Hence maybe Hawks cart/z, Haukr, hawk ,

be ing a Scandinavian p roper nam e .

Ev. Ang.-Sax . ealz

,an eye

,wh ence figurative ly an

island. SW. 0 . Hence Walney and Fonldrey (Ice l. foldi r ,fie lds , th e local nam e ofa grassy oas is inWe s t I ce land) . (Th esmall islands on th e lake s are called lzalms. ) Some isolatedhills in Cumberland seem to be formed from th e above ey , in a

sense equivalent to tha t ofisland , e .g. M ontay and B insey.

FORCE . A water-fall. See ant,p. 46 .

A irey force m ight be from Wel. eir zg, sp lendid , whence th eSco tch and Lanc. eery . But more probably, I th ink , from Wel.

ei rwi , a wate r-fall , to which h as been added th e Scand . force.S cale force m ight be from O ld Norse skdl, bowl , cavi ty, inre ference to th e hollow in which its waters are re ce ived. But

more probably I think— th e shoo t be ing high , and th e volumeofwater small— from sca le , to dispe rse , separate , in a sense

somewhat ak in to that of th e S taaaaacn, dus t-fall , in Swi tz et land.

FORTH . A s in G osy‘ortlz

, G aley‘artn.

Old Norse fora t/z, Icel .forest/x i , a p it , abyss , in modern use a

fen or morass , which would se em th e most probable meaning inGavart goose fen.

GALE. Old Norse gezl (pron. gale) , a narrow lane or

glen. In Ice land th e straight road leading to a farm . EveryIce landic home steadwas approached bya s traight road { gei l/B asent , Ent. Njal. Obso le te in th e diale ct , but common in

names ofp lace s.

GLEN. Wel . glyn, Corn. glen, valley, glen.

Unknown in th e dialect,but found in names ofp laces. Glencoin,

p erhaps from W. cogan, bowl . G lenridding , perhaps from


W. rlzedyn, fern. If th e station A maoglanna be , as. seems tobe th e Op inion of th e be st authorities , th e p re sent Burdoswald,

th e name maybe taken to be from amaa, water, river, and th eabove glen, a valley , appropriate to th e situation of th e stat ion,

look ing down upon th e Irth ing flowing in a deep glen bel'

ow.

HALL. In Hall Fell,H aze/l gi ll.

Old Norse ballr , a slope , hill ; also a boulder. Hall , as a man'

s

name common among th e Northmen, derived by Cleasby fromlzallr, a boulder , may interm ix.

HAMMER. Old Norse namarr,a crag standing out

like an anvil . Hammer sca r , G rasmere . Common in localname s in Norway, as H ammerfell, &c .

HEST. Old Norse nestr,Dan. nest

,h orse .

H est F ell in Cumberland compares with H esta Fell in Ice land ,a horse -shaped crag .

”—Cleasoy . There is also a H esten F ell

(tlze horse fe ll) in Norway. H es /bet may be nest-cote , a shed orshe lte r for horse s ; one p lace of that name is in th e m idst ofInglewood forest . We have also H est/zalm (lzolme, pas ture landby a river) .

HOPE, OP . A S in Hope, Hartsop , G reenup .

Sco . lzope, a slanting hollowbe tween two hills ; also a small bay.

Th e latter seem s th e original sense , O ld Norse bop , a smallland-locked bay or inle t . Found in local name s in Iceland, asVestr/zo

‘

p .

JAW. Old Norse gja, a rift or chasm .

Sco . g‘

eow. Hence th e flaws ofBorrodale?

KIL. Gael . Ir. cil, a church .

From this origin I take to be G ilcrux and G i lgarran in Cum

be rland, and no t from g i ll, a ravine , which never o ccurs as a

prefix . G i llcrnx (pron. G illcroo se ) se em s to be from Welshcrwys , cross ,

“th e church of th e cross . G i llga rran is no

doubt th e same as K ilgarran in Pembroke shire , K ilkerran in

Ayrshire and Connemora , K ilkiaran in Islay , from S t . Ciarran,

th e apostle of th e Scotto-Irish .

* Thenwe have also Cnlga i tn,another form of th e same , th e latter part of th e word be ingperhap s Wel. ga i tn, op en.

KIRROCK,KIRK. A Circle Of stones of th e kind

generally known as druidical . I t would seem evident that th ek irroc/e was associated wi th th e idea of sacredne ss . While insome case s we find one ofthe se circle s surrounded bygraves in

o ther case s we have th e individual grave-mound encompassed

Taylor, Words and Places. Bannister, Carnislz Names.


Runic inscrip tion on a rock near Bewcastle , whereon it appears ,according to th e rendering of th e Rev. J . M augh on, as Llane rkas ta. Can th e name denote , h e adds , th e church over th ecys t? Perhap s rather from th e name ofsome Saint .

LATTER . In Latterkarrozo,Wk inlatter , Latrzgg l

Th e O .N. lci tr s ignifies a p lace Where animals lay the ir young ,

Eng . li tter . Ldtrljarg‘

, in Ice land , m ight then compare withour La tterlarrow. Th e G ae l . lei ti r s ignifie s th e s ide Of a hill ,but a Ce ltic orig inwould hardly , as i t seems to me , be consistentwith th e compounds inwhich ourword occurs.

LUND. Old Norse landr, Dan. , Sw. land, a grove,e spe cially a sacred grove . Hence Hop

i”land, inWestm . , O .N .

Iiaj, a temp le . Cleasby re fers to this origin G i lsland,in Cumb

but it is by no means clear that it is from this origin, and not

from land, terra.

MAINS. A s In th e M ains,near Carl i sle. Also Redmazn

andD alema in Sco . ma ins , th e farm attached to th e mansionon an e state , form erly he ld by th e proprie tor himse lf. Derivedby Skene from Fr. doma ine. Or possibly , from Fr. mener ,

Old Fr. ma iner , to manage , from ma in, th e hand , as we speak

ofhaving land in one'

s own hand.

"

MELL,MEAL. Old Norse metr, a kind Of bent grass

growing on sandy so il , hence a sandhill coveredwi th such grass.

This word h as bee n supe rseded in th e dialect by th e Ce ltic bent,but appears to be found in several name s of p lace s , as E sk

mea ls , M eala near A llonby , bo th p laces answering to th e abovede scrip tion, and M eal rigg

'

,

“a narrow strip of ferti le land

surrounded by mosse s"

(Hutch inson) , p robably also In lifealys ke .

“ Th e M eales , th e name Of sand-banks at HunstantonNorfolk Words , by A . G urney , Phil . Soc. ) M ell F ell, whi chcorre spondswith Add F el in Norway , m ight perhap s be assignedto this originratherthanth eword previouslymentioned. Common

in local name s in Ice land , as M elar , perhap s , se e ing that r finalis mute in English , th e same word as our M eala (p lur. sandbanks ) .

MERE . Ang.-Sax . mere

,a lake.

Hence Windermere , B uttermere , Tkirlemere(probably from i ts

long and narrowshape , A .S . tki rlian, to dri ll , to bore ) .

MIRE . Old Norse myrr, Icel . myrz, a bog.

Hence Saar m i re (see soar) , M ire kanse, Cardewm ire. Th e

O .N . kjarr-myrr signifies a marsh grown wi th brush-wood.But dew in Cardewseems rather probably to be from O .N . djl,also signifying a marsh or bog, and i t would rather seem as if

FOUND IN THE NAMES OF PLACES. 2 0 !

mire h ad be en added as a laterword, when th e meaning ofdewcame to be forgotten. Found in many names of p laces inNorway, as Rossemyr, horse m ire .

"

M AN . A s in th e OldM an at Coniston.

Dr. Whittaker makes this a corrup tion of th e Ce lt . alt maen,

lofty hill . There is also a mountain in Appenz e ll called A ltM ann, which Obermiiller s im ilarly ascribe s to a Ce ltic origin.

I t seems to m e , however, very unce rtainwhe ther th e name maynot be s im ilar to that ofth e M o

’

nck , th e 7'angfran, &c.

NAB. Ang.-Sax . encep ,

Old Norse knappr, a knob.

Hence Nab scar , Rydale , and th e Knab onWindermere . Comp .

Knaben (lkc Knab , in Norway) .

NEss. Ang.-Sax . na s, Old Norse nes, a promontory.

Hence Baroness , forme rly Bolness , O .N . bal, a dwe ll ing , and

Skinburness , perhaps from Skinnabiom , th e name ofa Northman in th e Landnamabdk ofIce land.

ODD. A s In Hadbarrozapaint.Would se em to be most probable from Old Norse oddi , N. Fris.add, a po int or tongue ofland. Peacock h as add, a small pointofland , a promontory , as a word in use in Lonsdale .

ORREST. Ang.-Sax . arrest

,Old Norse arrosta, a battle.

Hence seem to be H i 11 arrest , N ear arrest , and Orrest kead,

nearWindermere , mar ing, i t would se em , th e various po ints ofsome considerable fight.

OUSE. In Onse bridge, at th e outlet Of Derwentwater.Old Norse a'ss , out-le t ofa river or lak e .

PEN. Wel . , Corn . pen, end, top , summ i t.Hence th e P en in Duddon valley. P enruddock se ems probablyto be from W. r/zwdag , red. P enri tk h as also been exp lainedas red hill. Or one m ight possibly think ofCorn. tk ,

Open,

lain, flourishing, tak ing P enri tk , beyond which lay nglewoodore st , as th e end of th e p lain or Open country. Or again,

we might think ofG ae l . ra t/z, circle , in reference to th e remarkable circle called K ing A rthur

'

s round table . On th e whole ,however, th e first sugges tion is perhaps the most probable .

RAY orWRAY. Old Norse ord, Dan. araa, a corner.Th e word ze ros , in th e sense ofcorners , occurs in th e romanceofHave lock th e Dane . Hence Wreay, on th e Lancaster andCarlisle Railway , Wray, onWindermere , B i rkwray (birk, birch) ,E lleray (eller , alder) , Dockwmy (O .N. dokkr, dark P) , &c.

S

2 0 2 OBSOLETE AND OTHER TERMS

Ross . A s in Roslgt, Rostkwaite, &c.

Old Norse krass , horse . A t Rosley is held th e principal horsefair i

)n Cumberland, whence perhaps th e name (ley, pasture ,

p lain

SCALE. Old Norse skali, a wooden hut, correspondingwith Sco . skiel. Hence probably S caleby (by , a village) , S eascale,near th e sea-shore , Lonscale , O .N . lann, Eng. lane, &c.

SCARTH. Old Norseflall-skard,a gap in a mountain.

Hence S caif-gap , properly Scarth gap , a pass in th e Lake dis

triot (tk andf interchanging as in o ther cases previously no ted) .A lso B alder scartk , inWe stmorland , from Balder as a Teutonicname . Comp . Skarv F ell, in Norway , and Vikarskard, Evar

skard, , &c. , in Ice land, compounded, l ike B alderscartk, wi thprope r names.

SCAW. Old Norse skagz, a promontory.

Hence S ea F ell, and S caw, a hill behind Red p ike . Comp.

S kaw, a promontory on th e Isle ofUnst . And Skagen, lkc

Scaw,

“at th e northern extrem i ty ofIutland.

SCRAT,SCRATCH. Old Norse skrattz, a goblin or ev11

sp irit , whence our“old Scratch. Hence probably Skratta

F ell, in Iceland. AndW. G rimm (Held. S ag . ) observes that inth e Forum . Sog. mention is made ofa rock called Skratta skar ,

“geniorum scopulus.

" From a like origin m ight be S cratchmeal scar, in Cumberland , tak ing meal to be from th e O .N.

mella , which h as th e meaning bo th of a chasm and also ofa

female sp iri t or goblin, in e ither ofwhich senses th ewordwouldseem app licable .

SEAT. Swed. sa'

t, seat, residence. Or perhaps th e Old

Norse sa tnr , a summer pasture . Hence S eatallar , in Borrowdale , perhaps from th e Scand. name Olvar, S eatallan, from th e

name Allan, &c. A lso perhaps Honister, see p . 192 .

SIDE. A s in Ambleside, Ormside, A rnside.Th e meaning in th e above ,which all seem compoundedwi th thenames ofmen (Hamall or Amal , Orm , Arn or Am i) would seemto be that ofa seat or location, perhaps on th e hill side.

SOUD. Old Norse sandr, a sh eep.

Santerfill may perhaps be th e same as Sandafill, in Iceland,signifying sheep fe ll. We have also Sonty kaw, kow, a hill.

SOUR.( Old Norse sanr, dung of cattle. Grav. sanr,

urine from th e cow-house , &c. Obsole te in our dialect , butfound in the names ofp laces , as Sour mire, descrip tive of a

puddle ofth e sort often found around a farm. Sowerby might


th e above , but from Bassing (son ofBass) , as an individual name.i te is probably from loan, calm , in opposition to its

ne ighbourWindy hill. S attertkwa i te m ight be from Seeter, asth e name ofa de ity (whence Saturday) . But pe rhaps more probably from Satter (Ang .

-Sax . sa tere , seduce r still in existenceas a fam ily name . F instkwa i te also is probably from F inn as

a man'

s name ; there are several Northmen bearing this namein th e Landnamabok . Legbertkwa i te seems poss ibly to containa reference to th e logbeg , rock of law, where th e legislativecourt was he ld.

WATER. Th ere seems a certain amount ofprobabilitythat water , in th e names ofour lakes , is due to th e Old Norse

va tn, which is th e usual word for a lake in Ice land , and (in it smodern form vand) in Norway. And that it h as been changedinto its present form by th e influence ofthe current spe ech . Th enames of lake s in th e north ofSco tland ending in va t are sup

posed byWorsaae to be from th e above origin. And there isone Wa tten lacks , in Cai thne ss (which se ems to have e scapedh is notice ) , where in th e original form is pre served. Watendlatk ,

formerly Wa tenla tk , ona small shee t ofwater above Borrowdale ,

may also be from th e same origin,

“th e barn by th e water"

(la tk , a barn) . Some ofour name s inwa ter are conjo ined witha Scand . name , as Ullswater (U lf

’

s water) , Tknrstan’

s wa ter ,perhap s also B rotkers water , Lowes water , Leatkes water , and

S keggles wa ter. A lso p o ssibly Overwater , from th e Norse name

Olver, or th e pre sent Icel . Olafur. Compare wi th the se G islavatn, H iardar va tn, Reidar vatn, &c. , in th e Landnamab

’

Ok of

Ice land.

WICK orWYKE. Old Norse wk, Dan. mg, a bay.

Hence B lowick,

“ blue bay,

"Sandwick , &c. I have sugge sted,

p . Igr, that K eswick may be from th e Dan. name K e till. Com

paring another p lace , K elswick , in Gumb . , with Kjolsvik and

Kjelsvi’

k, in Norway, ano ther derivation may seem open, fromkeld or kel, a fountain, or O .N . kjo

'

ll , a boat or barge , th e latterperhaps th e more probable .

WITH. Old Norse mdr, Dan., SW. oed, a wood.

As th e ending ofnames ofp lace s , wi t/z in th e north ofEnglandshows th e Scand . form as compared wi th Saxon wood in th e

south . Thus Ski iwi tk , in Gumb is th e equivalent ofSkerwaadin th e south , probably from A .S . sei

‘

ran , O .N . skera , to cut .

Colwi tk , near E lterwater, seems to be from O .N . kolvidr ,“coal

wood , " i .a. , wood for mak ing charcoal. S kipwi tk , in Yorks. ,

is“ship-wood ,

" wood suitable for building ships . B lawi tk ,

near Coniston, signifies black or dark wood. (Comp . Blaskog.dark wood,

"in Iceland. )

FOUND IN THE NAMES or PLACES. 2 05

RIVER-NAMES OF THE D ISTRICT.

IN th is district, as elsewh ere generally th rough out

England, we find that wh ile th e names of towns andvillages, and most of th e terms descriptive of th e

features of th e soil,are Saxon or Scandinavian, th e

rivers still retain th eir original Celtic names . Indeed

th e same remark applies generally to th e wh ole of

Europe, th e river-names ofwh ich , th e more that th eyare investigated

,sh ow more clearly th e marks of a

common origin. Th ere may be, as is th e case in

Germany,in many instances th e suffix ofa Teutonic

word for a river to th e original name. And in a few

case s in our district th ere is reason to believe that th eWh ole ofth e word is ofTeutonic origin .

Th e river-names of th e district may, as to th eir

form, be classed generally under th ree h eads

[ st— Those that contain simply th e primitive fromwh ich th ey are derived

, as th e P ure, th e E sk, th e

Vent, th e G elt, th e foe.

2 nd— Th ose wh ich have th e ending a affixed, as th e

Ratka,th e G reta, th e P ratka. Th ere is reason to

believe that th is is th e Old Norse e, a river, corres

ponding with th e Old High Ge rm . aka, Germ. ack

and an, wh ich is similarly afli x ed to many river

names ofCeltic origin in Germany,as th e Danan,


Rodaa, Radack, &C. Th e ending er in many north ern

river-names may be only th e same word,as from the

mute pronunciation of r final in English th ere is nodifference in sound between Ratka andRatbor

, Calda

3 rd4—Th ose wh ich contain th e ending en

,as th e

Eden,th e E llen

,th e M arron. Th is has been by

various writers supposed to be a contraction of th e

Celtic aoon,Manx aan

,river. In cases wh ere th e

former part ofth e word is an adjective or containsan epith et

,th is is in all probability th e case . Thus

th e Carran (ant. Corabona) , is no doubt cor-awn, a

small stream . But wh en th e former part Of th e word

is itselfa Ce ltic appellative,as in th e Eden (Obs. Gael.

ad, Sanso. ad,water) , I th ink that th is termination

is Simply formative. NOW aaon itself is not a primitive

form ; th e primitive form is an or ab (Obs. Gael. abk,Sanso. ab

,ap ,water) , and en is added as a ph onetic

termination,to round Off

,as we m igh t say, th e word.

And just in th e sameway that Obs. Gael . abk forms

Avon, so, I take it, does Obs . Gael. ad form Eden.

Th en th ere are a few cases ofendings in cl and et,

as in P etter ill and th e Lyoennet ; th ese may perhaps bediminutives.

I have divided th e following names into two classes-th ose wh ich contain simply an appellative, or a word

signifying water,a river ; and those wh ich contain an

epith et referring to some special quality,as, for instance,

th e character ofits course, or th e clearness ofits waters.


COCKER, COCKLEY BECK. Gael . caoc/zan, a small stream(a prim itive caock maybe imp lied) . Comp . Cock beck inYorks .

Coc-brbc (Cod. Dip . ) -Cogaet , North d.— Kackelback

,G ermany.

STOCK. Th e small stream wh ich forms Stockgill-force.

Th e word , as i t stands , h as no connectionwi th any o ther rivername , and there seems no doubt that th e t is intrusive , and thatth e word should be properly S ock , corre sponding with th e SackinWale s , S ack in Ireland , th e S aw in Engl. , and th e S ave or

S on in G ermany. Th e origin is then to be found in Sanso. sava ,

water , sa , liquere , Wel. sag , mo isture , G ae l . sagk ,mo isture ,

also a wave , billow. There is a tendency in Teutonic speech tos trengthen such Ce ltic words by th e introduction of t

Wel. sytk ,

* Ang.-Sax . sti tk , firm , stiff, Ir. sraamk , O .N.

straamr , G erm . strom , Eng. s tream . Th e same is found alsoin th e Romance language , as G ae l . s i l, Lat , sti llare , to drop ,

distill . Comp . also Wel. seren , Lat . (a)stram , Ang .-Sax .

steorra , Eng. star . I t IS to this princip le we owe S toar as a

river-name in England , S trea , S try, in G ermany , and S tara inI taly ; i t is th e same as th e Bre t . ster , a river, from Sansc. sra ,

to flow, with a phone tic t . Hence also th e classical Danastris,th e Dniester, and th e Ister, which latter, though G rimm

'

s e x

p lanation is different , I take to be simply th e word ster , a riverwi th , as in a(strum ) , a phone tic ini tial.

BELA. Ir. bial,baol

,water.

Comp . th e B oyle , Ire land , ofwhich , according to O'

Brien, th e

Irish form is B aal. Also th e P eel, Isle ofM an.

SARK. Seems to be from th e prim i tive form found in

Sans. sra , to flow, whence Sanso. srota , Ir. sra tk , a river.

Comp . S oar , England— S erre , France— S aar , G ermany. Th e

ending may be th e Obs. G ae l . oick , river.

DACRE . Wel. dazgr , a drop, Gae l. debek, drink .

In th e Old Norce deigr , mo ist , Ice l . daagg , rain, Eng. dew, a

s im i lar sense is found , and we may thus p erhap s ge t th e sense

ofwater. Th e D ocker , in Lane , is th e only sim ilar name Ifind, and that may perhap s be from a diffe rent origin, G ae l .doick ,

rap id . On th e whole ,this seem s a word about which

there may be some doubt as to whe ther th e p lace Dacre isnamed from th e river, or v ice versd.

SPRENT. Old Norse sprotta, to sprinkle, Cumb. sprint,t . This is one of th e few name s which seems to be of

I t seems that th e Ce ltic nations were unable to pronouncean ini tial s before a consonant , or, at leas t , that they disliked It:Sci ence ofLanguage . Th e Bre t . seems to some extent an excep tion.

FOUND IN THE NAMES OF PLACES.

CRAKE . Gryke Ofwatyr, scatera.—P r . P rv.

Dut . kreke, a crooked water-course , Old Norse krakja , to wind ,to turn. Th e word then might e ither mean simp ly a s tream ,

which is one of th e sense s Of Eng . creek ; or i t m ight mean a

winding s tream . In any case , this word seems to be , like th elast , ofTeutonic origin. Davie s ’ derivation from Wel. cree

, a

sharp no ise { Races ofLancask zre doe s not se em to me suitable .

PETTERILL. Th e word contained h ere in seems to beP edder or P etter, as in th e P edder , Somers. Cod.

D ip . , nowth e Parre t , and th e P ader (ant . Patra) , in G e rmany .

Th e Wel. pydda , to run or spread out , pydew, we ll , spring , are

th e only suitable words that I find. Th e A .S . p idole, a thinstream , whence F iddle as th e name of several small s treams

(Kemble, Cod. D ip . may be allied .

IRK (in Lancash ire ) . Iri sh care, water.There are in Wales many streams with th e name ofya nk ,

which Lhuyd derive s from Wel. iwrck , a roebuck ,from the ir

bounding along th e hill side . But I think th e above in everyway preferable .

DUDDON. Wel . diad,drink

,Ir. and Obs . Gael. dalbar

,

water, wi th which We may p erhap s connect Lap . dadno , river.

Comp . th e D ude in G ermany, and th e D adder in Ire land .

NENT. Wel. nant,nannaa

,a brook, Gael. nzgk, to

bathe , to wash. Comp . N en, Northamp ton— N enagk , Ire land-Nenny , France .

MITE. Th e Wel. mwydo, to soak, to moisten, Sansc.

m idi tas , fluid , Lat . madidas , O . N . mada , a rive r, seem suflfi

ciently to se t forth th e sense ofwater as contained in th e above .

MINT. I am rath er inclined to take th is to be th esame word as above (M i te) , taking th e nasal. Or Otherwise wemay refer to th e G ae l . min, soft , gentle , small.

RIBBLE . Th e name of th i s well-known river,

saysM r. Davies , “ h as much perp lexed antiquarian philologists .

There is a river in Denmark called th e F ile ; and Ribe and

Ribble seem evidently to correspondwi th Lat . r ivas and rivulus .

I t would se em probable that r ivas , which contains s imp ly th eroo t r i , to flow(Sanso. ri , G r. flew) ,wi th an euphonic roundingas Gumb . div for dee) , may have had its representatives in th eeltic tongues.

ELLEN . Th i s contains th e prim i tive root al or zl, tomove , to go , whence are formed G ae l . ald or alt (Older form

and th e Old Norse elfa , Dan. elv, a river. Comp . th e '

llow, England— I lle, E lle'

, in France— A lle , G ermanyA lne, A llan, Ilen, in G reat Britain— A alne, in France , &c.


THE FOLLOWING I TAKE TO BE DERIVED FROM THE

CLEARNESS OF THEIR WATERS.

LIZA. Wel. llwys, clear, pure, Gael . las, to sh ine,cognate wi th Lat . laceo, &c. Comp. Lee , in-France- Lesse, intBe lgium— Ljasne, in Sweden, &c.

BRATHA . Ir. and Obs. Gael . breatk, clear, pure.Comp . B rotk(ock) , in Sco tland in G ermany, &c.

LOWTHER. Wel . glawdd, brigh tness, lustre, glaewder,clearness. Comp . Lauder, in Scotland— Lanter, in France .

VENT. Old Celt. vind,Wel. gwyn, Germ .fionn, Ir.finn,clear, pure . Comp . Wente, . in Yorkshire —F inn, in IrelandF innan, in Scotland .

WINSTER. Th e origin Of th i s name 18 very uncertain.

I t m ight be from vind, as above , and Bre t . ster , a river, whenceth e A lster in Denmark , E lster in G ermany , and probably th eancient Cestras , Danastris , and [ster. There

,is a river in.

Norway called th e Vinstra , which may be th e same word.

Th e objection to that is that there is no analogous name , so

far as I am able to make out , in England. I t m ight be (thoughthat would be contrary to th e general rule ) from th e p laceWinster, upon its bank (O .N . stadr , a p lace , town) .

WINDERMERE seems also somewhat uncertain. Itm ight be from th e above Old Ce lt . v ind. O r i t m ight be fromWinder as th e name ofa man, found in some o ther names of

p laces , and still existing in th e distr ict .

KENT. Wel .,Ir .

,Bret. , Obs . Gael . can, pure, clear,

Sanso. cand, to shine , Lat . candea. A s in th e case ofWel.

gwyn, Corn. wyn, from th e o lder Ce lt . form vind, th e presentCe ltic can h as no doubt dropped th e dental , which is stillre tained in th e river-name Kent. Comp . Cann, Kenne, Ca in,

in England andWales.

THE FOLLOWING I TAKE TO BE DERIVED FROM THE

TORTUOUSNESS OF THEIR COURSE.

WAVER orWEAVER . Wel . gwibia, to rove, to wander,gwib, serp entine course . Old Norse va

‘

fa , v ippa , gyrare . Comp .

Weaver, Vever in England, Wipper in G ermany, &c.


what farther back , a nd re fer to Sansc. nadi , whence H ind.a river, from nad, sonare , th e only appellative , as far as

I know, sim ilarly derived , th e general origin ofsuch appe llativesbe ing a prim it ive roo t s ignifying to move , to go .

Th ere remain a fewnames ofrivers derived from

various characteristics Of th e ir course or properties ofth eir waters.

ROTHA, RATHAY. Probably from th e rapidi ty ofth ei rcurrent . Wel. rkeda , to run, to race . Hence Zeuss derivesth e ancient Rkadanas , nowth e Rhone . Comp . B ot/i in G ermRodden in Sh rop s. B atker in Sussex, &c.

MARRON . Probably from Wel. marw,Gael . marbk

,

dead , slow, still , G ae l . marbk-skra tk , a still or tranqui l stream.

In this case th e ending en is probably a contraction ofavon.

CALDEw,CALDA

, or CAUDA, and CALDER. Caldaseems to be th e same name as th e Kaldd in Ice land . One of

th e'

two stream s which form i t is called Ca ld beck,* and rise s onCold F ell. Hence , when i t be comes a river, i t s till re tains th et itle , Calda , co ld river, O .N . d river. Th e Calder , th e main

s tream ofwhich also rise s upon a Cold Fe ll , I tak e to be th esame name . But though th e name Ca ada , as i t stands , isalmost without doubt a re lic ofth e Northmen, i t may, as I havetaken to be th e case in o ther instances , have been founded upona previous Celtic name . Th e most striking characteris tic of

this river is its liability to sudden rise and fall , and in th e Wel.

codi , to swe ll , would be a very appropriate e tymon.

EAMONT. Originally called E amot, ri se s In Ulleswater,and after a short course falls into th e Eden. Th e p lace of

junction,Old Norse dmot ,

“mee ting ofrivers , may have g iventh e name to th e whole river.

I conclude th is chapterwith some remarks on th e

name ofth e Solway Fr itk, wh ich h as been referred by

Prichard to th e Caledonian tribe of th e Selgovae, Wh o

occupied th e territory to th e north of th e frith . Th is

Opinion, wh ich has also been adopted by th e late Mr.

F . L . B . Dykes (Notes and Queries, yaly 2 1,

is,

Caudebec (in Normandy) th e same name as Cawdbeck in th eLake District , and th e Kald bakr in Ice land.

-Taylor.

FOUND IN THE NAMES OF PLACES. 2 1 3

according to my View, scarcely in accordance with th egeneral character of our local nomenclature, more

particularly wh en we take into account th e unques

tionably Scandinavian origin offr it/z. I have beforesuggested that th e name

,wh ich appears in Leland as

Salway,may be from Old Norse salla, miscere , con

fundere,Eng. sally,

in reference to th e floating sandwh ich gives to its waters a turbid appearance. Th e

root-meaning Of O .N. salla,probably originally samla,

seems to have been simplymixture, from sam,signifying

combination. Or we m igh t take sal as anoth er formof swell (O .N. sallr

, swelling) , in reference to th e

swell with wh ich th e tide comes in. During ebbtide much of th e frith is a naked flat, and may occa

sionallybe crossed in some places but th e tidal wave,especially during Spring tides

,returns very suddenly,

and with great violence,so that accidents to sh ipping

have repeatedly happened ” (D ict. of G eog. A. K.

Johnston) . In th e case of eith er of th e precedingderivations, th e ending way migh t be presumed to beth e O .N. vogr, a bay, voe

”in Sco . local names . On

th e wh ole, h owever, I th ink th e presumption is rath erin favour ofSolway as derived from a personal name,like SO many of th e oth er place-names Of th e district.

N0 word seems to h ave been more frequently coupled

with a personal name by th e Northmen th anfio'

rdr.

Th e Landnamabok of Iceland gives us a very greatnumber Of such . names

, one Of wh ich , Solva fio'

rdr,

from th e name Solvi, migh t point to th e original of

Solwayfr itk .

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

MY aim in th e present chapter is to collect and tocompare th e results already Obtained, and to presentsometh ing like an approximate estimate— first, Of th eCeltic element as compared with th e Teutonic, and

secondly, Of th e Scandinavian as compared with th e

Anglo-Saxon andkindred tongues. And furth er, briefly

to particularise th e ph onetic, grammatical, and oth er

peculiarities .Ofth e dialect.

Of th e words of th e dialect wh ich I have passed

under review I take a proportion ofabout four in a

hundred to be probably,and about an equal proportion

to be possibly,derived from th e Celtic. With regard

to th e latter, it would probably be correct to say thatin many cases th e words are derived both from th e

Celtic and th e Teutonic. For in th e struggle for

supremacy,it seems only reasonable to suppose that a

word Wh ich was common to both th e contending

tongues would be ensured of preservation. Wh en,th erefore, as in th e case of loover, an Opening in th e

roof to let out th e smoke,referred by one writer to a

Celtic,and by anoth er to a Scandinavian origin, we

h ave a word wh ich may be assigned to two different

sources ; instead ofreferring it arbitrarily to eith er, it

2 r6 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ch aracteristic Scandinavian words, most ofth em livingterms ofth e dialect

,and all ofth em ofconstant occur

rence in th e names Of places,distinctly assert th e oc

cupation ofth e distri ct by th e Northmen. And though ,as sh own in th e preceding ch apter

,no inconsiderable

number of Ce ltic terms still survive in th e names

of places, th ere is scarcely one of th ese terms in

living use in th e dialect. And it is not an unusual

th ing to find th e ancient Celtic appe llative conjoined

as a proper name with th e word ofpresent use wh ich

has superseded it. Thuswe have Airey Force, wh ich

seem s in all probability to be from th e We lsh ez'

rwy,a water-fall, coupled with th e Scandinavianforce.

Among th e terms connected with agriculture th ere

seems,as m igh t naturally be expected

,a considerable

sprinkl ing ofCeltic words. But h ere again it is to be

Observed that while th e general terms descriptive of

th e stock and th e property ofth e farm are , with scarcely

an exception, Teutonic, and to a considerable extentScandinavian, th e Celtic terms are generally th ose

h aving reference to some individual peculiarity. Such

are garrorz, a tall awkward h orse, (logy, a h orse with

wh ite legs and face,dog p ig, a castrated boar, crock, an

old ewe , probably croés,th e worst lambs of th e flock,

mug s/zeep ,sh eep with wh ite faces. For a cowgiven to

striking we h ave th ree different terms— futiy-ww,

dzmipy—cow,and éum in-mw th e first Celtic, th e

second Scandinavian, and th e th ird Anglo-Saxon or

Frisian : h ere we have all th e principal constituents of

th e dialect represented. So also for a cow with out

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 2 I 7

h orns we have four different words, cowe'

e, cowl cow

,

daddy, andpally, ofwh ich th e first and second,wh ich

are variations ofth e same word, are Scandinavian, th e

second Frisian or Saxon, and th e th ird,th ough it is

also capable of a derivation from a Low German

source, may again be Celtic (Wel. pwl, blunt) . For a

milk-maid’s cush ion for th e h ead we have th ree words,sop ,

loss,andwaze, ofwh ich th e first is most probably

Celtic,th e second Saxon or Frisian, and th e th ird th e

same. Th e terms ae'

rd,h igh , and bent, bleak, descrip

tive ofth e situation of land, also leek,a hardsub-soil

,

and scopy, th in ofsoil, seem to be Celtic.'

It is rath er

curious,and possibly significant, that all th e words

descriptive of inferior land, seem to be Celtic. And

th e brob or arag, twig or strawcarried in th e mouth on

th e h iring day by th ose wanting to be engaged as ser

vants,is appropriately Celtic. Th en th ere are several

oth er words common to both th e Celtic andTeutonic,

as crewor crack,a pen or sty, ark, a ch est for meal

,

creel, a basket, rean,a boundary, &c.

It wi ll be found that many words descriptive of

personal pecul iarities, more especially with reference

to physical characteristics, and containing generally

someth ing Of a ludicrous or sarcastic sense, seem to

be ofCeltic origin . Th us we have brasey, a coarse

fat person,brafn afz

,a puffy ch ild

, gays/tea,

emaciated person, garrz

'

ck,an awkward person

,rap

pack and craddag/z, a troublesome ch ild. Also crag,

th e jaw, crew and paw,th e hand

,week

,th e nose or

profile,doose, a slap with th e hand, game leg, a hurt orU

2 18 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

crooked leg, all words applied with a sense more or

less ofhumour or ridicule. But on th e oth er hand,

wh ile many words sarcastically referring to personal

features are Celtic, th ose referring to mental crassness,ofwh ich th ere are a considerable number, are , with

scarcely an exception, Teutonic. It is th e race wh ich

rules that gives th e words expressive ofstupidity.

It migh t naturally be expected th at many of th e

words describing th e simple and common articles of

dietwould be from th e Celtic, andwe have accordinglysowens

,oannock, ootcker, sass, galls, cummt milk, lit/z) ?

(th ick, as with meal) , & c. Th e names ofsome ofth e

common h ouseh old utensils, as gull a large knife,

geggz'

n,noggin, and p iggin, vessels or measures, pro

bably girdle, a baking plate, &c.,may also be referred

to th e Celtic. Our word for small coal, c/zillzjoers,seems to h ave a Celtic origin, and it is noticeable that

also in Lancash ire small coal has a name of Celtic

origin, grummil, referred by Dav1es to Welsh gremial,to crash . M ay we look upon it as th e type ofth econdition of a subject race, fain to take up with th eleavings Of th eir masters PTh en th ere are some words probably adopted from

th e Latin th rough th e Celtic into th e Teutonic prior

to th e settlement of our ancestors in th e British Islesreferred to by Dr. Guest (Proc. Ph il. Soc. 3 ,

among wh ich may be probably kale, greens, ckioies,

onions, perh aps saim,grease.

Th e mercurial temperament of th e Celt may beexemplified in tantrums

,fits ofpassionate excitement,

'

z

'

o GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

in some oth er of th e English dialects, and especially

that OfLancash ire, but th e greater part seem to be

peculiar to our own. And it is to be noted thatwh ile th ose words wh ich are common to Scotla

’

nd

prevail more especially,as migh t be expected

,in th e

North ern part of th e county, th ose wh ich are pecul iarto our own dialect are found ch iefly, as appears by theclassification ofMr. Dickenson, in th e centre of th e

Large as unquestionably is th e amount of th e

Scandinavian element in our dialect, th e proportionofwords wh ich I am able to make out as distinctly

traceable to that source is not more than t entyinth e hundred. Th is falls so very far sh ort of th e

proportion (forty in th e hundred) assigned by Mr.

Atkinson for th e dialect of Cleveland, founded on a

partial scrutiny, that I am rath er dispos ed to th ink

after making allowance for th e th orough knowledge of

th e Scandinavian idioms wh ich migh t enable h im to

adjudicate in cases wh ere I sh ould not —that a scrutiny

of th e wh ole vocabulary would hardly have given th e

same result. I refer only to cases ofabsolute proof

th e probabilities are on th e side of th e preponderatingdialect

, and h Is general conclusion that“wh erever

th e Cleveland dialect diverges from th e ordinary or

standard language, it is indebted to th e Scandinaviantongues and dialects for certainly not less than sixty

per cent. of such divergencies,”maynot be far from

the truth . And what applies to Cleveland will not befar from th e mark in th e case ofCumberland.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 2 2 I

I have already referred to th e words descriptiveofth e physical features of th e country as essentially

Scandinavian. SO also to a very great extent th os e

descriptive of th e stock and property of th e farm .

Th us We have latke, a barn, mdden, a dung-h ill, leak,a scyth e, gripe, a fork, wiry, a h eifer

, yaud, a mare,

gimmer, a two-year-Old ewe, cnsky,a pet or familiar

name for a cow,skot

,a half-grown swine

k gant, a boar

pig, & c. Th e word led'

farm,a farm on wh ich th e

occupier does not reside, I have taken to be from th e

Old Norse lezga, Dan. ley'

e, to rent, as a reminiscence

of th e old time wh en each man occupied h is own

land, and a rented farm was th e exception. S'

o

Cleasby has lezgn-bo‘

l and lezgze-jo'

rd,sim ilarly meaning

a rented farm. Th ere is a noteworthy resemblance

be tween our term fire-kons'

e for the inhabited partofa farm-stead

,and th e old-li tts (fire-h ouse) formerly

in Iceland th e principal room in th e mansion, and inmodern use th e kitch en . Possibly also th e worddown-kouse for a kitch en (West. and Cumb. D ial. )may be connected with O . N. alds-dannn

,smell offire.

Th e traveller in Norway cannot fail to note manyex pressions th e counterpart of th ose wh ich are inuse with us. Thus we say ofbutter that is Of twocolours that it is rondit, i.e ., marked in stripes, th e

Norwegian randzet. Th e husband at first declinedass isting us

,as h e was very traeng, (Oxonian in

Norway) — th is is precisely our t/zrang, i.e ., busy.

One of th e traces of Scandinavian inflections re

ferred to by G am ett is th e dropping ofa final d after

2 2 2 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

a liquid, as in grun for ground, fun forfound, &c.

Anoth er seems to be th e elision ofw in such words assoap for sweqfi (O. N. sopa) , sump for swamp (Dan.

,

Swed. sump ) , sooal for swivel, &c. A th ird may be

found in th e introduction ofa before a vowel, as intin for to, div for do, frau andfrea forfra (from) ,genuine descendants from th e Scandinavian fra,

still pronouncedfraa in Iceland”

(G arnett ) . Anoth er

ph onetic tendency in our dialect is th e change ofg

final into a orf. Thus Burgh, th e name ofa village,

is pronounced Bruff. And Barf, th e name ofa moun

tain, is, no doubt, properly Barg, Ang.-Sax . beorg, Old

Norse bjarg, Germ . berg, mountain. Atkinson com

pares th is tendency ofthe North ern dialects with th e

change wh ich has taken place in th e Scandinavian

tongues, e.-

g.,Old Dan. plo

‘

g, M od. Dan. plan, plough ,Suio-Goth . agn, M od. Dan. aan, Cumb. awn

, th e

beard of barley, Old Norse skogr, M od. Dan. skoo,

Cumb skaw,a wood, &c. A general relic of Scandi

navian influence th rough out th e North ern dialects is

to be found in th e change of long a, as in kame, rope,stone

, into long a or oi, as kame, razp, stone. Butth ere is, in Cumberland as in Yorksh ire, a notable

variation in th e pronunciation of th e words thus

formed with a long a. Thus, as well as stain, kame,

raip ,we have styan or steean

,kyem,

recap . Mr.

Atkinson Sh ows from Kok that th e same peculiarityis to be found at th e present day in th e dialect of

South Jutland, and that it is moreover to be found in

O ld Danish writings ofth e I sth century, e .-g. stien for


For th e time wh en men begin to take note of these

peculiarities is necessarily also th e time wh en th eybegin to pass away.

Th e apparently ungrammatical forms“I is

,

” “thouis,

are, as noted by Garnett, in exact accordance with

th e practice of th e Danes,th e verb substantive being

respectively inflected as follows

Th ere is h owever an irregularity to be noted inregard to th e th ird person plural, for th ough a Cum

brian never uses is with tkey, yet h e does so with any

noun. Thus h e would say,“Oats is varra dear a t

present,

” but in replying to th e same remark h e would

say“th ey are

,not th ey is .

”

So in th e future we say I’s go, Th ou’s go, or

Th ou’

st go,” We

’

s go,”for “I shall go,

” “Thou

shalt go,” “We shall go.

”Th e analogyofour dialect

seems rath er in favour of th e supposition D r. Guest,

Pkil. Soc., 2 , 2 2 7) that we have h ere a contraction ofth e North ern auxiliary sud

,

“I’

s go” being “I sud

go,” wh ich , indeed, is Often used as an alternative

expression.

A s certainly Scandinavian, Mr. Atkinson classes

th e following particles. Of th ese,two

,kelder and kine,

I have never met with in our dialect, though bine

n

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 2 2 5

is given as a Cumberland word by Ray, andOf a th ird,parlous, th e Scandinavian origin seems to me to be at

least doubtful .

A back, behind, in th e rear of. O . N. dbak.

A mell, be tween. 0 . N . cimi lli .

A m id, among. 0 . N. dmedal.

A t , to . O . N. at, apud, cum , quod attine t ad.

A n , than. 0 . N . an, SW. an.

A n, if. 0 . SW. een.

A t, that . O . N . at, SW. alt .

A t filer afterwards . N . a tafter , D. after at.Fra ,jrav, from . O . N . frei .

Fur, for. O . N .fir,jfyrir.

1, iv, in. O. N. 2.

Of; from (as a foal ofi'

yonmeear) . D . aft

Intil, intiv, into . SW. inti ll.

Till, tiv, to. O . N. ti l.

Wi , win, wi th. O . N . aid, D . ved.

H elder , rather, in preference . 0 . N . lzelldr.

Inoa, presently. D. i at nu.

Backlings, backwards. D. bagleengs .

Parlous , greatly, terribly. D.ferlic/z.

S ac, so . Sw. sa , D . saa .

S a ir, very, exce edingly. D . saare.

H ine, be off, awaywi th you. D . lzedan.

The peculiar North ern interjections a ! ek / Mr.

Atkinson goes on to say,“and th e adverbial forms in

sam,as wkat-som,

bow-sam (in wkatsomeuer, lcowsom

ever)— compare Dan. kaadsomlzelst, &c.— are almost

certainly Scandinavian, and so also are th e assentative

and negative particles ay, neya, (SW. nej, not to

mention oth er less obtrusive forms.

”

Th e objection wh ich has been raised that th ere is

no trace in th e North ern dialects ofwhat is at presentx


one ofth e most distinctive features ofth e Scandinavian

tongues, th e form of th e definite article,wh ich is uni

versally post-positive and coalesces with itsh as been dealt with by Mr. Atkinson. He sh owsth at th e definite article is not uniformly post-positive

,

and does not uniformily coalesce with its‘

noun — that

th e South Jutland dialect is at present in th is respect

an exception, and quotes M olbech a nd Grimm to

prove that in th e oldest Danish writings th is practice

does not exist, and th at it is in fac t “one of laterintroduction and originally unknown in th e North ern

speech .

I may also quote Prof. Steph ens (I ke OldlVort/zernRunic M onuments of Scandinavia and England) wh oobse rves that “th e post-artic le

,th e passive in s

, and

all oth er such provincial nostrums, were eith er unknownin Scandinavia A .D . 800—900 , or were only very slowlycreeping in.

”

Th e proportion of words in '

our dialect derived

from th e Norman-‘French I‘

make‘

out to be about

two and a h alf in the hundred, Wh ich correspondspretty nearly with th at as signed by Atkinson to th e

dialect Of Cleveland.

-Of th es e, some are characteris

tically found in th e terms relating to ‘

sp‘

orting, as dub,

to prepare a cock for figh ting,‘

foil, th e s cent ofa‘

hare

or fox , p ilay, a’ wh ite game~cock wi th s ome black

feath ers,kerrinskew'

or keronsew,th e h eron, & c. Some

articles offood, as frummety, kaggis, powsoddy,figsue,

‘

A s in th e name of th e Danish newspaper Dagbladet, th edaily shee t.


with th e root. Th e guttural sound ofgk, th e loss of

wh ich in English Mr. Earle (Ph ilology of th e EnglishTongue) attributes to French influence,was

“formerly,and even with in memory, observes Mr. Dickenson, afeature ofour dialect.

I have already (see ne) referred to our use ofa

special word as an assent to a negation. Wh ile as

a direct negative we use generally ncali or naa inassenting to a negation we use nee, wh eth er simply a

different pronunciation or not I am unable to expressan Opinion . Also to our use ofmin as a vocative ofman

,used only in familiarity, and generally with a

tinge of reproof or contempt. “Hoot, min ! th oukens nout aboot it. Halliwell gives th is also as a

Westmorland word, but its use is so general with us

that I am rath er surprised to find it apparently restrictedto th ese two counties.

Th e partiality ofour dialect for alliterative expres

sions,as kam-sam

,lzurdem-durdem

,kow-strow

,bay

-bay,

lzelter-skelter, kavey-skavey,

kapsky—raps/zy, &c.

,is notice

able— th e idea expressed in all th ese words being thatofconfusion or disorder.

Of old plurals we h ave, besides owsen, four, een,kye, snoan, and liansan, th e last not in general use , but

occurring in th e sense ofa range ofbuildings ckilder

also is sometimes h eard. And,as elsewh ere th rough

th e North ern dialect, we dispense with s as th e sign of

th e genitive. Thus,

“that’s Billy meear,”not B illy’s

meear, a peculiarity to be found in P. PI. and oth er

works ofNorthumbrian origin.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 2 2 9

Anoth er peculiarity wh ich our d ialect (with th e

exception, according to Dickenson, ofth e north -eastof th e county) has in common with oth er North ern

dialects,in th e contraction ofth e definite article into

t’

, as in I’

se t’rwose 0

’ Sharon and t’ lily o’t’ valleys .

”

Peacock indeed,comparing our

“at give t ’ baim

t’ breast” with th e corresponding Swed. at gifia

barnet brostet,has advanced th e th eory that our defi

nite article is not t’ but ’t, and that it is in fact th esam e as th e Dan. and Swed. et

, th e only difference

being that instead of being post-positive, as bam et,

brostet,it is pre-positive, et barn

,et breast. Th is

th eory h owever,th ough at first sigh t it migh t seem

plausible, Mr. Atkinson has sh own to be altogeth eruntenable.

In th e formation ofits preterites our dialect sh ows

considerable variations from th e standard language.

Thus we have see,seed sell

,sell ; come, cam creep,

crap bring, brong ; beat, bet ; spreed, spred, & c. Alsosplit, splat ; stick

,stark

, &c. So also in th e past participle we have get, gitten; come, cummen or cumt stand

,

stooden brest, brossen 3find,fand orfun, &c.

M uch as we are indebted to Prince Lucien Bonaparte for th edialectic investigations which h e h as se t on foo t , I cannot he lpthinking that th e subject se le cted for th e purpose , (th e Song of

So lomon) , is s ingularly ill-adap ted for th e purpose ofdrawing out

th e fine degrees ofdifference be tween cognate dialects. A s a poe ticalcomposition i t is removed from th e every-day ideas of th e p eop le ,and in most of th e versions i t wi ll be found that very many of th eexpressions , instead ofbe ing careful illustrat ions ofnice distinctions,are simp ly th e arbitrary renderings ofth e writer

’

s judgment .

2 30 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

Of words which we still retain in th eir original

sense, but wh ich have become changed in th e standard

language, are bounce in its original sense ofstriking (asa bansin cow) stop ,

in its original sense of stuffing or

cramming ; angry, in its original sense ofpainfiil ; sad,in its original sense ofh eavy 3 rid, in its original sense

of rooting out ; and plod (ploat) , in its original sense

ofwading or plunging th rough wet.

Mr. Davies has remarked (Races ofLancash ire)that th ere are ins tances in wh ich a clearer corres

pondence is to be traced with th e Sanscrit than with

th e languages more directly related. So also in th eScottish language. Take, for instance, th e wordcummer

,a young girl, ofwh ich no co-relative seem to

be found in th e languages immediately cognate (cum

mer,a gossip, being a different word) , but wh ich has

its exact correspondent in th e Sanscrit :kumari, of th e

same meaning. So also in Cumberlandwe h ave some

words, such as nous , wh ich in sense and in form are

nearer to th e Sanscrit than anyth ing we find in th e

languages immediately cognate . Such words seem

also to be toup and coup , which , as th e central points

in th eir respective groups, see p . 1 87, may put in a

claim to th e dignity of th e high est antiquity.

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