Snake Bite
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Transcript of Snake Bite
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SNAKE BITE
Pembimbing :dr. David Tambun, Sp.B
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Pendahuluan
• Luka gigitan ular : - bukan ular berbisa - ular berbisa : envenomation vs non envenomation (venerasi)• Insidensi : - USA : 8000/thn, 98% di ekstremitas, etiologi : 70% rattlesnake penyebab kematian - Indonesia : ?
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Jenis ular (Indonesia) :
• Trimeresurus albolaris (ular hijau) - bisa : hematotoksik• Ankistrodon rhodostoma ( ular tanah) - bisa : hematotoksik• Bungarus fasciatus (ular welang) - bisa : neurotoksik• Naya Sputatrix (ular sendok) - bisa : neurotoksik• Di Irian : jenis = di Australia
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Identifikasi ular :
Tdk berbisa berbisa
Kepala
Pupil
Segi empat , panjang
bulat
Segitiga
ellips
Gigi taring Kecil, dua deret gigi sub kaudal
Besar dirahang atas
Bekas gigitan
Luka halus berupa lengkungan
Dua luka utama akbt gigi taring
berbisa
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Tdk berbisa berbisa
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Bisa ular
• Polipeptida (enzimatik) : fosfolipase, hialuronidase, ATP-ase,
5-nukleotidase, kolinesterase, fosfomonoesterase, RNA-ase, DNA-ase
• Efek : neurotoksik, haemoragik, thrombogenik, hemolitik, sitotoksik, antifibrin, antikoagulan, kardiotoksik, gangguan vascular (merusak T.Intima)
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Gejala klinis :
Gigitan berbisa sangat nyeri dibanding tdk berbisa
Lokal ; edema, perlunakan jaringan, nyeri, nyeri tekan, vesikula hemoragik, bulla, petechiae, echymosis (dalam 30 mnt – 24 jam)
Sistemik ; hipotensi, lemah, berkeringat, menggigil, mual, muntah, nyeri kepala
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Gejala :
• Khusus :Hematotoksik : perdarahan ditempat gigitan, pulmonal, ginjal, jantung, peritoneum, gusi, otak, kulit (petechiae, ecchymosis), melena, hematemesis, haemoptoe, hematuriaNeurotoksik : hipertonik, fasikulasi, paresis (sekitar mulut) , paralisis pernafasan, ptosis, opthalmoplegia, paralisis otot laryngs, refleks abnormal, konvulsi, komaKardiotoksik : hipotensi, cardiac arrest, koma
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Derajat keparahan bisa ular = envenomation:Deraja
tVenera
siLuka Nyer
iOdema/eritema Sistemik
0 0 + +/- <3cm / 12 jam 0
I +/- + +/++ 3-12cm / 12jam 0
II + + +++ > 12-25cm / 12 jam
+ (Neurotoksik, mual, pusing,
syok)
III ++ + +++ >25 cm / 12 jam ++ ( Petechiae, syok, ekimosis)
IV +++ + +++ Ekstremitas / ipsi lateral tubuh
+++ (GGA, Koma,
perdarahan, kematian)
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Pemeriksaan penunjang
• Darah => rutin, ureum, kreatinin, elektrolit, gangguan koagulasi (=> BT memanjang , CT memanjang, PT, APTT, trombosit, ) D-dimer, tes faal hepar, blood typing, cross match
• Urinalisis => mungkin hematuria, glikosuria & proteinuria
• EKG (kerusakan cardiac muscle)• Thoraks foto ( edema paru )
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Pengelolaan • Tujuan : • Menghalangi / memperlambat absorbsi bisa• Menetralkan bisa ular yg sudah masuk dl sirkulasi• Mengatasi efek lokal dan sistemik• Terapi : Pertolongan I : ( 30 – 60 mnt I ) => menenangkan penderita, torniket => gigitan < 1 jam : insisi dan penghisapan => gigitan > 1 jam : eksisi slrh daerah gigitan
kutis – sub kutis ( Th/ medikal) Monitor tanda vital
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Pengelolaan• Terapi sistemik dan suportif :Immunoterapi : Serum Anti Bisa Ular (SABU) => ST - serum kuda yg dikebalkan , polivalen, dng isi : => 10 – 50 LD50 bisa Ankystrodon => 25 – 50 LD50 bisa Bungarus => 25 – 50 LD50 bisa Naya Sputatrix => fenol 0,25 % v/v - Teknik pemberian : 2-5 vial @ 5 ml iv dlm 500 cc
NaCl 0,9% atau Dextrose 5% gtt 40-80/mnt. Max : 100 ml
- Infiltrasi lokal pd luka tdk dianjurkan - Indikasi : - gejala venerasi sistemik - edema hebat pada luka
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Terapi sistemik dan suportif
• Pedoman terapi => sesuai keparahan penyakit Derajat 0 dan I SABU / antivenin tdk
diperlukan , nilai dlm 12 jam => derajat ↑, berikan SABU
Derajat II 3 – 4 vial SABU Derajat III 5 – 15 vial SABU Derajat IV : penambahan 6 – 8 vial dl 2 jam• Anak-anak => dosis lebih besar• Antivenin diberikan sampai gejala lokal & sistemik
membaik• Allergi => 1 vial SABU dl 250 ml Dx 5% dl 90 mnt
dng monitor EKG dan TD
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Terapi profilaksis :
• AB spektrum luas Kuman terbanyak : P. aeruginosa, Proteus
sp. , Clostridium sp., B. fragilis• Tetanus toxoid / TT 0,5 cc IM• Serum anti tetanus / ATS (sesuai indikasi)
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Terapi suportif :
• Gangguan pernapasan : oksigen , intubasi, trakheostomi
• Syok : cairan kristaloid atau tranfusi darah• GGA : dialisis• Sindroma kompartemen : fasiotomi• Gejala neurotoksik : neostigmin
(acethylcholinesterase) dng sulfas atropin• Perdarahan / koagulopati : tranfusi fresh whole
blood, vit K, fibrinogen, komponen darah