Post on 27-Apr-2023
C o n t e n t s
Introdu c t ion .
Need for Apprai sal
Arrangement of Data
Literatu r e Cit ed
App end ix. .
Tabl e 1 .
" For es t plant ing s in Hawa iiby g enera
,1 908 - 1 96 0 .
Tabl e 2 .
" Tr ee sp e c ie s p lanted in Hawa i iin number s gr eat er than 1 0 , 000 ,
1 9 08 - 1 96 0.
Tabl e 3 .
-For es t plant ing s in Hawa ii,by fam ily
,1 908 -1 96 0 .
TheAathor
m E . NELQN i s ch i e f o f th e S t a t ion's Hawai i Re sea rch Cent e r ,
headqua r t e red in Hono lu lu . He j o ined the Fo re s t Se rvi ce in 19413a f t e r ea rning a bache lo r ' s degr ee in fo re s t ry a t the Unive r s i ty o fCa l i fo rnia . In 1 946 h e be gan wo rking on the St a t ion
’s fo res t su rvey
o f_Ca l i fo rn ia; Th re e yea rs la t e r h e became f i e ld supe rvi so r of th e
St a t e Coope ra t ive So i l -vege t a t ion Su rvey , wh ich i s mappingclass i f ing upland so i ls and ve ge t a t ion in Cal i fo rnia . S i nce 1 957 .
h e has een in cha rge o f the St a t ion’
s Hawa i i o f f ice . Th i s un i t , incoope ra t ion wi th t he Hawa i i Fo res t ry Divi s ion , recent ly comple t edthe f i r s t su rvey o f the St a t e
’s fo res t r e sou rces .
Haw ai ian I s land s . Government agenc ie s , pr ivat e organi zat ions , and
many ind ividual s have engaged in som et im e s maj or effort s to br ingin us efu l sp ec ie s . Introdu c ing new sp e c ie s for for e s try purpo s e s b eganwell b efor e th e turn of the c entury and i s s t il l cont inu ing . Fol low -
upappra i sal of the adaptabil ity of introdu c ed tr ee s form s an important partof for e s try r e s ear ch .
Few are a s in th e world have so many introdu c ed plant s as the
The Hawaii For e stry Divis ion (and it s pr ed e c e s sor agenc ie s ) h aspr obably be en th e mos t ac t ive in tr e e introdu c t ion work . As ear ly as
1 8 87 Wa lker ( 1 887 ) r eported that”The Governm ent Plantat ion on the
hi l l s betw e en Makiki and Pauoa . now conta ins . about 2 0 0,000 tr e e s of
u s efu l sp e c ie s which have by s el ec t ion from a mu ch larger num berexper imented upon, be en cult ivat ed as amongs t tho s e found to flour i sh inthis c l imat e In 1 9 1 2
,Ralph S. Ho smer , Sup er intend ent of For
e s try,emphas iz ed : An important pha s e of for e s t work in Hawa i i i s th e
introdu c t ion into the Terr itory of exotic t r e e s of e conom ic importanc e .
Thi s i s a l ine of inv est igat ion that shou ld r e c eive mu ch gr eater attentionthan has be en given it in r ec ent year s" (Hawa ii Board of Comm is s ioner sof Agr iculture and For estry In the same r eport he d e s cr ibedsome exper im ental p lantings . Su ch tr e e introdu ct ion wor k has cont inu edover the year s; the Wa iak ea Arbor etum in Hilo inc lud e s the lat e st maj or
group of introdu c ed sp e c i e s (Ri chmond
Many but not all of the introdu c ed sp e c i e s have be en appra i s ed forfor e s try pu rpos e s . In 1 886 ,
Lubke r ( 1 886 ) wrote of Aca c ia d eal bata and
A . pycnantha : . al r eady it i s pla in , that there cannot b e any otherkind s of tr e e s
,which ar e better adapt ed to the s e i s land s for the pu rpo s e
of Arbor cultu re . Zschokke ( 1 93 0 ) r eview ed the adaptabil ity and u s eof s everal sp e c ie s , ma inly as w ind br eak s and for ero s ion control andfu elwood . Bryan ( 1 947 ) mad e a s ignificant contr ibut ion by rat ing th eadaptab il ity and u s e of mo st spe c ie s introdu c ed to th e Big Is land up to1 946 . Car l son and Bryan ( 1 9 59 ) provid ed d eta il ed informat ion about s everal impor tant t imb er sp e c ie s .
No su s ta ined efforts have been made to mainta in organiz ed r e cord sof all introdu ct ions throughout the I s land s . Nor h as an organi z edat tempt be en mad e to eva luat e th eir adaptabil ity on the many d iffer ents it es in Hawa ii . Among the many hundr ed s of introdu c t ions ar e pos s iblysome va luabl e s l eep er s . Sim ilar ly
,some potent ia l ly va luabl e sp e c i e s
th at cou ld and should b e brought in have,no doubt
,be en overlooked .
N e ed for A ppr a isa l
Plans fo r th e in itial For es t Survey in Hawa ii point ed out the needfo r a sys temat i c appra is a l of pa st fo re s t plant ings , to ga in ful l b enefitfrom p reviou s w ork and to gu id e futu re r e s ear ch l . Thi s appra i sal isnow und erw ay . Its obj e c t ive s ar e to comp il e organi z ed r e cord s of :
0 Wher e and when ea ch sp e c ie s w as planted and thenum ber p lanted .
0 Adapta bil ity of sp e c i e s as r elated to S i te fac tor s .
0 Su itab il ity o f tr e e spe c ie s for t imber produ c tion,
bas ed on growth ,form
,and wood qual ity .
The ov er -all purpo s e is to provid e a r efer enc e to a id in s el e c t ing
th e be st kind s of tre e s to grow for timb er produ c tion and other for es trypurpos e s on d iffer ent S i te s in Hawa ii . Underw ay is field appra isa l ofpa s t plant ings - the mos t important pha s e of th is work .
Preparatory to th e fie ld work , we comp il ed availab l e informat ionabout plant ings mad e by th e Hawaii Divis ion of For e stryz . We extrac tedand cod ed informat ion from thr e e sour c e s : (a ) Card r e cord s ma inta inedby the Haw a ii Div i s ion of For e stry from 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 54; (b ) monthly For e stryD iv is ion r eport s from 1 9 54 to 1 96 0;and (c ) annua l For e st ry D ivi s ionr eports befor e 1 9 1 7 . Reco rd s and r eport s ear l i er than 1 9 08 did noty ield information us eful for th is comp ilation . Although introdu c edspe c ie s have be en favor ed in th e plantings
,s evera l na tive sp e c i e s w er e
al s o plant ed and w e inc luded the s e in our c omp ilation . We inc lud edp lant s other than tree s too
,fo r as compl et e a r e c ord as pos s ibl e .
Other agenc ies and ind ividual s have r e cord s of tr e e plant ings,but
w e have not yet tapped thes e s our c e s .
Id ea l ly w e want ed ac cura te inform at ion on sp e c ie s id entity,lo ca
t ion of fie ld planting s , number of s e ed l ing s p lant ed,and dat e s of plant
ings . We re cogni z ed that the or ig ina l r e cord s contain om is s ions,error s
,
and dupl i cat ions . A s er iou s hand i cap is th e lack of informa t ion aboutp re c i s e l o cat ions of outplantings . Synonym s and error s in p lant nam ingar e troubl esom e . But the w ea lth of informat ion availabl e far outw eighsany probl em s of extrac t ion .
A rrang emen t of D a ta
The data o bta ined wer e transferr ed to punch card s from which twopr imary tabu lar l ist ing s have been comp i l ed to gu id e and fa c il ita te thea ctual sp ec ie s appraisa l work .
One l is ting beg ins w ith the sp e c i e s Abel ia ch inen s is,only two
gardner i, a shrubby tr e e p lant ed at 2 8 l o ca tions in 1 8 Fores t Re s erve s .
1Ne l son , Robe r t E . P lan fo r an in i t i a l su rve
yo f th e t imbe r re sou rce i n t he Te r r i t o ry
ao f Hawa i i . 1 9 58 . (Unpub l i sh ed r epo r t on f i l e a t c i f ic SW. Fo re s t Range Exp t . S t a . , U.
S . Fo r e s t Se rv . , Hono lu lu , Hawa i i . )2Mo s t o f t h e s t a f f o f t h e Fo r e s t Se rv i ce ’
s Fo re s t ry Re sea rch Cen t e r , Hawa i i , pa r t icipa t ed t o some d e g r e e i n comp i l ing th i s in fo rma t ion . Roge r G . Sko lmen and Rona ld M. Lanne rex t rac t ed and coded mo s t o f t h e r eco rded i n fo rma t ion .
Betwe en 1 9 2 8 and 1 94 1 a to ta l of 1 6,088 plants of A. gardner i w er e
planted . Thi s lis t end s w ith Z i zyphu s ju ju ba ,a sma l l tr e e; 5 1 plant s of
this sp e c i e s wer e s et out in only one lo cation on Oahu in 1 9 2 6 . Al l to ld,
near ly 1,1 00 sp e c ie s ar e l i st ed as plant ed from 1 9 08 to 1 96 0 . Of thi s
tota l,
about 800 ar e tr e e sp e c i e s; th e balanc e ar e shrub s , vine s , her bs ,ferns
,gra s s e s
,or palm s . This l is ting a l so shows 1 3 6 p lant ings mad e
,
involving near ly 2 7 ,0 00 plant s
,in which the sp e c i e s ar e not id ent ified .
Another arrangem ent of the data l ist s the plant ings in ea ch For estRes erve . It show s for examp l e
,that 5 5 tr ee sp e c ie s and 2 shru b sp e c i e s
have been plant ed in the Ka l epa Re s erve on the I sland of Kaua i . About4 8
,000 plants w er e s et out in all in th is Re s erve betwe en 1 944 and 1 9 58 .
Thi s l is ting a l so show s that 1,1 98
,000 plant s have been s et out in the
Honolu lu For e st R es erve .
From lim ited l it eratu r e r eview and fir s t hand know l edge,ea ch
l ist ed sp e c ie s h as be en tentat ively rat ed for probabl e s ilvical adaptability in Hawa ii and for
“
its u s e potentia l for wood produ ct s . Thes e pr el im inary "va lu e
"ra t ings
,a s w el l as information on lo cat ion and num ber
of tr ee s p lanted,p rovid e th e ba s i s for s cr e ening spe c ie s and s el e c t ing
plantings for field appra isa l .
We have gather ed thi s informat ion about the plant ing work of theFor estry Divi s ion pr imar ily to enab l e u s to eva lua t e and s e l e c t the be s ttr e e sp ecies for for e s try purpos e s in Hawa i i . As informat ion from fieldevaluat ions be c ome s ava ilabl e it w il l b e r eported . Meantim e th e informat ion alr eady comp il ed s erve s as a va luabl e r efe r enc e for inve stigator s and other s in r e s ear ch . Part of this organiz ed r eferenc e mat er ia li s s ummar iz ed in the app end ix that fol low s .
L it e r a tu r e C ite d
Bryan,L . W .
1 9 4 7 . Twenty — five year s of for e s try work on the is land of Hawa i i .Hawa ii an Planter s ' Record — 80
,il lu s .
Car l son, Norman K and Bryan,
‘ L . W .
1 9 5 9 . Hawaiian t imb er for the com ing generat ions . 1 1 2 pp . il lu s .
Hono lulu : Tru st ee s Bernic e P . Bishop E stat e .
Da l la Torr e,C . G . d e , and Harm s
,H .
1 90 0 Genera s iphonogamarum ad sy stema engler ianum cons c r ipta,
1 9 07 . 56 8 pp . L eip z ig : G . Engelman .
Hawaii Board of Commis s ioner s of Agr icultur e and Fore s try.1 9 1 2 . Report for the biennial p er iod end ing De c ember 3 1 , 1 9 1 2 .
pp . 7 3 - 7 6,Hono lulu
,Hawa i i .
Lubke r,F .
1 886 . The wattl e tr e e s . The Planter s ' Monthly (Hawa i i )2 2 9 - 2 30 .
Richmond,George B .
1 96 3 . Sp e c ie s tr ial s at the Wa iakea Arbor etum,Hilo
,Hawa i i . U . S .
Fore st Serv . Res . Pap er PSW — 4,Pac ifi c SW . For e s t Rang e
Expt . Sta . ,Berkel ey
, Ca l if . ,2 1 pp . ,
i l lu s .
Walker,Thoma s R .
1 88 7 . Report of comm itt e e on for e s try . The Planter s ' Monthly(Hawaii ) - 53 3 .
Zchokke ,Theodor e C .
1 9 3 0 . A manua l for tr e e plant ing in the Hawaiian I s land s . Univ .
Haw a ii Agr . Serv . Ext . Bul . 5,50 pp . ,
il lu s .
A pp e n d ix
No . o f No . Gr owt
Gene r ag/ Fami lyé/ spe c i e s : p l ant ed z f ormfi
Abe l i a ( L innae a )Abe r i a ( Donyal i s )Ab i e sAbu t i l onAc ac i aAca lyph aAcerAchrasAckama
Acoe lor r aph e
(Drymoph loeus )
AgaveAi l ant husA j ugaA lbi z i a (A lbi zz i a)A l e c t ryonA l eur i t e sA l l amandaA lnusA l ocasi aA lpini a
Aph e l andra Ac ant h ace aeAr a l i a Ar a l i aceaeSe e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab le .
Legumino saeD i l l eni ace aePa lmaeBombacace aeLe guminosaeRu t ace aeHippocas t anace aeZingiberace aeLeguminosaePinace ae
Gene r az/
Ca locarpum (Lucuma)Calodendr um
Ca l ophy l l umCalo t ropi s
Ca lpurni aCa lycophy l lumCame l l i a ( The a)Cananga (Canangi um)Canar iumCant h i um (Pl ect r oni a )
Car i caCar ludov i caCarya
Caryo t a
Cas imi roa
Cass i a
Cas t ane aCas t ano spe rmumCas t i l l a (Cas t i l l oa)Casuar ina
Ca t a lpaCav ani l l e s i a
Cec r opi aCe dr e l aCedrusCe iba
Ce l t i sCent ro l ob iumGeode s (Pi soni a )Cerat oni a
Ge r be r aCe r c i sCe s t rumCh aenome l e s (Cydoni a )Ch amae cypar i sCh amaedor e a
Ch amae f i s t ul a (Cass i a )Ch ar pen t i e r a
Ch i r ant hodendr onChor i s i a
Se e f oo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .
Tabl e 1 .-Fore st pl ant i ng s in Hawai i by genera z 1 908
-1 9601
zcont inued
No . o f No . Grow27Cane r eg/ Fami lyé/ spe c i e s p l ant ed z form
Chrysal i docarpus (HyOphorbe )Cibo t iumCinnamomumCipade ssa
Ci th arexy l umCi t ru l lusCi t rusCl adiumClaoxylon
Cl emat i s
Cl e rodendronCl usi aCoc co lobaCoch lospe rmumCocosCoe lococ cusCo f f e a
Co l ensoa (Prat i a)Co lubrinaCo lu t e a
Co lv i l l e a
Congea
Conocarpus (Leucadendr on)Copai f e r a
CoprosmaCordi aCordy l ineCornusCory lusCorynocarpus
Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t abl e .
Verbenace aeGu t t i feraePo lygonace aeCoch lospermaceaePa lmaePa lmaeRubi aceaeCampanu l ace aeRh amnace aeLegumi nosae
Da lber gi aDat ur aDegue l i a ( Derri s )Dendroca l amusDe smoncusDi e f f enbach i a
Euphori a (Neph e l ium)EuryaEu t e rpeFagr aea
Fe i j oa (Or t hos t emon)F i cusFi l i cium
Fi rmi anaFi t ch i a
F l indersi a
Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f table .
D i l l eni aceaeEbenaceaeLeguminosaeD ipt erocarpace aeSapindaceaeBi gnoni ace aeSt ercu l i aceaeVerbenaceaeMa l vace aeE l aeocarpaceae
Gene r a
Le gumi no sae T , S
Ma l vac eae 3 23 S
G r e v i l l e aG r ewi aGua i acumGuazumaGu i l i e lma ( Bac t r i s )Gynoca r di aHaema t oxy lonHake aHa rpu l l i aHede r a
Le cyt h i dace aeVi t ace ae
Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab l e .
_ 1 0 _
Zi ng ibe r aceaeCompo s i t ae
Eupho rb i ace aeMa l vace aeVe r benace aeDi pt e r ocarpace aeRh amnace aeF l acour t i ace aeLe guminosaePi t t o sporac eae
Gene r a ,Z/ Fami ly 2 / speci e s zpl ant e d : form _é/
Me l i coccaMe l och i aMe sembr i ant h emumMe t ase quo i aMe t r o s i de r o sMe z oneuron (Me z oneurum)Mi l l e t t i aMimosaMimu sopsMons t e r a
Mont ezuma ( Th e spe s i a )Mont r i ch ar di a
Mor i ndaMor ingaMorusMucunaMun t ingi aSe e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab le .
_ 1 1
1Tab l e l .
-Forest pl ant i ngs i n Hawai i by genera z1 908 - 1960 z
cont i nued
No . o f No . Growt hGenera Fami ly -é/ spe c i e s : p l ant ed : f orm .é/
Myopo rumMyr i c aMyr o spe rmum
My r oxy lonMyrs ineNeowawr ae a
Ne r iumNe so luma (Ch rysophy l lum)Nor onh i a
No t hoce s t rum
Osmant husOs t eome l e sFach i r a ( Bombax)Pahudi a
Pa l aqu iumPa l agea (Palov e a )PanaxPandanas
Par inar iumPassi f l or a
Scrophu l ar i aceaeRu t aceaeLeguminosaeLaur ace aeZi ngi berace aeSax i f r agace aeAr ace aePa lmaeL i l i aceaeRo sace ae
Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab l e .
- 1 2
Genera ._
Pi soni aPi st ac i aPi t he ce l lobiumPi t t osporumPl agi ant husPl anchone l l a ( Si deroxy lon)Pl at anusPl atymi sc iumPl eome le ( DracaenaPl ume r ia (Pl umi era
PodocarpusPo inc i ana ( De lonix)Po lyal t h i a
Po lygonumPome t i aPongami aPopu lusPosoque r i a
Po thos
Pri t chardi a
Prosopi s
PrunusPseudomorusPseudo t sugaPsi diumPt er alyxi a
Pt er ocarpusPt ychospermaPuni caPyracant h a (Co t oneas t er )
Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .
Gene r a.
RubusSaba lSa l ixSamame a (Pi t he ce l lobium)SambucusSandor i cum
Sant a lumSapindusSapi umSaraca
Saxi fragaScae vo l aSch e e l e a (A t t a l ea)Sch inusScho t i a
Sequo i aSe sbani aSi canaSi da
Si deroxy lon
S t r oph ant hu s Apocynace aeS t yph e l i a Epacr i dace aeSwi e t eni a Me l i ace aeSyncarpi a Myr t ace aeSyz i gium Myr t ace aeTabebu i a (Tacoma , Cyb i s t ax ) B i gnoni ace aeTabe rnaemont ana ApocynaceaeTamar indus Legumi no sae
Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e
- 1 4
1 908 - 1960l
Spec i e s Speci es
Aber i a gardneriAcac i a confusaAcac i a de currensAcac i a de currens v ar . de a lbat aAcac i a koa
Acac i a me l anoxy lonA lb i z i a lebbeko i des
Albi z i a mo luccana ( f a l ca t a)A l bi z i a mont anaA l eur i t e s mo luccana
A l nus nepa l ens i s Haemat oxylon campe ch i anum
Angophor a l anceo l at a He l iocarpus amer i canusAraucar i a cooki i Macadami a t e rni fo l i a
Araucar i a exce l sa Me l a l euca l eucadendronCasuar ina cunninghami a Me l i a azedarachCasuar i na e qui se t i fo l i a Morus ni graCasuarina g l auca Myoporum sandwi cense
Casuar ina mont ana Pe l t Ophorum. inerme
Casuar ina st ri c t a Perse a ameri canaCedre l a odor at a Pinus car ibaea
Ch amae cypar i s l awsoni ana Pinus e l l i o t t i iCrypt omer i a j aponi ca Pinus pat u l aCunningh ami a l anceo l at a Pinus pi nas t erCupre ssus ar i zoni ca Pi nus radi at aCupre ssus macr ocarpa Ps i dium l i t t or a l eEnt erol ob ium. cyclocarpum. Samamea (Pi t he ce l lob ium) samanEuca lypt us cama l du l ensi s Sant a l um a lbumEuca lypt us c i t r i odora Sequo i a semperv i rensEuc a lypt us de ane i Spa t hode a campanu l at aEuca lypt us mai dani Swi e t eni a mahagoni
i i
Plan t ings o f r eco rd by th e Hawa i i Divi s i on o f Fo re s t ry .
2Probably mos t ly E . robus ta .
3Probab ly mos t ly F . uhde i .
- 1 6
Euca lypt us st uar t i anaz/
Euca lypt us umbe l l at a ( t e re t i corni s )Eugeni a cuminiEugeni a j ambosFi cus macrophy l l aFi cus no t aF i cus rubi gi nosaFraxinus ameri canaFrax inus uhde i
Grev i l l e a robus t a
Syncarpi a h i l l i i
Syncarpi a l aur i fo l i aTaxodium di s t i chumTaxod iummucronat umTe rmi na l i a myr i ocarpaTh e spe si a popu lne aThuj a p l i cat aToona c i l i at a v ar . aus t ra l i sTrema ori ent a l i sTri s t ania conf ert a
Number ofFami l ygene ra pl ant ed
B ixaceaeCoch lospermaceaeF l acour t i aceaePassi f loraceaeCar i caceaeBegoni aceaeCac t ace aeThyme l aeaceaeLyt hrace aePuni cace ae
Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .
- 1 7
Euphorbi ace aeAnacar di aceaeCorynocarpace aeAqui fo l i ace aeCe l as t r ace aeAce r ace aeHippocas t anace aeSapindaceaeRh amnace aeVi t ace ae
El aeocarpace aeTi l i ace aeMa l vace aeBombacace aeS t e r cu l i ace aeDi l l eni aceaeOchnaceaeThe aceaeGu t t i f eraeDipt erocarpaceae
lTabl e 3 .
-Fore st pl ant ings i n Hawa i i by f ami ly 1 908 -19602, cont i nued
Number o f Number of
Fami lygenera pl ant ed gene ra pl ant ed
Goodeni aceaeComposi t ae
1Fami l ie s in o rde r acco rd ing t o t he Na t u ra l Sys t em o f Class i f ica t ion o f Eng l e r ( Da l laTo r re and Ha rms 1 900
2Plan t ings o f r eco rd by th e Hawa i i Divi s ion o f Fo re s t ry .
Addendum: Addi t i ona l pl an t i ngs of re cord t o suppl ement Tab l e 1
No . o f Growt hGene r a
Ch rysoba l anusCh rysophy l l umCinch onaHe l iocarpu s
He r i t i e r aHib i scade lphus
Mahoni a ( Be rbe r i s )Tamar ixTaxodiumTe c t onaTeph r os i a
Te rmina l i aWash ing t oni aWi ddr ingt oni a (Ca l l i t r i s )
- 1 8 GPO 9 70 -98 9
Lab i at aeSo l anaceaeScr ophu l ari ace aeB i gnoni ace aeAcant h aceaeMyopor ace aeRub i aceaeCapr i fo l i ace aeCucurb i t ace aeCampanu l ace ae
im er Harv est
in a 1 ornia, 19 2
Mu e r le and M . Ho r nibr ook
Pacific S outhw e st Fore st and Rang e
Expe r iment S tation B erk e ley , Californ ia
Fore st S e rv ice -U. S . D epa rtmen t of A g ricu ltu re
Fo rewo rd
In 1 96 3 ,the Pac ific Southw e st For e st and Range
Exp eriment Stat ion condu c ted a survey of 1 96 2 t imb er p rodu c t soutpu t in Ca l ifornia . Th is p ape r r eport s the r e sult s for pr imary wood p rodu ct s - roundwood log s and bo lt s .
Thi s kind of su rvey,
a part of th e na tionw id e For estSurvey
,is co ndu c ted about every five year s . The 1 947 su rv ey ,
cover ing 1 9 46 output,was the f ir s t in the s er i e s . Other surveys
we re made in 1 9 52 and 1 9 57 .
The informa t ion c oll e c t ed on t imb er produ ct s ou tput i scomb ined with informa t ion on wood s r e s id u e s to p rovid e an e s t ima te of tota l t imb er cut . Thi s
,in turn
,is analy z ed w ith data
on t imber inventory and growth in r evi ew ing th e Stat e and national t im ber out look . Sta t i s t i c s of t imb er p rodu c t s output p rovid einformat ion valuabl e to th e t imb er indu s try
,s tat e and county
planning comm i s s ions , e conom i s t s , fo re s ter s , and other s con
c e rned w ith th e form ation of for es try progr am s and pol i c ie s .
Many ind ividua l s and companie s of Ca l ifornia ' s t imb erindu stry contr ibu t ed informat ion for use in th i s r epor t . Theindu s try trad e as s o c iat ions gave th e i r support . Num erou sp e r s ons in th e Cal iforn ia Divi s ion of For e s try and on the Nat ional Fore s ts he lp ed to br ing th e Station ' s indu stry ma iling l is tsup to dat e . All of th is a s s is tanc e is grat efu l ly a cknow l edged .
Gra tefu l a cknow l edgem ent is a l so mad e to col l eagu es fo ras s is tan c e in num er ou s w ays;par t i cu lar me nt io n is du e W . Y .
Pong fo r mak ing the qu e s tionna ir e canva s s,to D . D . O swal d
for field co nta c t s,to R . C . Chapman for program ing computer
data pro c e s sing,to mem b er s of the Pa c ifi c Southw e s t Stat ion ' s
data pro c e s s ing s e c tion for key punching and pro c es s ing data,
and to J . D . Kas il e for ch ecking stat i s t i c s .
alifo rnia 's harves t of t imb er produ c t s 1 in 1 96 2 w as s e cond highe s t
in th e Unit ed Sta te s . This produ ct ion cons titut ed near ly 1 0 p ercentof th e tota l na tiona l cu t from growing s to ck . Only Or egon produ c es
mor e . Wa shington runs a c lo s e third .
Timb er i s cut in Ca l ifornia fo r many fore st product s,inc lu d ing saw
log s,p e el er logs
,pulpwood
,fenc e po st s
, gr ape stake s ,shingl e s
,shak es
,
cro s s ti e s,po l es
,p il ing
,pos t s
,m in e t imb er s
,char coa l
,and fu e lwood .
Although many timb er commod itie s ar e produ c ed , fo r many y ear s 9 8 p erc ent or mor e of the total t imber cut in th e Stat e has gone into sawlog and
p e el er log produ ction . Only 2 p er c ent go e s into all othe r produ c t s . Sinc e1 9 56 the proport ion of the total cut u s ed for p e el er logs has in crea s ed from7 . 6 to 1 3 . 1 p er c ent and sawlog produ c t ion h a s su ffer ed a co rr e spond ingde c line .
The timb er harves t,by produ c t s
,in 1 9 6 2 w as as fo l low s ( s e e a l s o
table 1,
app end ix )
Tim ber harve st
(MMB F ) (Per c ent )Produ ct
Sawlog sVenee r logs and bo lts
“
Spl it p rodu c t sFu elwoodPulpwoodPol e sShingl e and shake log s
and bol tsPil ingMine t im b er sRound po st s
Tota l
1 1 2 thousand boa rd f e e t , equ iva l en t .
Le s s th an pe rcen t .
Spe c ie s harve s t ed .
-Dougla s - f ir l ed all sp e c i e s in tota l ou tput - som e2 . 1 b il l ion board fe et w er e harves ted . Redwood and pond ero sa p ine ea chhad l e s s than hal f th e pr odu ct ion of Dougla s — fir and wer e c lo s e together ins e cond and third pla c e s
,r esp ec t ively . The s e w er e fo l lowed by tru e fir s
,
1Th e t e rms t imbe r ha r v e s t f ’ “
t imbe r cu t ,
" “t imbe r p roduc t ion , and t imbe r
produc t s ou tpu t a r e used synonymous ly in th i s r epo r t in re f e r r ing t o th e ne t vo lume o froundwood r emoved f rom th e fo r e s t fo r manu f ac tu r e o r use . Th e s e t e rms do no t includeinven t o ry vo lume le f t on th e g round as woods re s idue a f t e r logging , no r do t h ey r e f e r t o
th e p roduc t manu fac tu red f rom logs , i . e . , lumbe r .
fourth; and sugar p ine , fifth . The cu t of ha rdwoods is neg l ig ib l e,amount ing
to only 1 p er c ent of the tota l . The har v e s t,by sp e c ie s
,in 1 96 2 w as as
fo l low s (se e a l so tabl e 1,app end ix )
Tim b er ha rv es t
(MMB F ) (Per c ent )Spe c1 e s :
Douglas - f i r
Redw oodPond e ro s a and
J effr ey p in eTru e fir sSugar p ine 1
Oth er softwood sHardwood sUnd i str ibut edz
Tota l
Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .
Es t ima t e fo r non r epo r t i ng ope ra t o r s p lu s vo lume s r epo r t edwi t hou t spec i e s b re akdown .
Where tim ber w a s cu t .
" Ca l ifornia ' s t imb er indu stry is concen
tr at ed in th e northe rn par t of the Stat e . In 1 96 2 sou thern Ca l ifo rn i ao
count ed for only s ix — tenth s of 1 p er c ent of th e t im ber harve st . Sou thernCa l ifo rn ia in th is ca s e is cons id er ed to inc lud e all count i e s south of theea st —we s t l ine fo rm ed by th e nor the rn boundar ie s of San Lu i s Obispo
,
Kern,and San Bernard ino count i e s .
Cou ntie s in th e redw ood bel t togethe r p rodu c ed 4 4 pe r c ent of th eStat e ' s to ta l cut . Thr ee of the highe s t -p rodu c ing fi v e count ie s wer e fromth is reg ion . Hum bo ldt County l ed all other s w ith 2 5 p er c ent of the tota lt imb er harve s t . In 1 9 6 2
,count ie s ranked a s fol low s in t im ber produ ct ion
(s e e a l so tabl e 2,
app end ix ) :
T im be r harves t
(MMB F ) (Per c ent )
Inc lude s vo lume o f a l l p roduc t s fo r wh i ch coun ty o f o r i ginwas no t r epo r t ed and e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t ing ope ra t o r s .
Timbe r Pro ducts Output
Saw log s and p e el er logs in par t i cu lar d e s e rve d eta il ed att entionbe c aus e they compo s e so l arge a shar e (8 5 and 1 3 p e r c ent
,re sp e c tive ly ) o f
to ta l t imb e r produc t s output . Add it iona l d eta i l s ar e a l s o g iven for othe rprodu c t s . The app end ix in th i s r epor t pro v id e s informa tion on surv ey pr oce dur e s and in c lud es tabl e s 1 to 1 8 .
SawlogsDur ing 1 9 6 2
,the Cal iforni a har v es t of s awl og s am ounted to near ly
4 . 8 b i l l ion boa rd fe et — 8 5 . 3 p e r c ent of th e total output of roundwood .
Doug las - fi r,the favor ed sp e c ies
,a c c ount ed for 3 2 . 2 p er c ent of s awlog
vo lum e . Other sp e cie s of m aj or impor tance'
to the sawm il l indu s try wer epondero s a and J e ffr ey p ine
,r edwood
,tru e fir s
,and whit e p ine s . Thes e
spe c i es along w ith Dougla s — fir tog eth er a c count ed for near ly 9 4 p er c ent ofth e volum e cu t . Ha rdwoods wer e rar e ly cut for sawlog s and th en only forsp e c ia lty m i ll s in one par t of th e Sta te . Onl 'y one - tenth of 1 p er c ent ofsawlog volum e c am e from ha rdwood sp e c i e s . Saw log produ c t ion in 1 9 6 2
,
by sp e c ies group,w as as fo l low s (s e e al so tabl e 3
,app end ix )
Sawlog produ c t ion
(MMB F ) (Per c ent of r eport ed vo lum e )
Sp e c ie s group :
Dougla s - fir
Redw oodPond eros a and
J effr eyp ine
Tru e f i r sSugar p ineWe st ern hem lo ckSitka sp ru c eOther softwood sHardwood s
2
To ta l,r eporting
op erator s 4,6 1 9 1 00 . 0
Es timat e for nonr eport ing op er ~
ator s
Total
Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .
Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p ine .
Number and Siz e of MillsMos t of Ca lifornia ' s s awlog outpu t w a s del iver ed to Ca l ifornia
m ill s . Only 2 . 7 per c ent of th e harve s ted volum e w as exporte d (tabl e4
,app end ix ) . Mos t of the exported logs w ent to m il l s in southern
Oregon and Nevada . Som e w ent to th e Or ient .
In 1 96 2 , th er e wer e 2 9 7 known a c tive s awm il l s in Ca l iforniaand 6 4 m il l s in op erabl e c ond ition but known to be id l e . For ea s e of
compar i son,a ct ive m i l l s w e r e gro up ed a c cord ing to vo lum e of s awlog s
r e c e i v ed . The indu s try ' s la rg e s t m il l s - that is,tho s e w ith annua l
r e c e ipt s ex c e ed ing 2 5 m il l ion board f e et —a c counted for 59 p e r c ent o f the
tota l s awlog r ec e ipt s in th e Stat e . Only 2 1 p er c ent of th e r eport ing m il lswere in this s iz e - c la s s . On the othe r end of the s ca l e
,1 2 p er c ent of Ca l i
fo r nia ‘s sawm i ll s h ad log r e c e ipt s of 1 m i l l ion boa rd fe et or l e s s du r ing
1 9 6 2 .Mill s in this s iz e — c la s s r e c eiv ed a me r e 0 . 2 p er c ent of the tota l .
Si z e of m il l s in 1 96 2 w as as fol low s (s e e a l so tab l e 5,app end ix )
Mil l s
(Per c ent of
M1 1 1 1
(Number ) r eported vo lum e )1 S i z e -
c as s :
2 5 MMB F or m or e1 5 to 2 4 . 9 MMB F1 0 to 1 4 . 9 MMB F5 to 9 . 9 MMB F1 to 4 . 9 MMB FLes s than 1 MMB F
Tota l,r ep orting
m il l s 1 0 0 . 0
Noh r epo r t ing mills2
Tota l
Ra t ed by 19 62 log re ce ip t s .
Rece ip t s by t h e ind i vidua l non r epo r t ing mi l l s i s unknown .
Sawlog P roduction, by Counties
Sawlog s w er e p rodu c ed in 4 0 o f Ca l ifornia ' s 58 co unt i e s in 1 9 6 2 ,
bu t 6 9 p er c ent of the cutt ing w as c onc entrat ed in e ight counti e s of nor the rn Ca l iforn ia . Th e 1 0 l ead ing co unti e s ar e ranked be low ac cording tosawlog output . Hum bo ldt County
,as for many y ear s
,l ead s all oth er s
w ith 2 2 . 1 p er c ent of the tota l sawlog produ c t ion .
(Per c ent of(MMB F ) r eport ed vo lum e )
and County
Hum boldtMendoc inoSha staSiskiyou
TrinityPluma sD e l Nort eEl DoradoLa s s enTehama
All oth er s
Tota l,r eport ing
op er ator s 4,6 1 9 1 00 . 0
Est ima t e for nonr eport ing op erato r s
Tota l,sawlog
produ c t ion 4,7 52
Sawlog Receipts,by Counties
The e ight count i e s hav ing th e gr eat e st s awlog produ c t ion w er e a l sotho s e W i th th e larg es t sawlog r e c e ip t s . The i r tota l sawlog r ec e ipt s at m il l samounted to 6 9 p er c ent of Ca l iforn ia ’s tota l . Hum bo ldt County logg ed 2 2 . 1
p er c ent and r ec eived p er c ent of the tota l r eport ed sawlog c ut in Ca l ifor nia . Ranking of countie s in 1 96 2 w a s a s fol low s (s e e a lso tabl e 6
,app en
Rank and County '
1 Hum bo ldtM e ndo c inoSi skiyou
Sha staPluma sGl enn - Teham a
Tr inityDel Nort eEl DoradoNapa - Sonom a
All oth er sTota l repor ting m il l sEs timate for non - reporting m i l l s
Tota l Ca l iforn ia m il l s 2
Export ed sawlog sTota l sawlog produ c tion
1
O
QO
CO
Q
CD
Cfi
Hb-
CO
N
1H
Comb ined t o avo id di sc lo su r e o f ind ividua lDoe s no t include impo r t s .
For tho s e count ie s p laying a sma l l e r part in th e lumb er indu s try ofCa l ifo rnia , th e var ia tion b etw een log harv e st and m il l r e ce ip ts w as m or eir r egu lar . Som e countie s bord er ing th e comm er c ia l for e s t zone s export edthe ir enti r e cut to count ie s having opera ting m il l s .
Sawlog Production from Dead T imberSl ight ly m or e than 4 p er c ent of the s awlogs produ ce d c am e from dead
t imb er;pond e ros a and Jeffr ey p ine l e d all sp e c i e s (se e a l so tabl e 7,
app end ix )
Tota l saw Tota l sawDead t im ber log produ c Dead timber log pr oduc
(MB F )(Per
(Per c ent ) (MB F )(Per
(Per c ent )S
c ent ) c ent )p e c 1 e sDou la s fir 3 3
,3 50 1 6 . 4
Pon ero sa 6 9 6 0 . 3 (2 )! Jeffr ey 0 0 . 0
p ine 7 6,84 6 37 . 7
RedwoodTru e fir s l 46
,54 7 0
Sugarw e st ern Tota l 2 0 3
,9 6 7 100 . 0
whit e pine 2 2,9 94 1 1 . 3 5
Include s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .
Le ss than pe rcen t .
Saw lo r e c e ip t s(MMB F ) (Per c ent o f
r epor ted vo lum e )
2 2 .
1 3 .
Nr-P
N
OO
OO
C/O
i-P
OT
OC
CO
O
i
1 0 0 .
Veneer Logs and Bolts
Dur ing 1 9 6 2,7 28 m il l ion boa rd fee t of p e el er log s w er e harv es ted
from Cal iforn ia ' s fore s t land s . Thi s w a s 1 3 p er c ent of th e tota l ha rve st ofroundw ood in Ca l ifo rnia dur ing tha t y ear . Mo st of this p e e le r log volum ew ent to Cal iforn i a p lywood and veneer p lant s for manufa c tur ing . Only 1 6
m il l ion board fe et o f p e el e r log s w er e sh ipp ed out of th e Stat e .
Peeler Log Production,by Species
Pee l er log p rodu c t ion w as mo r e than 3 6 p er c ent higher in 1 96 2 thanin 1 9 56 . Doug la s — f ir w as th e pr edom inant spe c ie s cu t for yene er log s in1 9 6 2
,a c counting fo r more than 87 p er c ent of the 7 2 8 m il l ion bo ard feet of
tota l produ ct ion . Tru e f ir s w er e s e c ond wi th near ly 8 p er c ent,
and var iou soth er softwood and hardwood sp ec ie s mad e up the r ema ining 5 per c ent .
Pee l er log produ ct ion,by sp e c ie s
,in 1 96 2 w as as fo l low s (s e e a l s o tabl e
8,
app end ix ) :
Pee l er log produ c t ion
Speme s :(MB F ) (Per c ent )
Dougla s - fir 6 37,6 0 7
Tru e f ir sl 56 , 2 0 3
Pond ero s a and
J effr ey p ineRedwoodSugar p ineSitka sp ru c eWes tern h em lo ckOther so ftwood sHardwood s
Tota l
Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .
Le s s t han pe rcen t .
Peeler Log Production,by Counties
Hum bo ldt County l ed all Cal ifo rnia count ie s in the produc tion of
p ee l e r logs,
a c counting for 4 9 pe r c ent of th e tota l vo lum e . Del Nor tew as s e c ond
,wi th 1 4 p er c ent;Siskiyou ,
th ird;and Mendoc ino,fourth .
Tw elve other count i e s p rodu c ed th e r em aind er :
Pee l er log p rodu c t ion
(MMB F ) (Per c ent )County
Hum bo ldtDel No rteSiskiyou
Mendo cino Sonoma
Santa Cru z-
1
Al l oth er 5
Tota l2
Combined t o avo i d di sc losu re p lan t s .
Inc lude s e xpo r t s .
Peeler Log Production from Dead T imberPee le r log s w er e produ c ed a lm o st ent ir ely from gr een t imb er in
1 9 6 2 . Dead t imb er ac count ed for only nine - tenth s of 1 p er c ent of th e Sta t e ' sto ta l p ee le r log cu t . The p eel er log s harve s t ed from d ead t im ber c am e
ent i r ely from thr e e co unt ie s : Humboldt,Del Nort e
,and Tr in i ty . More
p e el er log s w er e produ c ed from d ead Dougla s - f i r (9 7 p er c ent ) than from all
othe r sp e 0 1 es of d ead t im ber (s e e a l s o table 1 1,
app end ix )
Dead t im ber
(MB F ) (Per c ent )Sp e c i e sDougla s - fir 6
,6 8 1 9 7 . 4
Pond ero sa and
J effr eypine
Tru e f ir sSugar p ine2
Other softwood s
2 Tota l
Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .
Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p i ne .
Pulp Logs and Wood Fib er Mate rialsCompar ed w ith th e lum b er , plyw ood ,
and v ene er indu s try,th e
t im ber harve s t fo r r ound pulpwood i s v ery sma l l - l es s than one- ha lf of
1 p er c ent of th e tota l t imb er har v e st . Ca l i fo rnia had 1 1 p lants that u s edr aw wood as a fi ber pr oducmg ma t er i a l dur ing 1 9 6 2 (tabl e 1 2 ,
app end ix ) .
Thes e inc l ud ed tw o pulp m i l l s,
one har d bo ard plant,four pa r t i c l e board
plant s,
and four roof ing fe lt and floo r c o v er ing plant s . Th e wood r e
qu ir em ent s of the s e plants w er e supp l i ed a lm o st ent i r ely fr om r e s idu e sob ta ined from sawm i l l s
,v ene er and plyw ood p lant s
,and r emanufa c tur ing
pl ant s .
The equ i v a l ent of 56 7 . 5 thou sand un i t s 2 o f pu lpw ood,pu lp ch ip
,
and oth er w ood r e 5 1due s w er e d e l iver ed to Ca l iforni a ' s f ib er and boa rdp lant s in 1 9 6 2 . Th i s vo lume r epre s ented a 2 7 p e r c ent incr ea s e S inc e
Raw Materials ReceivedPulp ch ip s dom ina ted th e r aw ma t er ia l s r e c e iv ed a t p lant s du r i ng
1 9 6 2,
a c count ing fo r near ly 8 5 p er c ent o f a ll d el iv er ie s ro und pulpwoo dmad e up l e s s than one
- t enth o f th e to ta l . The ba lanc e of r e c e ip t s w as in
v eneer core s ,saw du s t
,wood shavmgs ,
and w o od flour .
Species Rece ivedThe Spe c 1 € S compo s it ion of c h ip s
,m i l l end s
,shavmgs ,
s aw du st,
and wood flou r i s usua l ly an ind e t e rm inat e m ix tur e of s evera l sp e c ie s .
Be c au se of its da r k c o lor,r edwood l s u sua l ly k ep t s ep arat e from th e
w hitew ood spe c i e s . Softw ood r e c e ip ts pr edom ina ted . In 1 96 2 abou t 8 6
per c ent of th e r aw w oody m ater ial s r e c e i v ed a t Cal i fo rn ia plant s w er e of
so ftwood spe c i es . Eu c a lyptu s mad e up 8 1 p er c en t of th e hardw ood r ec e ipts ,and c ottonw ood and m i s c e l laneou s hardw ood th e r ema ind er .
2A un i t pound s bone - d ry we i gh t .
0
3May , R . H. Wood r ece i p t s by f i be r and boa rd plan t s i n Ca l i fo rn i a , 1 9 56 . U. S .
Fo r e s t Se rvCa l i f . Fo re s t Range Exp t . S t a . Fo r e s t Su rvey Re l eas e 29 , 3 pp . 1 957 .
Poles ,P iling, and Mine T imb ers
About 2,8 1 8
,0 00 cubi c f eet of t imb e r wer e harv es ted for pol es
,
p il ing,
and m ine timber s in Ca l ifornia in 1 9 6 2 . Most of thi s harve s t cam efrom young sawt imb er b e cau s e of its d es irabl e S i z e . Thi s vo lum e is equ ivalent to about 1 3
,1 9 2
,0 00 bo ard fe et (Internat l . — in ch log ru l e ) in th is
s i z e of timb e r . Po l es a c counted for 74 p er c ent of th is volum e,p il ing 1 6
p er c ent,and round and hewn m ine t im ber s for 1 0 p er c ent .
Tw o- th irds of th e tota l volum e w a s Dougla s - fir
,near ly one - third
w as pondero sa p ine,othe r conifer s l e s s than 1 p e r c ent
,and eu ca lyptu s
sl ightly mor e than 1 p er c ent .
Tr inity County l ead all oth er s in volume of pol es and p il ing pr oduced w ith nearly 2 1 p er c ent of the tota l . Mendo c ino and Sha s ta Count i est i ed with 1 8 p er c ent ea ch
,and Nevada County produ c ed 1 7 p er c ent . The s e
four cou ntie s a c counted fo r 7 4 p er c ent of th e tota l r epor ted produ ct ion(tabl e 1 3 ,
app end ix ) .
Produ c t ion of round,h ewn
,and sp l it mine tim be r s in 1 9 6 2 w as
e s timat ed to b e 2 7 9,00 0 cu b i c f e et or the equ iva l ent of abou t 1
,3 3 9
,000
bo ard fe et (Interna t l . - inch log ru l e ) . Mos t of’
th l s vo lum e w a s pr o
du ced from co nif er sp e c ie s . Produc tion of m ine t im ber s from hardw ood sw as r eported only from south ern Cal i fornia .
Pol e and pil ing produ c t ion in 1 96 2 w a s l e s s than 1 9 56 produ c tio n by5 1 p erc ent and 4 4 pe r cent, r e spe ctiv e ly . On the other hand
,m ine t imb er
produ ct ion w as e st ima ted to be 6 4 p er c ent h igher than in 1 9 56 .
Split P roducts
About 3,0 3 0
,00 0 cub i c fe et of t imb er
,equ iva l ent to about 24
,84 4
,000
board fe et (Int erna tl . l /4 -1nch log rul e ) , wer e harve s t ed a s spl i t produ c t s
in 1 96 2 (tabl e 1 4 ,app end ix ) . Th i s is only sl ightly gr ea ter than the 1 9 56
produ ct ion . The s e hand — sp l i t commodities c on s i s t l argely of fenc e pos tsand rail s
,grap e stake s and cro s s —
arm s,bean po l e s
,shake s
,and f enc e
pa l ing and p icket s .
Most sp l i t p rodu ct s - 96 p er c ent of Ca liforn ia ' s produ c t ion in 1 96 2
ar e mad e from c oa s t r edwood b ec aus e o f i t s du rab il ity,ea s e of sp l it ting ,
and availab il ity in comme r c ia l timber s tand s . Inc ens e - c edar provided2 p er c ent of the Stat e ' s produ ct ion in 1 96 2 ,
g iant s equo i a 1 p er c ent,and the
r ema ining 1 p er c ent w as ma d e up of we st ern r ed c edar ,sugar p ine
,and
m is c el laneou s softw ood s . About 2 8 p er c ent of the tota l p rodu ct ion cam efrom de ad
,W indfa ll en
,and sa lvage tim ber .
N inety - thre e p er c ent of th e 1 9 6 2 produ ct ion came from fiv e'
r ed
w ood r eg ion c oun t i e s (tabl e 1 5 , app end ix ) . Hum bold t County l e d W i th4 1 p er c ent
,Mendo c ino 2 4 p er c ent
,Del Nor te 1 5 p er c ent
,Sonoma 9 p er
c ent,
and Monter ey 4 p e r c ent . The rema i n ing 7 p er c ent w as produ cedin 1 5 other count ie s .
Thr e e commod i t i e s m ad e up 84 p er c ent of tota l produc tion . Grapes takes l e d w ith 4 3 p er c ent
,f en c e pa ling 2 3 p er c ent
,fenc e po s ts 1 8 p er
c ent . Th e r ema i ning 1 6 p er c ent w as ma de up of nine other m inor pr odu c t s ;
Sh ingle and Sawed Shake Logs and BoltsTh i s c at egory inc lude s l og s and bolt s har v e s t ed for th e manufa c tu r e
of sh ingl e s and s aw ed shak e s (sp l it one s ide,s awed on th e other ) . In 1 96 2
,
th e indu s try harve s ted 2 ,4 6 4
,000 boar d fe et of this ma t er ia l in Cal ifornia
(tabl e 1 6 ,app end ix ) . Wh en manufa c tur ed into p rodu c t s th i s v olum e of t im
be r w ou ld y i e ld about 2 5,8 7 0 sq uar e s of sh ingl e s and sawed shakes . Th is
vo lum e is enough to roof" abou t 1,7 2 5 a v erage S i z e hou s e s .
Hum boldt Coun ty w as th e l ead ing produ c er —a c count ing for 7 6 per
c ent of th e t im ber har v e s t ed for th e s e p rodu c ts . Tu lar e w a s s e co nd w ith1 1 p er c ent . The rem a ining 1 3 p er c ent w as r epor t ed from f ive o the rc ount i es : Del No rte and Mendo c ino on th e c oa s t and Fr esno , Pla c er ,
and
Tehama inland .
Mor e c oa st r edwood w as cut than any oth er; i t ac c ount ed fo r m orethan 8 0 per c ent o f th e tota l har v e s t . Giant s equo i a
,mos tly fr om w ind
fa l l s,mad e up 1 1 p erc ent . Sugar p ine ,
inc ens e - c edar ,and w est ern r ed
c edar ma d e up th e ba lanc e . More than ha lf ( 52 p er c ent ) of th e tota l harvestw as r eport ed to ha v e c om e from d ead t im ber . Tota l produc t ion from d eadmat e r ia l probably w a s som ew hat h igher be c au s e th e sou r c e of near ly 4 p erc ent of tota l p rodu c t ion w as no t r eport ed .
T im be r har v es ted fo r s awed shak e s and Shingl e s is on the d e c l ine .
The 1 96 2 cut w as 3 6 per c ent be low 1 9 56 produ c t ion . The numb er of a c tivem i ll s w as dow n from 2 6 in 1 9 56 to 1 5 in 1 96 2
,a 4 2 -p er c ent d rop .
FuelwoodFuelwood co ns ist s of f i r ew ood and char coa l w ood . It come s from
tw o sou r c e s : roundw ood and p la nt r e s idu es .
Som e 2 0,4 1 4 co rd s of hardw ood s w er e cut dur ing 1 96 2 for ch ar coa l
produc tion (tabl e 1 7 ,app end ix ) . Of th e know n Sp e c i es tha t w er e cu t
,the
oaks l e d all othe r spe c i e s W i th 9 3 p er c ent of th e r epor ted vo lum e . Theba lanc e w a s c ompo s ed larg ely o f madrone and Ca l i fo rnia lau r el (p epp erw ood ) . Info rm at ion on sp e c i es w as l im it ed
,no sp e c ie s da ta be i ng r eported
fo r 5 8 p er c ent of th e to ta l cut . More than 8 0 p er c ent of th e t im ber cut forcoal ing w a s in th ree co a s ta l c ou nt i e s : Hum boldt , San Ben i to and San Lui sObispo . The r em a in ing p rodu c t ion w a s c enter ed on th e wes t S id e of th ec entr a l Sierra Nevada .
F ir ew ood produ c ed in th e round w as e s t ima ted at S l ight ly mor ethan 5 2 ,
00 0 cord s . The equ ival ent of an addit iona l 2,1 8 3
,0 00 co rd s of
p lant r e s idu es (larg ely from sawm i ll s and p ee l er p lant s ) wer e us ed bothfo r dom e st ic and indus tr i a l fu el and a sma l l amount w as p roc e s s ed intocha r coaL
Roundposts
Indus tr i a l pr odu c t ion of r oundpo sts w as a lmos t negl ig i bl e in 1 96 2
(tabl e 1 8,
app end ix ) . A tota l har v e s t of 1 0,000 cu b i c fe et (equ iva l ent to
about 1 1 2 ,0 00 bo ard fe et in this s iz e mat er i a l ) w as r epor ted . Approx 1
m ate ly ha l f of th is w as produ c ed in Amador County . Mo s t of th e produ ct ion w as from softw ood sp e c i e s . The s e data w e r e o bta ined from concen
tr at i on yard s and pr e s er v ativ e p lant s and pu bl i c r e cord s . But no att emptw as mad e to d et erm ine th e volum e of po st s cut
,larg ely from noncomm e r
c1 a l sp e c i e s,on farm s and ranche s fo r the ir ow n us e .
1 0
Appe n d ix
Survey P rocedure
A ma i ling l is t of a ll known a ct ive m il ls,p lant s
,co nc entration
yard s,t im ber oper ato r s ,
and pro c e s sor s w a s comp il ed in coop era tion w ithth e Ca l ifornia Divis ion Of For es try
,Nat iona l For e st Sup ervi s or s
,indu s try
trade a s so c ia tions,U . S . Bureau of M ine s
,lo ca l por t author it ie s
,and
county a s s e s s or s .
Qu estionnair es wer e mail ed to sawm i l l s,and vene er and plywood
p lant s;pulp ,hard and par t i c l e board
,and r oof ing fel t p lants;po s t , pol e, and
p il ing p ro c es s or s; Shingl e and S hake m i l l s,und erground m ine s; Spl it
pr oduc t s op erator s and con c ent ra tion yard s; r e s id ent and nonr es id ent(out - of — s tat e ) export er s Of log s;and ex c el s ior produ c er s .
The qu es t ionna ir e s were d e s igned to o bta in informa tion on th evo lum e of roundwood harve st ed
,g iv ing br eakdowns by ind iv idua l m i l l s and
p lant s,
and Show ing Sp e c ies r e c e ived,by p rodu c t typ e (sawlog ,
p ee l er log,
sh ingl e bol t,et c . county of or igin and c ounty of r e c e ipt
,l iv e and d ead
m ate r ia l,
and vo lum e Obtained from ea ch Of four owner ship cl as s e s . Infor
mat ion w as al so r equ e s ted on produ ct ion,u s e or r ec e ip t s of p lant r e s idu e s
,
by r e s idu e typ e,o r bo th .
Se c ond,and in som e cas e s
,th ird ma il r equ e s t s w er e s ent to oper
ator s who fail ed to r ep ly to ear l ier r equ e s ts . Ma il r ep l ie s w er e r ec e ivedfrom four - fi fths of the a c t ive t imber operator s . In indu s tr ie s w ith onlya few Op erato r s
,su c h as vene er - p lywood;pu lp ,
p art ic l e board and f i b er,
et c . all nonr eplying op era to r s wer e vis it ed to g et a 1 0 0—p er c ent r eturn .
A random sampl e of nonr eplying Op era to r s w a s s e l e c ted for ea ch indus tryfo r which comp l e te coverag e w a s not obta ined (e . g . sawm i l l s
,nonr e s i
dent log export er s,
and Sp l it produ c t s ) to p rovide a va l id s tat i s t i c a l e st ima te for th i s group . Samp l e Op erator s w er e then vis ited by the enum e r
a tor to obta in the de s ir ed informat ion .
Informa tion on t im ber cu t fo r po s ts,po l e s
,p il ing
,and Sp l it
pr oduc t s w as O bta ined largely from conc entration ya rd s,pro c e s s ing
and p r e s erva t ive p lant s b ecau s e of the la rge num ber of ind ividua l Op er ato r s and th e rap id changeov er of p eop l e engag ed in the indu stry . T imbervo lum e s w er e r eport ed in lo ca l u s e log ru l e s and other units of m eas ur eand w er e conv er ted to Int ernationa l - inch log rul e and to cu bic — footequ ival ent s as a common r epor ting ba s e .
L is t ed be low ar e the num ber of a ct iv e Op erato r s in ea ch indu stryin 1 9 6 2
,th e num ber of r ep l i e s r e c eived
,th e numb er of fie ld conta c t s , and
the numb er of Op erator s who s e r e c e ip t s or p rodu c t ion w as e s tima ted bysamp ling :
1 1
Know nac tiv e Rep l i e s
operato r s
Indu s try :Sawmil l sVen e e r p lyw oodPos t
,pol e p il ing
Spl i t p rodu c tsSaw ed Shak e sh ingl e sPu lp
,par t i c l e hard
board fi b erL og expor te r s :Re s id ent 7
Non re s id ent 2 3
Underground m ine s 1 4 5
Tota l 6 1 9
1Mi ne s o f t ons o f o r e produc t i on and g r e a t e r in 196 2 .
S tatistical AccuracyIn va ry ing d egr e es
,all data in th i s r epor t ar e subJ e ct to pos s i bl e
er ror s . Erro rs could have b een introdu c ed through m is takes in mea su r ing ,
tabu lating,
and r epo rt ing,or through samp l ing pro c edur e s . Error s m ay
or may not be comp ensa t i ng . Ex c ept for sampl ing error s the r e is no w ay
o f m ea sur ing them ,bu t th e c hanc e s of huma n error wer e r edu c ed as far as
po s s ibl e by fo llow ing d etail ed p lans,by training of p e r sonnel
,and by c ar e
fu l sup ervis ion and ch e cking of th e work .
All r eturned qu e s t ionna i r es wer e r ev iew ed for r ea s onabl ene s s ,cons ist ency
)and compl etene s s . Tho s e r eport s tha t need ed ver ificat i on or
comp l et ion wer e c lar if i ed by fur ther conta c t w ith th e or ig inator s . In thismanner it is b el i eved that r eport ing erro r s w er e m inim i z ed . Tabulat ingand computat iona l e rror s wer e held to a m inimum by u s e of e l e c tron icdata pro c e s s ing ma chines and p rogram ed c ros s - ch e c ks .
Sampl ing error a c count s for er ror s that ar i s e from taking a sampl erather than making a compl et e inventory or me a su r em ent; i t do e s not in
e l ud e po s s ibl e er ror s du e to human o r m a chine m i s tak e s o r incomp le t elis t s . The s amp l ing e rror of an e s tima t e is g iven h er e in t erm s of ones tandard e rror
,i . e . th e range abou t the e s tima t e w ithin which th e odd s
ar e tw o to one that the va lu e ba s ed on 1 0 0 - p er c ent c overage would fa ll .
The nationw id e Fo re st Survey h a s s e t th e max imum a c c eptabl esamp l ing er ror for t im ber har v e st ed from grow ing sto ck at 1 5 p er c ent p erbil lion cub i c fe et . The survey r eport ed in th i s pap er b ett e r ed th e na tiona lmax imum by a w id e m argin . The s amp l ing error for sawlog p rodu ctionw as cal cu lat ed to be i 2 . 4 p e r c ent; for th e Spl i t produ c t s harv est it w as
2 . 8 p er c ent . For the tota l t im ber harv e s t (ex c lu ding round fu elwood ) th esamp l ing er ror w a s i 2 . 1 p er c ent . Thi s i s equ iva l ent to a samp l ing e rrorOf 1 1 . 8 5 p e rc ent p er b il l ion cub i c f eet for th e tota l t imb er ha rve s t of7 9 3
,4 1 4
,000 cu b ic f e et (ex c lud ing fu e lwood ) . Data on t imb er harve s ted
for the followmg pr odu ct s inc lud ed no samp l ing error s b e cau s e the outputfo r all known Op er at ion s w as Ob ta ined by canva s s : p ee l e r log s;pu lp and
fi b er; s awed S hake logs and shingl e s;post s , po l e s , and p iling;and m in et imb ers . Sampl ing error fo r round fu elwood ,
cut mo st ly from noncomme r cial fo re s t land and from nongrow ing sto ck
,w as not ca l cu labl e as
e s t imat ed total p rodu c t ion (l e s s than 1 p er c ent of th e tota l harv e st ) w a s
comp il ed from a v ar i ety of uncontro ll ed sou r c e s and re c ord s . Thisom is s ion is cons ider ed negl igib l e .
1 2
Tab l e 2 .-Timbe r h a r ve s t i n Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty o f o r i gin and commodi ty ,
1 9 6 21
( Th ou sand boa rd f ee t , In t e rna t iona l - inch log ru l e )
Inc lude s bo th l i ve and de ad t imbe r f rom bo th comme r c ia l and noncomme rc i a lfo r e s t land .
1
49 03 7
1 2 , 04i
156
4 19 1
2 Inc lude s sp l i t p roduc t s , sh ing l e and shake logs and bo l t s and po s t s .
3 Inc lude s r ouna pu lpwood , po l e s , pi l ing , mine t imbe r s and fue lwood .
4Comb ined W i t h
“ Und i s t r i bu t ed“t o avo id d i sc lo su r e o f ind i v idua l pr oduce r s .
sInc lude s e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t ing ope r a t o r s plus r epo r t ed vo lume fo r
wh i ch coun ty o f o r i g in was unknown and vo lume s comb ined t o avo id d i sc losu r e o fi nd i v idua l ope ra t o r s .
1 4
Tab l e 2 .-7 1mbe r h a r ve s t i n Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty o f o r i gin and commodi ty ,
1 96 21
( Th ou sand boa rd f ee t , In t e rna t iona l - inch log ru l e )
Inc lude s bo th l i ve and de ad t imbe r f rom bo th comme rc i a l and noncomme rci a lfo r e s t land .
4 9 037
12 , 04i
1 56
4 1 9 1
2 Inc lude s spli t p roduc t s , sh ing l e and shake l o gs and bo l t s and po s t s .
3 Inc lude s round pu lpwood , po l e s , pi l ing , mine t imbe r s and fue lwood .
4Comb ined wi t h
" Und i s t r ibu t ed“t o avo id d i sc losu r e o f ind i v idua l p roduce r s .
5 Inc lude s e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t i ng ope ra t o r s p lus r epo r t ed vo lume fo rwh ich coun ty o f o r i g i n was unknown and vo lume s combined t o avo id d i sc losu r e o findi v i dua l Ope ra t o r s .
I4
Tab l e 4 .-Sawl og expo r t s in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,
1 96 2
So f twood s
Dou g l a s - f i rPonde ro sap i neRedwood
3T ru e f i r
Suga r p ineWe s t e rnheml ockS i tka sp ruc eO the rso f twoods
Ha rdwoodsTo t a l -
5
4
In t e rna t i ona l -inch log ru l e .
Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i r .
Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .
Es t ima t ed fo r ac t i ve expo r t e r s no t r epo r t ing .
1 6
Tabl e 7 .-P roduc t i on o f sawl ogs f r om l i v e and de ad t imbe r in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,
1 96 2
Suga r p i neWe s t e rn hemlock
1 In t e rna t iona l - inch lo g ru l e .
2Ba s ed on t o t a l vo lume .
3Bas e d on l i ve vo lume on ly .
4Ba sed on de ad vo lume on ly .
SInc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
6 Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i r .
7 Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .
8No o t he r h a rdwoods r epo r t ed .
9Es t ima t ed fo r non r epo r t ing ope r a t o r s .
1 9
) l e l l .-Pe e l e r l og p roduc t i on f r om l i v e and de ad t imbe r in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,
1 96 2
Pe r cen t3 Pe r c en t4
To t a lso f twoods
lardwoods 1 9 1
Al l spe c i e s
In t e rna t i ona l - inch l og ru l e .
5Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
Ba sed on t o t a l vo l ume .
6 Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i rBa sed on l i ve vo lume on ly .
7 Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p ine .
Ba sed on dead vo lume on ly .
8 Le s s than pe r c en t o f t o t a l vo lume ,
a l l spe c i e s .
Tab l e l 2 .-F1 be r and boa r d p l an t r e c e ip t s in Ca l i fo rn ia , by spe c i e s g roup ,
1 9 6 2
Vo lume r e c e i vedCommod i t y and
spe c i e s g roupsB on e -dry B one -dry B one -dry
un i t2
un i t un i t
To t a l
To t a l
To t a l
To t a l , a l l spe c i e s
1 I nc lude s vene e r co r e s , p l an t r e s idue s ( s l abs , t r immings , sh avings , sawdus t ) ,
and wood f l ou r .
2A bone -d ry un i t : pounds , O ven -d ry chips o f a l l spe c i e s ; abou t one
s t anda r d co rd .
3Ch ips , t r immings , shav ings , sawdu s t
,and wood f l ou r f r equ en t ly a r e an uh
s e g r e ga t ed mix t u r e o f se ve r a l spe c i e s .
4Comb ined t o a vo id di sc l o su r e o f indi v i dua l p l an t s . Exc lude s mi l l s ope r a t ingon pu r cha se d pu lp o r on pu lp impo r t ed f rom ou t s ide t h e S t a t e .
2 4
Tab l e 1 3 .-Produc t i on o f po l e s and pi l ing in Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty and spe c i e s ,
1 96 2
Al l coun t i e s
1 Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
2 Inc lude s whi t e and r ed f i r .
3 In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru l e .
4 Inc 1ude s po l e s and l ine a r fe e t o f p i l ing .
2 5
Tab l e 1 5 .-Produc t i on o f l ogs and bo l t s fo r sp l i t p r oduc t s in Ca l i fo rn i a ,
by coun ty o f o r i gin and spe c i e s ,1 9 6 2
Pe r c ent r epo r t ed
1Coun t y o f o r i g in i s gene ra l ly t h e same a s coun ty o f r ece ip t fo r sp l i t
p roduc t s . On ly fou r ope ra t o r s r epo r t ed r e ce ip t s f rom ac r o ss coun t y l ine s .
2 Inc lude s 553 MEP o f incens e —ceda r and 76 MBF o f we s t e rn r ed ceda r .
3 Inc lude s 252 MBF o f g ian t s equo i a .
4 In t e rna t iona l l / 4 -inch lo g ru l e5Comb ined t o a vo id di sc l osu r e o f indi v idua l Ope r a t o r s .
6Es t ima t ed fo r non repo r t ing produc e r s .
27
Tab l e 1 6 .-Pr oduc t i on o f l ogs and bo l t s fo r sh ingl e s and sawe d shake s in Ca l i fo rn i a ,
by coun ty , l i ve and dead t imbe r , and spe c i e s ,1 96 2
De l No r t e -Mendo c inoLi ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknowns
To t a l
Humbo ld tLi ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknowns
To t a l
F r e sno -Pl ac e r -Tehama4Li ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknown5
To t a l
70 1 38
To t a l , a l l spe c i e s Pe r c en t Pe r c en t Pe r cen t Pe r cen t
1 Inc lude s 2 7 1 MEP o f gi an t s equo i a p roduced in Tu la r e Coun ty .
2We s t e rn r edceda r in De l No r t e Coun ty ; inc ense -ceda r in a l l o the r coun t i e s .
3 In t e rna t i ona l l / 4 -inch lo g ru l e4Comb ined t o a vo id d i s c l o su r e o f indi v idua l Ope r a t o r s .
5 In fo rma t ion on l i ve and de ad t imbe r no t r epo r t ed by some ope r a t o r s .
2 8
cific Southw e st F or e s t and Range D iv ision of For e s tr y,per iment Station
,B e r ke ley,
Ca lifor niaand
D epar tment of L andr e st Se rv ice and Na tur a l R e sour ce s
S . D epa r tment of Agr icu ltur e Sta t e of Haw aii
Foreword
Th is is th e fir st of a s er ie s of r epo r ts a bout plantationtimb er on th e diffe r ent is land s in th e State of Haw a ii . Sum
mar iz ed h e r e ar e th e r e sults O f an inv ento ry of tim b e r inplanted for e sts on th e Is land of Haw aii . T h is inv entor y isa supplement to th e initia l For e st Sur v ey of th e Sta te com
ple ted in 1 9 6 3 . Th e Sur v ey indicated th e impor tance of
plantations a s a tim b e r r e sour ce but pr ov ided no d eta ils .
Th is bull e tin r epor ts : ( 1 ) lo ca ti on and acr eage of each
planted s tand, ( 2 ) spe cie s compos ition and age of stand
,
( 3 ) tim b e r v o lume and qua lity,and ( 4 ) ow ne r sh ip of plant
ed tim b e r .
Th e study is a coope r ativ e und e r taking of th e D iv ision o f
For e stry,Haw a ii D epar tm ent of L and and Natur a l Re sour ce s
,
and th e Pacific Sou thw e s t For e s t and Rang e Expe r iment Sta
tion,For e st Se r v ice
,U. S . D epar tment of Agr icultur e . I t
w as conduct ed unde r th e dir e ction of Ro b e r t E . Ne l son,Ch ie f
,
Haw aii For e str y Re sear ch C ent er,Pacific Southw e st For
e st and Rang e Expe r iment Station . No buo Honda,For e st e r
,
Haw aii D iv is ion of For es tr y,h e lped d ev e lop plans for th e
plantation inv entory and supe r v is ed th e fie ld w or k .
Many indiv iduals aid ed in v ar ious ph as e s O f th e sur v ey .
Spe cia l a cknow ledgment is due th e fie ld cr ew s : F or e ste r s
W . Wong and E . Pung,and a s sis tant s S . K ame lame la
,A .
Chun,J . Hansen
,B . Us egaw a
,J . Ah San
,and M . Victo r ino
of th e Haw aii D iv ision of F or e str y .
E . M . Hor nibr ook,in char ge of For e s t Sur v ey,
PacificSouthw est F or e st and Range Expe r iment Station
,and Rus s e l l
K . L e B ar r on,For e st Ecologis t , Haw a ii D iv ision of For e str y,
a id ed in d ev e loping plans for th e study .
Ro b e r t M . Mil le r ,Systems Analys t , Pacific Southw e st
For e st and Range Exper iment Station,dev e loped Spe cifica
tions for pr oce s s ing data th r ough e l e ctr onic compute r s . Th e
Compu t ing Center at th e Univ e r s ity of Haw a ii pr oces s ed
th e data .
F loyd M . Cos s itt,Acting Sta t e For e ste r
,r etir ed
,Max
F . L andgr af , State For e ste r,
and L ib e r t L andgr af, D is tr ict
F or es te r, pr ov ided gene r ous coope r a tion and as s is tance in
th e conduct of th e sur v ey .
La rge ac r eage s o f na t i v e fo r e s t con ta in
bu t sma l l amo un t s o f me r ch an t abl e t imbe r .
Island of Hawaii
T h e fir st fore s t inventory in Hawa i iShowed that th e bulk of th e fo re s t land
and t imbe r r e s our c e s in th e Stat e1 i s on
th e Is l and of Hawa i i . Of its tota l landar ea of 2 . 6 mi l l io n a c r e s
,some 7 1 0
,000
a cr e s"
ar e comm er c ia l for e st land w i thmor e tha n 6 00 mi l l io n board fe et of saw
t imber (f igs . 1,
A larg e pa rt of this t imb er r e
sour c e is in nat ive fore s t typ e s . Th eyo c cupy near ly acre s of the comme r cial for e st land . Th e na t ive ohia(Metro s id er os c ol l ina ) sawtimber tot al s O ther Islonds
about 3 6 0 m i l l ion board fe et,and koa
Commercnol forest land(Ac a c 1 a koa ) —
a mor e va lua bl e spe c i e stota l s some 1 1 0 m i l l ion board fe et . With Noncommercml forest land
sawtimber averag ing only about 7 0 0 boa rd Fi gu r e 1 .-Comme r c z a l an d non
fee t p er a c r e,th e na tive for e s t s ar e g en
comme r cm l fo r e s t [ and ac r eage s
e r ally poorly s to cked .on th e I s land o f Hawa i i and o th e rl d 1 96 1 .
Plant ed for e s ts contai n a sma ll erI s a" S
but S ignificant par t of th e tota l t imbe r Island of Howouv ol ume . Y i eld s p er a c r e average mu ch6 0 0 mm”M f,
gr eat er in p lanted st and s than in nat iv es tands . Al so
,t imber in p lant ed for e s t s
is g enera l ly of higher qua l ity than nat iv et imber .
Most r eadily a c c e s s i bl e,thi s p lan
tation t imbe r is l ik ely to be of gr eat e rimpor tan c e than na t iv e t im ber in any earlyexp ans ion of m il l ing op erat ions . Ther efor e
,we hav e mad e a s tand — by
- s tandinv entory to o btain informa t ion on plantation t imb er a c r eag e
,volum e
,qua lity
,and
ow ner ship . Da ta c ompil ed for ea ch p lantation stand a r e summar i z ed in thi s r eport
,
and th e s e c t ion ent itl ed Plantat ion TimberRes ou r c e s br iefly r e v i ew s i nforma t ionabou t
.
for e st plantat ionsin ea ch of four O ther l slands
w orking C i r c l es into w hi ch the B ig Is land l2 0 m| ll|on M f,
has be en d iv ided .
Plonled
1Ne l son , Robe r t E . , and Wh e e l e r , Ph i l ip R . Fo r e s t O therRe sou rce s o f Hawa 1 i -1 96 1 . Fo r e s t ry D1 v . , Dep .Land and Na t u ra l Re sou rce s , S t a t e o f Hawa i i , in Fi gu r e 2 .
-Sawt imbe r vo l ume s on
coope ra t i on Wi t h t h e Pac i f i c SW. Fo r e s t 81. Range th e I s l and o f Hawa i i and o th e rExp . S t a . , Fo r e s t Se rv . , U. S . Dep . Ag r . 1 96 3 . i s l an ds , 1 96 1 .
Highlights
Fo r e st Pl a n t a t i o n Ar e a
Commer c ia l for e s t p lantat ions2 on the Is land of Haw a i i to ta l mor ethan 1 3
,3 0 0 a c r es in s tand s from 2 ac r e s to nea r ly 2 50 a cr e s in S iz e .
Abou t 7,50 0 a c r es o f th e s e p lanta t ions a r e s awt imb er s tand s (tabl e s I, 5,
and f ig . The rema ind er,s ome 5
,8 00 a c r e s
,ar e r e c ently p lante d s e ed
l ing,
sapl ing,O r po letimbe r s tand s . In addit ion to th e commer c ia l for e st
plant at ions the r e ar e about 2,2 00 a c r e s of p lantat ions O f noncomme r c ia l
typ es .
Euc a lypts ar e th e p rinc ipa l tr ee Sp e c ie s in O ld er p lanta t io ns . N early6
,30 0 a c r e s of th e s aw t imber stand s ar e commer c ia l eu ca lyptu s typ e , of
w hi c h 4,70 0 a c r e s ar e ro bu s ta eu c a lyp tu s . Only about 9 0 0 a c r e s ar e com
me r cial ha rdw ood typ e s oth er than eu ca lyptu s . Some 3 00 a c r e s ar e com
me r cial co nif er typ es .
R ec ent p lant ing s have empha s i z ed commer c ia l har dwood s oth erthan euca lyp tu s (ta bl e s 5
,Th er e ar e abou t 5
,7 0 0 a c r e s of s eed l ing
,
sap l ing,or poletimbe r stand s of the s e ha rdwood Sp ec i e s , only abou t 1 00
a c r e s of c omm er c ia l eu ca lyptu s typ e s; and l e s s than 50 a c r e s of commercial conif er typ e s .
Mo st of the for e s t p lantat ions ar e in th e H il o - Hamakua WorkingC ir c l e (ta bl e H er e ar e near ly 6
,00 0 a c r e s of commer c ia l sawtimber
s tands and an add it ional 4,4 00 a c r e s of s e edl ing
,s ap l ing
,or pole timbe r
s tand s . The oth er thr e e Working C ir c l e s - K au,Kona
,and Koha la com
bined have abou t 1,50 0 a c r e s Of p lanted sawtimbe r s tand s and anoth er
1,500 a c r es of s e ed l ing
,sap ling
,or pole timbe r s tand s .
Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms i n Append i x .
Tab l e s 1 th rough 20 a re i n th e Append i x .
Sowhmber stonds
Seedling, sapling,ond
poletimber slonds
Noncommercrolt stonds
Acres C) 20 00 4 0 0 0 600 0 8 0 0 0
Commercnol eucalyptus Commercuol conifersOther commercrol hardwoods Noncommercnol types
F i gu r e 3 .-Ac r e age o f comme r C i a l and noncomme rci a l p l an t a t i on s tands
by s tand-S i z e cl as s and fo r e s t type ,I s land o f Hawa i i
,1 96 5 .
Fi gu r e 4 .-Di s t r i bu t i on o f s aw t imbe r
vo lume i n p l an t ed s tands , by wo rk i ngC i rcl e s , I s l and o f Hawa i i ,
1 96 5 .
Th e Stat e owns 6 5 p er c ent of the ac r eage of comm er c ia l for e stplanta t ions (tabl e s 2 ,
3,4
,Thi s amounts to mor e than 4
,2 00 a c r e s of
sawtimber s tand s and abou t 4,500 a c r e s of s e edl ing
,sap l ing
,or pole timbe r
stand s . Haw ai ian Home s 4 owner sh ip amounts to 7 p er c ent,or about 9 00
a cr e s Of the commer c ia l for es t p lant at ions . Near ly 3,7 0 0 ac r e s
,o r 2 8
p er c ent of th e p lanted commer c ia l for e s t s , ar e in p r iv at e owne rship .
About 1,2 0 0 a c r e s or 54 p er c ent of th e nonc ommer c ia l p lanta t ion
typ e s,
ar e in Stat e owner sh ip,
about 4 5 p er c ent in p r ivat e owner ship and
only a bout 1 p er c ent ow ned by Haw a iian Hom e s .
Fo r est Pl a n t a t i o n Timbe r Vo l umePlant ed for es t s on th e Is land of Hawa i i co nta in nearly 1 1 7 m il l ion
board fe et Of sawtimb er (tabl e s 7 ,The vo lume in ro bus ta eu ca lyp tu s
s aw t imber amo unt s to 6 9 p er c ent of th e tota l,o r a lmo s t 8 1 mi l l ion board
fee t . Sawt imber v olume in all oth er eu ca lyp tu s sp e c ie s is 2 3 p er c ent of
th e total . Ha rdw ood s oth er than eu ca lypts tota l only 6 . 9 m il l ion boa rdfe e t . Conife r sawtimber amou nt s to abou t 2 . 7 mi l l ion board fe et, mo stlyNorfolk — Is land — p ine .
Near ly tw o— th ird s of th e s aw t imber vo lume is in tr ee s 1 7 to 2 8
inc h es d . b . h . (tabl e Only 8 p er c ent of th e volume is in tr e e s larg erthan 2 8 inch es d . b . h .
Sawtimber stand s in th e H i lo - Hamakua Working C i r c l e make up8 6 p er c ent of th e tota l p lant ed s awtimb er volume
,o r about 1 00 mil l ion
boa rd fe et (f ig . 4 and tabl e Th is inc lud es 7 1 mil l ion board fe et ofrobu sta eu ca lyp tu s and 2 4 m il l ion feet of oth er eu ca lyp tu s s awtimb er .
Stand s in th e K au Working C ir c l e have about 7 mil l ion board fe et,
th e
Kona Working C ir c l e near ly 4 mi l l ion board fe e t,
and th e Koha la WorkingCir c l e ov er 5 m il l ion board fe et .
The Sta t e owns 56 p er c ent of th e p lanta t ion sawtimber : 6 5 mill ionboard f eet (tabl e 8 and f ig . Th is total inc lud es about 58 mi l l io n board
4Ce r t a in S t a t e -owned lands s e t a s ide and admin i s t e r ed by t h e Hawa i ian Home s Commi s s i on fo r
t h e bene f i t o f t h e pe ople o f Hawa i i an ance s t ry .
Robusta Eucalyptus
State4 0 , 0 6 3 Mbd ft
a omMbd ft
HawouonHomesMbo 11
StateM bd fl
Other hardwoods
Conifers
Fi gu r e 5 .-Sawt imbe r vo l ume in p lan t ed s t ands by spe c
i e s group and owne r sh i p c l as s , I s l and o f Hawai i ,1 96 5 .
fe et in th e H ilo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e,
of whi ch 53 mi l l ion fe e t ar eeu ca lyptu s s aw t imb er . In th e Kau
,Kona
,and Koha la Working C ir c l e s
,
th e Stat e ow ns some 7 m i l l ion board fe et of s aw t imber,mo s tly in K au .
The tota l grow ing s to ck volume in p lant ed s awtim ber s tand s amo unt sto a bout 2 5 mil l ion cu bi c fe et (tabl e Near ly 1 7 m il l ion c ubi c fe et of thi svolume is ro bu sta eu calyptu s . Other eu ca lyp t s tota l mor e than 5 m i l l ionc ub i c fe et of grow ing s to ck . Th e volume in oth er hardwood s is l es s than2 m i l l ion
,and in conifer s l e s s than 1 m i l l ion cub i c fe et .
Po le timbe r and s ap l ing and s e ed l ing s tands co nta in additio na l v olum e s of growing sto ck
,but the s e we r e not mea su r ed .
Wood in cul l tr ee s in p lant ed s awt imb er s tand s total s nea r ly 1 . 3
m il l io n cubi c fe et (tabl e The 2,2 00 a c r e s of noncomm er c ia l p lanta t ions
hold an addit iona l , mu ch gr eat er volume Of wood in cu l l tr ee s , but the s es tands were no t mea sur ed .
St a n d Y i e l dsThe a v erag e y ie ld of saw t imb er in p lant ed sawtimb er s tand s on
th e Is land Of Hawa i i is abou t 1 6,000 board fe et p er a c r e . But y ie ld s vary
w id ely w ith s tand age , sp e c ie s , s ite ,hi s tory and c ond it ion of th e s tand
,
and other fa c to r s . The high e st s tand average net volume w as 7 9,7 2 0 board
fe e t p er a cr e in a robus ta eu ca lyptu s s tand . The highe st y i eld ba s ed on a
S ingl e s amp l e l o cat ion w a s 9 5,4 00 board fe et p er a c r e in the sam e s tand;
the low est w as 4 1 1 board fe et p er a c re .
Y i eld s in p lant ed sawtimb er s tand s in th e H ilo -Hamakua WorkingCir c l e av erag e about
_1 7
,000 board fe e t p er a cr e . This is mu ch high er
than in th e K au and Kona Working C ir c l e s bu t l e s s than in th e Koha laWorking C ir c l e
,whi ch averag ed 1 9
,000 board fe et p er a c r e .
Age of St a n ds
Only about 1,4 00 a c r es of commer c ia l p lantat ion t imber s tand s ar e
mor e than 4 0 y ear s old (tabl e Pra c t i ca l ly a ll th es e O ld er s tand s ar e
north of H ilo in th e H ilo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e . Stand s p lant ed from1 9 2 6 to 1 94 5 to ta l nea r ly 6
,1 0 0 acr e s . A larg e par t of thi s a c r eage w as
p lanted b etw een 1 9 3 5 and 1 94 1 by the Civil ian Cons erva t ion Corp s . Sinc e1 94 5
,mor e than 5
,8 00 a c r e s of commer c ia l p lanta t io ns have b een e s tab
lish ed . By far,t h e gr eat er pa rt Of the s e re c ent p lant ing s ha s been done
by th e Stat e Divis ion of For e s try in th e Wa iakea Fore s t Re s erv e S inc e 1 9 6 0 .
Al so important ar e th e pr ivat e p lanting s S inc e 1 9 57 in th e Kona WorkingCir c l e , which tota l near ly 1 , 4 00 a c r es .
The Opportunity for Industrial Deve lopment
The Is land of Hawa i i h as a la rg e for e st r e sour c e - 44 p er c ent Ofth e land suppor t s s ome kind of for e s t growth . Mor e than 7 0 0
,000 a c r e s
ar e comm er c ia l fo r e st land capabl e of p rodu c ing c rop s of t imb er . Thevolume of sawtimb er in na tive for e s ts and plantat ions tota l s over 6 00 mill ion board fe et . 5
Be cau s e nat ive fore s t s ar e g enera l ly not w el l sto cked,yield s of
mer chantabl e t imb er ar e low . Neverth el e s s the r e has b e en a lmo st cont inuous cutting
'
of smal l amounts of koa and ohia ov er th e pa s t 6 0 y ear s ormor e . Given imp roved pro c e s s ing te ch niqu e s and equ ipment
,gr eat e r te ch
nical knowl edg e about wood pr op er t i e s and chara c t er i s ti c s for d iff erent u s e s,
and improved market informa t ion and mark et ing methods - gr ea ter us e Of
nat ive t imber i s a l ik ely pro sp e c t .
Plant ed for e s t s have grown rap id ly . In contra st to nat ive for e st s,
th ey now yield high p er -a cr e vo lume s of sawtimber . Th e 1 1 7 m il l ion board
fe et of sawtimber on 7,500 a c r e s of p lanta t ions amount s to about 20 pe r c ent
of all sawtimb er on the entir e 7 00,000 a c r e s of commer c ia l for e st land on
th e Big Island . Timber conc entrat ed in th e s e r elat iv ely a c c e ss ibl e p lantat ions offer s a new opportunity for expand ing th e lo ca l lumber mi l l ing indu stry .
Mo st of th e for e s ta t ion that p rodu c ed th i s new t imber r es our c e w as
not done to grow sawtimb er . Tr ee s w er e p lant ed to contro l ero s ion,im
prove wat e r sh ed c ov er,
and provid e fuelwood . Ther efor e,Sp e c i e s plant ed
wer e not nec e s sar ily s el e c ted on th e ba s i s of wood qua l ity . Rap id g rowthw as the ma in cr it er ion . Eu ca lyptu s robu sta
~ ~
s good sawtimb er Sp e c i e sw as highly favor ed . But so wer e s evera l Sp e c ie s that p r e s ent ly off er l ittl eor no pot ential for s awtimber
,su ch as bluegum eu ca lyp tus (Eu ca lyptu s
globu lu s ) , pap er- bark (Mela l euca l eu cad end ron) , and ir onwood s (Ca suar ina
Spp o ) 0
5Ne l son and Whe e l e r . Se e foo tno t e 1 .
The su c c e s s Of th e s e ear ly p lant ing s show s that t imber -p rodu c t ionpotentia l s ar e far gr eat er than m ight b e inf err ed from data on p r es entvo lumes . We know that many va lua bl e exot ic Spe c i e s ar e adapted to th ediffer ent fo r e s t S it e s . And that t imbe r y i eld s can be p rod igiou s . Fur th ermor e
,manag ement Of na t ive for e s ts can gr ea t ly imp rove th e y ie ld s and
qua l ity of t imber . Und er manag ement,
an average annua l sawt imber growthof l
,000 board fe et p er acr e can b e exp e c ted from wel l - s to ck ed p lanted and
na t iv e fore st s on good S ite s .
If only 1 5 per c ent of the 7 00,0 00 a cr e s of p r e s ently l itt l e - u s ed and
unmanaged commer c ia l fo r e s t land w er e put u nder manageme nt,t imb er
p rodu ct ion woul d eventual ly amou nt to mo re than 1 00 mi l l ion board fe etannual ly . Th is i s approx imat ely th e amount Of wo od now u s ed (impor ted )in Hawa i i each y ear . Thr e e time s thi s amount could be produ c ed if ha l fth e c ommer c ial for e s t land on th e Big Is land w er e managed for t imber crop s .
Rec ent r efor e s tat ion effort s of the Stat e and of p r ivat e land owner sar e t rying to cap ita l i z e on thi s pot ent ia l . Sp ec i e s ar e
‘ be ing s el e c t ed w ithcons id eration for wood qual it i e s and adaptab il ity to Sp e c if ic S it e s . Plantings ar e made in large blo cks and th ey ar e p la c ing t imber sp ec i e s on land swher e na tive for e st s ar e of par t i cular ly poor qual ity, oft en j u s t bru sh .
Sinc e 1 96 0,
about 4 4 0 0 a c r e s of land have b een r efor e s t ed by theState Di v i s ion of For es try in th e Wa iakea Fore s t R e s erve of the H i lo Working C ir c l e . About 1
,400 a cr e s of p r iva t e la nd have be en r efor e st ed in Kona
S inc e 1 9 57 . Au stra l ian r ed c edar and trop i c al ash,both h igh qua l ity t imb er
Sp e c i e s,
ar e the ma in tr ee s p lant ed . The s e s tand s wi l l b egin to yi eld me r
charitabl e t imber in from 2 0 t o 3 0 year s .
Thi s r efor es tat ion effort i s b e ing c ontinu ed and hop efu l ly w il l b eexpand ed to br ing a mu ch large r for es t ar ea und er manag ement . Theamou nt of r efor e s tat io n a c comp l is hed du r ing th e next 1 0 year s w ill d et erm ine in larg e par t th e amount of harve s tabl e t imb er tha t w il l b e ava ilabl e3 0 to 4 0 y ear s from now .
Plantation Timbe r Resources
Hi l o -Hamakua Wo rki ng Ci rcl e
The Hi l o -Hamakua Working C ir c l e make s up the nor thea s t por tionof the Ipland of Hawa ii . (Se e map
”For e s t Plantat ions on th e Is land ofHawai i . ) It is bord er ed on the nor th by Wa ip io Va l l ey and on the sou th byVol canoe s Na t io nal Park . Th e summi t s Of Mau na K ea and Mauna Loa and
th e saddl e b etween th em fo rm the we st ern bou ndary . Th e s e boundar i esenc l o s e an a rea about 6 0 mi l e s long and up to 2 5 m il e s w id e . Thi s i s th ew indward S id e Of the Big Is land
,with annua l rai nfa l l ex c e ed ing 1 00 inch es
on mo st of th e land .
Sugar produ ct ion i s th e mo st important indu stry in th i s ar ea .Most
land s below about 1 , 8 00 fe et el eva t io n that ar e su it ed to growing sugar canear e u s ed for tha t purpo s e . Relat ivel y l itt l e a c r eage i s u s ed for oth er cul tiv ated c rop s , but frui t, nut, and flow er produ c t ion ar e important to the lo ca le conomy .
Ca ttl e gra z e on a large acr eag e throughout the ar ea,the maj or pas
tu r e s be ing on th e S lop e s of Mauna K e a out s id e th e for es t r e s erve s . Muchof the gra z ed ar ea is for e st land .
Euca l yp t usr obus t a i s th e mos t abun
dan t p l an t e d t imbe r . Th i s r obus tas t and (No . 8 0 38 ) ave rage s ne a r l y
boa rd f e e t o f s awt imbe r pe rac r e .
Tr op i ca l ash has no t shown cons i s t
en t h i gh yi e l ds l ike t he euca l yp t s ,
bu t t h e woo d i s 0
fu rn i t u r e and cab i ne t ry .
s t and (NO . 8 1 6 6 ) th e ne t vo l ume
Ther e ar e ext ens ive for es t s in thi s wo rking c ir c l e . The c ommercial fo r es t land amount s to a bout 36 0
,000 a c r e s . Mo st of it is nat iv e ohia
for es t,whi ch h a s off ered l ittl e inc ent ive for t imb er Op era t ions in the pa st .
Ther e is a l s o a larg e a c r eage of koa for es t in th i s wo rk ing c ir c l e,mu ch
of it d e cad ent .
Forest lflantafi on AreaWith in the Hil o — Hamakua Working C ir c l e ar e about 1 1
,8 00 a c r e s of
for e st planta t io ns . Th ey inc lud e 6,000 a c r es of sawtimber stand s
,4
,4 00
ac r es of s e edl ing,sap l ing
,and pole timbe r stands , and 1
,4 00 a c r e s of non
commer c ial t pe s (tabl e 1 , Many of th e s e p lant ed for e st s ar e in th e Fore st Res erve s adj a c ent to th e upp er edg e s of th e cane fie ld s . Al so
,many
s tands ar e in for e st s out s id e th e Re s erve s,s catt er ed throughout th e ge neral
ar ea s of canefi eld s and pa s tu r ed land .
Th e bulk of the p lanted s awtimber stand s ar e w ith in 3 m il e s of th ema in h ighway betw een H il o and Wa ip io Va l l ey . Al so
,mo st of the nonc om
me r cial plantat ions ar e in th is ar ea,genera l ly nor thw es t of Hi lo . The
s eedl ing,s apl ing
,and poletimbe r s tand s , on the other hand ,
ar e conc entrat ed sou thwe s t of H il o in th e Wa iakea
,Upp er Wa iakea
,and Olaa For e s t
Res erves .
Forest TypesRobu s ta eu ca lyptu s type mak es up 67 p er cent Of th e a c r eage of p lant
ed sawtimber stands (tabl e s 5,
Sa l igna eu ca lyptu s and other c omm ercial eu c alyptu s typ e s comp r is e abou t 1 9 p er c ent of the ac r eage . Oth er comme r cial hardwood Spe c i e s su ch as trop ica l ash and S i lk -
oak tota l abou t1 0 p er c ent
,and c omm er c ia l co nifer s su ch as sug i and Norfolk - Is land - p ine
mak e up the r ema ining 4 p er c ent of th e ar ea .
Most of th e 4,4 00 a c r e s of s e edl ing
,s ap l ing
,and pol e s tand s ar e of
trop ic al a sh and Au stral ian r ed c edar . Qu e ens land map l e and s ome eu c alypts ar e a l s o in th e s e s tands .
The nonc ommer c ia l p lantat ion typ e s a r e mo stly b lu egum eu ca lyptu s,
Casuar ina spp . and p ap er — bark,but they inc lud e some Monter ey cypr e s s .
'
fi mbe r VMumeMerchantabl e p lanted sawt imber tota l s j u st over 1 00 m il l ion board
fe et (tabl e Seventy p er c ent of th i s is robu s ta eu ca lyptu s . Sa l igna
( 1 3 pe r c ent ) and oth er commer c ia l eu ca lypt s ( 1 1 p er c ent ) make up mo st ofth e r ema ind er . Si lk -
oak,trop i cal ash
,Au stra l ian r ed c edar
,and oth er
comm er c ia l ha rdwood s tota l j u st over 4 m i l l ion board fe et . Th e volumein c ommer c ial c onifer s su ch as Norfo lk — Is land - p ine and sug i tota l s j u stund er 2 m i l l ion board fe et .
Almo st ha l f th e sawtimb er volume is in tr e es 1 9 . 0 to 2 8 . 9 inch e sd . b . h . (tabl e
QuatSa l igna eu c a lyp tu s h a s the highe s t qua l ity log s , ba s ed on Standard
Hardwood L og Grade s (tabl e A r emarkabl e 4 6 p er c ent of th e sa l ignavolume is in grade 1 sawlog s
,an add it ional 2 3 p er c ent in grad e 2 log s .
6PUb l i c and p r iva t e l ands admin i s t e r ed by t h e S t a t e fo r t h e managemen t and pro t e c t ion o fwa t e r sh eds and o th e r fo re s t va lue s .
7Qua l i ty o f wood as de t e rmined by phys i ca l prope r t i e s and me ch an i ca l cha rac t e r i s t i csi nh e r en t i n spec 1 e s i s no t a con s ide ra t ion in th i s c lass i f ica t ion .
Robu sta eu ca lyptu s a ls o h as fa ir ly h igh log qua l ity w ith 47 p er c ento f the volume in grad e 1 and 2 sawlog s . Oth er c ommer c ia l eu ca lypt s ar e
comparab l e to robu sta in log qual ity .
Trop i ca l ash h as a bout 4 0 p er c ent of tota l volume in grad e 1 and 2
l og s . Si lk -oak and oth er hardw ood s ar e of lower log qua l ity , how ever , with
l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent of th e volume in grad e 1 and 2 log s .
Conifer sp e c ie s w er e not log grad ed .
Owne rsh ip
The Stat e of Hawa i i is by far the larg e st owne r of for e s t p lanta t ionsin th e H il o -Hamakua Working C ir c l e (tabl e Of th e mor e than 1 0
,000
ac r e s o f c ommer c ia l typ e s ta l l i ed , th e Stat e owns 7 6 p e r c ent , or near ly7
,9 00 a c r e s . Add it iona l publ i c owner ship is Hawa i ian Home s land amount
ing to j u s t ove r 9 00 a c r e s . Only 1 5 p er c ent,o r abou t 1
,5 50 a c r e s
,i s in
pr ivat e owner ship .
In volume,th e Sta t e owns a l e s s er p rop or tion of th e t imber (ta bl e
1 5 ) b e cau s e a su b s tant ial ar ea of th e Stat e - owned p lantat ions ar e r e c ent lyp lant ed s e ed l ing
,sapl ing
,and pole timbe r s tand s . Nev erth el e s s
,th e Stat e
owns about 57 p er c ent of th e saw t imb er,
amounting to nea r ly 58 mi l l ionboard fe et . Hawa i ian Home s owns a bou t 1 6 m il l ion boa rd fe et
,and th er e
ar e near ly 27 mi l l ion board feet in pr ivat e owner ship .
Y ieldsAv e rag e s tand y i eld s p er a c r e rang e fr om a high of nea r ly 8 0
,000
boar d f eet to l es s than 7 50 boa rd fe et . Eu ca lyp tu s s tand s in g enera l,and
Ol d er ro bu sta and sal igna s tand s in part i cular,have th e h ighe st y ie ld s .
Other ha rdwood s g eneral ly Show low e s t y ield s . The av erage p er a c r e y i eldfor all Sp e c ie s in th e w orking c ir c l e is a bout 1 7
,0 00 board fe et .
T imber Cutting PotentialsPlanta t ion t imb er in the H i lo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e can provid e
a ba s e for sub stant ia l lumber m il l ing Op e rat ions . A ha rve st of 5 mil l ionboard fe et of sawlog s p er y ear c ou ld b e c ont inu ed for more than 2 0 y ea r s
,
ba s ed on p r e s ent r esou r c e s a lone . An even la rg er cut may b e po s s ibl ebe cau s e timber growth is boo s ting y ield s in th e s e p lanta t ions .
As suming a growth of only 500 board fe et Of sawtimber p er a c r e p eryear
,th e n ear ly 6
,000 a c r e s of old er p lantat ions would suppor t a Su stai ne d
annua l cu t Of about 3 mil l ion board fe et . The a c reage now in s e edl ing,
sap
l ing,
and poletimbe r s tand s wi l l yi e ld add it iona l mer chantabl e saw t im berin about 2 5 y ear s . From th en on
,th e su s ta i ne d y i eld from th e mor e than
4,4 0 0 a c r e s in th e s e younger stand s w il l amou nt to mor e than 2 m i l l io n
board fe et annua l ly . The a l lowa bl e annua l cu t in th e s e p lantat ions dur ingthe fir s t ro ta t ion is the sum of annual growth and a port ion of the p r e s entinventory
,a s sumi ng the pr e s ent inventory w il l be l iqu idat ed dur ing th e
rotat ion p er iod . Fore s ta t ion effor ts ar e exp e ct ed to b e c ont inu ed and eve nexpanded
,p rov id ing an inc r ea s ing p lantat ion t imb er r e sour c e ba s e for a
lumb er mi l l ing indust ry in this work ing c ir c l e .
The larg e volume of oh ia and koa t imber in th e nat ive for es t s ar e
an addit iona l r e sour c e to support a mi l l ing indu stry . Th er e is l ittl e dou btthat gr ea t er ut il i zat ion of th e na t ive t imb er r e sour c e w il l come about w ithimproved t echnology and ma rket ing at t endant to a la rg e m il l ing operat ion .
8Owne r sh ip o f plan t a t i on s t ands i s ba sed on in t e rpr e t a t i on o f l oca t ions on Tax -Key mapsand t opog raph ic maps wh i ch a r e o f t en inadequa t e fo r pr ec i se de t e rmina t i ons . Th e r e fo r e ,
fo r a g i ven p lan t a t i on s t and th e owne r sh ip de s i gna t ion may be in e r ro r , a l though ove ra l lowne r sh i p s t a t i s t i cs a re p robab ly no t g rea t ly a f f ec t ed by t h i s k i nd o f e r ro r .
- 1 0
Th e r e i s mo r e vo l ume o f No r fo l k -I s l andp ine s awt imb e r t han any o th e r con i f e rsp e c i e s . He r e , i n s tand No . 8 0 29
, th ea v e rage y i e l d i s mo r e t hanbo a rd f e e t p e r ac r e .
Aus t r a l i an r e dc e da r ( s e e d l i ngs and s ap o
l ings i n fo r e g round ) ha s be en h i gh lyfa vo r e d i n r e cen t fo r e s t a t i on . La rgeoh i a t r e e s i n backgro und we r e r e s e r v eddu r i ng bu l l do z i ng fo r s i t e p r epa r a t i on .
Th i s 4 5 -y e a r -o l d Euca l yp t uss a l i gna t r e e , g r owi ng on
Pa l an i Ran ch pa s t u r e i n Konai s p r obab l y t he t a l l e s t h a r dwood t r e e i n t h e Un i t ed S t a t e s .
To t a l h e i gh t i s 2 3 5 f e e t , andd i ame t e r a t b r e a s t h e i gh t i s
in ch e s .
Some fo r e s t p l an t a t i ons a r e
i n t e rmingl e d wi t h suga r cane
f i e l ds ,a s a r e t h e s e i n Kau .
I r onwood ( da rk t r unks )p ap e r
n ba rk a r e e x amp l e s o f
noncomme r c i a l p l an t a t i ont ype s .
Kau Wo rki n g Ci rcl e
The K au Working C ir c l e l i e s on th e southea s t S l op e of Mauna Loa,
southw e s t of the Vol cano e s Nat iona l Pa rk . It is a bout 4 0 m il e s long and
2 0 mi l e s w id e . Mu ch of th e working c ir c l e ha s an annua l ra infa l l of l e s sthan 3 0 inch es and th in
,ro cky so il s . Ther e ar e ext ens i v e ar ea s of r aw
lava flow s .
Catt l e ranch ing o c cup i e s a large part o f th e land . Mo st of the mor ear id ar eas
,and som e for e s t land
,is gra z ed . Sugar p rodu c tion is p robably
th e mos t impor tant indus try . Mo st arabl e land betw een 1,00 0 fe et and
3,0 00 fe et is u s ed fo r sugar c ane . Crop s l ike ma cadamia nuts and c offee
ar e important lo c a l ly ,bu t o c cupy l itt l e a c r eage .
Ther e ar e about 1 2 0,000 a c r e s of c omm er c ia l for e s t land in th i s
work ing c ir c l e,
and larg e ar ea s of noncommer c ia l for e s t land . Mo st Ofth e c ommer c ia l for e st land is nat ive ohia for e st
,whi ch ha s Offered l it tl e
in c entiv e to exp lo ita t ion in th e pa s t . Mo st of it l i e s a bove the sugar c anep lantat ions .
Forest P lantation AreaThi s inve ntory ta l l i ed S l ightly mor e than 8 0 0 a c r e s of p lanted
for es ts in th e K au Working C ir c l e (tabl e s I, Near ly 7 50 a c r e s ar e saw
t imb er s tand s;abou t 50 a c r e s ar e nonc omm er c ia l typ e s . Mo s t of thes eplantat ions ar e a t Wood Va l l ey
,Middl e Moaula
,or K iolakaa
,ad j ac ent to
sugar c ane fie ld s . Very l ittl e a c r eag e of th e p lanted for es t s is in th e Fore s t Res erve s .
The ar ea of for e st planta t ions h a s d e c r ea s ed rap id ly s inc e 1 9 5 5 .
With the p r e s sur e for mor e a cr eag e of sugar c ane,many p lant ed s tand s
have be en cut or bul ldo z ed and the land c onver ted to sugar pro du c tion .
Ther e h as b een only m inor s a lvage of t imber du r ing the land c lear ingop erat ions be c au s e of the sm al l S i z e Of the i s land sawm i ll ing indu s try and
probl em s Of t iming .
Forest TypesRobus ta eu c alyptu s is th e maj or p lanta tion for e s t typ e , o c cupy ing
near ly 6 00 a c r es,or 7 9 p er c ent of the are a Of s awtimber s tand s (tabl e s
5,
Sa l igna eu ca lyptu s a c c ounts for 6 p er c ent of the ar ea,
and o thercomm er c ia l eu ca lyp ts about 9 p er c ent . Silk -
oak and other commer c ia lha rdw ood p lanta t ions o c cupy l e s s than 50 a c r e s .
9 Ther e ar e no c omme r c ia lc onif er type for e s t s tand s .
The noncomme r c ia l p lanta t ion typ e s a r e ma inly ironwood and blue
gum eu c a lyptu s .
T imber Volume
Mer chantabl e p lant ed sawtimb er in th e K au Working C ir c l e tot a l sS l ight ly mor e than 7 mi l l ion boa rd f e et (ta bl e Eighty - S ix p er c ent ofth i s v olume
,or about 6 m il l ion fe et
,is robu sta eu c a lyp tu s . The volume
in sa l igna eu ca lyptu s is abou t one — ha l f m il l ion boa rd fe et . Oth er c ommercial eu ca lyp ts and oth er commer c ia l ha rdwoods (ma inly s ilk -
oak ) each tota labout one — quart er m il l ion board fe et .
More tha n 6 0 p er c ent of the sawtim ber volume is in tr ee s 1 7 . 0 to2 8 . 9 inche s d . b . h .
Th e r e a re ra th e r ex t ens i ve a r ea s o f na tu ra l i z ed , young s i lk -oak s t ands in t h e wo rkingc i rc l e .
. 1 3 .
QualitySa l igna eu ca lyptu s sawtimb er is of bett e r qua l ity than tha t of other
sp e c ie s,ba s ed on p rop o r t ion of vo lume in grad e s 1 and 2 fa c tory lumb er
log s . Thir ty — nine p er c ent of th e sa l ig na sawt imber is in grad e 1,and 3 3
p er c ent in grad e 2 l og s (ta bl e Only 2 0 p er c ent of the robu s ta s awtimbervo lume is in grad e 1 log s ,
and 1 7 p er c ent in grad e 2 log s , 6 3 p er c ent is ingrad es 3 and 4 . Oth er commer c ia l eu ca lyp ts ar e comparabl e in qua l ity toro bu sta . Only 3 p er c ent of th e S il k —
o ak sawtimber is in grad e 1 log s,2 6
p er c ent is in grad e 2,
and 7 1 p er c ent is in grad e 3 and 4 l og s .
Ownersh ip
Th e Sta t e Of Haw a i i owns mor e than ha lf th e p lanted timb er in theK au Working C ir c l e (tabl e Th is amou nt s to j u s t over 4 00 ac r e s ofsawt imb er stands w ith a bou t 4 . 2 mi l l ion board fe et of t imb er (tabl eTh e re s t Of th e p lant ed t im ber
,near ly 3 50 a c r e s of s aw t imber s tand s con
ta ining a lmo st 2 . 9 m il l ion board fe et , is in pr iva t e ownership .
Y ieldsThe h ighe st ave rag e p er -
a c r e volume in a saw t imb er s tand is in a
ro bu sta s tand c onta ining near ly 3 6,000 board f eet p er a c r e . The low e st
y i eld is in a cu to v er eu ca lyp tu s s tand wi th a r e s idua l vo lume of about2,6 00 board feet p e r a c r e .
Some w ind damag e h a s h it mo s t p lant ed stand s in thi s workingc i r c l e . Up root ing and s t em bre akage h as r edu c ed volume in about thr e efour ths of th e s tand s . In some s tand s th is”lo s s " may amount to 7 5 p er c entOf th e v olume .
T imb er Cutt ing PotentialsPlanta t ion t imber in th e K au Work ing C ir c l e is not ad equ at e in it
s e lf to su s ta in fu l l — t ime op eration of even a sma l l m i l l . And the na t iv et imb er and t imber in young for e sts of na tu ra l i z ed exot i c s do not Off er mu chadd it iona l r e sou r c e ba s e for m il l ing Opera t ions . Ther e have b e en no for
e s ta tion effort s h er e in r e c ent y ear s,
S O th er e ar e no young p lanted stand sto pro v id e add it io na l t imb er in th e fu tur e .
B ut th e ex i st ing p lanta t ion t imb er can s uppl ement r e s our c e s for a
m il l ing op era t ion in th e H il o - Hamakua Working C ir c l e . A subs tant ia l m i l lat Hi lo
,for examp l e
,w ould provid e a mark et for l og s
,cant s
,o r rough
lumb er tru cked from K au . A portabl e m il l m ight be op era t ed t emporar ilyin th e K au Work ing C ir c l e as a sa te l l it e to a la rg er m il l ing and pro c e s s ingcomp l ex in th e H il o — Hamakua Working C ir c l e .
Ko n a Wo rki ng Ci rcl e
The Kona Working C i r c l e tak es in th e l and on the w es t s l op e s OfMauna K ea and Mauna L oa
,sw e ep ing dow n to th e o c ean . From Manuka on
th e south , it ext end s northward to Kamu ela . Th e tar e a is about 6 0 mil e slo ng and 2 0 m i l e s w id e . Topography is s t e ep in part s
,oft en rough and
ro cky ,and th er e ar e large ar ea s of r e c ent lava flow s . La rg e p art s of th e
ar ea ha v e an annua l rainfa l l Of l e s s than 3 0 inch e s .
Ca tt l e and c offe e ar e the maj or agr i cul tura l p roduc t s in thi s area .
Tour ism is a fa st — grow ing bu s ine s s,c ente r ed in r e s or t communiti e s l ik e
Ka ilu a .
Se e foo tno t e 8 .
- 1 4
sawtimber stand s (tabl e Th e Stat e ow ns about 3 50 a c r e s of sawtimbers tand s w ith 2 . 5 m il l ion board fe et of sawtimber
,mo stly eu ca lyp tu s (tabl e
About 1 6 0 a c r e s of sawt imb er s tand s with l . 4 mi l l ion board f e et ar ein pr ivat e owner ship . Mo st of thi s is S ilk -
oak .
Se edl ing,s apl ing
,and pole timbe r stand s ar e mos t ly in p r ivat e
ow ner sh ip,th e Stat e ow ning only about 4 0 a c r e s out of mor e than I
,4 00
a c r e s of th e s e r e c ent p lant ing s .
Y ieldsThe averag e y i eld p er a c r e in p lant ed s awtimber s tand s in th e Kona
Working C ir c l e is only abou t 7,500 board fe et . The highe st a v erag e y i el d
is in a s tand of sug i w ith near ly 2 0,000 board fe et p er a c r e . One S ilk -
oak
s tand a v erag es near ly 1 1,00 0 board fe et p er ac r e . The low averag e y iel d
in eu ca lyptu s stand s —a bou t 7
,000 board fee t p er a cr e - is du e p artly to
w ind damag e . In th e North Kona wat er sh ed e sp e c ia l ly ,the re is a high
in c id enc e of w indfa l l b ecau s e so il s ar e Sha l low and und erla in by pahoehoe .
T imb e r Cutting PotentialsTher e is l itt l e immed iat e p ro sp e c t fo r any S ignifi cant mi l l ing op era
tions ba s ed on plantat ion t imber . Although mark et s for log s may d evelopin H i l o or el s ewher e
,making it fea s i bl e to har v e s t a c c e s s i bl e s tand s
,su ch
op erat ions w ould be sho rt t e rm be c au s e of the l imit ed volume . Most sawt imb er s tand s ar e r elat ive ly inac c e s s ib l e
,and it doe s not s e em l ik ely that
th e l im ited t imber volume s would j u st ify the co st of a c c e s s road s .
The a c r eage now in s e edl ing,sap l ing
,and polet imber s tand s w il l
y i e ld mer chantabl e sawt imber in abou t 2 5 y ear s . Al so,th e p r ivate for e s ta
t ion program und erway in th i s working c ir c l e is expe c t ed to c ont inu e . Th epro sp e c t s for m i l l ing Op erat ions d ep end on th e extent of for e s tat ion effor t sand the ext ent to w hi c h th e nat iv e t imb er can b e u til i z ed .
Ko ha l a Wo rki ng Ci rcl eTh e Koha la Working C ir c l e c over s the nor thern p eninsula of th e Big
Is land,nor thw e st from Kamuel a . The sma l l e s t of th e four working c ir
c l e s on th e I s land,it is abou t 2 0 mi l e s long and 1 2 m il es w id e . Sugar
and b e ef ar e th e ma in p rodu c t s from this ar ea .
Ther e ar e only 2 0,000 a c r e s of commer c ia l for e s t land i n th is
work ing c ir c l e . Mos t of th i s is s c ru bby ohia for e s t . Ther e ar e a l s o manyar ea s of nonc omm er c ia l for e s t land - par t of i t brushy kiaw e (Pros opi s
pa l l ida) for es t in dry ar ea s,part nat ive for e s t on v ery st e ep
,ro cky S it e s
or sw ampy ar eas on Mt . Koha la .
Forest Plantation AreaThe tota l for e st p lanta t ion area is only 4 9 0 a c r e s ( tab l e 1 , 5 ) Of
thi s , only 2 80 a c r e s ar e commer c ial typ es,
and 2 1 0 a c r e s nonc ommer c ia l .The gr eat er par t of the c ommer c ia l p lantat ions is in th e Koha la for e s tr e s e rve;mo st of th e noncommer c ial type s ar e out s id e the r e s erve .
Mo st p lanted for e s t s ar e adj a c ent to canefi eld s or pas tur e s and
th er efore ar e r e lat iv ely easy to r each,but s t eep topography and w e t soil
co nd itions oft en hind er a c c e s s .
Forest TypesRobu sta eu ca lyp tu s is the p r edominant p lanta t ion typ e
,total ing
some 1 4 0 a c r e s in s awtimb er stand s (tabl e s 5, Ther e ar e al so sma l lac r eage s Of o th er c omm er c ia l eu c a lyp tu s typ es . Oth er commer c ia l ha rd
Se e foo tno t e 8 .
- 1 6
wood stand s to ta l l e s s than 1 00 a cr e s,
and only a f ew a c r e s ar e in commer cial conif er s .
Th e noncommer c ia l p lantings ar e pr edominantly ironwood with j u sta smal l ac r eage of pap er - bark .
T imber VolumePlanta t ion s awtimb er in thi s working c ir c l e tota l s 5 . 2 m il l ion
board fe et (tabl e About 6 6 p er c ent,or 3 . 4 mi l l ion fe et of th e sawtimber
i s eu ca lyptu s . Robu sta alone tota l s mor e than 2 . 7 m il l ion board fe et .Other c ommer c ia l har dwood s
,ma inly Molu c ca a l b i z z ia
,mak e up near ly
1 . 3 mil l ion board fe et . Norfolk - Is land - p ine sawtimber tota l s near ly oneha l f mi l l ion board fe et
,and th er e i s a very sma ll vo lume in oth er conifer
Sp e c i e s .
Nearly ha l f the vo lume of sawtimb er i s in tr e e s 1 7 . 0 to 2 8 . 9 inche s
It app ear s that eu ca lyp tu s tr ee s ar e rougher or l imb ier in g enera lin th i s than in oth er work ing c ircl e s . Only about 2 5 per c ent of th e eucalyptus t imber i s in grad e 1 and 2 logs; 5 1 p er c ent i s in grad e 4 ,
or t i e and
t imber logs (tabl e Molu c ca a l b i z z ia t imb er i s in larger d iamet er tr e e son th e averag e
,and 88 p er c ent o f the volume i s in grad e 1 and 2 log s .
Ownersh ip
Nearly 80 p er c ent of the commer c ia l fo r e s t p lanta t ion ac reage i spr ivat ely owned (tabl e Th is amount s to near ly 2 2 0 a cr e s w ith 4 . 4
mil l ion fe et of sawtimber (tabl e Sta te and Hawa i ian Home s owner sh ipcombi ned amou nts to about 6 0 a c r e s
,with some thr e e - fou rth s mil l ion
boar d feet of sawtimb er .
Mo st of th e noncomm er c ia l p lantat ion a c r eage i s a l so p rivat ely owned
,but a smal l a cr eag e i s in Hawa i ian Home s owner sh ip .
Y ieldsThe average sawtimber yi eld in thi s working c ir c l e i s S l ightly mo r e
than 1 9,00 0 board fe et p er a cr e . The highe s t average p er -
a cr e volume i sin a smal l s tand of Eu calyptu s c itr iodora ,
yi eld ing over 3 5,0 00 board fe et
p er a c r e .
T imber Cutting PotentialsThe Koha la Working Cir c l e h a s too l itt l e p lantat ion t imbe r to s upport
fu l l — t ime oper at ion of even a smal l sawm il l . The sawtimber in nat ive fore s t s i s in su ch sma l l amount s and so s catt e r ed that it i s unimportant .
The pr e s ent p lantat ion t imber can,how ever
,provid e a s upp l ementa l
supp ly for a mi l l in th e H il o -Hamakua Working C ircl e . A su bs tant ial Op erat ion in that work ing c ir c l e
,for examp l e
,might p rovid e a profitabl e mark et
for logs from the mor e ac c e s s ibl e high - qua l ity t imber s tand s .
Se e foo tno t e 8 .
_ 1 7 _
Appendix
De f i n i t i o n s
For es t land : Land at l ea s t 1 0 p er c ent sto cked by for e s t tr ee s o f any9
oth er us e;and land suppor ting shru bs , the crowns cov er ing mor e than 50p er c ent of the ground .
Commer c ial for e s t land : For e st land that i s pr odu c ing or can
withdrawn from t imb er u s e .
Noncommer c ia l for e s t land : (a ) Produ c t iv e - r e s e rved for e s tland w ithdrawn from t imber u s e through s ta tut e o r admini s trat iv e r egu lat ion
,and (b ) unpro du c t ive for e s t land incapa bl e of
y i e ld ing c rop s of indu s tr ia l wood b ecau s e of adver s e S it e cond it ions .
For e s t plantat ion : Planted for e s t s in wh ich at l ea s t 1 0 p er c ent ofth e grow ing spa c e i s o c cup i ed by p lanted commer c ia l S pe c ie s (u sua l ly exotic ) ,r egard l e s s of na t iv e sp e c i e s p redominanc e .
Commer c ia l fo r e s t plantat ion : A p lanta t ion Of commer c ia l tr eeSp e c ie s on c ommer c ia l for e s t land .
Nonc ommer c ia l for e s t planta t ion : A plantat ion of noncommer c ia ltr e e Spe c ie s or of commer c ia l t r ee Sp e c ie s p lanted on noncommer cial for es t land .
Comm erc ial tre e spe c ie s : Tr ee Spec ie s s u itabl e for indu s tr ia l woodprodu ct s . Sp e c i e s su it ed only fo r fu e lwood o r fen c e po st s ar e ex c l uded . Thefol lowing w er e tal l i ed on p lot s
Sc i ent if ic Name Common Name
Aca c ia koaAlb iz ia fa l ca ta
Eu ca lyptu s d eane iEucalyptu s maideni
Eucalvptus micro c orys
Frax inu s uhd e i
koa
Molu c ca a l b iz z iaNepal a l d erNorfolk - Is land —p inePor t -Orford - c edarsug il emon eu ca lyptu sD eane eu ca lyptu sMa id en -
gum eu cal yptu sta l lowwood eu ca lyptu sgray ironbark eu ca lyptu sbla c kbutt eu calyptu skinogum eu ca lyptu srobu s ta eu ca lyp tu ssa l igna eu ca lyptu sunid entif i ed eu ca lyptu strop i ca l a shS ilk -
oak
ohia
Sc i ent ifi c Name Common Name
Pithe c e l lobium saman monkey -
pod
r edwoodturp ent ine - tr e e
Taxod ium di s ti chum baldcypr e ss
j h alna
we st ern r ed c edarToona c il iata v ar . au s tra l i s Aus tra l ian red c edar (toon )Tri s tania conferta br ushbox
Noncommer c ia l tr e e Spec i e s : Tre e sp e c i e s not now cons id er edsu itab l e for indu str ia l p rodu c t s . The fo l lowing wer e tal l i ed on plots :
Sc ient ifi c Name Common Nam e
Al eur it e s moluccana
Ch e ir odendr on Sp .
Cupre s su s ma c ro carpa
Eu ca lyptu s glo bulu sEu c a lyptu s Sp .
Ficu s spp .
Ja c aranda mino s ifoliaMela l eu ca l eu cadendron
Str aus sia sp.
Hardwood s : Di cotyl edonou s tr ee s , u sua l ly broadl eaved .
Sof two od s : Coniferou s tr e e s,u sua lly evergr e en
,having ne edl e or
s ca l e — l ike l eave s .
For es t type s : Planted s tand s wh i ch ar e pr edominantly of a S ingl espe c ie s and in whi ch no oth er Sp e c i e s make s up 2 5 p er c ent or mo r e of thes tand
,ar e d e s ignat ed by th e S ingl e sp e c i e s su ch as robu sta eu c a lyptu s typ e
or trop i ca l a sh typ e . Otherw is e th ey ar e d e s ignat e d :
Commer c ia l eu ca lyptu s type : Plant ed stand s pr edom inantly ofeu ca lyptus Sp e c ie s
,in wh i ch other hardwood s or conife r s com
pr is e l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent Of th e stand .
Commer c ia l ha rdwood type : Plant ed s tand s pr edom inant ly Of
hardwood s oth e r than th e eu ca lyp t s in wh i ch conifer s or eu calypts c ompr i s e l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent of the stand .
Commer c ia l c onifer type : Planted fore s t s pr edom inantly ofconif er s e . g . Norfolk - Is land - p ine
,sugi
,p ine s ,
and r edwood )in whi ch euca lypt s or oth er ha rdwood s comp r i s e l e s s than 2 5p er c ent of th e s tand .
_ 1 9
kuku iironwood s‘olapa
Monter ey cypr e s sroya l po in c ianablu egum eu ca lyptu sunid ent ifi ed eu c alyptu sfig sj a carandapap er - barkna iokopiko
Cla s s of Timber
Grow ing s tock zL iv e tr e e s of good form and vigor and of Sp e c i e ssui t ed for indu str ia l wood (commer c ia l sp e c ie s ) .
Saw t imb er tr ee s : Live tr e e s of commer c ial Sp ec ie s of at l ea s t1 1 . 0 inch es diam et e r br ea s t h e ight wh i c h conta in a butt ha l f - l ogor a log whi ch meet s th e Sp e c if i c at ions of s tandard lumber , ort i e and t imber log grad e s .
Poletimbe r tr e e s : Live tr ees of commer c ia l Sp e c i e s betw een
sa ry to d evelop into sawt imber tr e e s .
Sapl ings and s eedl ings : Live tr ee s of c ommer c ia l Sp e c i e s betwe en1 . 0 and 4 . 9 inch e s d . b . h . and l e s s than 1 inch , r e sp e c t ively ,whi ch Show promis e Of be c oming sawt imber tr e e s .
Sound cull tr e e s : Live tr e e s 1 inc h d . b . h . or larg er whi ch do not
poor form,or ex c e s s iv e l imb s .
Rotten cul l tr e e s : Live tr e e s 1 in ch d . b . h . or larger which ar e notgrowing sto ck or s ou nd cu l l b e cau s e of ex c e s s iv e rot .
Mer chantabl e sawtimb er : Wood in tr ee s d efined as sawtimber tr e e s .
Volume
Int ernat ional - inch kerf log rul e : A formula ru l e for e st imat ingthe board - foot volume of log s
,by 4 - foot log s e c t ions
,V equa l s 0 . 90 5
(0 . 2 202
Sawt imb er volume : The net volume o f th e saw - l og p ort ion of sawt im ber tr ee s
,in board fe et
,Int er nat iona l - inch ru l e .
Saw - log port ion : That part of the ma in bol e of sawtimb er tr e e sbetwe en the s tump and the m er chantabl e top .
Mer chanta bl e top: The po int on th e bol e above wh ich -
,a mer chantabl e
sawlog cannot b e O bta ined; i . e the po int where th e ma in s t em d ivid e s intol imb s or i s l es s than 8 inch e s diamet er ins id e bark .
Grow ing s to ck volume : Volume in cu bic fe e t of s ound wood in th ebol e of sawtimb er and pole timber tr e e s from s tump to a minimum top d iameter ins ide bark (d . i . b . ) of 4 . 0 inches , or to the po int wh er e the ma ins t em d ivid e s into l imb s .
All t imb er volume : Volume in cubic fe et of s ound wood in the bol eof grow ing s to ck and cu l l tr e e s 5 . 0 inch e s d . b . h . or larg er , fr om stump toa minimum top diameter ins id e bark (d . i . b . of 4 . 0 inch e s .
- 2 0
Stand Si z e C la s S e s
Sawtimb er s tand s : Stand s at l ea st 1 0 p er c ent sto cked w ith grow ing
sto cking at l eas t equa l to poletimber .
Pole timber s tand s : Stand s fa il ing to qua l ify as sawtimb er but atl ea st 1 0 p er c ent s to ck ed with growing stock tr ees
,a t l ea s t ha lf poletimber .
Sapl ing and s e ed l ing s tands : Stand s not qua l ify ing as sawt imber or
poletimbe r ,but at l ea st 1 0 p er c ent sto cked with grow ing s to ck .
Nonstock ed : Comm er c ial for e st land s l e s s than 1 0 p er c ent sto ckedw ith growing sto ck tr e e s .
Mis c e llaneou s
Diamet er br ea st he i ht (d . b . h . Tr ee d iamet er in inch e s,out s id e
bark,mea su r ed at 4 - 1 72 fe et a bove th e ground for no rma l tr e e s
,and 1 8
in ches above th e s t ilt or sw el l fo r abnorma l tre e s .
Indu s tr ial wood : Commer c ia l rou ndwood produ ct s,su ch as sawlog s
,
veneer
Log grad e s : A c la s s if icat ion Of log s ba s ed on ext erna l chara c ter i s t ic sas ind i cator s Of qua l ity or va lu e . Grad e 1 i s the h igh e st qua l ity
,grad e 2
int ermed iat e and grad e 3 th e low e st qua l ity of s tandard hardwood fa ctorylumber log s .
i Grad e 4 log s ar e sui tabl e for t i e s and t imb er s .
Timb er qua l ity : Ba s ed on log grad e s unl e s s s tat ed otherwi s e . Cha ract er istics of wood su ch as d ens ity
,s tr ength
,co lor
,and shr inkage
,ar e
a l s o mea sur es of qual ity . How ever,th es e ar e u sual ly inh er ent in a Sp e c ie s .
Working C ir c l e : A t erm of c onvenienc e under stood by t imber op erator s and for e st e r s as r eferr ing to a r elat ively large land ar ea for managem ent
,adm ini st rat iv e
,o r e conomi c purpo s e s .
in ve n to ry Pr ocedur eAr ea and volume s tat i s t i c s p r e s ented in thi s r epor t wer e d evelop ed
p lanta t ion s tand by p lantat ion s tand . Fir st,ind ividua l for e s t p lantat ions of
2 a c r e s or mor e w er e id ent if ied and d el ineat ed on a er ia l photograph s throughst er eo s cop ic s tudy . Ea ch plantat ion w as g iven a s tand numb er and c las s ifi edas to typ e and s tand - S iz e gr oup . Th e ar ea of ea c h planta t ion w as measu r edon th e photograph . Owner ship and s tand age wer e det erm ined from map sand other r e cord s . Fi eld examina t ion of ea ch planta t ion a l l ow ed for corr e cting d el ineat ions
,c la s s ificat ions
,and a c r eage s .
Next,t imb er -volume p lot s wer e lo cat ed on the ground in ea ch com
me r cial for e st plantat ion of 5 acr e s and larg er having sawtimber tr e e s . Thesampl e p lot loca t ions w er e s el e c t ed at random from a gr id of po ints overla id on th e a er ia l photograph . Two or mor e sampl e lo cat ions , dep end ing ons tand a cr eage and var iabil ity
,wer e s el e ct ed in ea ch s tand . At ea ch lo cat ion,
tr e e mea sur ements wer e mad e from wh i ch timb er volume and qual ity cou ld
1U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha rdwood log g rade s fo r s t anda rd lumbe r -proposa l s andre su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo re s t Prod . Lab . Rep . 1 737 , 1 5 pp . , i l lus . 19 53 .
- 2 1 _
be comput ed and expand ed . Deta il ed mea sur ements w er e mad e on a ma inplot at ea ch lo cat ion
,s uppl ement ed by add it iona l bu t l e s s d eta i l ed da ta On
tw o"s at el l it e
" plot s . Al l p lot s w er e var ia bl e p lot s w ith a ba sa l ar ea fa c to rof 2 0 .
Fina l ly,th e da ta wer e p ro c es s ed through a Sp ec ial ly pr epar ed
el e c troni c comput er program . Tr e e mea sur ement s w er e convert ed tomeaningful volume unit s on a p er a c r e ba s i s
,averaged for the plot s in a
s tand,
and expand ed for th e ac r eag e of the stand . Th e comput er output conS is ted of tabu la r data for ea ch s tand and summar ie s of s tand data by for e s tr e s erv es . Volumetr i c data for stand s 2 to 4 a c r e s in S i z e w er e extrapolat ed from c lo s ely s im i lar mea sur ed stand s .
The a c cura cy goal for thi s inventory w as 2 0 p er c ent p er 5 mil l ionnet board fe et of s awtimb er in a s tand
,at the l ev el of on e standard error .
The r el iabil ity of e st ima te s for ea ch for e s t r e s erve ar e Shown below int erms of samp l ing er ror s to wh i ch the e st imat e s ar e l iabl e
,two chanc e s
out of thr ee .
For e s t R es erve Tota l volume Sam l in er ror(p er c ent )
Nor th Kona Wa te r shedWa iak eaOut s id e For e st Re s erve
- 2 2
Tab le 7 .-Vo lume of growing s tock and sawt imber
aby spec ie s ,
in planted sawt imber s t andsaI s l and o f Hawai i
a1 965
Aus tra l ian redcedarB lackbut t euca lyp tusBrushbox
Deane eucalyptusEucalyptus spp .
Gray ironbark eucalyp tusJ h aluaKinogum. eucalyptus
Koa
Lemon eucalyptus
Ma iden-gum eucalyp tusMo lucca alb iz z iaNepal alderNor f o lk-I s land-p ineOh ia
Port-Or f ord-cedarRedwoodRobus ta eucalyp tu sSal igna euca lyp tu sSi lk-oak
SugiTa l lowwood eucalyp tusTrop ica l ash
Turpent ine- treewe s tern redcedar
I s land to ta l
-2 9
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Ti e and
Owne r sh ip c l ass and A1 1 Fact ory lumbe r l ogs z t imbe r l ogs : So f twood
Thou sand boa r d f e e t é/
St a t e
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt u s
Ot he r eucalypt sé /
Si lk-oak 26
Tr opi ca l ash 1 67
Ot h e r h ardwood sé/ 923 73
Comme r ci a l coni f e r sé/ 79 7
To t a l
Hawa i i an Home s
Robu s t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Ot he r euca lypt sé /
Tropi ca l ash
Ot he r hardwoodsé/
Comme r cia l coni f e r s6/
Tot al
Pr iv a t e
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna eucalypt us
Ot he r euca lypt Sé/
Tr opi cal ash
Ot h e r har dwood si /Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine
Ot h e r coni f e r sé/
To t a l
Al l Owne r sh ips
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna eucalypt us
Ot he r euca lypt sfi/Si lk-oak 26 400 59 1 856
Tr opi ca l ash 1 96 3 1 6 43 1 293
Ot h e r h ardwoodsé/ 8 3 1 83 2 3 1 598
Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine 899
Ot h e r coni f e r sfi/
Tot al
1 / Based on s t andard speci f i ca t i ons for hardwood log gr ade s f or s t andard
2 / Commer ci a l coni f e r spe ci e s ar e no t log-gr aded .
3 / Int e rna t i onal l /4 - inch r u le .
4 / Mai nly Euca lypt us spp . bu t inc lude s br ushbox and t ur pen t ine- t r ee .
5 / Include s oh i a , koa , Mo lucca a lb i z z i a , j ha lua ,Aus t r a l i an r edcedar , and
Nepa l a lde r .
6/ Include s sugi , we st e rn r edcedar , Por t -Or ford-cedar ,and r edwood .
- 37
Tab l e 1 9 .-Li s t ing o f ind iv i dua l s t ands and pl an t ings wi t h
spe ci e s t ype ,owne r sh ip, ar e a
,and v o lume ,
I s l and o f Hawa i i,1 9 65
To t a l s t and
Thou sand
boar d f e e t
Robus t a euca lypt u s
I r onwood
Robu st a euca lypt usII N
Robus t a euca lypt u sH II
Robus t a euca lypt u sI I I I
Robu s t a euca lypt u sI ! l l
Tr opi ca l ash
Mixe d euca lypt u s
Tr opi ca l a sh
Si lk -oak
Robus t a euca lypt u s
1 / Code numbe r s in t h i s co lumn i dent i fy l andowne r s a s St a t e
l ands unde r j ur i sd i c t i on o f Hawa i i an Home s Commi ss i on and pr iv a t e
owne r s ( a l l o t h e r numbe r s )Owne r sh i p o f pl ant a t i on s t and s i s base d on in t e r pr e t a t i on of
loca t ions on Tax —Key maps and t opogr aph i c maps wh i ch ar e o f t en inade qua t ef or pr e ci se de t e rmina t i ons . Th e r e f or e ,
f or a g iv en pl an t a t i on s t and t he
owne r sh ip de s i gna t i on may be in e r r or,
a l t hough ov e r a l l owne r sh i p s t a t i s
t i cs ar e pr obab ly no t gr e a t ly a f f e c t ed by t h i s kind o f e r r or
2 / ind i ca t e s noncomme r ci a l pl ant a t ion t ype t h r oughou t t ab l e .
- 4 1
Tab l e 1 9 , cont i nue d
Robus t a euca lypt us
Lemon eucalypt us
I r onwood
Nor fo lk- I s l and -pi ne
Robus t a euca lypt us
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Tropi cal ashN
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mixe d euca lypt usI I I I
Robus t a eucalypt us
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mi xed eucalypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt usI I N
Robus t a euca lypt usH H
Mixed euca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Tropi cal ash
Brushbox
Mixed eucalypt us
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mixed euca lypt us
B ru shbox
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mi xed eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
- 4 2
To t al s t and
Tab l e 1 9 , con t inued
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mixe d euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Mixe d euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Mi xed eucalypt usH l l
Mi xed e uca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt usl l l l
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Sugi
Paper-bark
Sugi
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt usH U
B luegum euca lypt us
Mixed speci e sl l 1 !
Sugi
Robus t a euca lypt usI ! l l
Robus t a euca lypt usI I I I
Sug i
Robus t a eucalypt us
Mixed eucalypt us
To t a l st and
indi ca t e s po l e t imber o r se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands t h rough
_ 4 4 _
Tab l e 1 9 ,con t i nue d
To t a l s t and
Robus t a euca lypt usH 1 !
Pape r-bar k
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Nepal a l de r
Robus t a euca lypt us
S i lk- oak
Robus t a e uca lypt usl l l l
Nepa l a l de r
Nepa l a l de r
Robus t a e uca lypt usl l l l
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt usI ! H
Sugi
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r- bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sugi
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sugi
Pape r- bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Nepal al de r
Nepa l al de r
Mixe d eucalypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Mi xe d spe c i e sI I N
- 4 5
Tab l e 1 9 ,con t i nue d
To t al s t and
Tr opi ca l ash 1 1 2
Robus t a e uca lypt us 1 1 2
Ta l lowwood euca lypt us 1 1 2
Mixed euca lypt us 1 1 2
Sa l i gna euca lypt us 2 1 7
Mi xe d euca lypt us
S i lk—oak
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mixed eucalypt us
I r onwood
B lue gum euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Mixed euca lypt us
I r onwood
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine
Tr opi ca l ash
Robu s t a euca lypt us
Mixed eucalypt us
Robust a euca lypt us
Ta l lowwood euca lyp t us
I r onwood
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Mixe d euca lypt us
S i lk-oak
Robus t a euca lypt usI I N
B luegum euca lypt us
I r onwood
S i lk-oak
Robus t a euca lypt usH I I
_ 4 6 _
Tab l e 1 9 , con t inue d
Mi xe d eucalypt usI ! l l
Mixed euca lypt u sH l l
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mi xed eucalypt usH H
Mixe d euca lyp t usH I I
Mi xe d euca lypt usI ! H
Mixed euca lypt usH l l
Mixe d eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robu s t a euca lypt us
Mixed euca lypt us
Mixe d Spe ci e s
Mi xed eucalypt us
Robu s t a euca lyp t us
SugiI !
Tr opi ca l ash
_ 4 8 _
To t a l s t and
Tab l e 1 9 , con t inue d
Robus t a euca lypt us
Si lk-oak
S i l k-oak
Robust a euca lypt us
Mi xed euca lypt us
Mi xe d eucalypt usI I I I
Sugi
Lemon euca lyptu s
Nor f o lk- I s l and —pine
I r onwood
Robus t a e uca lypt us
I r onwoodI !
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mi xed euca lypt u s
I ronwood1 !
Mi xe d eucalypt us
I r onwood
I r onwoodII
I r onwood
Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine
Robus t a euca lypt usH l l
- 4 9
To t a l s t and
Tab l e 1 9 , con t inued
Robust a euca lypt usH I I
Mi xed eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
I r onwood
I r onwood
J h alna
Mo lucca a l b i z z i a
I I II
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt usH I I
Mi xe d euca lypt us
I r onwood
Pape r-bark
Tr opi ca l ash
Robus t a euca lypt usI I M
Sug i
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Mi xed e uca lypt usl l l l
J h a lna
Robus t a eucalypt us
Nor f o lk-I s l and -pine
Mo lucca al b i z z i a
Pape r-bark
To t a l For e s t Pl an t a t i on
(pr i or t o 1 957 )
_ 50 _
To t a l s t and
Tab l e 20 .- Iden t i t y o f ind iv i dua l pl an t a t i on s t and s in t h e
r ou 5 sh own on t h e ma “For e s t Pl an t a t i ons on
t h e I s l and o f Hawa i i - l 965W1 7
Ind iv i dua l s t and no .
3
3 1
32
33
34
35
36
3 7
38
39
40
4 1
42
43
44
45
46
4 7
48
49
50
5 1
52
53
54
55
56
5 7
58
Ind i v i dua l s t and no .
8 1 54 -55 , 63 - 64
8022 - 25 , 33
8026 - 32
8 1 1 0
8 1 35 , 40-4 1 , 59 - 6 1
8 1 07-09 , 58 , 8 1 , 85
8 1 2 7- 30 , 5 7
8442 - 50 , 5 5 , 57
844 1
8403 ,09 , 33 -40 , 5 2 - 54 , 56
8424 - 3 1 , 5 1
840 1 -02 , 1 0 - 2 3 , 32
8404 - 08
830 1 - 03 ,1 2 - 1 6 , 30 —3 1 , 50
8304 - 1 1 ,2 2
83 1 7 - 2 1 ,2 3 -2 9 , 49
8346
8345
8 344
8 32 2 - 38 , 4 3 , 4 7-48
8 3 3 9 -4 2
820 1 - 06 ,2 9
8206 - 09 ,1 2
8 2 1 3 - 1 7 , 1 9 ,2 1 - 2 5
8 2 1 0 , 2 6 ,28
8 2 18, 3 2 - 35
82 1 1 , 30 - 3 1 , 3 7 - 3 9
82 20 , 2 7 , 36 , 40
5 1
1 / Unnumbe r e d s t ands on t h e map ar e i den t i f i e d by symbo l s as
l 8 1 2 6 , 49- 5 1
2 8 1 34 , 3 7- 38
3 800 1 - 0 2 , 8 1 24 - 2 5
4 8007 , 8 1 22 - 2 3 , 36 , 67
5 8005 - 06
6 8004 , 8 1 39
7 80 14 - 1 6
8 80 1 2 - 1 3 , 1 9 - 20 , 8 1 5 3 , 5 6
9 8008 - 1 1 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 8 142 -48 , 83
10 8 1 3 1 - 33
1 1 8 1 65
1 2 802 1
1 3 8 1 2 1
14 8085 - 86,88 , 8 1 1 6 - 20
1 5 809 3 - 98 , 8 1 62 , 7 1 - 72 , 74 - 75
7 7- 80
1 6 8 1 70 , 73
1 7 8 1 68 - 69
1 8 808 3 - 84 , 9 9
1 9 808 7 , 89- 92
20 8078 - 82
2 1 8 1 0 3 - 06 , 8 1 1 1 - 1 2 , 76
22 8 100 - 02
2 3 8067 - 77 , 8 1 66, 86
24 8044 - 49 , 8 1 1 3 — 1 5
2 5 8056 - 6 1 , 8 184
26 8062 - 66
2 7 8003 , 35 - 3 7 , 50 - 5 3
28 8034 , 54 - 55 , 8 1 52 , 82
2 9 804 1 -4 3 , 8 1 8 7
30 80 38 -40
f o l lows '
WRP -Wa i akea r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 95 7- 65 ; inc lude s se ed l ing ,
sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r
HRP -Honaunau r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,
l ing ,sapl ing ,
and po l e t imbe r .
NA -Wa i ake a Ar bor e t um
HExP -Honaunau expe r imen t a l plan t ing .
- 5 2
1 95 7 - 65 ; inc lude s se e d
GPO 9 73— 060
Contents
Intr oduction
Findings for 1 9 6 3
Comme r cial F or e st Ar e a
Comme r cial F or e st Land Owner sh ip
Stand — Siz e Class e s
Stocking
Major For e st Type s
Y ield Clas s e s
T imbe r Volume
G r ow th and Mor tality
Annua l Cut
Appendix
Table s 1 - 1 4
Accur acy
Compar ison w ith 1 9 5 3 Inv entory
Pr ocedur e s
D efinition of T er ms
Tr e e Spe cie s
Th e Au tho r s
DANIEL D . OSWALD i s a s s i gn ed t o th e Fo r e s t Su r v ey s t a f f , wi th h e ad
qua r t e r s in B e rke l ey . He h o lds a bach e lo r’
s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry f romt h e Un i v e r s i ty o f Ca l i fo rn i a ( 1 9 58 ) and a l so h as don e g r adua t e wo rk
th e r e . Af t e r g radua t i on h e s e rv ed in th e Navy , and j o ined th e Fo r e s t
Se r v i ce in 1 96 2 . E . M. HORNIBROOK was in cha r ge o f th e S t a t ion’
s Fo r
e s t Su rv ey un t i l h i s r e t i r emen t in 1 96 5 . He came t o th e Be rke l ey s t a f fi n 1 949 a f t e r as si gnmen t s a t th e Rocky Moun t a in and Sou t hwe s t e rn Expe r i
men t S t a t ions and on t h e Na t i ona l Fo r e s t s in Wa sh ing t on , Ar i z ona , andNew Mex i co . He i s a 1 9 28 fo r e s t ry g radua t e o f Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y .
Commercial Forest Land OwnershipIn Califor nia
,owner sh ip of commer cial for es t land is almost e qually
div id ed be tw e en public agencie s and pr iv at e fir ms and indiv iduals . Near ly50 pe r cent of th e comme r cia l for es t land - 8 . 6 million acr es
- is administe r ed by th e U. 8 . F or e s t Ser v ice . An addit ional 3 per cent
- 0 . 6 millionacr e s
- is in o th er public ow ne r sh ips . Th e r emaining 4 7 pe r cent- 8 . 2 mil
lion acr e s- is in pr iv at e holdings (table For e st industr ie s own 3 7 pe r cent
of th e pr iv ate ly h e ld commer cial for e st land .
Stand-Siz e C lasses
Sev enty- four pe r cent of Califor nia
‘s commer cial for e st land is sto ck ed
w ith saw timbe r siz e stand s of timber . Old -
gr ow th saw timbe r stands,
w h e r e 50 per c ent or mor e of th e net liv e timbe r v olume is in old -
gr ow th
tr e e s ,occupy 8 . 7 million acr es . Th e se old —
gr ow th stand s occupy h alf of
th e State 's comme r cial fo r e st ar ea
,and should continue to be impor tant in
Califor nia 's timbe r supply out - look . Young -
gr ow th s aw timber stand s occu
py 4 . 1 million acr e s . Of th e r emaining acr e age ,0 . 8 million acr e s ar e
stocked w ith pole timbe r ,s e edlings ,
and saplings ,and 3 . 8 million acr es ar e
class ified as le s s than 1 0 pe r cent sto cked (table
Stocking
Near ly a th ir d of Califor nia‘s comme r cial for es t land ar ea is occupied
by w ell stocked stands . About a th ir d is med ium stocked,and th e r emain
de r is eith er poo r ly s to cked or nonstock ed . Saw timber stands account fo r
9 4 pe r cent of th e sto cked s tands,and pole stands make up mo st of th e
r emaining 6 per cent (table
M ajor Forest TypesAll pine type s combined a ccount for one
-h alf of th e State ' s commer cial
for e st land ar ea (table And mo r e than half of th e pine type acr eage is
in public ow ner sh ip . Th e mo st impor tant pine type s and th e ir shar e of th e
comm e r cia l fo r e st land ar e : pond er osa and J effr ey pine ,3 5 per cent;sugar
pine ,1 3 pe r cent .
D ouglas- fir type ,
mostly in th e nor th er n coastal countie s,occupie s
2 5 pe r cent of th e comm er cia l for e st land -abou t e qually div id ed be tw e en
public and pr iv at e owner sh ips . Th e tr ue fir s (fir -spruce type ) occupy 1 6
pe r c ent of th e State's comme r cial for e st ar ea
-about tw o
- thir ds publiclyow ned
,and one
— th ir d pr iv ate ly ow ned . Th e r edw ood type ,occupying 9
pe r cent of th e Stat e's comme r cial for e st land total , is confined to a nar
r ow be lt th at coincid e s w ith th e fog be lt along th e nor th er n Califor nia coast
line . Most of it is pr iv at e ly owned .
Y ie ld C lasses
Y ie ld cla s s e s ar e m ea sur e s of th e potent ial yield of a for est ar ea in
terms of cubic fe e t or wood pe r acr e per ye ar . One - th ir d of th e Stat e ‘ s
comme r cial for e st land h as a h igh yie ld potential . Only 4 per cent of th e
commer cial for e st ar e a is incapable of yie lding mor e th an 50 cubic fe e t of
w ood pe r acr e pe r year (table
Timber Volume
In 1 9 6 3,Califor nia
's comm er cial for e sts h e ld 3 04 billion boar d fe et
(Inte r national l /4 - inch log r ule ) of liv e me r ch antable saw timbe r . Th is is th enet v olume of all me r ch antable softw oods and h ar dw oods
,1 1 . 0 inch es and
lar ger in d iamet er ,r egar dle ss of cur r ent av ailability for u se . Th is v ol
ume includ e s timbe r cur r ent ly inacce ssible or located in s catt er ed pat ch e s
each of at least 1 acr e ,timber now unmar ke table be caus e of siz e or spe cie s ,
and timbe r in ar eas wh e r e r ecr e ation or w ater sh ed consid er ations pr e clud e
h arv e st ope r ations at th e pr e s ent time (table 8 )Mor e than half (53 pe r cent ) of th is v olume is on Na tional F or es t lands ,
4 3 pe r cent on pr iv at e lands ,and th e r ema ining 4 per cent in oth e r public
ow ne r sh ips .
Softw ood specie s compr is e 9 9 . 5 pe r cent of th e 3 04 billion boar d fe e t
of saw timbe r v olume (table One - th ir d of th e liv e saw timbe r v olume in
California is D ouglas- fir . T r u e fir s (w h ite fir ,
Califor nia r ed fir,and
gr and fir ) account for one— four th of th e total;pond er osa and J e ffr ey pine ,
one- fifth;r edwood
,one
- tenth (tableAlmost 4 0 pe r cent of th e total v olume of standing saw t imber is in tr e e s
39 inch e s or larger in diamet er (table Th is finding r efle cts th e large
amount of old -
gr ow th saw timbe r that r emains in Califor nia . Only 1 0 per
cent of th e v olume is small s aw timber ( 1 1 . 0 to 1 8 . 9 inch e s in diamet er ) .
Growth and M ortality
For th e d ecade 1 9 53 - 6 2,av er age annual net gr ow th on Califor nia ‘
s
1 7 . 4 million acr es of comme r cial for est land w as 3 . 5 billion boar d fe e t or
20 1 boar d fe et pe r acr e per year (table D ouglas- fir and th e tr ue fir s
each accounted for 27 per cent of th e net gr ow th ;pond er osa and J effr ey pinecombined account ed for 1 9 pe r cent; r edw ood
,1 4 per cent .
An av er age of 2 . 2 5 billion boar d fe et of saw timber v olume w a s lost
annually to fir e, ins ect s ,
dis ea s e ,w indth r ow ,
and o th e r d e str uctiv e agents
of natur al mor tality dur ing th e lo-
year pe r iod (table Th e av er age
annual net v olume per acr e mor tality for th e pe r iod w as 1 2 9 boar d fee t pe r
acr e .
AnnuaI Cut
Mor e than 9 9 per cent of th e saw timbe r cut fr om comme r cial for e st s
in Califor nia in 1 96 2 w as softw ood . Of th e 5 . 7 billion boar d fe e t r emov ed
fr om gr ow ing s tock in logging ,all but 4 6 1 million boar d fe et w er e us ed for
w ood pr oducts;th e r emaind er w as left as logging r e sidue s (table D ouglas
fir account ed for 4 1 pe r cent of th e cut; r edw ood, ponde r osa and J e ffr ey pine
and th e tr ue fir s,account ed for 1 8
,1 5
,and 1 5 per cent , r e spe ctiv e ly (table
Har dwoods accounte d for le s s th an 1 pe r cent of th e timber cut in 1 9 6 2 .
Th ey contr ibuted about th e s am e per centage of th e total inv entor y and total
gr ow th .
Th e annual cut figur e s pr es ented in th is r epor t d iffe r sligh tly fr omth ose r epor ted in th e F or e st Ser v ice r epor t
"T imber Tr ends in th e Unite dStat e s
,
"5 wh ich w er e bas ed upon B ur eau of Censu s pr oduction r epor ts .
5See foo tno t e 2 .
Append ix
Tab les
Tabl e 1 .-Land a r ea , by maj o r c l a s s e s o f land ,
Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 963
Clas s o f l and
7housand acr e s
Cbmme rc i a l
Noncomme rc ia l
Produc t i v e -r e se rv ed
Unproduc t i ve
To t a l fo r e s t
Non - fo r e s t
To t a l , a l l c lasse s
Inc lude s ac r e s o f wa t e r acco rding t o Su r v ey s t anda rds o f
a r e a c las s i f i ca t i on bu t de f i ned by t h e BUr e au o f Census a s land .
Tab l e 2 .-Cbmme r cia l fo r e s t l and a r ea by owne r sh ip c las s e s
Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3
1
Own e r sh ip cl ass Ar ea
Thous and acr e s
Fede ra l
Na t i ona l Fo r e s t
Bur e au o f Land Managemen t
Ind i an
Oth e r
To t al
S t a t e
Coun t y and muni c i pa l
To t a l
Pr i v a t e
Fo r e s t indus t ry
Fa rm
Ot h e r pr i v a t e
To t a l
To t a l , a l l own e r sh i p
Owne r sh i p b r e akdowns r e v i s ed base d upon in fo rma t i on una va i l
ab l e fo r"Timbe r Tr ends in t h e Un i t ed S ta t e s )
“U. S . Dep . Ag r . ,
Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Re sou rce Rep . 1 7 . 1 96 5 .
Tab l e 6 .-Comme rc i al fo r e s t l and a r ea , by y i e ld cl as s ,
Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3
1Y i e ld c la s s Area
Thousand acr e s
1 20 cubi c fe e t o r mo r e
85 to 1 20 cub ic fe e t
50 t o 8 5 cubi c fe e t
Le ss t h an 50 cubic fe e t
To t a l , a l l c la s se s
Bas ed on po t en t i a l y i e lds in cub i c fe e t pe r ac r e o fmean annua l g row t h a t cu lmina t ion o f inc r emen t in
fu l ly s t ocked s t ands .
Tab l e 7 .-Vb lume o f t imbe r on comme rc z al fo r es t l ahd , by cl as s o f t imbe r
and S pe ci e s gr oup , ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3
Class o f t imbe r
Sawt imbe r t r e e s
Sawlog po r t ion
Uppe r - s t em po r t ion
To t a l
Po l e t imbe r t r e e s
Al l growing-s t ock t r e e s
Sound cu l l t r e e s
Sawt imbe r -S i z e t r e e s
Po l e t imbe r -S i z e t r e e s
To t a l
Ro t t en cu l l t r e e s
Sawt imbe r -S i z e t r e e s
Po l e t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s
To t a l
Sa l v abl e dead t r e e s
Saw t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s
Po l e t imbe r - S i z e t r e e s
Te t a l
To t a l , a l l t imbe r
Es t ima t e s o f addi t i ona l v o lume s on unproduc t i ve fo r e s t land t o t a lmi l l ion cub i c fe e t in t re e s inch e s and la r ge r inc luding
mi l l ion cubic fe e t o f so f twoods and mi l l ion cubi c fe e t o fha rdwoods .
Tabl e 8 .-Vb lume o f gr owi ng-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci a l fb r e s t land ,
by owne r sh ip cl ass e s and spe c i e s group , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3
Na t i ona l fo r e s t
Oth e r publ i c
Fo re s t indu s t ry
Fa nne r and mi sc . p r i va t e
To t al , a l l owne r sh ip
Na t iona l fo re s t
Oth e r pub l i c
Fo re s t indus t ry
Fa rme r and mi sc . p r i va t e
To t a l , a l l own e rsh ip
In t e rna t i ona l -inch lo g ru l e .
Tabl e 9 .-Vb lume o f gr owi ng
-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci a l for es t l and ,
by spe ci es , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 963
Mi l l i on cubi c fe e t Mi l l i on boar d fe e t
Tb t a l , al l speci e s
In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru le .
Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e p i ne .
Tab l e 1 0 .-Vo lume o f growi ng- s tock and s awt imbe r on comme r c i a l fo r e s t land ,
‘
by diame t e r
cl a ss and speci e s group , Cal i fo rni a ,1 96 3
So f twoods
Ha rdwood s
To t a l , a l l spe c i e s
To t a l , a 1 1 spe c ie s
In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru le .
Tab l e 1 1 .-Av e rage annua l n e t growth o f growi ng
-s tock and saw t imbe r on
comme r ci a l fo r e s t land , by sp eci es , Cal i fo rni a ,1 96 2
Ne t annua l g row t h
Thousand cubi c fee t Th ou sand boa rd fe e t
Ha rdwoods
To t a l , a l l spec i e s
In t e rna t iona l -inch lo g ru le .
Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .
Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e pine .
Tabl e 14 .-Annual cu t o f growing-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci al
fo r e s t l and , by speci e s , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 2
Thousand Cubi c fe e t Thousand boa rd fe e t
To t a l
Ha rdwoods
To t a l , a l l spe c i e s
In t e rna t i ona l -inch log ru le .
Inc lude s Je f f r ey pine .
Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e pine .
Accuracy
D ata pr e s ented in th is r epor t w e r e d ev e loped by sampling pr ocedur e s .
In v ar ying d egr e e ,all th e data ar e subj e ct to th e pos sibility of er r or .
E r r or s cou ld hav e b e en int r oduced th r ough mistake s in cla ss if ying ,me asur
ing ,tabulat ing ,
or r epor t ing; th r ough faulty judgment;or th r ough th e u se of
sampling pr ocedur e s . E r r or s may or may no t be compensat ing . Except
fo r s ampling er r or,th e r e is no w ay of measur ing th em
,but th e ch ance s of
human e r r or w er e r e duced a s far as possible by follow ing d etailed plans ,
by intens iv e tr aining of pe r sonne l , and by car e ful supe r v ision and ch eckingof th e w or k .
Sampling e r r or accounts for e r r or s that ar is e fr om taking a sampler ath e r than making a comple te inv entory or m ea sur ement; it doe s not include
po ss ible er r o r s r e sulting fr om human mistake s or faulty judgment . Th e
sampling e r r o r of an e stima te is giv en h er e in t e rms of one s tandar d e r r or ,
1 . e . th e r ang e about th e e stimat e w ith in w h ich th e odds ar e tw o to one th at
th e v alue ba sed on 1 00 per cent cov e r age w ould fall .
Analys is of th e Califor nia for e st inv entory data indicat e s a samplinge r r o r of i O. 6 pe r cent for th e e st imat e of total comm er cial for e st land
ar ea ,1 . 7 per cent for tota l cubic v olume of gr ow ing s tock
,and 7 . 2 pe r cent
fo r total v olume of net gr owth in cubic fe et .
As ar e a o r v olume da ta ar e subdiv id ed by for e st type ,spe cie s ,
ow ne r
sh ip,or oth er br eakdow n
,th e possibility of e r r or incr e as e s and is gr eate st
for th e smalle st it em . Th e or d er of th e incr ea se is indicated in th e follow
ing tabulat ion of sampling e r r or s .
1 0
For commer cial for e st ar ea
Ar ea
( t housand ac r e s ) ( pe r cen t )
1 00
For inv entory v olume
For av e r age ne t annual gr ow th of gr ow ing stock :
Vo lume
(mi l l ion cu . f t . )6 5 1
200
50
5
Comparison with 19 53 I nventoryTh e 1 9 6 3 r e
- inv entory show s mo r e comm er cial for e s t land and les s timbe r v olume than in th e 1 9 53 sur v ey . Par t of th e differ ence r e flects actual
physical ch ange of th e r e sour ce . Par t is attr ibuted to ch ange s in pr ocedur e s
and d efinitions u s ed in th e inv entor ie s . And th e r emainder is du e to samplinger r or . Cons e qu ently some statistics fr om th e two inv entor ie s ar e not dir e ct
ly compar able .
Comme rcial Forest Land
Repor ted commer cial for es t land ar ea incr e as ed fr om 1 7,3 1 7
,00 0 acr e s
( 1 9 53 ) to 1 7 , 3 9 1 ,000 acr es Th is incr e as e of 0 . 4 pe r cent r e fle cts an
incr ea se in th e e stimate of commer cial for est land in south er n Califor nia
ba s ed upon a r e classification of for e sted ar eas th e r e . F or th e r emaind er of
th e Stat e,
additions to comme r cial for e s t ar ea th r ough r efor e stat ion and
r e classifications w er e offs et by w ithdr aw als for dams,
r igh ts-oi -w ay,
and
oth er d ev elopments,r e sulting in negligible ne t chang e dur ing th e per iod .
Sawtimber VolumeSaw timbe r v olume is dow n fr om 3 6 0 billion boar d fe et in 1 9 53 to 3 04
billion boa r d fee t in 1 9 6 3 . Much of th e diffe r ence r epr e sents an actual r educ
tion in inv entory,as to be expe cted in a r egion w h er e lar g e amounts of old
gr ow th timber contr ibute little net gr ow th but suppor t a lar ge annual cut .
Imbalance betw een gr ow th and annual cut accounts for about half th e dif
fe r ence be tw een inv entor ie s . Som e of th e d iffe r ence is du e pr ima r ily to
changes in s tandar d s of utiliz at ion,in pr ocedur e s ,
and in d efinitions . Addi
tionally ,in 1 9 6 2
,field cr ew s id entified many cull indicator s that h ad be en
ov er looked in th e 1 9 53 inv entory . Th e r esult is a dr op in net v olume s .
F inally,sampling e r r or s as sociated w ith th e two inv entor ies account for
some of th e diffe r ence betw e en inv entor ie s .
l l
G rowth and Mortality
Av e r age ne t annual gr ow th incr ea se d fr om 2 . 9 billion boar d fe e t for th e
pe r iod pr e ced ing 1 9 5 3 to billion boar d fe et for th e pe r iod 1 9 53 th r ough
1 9 6 2 . Th is incr eas e r eflect s th e co ntinu ed ch ange in s tand str uctur e s as old
gr ow th stands w ith litt le or no ne t gr ow th ar e cut,
and a s s e cond -
gr ow th
stand s r each saw timbe r s iz e .
Av er age annual mo r ta lity for th e 1 0 -
year pe r iod w as 2 . 2 5 billion boar d
fe e t,or 2 0 pe r cent gr e ate r than th e l . 8 7 billion boa r d fe et r epor ted in th e
1 9 53 inv entory
ProceduresInitial Survey
Th e initial sur v ey for California w as comple t ed in 1 9 52 . Th e sur v eyw as bas ed upon ae r ial photo de line ation of th e State '
s fo r e sted ar eas into
s ev e r al str ata,t r ansfe r of th e str atified ar eas to bas e maps fr om wh ich
ar ea informat ion w a s d er iv ed,and e stablishm ent of mo r e than 1
,50 0 field
plots w ith in th e v ar ious str ata to e stimate v olume .
Re -inventory
In 1 9 6 2,For e s t Sur v ey field cr ew s r eme asur e d a sample of th e initial
sur v ey fie ld plot s . Informat ion on diame ter incr ement,ingr ow th ,
distr ibu
tion of cut by d iame t er,mor tality,
and pr es ent v olume w as de r iv ed fr omth e s e plot s .
VMume
Th e Janua ry 1,1 9 6 3 e stima t e s of v olume ar e ba s ed on r egr e ssionr e la
tionsh ips d ev e loped fr om pa st and pr e sent v olume s on th e r eme asur e d field
plot s ,a s applied to all of th e initial sur v ey field plot s .
Commercial Forest Area
Ar e a e stimate s of comm er cial for e st land ar e ba s ed on th e initial photo
d e lineation adj us ted for ch ange s in land classification dur ing th e pa st 1 0
year s . Th is pr ocedur e w a s us ed for mo st of the Sta t e . For south er n Cali
fo r nia,how ev e r
,th e e stimat e of comme r cial fo r est land ar ea is based upon
a r e-ev aluation
,by photo point inspection on r e cent ph otogr aphy ,
and sub
s e qu ent field ch ecks .
G rowth and Mortality
G r ow th e stimat e s ar e ba s ed on th e d iamet er incr ement of tr e e s r eme a s
ur ed on th e sample field plots . E stimate s of mor tality ar e bas ed on tr e es
th at d ied dur ing th e int er v al be tw e en me asur ement s .
Timbe r Cut
T imbe r cut e stimat e s w e r e d e r iv ed by applying w ood r e sidue factor s
to th e v olume of r oundw ood h ar v e st ed fr om Califor nia 's for e s t land s in 1 9 6 2 .
Th e r oundw ood h ar v e st e s timate w a s bas ed upon a sur v ey of all known us e r s
of r oundw ood mat er ial .
1 2
Mor tality : Th e v olume of sound w ood in liv e saw timbe r and poletimbe rtr e e s (gr ow ing
-stock tr e e s ) dying fr om natur al caus e s du r ing a spe cified
pe r iod .
National Fo r e st land : F ed e r al land s th at hav e be en d esignated byExe cutiv e Or d er or statut e a s National For e sts or pur ch as e units
,and oth er
lands und er th e admini str a tion Of th e For e s t Se r v ice ,including expe r imental
ar eas and B ankh ead — Jone s T itle III lands .
Ne t annual gr ow th : Th e av er age annual ch ange in v o lume of sound w ood
in liv e saw timber and pole timbe r tr e e s r e sulting fr om natur al cause s, 1 . e
incr e as e in volume in abs ence O f mor tality and cutting ,m inus mo r tality, plus
gr ow th on mor tality and gr ow th on one- h alf th e cut dur ing a specified pe r iod .
Ne t v olume : G r os s v olume le ss d eductions for d efects ,excluding cull
tr e e s
G r ow ing stock : G r o ss cubic—foo t v olume le ss d eductions
for r ot and miss ing s e ctions .
Saw timb e r : G r o ss boa r d - foo t v olume le s s d eductions for
r ot,
sw e ep,cr ook
,mi s sing sections
,and oth e r d efe cts
th at affe ct use fo r lumbe r .
Noncommer cial for e st land : Unproductiv e for e st land incapable of yield
tiv e for es t land w ith dr awn fr om commer cial timbe r use th r ough statut e or
admini str ativ e r egula tion .
Nonfor e st land : Land that has nev er suppor ted for e sts and lands forme r lyfor e st ed but now d ev eloped for such nonfor e st use s a s cr ops ,
impr ov ed pa stur e
,r e sid ential ar ea s
,and city parks ,
impr ov ed r oads,
and adjoining r igh ts
of —w ay, pow er line clea r ings ,and cer ta in ar e as of w ater classified by th e
B ur e au of th e Census a s land (s e e d efinition of land ar ea ) . In fo r e st ar ea s,
unimpr ov ed r oads,str eams
,canals
,and nonfor e st str ips must be mor e th an
1 2 0 fe et w ide;and clea r ings in for es t ar e as mu st be mor e than 1 acr e in siz e ,
to qualify a s nonfor est land .
Nonstocked ar e a s : Comme r cial for e st land les s th an 1 0 per cent stocked
w ith gr ow ing-stock tr e es .
Old -
gr ow th saw timbe r stands : Saw timber stands in w hi ch 5 0 per cent or
or e of th e ne t boar d - foot v olume is in old -
gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s .
Old —
gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s : Tr e es that h av e r e ach ed or pas sed th e age
of physiological matur ity .
Owner sh ip: Th e pr oper ty owned by one ow ner, including all par cels of
land in th e United Stat e s .
Pole timbe r stands : Stands at le ast 1 0 per cent stocked w ith gr ow ingstock tr e e s
,and with poletimb e r tr e e s making up a plur ality of th is stocking .
Pole timber t r e e s : L iv e tr ee s of comme r cial specie s 5 . 0 to 1 0 . 9 inch es
in diameter at br ea st h eigh t , and of good form and v igor .
Pr oductiv e —r e s e r v ed for e st land : Pr oduct iv e public for es t land w ithdr aw n
fr om timbe r us e th r ough statute or administr ativ e r egulation .
Rott en cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s of comm er cial species, 5 . 0 inch e s and
lar ge r in diamet er at br e ast h eigh t , th at do no t contain at lea st one minimumsaw log, now or pr ospe ctiv ely,
and h av e les s th an 2 5 per cent of th eir v olume
in sound w ood pr ima r ily becau s e of r ot (e . g w h en ro t accounts for 50 per
cent or mo r e of th e total cull v olume ) .Rough tr e e s (sound cull tr e e s ) 1 L iv e tr e es ,
5 . 0 inch e s or lar ger in diamet er at br e ast h e igh t, th at do not contain at lea st one minimum saw log ,
now or
pr ospectiv ely,and h av e les s th an 2 5 per cent of th eir volume in usable form
pr imar ily be caus e of r oughne ss , poor form,or noncomme r cial spe cie s .
Roundw ood products : L ogs ,bolts
,or oth e r r ound s ections cut fr om
tr e es .
Salvable d ead tr e e s : Standing or down d ead tr e e s,1 1 . 0 inch es or mor e
1 4
and 2 5 per cent or mor e of sound w ood volume .
Saplings : L iv e tr e e s of commer cial species ,to 5 . 0 inch es in diam
et er at br ea st h eigh t and of good form and v igor .
Sapling-s e edling stands : Stands at lea st 1 0 pe r cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing
stock tr ee s and w ith saplings or se edlings or both making up a plur ality Of
th is stocking .
Saw log : A log me eting minimum appr ov ed log-
gr ade specificat ions;or ,
for spe cie s for w hich appr ov ed log gr ade s ar e lacking,a log at le ast 1 0 fe et
long ,w ith a minimum d . i . b . of 1 0 inch e s ,
and w ith a net scale of at least
3 0 boar d fe e t .
Saw log por tion : Tha t par t of th e bole of saw timber tr e es be tw e en th e
stump and th e saw log top .
Saw timbe r s tands : Stands a t lea st 1 0 per cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing-stock
Saw timber tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s ,1 1 . 0 inch e s or large r in diame te r at
br east h eigh t , conta ining at lea st one m inimum saw log .
Se edlings : E stablish ed liv e tr ee s of comm er cial specie s ,le ss th an 1 . 0
inch in diame ter at br east h e igh t and of good form and v igor .
Stand -siz e clas se s : A classifica tion of for est land ba sed on th e pr edom
inant siz e of timber pr e sent, th at is ,saw timber
, pole timbe r ,saplings ,
and
s e edlings .
State ,county,
and municipal lands : Lands ow ned by Stat e s ,countie s
,and
local public agencie s ,or lands leased by th e s e gov e r nmental units for mor e
th an 50 year s .
Stocking : A mea sur e of th e d egr e e to Wh ich ar ea is occupied or us ed bytr e es of spe cified classes ,
including (a ) all liv e tr e e s, (b) gr ow ing
-stock tr e e s ,
and (c) d esir able tr e es . Class ification of for es t land and for e st type s is bas ed
on stocking of all liv e tr e es . Stocking of gr ow ing-stock tr e e s is used to d eter
mine stand -siz e and ag e clas s .
Stockig standar ds : Th e minimum numbe r of w e ll - spaced tr e e s r equir e dto us e fully th e ar ea by specified for e st type s and s it e s .
Timbe r cut fr om gr ow ing stock : Th e v olume of sound wood in liv e saw
t imber and poletimbe r tr e e s cut for for e st pr oducts dur ing a spe cified per iod ,
including both r oundwood pr oducts and logging r e s idue s .
Timbe r cut fr om saw timbe r : Th e ne t boar d - foo t v olume of liv e saw timber
wood products and logging r e sidue s .
T imber products : Roundw ood pr oducts and byproducts of pr imary wood
manufactur ing plant s; includ e s saw logs ,v ene e r logs and bolts
,cooper age logs
and bolts, pulpwood
,fuelwood
, piling , pole s , posts ,h ewn tie s , mine t imbe r s ,
and oth e r r ound,split , or h ewn pr oduct s .
Tr e e -s iz e clas se s : A clas sificat ion of gr ow ing
-stock tr e e s accor ding to
diamet e r a t br east h eight Outside bar k , including saw timber tr e e s, poletimbe r
tr e es,saplings ,
and se edlings .
Unpr oductiv e for e st land : For est land incapable of yielding cr ops of
industr ial wood be caus e of adv er se site cond itions;include s ster ile or poor lydr ained for e st land
,subalpine for e sts ,
and ste ep,r o cky ar e as w h er e topo
tr aph ic condition s ar e lik ely to pr ev ent management for timb er pr oduction .
Upper-st em po r tion : Th at par t of th e bole Of saw timb e r tr e e s abov e th e
mer chantable top to a minimum top diame te r of 4 . 0 inch e s Outside bar k ,or to
th e point w h er e th e centr a l stem br eaks into limbs .
Volume of gr ow ing s tock : Th e cubic - foo t v olume of sound w ood in th e bole
of noncull saw timbe r and poletimber tr e e s of commer cial spe cies fr om a 1
foot stump to a m inimum 4 . O- inch top outside bar k or to th e point wh er e th e
centr al s tem br eaks into limbs .
Volume of salv able d ead saw timbe r -s iz e tr e e s : Ne t v olume of d ead
saw timber -siz e tr e e s
,standing or down ,
that ar e consider ed mer ch antable
1 5
by r egional st andar ds .
Volume o f saw timb e r : Net v olum e o f th e saw log po r tion of liv e saw t imbe r
Y ie ld cla s s e s : A cla ss ifica tion of fo r e s t land in te rms of inh e r ent capacityto gr ow cr Ops of indus tr ial w ood .
Young -
gr ow th saw tim be r s tand s : Saw timbe r s tands in w h ich 50 pe r cent
or mor e of th e n e t boa r d foo t v o lume is in young-
gr ow th saw timber tr e es .
Young -
gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s : T r e e s th at h av e not pas s ed th e age of
physiological matur ity
Tree Species
Pr 1nc1pa l tr e e spe cie s found on th e comme r cial for e st land in Califo r nia
includ e :
SOFTWOODS
Common nam e Scientific name
Redw ood
D ouglas- fir
Pond e r o sa pine
J e ffr ey pine
Suga r pine
We s t e r n wh ite pine
Cali for ni a r ed fi r
Wh it e firG r and fir
Incens e -cedar
Po r t ~ O r for d ~
ced a r
Sitka spr uce
We s te r n h emlockMountain h em lockW e st e r n r e dceda r
Lodg epo le pine
Ca lifor nia bla ck oak
TanoakQuak ing a spen
Ald e r (w h ite a ld e r )Ald e r (r ed a ld e r )
GPO 9 73— 2 9 5
Sequoia semperui r ens (D . Don) Endl .
Pseudo t suga menai e si i (Mi rb . ) Fr anco
Pinus ponderosa Laws
Pinus j effr eyi Gr ev . G Ba l f .
Pinus Zamber t iana Dougl .
Pinus mont ico la Dougl .
Abi e s magnif i ed A. Mur r .
Abi es conco lor (Gord . 6 Gl end . ) Lindl .
Abi es gr andi s (Dougl . ) Lindl .
Libocedrus decur r ens Tor r .
Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana (A. Mur r . ) Par l
Picea si t chens i s ( Bong . ) Car r .
Tsuga he t er ophyl la (Raf . ) Sarg .
Tsuga mer t ens iana ( Bong . ) Car r .
Thuj a plica t a Donn .
Pinus conf e r ta Doug l .
HARDWOODS
Quer cus ke l loggi i Newb .
Li t hocarpus densif lorus (Hook . 6 Arn . ) Rehd .
Populus t r emuloide s Mi chx .
Alnus r hombifo lia Nut t .
Alnus rubra Bong .
Contents
Int r oduction
High ligh ts
Comme r cial For e st L and
G r ow ing Stock Volume
Saw t imbe r Volume
Compar ison w ith Pr ev ious Inv ento ry
Table s 1 - 1 2
Accur acy of Inv entory D ata
Inv entor y Pr ocedur e
D efinition Of T e r ms
T r e e Spe cie s
Th e Au tho r s
DANIEL D . OSWALD , fo rme r ly wi th t h e S t a t i on’
s Fo r e s t Su r v ey s t a f f , i snow a s s i gned t o th e Fo re s t Su rv ey s t a f f o f th e Paci f i c No r t hwe s t Fo re s t and Range Expe r imen t S t a t i on , wi t h h e adqua r t e r s in Be rke l ey . Nat i v e o f Alameda , Ca l i f h e i s 1 9 58 fo r e s t ry g radua t e o f th e Un i v e rs i ty o f Ca l i fo rni a
’
and ha s a l so done g r adua t e wo rk t h e r e . Af t e rse rv i ce wi th th e
'
U. S . Navy , h e j o ined t h e Fo r e s t Se r v i ce in 196 2 .
GERALD S . WALTON, a di gi t a l compu t e r programe r on th e S t a t i on’s r e sea rch
s t a f f , pr epa r ed t h e compu t e r prog rams fo r proce ss ing inv en t o ry da t a f romth e Fo r e s t Su rv ey . He was bo rn in Leadv i l l e , Co lo . , r ece i v ed a B .A.
de g r e e in ma t h ema t i cs ( 1 96 0 ) a t th e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a , and a
M. F . S . de g r e e ( 1 96 5 ) f rom Ha r v a rd Un i v e r s i t y .
Comparison with Previous I nventory
Informa tion on t imbe r v olume for D el Nor t e County w a s not compileds epar at e ly in th e State -w ide initial sur v ey comple ted in 1 9 5 2
,but ar ea
statistics for th e county w e r e compiled for 1 94 8 and publish ed .
2 Th e 1 9 6 5
inv ento ry sugges ts th a t comme r cial for e st land in th e county h a s incr eas ed
by 3 6,000 acr e s fr om th e pr ev ious sur v ey .
Th is incr eas e can be attr ibut ed to s ev e r al factor s . Th e 1 9 5 2 acr eage
e stimate s w e r e ba sed on d elineation to a 4 0 -acr e minimum;th e 1 9 6 5 e sti
ma te s ar e bas ed on clas sification of land to a l -acr e minimum . Some
stands that w e r e cla s s ified noncomme r cial ow ing to ina cce s sibility ar e now
clas s ified a s comme r cial for e st . And som e land that h ad be en cle ar ed for
nonfor e st us e has be come s tocked w ith for e st tr e e s .
Th e diffe r ence s in acr eage by for est type r efl e ct ch ange s in type
d e finitions . Ow ing to th e s e ch ange s ,th e for e s t type acr eage s fr om th e
two sur v eys cannot be compar ed .
2U. S . Fo r e s t Se r v i ce Ca l i fo rn i a Fo r e s t and Range Expe r imen t S t a t ion Fo r e s t Su rveyRe l . 1 8 ,
23 pp . , i l lus . 19 53 .
Tables
Tabl e 1 .-Land a r ea , by maj o r c las s e s o f l and ,
De l Nor t e Coun ty ,1 96 5
Cl a ss o f land
Acr e s
To t a l , a l l cla s se s
Tabl e 2 .-Cbmme rC i a l fo r e s t l and a r ea , by own e r sh ip and s tand-S i z e cl as s e s ,
De l No r t e Cb un ty ,1 96 5
Fede ra l
Na t i ona l Fo re s t
Ot h e r publ i c
Pr iv a t e
FO r e s t indus t ry
Fa rm and mi sc .
p r i va t e
To t a l , a l lown e rsh ips
Le s s th an 500 acr e s .
Tabl e 1 2 .-Vb lume o f sa l vabl e de ad s aw t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s
on comme rci a l fo r e s t l and , by Spe ci e s group ,
De l No r t e Count y ,1 96 5
1In t e rna t iona l -inch ru l e .
Accuracy of Inventory Data
E stimate s of for e st land ar ea and timbe r v olume for D el Nor t e
County w er e ba sed on sampling and th e r efor e includ e sampling e r r or s .
E stima t ed sampling er r or-expr e ss ed as a per cent of th e total e st i
ma te at th e 6 8-pe r cent pr obab ility lev el- for fo r e st ar ea and timber
vo lume is as follow s :
E stimated total Sampling er r or
(per cent )Item :
Comme r cial for e st land
G r ow ing stock v olume
Saw timbe r v olume
(Int .
- inch rule )
Th e sampling er r or for any br eakdow n Of th e total ar e a or volume
e stimat e s w ill be gr eater than thos e show n for th e totals . Th er efor e ,
fine br eakdow ns h av e large per c ent sampling er r or s as sociated w ith th em .
Er r or s du e to r ea sons oth er than sampling- human e r r or s
- ~cannot
be d e termined . Such e r r or s h av e be en k ept to a minimum ,h ow ev e r ,
bythor ough tr aining and clos e super v is ion of sur v ey pe r sonne l and per iodic
ch e cks of the w ork dur ing all ph as e s of th e inv entor y .
Inventory Procedure
Th is inv entory of D e l Nor t e County combines data fr om th e Six
Riv e r s Nat ional For e s t inv entor y pr oj e ct and th e For e st Surv ey inv entory
pr oj e ct . Th e Six Riv e r s National Fo r e st data w e r e colle cted dur ing th e
pe r iod 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 64 . Th e r ema ind er of th e county, including par t of th e
Siskiyou National For e s t , w a s inv entor ied in 1 9 64,
and data compiled as of
J anuary 1,1 9 6 5 . Th e same sampling d e s ign and field pr ocedur e w e r e used
th r oughout th e county . No att empt w as made to updat e th e Six Riv e r s Nation
al F or e s t por tion of th e inv entory for gr ow th or cut .
A syst ematic gr id of photo points w a s pr inted on ae r ial photos
cov e r ing th e entir e County . Each photo point w as class ified by a tr ained
ph oto int erpr e ter . Th e points w e r e th en str atified into stand volume
cla s s e s w ith in comm er cial for e st land ,and noncommer cial and nonfor e st
land,ba sed upon th e photo class ification .
A str a tified r andom sample (w ith pr opor tional allocation) w as th en
dr aw n from th e photo po ints . Th is sample of ph oto points w as v isited in
th e field . E ach location v isited w as clas sified in th e field as to land use
and owner sh ip . And for thos e locations falling on comme r cial for e st land,a cir cular -
acr e inv entory plot w as e stablish ed to pr ov id e informat ion
on v olume , mor tality,and for e s t type . Th e plots w h en r emeasur ed w ill
also yield info rmation on gr ow th .
Definit ion of Te rms
Comme r cial for e s t land : For e st land w h ich is pr oducing or capable
of pr oducing cr ops of industr ial w ood and is not w ithdr aw n fr om timberut iliz ation . Include s acce s s ible and inacce s s ible ar eas ,
and both ope r
able and cur r ently inope r able ar ea s .
Comme r cial spe cies : Tr e e spe cie s pr e s ently or pr ospe ctiv e ly suit
able for indust r ial w ood pr oduct s; exclude s so-called w e ed specie s .
Cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e es that do not contain at least one mer chantable
saw log ,now or pr ospe cti v el y,
be cause of r oughnes s ,r ot
,or spe cies
( se e also sound cull t r e e s and r otten cull tr e es )
D iame ter clas s e s : A class ificati on of tr e e s bas ed on diameter of th e
tr e e outs id e bar k,measur ed at br east h eigh t ( 4 fe et abov e th e
gr ound ) D . b . h . is th e common abbr e v iati on for"diamet er at br east
h e igh t .
F arme r-ow ned lands : L ands ow ned by ope r ator s of farms .
For e s t indus try lands : Lands ow ned by companie s or ind iv iduals
oper at ing w ood -us ing plant s .
For e st land : L and at least 10 per cent stocked by for e st tr e e s of anysi z e
,or fo rmer ly h av ing h ad such tr ee cov er and not cur r ently dev eloped
for nonf or e st us e .
Poletimbe r stand s : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stocked w ith grow ingstock tr e e s
,and w ith pole timbe r tr e e s making up a plur ality of this stock
ing .
Pole timb e r tr e es : L iv e tr e es of comm er cial spe cie s 5 . 0 to 1 0 . 9
inch e s in d iamet er a t br ea st h eigh t , and of good form and v igor .
Pr oductiv e -r e s er v ed for e st land : Pr oductiv e public for e st land such
as Stat e and National Par ks and w ild er ne ss ar eas w ithdr aw n fr om timbe rutiliz ation th r ough s tatute or adminis tr ativ e r egula tion .
Rot ten cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s ,5 . 0 inch e s and
lar ger in diam et e r at br e ast h e igh t , that do not contain at lea s t one minimum saw log ,
now o r pr ospe ctiv e ly ,and hav e les s than 2 5 per cent of th e ir
v olum e in sound wood pr imar ily be cau se of r ot .
Sound cull tr e e s : L iv e tr ee s,5 . 0 inch e s or lar ge r in diame ter at
br ea st h eigh t , tha t do not contain at least one minimum saw log , now or pr o
spe ctiv e ly,and h av e le ss than 2 5 pe r cent of th eir v olume in usable form
pr imar ily be caus e of r oughness , poor for m ,or noncomme r cial spe cie s .
Salv able d ead t r e e s : Standing or dow n d ead tr ees ,1 1 . 0 inch e s or
mor e in diamete r a t bre a st h e ight , th a t contain at lea st one mer chantable
saw log and 2 5 per cent or mor e of sound wood v olume .
Saplings : L iv e tr e e s of comm er cial specie s ,1 . 0 to 5 . 0 inch e s in diam
et er at br e ast h e ight and of good form and v igo r .
Sapling-s e edling s tands : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing
stock tr e e s and w ith saplings or se edlings or both making up a plur ality of
th is s tocking .
Saw log : A log me eting minimum appr ov ed log-
gr ad e specifications;or ,
for spe cie s for wh ich appr ov ed log gr ad e s ar e lacking ,a log at lea st 1 0
fe et long ,w ith a minimum d . i . b . of 1 0 inch e s ,
and w ith a ne t scale of at
lea st 3 0 board fe et .
Saw log por t ion : Th at par t of th e bole of saw timbe r tr e e s be tw e en th e
stump and th e saw log top.
Saw timbe r stands : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stocked w ith gr ow ingstock tr e e s
,and w ith saw timbe r tr ee s making up a plur ality of th is stock
ing .
Saw timber tr e e s : L iv e tr e es ,1 1 . 0 inch es or large r in diamet e r at
br e ast h eigh t , conta ining at le a st on e minimum saw log .
Seedlings : E stablish ed liv e tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s ,le ss than
1 . 0 inch in d iamet e r at br east h eigh t and of good form and v igor .
Stand -siz e cla s s e s : A clas sification of for e st land based on th e pr e
dominant s iz e of timb er pr e sent , that is,
saw timb er , polet imber ,saplings ,
and se edlings .
Stocking : A me a sur e of th e degr e e to w h ich for e st land is occupied
by tr e e s of specified class e s in r e lation to a spe cified basal ar ea standar d
for tr e e s 5 . 0 inch e s d . b . h . and lar ge r ,or numbe r of tr e e s per acr e for
smaller tr e e s;tr e e class e s includ e ( 1 ) a ll liv e tr e e s ,and (2 ) gr ow ing
stock tr e e s .
1 0
stand tha t is 7 0 per cent or mor e
stocked w ith pr e s ent or pot ential gr ow ing-stock tr e e s .
Medium —stocked stand : A stand that is 4 0 to 6 9 per cent
Poor ly—stocked stand : A stand that is 1 0 to 3 9 pe r cent
stocked w ith pr es ent or pot ent ial gr ow ing—stock tr e es .
Nonstocked stand : An ar ea le s s than 1 0 pe r cent stocked
Tr e e -siz e clas s e s : A cla ss ifica tion of grow ing
-stock tr e e s accor ding
to diameter at br east h e igh t out s id e bar k ,including saw timbe r tr ee s
, pole
timbe r tr e e s ,saplings ,
and se edlings .
Unpr oductiv e for e st land : For es t land incapable of yie lding cr ops of
industr ial w ood because of adv e r se site cond itions .
Volume of gr ow ing stock : Th e cubic - foot v olum e of sound w ood in th e
bole of noncull saw t imber and poletimb er tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s
fr om a 1 - foot stump to a minimum 4 . O- inch top outs ide bar k or to th e
point wh e r e th e centr al st em br eaks into limbs .
Volume of salv able d ead saw timb er —siz e tr e e s : Net v olume of d ead
saw timbe r —siz e tr e e s ,
standing or down,that ar e consid e r ed mer ch antable
by r egional standar ds .
Volume of saw t imbe r : Net volume of th e saw log por tion of liv e saw
timber tr e es in boa r d fe e t , Int e rnational- inch log r ule .
Y ield classe s : A cla ss ificat ion of for e st land based upon potent ial
yield s in cubic fe et per acr e of me an annual gr ow th at culmination of incr e
m ent in fully s to cked stands .
Tree Speci es
Tr e e spe cie s found on th e comme r cial for e st land in D el Nor te Countyinclud e
Softw ood s
Sequoia sempervi r ens (D . Don) Endl .
Pseudot suga menz i esi i (Mi rb . ) FrancoPinus ponderosa Laws
Pinus j effr eyi Gr ev . G Bal f .
Pinus Zamber t iana Dougl .
Pinus mont icola Dougl
Abi es magnifica A. Mur r .
Abi es concolor (Gord . G Gl end . ) Lindl .
Abi es grandi s (Dougl . ) Lindl .
Libocedrus decurr ens Tor r .
Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana (A. Mur r . ) Par l .
Pi cea si t chensi s ( Bong . ) Car r
Tsuga he t er ophyl la (Raf . ) Sar g .
Tsuga mer t ensiana ( Bong . ) Carr .
Thuj a plicata Donn .
Pinus cont or t a Dougl .
IHar dwoods
Califor nia black
oak Quer cus ke l loggi i Newb .
fTanoak Li thocarpus densif lorus (Hook . Arn . ) Rehd .
lied alder Alnus rubra BongPacific madr one Arbutus menz t esm Pur sh
B iglead maple Acer macrophyl lum Pur sh
1 2 GPO 9 13-2 96
Fo r ewo r d
Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i e s about plant ed t imber on maj ori s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . The r epor t f or t h e Is l and of
Hawa i i was pub l i shed in 1 9 66 . Summar i z ed h er e ar e t h e r esul t s
of a surv ey of t imber in plant e d f or es t s on t he Is land of Kauai .
Th i s inv ent ory i s a suppl ement t o t h e ini t ia l For est Surv ey of
t he St at e compl e t ed in 1 9 63 . That Surv ey i ndi cat ed t he import ance of f or es t pl ant at i ons as a t imber r esour ce ,
but pr ov i dedno de t a i l s . Th i s bu l l e t in r epor t s : (a ) locat ion and acr eage
of each plant e d s t and , (b ) speci es composi t ion and age of st and,(c ) t imber vo lume and qua l i t y , and (d ) owner sh ip of plant edt imber
The st udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t h e Div i s i on of
For e s t ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces , and
t he Paci f i c Sout hwe s t For e s t and Range Expe r iment St at i on, For
es t Ser v i ce ,U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . It was conduct ed
under t h e d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,ch i e f
,Hawai i For es t ry
Resear ch Cent e r ,Paci f i c Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper imen
St at i on . Nobuo Honda ,for est er , Hawai i Div i s i on of For e st ry ,
he lped dev e lop plans f or t he plant at i on inv ent ory and super
v i se d t he f i e l d work
In 1 966 , r e spons ibi l i t y f or supe rv i s ion of t he For es t Surv ey
in t he Paci f i c Coast St at e s and Hawai i was sh i f t e d t o t he Pac
i f i e Nor t hwes t For e s t and Range Exper iment St at i on ,but f i e l d
wor k in Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o be a j oint e f f or t of t he Hawai i
St at e Di v i s i on of Forest ry and t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on 's
For est ry Re sear ch Cent e r in Hawai i
Many ind iv i dual s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he Surv ey . Spec
i a l acknowl edgment i s due t o t he f i e l d cr ew : For e st er W. Wongand cr ew member s M. S . Andr ade
,M. H. Andr ade , and E . Pe t t eys
a l l of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of For es t ry
E . M. Hornibr ook , f orme r ly in charge of t h e For e s t Sur v ey ,
Paci f i c Sout hwe s t St at i on ,and Russe l l K . Le Bar r on, former for est
eco l ogi s t , Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry , ai de d in dev e l opingpl ans f or t he s t udy
Robe r t M. Mi l l er , sys t ems analyst ,Paci f i c Sout hwe st St at ion,
dev e l oped speci f i cat ions f or pr oce ssing dat a by e l ect r oni c com
put e r s . The Comput ing Cent er at t he Univ er s i t y of Hawai i pr o
ce ssed t he dat a
Max F . Landgr af , St at e f or e s t er ,and Ra lph E . Daeh l er ,
di s
t r i et f or e st e r, St at e of Hawai i pr ov i d ed gene r ous cooper at i on
and ass i s t ance in t h e conduct of t h e sur v ey
RETRIEVAL TERMS : Fo r e s t
Contents
Int r oduct i on .
For es t Pl ant at i ons .
Timber Resour ce
Ar ea
Timber Vo lume
Owne r sh ip .
Age of St ands
St and Yi e l ds
Timbe r Qua l i t y
Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r i a l Dev elopment .
Recr eat i on Hab i t at and Wat e r shed Pr ot ect i on
Append ix
De f ini t i ons .
Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e
Tab l e s 1 l l
7h e Au tho r s
NOBUO HONDA,a na t i v e o f Kona , Hawa i i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e lo r
’
s deg r e e i n
fo r e s t ry f r om Humbo ld t S t a t e Co l l e ge in 1 96 0 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo r e s t e r
f o r t h e Hawa i i D i v i s i on o f Fo r e s t ry s ince Ap r i l 1 96 0 , h e ha s be en a s s i gned
p r ima r i ly t o t h e fo r e s t in v en t o ry o f t h e S t a t e . WESLEY H . C . WONG , J r .,
a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e lo r’
s de g r e e in fo r e s t ryf rom Or e gon S t a t e Uni v e r s i t y in 1 9 64 . He j o ined t h e Hawa i i D i v i s i on o f
Fo r e s t ry in Au gu s t 1 9 64 . He ha s be en p r ima r i ly r e spons ib l e fo r ga t h e r ingf i e ld da t a fo r th e fo r e s t inv en t o ry . ROBERT E . NELSON i s ch i e f o f t h e
S t a t i on'
s Hawa i i Re se a rch Cen t e r , h e adqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o inedt h e Fo r e s t Se r v i ce in 1 94 1 , a f t e r e a rn ing a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t t h e Un iv e r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i s o r o f t h e Ca l i fo rn iaS t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 . Sinc e 1 9 57 , h e h a s
be en in cha r ge o f t h e S t a t i on’
s Hawa i i o f f i c e .
By f ar ,mos t of t h e f or est acr eage i s nat iv e or nat ural i z ed
t ype s . These f or e st s cont a in l i t t l e v olume of sawt imber . Onlyabout acr es of t h e oh i a OMe t r osideros col lina ) , koa (Acacia koa )
2and nat ur a l ly r egenerat e d si lk—oak (Gr evi l lea r obusta)
t ypes wer e cons i der ed commer ci al t ypes in t he ini t i al f or est
surv ey .
1 Sawt imber in t h ese st ands amount s t o about 1 6 mi l l ionboar d f e et . Near ly acr es of commer cial f or est land hawanoncommer ci al f or est or brush cov er
1
The smal l acr eage of plant ed f or est s of int roduced speci es
on t he Is land of Kauai ho l ds mor e v olume of sawt imber t han do
t he nat iv e f or e st s . Pl ant at ion yi e l ds per acr e ar e much gr eat er
and t imber i s gener al ly of h igher qua l i t y t han nat iv e t imberThese f or e st plant ings wer e s t ar t ed mor e t han 50 year s ago ,
pr incipal ly t o dev e l op a supply of fue lwood and f ence post s f or
sugar plant at ions and r anches . In t h e lat e l 9 3o's and ear ly
1 940 's , plant ings wer e acce l er at ed by t h e St at e Div i sion of For
est ry t o dev e lop a t imber supply for t he fut ur e
2A sma l l ac r eage o f plan t ed koa fo re s t i s inc luded in th e ov e r -a l l ac r eage
o f na t i v e fo r e s t type because o f t h e di f f icu l t y o f d i f fe ren t ia t ion . In
gene ra l , th e plan t ed koa fo r e s t ha s no t de v e loped in t o good t imbe r s t ands .
Sawtimber stands
Seedhng ,saphng, and
poletimber stands
Noncommercial stands
Ames C) IOOO ISOO 2 0 0 0
Commercial eucalyptus Commercial conifers
Other conwnemnal hardwoods Nonconunennal types
Fi gu r e 3 .-Acr e age o f comme r ci a l and noncomme r c i a l plan ta t i on s tands ,
by s tand-s i z e cl a s s and fb r e s t type , I s l and o f Kaua i ,1 96 5 .
Al t hough t h e t ot a l vo lume i s only about 2 7 mi l l i on boar df ee t , t he pl ant at i on t imber i s most ly acce ss ib l e and has a
gr eat e r pot ent i al f or indust r i a l use t han t he nat iv e t imber .
Ther e f or e ,in 1 9 65 we made a st and - by
- s t and inv ent ory t o obt ain
inf ormat i on on t he plant at i on acr eage and t imber vo lume ,qual i ty
and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z e s dat a compi l ed f or each
pl ant at ion s t and .
Fo r e s t P l ant at i ons
Thn be r Resource s
For es t plant at ions on t he Is land of Kauai ar e d i s t r ibut edch i e f ly on t he east ern , sout h eas t ern ,
and west ern por t ions of
t he i s land ( see map and t ab l es 1 0 and 1 1} In t h e eas t and
sout h eas t ,mos t plant at i ons ar e l ocat ed 1 t o 6 mi l e s inland at
e l evat i ons f r om 500 f e e t t o f e e t . In t he west , pl ant ings
ar e f r om 3 t o 8 mi l e s inl and and f r om t o f e e t in
e l evat i on . Th e f ast er gr owing and h igher v o lume -
pr oducingst ands genera l ly l i e in t h e h i gher r ainf a l l ar eas
Ear l i er plant ings ,be for e t h e Civ i l i an Conservat ion Corps
pr ogr ams of t he lat e 3o's ,
wer e in gul l i es and ar eas bor der ingcr oplands wh er e sugar and pineappl e cou l d not be gr own . Agr i
cul t ur a l r oads make t he se s t ands access ib l e . The CCC pr ogr am,
wi t h i t s l ar ge labor f or ce and s l i gh t ly d i f f er ent ob j ect iv e s ,
concent r at ed on plant ing t h e s t e eper s lopes and rugged mount ain r i dges . Acce ss t hen was mos t ly by f oot and hor se t rai l s .
Th ese ar eas now ar e not f ar f r om good acce ss r oads or j e ept r ai l s .
A reaCommer ci al f or es t plant at i ons
3on t h e Is land of Kauai t ot al
mor e t han acr es in st ands f r om 2 t o 6 8 acr es in s i z e
( t ab l es 1 - 4; f i g . About acr e s of t h ese pl ant at ions
ar e sawt imber s t ands . Anot her acr e s ar e r ecent ly plant e d
3Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Appendix .
wi t h h i gher yi e l ds . Pr i vat e owner sh ip t ot a l s 48 per cent , or
a lmos t 1 3 mi l l i on boar d f e e t ,of t he sawt imbe r vo lume ; t h e St at e
owns 39 per cent or 1 0 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Hawai i an Homes
owns a lmos t 3 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Ne ar ly 1 mi l l i on boar d f e e t
ar e in count y and muni cipal owner sh ip
Age of Stands
On ly about 5 50 acr e s of t he commer ci a l plant at i on t imber
st ands ar e mor e t han 40 year s o ld ( t ab l e Pr act i ca l ly a l l of
t he o lde r st ands ar e in t he sout h eas t par t of t he Is land . St andspl ant ed f r om 1 9 26 t o 1 945 t ot a l mor e t han acr e s . Much of
t h i s acr eage was pl ant ed be t we en 1 93 5 and 1 94 1 by t h e Civ i l i an
Conser v at i on Corps . Since 1 94 5 near ly acr es of commer
ci al plant at i ons hav e be en es t ab l i she d . By f ar t h e gr eat e r
par t of t he se r ecent plant ings has been done by t he St at e Div i
s ion of For e s t ry in t he Koke e Re f or e st at i on Plant ings .
Stand Y ie ldsThe av er age yi e l d of sawt imber in plant ed sawt imber s t and s
on Kauai i s j ust ov er boar d f e e t per acr e . But yi e l dsvary gr eat ly wi t h st and age , speci es , s i t e
,h i st ory and cond i
t i on of s t and , and ot h er f act or s . In gene r a l ,t he vo lume s in
t he be t t er r obust a euca lypt us and sa l i gna euca lypt us st andsmor e t han 3 5 year s o ld r ange f r om t o boar d f e e t
per acr e . Most ot he r har dwood speci e s hav e l ower yi e l ds . The
h i ghe s t st and av er age ne t v o lume measur ed was boar d f e e t
per acr e in a Nor f olk- l s land —
pine s t and
Timb e r QualityJ udged by log gr ade s ,
Mo lucca a lbi z z i a i s cons i der ed t o be
of be t t er qual i t y t han ot h er speci es ( t ab l e 59 per cent of
i t s sawt imber vo lume i s in gr ades 1 and 2 f act ory lumbe r logs .
Sa l i gna , gener a l ly one of t h e euca lypt us Speci es wi t h h igh er
log gr ade s ,has 5 3 pe r cent of t he vo lume in gr ades 1 and 2
Only 3 3 per cent of t he r obust a euca lypt us i s in gr ade 1 and 2
logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log-gr ade
d.
Op po r tuni t y for Ind ust r i a l Deve l opmentFor est s ar e a maj or f eat ur e of t h e Is land of Kauai . Near ly
t wo - t h ir ds of t h e l and , or about acr es , suppor t s some
kind of f or e st growt h f+ A large par t of t h i s i s noncommer ci a l
f or e st l and, but some acr e s ar e comme r ci a l f or es t l and
t hat can pr oduce cr ops of t imberMost of t he nat iv e f or e s t s ar e of par t icu l ar ly poor qual i t y ,
of t en j us t brush . Thus,t he se poor ly s t ocked or nonst ocked na
t ive f or e st s yi e l d only sma l l amount s of mer chant ab l e t imber
The t ot al vo lume of sawt imber in near ly acr e s of nat iv e
for est s amount s t o only 1 6 mi l l i on boar d f ee t
4Ne l son and Wh e e l e r . Op . ci t .
Al t hough cont inued sma l l har v e s t ing of f ence pos t s ,fue lwood ,
and mi sce l l aneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or e s t s i s l i ke ly ,l i t t l e
acr eage o f t he nat i v e st ands of f er pr ospect s f or sawt imberhar v es t
Plant ed f or e s t s of f er much be t t er pr ospect s . In cont r ast t o
t he nat iv e f or e s t s ,t hey hav e gr own r api d ly and now yi e l d h i gh er
pe r- acr e v o lume s of t imbe r . In t h e s l i gh t ly mor e t han
acr e s of pl ant ed f or e s t s now gr own t o sawt imber s i z e ,t he v o l
ume t ot a l s near ly 2 7 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of sawt imber . Most
of t h e f or e s t at i on t hat pr oduce d t h i s new t imber r e sour ce was
not done t o gr ow sawt imbe r . Ins t ead,t r e e s we r e plant ed t o
cont r o l e r os i on,impr ov e wat e r sh ed cov e r
,and pr ov i de fue lwood .
The r e f or e , speci e s pl ant ed we r e not nece ssar i ly se l ect e d on t h e
bas i s of wood qua l i t y , but on t h e bas i s of adapt abi l i t y and
r api d gr owt h . Euca lyptus r obus t a — a good sawt imbe r speci es
was h i gh ly f av or ed . And so wer e sev er a l speci e s t hat now of f er
l i t t l e or no pot ent i a l for sawt imbe r , such as i r onwoods (Casu
ar ina spp . ) and pape r— bark (Me la leuca leucadendr on )
The succe ss of some of t he se ear ly plant ings demons t r at e st hat t imber pr oduct i on pot ent i a l s ar e f ar gr ea t er t han mi gh t be
inf er r ed f r om t he dat a on pr esent t ot a l sawt imber vo lumes on
t h i s Is land . We know t hat many v a luab l e exot ic t imber speci es
ar e adapt ed t o t h e d i f f er ent f or e st si t es . T imber yi e l ds can
be pr od i gious . Und er management ,an av e r age annual sawt imber
gr owt h r at e of boar d f ee t per acr e can be expect ed f r om
we l l — s t ocked f or e s t s on good s i t e s
Al t hough i t s pot ent i a l i s l imi t ed,
a sma l l sawmi l l ing indust ry conce ivab ly cou l d be based on t he pr es ent t imber r esour ce
Such an indus t ry wou ld depend on t he dev e l opment of marke t s f or
t he smal l vo lume s of speci a l i z ed product s f or wh ich t he t imberi s use fu l . And i t cou l d only Oper at e on a sma l l sca l e or f or a
v ery f ew year s .
The r e i s ,howev er , a pot ent ia l t o dev e lop a much l ar ger t im~
be r r e sour ce,an ampl e base f or a s i gni f i cant lar ge loca l mi l
l ing indus t ry . I f only 20 pe r cent of t he acr es of pr es
ent ly l i t t l e — use d and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e s t l and we r e
plant ed t o int r oduced speci es and managed ,t imber pr oduct i on
wou ld amount t o mor e t han 25 mi l l i on boar d f e e t annua l ly in
about 3 0 year s .
Recent f or est at i on e f f or t s by t he St at e and t o a much sma l l e r
ext ent by some pr iv at e landowner s ar e t rying t o capi t a l i z e on
t h i s pot ent ia l . Speci e s ar e be ing se l ect ed wi t h cons i der at i onf or wood qua l i t i es and adapt abi l i t y t o speci f ic s i t e s . Pl ant
ings ar e mad e in l ar ge b locks on lands wh er e nat iv e f or es t s ar e
of par t i cu l ar ly poor qua l i t y
Since 1 9 60,
about acr e s of land on Kauai hav e be en r e
f or e st ed by t he St at e Div i s i on of For es t ry . Th i s r e f or e st at ion
e f f or t i s be ing cont inued and shoul d be expande d t o br ing a much
gr eat e r f or e st ar ea under management . The amount of r e f or e st a
t i on accompl i sh ed dur ing t he next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t e rmine in
l ar ge par t t he amount of har v es t ab l e t imber t hat migh t be ava i l
ab l e 30 t o 40 year s f r om now as a base f or an economi c indust ry .
Recr e at i on Hab i tat and Wate r she d P r otect i on
For e s t pl ant at i ons pr ov i de v a lue s be s i des t imber . In f act,
t he i r va lue for wat er sh ed pr ot ect i on and f or r ecr eat ion use mayexce ed t he v a lue of t imbe r harv e s t s . Pl ant ed f or e st s of int r o
duced t r e e s now pr ov i de t h e mos t at t r act iv e and heav i ly usedf or es t r ecr e at i on s i t es on t he Is land . Plant at ions e st ab l i sh edf or wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er os i on cont r o l hav e gr eat va lue in
impr ov ing e s t he t i c va lue s ,oh - s i t e and f r om a di s t ance . Plant ed
f or e s t s can a l so pr ov i de impr ov ed wi l d l i f e habi t at . Chr i stmast r e e s can be pr oduce d in much gr eat er number s f or loca l use or
expor t .
The se mu l t ipl e bene f i t s of pl ant ed f or e s t s accrue cont inuous
ly year af t er year . In add i t i on , per i od i c har v e st s of t imber
can be made wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om t he se r ecr e at ion and wat er
sh ed v alue s . Pub l i c l and manager s and pr iv at e owne r s ,t oo
,
shou l d t ake s t eps t o dev e l op a l l t he pot ent i a l bene f i t s l at ent
in t he se l ands by impr ov ing t he f or e st s f or t imber product i on ,
r ecr e at i on use ,wat er sh e d pr ot ect i on , and wi l d l i f e habi t at . It
has be en amply demons t r at e d on a sma l l sca l e in t h e exi s t ing
plant at i ons t hat r e f or est at i on can enhance a l l t hese v a lues
Ap p end i x
De finitions
Comme r cial and Noncomme r cia l
For es t land : Land at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocke d by f or e st
t r e e s of any s i z e ,or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not
cur r ent ly dev e loped f or ot h er use ; and land suppor t ing shrubs ,
t h e cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 pe r cent of t h e gr ound .
Commer cia l for e s t land : For e s t l and t hat i s pr oducing or
can pr oduce cr ops of indus t r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imbe r use
Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive — r eser ved f or
e s t l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or ad
mini st r at iv e r egu l at i on ,and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or e st land
incapab l e of yi e l d ing cr ops of indus t r i al wood be cause of
adv er se s i t e cond i t i ons
For es t plant at ion : Pl ant ed f or es t s in wh i ch at l eas t 1 0 per
cent of t h e gr owing space i s occupi e d by pl ant ed t r e es (exot icSpe ci e s in t h i s r epor t ) , r egar d l e ss of nat iv e speci es pr edominance
Commer cia l for es t plant a t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci e s on commer ci al f or e st l and
1 0
Noncommer cia l for es t plant a t ion : A plant at ion of noncom
me r ci a l t r e e speci e s or of comme r cia l t r e e speci e s plant
ed oh noncommer ci a l f or es t land
Commer cia l t r e e speci e s : Tr e e Speci e s sui t ab l e f or indus t r ia l wood pr oduct s . Speci e s sui t ed on ly f or fue lwood or f ence
post s ar e exc lude d . Th e f o l lowing wer e t a l l i e d on plot s
Sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Acacia koa koa
Acacia me lanoxylon b l ackwood acaci a
Albi z ia fa lca t a (A. Mo lucca a lb i z z i a
mo luccana )Ar aucar ia cunninghami i
Araucar ia exce lsa
Cryptomer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus ci t r i odora
Euca lyptus micr ocorysEuca lyptus panicula ta
Euca lypt us pi lu lar i s
Euca lyptus r es inif eraEuca lyptus r obus ta
Euca lypt us sa ligna
Euca lyptus sider oxylon
Euca lypt us Spp .
Fr axinus uhde i
Gr ev i l lea r obus ta
Mangif er a indica
Me t r os ider os co l lina (M.
polymorpha )Sequoia semper vir ens r e dwoodSwi e t enia mahagoni We s t Ind i e s mahoganysyncarpia g lomulifer a (S . t urpent ine
— t r e e
laur i f o l ia )Tr i s tania conf er t a brushbox
Noncommer cia l t r e e speci e s : Tr e e speci es not now cons i der edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s . Th e f o l l owing wer e t a l l i edon pl ot s :
Sci ent if ic Name
Aleur i t es moluccana
Casuar ina spp .
Euca lyptus sp .
Eugenia cumini
Hibi scus t i liaceus
Me la leuca leucadendr on
Me lia az edar ach
Me lochia indica
Myr s ine spp .
hoop—
pine
Nor f o lk - Is land -
pine
sugi
l emon euca lypt us
t a l l owwood euca lypt us
gr ay i r onbar k euca lypt us
b lackbut t euca lypt us
kinogum euca lypt us
r obust a euca lypt us
sa l igna euca lypt us
r ed — i r onbar k euca lypt us
uni dent i f i ed euca lypt us
t r opi ca l ash
S i lk — oak
mango
oh ia
Common Name
kuku i (cand l enut — t r e e )i r onwoodsuni dent i f i ed euca lypt us
J ava -
plum
hau
pape r- bar k
pr i de -of — Ind i ame l och i ako l ea
Hardwoods : Di cot yl e donous t r ee s; usua l ly broad l eav ed
Sof twoods : Coni f er ous t r e e s; usua l ly ev er gr e en; hav ing
ne e d l e or sca l e — l i ke l e av es
For es t types : For e s t s wh i ch ar e pr edominant ly of '
a s ingl e
speci e s and in wh i ch no ot her speci e s makes up 25 per cent or
mor e of t he s t and,
ar e de si gnat ed by t he s ing l e speci e s such as
r obust a‘
eucalypt us t ype ,oh ia t ype , or t r opi ca l ash t ype . Ot her
wi se t hey ar e de si gnat e d :
commercia l euca lypt us type : Pl ant e d st ands pr edominant lyof euca lypt us speci es ,
in wh ich ot h er har dwoods or coni
f e r s compr i se l e ss t han 25 per cent of t he st and
commer cia l har dwood type : Plant e d s t ands pr e dominant lyof har dwoods ot h er t han t he euca lypt s in whi ch coni f e r s or
euca lypt s compr i se l e ss t han 25 pe r cent of t h e s t and
Commer cia l conif er type : Plant ed f or e st s pr e dominant ly of
coni f er s ( e . g . Nor fo lk- Is l and —
pine ,sugi , pine s ,
and r ed
wood ) in wh ich euca lypt s or ot he r har dwoods compr i se l ess
t han 25 per cent of t he s t and
Clas s of T imbe r
Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r e e s of good form and v i gor and of
Speci es sui t ed f or indust r i a l wood (commer ci a l Speci es )
Sawt imber t r e es : Liv e t r e es of commer ci al speci e s of at
l eas t inches d i ame t er br east he i gh t wh i ch cont ain a
but t ha l f — l og or a l og wh i ch me e t s t he speci f i cat i ons of
S t andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .
Po le t imber t r ees : Li v e t r e es of commer cia l Speci es
be t we en and inch es hav ing soundness and
f orm nece ssary t o dev e lop int o sawt imbe r t r e es
saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r e e s of comme r ci a l speci es
be t we en and inche s d . b . b . and l e ss t han 1 inch ,
r e spe ct i v e ly ,wh i ch Show pr omi se of becoming sawt imber
t r e e s .
Sound cu l l t r e es : Li v e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch
do not qua l i f y as gr owing s t ock because of Speci e s (noncommer
ci a l speci e s ) , poor f orm, or exce ss i v e l imbs
Rot t en cul l t r e es : Li v e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . b . or lar ger wh i ch
ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cu l l because of excess iv e r ot .
Mer chant able sawt imber : Wood in t r e e s de f ined as sawt imber
t r e es
1 2
wi l l yi e l d . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h i gh es t qua l i t y , gr ade 2 int er
med ia t e ,and gr ade 3 t he lowe s t qual i t y of S t andar d har dwood
f act ory lumber logs .
1 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i e s and
t imber s
Timber qua li ty : Based on log gr ade s un l es s s t at ed ot h erwi se .
Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as dens i t y ,s t r engt h , co lor , and
Shr inkage ,ar e a l so me asur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er
,t hese ar e
usua l ly inher ent in a Spe ci e s .
I nv e nto ry P roce dure
Ar ea and vo lume s t at i s t i cs pr e sent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de
v e 1 0ped plant at i on s t and by plant a t i on s t and . Fi r st ,ind iv i d
ua l f or e s t pl ant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e we r e i dent i f i e d and
de l ineat ed on ae r i a l phot ogr aphs t hrough s t er eoscopi c st udyEach plant at ion was giv en a s t and number and class i f i e d as t o
t ype and st and — s i z e gr oup . Th e ar e a o f each pl ant at i on was
measur ed f rom t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e
de t ermined f r ommaps and ot her r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat i on of
each plant at i on a l l owe d f or cor r ect ing de l ineat i ons ,cl ass i f i ca
t ions ,and acr eage s .
Next ,t imbe r - v o lume pl ot s we r e locat e d on t h e gr ound in each
comme r ci a l f or es t pl ant at i on of 5 acr e s and l ar ger hav ing saw
t imber t r e es . The sampl e plot locat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r an
dom f r om a gr i d o f po int s ov e r l ai d on t h e aer ia l phot ogr aph .
Two or mor e sampl e l ocat ions ,depend ing on s t and acr eage and
var i abi l i t y ,we r e se l ect e d in each S t and . At each locat i on ,
t r e e measur ement s we r e mad e f r om wh i ch t imber vo lume and qua l i t ycoul d be comput ed and expand ed . De t ai l e d measur ement s wer e
made on a”main”pl ot at each locat i on
,suppl ement ed by add i
t i ona l but l ess d e t a i l ed dat a on t wo”sat e l l i t e “ plot s . Al l
pl ot s we r e v ar i ab l e plo t s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20
Fina l ly ,t h e dat a wer e pr oce ssed t h r ough a speci a l ly pr e
par e d comput er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s we r e conv er t ed t o
meaningful v o lume uni t s on a per- acr e bas i s
,av er aged f or t h e
pl ot s in a s t and,
and expande d f or t he acr eage of t he st andThe comput er out put cons i s t e d o f t abu l ar dat a f or each s t andand summar i e s of st and dat a by f or es t r es er v e s . Vo lume t r i cdat a f or st ands 2 t o 4 acr e s in s i z e wer e ext r apo l at ed f r omcl ose ly s imi lar measur e d s t ands and add e d t o t he comput er pr o
cessed dat aThe accur acy goal f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 20 pe r cent per 5
mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a s t and ,at t he l ev e l of
one st andar d er r or . The r e l i abi l i t y of es t imat es f or each
for e s t r e se r v e ,bas ed on measur e d st ands only , ar e shown be low .
1U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo r a t o ry . Ha rdwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda r d l umbe r
p r opo sa l s and r esu l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Repo r t 173 7 ,
1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .
1 4
Two chances out of t hr e e t h e e st imat ed v o lume doe s not v ary
f r om t he act ua l by gr eat e r t han t h e sampl ing e r r or ind i cat ed .
For es t Reser ve Tota l voZume sampling er r or
(M bd . f t . ) (per cent )
Puu Ka Pe l e Par k
Koke e Park
Waime a Canyon Par k
Out s i de For es t Reser v e
Tab les
«mo
a
n
N
mm
2mm
am
a
mN
o
w
mam
a
mmm
NN
mo
Nmm
swi
m
mmm
cm
omm
o
wN
wmmm
o
m
NN
“N
oo
H
o
w
wn
w
mm
mm
qm
omm
wN
N
ow
m
m
1 6
St and- s i z e cla ss Hawa i i an Ot he r
Acr e s
Comme r ci a l type s
Sawt imbe r s t ands
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Ot h e r eucalypt s
Si lk-oak
Mo lucca a lb i z z i a
Ot h e r h ar dwoods
Coni f e r s
To t a l
Po l e t imbe r s t ands
Robus t a euca lypt u s
Sa l i gna e uca lypt us
Ot h e r euca lypt s
Si lk- oak
Mo lucca a lb i z z i a
Ot h e r h ar dwoods
Coni f e r s
To t a l
Se edl ing sapl ing s t ands
Sa l i gna euca l ypt u s
Ot h e r euca lypt s
Ot h er h ar dwoods
Coni f e r s
To t a l
To t a l comme r c i a l
Noncomme r ci a l type s
Euca lypt us spp .
Casuar ina spp .
Pape r-bar k
To t a l noncomme r c i a l
To t a l for e s t pl ant at i on
1 8
Tab l e 5 .-Vo lume o f gr owing s t ock and sawt imbe r
2by spe c i e s ,
in pl an t e d sawt imbe r s t and s,I s l and o f Kaua i
,1 965
B l ackbu t t euca lypt u s
B l ackwood acaci a
Br u shbox
Euca lypt u s spp .
G r ay i r onbar k euca lypt u s
Hoop pine
Kinogum euca lypt u s
Lemon euca lypt us
We s t Indi e s mah ogany
Mo lucca a lb i z z i a
Nor f o lk- I s l and-pine
Oh i a
Red - i r onbar k euca lypt u s
Re dwood
Robus t a euca lypt u s
Sa l i gna euca lypt u s
Si lk- oak
Sugi
Ta l lowwood euca lypt u s
Tr opi ca l ash
Tur pen t ine - t r e e
To t a l
Tabl e 1 0 , con t inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 957
Tot al s t and
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt usl l l l
Si lk- oak
Gr ay i r onbarkl l H
Mixed euca l ypt us
Si lk- oakN
Gr ay i r onbark
Tal lowwood eucal ypt us
Mixed eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Ir onwoodH
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Molucca alb i z z ia
Mo lucca alb i z z i a
Brushbox
Nor f ol k — I s l and -pinePape r
-bank'
Molucca a lb i z z ia
See f oot not es at end of Tab le .
26
Tab l e 1 0 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 957
Nor f o lk— I s l and -pine
Molucca alb i z z i a
Nor f o l k- I s l and -pine
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Nor f olk- I s l and -pine
II N
Robus t a zeucal ypt us
Pape r-bark
Hoop-pine
Mixed euca l ypt us
Molucca alb i z z i a
Robus t a eucal ypt usH H
Molucca alb i z z i a
Pape r-bark
Robus t a eucalypt us
Brushbox
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l H
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l l l
Nor f olk- I s l and -pineRobus t a eucal ypt us
Nor f olk- I s l and-pine
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l H
Paper-bark
Nor f olk- I sl and -pine
B rushbox
Nor f olk- I s l and -pine
Paper-bark
l l
Turpen t ine — t r e e
b e foot not e s at end of Tab l e .
To t a l s t and
Tabl e 1 0 , con t inued
2 1 26
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 95 7
Pape r-bark
I r onwoodNor f o l k- I s l and -pine
I !
Brushbox
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca l ypt usH H
Mixed euca lypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt usH H
Mix ed eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l l l
Robus t a euca lypt usl l I !
I r onwood
See foot not es at end of Tab l e .
To t al s t and
Thousandboar d f e e t
Tabl e 1 0 ,cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 957
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Mo lucca a l b i z z i a
Mixed euca l ypt us
Brushbox
I r onwood
Red - i r onbark euca l ypt us
Sa l igna eucal ypt us
S i l k- oakl l
Red- i ronbark eucal ypt us
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r- bar k
Robus t a eucal ypt us
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt usH 1 1
Mix ed eucal ypt us
B lackwood acaci a
See foot not es at end of Tab l e .
1 1 2
1 39
1 39
2 33
1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
To t a l s t and
Tab l e 1 0 ,cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 95 7
To t a l s t and
Robu s t a eucal ypt usI ! H
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Sug i
Robus t a eucal ypt usI I N
Nor f o l k - I s l and -
pine
Mix ed spec i e s
Mo lucca a lb i z z i a
Robus t a eucal ypt us 1 1 2
Gr ay i r onbark euca l ypt us 1 1 2
Robus t a eucal ypt us 1 1 2
Mo lucca alb i z z i a 1 1 2
Si lk—oak 1 1 2
Gr ay i r onbark euca l ypt us 1 1 2
Brushbox 1 1 2
Ir onwood 1 39
Eucal ypt us spe ci e s 1 39
Robus t a eucal ypt us 14 1
I r onwood
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Molucca alb i z z i a
I r onwoodi l
Turpent ine - t r e e
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Mol ucca alb i z z i a
Robust a eucal ypt usl l H
See foot not es at end of Tab le .
3 1
Tab l e 1 0,
con t inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 95 7
To t a l s t and
Th ousandboar d f e e t
Robus t a euca l ypt u s 1 1 2
Pape r— bark 2 36
1 1 2
Gr ay i r onbark euca l ypt us 1 1 1
Euca l ypt us spec i e s 1 1 2
Turpen t ine - t r e e
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Brushbox
To t a l For e s t Pl an t a t i on
Kokes ar ea°
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Mixed eucalypt us
Pines
Pines
Tot a l Koke e
Tot al Kal epa
See f oot not es at end of Tab l e .
23
Tab l e 1 1 .- Ident i t y of ind iv i dual pl an t a t ion s t ands in t h e
gr oups shown on t h e map"For e s t Pl a
pt at i ons on
t h e I s l and of Kaua i - 1 9 65W
Ind iv i dual s t and no . Indiv i dua l s t and no .
1 2054 - 75 , 9 2-94 , 9 7 ,
2 1 00 ,72 4 2L 2 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 2
,2220 - 2 1
77 ,2 205 -0 6 , 45
-48 2 2 2 2 22 - 2 7
2 2088 -89 2 3 2 1 63 -65 , 80 - 86 ,22 28 - 30
3 2077 - 8 1 , 85 -8 7 , 9 5- 9 6 , 9 8 - 9 9 , 24 2 1 78 - 79
2 1 0 1 , 04 -05 ,2 238 , 44 25 2 1 75 - 76
4 2 1 0 2 -0 3 ,2 2 35 - 37
5 2 1 0 7- 1 0 ,2 2 39 26 2 1 74
2 7 2 1 6 1 - 62
6 209 1 28 2 1 32 - 33 , 58 , 60 , 7 1 ,2 240
7 2 1 1 3 - 14 , 4 1 29 2052 - 53 , 90 ,2 242 -4 3 , 56
8 2 1 9 7 30 20 28 - 29 ,2 2 1 0 ,
1 3 - 1 9 , 52
9 2 1 06
1 0 2 1 1 7- 1 9 ,2 1 - 26 3 1 20 33 - 36 ,
2207 -09 , 1 1 - 1 2 , 50 - 51
32 2030 - 32
1 1 20 76 ,2 1 1 5 - 1 6 , 55 ,
2 254 33 2008 - 1 2
1 2 2 146 - 50 ,220 1 , 53 34 2001 - 0 2 , 06 - 07 ,
2 1 90 , 94
1 3 2 1 98 -99 ,2200 , 02 35 2003 ,
1 3 ,2 1 20
14 2082 , 84 ,2 1 5 1 -54 , 70
1 5 2 1 38 -40 , 4 2 -4 5 36 20 14 - 1 8
3 7 2022 ,2 1 9 2
1 6 2 1 34 - 3 7 , 66 - 69 38 2004 -05 ,2 3 ,
2 1 9 3
1 7 2 1 89 39 20 1 9 - 2 1 ,24 - 2 7 , 3 7-4 1 ,
2 1 9 1 ,
1 8 2 233 - 34 9 5 -9 6 ,2255
1 9 208 3 ,2 1 8 7 - 88 ,
2 24 1 , 57-62 40 2042 - 51 ,2 249
20 2 203 -04 , 31 - 3 2
1 / Unnumbe r ed s t ands on t h e map ar e i den t i f i ed by symbo l s as
f o l l ows °
KORP -Roke e r e f or e s t a t i on pl ant ing ,1 9 57 - 65 ; incl ude s se edl ing ,
sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r .
KARP - Kal epa r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; incl ude s se edl ing ,
sapl ing , and pol e t imbe r
LKRP -Li hue - Kol oa r e f or e s t at ion pl ant ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; includes
s e edl ing ,sapl ing ,
and po l e t imber .
MRP -Mol oaa r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; include s se edl ing ,
sapl ing ,and po l e t imb e r
Se e t ab l e 1 0 .
Forewor d
Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed t imber on t he
maj or i s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s f or t h e i s landsof Hawai i ( 1 965 ) and Kauai ( 1 96 7 ) hav e been pub l i shed . Summar i z ed her e ar e t h e r e su l t s of an inv ent ory of t imber in pl ant edf or est s on t h e i s l and of Lana i . Th i s inv ent ory suppl ement s t he
ini t i a l For est Surv ey of t h e St at e compl e t ed in 1 96 3 . That sur ~
v ey ind i cat ed t h e impor t ance of plant ed f or est s as a t imberr esour ce but pr ov i ded no de t ai l s . Th i s bul l et in r epor t s
°
(a )locat i on and acr eage of each plant e d st and
, (b ) speci es compo
s i t i on and age , (c ) t imbe r vo lume and qua l i t y , and (d ) owner
sh ip of plant e d t imberThe st udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t he Div i s ion of
For e s t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur al Resour ces ,
and
t he Paci f i c Sout hwe st For e s t and Range Expe r iment St at ion , For
est Serv i ce ,U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . It was conduct ed
under t he d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,in char ge of t he St a
t i on 's f or es t ry r e sear ch in Hawai i . Nobuo Honda ,
f or es t er ,
Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry ,he lped dev e lop plans f or t he plan
t at i on inv ent ory and superv i se d t h e f i e ld work
Many ind iv i dua l s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he surv ey
Specia l acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e l d cr ew : For es t er Wes l eyWong , J r .
,of t he Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry , assi st ed by
Wi l l i am Kwon of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of Fi sh and Game
E . M. Hornibr ook ,r e t i r e d ,
f ormer ly in char ge of For es t Sur
v ey at t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on , and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,
former ly for est eco logi st , Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry ,ai d ed
in dev e loping pl ans f or t he st udyRober t M. Mi l l er
,sys t ems ana lys t ,
Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on ,
dev e l oped speci f i cat ions for pr oce ss ing t h e dat a by e l ect r oni c
comput er s . The Comput ing Cent er at t he Univ er s i t y of Hawai i
pr ocessed t h e dat aGener ous cooper at i on in t he survey was pr ov i ded by Fl oyd M
Coss i t t , act ing-
St a t e f or es t er (r e t i r ed ) ,Max F . Landgr af ,
St at e For e st er (r e t i r e d ) , and Kar l H. Kor t e,di s t r ict f or est er ,
and per sonne l of Dol e Pineappl e Company .
COVER PHOTO : Th i s B l ackbu t t Euca lyp tus s tand y i e lds abou tbo a r d f e e t p e r acr e - th e h i gh e s t vo lume pe r acr e on
th e I s l and o f Lanai .
OXFORD : RETRIEVAL TERMS : p l an t ed fo r e s t s ; t imbe r in
Fo r e s t Su rv ey ; p l an t a t ions ; Lana i ; Hawa i i .
Int r oduct i on .
Plant at i on Timber Resour ce .
Ar ea
Timber Vo lume .
Age of St ands .
St and Yi e l ds
Timber Qua l i t y
Va lues of For est Dev e lopment .
Appendix
De f ini t ions .
Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e .
Tab l e s 1 6
Th e Au tho r s
WESLEY H . C . WONG , JR. , a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i sbach e lo r
’
s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry f rom Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y in196 4 . He j o ined t h e Hawa i i Di v i s i on o f Fo r e s t ry in Au gu s t 1 964and h as be en p r ima r i ly r e spons ib le fo r ga th e r ing f i e ld da t a fo rth e fo r e s t inv en t o ry . NOBUO HONDA,
a na t i v e o f Kona , Hawa i i ,
r ece i v ed h i s bach e lo r’
s de gr e e in fo r e s t ry f r om Humbo ld t S t a t eCo l l e ge in 1 96 0 . As t imbe r su r v ey fo r e s t e r fo r th e Hawa i i Di vi s i on o f Fo r e s t ry s ince Apr i l 1 9 6 0 , h e ha s be en a ss i gne d p r ima ri ly t o t h e fo r e s t inv en t o ry o f t h e St a t e . ROBERT E . NELSON ha sbe en in cha rge o f th e S t a t ion
’
s fo r e s t ry r e s e a rch in Hawa i i , wi th
h e adqua r t e r s in Hono lu lu s ince 1 9 57 . He j o in ed th e Fo r e s t Se rvi ce in 1 94 1 , a f t e r e a rn ing a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t th e Un i v e r s i t yo f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f t h e Ca l i fo rn i a
S t a t e Coope r a t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t ion Su rv ey in 1 949 .
Th e f i r st for est inv ent ory in Hawai i showed t hat about 3 0
per cent of t he Is land of Lanai acr e s - i s f or est land 1
( f i g . But most of t h i s amount - some acr e s - i s non
commer ci al f or es t l and mainly in t h e lowe r,dry ar eas wh er e
ki awe (Prosopi s paZZida ) and ot h er brushy f b r es t t ypes pr edomin
at e . Only about acr e s ar e cons i der ed commer ci a l for e st
land . They l i e on t he l pes of t h e cent r a l mount ain wh er e
soi l s and rainf a l l can suppor t t imber gr owt h . Th e nat iv e f or
est s do,not include sawt imber s t ands ,
2 but some of t h e plant edf or es t s hav e dev e loped int o exce l l ent t imbe r s t ands
No l and i s now in For e st Reserv e s t at us3
on Lanai . But f r om
1 94 1 t o 1 957, t h e cent r a l mount ain was a For es t Reserve
Tr e e pl ant ing was st ar t ed on Lanai mor e t han 40 year s ago byt he Lanai Company ,
Lt d . f or sev er a l purposes : windbr eaks , f ence
pos t s ,fue l
,and wat er she d impr ov ement . Th e lat t er was done
mainly t o pr ev ent e r osi on , induce r ainf a l l ,and moder at e run
of f . Al t hough t h e t ot a l acr eage of f or est pl ant ings i s sma l l ,
some of t he pl ant ed ar eas hav e dev e loped int o va luab l e f or est s
f or wat er sh ed pr ot ect i on , r ecr eat i on , game hab i t at,and wood
pr oduct s . We hav e made a s t and — by— st and invent ory t o obt ain
inf ormat i on about pl ant a t ion f or es t acr eage ,Speci e s ,
t imber
vo lume , and qua l i t y . Th i s r epor t summar i z e s dat a compi l ed f or
each plant at ion s t and .
P lantat ion T imbe r Resource
A rea
Most for est plant ing on t h e Is l and of Lanai has be en on t h e
sl opes of Lanai ha l e ( se e map) . Commer ci a l f or es t plant at i ons“
t ot al only about 400 acr es in s t ands 2 acr e s and l ar ger . Of t hE
amount,about 3 2 5 acr e s ar e sawt imber st ands ( t ab l e 70 acr es
ar e sapl ing and pol e— s i z e pine s t ands ,
and about 75 acr e s ar e non
commer ci a l pl ant at i onsEucalypt s make up mor e t han 8 0 pe r cent of t he ar ea of saw
t imber st ands ( t ab l e Th er e ar e some 1 5 0 acr es of r obust a
euca lypt us sawt imber s t ands ,f or t h i s Speci es was heav i ly f a
vor ed in ear ly pl ant ings . Ot h er har dwoods , such as molucca
a lb i z z i a,t r opi ca l ash , and Aus t r a l i an r edcedar , t oge t h er wi t h
Nor f o lk— Is land -
pine ,t ot al l e ss t han 20 per cent of t h e acr eage
of sawt imber st ands
1Ne l son , Robe r t E . and Wh e e l e r , Ph i l ip R. Fo r e s t Re sou r c e s o f Hawa i i, 1 9 6 1 .
Fo r e s t ry Di v . , Dep . Land and Na t . Re s . , S t a t e o f Hawa i i , in coope ra t i on
wi th th e Paci f i c SW. Fo r e s t and Ran ge Exp . St a . , Fb r e s t Se r v . , U. S . Dep .
Ag r . 48 pp . , i l lu s . 1 96 3 .
2Abou t 50 ac r e s o f na t i v e Acaci a ko a a r e p lan t ed on comme r c i a l fo r e s t land .
Th e t r e e s a r e b r anchy and poo r ly fo rmed . Many h av e de ad b ranch e s and ro t
t en t runks . Pl an t ed koa s t ands we r e no t mea su r ed i n t h i s i nv en t o ry .
3Pub l i c o r pr i v a t e l ands admin i s t e r ed by th e S t a t e fo r managemen t and p ro
t ec t i on o f wa t e r sh eds and o t h e r fo r e s t v a lu e s .
Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Append i x .
The plant ings of Mont er ey , lob lo l ly , and s lash pines est ab
lished in. t he lat e 1 9 50 's and ear ly l 96o'
s hav e f ormed sapl ing
and po l e- S i z e s t ands . Howev er ,
t h ese t r ees wer e plant ed at a
wi de spacing st r i ct ly f or wat er shed impr ov ement purpose s and
pr obab ly wi l l not dev e lop good sawt imber st ands
Timb er VolumeTh e plant ed f oresus on. Lanai cont ain mi l l i on boar d f e e t of
sawt imber ( t ab l e Near ly mi l l i on boar d f e et of t h i s vo l
ume cons i st s of euca lypt s; t he vo lume in r obust a euca lypt us
a lone amount s t o mi l l ion boar d f ee t . Mo lucca a lb i z z ia i s
t he only ot h er Speci e s of r e lat iv e ly lar ge v o lume - about one
hal f mi l l i on boar d f e e t . The combined vo lume in t r opica l ash,
t urpent ine— t r e e ,
Aust r al ian r edcedar , and Nor f o lk— Is land -
pine
amount s t o about one — quar t e r mi l l i on boar d f ee t . About 80 per
cent of t h e sawt imber vo lume i s in t r e es l e ss t han 1 9 inches
d . b . h . ( t ab l e Gener a l ly ,t h e t r e e s on Lanai ar e sma l l e r
t han t r e es on t he ot her i s l ands . Only a f ew st ands hav e t r e es
mor e t han 1 00 f e e t t al l
Th e t ot a l gr owing st ock vo lume in pl ant e d sawt imber st ands i s
only about cub ic f ee t . About 7 7 per cent of t h i s vo lume
i s in eucalypt us Speci e s—mor e t han ha l f i s r obust a eucalypt us
Po l e t imber and sapl ing st ands cont ain add i t i ona l gr owing st ock
vo lume , but t he se wer e not measur edWood in cu l l t r ee s in t he plant ed sawt imber st ands t ot al s
near ly cubic f ee t . Th e 75 acr e s of noncommer cia l plant a
t i ons a l so hol d a volume of wood in cu l l t r ees,but t hese i r on
wood , paper-bark
,and Mont er ey cypr ess s t ands wer e not measur ed .
Age of Stands
For es t at i on was st ar t ed l at er on Lana i t han on t h e ot h er
i s l ands . Mos t plant ings wer e done in t he 1 9 20 's and ear ly 1 9 30 '
s
( t ab l e Ther e f or e , near ly a l l t h e sawt imber st ands ar e l ess
t han 40 year s o ld . A sma l l r e f or e st at i on e f f or t was r e sumedin t he 1 9 50 '
s .
Stand Y ie ldsThe av er age yi e l d of sawt imber in plant ed sawt imber st ands on
Lanai i s j us t under boar d f e e t per acr e ( t ab l e But
yi e l ds d i f f er wi de ly by s t and age ,Speci es ,
S i t e , h i st ory and
cond i t i on of st and ,and ot h er f act or s . Th e h i gh est yi e l d was
measur ed in a 3 0 -
year- o ld plant at i on of b l ackbut t euca lypt us
Th i s 5 - acr e st and had a ne t av er age v o lume of boar d f eet
per acr e . Robust a eucalypt us s t ands av e r aged a lmostboar d f e et per acr e
Yi e l ds ar e lowe r on Lanai t han t he av e rage s for t h e Is landsof Kauai and Hawai i . Th i s cond i t i on i s pr obab ly due t o poor er
s i t es and younger age of s t ands on Lanai . Some of t h e Aus t r a
l i an r edcedar t r e es gr owing in we l l - dr aine d nar r ow va l l ey bot
t oms ar e , howev er , impr e ss iv e . Turpent ine — t r e e shows goodgr owt h . Tr opi ca l ash and r obust a gr owt h ar e not impr ess iv e
Ap pend ix
Definitions
For es t land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked by f or est
t r e es of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cover and not
cur r ent ly dev e l oped f or ot her use ; and l and suppor t ing shrubs,
t h e cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t he gr ound .
commer cia l fb r es t land : For e st l and t hat i s producing or
can produce crops of indust r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .
Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Product i ve — r eser ved for
est l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imbe r use t hr ough st at ut e or ad
mini s t r at iv e r egul at i on , and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or est landincapable of yi e l d ing cr ops of indust r ia l wood because of
adv er se s i t e cond i t i ons
For es t planta t ion : Plant e d f or e s t s in wh i ch at least 1 0 per
cent of gr owing Space i s occupi ed by pl ant e d speci es (usual lyexot ic ) , r egar d l ess of nat iv e Speci es pr edominance
Cbmmercia l for es t plant at ion : A pl ant at ion of commer cial
t r e e speci es on commer cia l for e st land
Noncommer cia l for e s t plant a t ion : A pl ant at i on of noncom
mer ci al t r e e Speci es or of commer cia l t r e e speci es plant e don noncommer ci a l f or est l and
Commer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r i alwood pr oduct s . Speci e s sui t e d only f or fue lwood or f ence post s
ar e excluded . The f o l l owing Speci es ar e in t h e pl ant ed st ands
Sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Acacia koa
Albi z ia fa lca taAraucar ia exce lsa
Euca lyptus bot ryoides
Euca lyptus pi lular i s
Euca lyptus r obust a
Euca lyptus sa ligna
Euca lypt us sider oxylon
Euca lyptus spp .
Fr axinus uhdei
Gr evi l lea r obus ta
Pinus e l li ot t i i
Pinus r adiata
Pinus taeda
syncarpia g lomu lif eraToona ci lia t a v ar . aust ra li s
koa
Mo lucca albi z z ia
Nor f olk- Is land —
pine
bangalay eucalypt us
b lackbut t euca lypt us
r obust a eucalypt us
sa l i gna euca lypt us
r ed — i r onbark eucalypt us
uni dent i f i e d euca lypt us
t r opi ca l ash
s i lk- oak
s lash pine
Mont er ey pine
lob l ol ly pine
t urpent ine- t r e e
Aust r a l i an r edcedar ( t oon)
Sound cul l t r e es : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or l arger wh ich
do not qua l i fy as gr owi ng st ock because o f Speci es (noncommer ci a lspeci es ) , poor f orm, or excess i v e l imbs
Rot t en cul l t r e e s : Liv e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . h . or l ar ge r wh i ch
ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cul l because of excess iv e r ot .
sawt imber : Wood in t r e es d e f i ned as sawt imber t r ees
V olumeI nt er na t iona l l / 4— inch ker f log r ule : A f ormu la ru l e f or
est imat ing t h e boar d - f oot v o lume of logs , by 4 — f oot log sect i ons ,
v equa l s
Sawt imber vo lume : The ne t vo lume of t h e saw- log por t i on of
sawt imbe r t r e es,in boar d f e e t
,Int ernat i ona l l / 4 - inch ru l e .
saw— log por t ion : That par t of t h e main bo l e of sawt imbert r e e s be t we en t he s t ump and t h e me r chant ab l e t op
Mer chant ab le t op : The point on t he bo l e abov e wh i ch a merchant ab l e sawlog cannot i be ob t ained ; i . e .
,t he point wh er e t he
main s t em d i v i de s int o l imbs or i s l e ss t han 8 inch e s d i amet erins i de bar k
Gr owing s t ock vo lume : Vo lume in cubi c f e e t of sound wood in
t h e bo l e of sawt imber and po l e t imber t r ee s f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d i ame t er ins i d e bar k of inche s , or t o t h e
point wh er e t h e main s t em d iv i de s int o l imbs
Al l t imber vo lume : Vo lume in cub i c f e e t of sound wood in t he
bo l e of gr owing st ock and cu l l t r e e s inche s d . b . h . or larger ,
f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d i ame t er ins i de bark of
inche s
Stand -S iz e C lassSawt imber s tands : St ands at l e as t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h
gr owing- s t ock t r e e s ,
ha l f or mor e in sawt imber and po l e t imbert r e e s
,and sawt imb er s t ocking at l eas t equa l t o po l e t imber
Fb le t imber s tands : St ands f ai l ing t o qua l i fy as sawt imber
but at l east 1 0 pe r cent s t ocke d wi t h gr owing s t ock t r e es ,at
l east hal f po l e t imber
sapli ng and seedling s tands : St ands not qua l i fying as saw
t imber or po l e t imber , but at l east 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h gr ow
ing s t ock .
Nons t ocked : Comme r ci a l f or e st l ands l e ss t h an 1 0 pe rcent
S t ocked wi t h gr owing s t ock t r e es
M isce llaneousDiame t er br ea s t he ight Tr e e d i ame t er in inches ,
out s i de bar k,measur e d at 4 f e e t abov e t h e gr ound f or norma l
t r e es ,and 1 8 inches abov e t h e s t i l t or swe l l f or abnorma l t r e e s .
I ndus t r ia l wood : Commer ci a l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw
logs , v ene er logs ,and pulpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e
exclude d
Log gr ades : A cl ass i f i cat i on o f logs based on ext e rna l char
act er i s t i cs as ind i cat or s of qua l i t y or v a lue . Gr ade 1 i s t h e
h igh est qua l i t y , gr ade 2 int ermed i a t e,and gr ade 3 t h e lowest
qua l i t y of s t andar d har dwood f act ory lumber l ogs .
6 Gr ade 4 logs
ar e sui t ab l e f or t i e s and t imber s
Timber qua li ty : Based on l og gr ade s unl ess s t at ed ot herwi se .
Char act er i st i cs of wood such as dens i t y ,s t r engt h ,
co lor , and
Shr inkage , ar e a l so measur es of qua l i t y . Howev er ,t hese ar e
usua l ly inher ent in a speci e s .
I nventory P rocedure
Ar ea and vo lume st at i s t i cs pr e sent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de
v e l oped pl ant at i on st and by plant at i on st and . Fi r st , ind iv i dua lf or est plant at i ons of 2 acr e s or mor e wer e i dent i f i ed and de l in
eat ed on aer i a l phot ogr aphs t hr ough s t er eoscopic st udy . Each
pl ant a t i on was gi v en a s t and numbe r and c lass i f i ed as u>t ype and
s t and — s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each pl ant at i on was measur ed on
t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age we r e de t ermined f r om
maps and ot her r ecor ds . Fi e l d examinat i on of each pl ant at i on
a l l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat i ons , cl ass i f i cat i ons,
and acr eage s .
Next , t imber — v o lume pl ot s wer e locat e d on t h e gr ound in each
commer ci al f or es t plant at i on of 5 acr es and l ar ger hav ing saw
t imber t r e e s . Th e sampl e pl o t locat i ons wer e s e l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er l ai d on t h e aer i a l phot ogr aph . Two or
mor e sampl e l ocat i ons ,depend ing on st and acr eage and var i abi l i t y,
wer e se l ect e d in each s t and . At e ach l ocat i on,t r e e measur ement s
wer e made f r om wh i ch t imber v o lume and qua l i t y coul d be comput edand expand ed . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e made on a main”plotat each locat i on
, suppl ement ed by addi t i ona l but . l ess de t ai l eddat a on t wo
”sat e l l i t e”plot s . Al l plot s wer e v ar i ab l e plot s
wi t h a basa l ar e a f act or of 20
Final ly ,t he dat a we r e pr oce ssed t hr ough a speci a l ly pr epar ed
e l ect roni c comput e r progr am. Tr e e measur ement s wer e conv e r t edt o meaningfu l v o lume uni t s on a pe r
- acr e bas i s , av er aged f or t h e
pl ot s in a s t and , and expande d f or t he acr eages o f t he st andThe comput e r out put cons i st ed of t abu l ar dat a f or each s t and and
a summary of s t and dat a . Vo lume t r i c dat a f or st ands 2 t o 4 acr e s
in s i z e wer e ext r apo l at ed f r om cl ose l y simi lar measur ed s t and sTh e accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 2 0 per cent pe r 5
mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a st and,
at t h e l ev e l of
one s t andar d er r or . Ca lcu l at i ons Sh ow t hat t h e r e l i abi l i t y of
t he e s t imat e of t ot a l sawt imber in measur ed s t ands i s i 6 per
cent t wo chance s out of t hr e e
6U. S . Fo re s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha r dwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda rd lumbe r
-pr opo sa l s and r e su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se r v . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Rep . 173 7 ,
1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .
1 1
Tab les 1 6
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Tab l e 3 .-Vo lume o f gr owing s t ock
,sawt imbe r
,and cu l l t r e e s
by Spe c i e s ,in pl an t e d sawt imbe r s t and s
,
I s l and o f Lana i,1 9 66
Robus t a e uca lypt u s
B l ackbu t t euca lypt u s
Ot h e r euca lypt s
Mo lucca a lb i z z i al /
Tr opi ca l a sh
Tu r pen t ine - t r e e
Au s t r a l i an r edce dar
Ot he r h ar dwood sg/
Nor f o lk- I s l and -pine
Noncomme r ci a l spe c i e sé/
To t a l
1 / No Mo lucca a l b i z z i a s t and s we r e l ar ge enough t o be cr u i se d ,
bu t l og v o lume s o f s imi lar me a sur ed s t and s on Kaua i we r e u sed he r e .
2 / Inc lude s s i lk- oak and koa
3 / Include s Casuar ina spp . and b luegum euca lypt u s .
Tabl e 6 , cont inued
To t al
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l 1 1
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Ir onwoodMixed eucal ypt us
H
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l l l
Aus t r al i an r edcedarTr opical ash
H
B l ackbu t t euca l ypt us
Molucca alb i z z i a
I r onwood
Robus t a eucal ypt u s
Tr opi ca l ash
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Mb lucca albi z z i aH l !
Robus t a eucalypt us
B l ackbu t t eucal ypt us
Mo lucca al bi z z i a
Tr opi cal ash
For e s t Pl ant a t i on
Acr e s
G PO 975- 409
Reco r d s and Maps of Forest Ty pes in Hawa i i
Robe r t E . Ne lson
Contents
Int r oduct i on .
Ear ly Recor ds of Vege t at i on
Vege t at i on Changes Af t er 1 778
Timber Harv e st ing
Anima l s and Insect s .
Fi r e
Plant Int roduct i ons .
For e st Types and For e st Ar ea .
Hawai i For est Type Maps
Li t e r at ur e Ci t ed .
U. S Fo r e s t Se rv ice r e s e a r ch in Hawa i i
i s conduc t ed in coope ra t i on wi th
D i v i s ion o f Fo r e s t ryHawa i i Depa r tmen t o f Land and Na t u ra l Re sou r ce s
Th e Au tho r
ROBERT E “ NELSON h e ads th e S t a t i on’
s Ins t i tu t e o f Paci f i c I s l ands Fo re s t r h eadqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu , Hawa i i . He j o ined th e Fo r e s t Se r v i cein 1 4 1 , a f t e r ea rn ing a fo re s t ry de r e e a t t h e Un i v e rs i t y o f Cal i fo rn i a .
He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f th e Cali fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i lVe ge t a t i on Su rv ey in 1 949 . S inc e 1 9 57 , h e h as be en in ch a r ge o f th eS t a t i on
’
s Hawa i i o f f i ce .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want t o acknowl edge ,wi t h much appr eciat i on ,
t he
adv i ce and comment s pr ov i ded me by E . H. Bryan ,K . H,
Kor t e, and R. K . Le Bar r on
,who r ev i ewed t he manuscr ipt .
back wi t h an easy accl iv i t y f or about f our or f iv e mi l es,
and was lai d out in l i t t l e f i e lds , appar ent ly we l l cu l
t ivat ed and int e r sper s ed wi t h habi t at i ons o f t h e nat iv es .
Beyond t h i s t he count ry became st e eply rugged and woody ,
f orming mount ains of gr eat e l evat i on .
Af t er sai l ing f r om Hamakua and anchor ing at Kawaihae,h e wr ot e
°
Fr om t h e nor t h -west point of t h e Is land,t h e count ry
s t r e t ched back f or a cons i d er ab l e d i st ance wi t h a
v ery gr adual ascent ,and i s dest i t ut e of t r e e s or
bushe s of any kind . But i t bear s ev ery appear ance
of indust r i ous cu l t iv at ion by t h e number of sma l l
f i e l ds int o wh i ch i t i s lai d out
Menz i es wonder ed how t he dry r ocky l owlands coul d suppor t such a
lar ge number of peopl e . Hi s st at ement s suggest t hat t he Waimeaar ea of t h e Is land of Hawai i was h eav i ly popu lat ed and cu l t i va
t ed as was t he ar ea abov e Keal akekua Bay inland f r om t he lower
dry bar r en r ocky count ry
For sev er a l mi l e s ar ound us t he r e was not a spot t hat
woul d admi t of i t but wha t was wi t h gr eat l abor and
indust ry cl ear ed of t h e loose s t ones and plant ed wi t h
escul ent r oot s or some use fu l v ege t ab l e or ot her
But se e ing now t h ese upper r egi ons so indus t r i ous lycu l t i vat ed and t e eming wi t h pr oduct iv e cr 0ps ,
we cou l dno longer r emain i gnor ant of t he i r vas t r esour ces
Fi f t e en year s ear l i er,in 1 7 78 ,
Dav i d Ne l son,t he f i r st
bot ani s t t o v i s i t t he Hawai i an ar ch ipe lago ,had landed wi t h
Capt ain Cook on t h e Kona coas t . He and J ohn Ledyar d at t empt edt o cl imb Mauna Loa f r om Kea lakekua . They not ed t hat t he f or est s
did not r each t he shor e . Wr ot e Ledyar d °
It was now near sunse t ,and be ing upon t he Ski r t s
of t hese woods ,t hat so r emar ked ly surrounde d t h i s
i s land at a uni f orm d i s t ance of f our or f iv e mi l e sf r om t h e shor e ,
we concluded t o
l 9 1 8a, pp . 3 88 - 3 96 )
The ”nat iv e”landscape t ha t Capt ain Cook and ot her ear ly
v i si t or s saw in t he lowl ands was large ly a r e su l t of act iv i t i es
f or a t housand year s of t h e h eavy Hawai i an popul at i on . I t i s
common knowl edge t hat t he Hawai i ans had int r oduced a consi derab l e v ar i e t y of Po lyne s i an economi c pl ant s dur ing t h e i r mi gr at ions f r om t he Sout h Paci f i c (Nea l Ledyar d '
s descr ipt iondur ing h i s 1 7 79 h ike abov e Kea lakekua i s t ypi ca l .
”On f i r st l eav
ing t he t own,t he i r r out e l ay t hr ough enclos ed plant at i ons of
sweet pot at oes . Now and t hen a pat ch of sugar cane was se en
Next came t he Open pl ant at ions ,cons i st ing ch i e f ly of br ead f rui t
t r ees,and t he l and began t o ascend mor e
1 9 1 8a )
Menz i es ( 1 79 3 ) wr ot e t hat t he Kau ar ea"bor e in gener a l a
v ery bar r en and rugged appearance . Lat er,d escr ibing hi s as
cent of Mauna Loa ,h e wr ot e of many plant at i ons be t we en Sout h
Point and Kapapala and descr i bed t he upper f or est edge as at
f e e t e l evat i on
Capt ain Geor ge Vancouv er r emarked about ext ens iv e t ar o,
sugar cane , swe e t pot at o and br ead f rui t cul t ivat i on on Kauai,
Oahu ,Maui , and Hawai i dur ing h i s v i s i t s f r om 1 792 t o 1 794
(MacCaughey l 9 l 8b ) . In 1 8 1 6 t he Russi an Capt ain Ot t o von Kot
z ebue r emained in t he Hono lu lu ar ea f or 2 we eks and descr ibeda walk f r om Hono lulu t o Pear l Harbor (MacCaugh ey
Th e t owar d t he we st ,t hr ough a beau
t i ful ly cu l t i vat ed v a l l ey (Nuuanu ) , bor der ed in t he
nor t h by a r omant i c Sugar plant at i ons ,
t aro f i e l ds,
and f ar - scat t er ed plant at i ons succe ededeach ot her on our r oad , and we had inadv er t ent ly t r av
e l l ed f iv e mi l es t o t he gr eat v i l lage Mauna Roa
Kosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , p . 1 6 ) quot ed Macus (Macr ae ) ,
1who v i s i t ed
Is l ands in 1 8 25 and d escr ibed l ands abov e Laupahoehoe on
Is land of Hawai i as f o l l ows°
The land s ix mi l es inland Shows no S ign of cu l t iva
t i on . I t i s not ev en past ur e d by l iv e st ock , be ing
cov er ed wi t h l ong gr ass and shor t s tumpy t r ee f erns
be longing t o t he Cyat hea t r ibe . We r e ach ed t he out
ski r t s of t he woods b e t ween t hr e e and f our in t h e
af t ernoon,hav ing on our way cr ossed t hr e e nar r ow ,
deep r av ine s , t h i ckly cov er ed wi t h wood ,most ly
me t r os i der os , a l eur i t es and a Speci es of Rhus
De scr ibing t h e Hi lo -Hamakua ar ea ,Macr ae ( 1 825 , p . 5 7 )
wr ot e:
Th e land al ong t h e sea coast f r om Byr on 's Bay [Hi lo]
t o upwar ds of 40 mi l es t o t he we s t and about 6 mi l esin br eadt h
,was f r e e f r om wood except ing by t he s i des
and bot t oms of r av ine s . Th e f or e s t t hat sur r oundst he cent r a l par t of t he i s l and begins h er e ,
at a di s
t ance of 5 or 6 mi l e s f r om t he coast , and s t r e t ches
back f or a dept h of 1 2 mi l es ,int er sect ed wi t h deep
val l eys and lar ge r i v er s of f ine The upper
par t s of t he f or es t r esemb l e past ur e land f or 7 mi l es
fur t her and ar e t h inly cov er e d wi t h low gr owing shrubs
and abundance of s t r awb er r i es and r aspber r i e s
Menz i e s ( 1 79 3 ) not ed t h e purpose fu l and f r equent burning
by t he nat iv es of t he gr assy pl ains i n Waimea , Kauai , so t hat
gr ass gr ew up cl ear and f r e e of s t umps and was t her e f or e be t t er
1I be l i e v e t h a t Ho saka
’
s Macu s i s Mac ra e .
adapt ed f or He a l so wr ot e of t he cut t ing of huge
koa t r ees f or canoe l ogs and int r oduct i on of plant s by nat iv es
al ong f or es t t r ai l s
Al t hough we ar e l e f t t o wonder about t h e nat ur e of v ege
t at i on at speci f i c l ocat i ons , such account s of t h e ear ly ex
pl or er s cha l l enge t he cr edi t i l i t y of some la t er t heor i z ingJ udd ( 1 9 1 8 , pp . 1 1 7 — 1 3 3 ) s t at e d t hat ”on Oahu t he Le i l ehua pla
t eau be t we en t he Wai anae and Koo lau r ange s was no doubt once
dense ly f or es t ed .
”But Hosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , pp . 7 — 8 ) wr ot e of t he
same ar ea°
”It i s be l i ev ed t hat t he gr eat pl at eau of Wah iawawas once t h ickly f or es t ed but I cou l d not f ind anyf i r s t hand aut hent i c st at ement .
And he ci t es Hunnewe l l t o Show t hat ”at l eas t by 1 8 25 t h i s
cent r a l pl ain was devoi d of t r e es
Koebe l e ( 1 900 , pp . 9 0 - 9 7 ) specu l at ed t hat ”I f we cou ld look
backwar d f i f t y or s i xt y ye ar s we wou l d se e t h e two l ar ge mount ains of Maui me e t by t r e es in t h e plains ; Lana i and Mol okai
c lot hed wi t h f or es t s , But Hosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , ppl 7- l 9 ) ci t es
ear ly obser v er s t o t he cont r ary
Ha l l ( 1 9 04 , pp . 84 - 1 02 ) d i scussed t h e nat ur a l cond i t i onsof r ainf a l l
,e l ev at i on , and lava f l ows t hat l imi t ed t h e f or es t ed
ar ea . He cl aime d t hat t he se ”wer e t h e ch i e f agenci es r est r ict
ing t he f or e st up t o about 1 00 year s ago .
”Ha l l did not commenton t he impact of use of f i r e , cu l t iv at i on
,and fue lwood cut t ing
by ear ly Hawai i ans
Cr osby ( 1 9 55 , pp . 28 - 34 ) a l so d i scount ed t he e f f ect of ac
t iv i t i es of t h e Hawai i ans on t h e v ege t at i on!
Var i ous r emnant s of nat i v e f or e s t ind icat e t hat t he
f i r s t Po lynesian'
se t t l er s f ound t r ee s gr owing on al l
par t s of t he Hawa i i an Is l ands except a f ew v ery dry
l eewar d ar eas and r ecent l av a f lows . The Po lynesians
c l ear ed only l imi t ed ar eas f or cu l t iv at i on and madel i t t l e use of f or est pr oduct s , so f or e st must hav e
occupi ed most of t h e l and when t he i s lands wer e di s
cov er e d by Capt ain Cook in 1 778
Y e t t her e wer e pr obab ly mor e t han Hawai i ans in t he
Is l ands in t he lat e l 7oo's (Ter r i t or i al Planning Boar d 1 93 9
,
p . The e f f ect of t h i s lar ge agr ar ian f or ce on t h e Hawai
i an landscape was obv i ous t o t h e ear ly v i s i t or s ,but not t o dx se
who came lat er . Ne i t her t h e ear ly v i s i t or s nor lat er wr i t er s
hav e comment ed on t h e e f f ect of pi gs ,r at s
, dogs and ch ickens
int roduced t o t he Is lands by t h e Po lynes ian se t t l er s , ye t t h ese
anima l s mus t hav e had a h eavy eco l ogica l impact on t h e nat iv e
plant communi t i e s .
Timber Harvestingsanda lwood har ves t ing s t ar t ed in 1 79 1 and incr eased t r emen
dous ly dur ing t h e next 40 year s (Thrum Hundr eds of Hawai
i ans wer e engaged in cut t ing and haul ing t he wood f r om t he mount ains . Thi s act i v i t y had l ast ing e f f ect on t h e f or est . Too lat e
,
Hawa i i 's f i r st conservat i on law was passed in 1 83 9
,r est r i ct ing
cut t ing of sanda lwood (Thrum Thr e e - quar t er s of a centurylat er
,Rock ( 1 9 1 3 , p . 1 2 7 ) r epor t ed : ”Since t he lar ge expor t of
Sanda lwood f rom t h ese Is l ands t o Ch ina,t he t r e es hav e become
r at h er scar ce and only ind iv i dua l one s can be f ound scat t er edt hr ough t h e dr i er f or e s t s .
”Sanda lwood t r e es ar e s t i l l scar ce,
but not r ar e
Cut t ing of for e s t pr oduc t s has cons i der ab ly mod i f i ed t he for
est s . Th e Hawa i i an Pl ant er s ' Mont h ly ( 1 887 , p . 43 7 ) r epor t ed
Fr om ev ery par t of t h e i s l ands come s t he same complaintr e lat ive t o t he des t ruct i on of t h e f or es t s . charge ,
perhaps ,ough t t o be l ai d a t t he door of t he landowner s ,
who a l l ow so much wood [fue l ] t o be cut on t he i r es t at e s
Gi f f ar d ( 1 9 1 3 , p . 42 ) showed concern ov er t h e cut t ing of fue lwood
Th e o ld t ime pr act i ce of denud ing nat iv e f or est ar eas
in pr oximi t y t o sugar mi l l s , in or der t o secur e fue l
f or f act or i e s,has pr act i ca l ly cease d
,but t her e ar e
many sect ions on some of t he i s l ands whe r e t h e nat iv e
f or est s ar e st i l l used as a sour ce of fue l suppl i es ,
r egar d l ess of t h e d i s t urbance and subsequent harm i t
does
Kor t e ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 3 ) concluded t hat t h e demand f or fue lwood by t he
whal ing sh ips be t we en 1 824 and 1 86 1 was such t hat ”at l east
acr es of nat iv e f or es t s wer e cut .
" He a l so ci t es t he cul
t ur e of a nat ive fungus f or f ood as t h e cause of cut t ing large
ar e as of kukui f or est s . Th i s was a comme r ci al ent erpr i se . The
fungus gr ew we l l on l ogs f e l l e d f or t h i s purpose . Lydgat e ( 1 88 2 ,
pp . 33 - 35 ) ind i cat ed t hat t he lumber indus t ry had an impact on t he
f or e st s at an ear ly dat e '
In ear ly t imes koa sawing was a r egu lar and f l our i sh ing
Th e upland r egi on of Hamakua,Hawai i was
t he cent er of t h e f rom t h er e t he lumberwas mos t ly hau l e d t o Waimea and t hence t o Kawaihae
, giv
ing t o t hose place s a degr ee of l i f e and act iv i t y whi ch
t h ey seem nev er l ike ly t o see again .
Kor t e ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 54 ) ci t es r ecor ds of sawmi l l s cut t ing koa pr i or
t o 1 854 in Eas t Makawao and Ku la on t he i s land of Maui . Timbercut t ing has cont inued int e rmi t t ent ly on a sma l l sca l e t o t he
pr es ent , t he gr eat er par t be ing in connect i on wi t h land cl ear
ing f or past ur e use
Harv est of t r e e f ern pr oduct s has had an impact on t he ra in
f or es t for an ext ended pe r i od . Th e plant s pr ov i de use fu l f oodand f iber pr oduct s (Hubbar d 1 9 5 2 ; Kor t e 1 9 6 1 ; Ne l son and Horni
br ook 1 962 ; Ripper t on 1 9 24;Wo l d ,
Animals and I nsectsLives tock ar e gener a l ly he l d r e sponsi bl e f or t he pr onounced
depl e t ion of f or est s in al l r egi ons (Ha l l 1 9 04 ; J udd 1 9 1 8 ;Max
we l l Vancouv e r int r oduced goat s , cat t l e,and sheep int o
t he Is lands in 1 79 2 ,1 79 3 , and 1 794 (MacCaughey l 9 l 8b ) . Cl ev e
land l anded hor ses in 1 8 03 (Ed i t or , Th e Hawai ian Plant er s ' Mont h
ly Wi t h a t aboo lai d on t h ese anima l s , t he ir number s in
cr eased r api d ly and t hey Spr ead wi l d int o t he mount ains . Thatt hese f er a l anima l s had a pr of ound e f f ect on t h e v eget at i on can
run: be doubt ed ,but t he magni t ud e can never be known
In r ecount ing t h e impact of cat t l e on nat iv e agr i cu l t ur e
dur ing t hose ear l i er days , Al exander ( 1 894 , pp . 9 1 — 1 00 ) wrot e:
In some d i st r i ct s agr i cu l t ur e was ent i r e ly ruine d byt he encroachment s of h er ds of cat t l e , ch i e f ly owned by
These her ds wer e a l l owed t o incr ease
wi t hout l imi t,unt i l l arge t r act s of count ry wer e com
pl e t e ly ov er st ocked , t housands of acr es of f er t i l e landl ai d wast e , and t he r i gh t s of nat iv e t enant s l i t era l lyt r ampl e d under f oot . In 1 85 1 , f ai r ly good cat t l e on
Kauai wer e sol d at t wo do l l ar s a head , [f or h i des and
Mar sden ( 1 89 3 , pp . 29 7 - 303 ) r epor t ed t hat r anch ing ar oundWaimea
,Is land of Hawai i ,
incr eased gr eat ly f r om 1 8 73 t o 1 8 9 3
and cat t l e gr az ing caused des t ruct i on of f or e st on pr obab ly
acr es .
”J ohn P. Parker ,t he f ounder of t he f amed Par
ker Ranch in Waimea ,had begun cat t l e r anch ing act iv i t i es by
1 835 in t h i s di st r i ct (Hono lulu It em, February 1 9 30 )2
Quot ing f r om t he memoi r s of Wi l der , Kor t e ( 1 96 1 , p . 54 )
gave an exampl e of t he e f f ect of cat t l e r anching on t he f or est s
abov e Ulupalakua ,Maui : ”When Capt ain Makee in about 1 85 2
st ar t ed t o gr ow cane at Ulupa lakua a dense f or es t cov er ed t he
s i de of Hal eaka la above t h e plant at i on ensur ing suf f i ci ent moi st ur e f or cr 0 ps . As year s passed ,
cat t l e and ot her causes l ed
t o t he dest ruct i on of t h e
B ir ds t hat wer e int r oduced t o t he Is lands hav e a cont inuing
e f f ect on t h e v ege t at i on . For exampl e ,t he mynah i s cr edi t ed
,
along wi t h ot her bi r ds ,as t he ch i e f agent f or t he spr ead of
lant ana (Perkins , Swe zy ( 1 954 ) ci t ed a 1 9 26 l e t t er f r omPerkins who Specu l at ed t hat
"When t he mynah bi r d r eached t he
he igh t of t he ir abundance ih t he f or est s ,I be l i ev e t h e de f ol ia
t i on [of koa t r e es ] by cat erpi l lar s r ea l ly became muchl ess f r equent .
”2In fo rma t ion on f i l e in th e Hawa i i S t a t e Arch i v e s , Hono lu lu .
I nsect s and di seases hav e no doubt pl ayed a cont inuing r o l ei n d et ermining t h e compos i t ion and ext ent of f or est s and t hev ege t at i ve cycl e . Th e impact of t hese agent s has been s ev er e
at t imes (Lyon Kor t e ( 1 96 1 , p . 2 ) quot ed t he 1 8 75 wr i tings of Cl ar k
,who d i scussed dying koa t r e e s and s t ands :
i t cannot be cat t l e, f or in many pl ace s wher e t h ese dead t r e es
st and no f our - f oot ed cr eat ur e ev er se t i t s hoof
F ireAccor d ing t o Ha l l f i r e ”has done f ar mor e inj ury in
Hawai i an f or est s t han wou l d be supposed in r egi ons of so gr eat
r ainf a l l . He t o l d of ext ensi v e f i r es in t h e sout he rn par t of
Hamakua and on Kauai and Maui . J udd ( 1 9 1 8 , pp . 1 1 7 - 1 3 3 ) empha
s i z e d t hat f i r es had a de st ruct iv e e f f ect on t he for e s t s in t he
past . Kor t e ( 1 96 1 ) s t at ed : ”Old t imer s on Maui speak of a
gr eat f i r e t hat occur r ed in Kul a in t he 1 880 's wh i ch burnt f or
we eks . Walker ( 1 888 , p . 5 2 1 ) r epor t ed t hat”Me ssr s . Gay and
Robinson cons i de r t hat in Kaua i t he f or es t s wher e pr ot ect ed f romcat t l e ar e not on t h e decr ease ,
except wher e d est r oyed by bush
f i r es . Fi r e cont inues t o be a t hr eat,and each year bur ns a
cons i der ab l e ar ea of f or e st — ev en in we t ar eas . Recent exampl e sinc lude t he acr es burned in Apr i l 1 9 58 in t h e v ery wet
Li hue - Ko loa For es t Reser v e on Kauai ( Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of
Agr . a For e s t ry and t he — acr e f i r e abov e Hana l e i,
Kauai , in J une 1 9 6 7
Lava f lows hav e cut spect acul ar swat h s t hr ough t h e f or est s
on t h e l pe s of Mauna Loa and Hua la lai ,and volcani c ash and
fumes have a l t er ed t h e v ege t at ion ove r ext ensi v e ar eas .
Plant I ntroductionsI nt r oduced plant s hav e r ad i cal ly a l t er ed t he landscape in
many par t s of t h e Is l ands . They hav e a cont inuing impact on t he
nat iv e v ege t at i on and f lor i st i c composi t i on . Among t h e many ex
ampl es i s Ki awe (Prosopi s pa l lida ) ,wh i ch was int r oduced in 1 8 2 7
( J udd 1 9 1 6 , pp . 3 3 0 Th e plant has spr ead ov er much of t h e
lowl ands ,occupying about acr es by 1 9 6 1 (Ne l son and
Wh ee l er Anot her exampl e i s Lant ana (Lantana camar a ) ,
about wh i ch Wa lke r ( 1 8 88 , p . 5 2 1 ) wr ot e :”Th e invasi on of t h e
lant ana bush has b ecome a mat t er f or v ery s er i ous cons i der at i on;in Kona , Hawai i on some par t s of Maui , on t h i s Is l and [Oahu]and on Hao l e koa (Leucaena g lauca ) , f i r e t r e e (Myr ica
faya ) ,Chr i s tmas — ber ry (Schinus t er ebint hifo lius ) , guava (Psi
dium pr i ckly pear cact us (Opunt ia megacant ha ) and ot her
pest Speci es hav e nat ur a l i z ed ov er large acr eage s . Some v a lua
b l e t imber t r e es hav e nat ur a l i z ed in t h e dry ar eas ,inc lud ing
monkey—
pod (Pi t hece l lobium saman ) and s i lk- oak (Gr evi l lea r o
bus ta ) (Ne l son Ot her s ,such as J ava podocarpus (Podo
carpus cupr ess ina ) can nat ur a l i z e in t he r ain f or est (Ri chmond1 9 65 )
The pot ent ia l f or int r oduced plant s t o e f f ect changes in
t he f l or i st ic compos i t ion in t h e Is lands i s sugges t ed by t he num
Oh i a - ko a fo r e s t s ha v e be en open ed up ,and gr a s s r ep l ace s
th e fe rn unde r s to ry on thou s ands o f ac r e s o f r anch l ands .
t imbe r and fue l . These ar e be st suppl i ed by int r oducedt r e e s , but by no means has t he las t wor d been r ai sed as
t o what int r oduce d t r e es ar e best f or l ocal cond i t i ons
Less conspi cuous but j ust as aggr e ss iv e as woody pl ant s ar e
some of t he gr asse s and herbs t hat hav e be en int r oduce d and spr eadby and f or l iv es t ock (Rock 1 9 1 3
, p . Land c l ear ing for pas
t ur e d ev e l opment has b e en t he maj or f act or changing t he v ege t at iv e
landscape in Hawai i ov er t he pas t 1 00 year s or mor e . Each year
s t i l l add i t i ona l ar eas ar e cl ear ed and plant ed wi t h int r oducedgr asse s
Sugar and pineapple plant at ions hav e b e en dev e l oped par t lyon l and or i gina l ly cu l t ivat ed by t he Hawai ians . Add i t i ona l lar ge
acr eage s o f plant at ions occupy lands d escr ibed by ear ly v i s i t or s
as gr ass- cov er ed or t r ee l ess . Lar ge acr e age s of t h e plant at i ons
hav e a l so be en dev e lope d on once f or est ed l and,but we can only
conj ect ur e as t o t he act ua l ext ent . Dev e lopment of ot h er cr ops
has expanded in r ecent year s but t he ar ea l ext ent has not been
gr eat .
The combined e f f ect of t hese and ot h er agent s act ing on t he
f or e s t and ot her v ege t at i on in t he Is l ands has be en t o a l t er
gr eat ly t h e boundar i e s and composi t i on of plant communi t i es ov er
t he year s . But maj or e f f or t s hav e a l so been made t o pr ot ect t he
f or es t s . Not ab l e ar e t h e wor ks of f or es t er s Hosmer and J uddHosmer , t he f i r s t Ter r i t or i a l For es t er , s t ar t ed t h e For es t Reserv e
sys t em in t h e Is l ands in 1 9 04 . J udd , who succeeded Hosmer in 1 9 1 4 ,
cont inue d t he e f f or t s t o ext end t he For e s t Re serv e syst em. By1 9 3 1 mor e t han 1 mi l l i on acr es we r e in Reserv e st at us ,
and t h er e
was a concer t ed e f f or t t o r i d t he se ar eas of a l l l i v e st ock and t o
pr ev ent and cont r ol f i r e s ( J udd 1 9 3 1 , pp . 3 63 In 1 9 66 near ly
mi l l i on acr es wer e in t he Reser v es (Dep . of Land 8 Nat ur a l
Resour ce s 1 9 6 6, p .
We now se e a value in pr e serv ing nat ur a l ar eas t hat was
not appar ent ear l i er t o t hose who decr i ed t he dest ruct i on of
t he f or e st because of wat er shed va lues . Some ar eas st i l l can
and Shoul d be se l ect ed and pr ot ect ed as nat ur a l ar eas . For e st
er s ,bot ani st s , and ot h er s ar e now wor king on t h i s goa l .
Forest Ty pes and Forest Area
J udd ( 1 9 1 8 , p . 1 25 ) st at ed t hat in 1 9 1 8 pr esent
ar ea of or igina l f or es t lands in Hawa i i , t hr ough var i ous agen
ci es has be en r e duce d unt i l now i t cov er s appr oximat e ly only
acr es Th i s f igur e coinci des wi t h t he acr e age of
l and in”f or es t r e s erv e”
s t at us a t t hat t ime and i s obv i ous ly
not a v a l i d es t imat e of ar ea of l and hav ing a f or e st cov er
The Te r r i t or i a l Planning Boar d ( 1 9 39 ) pub l i shed maps and
t abul ar dat a on t he ar ea of f or es t l and on t h e d i f f er ent i s landsf or 1 9 00 acr e s ) ,
1 9 20 acr es ) ,and 1 9 3 7
acr e s ) . Obv i ous ly t he lat t er t wo f i gur e s ar e”f or es t
r eserv e ar eas r a t her t han f or es t ed ar eas as ot h er r ecor ds Show
( Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry 1 9 2 0 ,1 9 36 )
Th e 1 9 00 f i gur e ,howev er ,
was appar ent ly an es t imat e of t he t ot al
ar ea of main b locks of nat ive r ain famxt s at t hat t ime . For est
r e ser v es and”appr oximat e ar ea of f or est land not in r e s erv e”
wer e shown on t h e sour ce maps (Car t er Al t hough some of
t h e mamani (sophora chrysophyl la ) t ype was included as f or est
on t he se maps ,v ery l i t t l e of t h e nat iv e dryl and f or est was in
c luded and none of t h e ki awe f or es t t ype . Thus t he maps and
f or est acr eage f igur e s f e l l f ar shor t of r epr e sent ing t he t rue
ar ea of f or es t ed land . Cr osby ( 1 9 55 , p . 28 ) conj ect ur ed t hat”At t h e t ime of Capt ain Cook 's v i si t ,
about 3 mi l l i on
in t he Hawai i an Is lands must hav e been f or e s t ed . Today r emnant sof t h e nat iv e f or es t measur e l e ss t han one mi l l i on acr es
Be f or e 1 9 6 0 t h er e had be en no maps compi l ed t o show in any
de t a i l t h e d i f f er ent f or es t and ot h er v ege t at i on t ypes in t he
Is lands . As indi cat ed ear l i er ,Hi l l ebr and ( 1 888 ) descr ibed
z one s of e l ev at ion”occupi ed by d i f f er ent gr oups of f lor a . He
di d not,howev er
,d ev e lop v ege t at i on
— t ype maps .
Rock ( 1 9 1 3 ) gav e an exce l l ent r ev i ew of t he f lor a in h i s
six”bot ani ca l r egi ons .
”He d i scussed t he v ege t at i on f ound at
f ai r ly speci f i c locat i ons and pr ov i d ed a gener a l pi ct ur e of t he
1 1
ar eal ext ent of d i f f er ent v ege t at ion t ypes and f l or a de scr ibedIn fact i t i s poss ib l e t o r e l ocat e some of t he ar eas he d e scr ibe d(Mue l l er — Dumboi s and Lamour eaux Rock did not pub l i sh mapsshowing d i st r ibut i on of v ege t at ion .
Hosaka and Ripper t on ( 1 9 55 , pp . 9 6 — 1 09 ) descr i bed and por
t r ayed on maps f i ve ”v ege t a t iv e z ones”based on r ainf a l l
,e l ev a
t ion ,and v ege t at ion . Th ey de scr ibed t he t ypi cal v ege t at i on in
t he se z ones ,but di d not show t he act ua l v ege t at i on pat t ern in
any de t ai l . Ot her aut hor s — includ ing Ha l l Gr i f f i t h
J udd and Crosby ( l 95 5 ) — hav e de scr ib ed f or e st
and ot h er v ege t at i on t ype s in t he Is l ands and t h e i r gener a l
d i s t r ibut ion . Ne l son and Wh ee l e r ( 1 9 63 ) pr ov i de d t h e f i r s t and
only r e lat iv e ly de t ai l e d informat ion on t he acr eage of d i f f er entde f ined v ege t at i on and f or es t t ypes in t h e Hawa i i an Is l ands . Of
t he i r r epor t ed 2 mi l l i on acr es of f or es t l and , ne ar ly mi ll i on acr es ar e nat iv e oh i a (Me t r osider os co l lina ) or koa (Acaciakoa ) f or est t ype s . The i r da t a ar e based on st udy of sampl e
point s on aer i a l phot ogr aph s accor d ing t o s t at i s t i cal sampl ingt echni que s . And t h e i r much -
gener al i z ed por t r aya l of ma j or f or
es t t ypes on v ery sma l l sca l e maps was dev e loped f r om s t udy of
aer i a l phot os
Aer i a l phot ogr aph s hav e enab l ed t h e U. S . Geol ogi ca l Surv ey
t o pr ov i de some inf ormat ion about v ege t at i on t ypes on t he st andar d t opogr aph i c quadrangl e maps t h e agency compi l e s of t h e Is
lands . In 1 9 5 2,i t pr oduced t he f i r st quadr angl e maps hav ing
co lor t int s and symbo l s t o Show some of t he br oad v ege t at i on
t ypes in Hawai i . These maps ,wh i ch ar e near ly compl e t e d f or a l l
t he Is lands , pr ov i de a v i sua l r ecor d of t h e br oad v ege t at ion
pat t ern on t he Is lands
Hawa i i Forest Type Maps
The maps descr ibe d in t h i s r epor t ar e t h e f i r st pub l i she dr ecor d giv ing emphas i s t o t h e kind and ext ent of f or es t t ypes in
t he Hawa i i an Is l ands . Nat ional Par k ar eas ar e excluded f r om
cov er age . Th e f i r st map (quadr angl e ) was pub l i shed in 1 9 6 3,
t he f ina l ones in 1 9 65
Th ese f or est t ype maps (see map appended t o t h i s r epor t )hav e be en compi l ed t hrough int erpr e t at ion of aer i a l phot ogr aph s .
The dat e of phot ogr aphy v ar i e s f r om 1 950 t hr ough 1 954 . Onlyl imi t ed gr ound r econnai ssance was poss ib l e . Consequent ly ,
changes in f eat ur es S ince phot ogr aphy ar e not al l Shown ,and
int erpr e t i v e er r or in some d e t ai l s must be expect ed . Ev ery e f
f or t has been made t o f i t t ype boundar i es t o t he t opogr aphy of
av ai lab l e base maps . Th e maps ar e pub l i she d as b lue — l ine
pr int s at a scal e of l : 62,5 00 and ar e sui t ab l e f or color ing
f or pi ct or i a l r epr esent at i on of t he t ypes de l inea t ed and cl ass i
f i ed . They ar e avai l ab l e f or pur chase f r om t he U. S . For es t Serv
i ce,6 30 Sansome St . , San Fr anci sco ,
Ca l i f orni a 94 1 1 1 or f r om
t h e Div i si on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l
Resour ces , P. o . Box 62 1, Hono lu lu
,Hawai i 9 6809
Noncommer ci a l Tr ee Map symbo l
KukuiOh i a— koa
Kiawe
Ot h er t r e e t ypes
Hao l e koa, guava , lant ana and
ot h er lowland brush t ypes
Mamani and ot her upland brusht ypes
Herbaceous t ypes
Ot her t ype s
For ar eas classed as commer ci a l and pr oduct iv e - r eser v e d f or e st
lands , t h e maps Show by add i t i ona l numer i ca l symbo l s ,t he den
si t y cl ass (per cent cr own cov er ) of t r e e st ands and si z e class
of t he f or est st and as f o l l owS ’
Dens i t y ofSt and — s i z e ClassTr e e Cover
Ligh t sawt imberHeavy sawt imber
Po l e t imber
Seed l ings and sapl ings
Nonst ocked O
A
w
N
i—o
Thus wi t h in each de l ineat ed ar ea on t h e map ar e numer i cal symbol sof two , four , or six d i gi t s . For exampl e , t he t wo - d igi t symbol3 3 in a de l ineat ed ar ea ind i cat e s t he ar ea i s classed as gr ass
land not hav ing so i l s and cl imat e sui t ab l e f or gr owing t imberAn ar ea hav ing t he symbo l 3 1 i s cu l t ivat ed land or impr ov ed past ur e
Th e four - d igi t symbo l 22 - 8 3 in a de l ineat e d ar ea ind i cat est hat t he ar ea i s classed as noncomme r ci a l f or est land (symbo l22 ) and t he f or e st t ype i s ki awe ( 83 )
A s ix- d igi t symbol l ike 1 1 - 1 1 — 2 3 ind icat es t hat t he ar ea
de l ineat ed on t he map i s classe d as commer ci a l f or est land ( 1 1 )hav ing a st and of oh ia t r e es t he t r ee canopy cover ing 40
t o 69 per cent of t he gr ound (semi dense , symbo l 2) and t h e s t andi s of pol et imber si z e t r e es ( symbol
A sampl e map at a much r educed sca l e i s appended t o t h i s
r epor t as Map A. Al so , quadrupl e t copi es of a sampl e sect i on
of t h e map -at s l igh t l y r educed scal es -ar e appended . They ar e
included t o indi cat e what use can be made of t he Hawai i For est
Type Maps .
On Map B,de l ineat ed ar eas of a por t i on of t he map hav e
been shad ed or st ipl ed in d i f f er ent pat t erns t o Show d i f f er entland classes .
r Thi s shad ing i s based on t he f i r st or only pai r
of symbol s in each ar ea .
On Map C, t he same de l ineat ed ar eas wer e examined and shaded
14
t o show t he d i f f e r ent f or e st t ype s . Th i s Shad ing i s based on
t he second pa i r o f symbo l s in t h e de l ineat ed ar eas . Th e nonf or
est ar eas ar e not shadedOn Map D
,t h e shad ing d i f f er ent i at e s t he dens i t y of t r e e
st ands only in t he oh ia f or e s t t ype s on commer cia l for es t land .
Th i s shad ing i s based on t h e f i r s t di gi t in t h e las t pai r of
symbo l s .
Map E shows t he same ar eas shaded t o show t he d i f f er ent s i z e
classe s of oh ia t r e e s t ands .
Th e bes t way of u5 1 ng t hese maps i s t hr ough use of col or
Shadings t o h igh l igh t f eat ur e s of int er e s t t o t h e user . A var
i e t y of combinat i ons i s poss ib l e . Th e se l ect i on depends upon
t he purpose . What ev er co l or shad ing sys t em i s use d,t he bas i c
c lass i f i cat ion symbol s on t h e map can b e r e f er r ed t o f or de t a i l sabout a giv en de l ineat e d ar ea
The maps por t r ay land use and v ege t at i on cov er t ypes at a
point in t ime . Wi t h t ime ,land uses and v ege t at ion change . In
some ar eas change wi l l be s low . In ot h e r s change wi l l be r api dand dr ast ic ,
as wher e f or est i s cl ear ed f or subdiv i s i ons or
past ur e dev e l opment . Slow or f as t,minor or maj or , cont inued
change i s inev i t ab l e
1 5
ISLAND OF HAWAII MOp AMAUNA
HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAPCoon -u me net-canPACIFIC SOUTN' ES Y roassr a RANGC El pcmucrn SYM ION ( LAND USt — FORESY t vvc
OENSH Y 0 sue CLAS SVORESY SERVICE — US 05 9 7 OF AGR‘CULYURE
DEPARYW NT Of LAND 6 NATURAL RESOURCES “CC 10 90 0 0 009 0 00 10 )
STAIC Of NAWAII— FOQSSW Y OIVISIM
70 M KAHALAU
SADDLE ROAD
Mop compi ler-on by J Klinqensmim, | 96 2
Aer-cl pholo interpretat ion byYear of ae r ial ohotoqroohy l9 5 4
( S t ole I 330 0 0 — 1 39 00 0 1Name Later-onF'hoto Center
Bose mop and land 9nd US OLG S Mount: Koo Quad rangle ,
15' series eon-on ol l9 4 3
1 6
MOD DMAUNA KEA QUADRANGLE
( LAND USE— FORE ST T YPE ~DENSI T Y 0 S IZE C LAS S “ 1( see lege nd eeporote l
HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAP
r0 KUKAIAU TO MAMALAHOA frwy ro
‘ t 5 5 15'
HILO
Tree Density in Ohia Stands
I m 2 3
MOp EMAUNA KEA QUADRANGLE
( LAND USE— FORE ST T YPEDENSIT Y 8 S IZE C LAS S( l ee legend separate )
HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAP
KUKA/AU TO MAMAL/JHOA 70 OOKALA( nu n-w e ) ‘ ISS ‘WS
'
20°0 0
l
HILO
Stand Siz e in Ohio Stands
Li te rature C i ted
Al exander , W. D .
1 894 . Ear ly indust r ia l t eachings of Hawai ians . Thr um's
Hawa i i . Almanac and Annua l f or 1 8 85 z9 l - 1 00
Bryan ,E . H.
,J r
1 9 29 . The backgr ound of Hawai ian botany . The Mid — Paci f ic— 40 ,
i l lus
Bryan ,L . W
1 94 7 . Twenty— f ive year s of
'
f b r e s t ry wor k on t he I s land ofHawai i . Th e Hawa i i . Plant er s ' Recor d 5 1 ( l ) : 1 — 80 ,
i l lus
Boar d of Commi ss i one r s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry
1 9 1 0 . Plant int r oduc t ion wor k . Rep . Supt . of For est ry f or
t h e Be in . Pe r i od end ing Dec . 3 1,1 9 1 0 , pp . 1 7 - 55 .
Boar d of Commi ss ioner s o f Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry
1 9 20 . Lands in for es t r e ser ve s . Rep . Supt . of For es t ry f or
t h e Bi en . Pe r i od end ing Dec . 3 1,1 9 2 0 , pp . 50 - 60
Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For es t ry .
1 9 36 . Rep . Ter . For es t er s for t he Bi en . Per iod ending Dec .
3 1 , 1 9 3 6 . pp . 1 7 — 3 3
Boar d of Commi ss i one r s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry
1 9 58 . Rep . far B i en . Per iod endi ng J une 30, 1 9 58 . Di v . o f
For e s t ry and Ter . Par ks , pp . l l 8 - 1 5 7,i l lus .
Car t e r, G . R.
1 906 . Repor t of t he Gov er nor of t he Ter r i t ory of‘
Hawa i i t o
t he Secr e tary of Int er ior . Wash . Gov . Pr i nt ing Of
f i ce . 1 2 2 pp . , 9 maps .
Cr osby ,Wi l l i am.
1 9 55 . Vege ta t ion . Soi l Surv ey ,Te r . of Hawai i
, Ser . 1 9 39,
No . 25,Sept . 1 9 55 . U. S . Dep . Agr . So i l Conse r v
Se rv . , pp . 2 8 — 34 ,i l lus
Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Re sour ce s , St at e‘
of Hawa i i
1 966 . Repor t t o t he Gov er nor for t he f i sca l per iod 1 9 64
1 9 6 6 . 7 6 pp .,i l lus
Ed i t or,The Hawa i i an Plant e r s ' Mont h ly
1 8 87 . Th e Hawai i . Pl ant e r s' Mont h ly
Ed i t or,The Hawa i i an Plant e r s ' Mont h ly
1 8 88 . Incident s in t he hi s t ory of t he sandwich I s lands a
century ago . The Hawa i i . Plant er s ' Mont h ly1 08 — 1 1 4
Gi f f ar d ,W. M
1 9 1 3 . Some obser va t ions on Hawa i ian for es t s and for e s t
cover in t he ir r e la t ion t o wa t er supply . Rep . Boar dof Commi ss i oner of Agr . and For e s t ry f or t he Bi enPer iod end ing Dec . 3 1 , 1 9 1 2 . Honlu lu
,T .H . pp . 2 7
45 , 1 1 1 11 5 .
Gr i f f i t h,E . M
1 9 03 . Repor t of‘
expe r t for es t er on Hawai ian for e s t s . Th e
Hawa i i . Plant e r s ' Mont h ly - 1 3 9 .
1 9
Ha l l ,Wi l l iam L .
1 904 . The for es t s of t he Hawai ian I s lands . Bur . For e st ry ,
U. S . Dep . Agr . Bu l l . 48 ,2 9 pp .
,i l lus
Hi l l ebr and , Wi l l i amM. D .
1 888 . Flor a of‘
t he Hawai ian I s lands . 6 73 pp .,4 maps . New
York and London : Ha fner Pub l i sh ing Co .
Honda ,Nobuo ,
Wong ,We s l ey H. C .
, J r . , and Ne l son ,Rober t E .
1 96 7 . Planta t ion t imber on t he I s land of Kauai - 1 9 65 . U. S .
For es t Se rv . Res . Bu l l . PSW- 6 . Paci f ic SW. For e s t 8
Range Exp . St a . ,Ber ke l ey , Ca l i f . 34 pp .
, i l lus
Hosaka ,Edwar d Y
1 9 3 1 . Hi s tory of t he Hawai ian for es t . Univ . of Hawai i ,
Sur v ey 2 5 1 , 1 9 3 1 . 25 pp .
Hosaka ,Edwar d Y .
,and Rippe r t on ,
J . C
1 95 5 . Soi ls and vege ta t ion . Soi l Sur v ey , Te r . of Hawai i,
Ser . 1 9 3 7 .- 1 09 .
Hubbar d ,Doug l ass H .
1 9 5 2 . Fer ns of'
Hawai i Na t iona l Par k . Hawai i Nat ur e Not es
5 ( l ) : l - 40,i l lus
J udd,C . S
1 9 1 6 . The f ir s t a lgar oba and r oya l pa lm in Hawai i . The
Hawa i i . For e st er and Agr . l 3 (9 ) : 3 3 0 — 3 35
J udd, C . S
1 9 1 8 . For es t ry as appli ed in Hawai i . The Hawa i i . For e s t er
and Agr . 1 5 ( 5 ) : l l 7 - l 3 3 .
J udd,C . S
1 9 3 1 . For es t r y in Hawai i for wa t er conserva t ion . J . For
est ry— 36 7
Koebe l e , A.
1 9 00 . Hawa i i 's for es t foes . Thrum'
s Hawai i . Almanac and
Annua l f or - 9 7 .
Kor t e,Kar l H .
1 9 6 1 . A br i ef hi s tory of t he for es t r e ser ves on t he I s land
of‘
Maui , St a t e of Hawai i . Div . For es t ry ,Dep . Land
and Na t ur . Re sour ces , 79 pp .
Lydgat e , J . M.
1 8 8 2 . Hawai ian woods and for es t t r ees . Thrum's Hawai i .
Almanac and Annua l f or 1 8 83 z3 3 — 3 5
Lyon ,Haro ld L
1 9 09 . The for es t di sease on Maui . The Hawai i . Plant e r s '
Rec . l : 9 2 ~ 9 5 ; 1 5 1 - 1 5 9 .
Lyon , Har o ld L .
1 9 1 8 . The for e s t s of‘
Hawai i . The Hawai i . Plant er s ' Rec .
— 28 0 .
MacCaughey ,Vaughan
1 9 1 8a . Hi s t ory of'
bot anica l explor a t ion in Hawai i -Per iod I .
Th e Hawa i i . For e s t er and Agr .— 3 9 6
MacCaughey ,
'
Vaughan .
l 9 l 8b . Hi s tory of bot anica l explor a t i on in Hawa i i —Per iod I I .
Th e Hawai i . For e st er and Agr .- 429
20
Rock,J oseph F .
1 9 1 3 . The indigenous t r e es of t he Hawai ian I s lands . Pub l i shedunder pat r onage ,
Hono lu lu . 5 1 8 pp .,i l lus
Swe zy ,Ot t o H .
1 954 . For es t ent omo logy in Hawa i i . Be rni ce P. Bi shop Museum Spec . Pub l . 44
,2 66 pp .
,i l lus
Ter r i t or i a l Pl anning Boar d1 9 39 . An hi s t or ic invent ory of
'
t he physica l , socia l and
economic , and indus t r ia l r e sour ces of t he Ter r i t oryof Hawai i . Ed . 2
,3 2 2 pp . ,
i l lus
Thrum,Thos . G
1 9 04 . The sanda lwood t r ade of ear ly Hawai i . Hawai i . Almanac and Annua l f or — 74
Wa lker,Thos . R
1 8 88 . Repor t of t he commi t t ee on for es t ry . The Hawa i i .
Plant er s' Mont h ly - 5 2 2
Wo l d ,Myr on L
[n . d Tr e e fe r ns of Hawai i - a nont echnica l descr ipt ion oft he t hr e e main speci e s ,
t he i r char act er i s t ics and
use . Hawa i i an Fe rn -Wood,Lt d .
,Hi l o
,Hawai i . 6 pp
GPO 9 75- 9 0 3
Forewor d
Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed t imber on t he
maj or i s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s f or t h e i s landsof Hawai i Kauai and Lanai ( 1 966 ) hav e a lr eadybeen pub l i sh ed . Summar i z ed her e ar e t h e r esu l t s of an inv ent ory
of t imber in plant ed f or e st s on t he i s land of Mo lokai . Th i s in
v ent ory suppl ement s t he ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e com
pl e t ed in 1 963 . That surv ey ind icat ed t he impor t ance of plant edfor est s as a t imber r esource but prov id ed no d e t ai l s . Th i s bu ll et in r epor t s : (a) locat i on and acr eage of each plant ed st and(b ) speci es compos i t ion and age of st and , (c) t imber volume and
qua l i t y , and ( d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imberThe st udy i s a cooperat iv e under t aking of t h e Div i sion of For
est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces ,and t he
Paci f ic Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , For est
Serv ice , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert h e d ir ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son , Di r ect or , Ins t i t ut e of Paci f ic
Is lands For est ry ,Paci f ic Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper iment
St at ion . Nobuo Honda , For est er,Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,
h e lped d ev e l op plans f or t h e plant at i on inv ent ory and superv i sedt he f i e ld work
Many ind iv i dua l s aid ed in v ar ious phases of t he surv ey . Spe
ci al acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e l d cr ew : Wes l ey Wong , J r . ,
For est er ,and J ames Lindsey ,
For es t Ranger , bot h of t h e Hawa i i
Div i sion of For est ry; and Ka ipo Rober t s ,For est Resear ch Techni
cian , Ins t i t ut e of Paci f ic Is l ands For es t ry
E . M. Hornibr ook ,r e t ir ed , f ormer ly in charge of For es t Surv ey ,
Paci f ic Sout hwest For e s t and Range Exper iment St at i on , and Russe l l
K . LeBar r on , f ormer For est Eco logi st , Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,
ai ded in d ev e l oping plans f or t h e st udyRober t M. Mi l l er
, Syst ems Ana lyst ,Paci f i c Sou t hwest For est and
Range Exper iment St at ion ,d ev e loped speci f i cat ions f or pr ocessing
t he dat a by e l ect r oni c compu t er s . The Comput ing Cent er at t h e
Univ er si t y of Hawai i pr ocessed t he dat aTom K . Tagawa , St at e For est er , Alber t J . MacDona ld , Di st r ict
For est er ,r e t i r ed
,and t h e lat e Max F . Landgr af , f ormer St at e
For est er, pr ov i ded gener ous cooper at i on f or t h e surv ey
U. S . For e s t Serv i ce r e sear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper
at i on wi t h t h e Div i s i on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and
Nat ur al Re sour ce s
OXFORD :RETRIEVAL TERM Hawa i i ; Mo loka i ; fo r e s t su r v ey ; plan t a t ions ;fo r e s t r e s ou rce s ; s t and compo s i t i on ; s t and a ge ; s t and vo lume .
Pla nta tion Timbe r on the Isla nd o f Mo loka i— 19 6 7
WESLEY H . C .WONG , J r ROBERT E . NELSON HERBERT L .WICK
CONTENTS
Plant at ion Timber Resour ce .
T imber Vo lume . .
Age of St and s
St and Yi e lds
Timber
Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r ia l Dev e l opment .
Mul t ipl e Va ld es of For es t s
Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e
Tab l es 1 9
Th e Au tho r s
WESLEY H . C . WONG , J r . , a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r ece i v ed h i sbach e lo r
’
s de g r e e in fo re s t ry f rom Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i ty in19 64 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo re s t e r fo r th e Hawa i i D i v i s ion o f Fo re s t ry , h e ha s be en as s i gned p r ima r i ly t o th e fo r e s t inv en t o ry o fth e S t a t e . ROBERT E . NELSON di r ec t s th e S t a t i on
’
s Ins t i tu t e o fPac i f i c I s l ands Fo re s t ry , h eadqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o inedth e Fo re s t Se r v i ce in 194 1 ,
a f t e r ea rning a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t
th e Uni ve r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f t h eCa l i fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 .
Since 19 57 , h e h a s be en in ch a r ge o f th e S t a t i on’
s Hawa i i o f f i ce .
HERBERT L . WICK i s wo rk ing on mensu r a t ion probl ems and fo r e s tsu r v ey t e chn i u e s . A na t i v e o f Sea t t l e , Wa sh ing t on , h e e a rned a
bach e lo r’
s an mas t e r’
s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry a t th e Un i v e r s i ty o fWa sh ing t on . He wo rked 3 ye a r s in th e Pac i f i c No r thwe s t wi th t h eFo re s t Se rv i ce be fo r e j o in ing th e s t a f f o f th e In s t i tu t e o f Pa
c i f i c I s lands Fo r e s t ry in 1 96 7 .
mainly in t h e l ower ,dry ar eas wh er e ki awe (Pr osopi s pa l lida ) zuul
ot h er brushy f or est t ypes pr edominat e . Commer ci a l f or est landamount s t o about acr e s . Th ese commer cia l f or e st lands ,
wher e r ainf al l and soi l s ar e ad equat e t o suppor t t h e gr owt h of
t imber cr ops ,ar e a lmos t a l l in t h e Molokai For e st Reserv e . How
ev er,t h e nat iv e f or e s t s wh i ch cov er most of t hese commer ci a l
f or est lands ar e not sawt imber s t ands and ho ld l i t t l e pr ospect
f or commer ci a l d ev e l opment .
Mo lokai has a smal l acr eage of plant ed f or es t s of int r oducedspeci e s . Th e plant ings wer e st ar t ed mor e t han 50 year s ago t o
improv e wat er sh eds and t o dev e lop a supply of fue lwood and f ence
post s . Th e mor e r ecent plant ings hav e cont inued t o emphasi z eimpr ov ement of wat er sh ed s , bu t t imber v a lues , wi ld l i f e
,and r e
cr eat i on habi t at impr ov ement hav e become impor t ant cons id er at i ons.
Because t h ese f or est plant at i ons ar e an impor t ant r esour ce,
we hav e mad e a s t and — by- s t and inv ent ory t o ob t ain inf ormat ion
about t h e acr e age , speci e s , t imb er vo lume and qua l i t y , and owner
sh ip of plant at i ons . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat a compi l ed f or
each plant at ion s t and
P lantat ion Timbe r Resource
Area
For e st plant at i ons on Mo lokai ar e concent r at ed mainly in t h e
west ern par t of t h e Mo lokai For est Re serv e be twe en Puu o Kaehaand Pa laau Park ( se e map and t ab l e s Commer ci al f or es t
plant at ions2t ot a l only about acr es in s t and s 2 acr es and
larger ( t ab l es 1 - 3,f ig . Of t h i s acr eage abou t 9 70 acr es
ar e sawt imber st ands ,and acr e s ar e of seed l ing and sapl ing
and po l e— s i z e s t ands . Noncommer ci a l plant at i ons t ot a l 53 0 acr es ,
some of t h em on t h e ar id s l opes in wes t ern Mo lokai
Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Appendi x .
Sawtnnber Stands
Seedhng, Saphng,and
Pole Timber Stands
Nonconnn erd aI Stands
ACRES 0 1 000 1 2 50
Fi gu r e 2 .-Ac r eage o f comme r
c z a l and noncomme r ci a l p l an
ta t i on s t ands ,by s tand - s i z e
c l as s and fo r e s t type , I s l and
o f Mo l okai ,1 96 7 .
About 9 9 per cent of t h e acr eage of sawt imber s t ands ar e euca
lypt us; r obust a euca lypt us sawt imber s t and s a l one t ot a l about
640 acr e s . Th e only ot her sawt imber s t and i s a 7 - acr e plant a
t ion of sugi .
Plant ings made dur ing t h e pas t 1 0 t o 1 5 year s ar e st i l l seedl ing and sapl ing or pol e t imb er s t and s . Dur ing t h i s per iod ,
pines ,mainly s l ash pine and l ob lo l ly pine ,
hav e be en used wid ely f or r ef or est at i on — especia l ly on t h e dr i er s i t e s . As a r esun:
t her e ar e about 7 70 acr es of young pine plant at ions . Th e ar ea
of young har dwood st ands t o t a l s about 3 30 acr e s ,mos t ly sa l igna
euca lyptus .
Th e noncommer cia l plant at i ons ar e mos t ly ir onwood ,Formosa
koa, paper
— bar k ,and Mont er ey cypr ess . But includ ed ar e p lant
ings of commer ci a l speci e s on si t es not sui t ed f or pr oducing t imber cr ops , f or exampl e ,
r obust a euca lypt us in west Mo lokai
Timber Volume
The plant ed f or e s t s on Mo lokai cont a in about mi l l i on
boar d f e e t of sawt imber ( t ab l e Essent ia l ly a l l of t h i s vo l
ume of t imb er i s in eucalypt s . Th e v o lume of r obust a euca lypt us
a lone amount s t o about mi l l i on boar d f e et , and t h e v o lume
in ot h er euca lypt s t ot a l s some mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Th er ei s a sma l l vo lume of coni f er t imb er
About 30 per cent of t h e sawt imber v o lume,
or some mi l l i on
boar d f e e t,i s in t r e es 1 9 inches t o 2 9 inch es d . b . h . ( t ab l e 5 )
Six per cent ,or about boar d f e e t
,i s in t r e es lar ger
t han 2 9 inch es d . b . h . Th e ba lance,
or about mi l l ion boar df eet ,
i s in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9 inch es d . b . b
The t o t a l gr owing s t ock v olume in plant ed sawt imber s t ands i s
about mi l l i on cubi c f ee t . Th e gr owing st ock v o lume in pol e
t imber and sapl ing and se ed l ing st ands was not measur edWood in cu l l t r e es in t he plant ed sawt imber st ands t ot a l s about
cubi c f e et ( t ab l e Th e noncommer ci a l plant at i ons ho ldan add i t iona l and much gr eat er v olume of wood in cu l l t r e es ,
but
t hese s t ands wer e not measur ed
Ownership
The St at e of Hawai i owns about 5 2 per cent of t h e acr eage of
f or es t plant at i ons on t h e Is land of Mo loka i ( t ab l es Of t h e
acr es t al l i ed,t he St at e owns acr es of commer ci al f or
es t plant at ions and 66 acr es of noncommerci a l plant at i ons . Al so
pub l i cly- owned i s Hawai ian Homes Commi ss i on l ands amount ing t o
7 1 acr es of commer cial plant at i ons and 1 84 acr es of noncommer ci a l
plant at ions . Th i s land i s St at e - owned, se t as i d e ,
and admini st er ed by t he Hawai ian Homes Commi ssi on f or t h e benef i t of peopl e
of Hawai ian ancest ry . Pr ivat e owner s ho ld 7 29 acr e s of commer cia l
plant at i ons and 274 acr es of noncommer ci a l plant at ion t ype s .
In volume, pr ivat e owner s ho ld a gr eat er pr opor t i on of t he t im
ber because a subst ant i a l ar ea of t he St at e - owned pl ant at i ons ar e
younger se ed l ing and sapl ing or po l e t imber st and s ( t ab l e A
lar ge por t i on of t he pr iv at e s t ands ar e t hose in t he o ld er age
gr oups wi t h h igh er yi e lds . Pr ivat e owner sh ip t ot a l s 59 per cent ,
or about mi l l ion boar d f e e t , of t h e sawt imber vo lume . The
St at e owns 3 3 per cent or mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Hawai i an Homesowns 8 per cent or near ly mi l l i on boar d f e e t .
Age of Stands
For est plant at ions on Moloka i ar e t he r e su l t of r ef or est at i on
ef f or t s dur ing t hr e e d i st inct per i ods - t h e ear ly l 9oo's wh en t he
For est Reserv e was es t ab l i shed ; f r om 1 9 3 5 t o 1 9 4 1 as par t of t h e
Civ i l ian Conserva t i on Corps pr ogr am; and s ince 1 9 56 as incr easedemphas i s has be en giv en t o d ev e lopment and use of t he f or es t r e
sour ces . About l 6o acr e s of commer cia l f or es t plant at i ons ar e
mor e t han 3 0 year s o ld ( t ab l e About acr es wer e plant eddur ing t h e CCC pr ogr am. Some acr es hav e be en r ef or est ed byt h e Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry since 1 949
Stand Y ieldsYi e l ds of sawt imber in t h e plant ed f or es t s d i f f er wi de ly by
st and age , speci es , si t e ,h i s t ory and cond i t i on of t he st and
,and
ot h er f act or s . Th e av er age yi e ld of sawt imber in st ands on Mo lokai
i s boar d f e e t per acr e . Th e h i ghes t st and av er age ne t v o l
ume measur ed was boar d f e et per acr e in a st and of r obust a
euca lypt us about 60 years o ld (St and #4057,t ab l e Robust a
euca lypt us st ands av er aged boar d f ee t per acr e . Sa l i gna
euca lypt us st ands ar e gener a l ly much younger but av er agedboar d f e e t per acr e
Timber QualitySa l i gna euca lypt us sawt imber i s consi d er ed t o be s l i gh t ly be t
t er in qua l i t y t han ot h er speci es . Th i s j udgment i s based on t h e
pr opor t i on of v olume in gr ad e s 1 and 2 f act ory lumber logs; 1 5
per cent of t h e sa l igna sawt imber i s in t he se t wo gr ad es ( t ab l eBut only about 1 2 per cent of t h e r obus t a euca lypt us sawt imber v ol
ume i s in gr ad e 1 and 2 logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log—gr aded .
Op portuni ty for Ind ust r ia l Deve lopment
Ha l f of Mo l okai 's land ar ea , or about acr e s , suppor t s
some kind of f or est gr owt h .
3 Al t hough mos t of t h i s land i s non
commer ci a l f or e st t ype t her e ar e about acr e s t hat can pr o
duce t imber cr ops . And,a l t hough t he nat iv e f or es t s ar e of l i t t l e
or no v a lue f or t imber pr oduct s ,t he gr owt h of plant ed st and s of
int r oduced t r ees shows t hat t h e commercia l f or es t lands hav e a
h igh pr oduct iv e capaci t y f or t imber
If managed ,an av er age annual sawt imber gr owt h r at e of
boar d f e e t per acr e can be expect ed f r om we l l s t ocked f or e st s on
good s i t e s . Thus , i f only ha l f of t he acr es of pr esent ly
l i t t l e — used and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e st land wer e plant ed t o
adapt ed t imber speci e s , pr oduct ion of t imber wou ld amount t o
about 1 0 mi l l ion boar d f e e t annua l ly in about 3 0 year s . Such a
t imber r esour ce cou ld be an ad equat e base t o suppor t a sma l l loca l
mi l l ing indus t ry3Ne l son and Wh e e l e r . Op . ci t .
Recent r ef or e s t a t i on e f f or t s by t he St at e ar e in par t an at
t empt t o capi t a l i z e on t hi s pot ent ia l . Speci es ar e be ing se l ec
t ed wi t h cons id er a t i on f or wood qua l i t i es and adapt ab i l i t y t o
speci f i c s i t es . Pl ant ings ar e made in large b locks on non— st ockedland s . Ref or e st a t i on ef f or t s shou ld be cont inued t o br ing a much
gr eat er f or e s t ar ea und er management . The amount of plant ing ac
compl i shed dur ing t h e next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t ermine in lar ge par t
t h e amount of harv est ab l e t imber t hat mi gh t b e av ai lab l e 3 0 t o 40
year s f r om now as a base f or a mi l l ing indus t ry . Th e acr eage and
v o lume of t imber in plant ed f or es t s now ar e t oo sma l l t o sust ain
a signi f icant mi l l ing indus t ry on t h e i s land
Mul t i p le Va lues of Forests
For e st pl ant at ions pr ov i d e many v a lues be sid es t imber . Espe
cia l ly on Mo lokai , t he i r v a lue f or wa t er sh ed impr ov ement ,f or
she l t erbe l t s ,and f or r ecr eat ion hab i t at may f ar exce ed t he v a lue
of t imb er harv est s . Th ey can a l so pr ov i d e impr ov ed wi ld l i f ehab i t at . Chr i s tmas t r e es can b e pr oduced in much gr eat er number sf or loca l use . Plant ed f or es t s of int r oduced t r e es pr ov i d e t h e
most at t r act iv e and h eav i ly used f or e s t r ecr e at i on s i t es on t h e
i s land . They impr ov e t h e est h e t ics of t he land - on- s i t e and f r om
a d i s t ance . Some of t he younger pine pl ant at ions e st ab l i sh ed fin?wat er shed impr ov ement and er os i on cont r ol wi l l become incr easing
ly impor t ant f or r ecr eat i on
In t h e wes t er n par t of t he I s l and , sh e l t erbe l t s ar e ne ed ed t o
cont r o l wind and er os i on . Speci es se l ect i on and es t ab l i shment
of plant ings ar e d i f f icu l t on t h ese dry si t e s . Bu t h er e t oo ,
once es t ab l i shed,t h e f or e s t af f or ds a r ecr e at i on si t e ,
be t t er
wi ld l i f e hab i t at , and an est h e t i c impr ov ement in t he land scape .
The se mu l t ipl e benef i t s f r om plant ed f or e st s accrue cont inu
ous ly year af t er year . In add i t i on ,t imber can be harv est ed
per i od ica l ly wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om and of t en enhancing t he
r ecr eat i on and wat er shed va lues . Th e pot ent ia l f or impr ov ingwat er shed , sceni c ,
r ecr eat i on ,and wi ld l i f e v a lue s ,
as we l l as
t o gr ow t imber ,i s amply d emonst r at ed in t h e exi st ing plant at i ons .
Pub l i c land manager s and pr iv at e owner s shou l d not ov er look t h e
Oppor t uni t y t o cr eat e a mu l t ipl e —use r e sour ce on t housands of
acr e s of t h es e l i t t l e -used lands
For est land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent s t ocked by f or est
t r e es of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r e e cov er and not
cur r ent ly d ev e l oped f or ot h er use; and l and suppor t ing shrubs ,
t he cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t h e gr ound .
Cbmmer cia l for e s t land : For es t land t hat i s pr oducing or
can pr oduce cr 0ps of indus t r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .
Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive - r eserved f or
est land wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or ad
mini st r at iv e r egu lat i on ,and (b ) unproduct ive f or est land
incapab l e of yi e ld ing cr ops of indust r i a l wood because of
adv er se s i t e cond i t i ons
For es t planta t ion : Plant ed f or e st s in wh ich at l eas t 1 0 per
cent of gr owing space i s occupi ed by plant ed t r ees ( int r o
duced speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,r egar d l ess of nat iv e speci es
pr edominance
Commer cia l for est planta t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci es on commer cia l f or e s t land
Noncommer cia l for es t plantat ion : A plant at i on of noncommer ci a l t r ee Speci es or of commer cia l t r ee Speci es plant edon noncommer cia l f or e s t l and
Cbmmer cia l t r e e species : Tr ee speci es su i t ab l e f or indust r ia lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue l wood or f ence post s
ar e excluded . The f ol l owing wer e t al l i ed on plot s
sci ent if ic Name
Ar aucar ia exce lsa
Crypt omer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus ci t r iodora
Euca lypt us microcorysEuca lyptus pi lular i s
Euca lypt us r obus ta
Euca lyptus sa ligna
Euca lyptus sider oxylon
Euca lyptus spp .
Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer cia l t r e e speci es , not t a l l i edon plot s
Nor f olk- Is land -
pine
sugi
l emon-
gum euca lyptus
t a l lowwood euca lypt us
b lackbut t euca lypt us
r obust a euca lypt us
sa l i gna eucalyptus
r ed - i r onbar k euca lyptus
uni d ent i f i ed eucalypt us
Hardwood : Plant ed s t ands pr edominant ly of har dwoodsot her t han t h e euca lypt s
Conifer : Plant ed f or e st s pr edominant ly of coni f er s .
C lass of Timber
Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r ees of good f orm and v igor and of
speci es sui t ed f or indust r i a l wood (commer cia l speci es )
Sawt imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commer cia l speci es of at
l east inches d iamet er br eas t h e i gh t wh ich cont ain a
but t ha l f - log or a log wh ich meet s t h e speci f icat i ons of
st andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .
Fb le t imber t r e e s : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l speci es
be tween and inche s hav ing soundnessand f orm necessary t o d ev e l op int o sawt imber t r e es
saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l Speci es
be twe en and inches d . b . b . and l ess t han 1 inch,
r espect iv e ly ,wh i ch show pr omi se of becoming sawt imber
t r ees
sound cul l t r ees : Liv e t r e es 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch
do not qua l i fy as gr owing st ock because of speci es (noncommer ci alSpeci es ) , poor f orm
,or excess iv e l imbs .
Rot t en cul l t r ees : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch
ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cu l l because of excess iv e r ot .
sawt imber : Wood in t r e es d ef ined as sawt imber t r e es .
VMume
Int ernat iona l — inch kerf log rule : A f ormu la rul e f or
est imat ing t h e boar d - f oot vo lume of logs , by 4 - f oot log sect i ons
V ( 0 . 2 2D2 0 . 7 1D) ,wh er e D i s log d iamet er at sma l l end ,
ins i de bar k
Sawt imber vo lume : Th e ne t v o lume of t h e saw- log por t i on of
sawt imber t r e es , in boar d f e e t ,Int ernat i ona l - inch ru l e .
saw— log por t ion : That par t of t h e main bol e of sawt imber
t r ees be t ween t h e s t ump and t h e mer chant ab l e t op
Merchant able t op : Th e point on t h e bo l e abov e wh ich a mer chantab l e sawlog cannot be ob t ained; i . e . , t h e poi nt wh er e t h e mainst em d iv i d es int o l imbs or i s l e ss t han 8 inches d iame t er ins id ebark
Gr owing s t ock vo lume : Vo lume in cub ic f e e t of sound wood in
t he bo l e of sawt imber and pol e t imber t r ee s f r om s t ump t o a minimum
1 0
t op d iamet er ins i d e bar k of inch es , or t o t he point
wh er e t he main s t em d iv i des int o l imbs .
Al l t imber vo lume : Vo lume in cubi c f e e t of sound wood in t h e
bol e of gr owing st ock and cu l l t r e es inch es d .b . b . or lar ger ,
f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d iame t er ins i de bar k of
inches
Stand-C lass Siz es
sawt imber s tands : St and s at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h
gr owing— st ock t r ees ,
ha l f or mor e in sawt imber and po l et imbert r e es ,
and sawt imber st ocking at l eas t equa l t o po l e t imber
Po le t imber s tands : St ands f a i l ing t o qua l i fy as sawt imberbut at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h gr owing
— s t ock t r e es , at
l east ha l f pol e t imb er
sapling and seedl ing s tands : St ands not qua l i fying as saw
t imber or po l e t imber ,but at l eas t 1 0 per cent st ocked wi t h gr ow
ing- st ock t r e es
Nonst ocked : Commer cia l f or es t lands l es s t han 1 0 per cent
st ocked wi t h gr owing- st ock t r e es .
M iscellaneous
Diame t er br eas t height Tr e e d iame t er in inch es, ou t
S id e bark,measur ed at 4 f ee t abov e t h e gr ound f or norma l
t r ees ,and 18 inch es abov e t h e st i l t or swe l l f or abnorma l t r ees .
I ndus t r ia l wood : Commer cia l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw
logs , v eneer l ogs , and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e
exclud ed
Log grade s : A c lass i f icat i on of logs based on ext erna l char
act er i st i cs as ind icat or s of qua l i t y or va lue of lumber t he logs
wi l l yi e ld . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h igh est qual i t y , gr ad e 2 int ermed iat e,
and gr ad e 3 t he l owe s t qua l i t y of st andar d har dwood f act ory lumber logs .
“ Gr ad e 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and t imber s
Timber qua li ty : Based on log gr ades unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .
Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as dens i t y , st r engt h ,color ,
and
shr inkage ,ar e a l so measur es of qual i t y . Howev er , t h ese ar e
usua l ly inher ent in a speci es .
lnventory Procedure
Ar ea and vo lume s t at i st i cs pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de
v e loped plant at i on s t and by plant at ion st and . Fir s t ,ind iv i d
a rdwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda r d l umbe rr e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Repo r t 1 73 7,
1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .
1 1
ua l f or e s t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e id ent i f i ed and de
l ineat ed on aer ia l phot ogr aph s t hr ough st er eoscopi c st udy . Each
plant at i on was giv en a st and number and class i f i ed as t o t ype and
st and - S i z e gr oup . Th e ar ea of each p lant at i on was measur ed f r om
t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and st and age wer e de t ermined f r om
maps and ot h er r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat ion of each plant at ion a l
l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat ions ,class i f i cat i ons ,
and acr eages .
Next , t imber -v o lume plot s wer e locat ed on t h e gr ound in each
commer cia l f or es t plant at i on of 5 acr e s and larger hav ing saw
t imber t r e es . Th e sampl e plo t l ocat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er laid on t h e aer ia l phot ogr aph . Two or
mor e sampl e l ocat ions , d epend ing on st and acr eage and v ar i ab i l i t y,
wer e se l ect ed in each st and . At each locat i on , t r e e measur ement swer e mad e f r om wh i ch t imb er v o lume and qua l i t y cou ld be compu t edand expand ed . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad e on a main”plo tat each locat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t i onal but l ess de t ai l eddat a on two
”sat e l l i t e
”plot s . Al l plot s wer e var iab l e plot s
wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20
Fina l ly , t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a specia l ly pr epar edcomput er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s wer e conv er t ed t o meaningfu l vo lume uni t s on a per- acr e basi s ,
av er aged f or t he plot s in a
st and ,and expanded f or t he acr eage of t he st and . Th e comput er
output cons i st ed of t abu l ar dat a f or each st and and summar i es of
st and dat a by f or est r eserv e s . Vo lume t r i c dat a f or s t ands 2 t o
4 acr es in S i z e wer e ext r apo lat ed f r om close ly s imi lar measur edst ands and add ed t o t h e comput er pr ocessed dat a
Th e accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 2 0 per cent per 5
mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a st and ,at t he l ev e l of
one st andar d er r or . Th e r e l iab i l i t y of est ima t es f or each f or es t
r eserv e ,based on measur ed st ands only , ar e Shown be l ow . Two
chances out of t hr e e t h e est ima t ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t he
act ua l by gr ea t er t han t h e sampl ing er r or ind icat ed
For e st Reser v e
Moloka i
Pa laau Par k
Out si de For es t Reserv e
Observat i on St ands
Mo lokai
Pa laau Park
Out sid e For es t Reserv e
Tot a l vo lume
Sampl ing err or not ava i lab l e .
1 2
S t and - s i z e c l as s
Acr e s
Comme r ci a l t ype s
Sawt imbe r s t ands
Robus t a euca lypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt u s
Ot h e r e uca lypt usl /
Con i f e r2 /
To t a l
Po l e t imbe r s t ands
Robus t a e
pca lypt u s
Con i f e r2
To t a l
Se ed l ing sapl ing s t ands
Sa l i n euca l t us837 YP
Pine s
Ot he r e uca lyptus
Ot h e r co
a'
f e r .g/
Har dwoodu
To t a l
To t a l comme r c i a l
Noncomme r c i a l t ype s
Euca lypt u s
Ir onwood
Fo rmosa koa
Pape r- bar k
Ot h e r h argwood 5 /
Coni f e r6
To t a l noncomme r c i a l
To t a l f o r e s t pl an t a t i on
1 / Include s b l ackbu t t euca lypt u s , t a l lowwood euca lypt us ,l emon-
gum
euca lypt us ,r e d ~ i r onbark euca lypt u s ,
and un i den t i f i ed euca lypt us .
2 / Inc lude s sugi , we s t e rn r e d - ce dar,
and Por t -Or for d ce dar ,bu t
exc lude s pine s
2 / Coni f er f or est t e includ es : Mont er e ine, lob lol l ine
s l ash pine ,clus t er pine ,
ygnd hybr i d pines .
y p y p
4 / Inc lude s s i l k- oak,
ash ,and b l ackwood
5 / Inc lude s mixe d s t and s o f i r onwood , pape r- ba rk ,
and Formo sa ko a .
6 / J uni pe r and Mon t e r ey cypr e s s .
14
wner sh i
s t ock b s ec i es andTabl e 4 .-Volume of sawt imber and gr owing 2 p
o 2 cl ass in pl an t ed sawt imber s t ands ,
B l ackbu t t eucal ypt us
Eucal ypt us spp .
Lemon-gum euca lypt us
Red- i r onbark eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
Tal l owwood eucal ypt us
Nor f olk- I s l and -pineSug i
Tot al
B l ackbu t t euca lypt us
Eucalypt us spp .
Lemon-gum euca lypt us
Red- i r onbark eucalypt us
Robust a eucalypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Tal l owwood eucalypt us
Nor f olk- Is l and-pineSug i
Tot al
I s l and of Mol oka i21 9 67
Thousand cub i c f e e t
1 / Se e f oo t not e 1,Tabl e 1 .
2/ Int e rnat i onal l /4 - inch rul e .
1 6
Tabl e 6 .-Volume of cul l t r e e s in pl an t ed sawt imber s t ands
by f or es t r e se rv e and speci e s gr oup,
Is l and of Mo l oka iz19 67
For es t r e s erv e
Thousand cub ic f e e t
Robu s t a eucal ypt us
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Ot her eucal ypnxsl /
Coni f e r 2/
Ot her har dwood 3/
To t al
1 / Includes bl ackbut t eucal ypt us , r ed- i r onbark
eucal ypt us , t al l owwood eucal ypt us , and uni dent i f i ed eucal ypt s .
g] Sug i , and Mont er ey cypr ess .
3/ B l ack-wa t t l e acac i a,kuku i ,
Casuar ina spp . and
Fi cus spp.
1 8
Tab l e 7 .- Sawt imber v o lume in pl ant ed sawt imbe r s t ands b
yowner sh ip c l ass , speci e s gr oup ,
and l og
Thousand boar d f e e t g/
i s t a euca lypt us
igna eucal ypt us 595= r eucal yptus
4/ 1 62
if er 5 /
Dot al
ian Homes °
is t a eucalypt us
=r eucalypt us 4/
Co t al
is t a eucal ypt us
igna euca lypt us 2 59>r euc
7l yptusff r
Lf e r .§
To t al
vner sh ips
us t a eucal ypt us
gna eucalypt us 853' r eucalyptws i/f er 5/ 4 1
‘
o t al
Based on s t andard spe ci f i cat i ons f or har dwood l og gr ade s f or s t andar d
j Comme r ci a l coni f er Spe ci e s wer e no t gr aded .
Int ernat i onal l /4 - inch ru l e .
Include s bl ackbu t t euca l ypt us ,l emon-
gum euca lypt us , r ed- i ronbark'
pt us , t al l owwood eucal ypt us , and Eucal ypt us spp .
Nor f ol k- I s l and -pine and sugi .
1 9
Is l and of Mo l oka i 1 9 67
Mon t e r ey cypr e ssI! H
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
I r onwood
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Ir onwoodHar dwoodI r onwoodMon t e r ey cypr e s s
Formosa koa
Robus t a eucal ypt usl l
Formosa koa
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Paper-bark
Ir onwoOd
Har dwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us
Euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Euca lyptus
Mont er ey cypr e ss
Ir onwoodRobus t a eucalypt us
Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tabl e .
Pr iv a t e
Pr iv at e
Pr iv a t e
Hawai i an Home s
Hawai i an Homes
Hawa i i an Home s
Hawa i i an Homes
Pr ivat e
Hawa i i an Home s
Hawa i i an Home s
Hawai i an HomesS t a t e
Hawai i an Home s
Hawai i an Home s
Pr iv at e
20
Tab l e 8 ,cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 949
S t and No . For es t t_e _ _
Owne r
Euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Robus t a euca l ypt usH
Robu s t a euca l ypt usl l
I r onwood
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Tal l owwood euca l ypt u s
Robu s t a eucal ypt usH
Robu s t a euca l ypt usl l
Euca lypt us
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Mon t e r ey cypr e s sI ! l l
Euca lypt usi t
Robu s t a euca l yp t us
Euca lyp t u s
Mon t e r ey cypr e s s
Robus t a euca l ypt u sl l
Se e f oo tno t e s a t end o f Tab l e .
22
Tab l e 8 ,con t inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 949
Euca lypt us
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Robus t a euca l ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt u s
Coni f er
Tot a l
AREAS REFORESTED 1 949 - 67
To t al Kawe l a
Makakupai a ar ea
Pine
Pine
To t al Makakupa i a
To t a l Kaul ahuki
Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tabl e .
Tab l e 8 ,con t inued
AREAS REFORESTED 1 949 -6 72/
Kami l o l oa ar ea
Pine St at e
To t a l Kami l o l oa
Kapaakea ar ea:
Pine
Ot her coni f e r
To t al Kapaake a
Kahanu i ar ea:
Sa l i gna eucal ypt us
Eucalypt us
Coni f er
Har dwood
To t a l Kahanui
Kal amaul a ar e a:
Pine
Pine
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Sal igna euca lypt us
To t al Kal amau l a
To t al r e f or es t at i on ar ea
To t al al l f or es t pl ant a t i ons
Eucal ypt us s t and of 2 or mor e spec i es or uni dent i f i ed Speci es .
Noncomme r ci al pl ant at i on t ype .
Comme r ci a l spec i e s on noncomme r ci al l and .
Pol e t imbe r or se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands .
No s t and number ass igned .
Include s ash and s i lk-oak .
Include s we s t ern r edcedar and Por t -Or f or d-cedar .
24
Robert E. Nelson Wesley H.C.W0 ng , J r Herbert L. Wick
Contents
Int r oduct ion .
For est Plant at i on Resour ce s
Ar ea
T imber Volume .
Owner sh ip .
Age of St ands .
St and Y i e l ds
Timber Qua l i t y
Oppor t uni t y f or Indust r ial Dev e lopment .
Mul t ipl e Va lues of For est s .
Append ix
Def ini t i ons .
Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e .
Tab l es 1 1 2 .
Th e Au tho r s
ROBERT E . NELSON di r ec t s th e S t a t i on’
s Ins t i tu t e o f Pac i f i c I s lands
Fo r e s t ry , h e adqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o ined th e Fo r e s t Se r v i cein 19 4 1 , a f t e r ea rn ing a fo r e s t ry de gre e a t th e Un i v e r s i ty o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f th e Ca l i fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i veSo i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 . Since 1 9 57 , h e h a s be en in cha r ge o ft h e S t a t ion
’
s Hawa i i o f f i c e . WESLEY H .C . WONG , J r . , a na t i v e o f Wa iluku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e l o r
’
s degre e in fo re s t ry f rom Or e gonS t a t e Un iv e r s i t y in 1 964 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo r e s t e r fo r th e Hawai iD i v i s ion o f Fo r e s t ry , h e h as be en a s s i gned p r ima r i ly t o th e fo r e s t in
v en t o ry o f th e S t a t e . HERBERT L . WICK i s wo rk in on mensu ra t i on probl ems and fo r e s t su r v ey t e chn i qu e s A na t i v e o f Se a t t l e , Wa sh ing t on ,
h e e a rne d a bach e lo r’
s and ma s t e r 5 de g r e e in fo r e s t ry a t th e Un i v e rs i ty o f Wash ing t on . He wo rked 3 y e a r s in t h e Paci f i c No r thwe s t wi tht h e Fo r e s t Se rv i ce be fo r e
‘
o in ing t h e s t a f f o f th e Ins t i t u t e o f Paci fi c I s l ands Fo r e s t ry in 1 965.
Fo rewor d
Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed f or est s on maj ori s land s in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s hav e been pub l i shed for
t he i s lands of Hawai i ( 1 9 66L Kauai Lanai ( 1 96D, and M0 1 0kai Summar i z ed her e ar e t he r esu l t s of a surv ey of t imber i n plant ed f or est s on t he Is land of Oahu . Th i s inv ent orysuppl ement s t he ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e compl e t ed in
1 963 . That'
surv ey ind i cat ed t he impor t ance of plant ed f or est s as
a t imber r esour ce , but pr ov i ded no de t ai ls . Th i s bu l l et in r e
por t s : (a) locat i on and acr eage of each plant ed st and , (b ) spe
ci es compos i t i on and age of s t and , (c) t imber v o lume and qua l i ty ,
and (d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imberThe st udy i s a cooperat iv e under t aking of t he Div i si on of
For est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Natur al Re sour ces , and
t he Paci f ic Sout hwes t For est and Range Exper iment St at ion ,For est
Serv ice , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cu l t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert he d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne lson , Dir ect or
,Inst i tut e of Paci f ic
Is lands For est ry ,Paci f ic Sout hwest For est and Range Exper iment
St at ion . Nobuo Honda , f or est er , Hawai i Div i sion of For est ry ,
he lped dev e l op plans f or t he plant at ion inv ent ory and superv i sedt he f i e l d work
In 1 966 ,r esponsibi l i t y f or superv i si on of t h e For est Surv ey
in t he Paci f ic Coast St at es and Hawai i was sh i f t ed t o t he Paci f i c
Nor t hwest For est and Range Exper iment St at i on , Por t land , Or egon ,
but f i e ld wor k in Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o b e a j oint ef f or t of
t h e Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry and t h e Paci f ic Sout hwest St at hni .
Many ind iv i dua ls ai ded in var i ous phases of t h e surv ey . Special
acknowl edgment i s due t o t h e f i e ld cr ew : For est er , Wes l ey H. C
Wong of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of For est ry and For est ry Resear ch
Techni cian Kaipo Rob er t s of t he U. S . For est Serv ice
E . M. Hornibr ook , f ormer ly in char ge of t h e For est Surv ey ,
Paci f ic Sout hwest S t at i on ,and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,
f ormer For est
Eco logi st ,Hawai i Div i sion of For est ry , ai ded in d ev e loping plans
f or t he st udyRober t M. Mi l l er , Syst ems Ana lyst ,
Paci f ic Sout hwest St at ion ,
d ev e loped speci f i cat i ons f or pr ocess ing dat a by e l ect r onic com
put er s . Th e Comput ing Cent er at t h e Univ er si t y of Hawai i pr oces
sed t h e dat aTom K . Tagawa , Hawai i St at e For es t er , t h e l at e Max F . Landgr af ,
f ormer St at e For est er , Alber t J . MacDonald ,Di st r ict For est er
(r et i r ed ) ,and For est Ranger s Teruo Yosh i oka and George Noz awa
pr ov i ded gener ous cooper at i on in t he conduct of t he surv ey
U. S . For est Serv ice r esear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper a
t ion wi t h t he Div i s i on of For est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Lands and
Nat ur a l Resour ces
OXFORD . 228 . 7 -05 . RETRIEVAL TERMS : pl an t ed fo r e s t s; su r v ey s ; s t andcompo s i t ion ; s t and vo lume ; fo r e s t owne r sh ip; Hawai i (Oahu ) .
THOUSAND ACRES MILLlON BOARD FEET
Commercial Forest Land
Noncommermal Forest Land Oh 'a m Planted
Nonforest Land m Koa C ] Other
Fi gu r e 1 .-Fo r e s t and non fo r e s t Fi gu r e 2 .
-Saw t imbe r vo lume sl and ac r eage s on th e I s l and o f on th e I s l and o f Oahu . ( Th eOahu , Hawa i i ,
1 9 6 1 . ( Adj us t ed f i gu r e fo r pl an t ed t imbe r i s
t o 1 96 7 to ta l l and a r ea f i gu r e . ) ba s ed on 1 966 da ta ; o th e r
fi gu r e s a r e f r om 1 96 1 da ta . )
Mos t of t h e f or es t acr e age i s nat iv e or nat ur a l i z ed t ype s ,
wi t h l i t t l e vo lume of sawt imber . Noncommer ci a l f or e s t or brush
t ype s occupy near ly acr e s of t he commer cia l f or es t landIn t he f i r s t For e s t Surv ey of Hawai i , only about acr e s
of t he oh i a (Me t r os ider os co l lina ) ,koa (Acacia koa ) ,
3and na t
ur a l i z ed s i lk - oak (Gr evi l lea r obus ta ) or ot h er nat ur a l i z ed t ype s
wer e cons id er ed commer ci a l Sawt imber s t ocking in t h ese
s t and s av er age s only about 5 00 boar d f e e t per acr e,f or a t ot a l
of about 6 mi l l i on boar d f e e t
For e st plant ings wer e s t ar t ed on Oahu in t h e la t e l 8oo's t o
d ev e l op a supply of fue lwood ,f encepos t s , and o t h er pr oduct s ,
and t o enhance wa t er sh ed cond i t ions .
5;6 Re f or e st a t i on e f f or t s of
t h e Ter r i t or i a l Div i s i on of For e s t ry t o r ev ege t at e wat er shed swer e gr eat ly expand ed dur ing t he la t e 1 93 0 '
s wi t h t he aid of t he
Civ i l ian Conserv at i on Corps .
The plant ed f or e s t s on Oahu - ev en t hough sma l l in acr eage
now ho l d sev er a l t ime s mor e vo lume of sawt imber t han do t he na
t iv e f or e s t s . They yi e ld mor e t imber t han t he nat iv e s t and s and
t h e t imber i s gener a l ly of be t t er qua l i t y . Th e plant at i on v o l
A sma l l ac r e age o f p lan t ed koa fo r e s t i s included in th e o v e r -a l l ac r e age
o f na t i v e fo r e s t type be cau s e o f th e di f f i cu l ty o f di f fe r en t ia t ion . Gen e r
a l ly , th e s e p lan t ed koa fo r e s t s h av e no t de v e lope d in t o saw t imbe r s t ands .
Ne l son and Wh e e l e r , op . c i t .
SLubke r , F . Th e wa t t l e t r e e s . Th e Plan t e r s
’
Mon th ly (Hawa i i ) 2 292 3 0 . 1886 .
6Wa lke r , Th oma s R. Repo r t o f commi t t e e on fo r e s t ry . Th e Pl an t e r s’
Mon th ly(Hawa i i ) 53 1 - 53 3 . 188 7 .
ume t ot a l s only about 46 mi l l ion boar d f e e t , but has pot ent ia l
f or indust r i al use . Most of t h e vo lume i s access ib l e
In 1 966 , we s t ar t ed a st and -by- st and inv ent ory of plant at i on
t imber t o obt ain d e t ai l ed inf ormat i on on acr eage ,v o lume and
qua l i t y of t imber , and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat acompi l ed f or each st and
Forest P lantat ion Resources
For est plant at i ons on Oahu t ot al near ly acr e s . Th eyar e d i st r ibut ed mainly on t h e lower s lopes ar ound t h e Waianaeand Koolau r anges , abov e t he cu l t iva t ed and urban ar eas ( see mapand t ab l es Most of t he plant at i ons ar e concent r at ed in
t h e For e st Reserv es on t h e east er ly s l ope s of t h e Wai anae r ange ,
in t he lower r each es of t he Kaukonahua wat er sh ed ,and in t he im
por t ant wat er sh ed abov e Honolu lu
A rea
Commer cia l f or est plant at ions7t ot a l near ly acr es in
st ands fr om 2 t o 1 7 1 acr e s in si z e ( t ab l e s 1 - 4,1 2; f ig . 3 )
Most of t he ind iv i dua l plant at i on st ands t a l l i ed ar e of sma l lacr eage . Only 1 5 commer cia l st and s wer e 50 acr e s or lar ger f or
7Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in appendi x .
Sawtimbe r Stands
COMMERC IAL TY PESF. cal t
Seedling , Sapl ng ,and
U YD S
POIQt lmber StandsOthe r Hardwoods
Conife rs
l St dNoncommerma an s
NoNCOMMERC lAL TY PES
ACRES
Fi gu r e 3 .-Ac r eage o f comme r C i a l and noncomme rc i a l p l an ta t ions
s tands ,by s tand - S i z e c l a s s and fo r e s t type , Oahu 1 9 66 .
a t ot a l of near ly acr es . St and s 5 t o 49 acr es in s i z e ag
gr ega t e about acr e s . Th er e ar e 3 9 1 s t and s f r om 2 t o 4
acr es in s i z e , t ot a l ing Some acr es
About acr e s of t h e commer cia l for est plant at i ons ar e
sawt imber s t ands . Anot h er 400 acr es ar e r ecent ly plant ed se edl ing , sapl ing ,
amd po l e t imber s t and s of commer cia l speci es .
Of t h e sawt imber s t and s ,euca lypt s
-mainly Euca lyptus r obus ta-make up 76 per cent ,
or about acr e s . Ot h er har dwood saw
t imber st ands t ot a l about 9 00 acr e s . And t her e ar e abou t 1 40
acr e s of commer ci a l coni f er sawt imber s t and sCommer ci a l har dwood t ypes account f or about 3 40 acr es of t he
r ecent ly plant ed se ed l ing , sapl ing and po l e t imber s t and s . An
ot her 60 acr e s ar e commer ci a l coni f er t ypes .
In add i t ion t o t he commer cia l f or est plant a t i ons ,t her e ar e
abou t acr e s of noncommer cia l t ype s ,mos t ly paper — bar k and
i r onwood .
Timber Volume
Plant ed f or e st s on Oahu cont ain near ly 46 mi l l i on boar d f e e t
of sawt imber ( t ab l e s 5 Of t h i s v o lume about 3 6 mi l l i on
boar d f e e t ar e in s t ands 5 acr e s and lar ger ,and 1 0 mi l l i on
boar d f e e t ar e in st and s of 2 t o 4 acr es . Mos t of t h e sawt imber
mi l l i on boar d f e et — i s euca lypt us; r obust a euca lypt us saw
t imber a l one amount s t o mi l l ion boar d f ee t . Th e vo lume in
har dwood s ot her t han euca lypt s t ot a l s abou t mi l l ion boar df e e t . Th er e ar e mi l l i on boar d f e e t of commer cia l coni f er
sawt imber ,a l l Nor f o lk— Is land —
pine .
In t h e s t ands 5 acr es and lar ger , about 3 7 per cent of t h e saw
t imber v o lume i s i h t r e es 1 9 t o 29 inch e s d .b . h . ( t ab l e 8 )Some 6 0 per cent of t h e t ot a l v o lume i s in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9
inches ,and about 3 per cent i s in t r e es 29 inche s d . b . h . (d i am
e t er a t br east h e igh t ) and larger .
In t erms of gr owing s t ock ,t h e vo lume in plant ed sawt imber
s t and s amount s t o about mi l l i on cubic f e e t ( t ab l e s
Abou t 7 8 per cent ,or some mi l l i on cubi c f e e t of t h i s v o lume
i s in euca lypt s; r obust a euca lyptus a lone t ot a l some mi l
Stand Y ie lds
Sawt imb er in t he plant ed sawt imb er s t and s av er ages about
boar d f ee t per acr e . But yi e ld s d i f f er gr e at ly wi t h s t and age ,
speci e s , si t e ,h i s t ory and cond i t i on of st and ,
and ot h er f act or s .
The h i ghes t st and ne t v o lume measur ed av er aged boar d f e e t
per acr e in a 40 —
year— o ld r obust a euca lypt us s t and . The next
h i gh es t yi e ld was in a s t and of sa l igna eucalypt us t hat av er aged
boar d f e e t per acr e .
Timbe r QualitySa l i gna euca lypt us sawt imber exce l l s ot h er speci es in qua l i t y ,
as j udged by t h e pr opor t i on of v olume in gr ad e s 1 and 2 f act ory
lumber logs : 1 9 per cent of i t i s in gr ad e 1,
and 1 5 per cent in
gr ad e 2 logs ( t ab l e Robust a euca lypt us ,t h e har dwood spe
ci e s in gr eat e st v o lume,has 1 3 per cent of i t s v o lume in gr ad e
1 logs and 8 per cent in gr ad e 2 logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not
log—
gr ad ed .
Op portuni t y for Industrial Deve l opmentPlant ed f or es t s of f er much be t t er pr ospect s f or indust r i a l
d ev e l opment t han do nat iv e f or e s t s . Most of t he na t iv e or nat
ura l i z ed f or es t s ar e of par t i cu lar ly poor qua l i t y - of t en j ustbrush . Th e se poor ly s t ocked or nons t ocked f or es t s occupying
commer cia l f or es t lands cont ain on ly sma l l amount s of mer chantab l e t imber . On ly of t he acr es of nat iv e or nat
ur a l i z ed f or es t t ypes ar e cons id er ed mer chant ab l e t imb er t ypes .
And t h ese f or e st s ho ld only abou t 6 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of saw
t imber
Harv e s t ing of wood f or sma l l amount s of f ence post s ,fue lwood ,
and mi sce l laneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or e s t s wi l l pr obab lycont inue , but pr act ica l ly none of t h e nat iv e st and s of f er pr os
pect s f or sawt imberIn cont r as t t o t he nat iv e f or e st s , plant ed s t and s hav e gr own
r api d ly and now yi e ld h i gher per— acr e vo lume s of t imber . In
t h e acr e s of commer cia l plant ed f or e st s of sawt imb er s i z e ,
t h e v o lume t ot a l s about 46 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of sawt imber . Most
of t h e f or e s t at ion t ha t pr oduced t h i s new t imber r e sour ce was
not done t o gr ow sawt imber , bu t t o cont r o l er os i on ,impr ov e
wat er sh ed cov er,
and pr ov i d e fue lwood . Ther e f or e , speci e s plant
ed wer e no t nece ssar i ly se l ect ed on t h e bas i s of wood qua l i t y ,
but on t h e bas i s of adapt ab i l i t y and r apid gr owt h . Euca lyptus
r obus t a - a sawt imber Speci es— was h igh ly f av or ed . But so wer e
sev er a l speci es t hat now of f er l i t t l e or no po t ent ia l f or saw
t imb er , such as i r onwood s (Casuar ina spp . ) and paper- bar k (Me la
leuca leucadendr on)Some of t h ese ear ly plant ings d emonst r a t e t hat t imber pr oduc
t i on pot ent ia ls ar e f ar gr eat er t han migh t be inf er r ed f r om t h e
dat a on pr e sent t ot a l sawt imber v o lume s on t h i s Is l and . Weknow t hat many v a luab l e int r oduced t imber speci e s ar e adapt ed
t o t he d i f f er ent f or est si t es . An av er age annual sawt imber
gr owt h rat e of boar d f eet per acr e can be expect ed f r ommanaged , we l l - s t ocked f or est s on good S i t es . And st ands can be
harv est ed wi t h in 3 0 t o 50 year s af t er es t ab l i shmentAl t hough i t s pot ent i a l wou l d be l imi t ed
, a sma l l sawmi l l ingindust ry cou ld be based on Oahu '
s pr esent t imber r esource . I t
wou ld d epend on t h e dev e lopment of marke t s f or t h e sma l l v olumesof special i z ed pr oduct s f or wh i ch t he t imber i s usefu l . And i t
could oper at e only on a sma l l sca l e or f or a v ery f ew year s .
Ther e i s ,howev er ,
a pot ent ia l t o d ev e lop a much lar ger t im
ber r esour ce , wh i ch cou ld serv e as a base f or a s igni f icant 1 0
ca l mi l l ing indust ry . If only 20 per cent of t h e acr es
of pr esent ly l i t t l e -used and unmanaged commer cia l f or es t landwer e plant ed t o int r oduced Speci es and managed ,
t imber pr oduct i on could amount t o about 1 5 mi l l i on boar d f eet annua l ly in 3 0
year s . Th i s pr oduct ion i s signi f i cant in r e lat i on t o t h e pr esent
impor t s of wood amount ing t o some 1 00 mi l l i on f e et annua l ly
Recent f or es t at i on by t h e St at e ar e in par t an at t empt t o
capi t a l i z e on t h i s pot ent i a l . In se lect ing speci es , f or est er s
ar e consid er ing wood qua l i t i es and adapt abi l i t y t o speci f ic
si t es . Th ey ar e plant ing on nonst ocked lands or lands wh er e
f or est s ar e of par t icular ly poor qual i t y . Ref or est at ion ef f or t s
Shoul d be gr eat ly expanded t o br ing a much gr eat er f or est ar ea
under management . Th e amount of r ef or est at i on accompl i sh ed during t h e next 1 0 year s wi l l d et ermine in lar ge par t t he amount of
t imber t hat migh t be avai lab le 30 t o 40 year s f r om now as a base
f or a local f or es t pr oduct s indust ry .
Mul t i p le Values of Forest
For es t s pr ov i d e many va lues besides t imber . On Oahu t h e ir
value f or wat er shed pr ot ect i on and f or r ecr eat i on use f ar ex
ceeds t h e i r va lue f or t imber . Plant at i ons es t ab l i sh ed pr imar i lyfor wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er osi on cont r o l hav e gr eat ly im
prov ed t h e landscape and incr eased oppor tuni t i es f or f or es t r ec
r eat i on . Plant ed f or es t s of int r oduced t r e es now pr ov id e t he
most at t r act iv e and h eav i ly used f or est r ecr eat i on si t es on t he
Is land . They a lso can pr ov i de impr ov ed wi ld l i f e habi t at . Theycan be used t o pr oduce Chr i s tmas t r ees in much gr eat er number s
f or loca l use or expor t . Nor f o lk- Is land -
pine gr ows we l l and
i s a r ead i ly market ab l e Chr i stmas t r ee
These mu l t ipl e bene f i t s of plant ed f or est s accrue cont inuous ly
year af t er year . In add i t i on , per i od i c harv est s of t imber can be
made wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om and of t en enhancing t he r ecr eat i on
and wat er sh ed va lues
Because vast acr eages of mount ain land s on Oahu must be main
t ained in f or est cov er , bot h pub l ic and pr ivat e land manager sshould t ry t o dev e lop a l l t h e pot ent ia l benef i t s lat ent in t h ese
lands . I t has been amply d emonst r at ed on a smal l sca l e in t h e
exi st ing plant at i ons t hat r e f or es t at ion can enhance r ecr eat i on
use , wat er sh ed va lues ,t imber pr oduct ion ,
and wi ld l i f e hab i t at
Commercial and Noncommercial
For es t land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked by f or est t r ees
of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not curr ent ly
d ev e loped f or ot h er use; and l and suppor t ing Shrubs , t he cr owns
cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t he gr ound .
Commer cia l for es t land : For est land t hat i s producing or
can pr oduce cr ops of indust r ial wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .
Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a) Product ive -r eser ved f or est
land wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or administ r at iv e r egu lat ion ,
and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or est land in
capab l e of yi e ld ing cr 0ps of indust r ia l wood because of
adv er se s i t e cond i t ions
For es t planta t ion : Plant ed f or e st s in wh i ch at l east 1 0 per
cent of t he gr owing space i s occupi ed by plant ed t r e es ( int r oduced Speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,
r egar d l ess of nat iv e speci es pr edominance
commer cia l for es t planta t ion : A plant at ion of commer cia lt r e e Speci es on commer ci a l f or est land
Noncommercia l for est plant at ion : A plant at i on of noncommerci a l t r e e speci es or of commer cia l t r e e speci es plant ed on
noncommer ci a l f or es t land
Commer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r ia lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue lwood or f ence post s
ar e excluded . The f o l l owing wer e t al l i ed on plot s
scient ific Name Cammon Name
Acacia koa
Albi z ia fa lca ta (A. mo luccana )
Angophor a lanceolata
Araucar ia exce lsa
Cinnamomum camphoraEuca lyptus ca lophyl la
Euca lyptus ci t r iodora
Euca lyptus gummiferaEuca lyptus micr ocorysEuca lyptus panicula ta
Euca lyptus pi lular i s
Euca lypt us r esinifera
1 0
Molucca a lbi z z ia
lance l eaf gum-myr t l e
Nor f olk- Is land -
pine
camphor — t r ee
mar r ilemon-
gum eucalypt us
b loodwood euca lypt us
t a l lowwood euca lypt us
gr ay i r onbar k euca lypt us
b lackbut t eucalyptus
kinogum euca lypt us
scient ific Name Common Name
Euca lyptus robusta
Euca lyptus sa ligna
Euca lyptus sider oxylon
Euca lyptus spp .
Fraxinus uhde i
Gr evi l lea r obusta
Mangif era indica
.Me t rosider os co l lina (M.
po lymorpha )Pi t hece l lobium samansyncarpia g lomulifera (S .
laur ifolia ) turpent ine- t r e e
Termina lia myr iocarpa j ha lnaTr i st ania confer ta brushbox
Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer ci al t r ee speci es not t a l l i edplot s
Sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Aga t hi s r obust a Aust r a l ian kaur i
cryptomer ia j aponica sugi
Euca lyptus cornuta yat e
Euca lyptus spp . uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us
swi e t enia mahagoni West Ind i es mahoganyToona ci liata var . aus
t ra li s Aust r a l ian t oon
Noncommercia l t r ee species : Tr e e speci e s not now consid er edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s . Th e f ol lowing wer e t a l l i ed on
plot s
sci ent ific Name Common Name
Acacia decur r ens
Aleur i t es moluccanaCasuar ina Spp .
Cinnamomum z eylanicumCupr essus macr ocarpaCupr essus spp .
Diospyros sandwicensi s
Eryt hr ina sandwicensi s
Euca lypt us globulus
Euca lyptus spp .
Eugenia cumini.Me la leuca leudadendr on
Me lia az edarach
Mclochia indica
Pisonia inermi sPi t hece l lobium dulce
1 1
r obust a euca lypt us
sal igna euca lypt us
r ed - ir onbar k euca lyptus
uni dent i f i ed euca lypt us
t r opica l ash
s i lk- oak
mango
b lack—wat t l e acacia
kukui (cand l enut - t r ee )ir onwoodscinnamonMont er ey cypr e ss
cypr ess
lamawi l iwi l i
b luegum euca lyptus
uni dent i f i ed euca lypt us
J ava—plum
paper-bark
pr i d e -of - Ind iame loch ia
papa la- kepsu
Opiuma
sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Pr i t chardia spp .
sant a lum spp .
St r aussia spp .
Ot h er of t -
plant ed noncommer ci a l t r ee speci es not t al l i ed on
plot s
sci ent if ic Name Cammon Name
Acacia confusaFicus SpHaemat oxylon campechianumJ acaranda mimosifo liaPlatymi scium s t ipular e
Hardwoods : Di cot yl edonous t r ees; usua l ly br oad l eav ed .
Conifer s : Coni f er ous t r ees; usua l ly ev ergr een , hav ing need l eor sca le - l ike l eav es . Also genera l ly known as sof twoods
For es t type s or speci es type : For es t s wh i ch ar e pr edominantly of a S i ng l e Speci es and in wh ich no ot h er speci es makes up 25
per cent or mor e of t h e s t and , ar e desi gnat ed by t h e singl e spe
ci es such as r obust a euca lypt us t ype , oh i a t ype , or t r opi cal ash
t ype . Ot herwi se t hey ar e designat ed
Mixed euca lyptus type : Plant ed st and s pr edominant ly of
euca lypt us speci es .
Mixed hardwood type : Plant ed st ands pr edominant ly of har dwoods ot her t han t he euca lypt s
Mixed conifer type : Plant ed f or est s pr edominant ly of coni
f er s
C lass of Timb er
Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r ees of good f orm and v igor and of spe
ci es sui t ed f or indust r ia l wood (commer cial speci es ) .
sawt imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commercia l Speci es of at
leas t inch es d i ame t er br east he i gh t wh i ch cont ain a
but t ha lf - log or a log wh i ch mee t s t h e speci f i cat i ons of
st andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .
Po le t imber t r ees : Liv e t r ees of commer cial speci es be tween
and inches hav ing soundness and f orm nec
essary t o dev e lop int o sawt imber t r e es
1 2
sapling and seedling s tands : St ands not qua l i f ying as saw
t imber or pol et imber ,bu t at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked wi t h
gr owing- s t ock t r ees .
Nons t ocked : Commer cia l f or est lands l ess t han 1 0 per cent
st ocked wi t h gr owing- s t ock t r ees .
M isce llaneous
Diame t er br east height Tr e e d i ame t er in inch es ,
out si d e bar k ,measur ed at 4 f ee t abov e t he gr ound f or nor
ma l t r e es , and 1 8 inches abov e t h e s t i l t or swe l l f or abnorma lt r ees
Indust r ia l wood : Commer cial r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw
logs , v eneer logs , and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e
exclud ed
Log grades : A classi f icat i on of logs based on ext erna l char
act er i st i cs as ind i cat or s of qual i t y or va lue of lumber t h e logs
wi l l yi e ld . Gr ad e 1 i s t h e h igh est qual i t y , gr ad e 2 int er
med i at e , and gr ad e 3 t he lowe st qua l i t y of st andar d har dwoodf act ory lumber l ogs .
8 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and
t imber s
Timber qual i ty : Based on l og gr ad es unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .
Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as d ensi t y , s t r engt h ,co lor , and
shr inkage , ar e a l so measur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er , t h ese ar e
usua l ly inher ent in a speci es .
I nventory P rocedure
Ar ea and vo lume st at i st ics pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de
v e 1 0ped plant at i on s t and - tnw-
plant at i on st and . Fi r s t , ind iv idua l f or es t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e i d ent i f i ed and
d e l ineat ed on aer ia l phot ogr aphs t hr ough st er eoscopic st udyEach plant at ion was giv en a s t and number and class i f i ed as t o
t ype and st and - s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each plant at ion was measur ed f r om t he phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e de t ermined f r ommaps and ot her r ecor d s . Fi e ld examinat ion of each
plant at i on a l lowed f or cor r ect ing de l ineat i ons , c lassi f i cat i ons ,
and acr eages .
Next,t imber -v o lume plot s wer e locat ed on t h e gr ound in each
commer cia l f or est plant at i on of 5 acr es and lar ger hav ing saw
t imber t r e es . Th e sampl e plot locat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r an
dom f r om a gr i d of point s ov er lai d on t h e aer i a l phot ogr aph .
Two or mor e sampl e locat ions ,d epend ing on st and acr eage and
8U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha r dwood log grade s fo r s t andar d lumbe r
p ropo sa l s and r e su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Pr od . Lab . Rep . 1 73 7 ,1 5
pp . , i l lus . 1 9 53 .
var iabi l i t y ,wer e se l ect ed in each st and . At each loca t i on ,
tr e e measur ement s wer e made f rom wh ich t imber vo lume and qua l i t ycoul d be comput ed and expanded . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad eon a
"main" plot at each l ocat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t iona lbut l ess de t ai l ed dat a on t wo "
sat e l l i t e" plot s . Al l plot s wer e
var iab l e plot s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20
Fina l ly , t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a Specia l ly pr epar edcomput er pr ogr am. Tr ee measur ement s wer e conv er t ed t o meaningful v olume uni t s on a per
- acr e bas i s , av er aged f or t he plot s in
a st and , and expanded f or t h e acr eage of t he s t and . Th e comput eroutput consi st ed of t abu lar dat a f or each s t and and summar i esof st and dat a by f or est r eserv es
Volume t r i c dat a f or s t and s 2 t o 4 acr es in si z e wer e ext r a
po lat ed f r om close ly simi lar measur ed s t andsTh e accur acy goal f or t h i s inv ent ory was t 20 per cent per 5
mi l l i on ne t boar d f ee t of sawt imber in a st and , at t he l ev e l of
one s t andar d er r or . Th e r e l i ab i li t y of es t imat es f or each f or
es t r eserv e , based on measur ed st and s only ,ar e shown be low . Two
chances out of t hr e e t h e est imat ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t h e
actua l by gr eat er t han t he sampl ing er r or ind i cat ed
Tot a l volume er r or
f t . ) per cent )
For est Reserv e
Out si d e For est Reserv e
1 5
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omcmflmz
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24
I s l and of Oahu 1 9 66
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
3002 Gr ay i r onbar k eucal ypt us
300 3 Mixed euca lypt s
3004 Si l k-oak
3005 Ir onwood
3006 Mixed eucal ypt s
300 7 Mix ed eucal ypt s
3008 B lu egum eucal ypt us
3009 Kinogum euca lypt us
301 0 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us
30 1 1 Robus t a euca lypt us
301 2 Sal igna eucalypt us
30 1 3 Sa l igna eucal ypt us
30 14 Mixed euca lypt s
30 1 5 Mixed eucal ypt s
301 6 Mixed eucalypt s
301 7 Robus t a eucal ypt us
301 8 Pape r—bark
30 1 9 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us
3020 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us
302 1 Mixed euca lypt s
302 2 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us
30 23 B luegum eucal ypt us
30 24 Gr ay i ronbar k eucalypt us
3025 Si l k- oak
3026 Lemon-gum euca lypt us
30 2 7 Mix ed eucal ypt s
3028 Robus t a eucalypt us
3029 Mixed eucalypt s
3030 Nor f olk- I s l and—pine
Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tabl e .
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Thousandboar d f e e t
3031 Nor f olk- I s l and -pine3032 Robus t a euca lypt us
3033 Paper-bark
3034 Paper-bark
303 5 Eucal ypt us spp.
3036 Si l k-oak
30 37 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3038 Robl e
3039 Brushbox
3040 Eucalypt u s spp .
3041 Robus t a euca l ypt us
3042 S i lk- oak
3043 Brushbox
3044 Si l k-oak
3045 Eucal ypt us spp .
3046 Sal i gna eucalypt us
3047 Mix ed eucalypt s
3048 Robust a eucal ypt us
3049 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3050 Mixed eucal ypt s
3051 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3052 Eucal ypt us Spp .
3053 Si l k-oak
3054 Si l k- oak
3055 Si lk- oak
3056 Lemon -
gum euca l ypt us
3057 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us
3058 S i l k- oak
3059 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us
30 60 S i lk-oak
Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tab l e .
27
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Si lk-oak
B 1uegum. euca1 ypt us
Mixe d eucal ypt s
Mi xed eucalypt s
Si lk-oak
Si lk-oak
Ir onwood
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Mixed eucalypt s
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Si lk-oak
Si lk-oak
Si l k-oak
Paper-bark
Ir onwood
Si l k-oak
Si lk-oak
Robust a eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Sugi
Gray i ronbark eucalypt us
Silk-oak
Si lk-oak
Si l k-oak
Si l k-oak
Tr opi cal ash
Sal igna eucalypt us
Mi xed eucalypt s
See f oot not es at end of Tabl e .
28
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Thousandboard f ee t
3 1 2 1 Si lk-oak
3 1 22 Robus t a eucal ypt us
31 2 3 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 24 Si lk-oak
3 1 25 Si l k-oak
31 2 6 S i lk-oak
31 27 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 28 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 29 Sal igna eucalypt us
31 30 Pape r-bark
131 3 1 Brushbox Pr iv at e/3 1 32
3 1 33 Mixed eucalypt s _Pr iv at e 1 9
31 34 Mixed eucal ypt s Ot h er publ i di / 1 9
31 35 Sal i gna eucal ypt us Pr iv at e 4
3 1 36 Sal igna eucal ypt us
31 37 Si lk-oak
3 1 38 Paper-bark
3 1 39 Si lk- oak
3140 Brushbox
3 14 1 Tr opi cal ash
3 142 Brushbox
3 143 Molucca alb i z z i a
3 144 Paper-bark
3 145 Ironwood
3146 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 147 Mixed eucalypt s
3 148 Mixe d eucalypt s
3 1 49 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3 1 50 Brushbox
See f oot not e s at end of Tabl e .
30
Tabl e 1 1, cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 19 50
3 1 5 1 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 52 Molucca alb i z z i a
3 1 53 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 54 Robus t a euca lypt us
31 55 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3 1 5 6 Robus t a euca lypt us
3 1 57 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 58 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us
3 1 59 Si lk-oak
31 60 Mixed eucalypt s
31 6 1‘
Mixed eucalypt s
3 1 62 B luegum euca lypt us
31 63‘
Mixed eucalypt s
3 1 64 Mixed eucal ypt s
3 1 65 Mixed eucalypt s
3 1 66 Eucalypt us spp .
3 1 67 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 68 Robd s t a eucalypt us
3 1 69 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 70 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 71 Robus t a eucalypt us Pr iv at e
31 73 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 74 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3 1 75 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 76 Ir onwood
3 1 77 Ir onwood31 78
'
Mixe d eucalypt s
3 1 79 Ironwood
31 80 Ir onwood
Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tab l e .
3 1
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
3 1 8 1 Ir onwood31 82 B l ackbut t eucalypt us
3 1 83 Brushbox
31 84 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 85 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 86 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 87 Brushbox
3 1 88 Brushbox
3 1 89 Paper-bark
3 190 Ir onwood
3 1 9 1 Paper-bark
3 1 9 2 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us
3 1 93 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3 1 94 Robus t a eucalypt us
31 9 5 S i lk-oak
31 9 6 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 1 9 7 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 198 Robus t a eucalypt us
3 199 Sal igna eucal ypt us
3200 Mixe d eucalypt s
3201 Robus t a eucalypt us
3202 Robus t a eucalypt us
3203 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3204 Robus t a euca lypt us
3205 Mixed eucalypt s
3206 Robus t a eucalypt us
3207 B luegum eucal ypt us
3208 B luegum eucal ypt us
3209 Robus t a eucalypt us
32 1 0 Mont er ey cypr ess
Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tabl e .
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
3241 Robus t a eucalypt us
3242 Ir onwood
3243 Robus t a eucalypt us
3244 Robus t a eucalypt us
3245 Robus t a eucalypt us
3246 Robus t a eucalypt us
3247 Ir onwood3248 Brushbox
3249 Robus t a eucalypt us
3250 Paper-bark
325 1 B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
32 52 Brushbox
32 53 B l ackbu t t eucalypt us
3254 Brushbox
3255 B l ackbu t t euca lypt us
3256 Pape r-bark
325 7 Paper-bark
3258 Paper-bark
3259 Brushbox
3260 Bl ackbut t eucal ypt us
3261 Si l k-oak
3262 Sal i gna eucal ypt us
3263 Tal l owwood eucalypt us
3264 Robus t a eucalypt us
3265 Brushbox
3 266 Molucca alb i z z i a
3267 Robus t a eucalypt us
3268 Robus t a eucalypt us
3269 Robus t a eucalypt us
3270 Ironwood
Se e f oo t no t e s at end of Tabl e .
Tab l e 1 1 ,cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Thousandboard f e e t
32 71 Robus t a eucalypt us
3272 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3273 Ir onwood32 74 I ronwood32 75 Robus t a eucalypt us
3276 Robus t a euca lypt us
32 77 Robust a eucal ypt us
32 78 Robus t a eucalypt us
32 79 Robus t a euca lypt us
3280 B l ackbut t euca lypt us
3281 Paper-bark
3282 Brushbox
3283 Paper-bark
3284 B l ackbut t eucalypt us
328 5 B lackbut t eucalypt us
3286 Robus t a eucalypt us Pr iv at e
328 7 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us Pr iv at e
3288 Papera bark Pr iv at e
3289 Paper-bark Pr iv at e
3290 Ir onwood Pr iv at e
329 1 Ir onwood
329 2 Robus t a eucalypt us
329 3 Eucalypt us spp .
3294 S i l k-oak
329 5 Si lk-oak
329 6 Si lk-oak
3297 Lemon-gum. eucalypt us
3298 Lemon-gum eucalypt us
3299 Robust a eucalypt us
3300 Robus t a eucal ypt us
See f oot not es at end of Tabl e .
3 5
330 1
3302
3303
3 304
3305
3306
3307
3 308
3309
33 1 0
331 1
331 2
33 1 3
3314
33 1 5
33 1 6
331 7
33 1 8
331 9
3320
332 1
3322
332 3
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
Tab l e 1 1 , con t inue d
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robus t a
Sal igna
Robus t a
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
eucal ypt us
eucalypt us
eucal ypt us
eucalypt us
eucal ypt us
eucal ypt us
eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Robus t a eucalyptu s
Pape r-bark
Paper-bark
Mixed eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Robust a
B l ackbu t t eucalypt us
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robus t a
Robust a
eucalypt us
eucalypt us
eucal ypt us
eucalypt us
eucalypt us
euca lypt us
Mixe d eucalypt s
Robust a eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Molucca alb i z z i a
Turpent ine-t r e e
Robus t a euca lypt us
Paper-bark
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Paper-bark
Ir onwodd
See f oo t no t e s at end of Tabl e .
336 1
3362
3363
3 364
3365
3366
3 367
3368
3 369
3370
33 71
3 372
3373
3 374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
338 1
338 2
338 3
3384
338 5
338 6
3 38 7
3388
3389
3390
Tabl e 1 1,
cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Sal i gna euca l ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Ir onwood
Paper-bark
Mix ed eucal ypt us
Mixed har dwoodsNor f olk- Is l and -pinePaper
-bark
Mixed eucalypt s
Mixed euca lypt s
Paper-bark
Paper-bar k
Brushbox
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
B l ackbut t euca l ypt us
Paper-bark
B lackbut t eucal ypt us
B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Eucalypt us spp .
B l ackbu t t eucalypt us
Bl ackbut t eucal ypt us
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Sal igna eucalypt us
Sal i gna eucal ypt us
Se e f oot no t es at end of Tabl e .
38
339 1
3 39 2
339 3
3394
3395
339 6
339 7
3398
3399
3400
3401
340 2
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
34 1 0
34 1 1
341 2
341 3
34 14
341 5
34 1 6
341 7
341 8
341 9
3420
Tab l e 1 1,cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Ir onwoodIr onwoodNor f olk- I s l and -pinePaper
-bark
Nor f ol k- I s l and-pine
Ir onwoodI r onwoodI r onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us
Paper-bark
Paper~ bark
Pape r-bark
Nor f olk- Is l and-pineIr onwood
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus ta eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Paper-bark
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Mixed eucalypt s
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Paper-bark
Nor f olk- Is l and-pineNor f ol k- Is land -pineBrushbox
Robus t a eucalypt us
Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tab l e .
3 9
Thousandboar d f e e t
342 1
3422
342 3
3424
342 5
3426
342 7
3428
3429
3430
343 1
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
344 1
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Ir onwood
Ir onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us
Ironwood
Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a euca lypt us
Ir onwoodB 1uegum, euca1 ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Brushbox
Robus t a eucalypt us
Ir onwoodIr onwoodPape r
-bark
Mixed eucalypt s
Sa l i gna eucalypt us
Mixed eucalypt s
Mixed eucalypt s
Mix e d eucalypt s
Brushbox
Brushbox
Si l k-oak
Robus t a eucalypt us
Si l k-oak
Robus t a eucal ypt us
See f oo t no t es at end of Tab l e .
348 1
348 2
348 3
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
349 1
349 2
349 3
3494
3495
349 6
349 7
349 8
3499
3500
350 1
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3 508
3509
35 1 0
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Aus t r al i an kaur i
B l ackbu t t eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Molucca albi z z ia
Mo lucca alb i z z i a
Eucalypt us spp .
Eucal ypt us spp .
Mi xed eucalypt s
B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
Wes t Ind i e s mahogany
S i lk- oak
Ir onwoodSal igna eucalypt us
B l ackbu t t eucal ypt us
Ir onwood
Robus t a eucalypt us
Aus t r al i an t oon
Mixe d eucalypt s
Mixed eucalypt s
Lemon-gum eucalypt us
Gr ay i ronbark eucalypt us
Eucal ypt us spp .
Mixed eucalypt s
Ir onwoodIr onwood
Monkey-pod
Mi xe d eucalypt s
Ir onwood
Si lk-oak
Brushbox
Se e f oo t not es at end of Tabl e .
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Thousandboar d f e e t
351 1 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us
351 2 Gray i r onbark eucalypt us
35 1 3 Brushbox
35 14 Paper-bar k
351 5 Nor f olk- Isl and-pine
35 1 6 Lemon-gum eucalypt us
351 7 Turpent ine-t r ee
35 1 8 Turpent ine- t r e e
351 9 Brushbox
3520 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us
352 1 Brushbox
3522 Mixed eucalypt s
352 3 Nor f olk-Isl and-pine
3524 Paper-bark
3525 Paper-bark
3526 Robus t a eucal ypt us
352 7 J halua
3528 Robust a eucal ypt us
3529 Brushbox
3530 Bl ackbut t eucalypt us
35 31 Turpent ine-t r ee
3532 Brushbox
3533 Paper-bark
3534 Brushbox
3535 Ironwood
3536 Nor f olk- Isl and-pine
3537 Ir onwood
3538 Turpent ine- t r e e
3539 Ir onwood3540 Brush box
Se e f oo tnot e s at end of Tabl e .
43
Tab l e 1 1 ,cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Thousandboar d f e e t
354 1 Pape r-bark
3542 Mixed eucalypt s
3543 Brushbox
3544 Mixed eucal ypt s
3545 Mixed eucalypt s
3546 Mixed eucalypt s
354 7 Brushbox
3548 Brushbox
3549 Brushbox
3550 Brushbox
355 1 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us Pr iv at e
3552 S i lk-oak St at e
3553 Si lk-oak St a t e
3554 Si lk-oak St a t e
3555 Si lk- oak S t a t e
3556 S i lk-oak
3557 Mixed eucal ypt s
3558 Mixed eucalypt s
3559 Sal igna eucalypt us
3560 Tal l owwood eucal ypt us
3561 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us
3562 Gray i r onbark eucal ypt us
3563‘
Mixed eucalypt s
3564 Mixe d eucalypt s
35 65 Ir onwood
3566 Brushbox
3567 Robus t a eucal ypt us
3568 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us
3569 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us
3570 Ir onwood
Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tabl e .
3 60 1
3602
3603
3604
3 605
3606
3607
3608
3609
36 1 0
36 1 1
36 1 2
36 1 3
3614
361 5
36 1 6
361 7
36 1 8
36 1 9
3620
362 1
3622
362 3
3624
3625
3626
362 7
3628
3 629
3630
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Sal igna eucalypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Brushbox
'
Mixed eucalypt s
Mixed eucal ypt s
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Paper-bark
Bl ackbu t t eucal ypt us
Sal i gna eucalypt us
Turpent ine - t r eeSal i gna eucal ypt us
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
B lackbut t eucal ypt us
B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Brushbox
Eucalypt us spp.
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Ir onwoodNor f olk- I s l and -pineMixed eucal ypt s
Mixed eucal ypt s
Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tab l e .
Thousandboar d f e e t
3 63 1
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3 640
364 1
3642
364 3
3644
3665
3646
3647
3648
3 649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
T
ab l e 1 1,cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Eucalypt us spp .
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Pape r-bar k
Formosa koa
Ir onwood
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Turpent ine - t r e eBrushbox
Brushbox
Brushbox
Turpent ine - t r e e
Brushbox
Brushbox
Brushbox
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Ir onwoodFormosa koa
Brushbox
Brushbox
Eucalypt us spp.
Brushbox
Molucca a lb i z z i a
Eucal ypt us spp.
Ir onwoodMolucca al b i z z i a
Se e f oot not es at end of Tabl e .
47
Thousandboar d f e e t
Tabl e 1 1,
360 1
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
361 0
36 1 1
361 2
361 3
3614
361 5
361 6
361 7
36 1 8
361 9
3620
362 1
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
362 7
3628
3629
3630
cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Sal igna eucalypt us
Sal i gna euca lypt us
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Brushbox
Mix ed eucalypt s
Mixe d eucal ypt s
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Paper-bark
Bl ackbu t t eucal ypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
Turpent ine - t r eeSal igna eucalypt us
Sa l igna euca lypt us
B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
B lackbut t eucal ypt us
Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Brushbox
Eucal ypt us spp.
Robus t a eucalypt us
Ir onwoodNor f o l k- I s l and -pineMixed eucal ypt s
Mixed eucal ypt s
Se e f oot not e s a t end of Tab l e .
Tabl e 1 1,
3 60 1
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
361 0
36 1 1
36 1 2
36 1 3
3614
361 5
361 6
361 7
36 1 8
361 9
3620
362 1
3622
362 3
3624
3625
3626
362 7
3628
3629
3630
cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Sal igna eucalypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Brushbox
Mixed eucalypt s
Mixed eucalypt s
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Paper-bark
Bl ackbut t eucalypt us
Sal igna eucalypt us
Turpent ine - t r e eSal i gna eucal ypt us
Sa l igna euca lypt us
B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
B lackbut t eucal ypt us
I r onwoodIr onwood
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucal ypt us
Bru shbox
Eucalypt us spp.
Robus t a eucalypt us
Ir onwoodNor f olk- I s land -pineMixed eucal ypt s
Mixed eucal ypt s
Se e f oot not es a t end of Tab l e .
Thousand
board f e e t
3 63 1
363 2
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
364 1
3642
3643
3644
3665
3646
3647
3648
3 649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3 656
3657
3658
3659
3660
T
ab l e 1 1 , cont inue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
Paper-bark
Brushbox
Euca lypt us spp .
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Paper-bark
Formosa koa
Ir onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robu s t a eucal ypt us
Turpent ine - t r e eBrushbox
Brushbox
Brushbox
Turpent ine - t r e e
Brushbox
Brushbox
Brushbox
Paper-bark
Pape r-bark
Ir onwoodFormosa koa
Brushbox
Brushbox
Eucal ypt us spp.
Brushbox
Molucca alb i z z ia
Eucal ypt us spp.
Ir onwoodMolucca alb i z z i a
Se e f oot not es at end of Tabl e .
47
Thousandboar d f e e t
Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
3 66 1 J halna
3662 Molucca al b i z z i a
3663 Ir onwood3664 Paper
-bark
3665 Paper-bark
3671 Formosa koa
3672 Brushbox
3 673 Eucal ypt us spp .
3674 Brushbox
3 675 Brushbox
3676 B l ackbut t eucal ypt us
3677 Turpent ine -t r e e3678 Brushbox
3679 Eucalypt us spp .
3680 Eucal ypt us spp .
3 68 1 Paper-bark
3682 Molucca alb i z z i a
3683 Molucca alb i z z i a
3684 Nor f ol k- I sl and -pine3685 Eucal ypt us spp.
3686 Molucca alb i z z i a
3687 Robus t a eucalypt us
3688 Robus t a eucalypt us
3689 Robus t a eucalypt us
3690 Robus t a eucalypt us
Se e f oo t not e s a t end of Tabl e .
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inued
AREAS REFORESTED 1 9 50 -66
Kawa i l oa ar e a:
Eucal ypt us spp .
Robus t a eucal ypt us6/
Mixed pine s
Mixed har dwoods
To t al Kawa i l oa
Moku l e i a ar e a°
Sa l igna eucal ypt us
Nor f o l k- I s l and-pine
Tr opi cal ash
Brushbox
Mixed h ar dwoods
To t a l Moku l e i a
Hono lu lu ar e a
Mixed har dwoods St a t e
Wa i anae —Kai ar ea:
Sal igna eucal ypt us S t a t e
Kuaoka l a ar ea'
Sa l igna eucal ypt us St a t e
To t al
To t al f or es t pl ant a t ions
S t and numbe r s 300 1 , 3 1 3 2 , and 3 1 72 no t used .
Noncomme r c i a l pl an t at i on t ype .
Pol e t imb e r or se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands
In t h i s t ab l e,
r e f e r s t o mi l i t ary or count y and mun i c ipa l l ands .
No s t and numbe r s ass igned .
Na t ur al r egener at i on .
Tabl e 1 2,
cont inued
4 1 3444 -46; 351 0-1 2 56 3320-24 ,26 -29 , 3 1 -37 ,
42 3450 -54 ; 3626 4 1 -46 , 66-67; 3509 ,
43 3455-61 ; 3627 23 -27; 3685
44 3463-65 , 67-68 57 3688
45 3479 - 82 ; 3628 -32 58 3534; 3686-87
59 3689 -9 1
46 3484-85 , 8 7 60 351 3-2 1
47 3330 ; 3490 -9 2 , 95-99 ,
3500 -8 61 3542-46 , 49 -50 ; 3694
48 3347; 3466 ; 352 2 ; 3633-42 62 369 5-99 ; 3 700
49 3563 -66 , 75- 78 ; 3673 -75 63 369 2-9 3
50 3529 -30 ; 3643 -72 64 354 7-48 , 51 , 68 -79
65 370 1 -5
51 3355 -58 ; 3676-78
52 3359 -60 ; 3679-8 1
53 3535 -4 1
54 3528 , 3 1 -33 , 3682 -8 3
55 3348 -51 ; 3684
l / Unnumbe r ed s t ands on t he map ar e i dent i f i ed by symbol s as
f ol lows
KRP- J Kuaokal a r ef or es t a t i on pl ant ing , 1 950-66; includes seedl ing ,
sapl ing , and pol e t imbe r .
HRP -Honolulu r e f or es t at i on pl ant ing , 1 950 -66 ; includes seedl ing ,
sapl ing , and pol e t imber .
MRP -Mokul e i a r e f or e s t at i on plant ing , 1 950 -66 ; include s seedl ing ,
sapl ing , and pol e t imber .
WRP -Wai anae -Ka i r e f or est at ion plant ing ,1950 -66 ; includes
se edl ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r .
ORP -Opaeu1 a r e f or es t at ion pl ant ing ,1950 -66 ; includes seedl ing ,
sapl ing , and pol e t imber .
GPO 9 1 6-7
Foreword
Th i s r epor t i s t h e las t of a ser i es about plant ed f or es t s on
maj or i s lands in t h e St at e of Hawai i . Report s hav e be en pub l i shedf or t h e i s lands of Hawai i Kaua i Lanai
Mo lokai and Oahu Summar i z ed h er e ar e t h e r e su l t s
of a surv ey of t imber in pl ant ed f or es t s on t h e Is land of Maui
Th i s inv ent ory suppl ement s t h e ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e
compl e t ed in 1 9 63 . That surv ey ind i cat ed t he impor t ance of plant
ed f or es t s as a t imber r esour ce , but pr ov i d ed no de t ai l s . Th i sbu l l e t in r epor t s : (a ) locat i on and acr eage of each pl ant ed s t and ,
(b ) Speci es compos i t i on and age of s t and , (c) t imber volume and
qual i t y ,and ( d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imber
The s t udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t h e Div i s i on of
For es t ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces , and of
t h e Paci f i c Sout hwes t For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , For es t
Serv i ce , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cu l t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert h e d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,
Di r ect or ,Inst i t ut e of Paci f i c
Is lands For es t ry , Paci f i c Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper imentSt a t i on . Nobuo Honda
,For es t er ,
Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry ,
h e lped dev e lop plans f or t h e plant at i on inv ent ory
In 1 96 6 , r espons ib i l i t y f or superv i s i on of t h e For es t Surv ey
in t h e Paci f i c Coas t St at e s and Hawai i was ass i gned t o t h e Paci f i c
Nor t hwes t For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , but f i e ld wor k in
Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o be a j oint e f f or t of t h e Hawai i St at e
Div i s i on of For es t ry and t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest For e st and Range
Exper iment St at i on
Many ind iv i dual s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he surv ey . Speci a l
acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e ld cr ew : For es t er Wes l ey Wong and
cr ew member s Ka zuo Tamur a and J acob Mau , J r .— a l l of t h e Hawai i
Div i s i on of For es t ry
E . M. Hornibr ook , f ormer ly in char ge of t h e For e s t Surv ey ,
Paci f i c Sout hwes t St at i on ,and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,
f ormer For
es t Eco logi st , Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,ai d ed in d ev e loping
plans f or t h e st udyRober t M. Mi l l er
, Sys t ems Analys t ,Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on ,
d ev e loped Speci f i cat i ons f or aut omat i c dat a pr ocess ing . The com
put ing cent er a t t h e Univ er s i t y of Hawai i pr ocessed t h e dat a .
Kar l H . Kor t e,Di s t r i ct For es t er ,
Maui,and Tom K . Tagawa ,
St at e For es t er, pr ov i ded gener ous coopera t i on in t h e conduct of
t h e surv ey
U. S . For est Serv i ce r esear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper a
t i on wi t h t h e Div i s i on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and
Na t ur a l Resour ces
Contents
Int r oduct ion
Pl ant at i on T imber Resour ce .
Ar ea
Volume
Owner sh ip
Age of St ands
St and Yi e lds
T imber Qua l i t y
Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r i a l Dev e lopment .
Mu l t ipl e Va lues of
Append ix
De f ini t i ons
Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e
Tab l es 1 1 2
The Aut hor s
WESLEY H. C. WONG , J r .,a nat ive of Wai luku , Maui , r ece ived h i s bache lor '
s
degr ee in f or est ry f romOr egon St at e Univer si t y in 1 964 . As t imber surveyf orest er for t he Hawai i Div is ion of For est ry , he has been assigned pr imar i lyt o t he for est invent ory of t he St at e . HERBERT L. WICK i s working on mensurat ion problems and for est surv ey t echniques . A nat ive of Seat t le , Wash ingt on ,
he earned a bache lor 's and mast er '
s degr ee in for est ry at t he Univer si t y of
Washingt on . He worked 3 year s in t he Paci f i c Nor t hwest wi t h t he For est Serv
ice befor e j oining t he s t af f of t he Inst i t ut e of Paci f ic Is lands Forest ry in
1 967 . ROBERT E. NELSON di r ect s t he Paci f ic Sout hwest St at ion 's Inst i t ut e of
Paci f ic Islands Forest ry , headquar t er ed in Hono lulu . He j oined t he For est
Serv ice in 1 94 1 , af t er earning a f or est ry degr ee at t he Universi t y of Ca l i for
nia . He became f i e ld superv isor of t he Cal i fornia St at e Cooperat iv e Soi l -Veget at ion Survey in 1949 . Since 19 57 , he has been in charge of t he St at ion '
s
Hawai i of f ice .
Thousand Acres nannon board feet
Commercial forest land
Noncommercuol forest land Other Planted
Nonforest lond
Fi gu r e 1 .-Fo r e s t and non fo r e s t land ac r e Fi gu r e 2 .
-Saw t imbe r vo lume s on th e I s l anage s on th e I s l and o f Mau i ,
1 96 1 . o f Mau i . ( Plan t ed f i gu r e i s cu r r en t vo lumeo th e r s a r e 1 96 1 da t a . )
Mos t of t h e commer ci a l f or es t land has a cover of nat iv e or
nat ur a l i z ed t ypes , but t h ey ho ld l i t t l e v olume of sawt imber . Only
about acr es of oh i a (Me t r os ider os co l lina ) , koa (Acaciakoa ) ,
3or nat ur a l i z ed t ypes wer e cons i d er ed commer ci a l t ypes in
t h e ini t i a l For es t Surv ey .
”Sawt imber s t ocking av er ages abou t 6 70
boar d f e e t per acr e f or a t ot a l of only 14 mi l l i on boar d f e e t
Noncommer ci a l f or e s t or brush t ypes occupy near ly acr es of
t h e commer ci a l f or es t l andFor es t pl ant ings wer e s t ar t ed on Maui by r anch er s and sugar
compani es in t he lat e 1 8 00 's f or t h e pr oduct i on of fue lwood
,
f encepos t s ,and t imb er ; f or er os i on cont r o l , she l t erbe l t s ,
and
shade ; and f or es t h e t i c purpose s . Th e Ter r i t or i a l Div i s ion of
For e s t ry , ass i s t ed by t he Civ i l i an Cons ervat i on Corps , gr eat ly
expanded r e f or es t at i on e f f or t s in t h e 1 9 30 's . Th ey concent r at ed
on pr ov i d ing a v ege t at iv e cov er t o pr ot ect wat er sh eds . Since
1 960 , t he Div i s i on of For es t ry has acce l er at ed i t s r e f or es t a
t i on pr ogr am.
Al t hough t he acr eage of plant ed f or e st s on Mau i i s sma l l ,
t h ey ho l d s ix t ime s mor e v o lume of sawt imber t han nat iv e f or es t s .
And t imber yi e ld and qua l i t y ar e hi gh er . Th e t ot a l v o lume of
pl ant at i on t imber i s 9 4 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Mos t i s r e ad i lyaccess ib l e and has a good pot ent i a l f or indus t r i a l use
In 1 9 6 7 , we s t ar t ed a s t and -by- s t and inv ent ory t o obt ain de
t ai l ed inf ormat i on on plant at i on acr eage , t imber v o lume and
qua l i t y ,and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat a compi l ed
f or each plant at i on s t and
3A sma l l acr eage of plant ed koa f or est i s included in t he over -al l acr eage of t he na
t iv e f or est t ype because of t he di f f icul t y of di f f er ent iat ion . In general , t he plant
ed koa f or est has not deve loped int o good t imber st ands .
l’Ne lson and Whee ler . 0p . ci t .
Plantation Timbe r Resource
Area”For est plant at i ons on Maui t ot al mor e t han acr es . Thi s
includes commer ci a l f or est t ypes ,
5such as r obus t a euca lypt us ,
and noncommer ci al t ypes , such as paper—bar k . Most f or es t plant a
t i ons ar e concent r at ed in two gener a l ar eas on t h e wes t and
nor t hwest er ly s lopes of Ha l eakal a (se e map and t ab l es 1 - 4 , 1 1,
and Sma l l pl ant ings l i e next t o cu l t ivat ed and past ur e
ar eas , in gu l l i es ,and on st e ep l pes on near ly a l l par t s of
of t he is l and . These scat t er ed plant ings make up a s igni f i cant
por t i on of t h e f or es t plant at i on r esour ce
We inv ent or i ed acr es of commer ci a l f or est plant at i onson t he Is land of Maui , in s t ands f r om 2 acr es t o 1 20 acr es in
S i z e ( t ab l es 1 - 4; f i g . Mos t of t he ind iv i dua l s t ands t al l i edar e smal l . Only 20 wer e 50 acr es or larger f or a t ot a l of
acr es; st ands 5 t o 49 acr es in s i z e aggr egat ed acr es; and
75 st ands f r om 2 t o 4 acr es in s i z e t ot a l ed 23 6 acr es
5See def ini t ions of t erms in appendix .
Sawt imber stands
Seed lings, saplings and
poletimber stands
Noncomme rcia l stands
Acres 0
D Commercial e ucalyptus _Comme rcial conifers
N Other commercial hardwoodsM Noncommercial types
Fi gu r e 3 .-Ac r e age o f comme r c i a l and noncomme rc i a l p lan
t a t ion s t ands by s t and - s i z e c la ss and fo r e s t type , Is lando f Mau i , 19 67
About acr e s of t he commer ci al f or e s t plant at ions ar e
sawt imber s t ands . Ano t h er acr es ar e r ecent ly plant edse ed l i ng , sapl ing ,
and po l e t imber s t ands of commer ci a l speci e s .
Of t h i s acr eage ,acr e s ar e coni f er s and acr es ar e
har dwoodsEuca lypt s , mainly Euca lypt us r obus t a ,
make up 77 per cent , or
near ly acr e s of t h e sawt imber s t ands . Har dwood sawt imbers t ands ot h er t han euca lypt s t ot a l 1 70 acr es ; and t h er e ar e ov er
600 acr es of commer ci a l coni f er sawt imber s t and sIn add i t i on t o t h e commer ci a l f or es t plant at i ons , t h er e ar e
abou t acr es of noncommer ci a l t ypes ,mos t ly paper
-bark ,
b luegum euca lypt us ,and i r onwood
VMume
For es t pl ant at i ons on Maui cont ai n about 94 mi l l i on boar df e e t of sawt imber ( t ab l e s 5 Of t h i s vo lume abou t 9 2 mi l l ionboar d f e e t ar e in s t ands 5 acr e s and l arger ; 2 mi l l i on boar df e e t ar e in s t ands 2 t o 4 acr es in s i z e
Sawt imber inc ludes 8 2 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of euca lyptus of
wh i ch r obus t a eucalypt us a l one account s f or mi l l i on boar df e e t ( f i g . Ot h er v o lume in har dwoods t ot a l s only mi ll i on boar d f e e t . Commer cia l coni f er sawt imber t ot al s mi ll i on boar d f e e t ,
mos t ly r edwood and Nor f o lk — Is land -
pine .
In t h e s t ands 5 acr e s and lar ger , abou t 5 4 per cent of t h e
sawt imber v o lume i s in t r e es 1 9 t o 29 inch es d . b . h . ( t ab l e
27 percent in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9 inch es and 1 9
per cent in t r e es 29 inch es d . b . h . and lar ger .
Gr owing s t ock v o lume in pl ant ed sawt imber s t ands amount s t o
abou t 1 8 mi l l i on cub i c f ee t ( t ab l es 5 Abou t 8 5 per cent or
mi l l i on cubi c f e e t i s in euca lypt s— r obus t a euca lypt us
a lone t ot a l ing some mi l l i on cub i c f e e t . Ot h er har dwoodsaccount f or on ly mi l l i on cubi c f ee t . In coni f er s ,
mos t lyr edwood , t h e r e ar e mi l l i on cub i c f e e t
An add i t i ona l v o lume of gr owing s t ock i s in t h e pol e t imber ,
sapl ing , and se ed l ing st and s , but t h ey we r e not measur edWood in cu l l t r e e s in plant ed sawt imber s t ands 5 acr es and
l arger t o t a l s about cubi c f e e t ( t ab l e Sawt imber
st ands of 2 t o 4 acr es in s iz e and t h e acr es of noncommer
_ 4
v o lume of sawt imber in t h e plant ed sawt imber s t and s on Mau i i s
boar d f e e t per acr e . Th e h ighes t av er age ne t vo lume measur ed was boar d f ee t per acr e in a r obust a euca lypt us st andabout 6 0 year s o ld ( s t and No . 6 1 46 ; se e t ab l e Th e next h igh
es t was i h a s t and of r obust a euca lypt us yi e ld ing about
boar d f e e t per acr e ( s t and No . 6 1 1 8; s ee t ab l e 1 1 )
Timber Qual ity
Banga lay euca lypt us sawt imber exce l s ot h er speci e s in qua l i t y ,
bas ed on i t s pr opor t i on of vo lume in gr ades 1 and 2 f act ory lumber logs . Twent y- sev en per cent of t h e Banga lay euca lyptus sawt im
ber i s in gr ade 1 , and 1 7 per cent in gr ade 2 logs ( t ab l eRobus t a euca lypt us , t h e har dwood speci es in gr eat est vo lume , has
2 5 per cent of i t s vo lume in gr ad e 1 and 1 2 per cent in gr ad e 2
l ogs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log-
gr aded .
Opportunity for Indust ria| Development
Mos t of Maui 's nat iv e or nat ur al i z ed f or es t s ar e not mer chant
ab l e t imber t ypes and ar e of t en j us t brush . These poor ly st ockedor nonst ocked commer ci a l f or es t lands cont ain only sma l l amount sof mer chant ab l e t imber . Only of t h e acr es of
nat iv e or nat ur a l i z ed f or e s t t ypes ar e cons i der ed mer chant ab l et imber t ypes , and t h ese f or es t s ho l d only abou t 1 4 mi l l i on boar df e e t of sawt imb er
Al t hough cont inued har v e s t ing of sma l l amount s of f ence pos t s ,
fue lwood , and mi sce l laneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or est s i s l ike
ly , pr act i ca l ly none of t he nat iv e s t ands of f er s pr ospect s f or
sawt imber harv es t
Pl ant ed f or e s t s , in cont r as t t o t he nat iv e f or e s t s , hav e gr own
r api d ly and now yi e ld h igh v o lume s of t imbe r . Mos t of t h e t r ee
plant ing t hat pr oduced t h i s t imber r e sour ce was no t done pr imar ily t o gr ow sawt imber . Ins t ead ,
t r e es we r e pl ant ed t o cont r ol er o
s i on ,impr ov e wat er sh ed cov er , and pr ov i d e fue lwood . Th er e f or e ,
Speci es plant ed wer e not necessar i ly se l ect e d on t h e bas i s of
wood qua l i t y , bu t on t h e bas i s of adapt abi l i t y and r api d gr owt h .
Eucalypt us r obus ta was h i gh ly f avor ed; so wer e sev er a l speci es
t hat now of f er l i t t l e or no pot ent i a l f or sawt imber , such as
i r onwoods (Casuar ina spp . ) and paper-bar k (Me la leuca leucadendr on)
Some of t h es e ear ly pl ant ings demonst r at e t hat t imber pr oduct i on pot ent i a l s ar e f ar gr eat er t han migh t be inf er r ed f r om t h e
dat a on pr e sent t ot a l sawt imber v o lumes . We know t hat many va lu
ab l e int r oduced t imber speci e s ar e adapt ed t o t h e d i f f er ent f or est
si t es . T imber yi e ldr can be pr od igi ous . Und er management , an av er
age annua l sawt imber gr owt h r at e of boar d f e e t per acr e can
be expect ed f r om we l l - s t ocked f or es t s on good s i t es . And st andscan b e har v est e d wi t h in 30 t o 50 year s af t er es t ab l i shment
The pr es ent t imber r e sour ce i s lar ge enough t o suppor t a smal l
sawmi l l ing indust ry . And i t has t he pot ent i a l t o d ev e lop int o a
much larger t imber r esour ce as a base f or a s igni f i cant loca l
indust ry . Such an indus t ry wi l l d epend upon t h e expans i on of
local mar ke t s and per haps expor t mar ke t s f or t h e speci a l i z edpr oduct s f or wh i ch t he t imber i s use fu l
If only 20 per cent of t h e acr e s of pr esent ly l i t t l e
used and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e st land we r e pl ant ed t o int r o
duced Speci es and managed , t imber pr oduct i on cou ld amount t o
about 24 mi l l i on boar d f e e t annua l ly in 3 0 year s . Th i s pot ent i a l
i s S i gni f i cant cons id er ing t hat Hawai i now impor t s each year
some 1 00 mi l l i on f e e t of woodRecent f or e st at i on e f f or t s by t h e St at e ar e in par t an at t empt
t o capi t a l i z e on t h i s pot ent i a l . Spec i e s ar e be ing se l ect ed wi t h
cons id er a t i on f or wood qua l i t i e s and adapt ab i l i t y t o Speci f i c
s i t es . Pl ant ings ar e mad e in lar ge b locks on nons t ocked land s or
lands wh er e t h e pr es ent f or es t s ar e of par t i cu l ar ly poor qua l i t y .
Since 1 9 56 ,about acr es of l and on Maui hav e be en f or
es t ed by t h e St at e Div i s i on of For e st ry . For est at ion ef f or t s
shou ld be expand ed . Th e amount of f or es t at i on accompl i sh ed dur ingt he next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t ermine in l ar ge par t t he amount of
harv es t ab l e t imber t hat mi gh t be avai lab l e 3 0 t o 40 year s f r om
now as a bas e f or an expand ed indus t ry
Multiple Values of Forests
For es t s pr ov i d e many v ahms be s i d es t imb er . On Mau i ,t he i r
va lue f or wat er sh ed pr ot ect ion and f or r ecr eat ion use exce edst h e i r value f or t imber . Pl ant at i ons est ab l i sh ed pr imar i ly f or
wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er os i on cont r o l hav e gr e at ly impr ov edt h e l andscape and incr eased f or es t r ecr eat i on oppor t uni t i es
Plant ed f or e s t s of int r oduced t r e e s now pr ov i de t h e most at t r ac
t iv e and h eav i ly used f or es t r ecr eat i on S i t e s on t h e i s l andThey a l so can pr ov i de impr ov ed wi ld l i f e habi t at ; Th e se mu l t ipl ebene f i t s of plant ed f or es t s accrue cont inuous ly year af t er year .
In add i t i on , t imber can b e harv e s t ed per i od i ca l ly wi t hou t d e t r acting f r om, and of t en enhancing ,
t h e r ecr eat i on and wat er sh ed v a lues .
Because vas t acr eages of mount ain lands on Maui must b e maint ained in f or es t cov er , pub l i c land manager s and pr ivat e owner s ,
t oo , shou ld dev e lop al l t h e pot ent i a l bene f i t s lat ent in t h ese
lands . For i t has been d emonst r a t ed in t h e exi s t ing plant at i ons
t hat f or es t at i on can enhance r ecr eat i on use ,wat er shed value ,
t imber pr oduct ion , and wi ld l i f e habi t at
Commercial and Noncommercial
For es t land : Land at l e as t 10 per cent st ocked by f or est t r ees
of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not cur r ent lydev e loped f or ot h er use ; and land suppor t ing shrubs , t he cr owns
cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t h e gr ound
Commer cia l for es t land : For est land t hat i s pr oducing or
can pr oduce cr ops of indus t r ia l wood (usual ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .
Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive - r e served f or est
l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough s t at ut e or admini st r at iv e r egu lat i on ,
and (b ) unproduct ive f or e st land inca
pab l e of yi e ld ing cr ops of indust r ia l wood because of
adv er se S i t e cond i t i ons
For e st planta t ion : Pl ant ed f or es t s in whi ch at l eas t 1 0 per
cent of t he gr owing space i s occupi ed by pl ant ed t r e es ( int r oduced speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,
r egar d l e ss of nat iv e speci es
pr edominance
commer cia l for e s t planta t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci es on commer ci a l f or e s t land
Noncommer cia l for es t plant a t i on : A plant at i on of noncommerci a l t r e e speci es or of commer ci al t r ee speci e s plant ed on
noncomme r ci a l f or es t land
Cbmmer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r i a lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue lwood or f ence post s
ar e excluded . Th e f o l lowing commer ci a l t r e e speci es wer e t al l i edon pl ot s
Sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Acacia koa
Albi z ia fa lca ta (A. moluccana )Ar aucar ia cunninghami iAraucar ia exce lsa
Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana
Cinnamomum camphoraCrypt omer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus bot ryoides
Euca lyptus ci t r iodora
Euca lyptus panicula ta
Euca lypt us pi lular i s
Euca lyptus r es inifera
_ 1 0 _
koa
Molucca a lbi z z ia
hoop-
pine
Nor f o lk— Is land -
pine
Por t —Or f or d - cedarcamphor - t r ee
sugi
banga lay eucalyptus
l emon -
gum euca lyptus
gr ay i r onbark euca lypt us
b lackbut t euca lypt us
kinogum euca lypt us
Euca lyptus r obus ta
Euca lyptus sa ligna
Euca lyptus sideroxylon
Euca lyptus spp .
Fraxinus uhde i
Gr evi l lea r obus t a
Pinus pa tu la
Pinus pinas t er
Pinus radia ta
Sequoia semper vi r ensThuj a plicat a
Toona ci liata v ar . aus t r a li s
Tr i s tania confer t a
Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer cial Speci es not t al l i ed in
plot s
Sci ent if ic Name Common Name
Acacia me lanoxylon b lackwood acaci a
Cedr e la odor a t a Spani sh- cedar
Euca lyptus deglupt a bagr as eucalypt us
Euca lyptus spp uni d ent i f i ed eucalypt us
Pinus e l liot t i i s l ash pine
Swie t enia macr ophyl la Hondur as mahoganysyncarpia g lomulif era t urpent ine
- t r e e
Noncommer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es not now cons i der edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s Th e f o l l owing wer e t a l l i ed on
plot s
Sci ent if ic Name Gammon Name
Acacia confusaAcacia decur r ens
Aleur i t es mo luccanaCasuar ina spp .
Che ir odendr on spp .
Cupr essus macr ocarpaCupr essus Spp .
Euca lypt us g lobulus
Euca lypt us spp .
Ficus spp .
Me la leuca leucadendr on
Me lia az edarach
Sophora chrysophyl la
Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed noncommer ci a l t r ee speci es not t a l
l i ed on plot s
sci ent ific Name Common Name
Eugenia cumini J ava —
plum
r obust a euca lypt us
sa l i gna euca lypt us
r ed - i r onbar k eucalypt us
uni d ent i f i ed euca lypt us
t r opi ca l ash
si lk — oak
j e l ecot e pine
clust er pine
Mont er ey pine
r edwoodwes t ern r edcedarAus t r a l i an t oon
brushbox
“
Formosa koa
b lack-wat t l e acaci a
kukui
i r onwoodo l apa
Mont er ey cypr ess
cypr ess
b luegum eucalypt us
uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us
f ig
paper— bar k
pr i de - of - Ind i amamani
Euca lyptus spp . uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us
J uniperus spp . j uniperSpat hodea campanulat a Af r i can tu l ipt r ee
Hardwoods : Di cot yl edonous t r e es ; usua l ly br oad l eav ed .
Conifer s : Coni f er ous t r e e s; usua l ly ev er gr een , hav ing need l eor scal e - l ike l eav es . Al so gener al ly known as sof twoods
For es t types : For es t s wh i ch ar e pr edominant ly of a s ing l e
speci es and in wh i ch no ot her speci es makes up 25 per cent or mor e
of t he st and ,ar e des ignat ed by t he s ing l e speci es such as
r obust a eucalypt us t ype , oh ia t ype ,or t r opi ca l ash type . Ot h er
wi se , or f or gr ouping of ar ea s t at i s t i cs , t h ey ar e des i gnat ed
Euca lyptus : Plant ed s t and s pr edominant ly of eucalypt us
speci es .
Har dwood : Plant ed st ands pr edominant ly of har dwoodsot her t han t he eucalypt s
Conif er : Plant ed f or est s pr edominant ly of coni f er s .
C lass of Timber
Growing s t ock : Liv e t r ee s of good form and v igor and of spe
ci es sui t ed f or indus t r i a l wood (commer ci al speci es )
Sawt imber t r e es : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l speci es of at
l eas t 1 1 inches d i ame t er br east h e ight wh ich cont ain a but t
ha l f - log or a log wh i ch mee t s t h e Speci f i cat i ons of st andard lumber , or t i e and t imber l og gr ades .
Po le t imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commer ci a l speci es between
5 and inch es d .b . h hav ing soundness and f ormneces
sary t o dev e lop int o sawt imber t r ees
Saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r ees of commer ci al Speci es
be t we en 1 and inch es d . b . h . and l ess t han 1 inch ,
r espect iv e ly , wh i ch Show pr omi se of becoming sawt imbert r e es
Sound cul l t r e es : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch
do not qua l i f y as gr owing st ock because of speci es (noncommer
ci a l speci es ) , poor f orm, or excess i v e l imbs
Rot t en cul l t r ees : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d .b . b . or lar ger wh i ch
ar e not gr owing st ock or sound cu l l because of excessiv e r ot
_ 1 2 _
Indust r ia l wood : Commer ci a l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw
logs ,v ene er logs ,
and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence pos t s ar e
excluded
Log grades : A classi f i cat i on of logs based on ext ernal char
act er i s t i cs as ind i cat or s of qua l i t y or v alue of lumber t h e logs
wi l l yi e l d . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h i gh es t qua l i t y , gr ad e 2 int ermed i at e,and gr ad e 3 t h e lowes t qual i t y of s t andar d har dwood f act ory lumber l ogs .
6 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and t imber s
Timber qua li ty : Bas ed on log gr ade s unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .
Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as d ensi t y , st r engt h ,co lor ,
and
shr inkage , ar e al so measur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er , t h ey ar e usua l ly
inh e r ent in a speci es .
Inventory P rocedure
Ar ea and vo lume st at i s t i cs pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e
d ev e loped plant at i on s t and by plant a t i on s t and . Fi r s t ,ind iv i d
ua l f or es t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e i d ent i f i ed and
d e l ineat ed on aer i a l phot ogr aph s t hr ough s t er eoscopi c s tudyEach plant at i on was giv en a s t and number and c lass i f i ed as t o
t ype and s t and - s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each plant at i on was measur ed f r om t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e det ermined f r ommaps and ot h er r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat i on of each
plant at i on a l l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat i ons ,class i f i cat i ons ,
and acr eages .
Next , t imber - vo lume pl ot s wer e l ocat ed on t h e gr ound in each
commer ci a l f or est pl ant at i on of 5 acr e s and l ar ger hav ing saw
t imber t r e e s . Th e sampl e plot l ocat ions wer e se l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er l ai d on t h e aer i a l phot ograph . Two or
mor e sampl e l ocat i ons,depend ing on s t and acr eage and v ar i abi l i
t y , wer e s e l ect ed in each s t and . At each locat i on , t r e e measur e
ment s wer e mad e f r om wh i ch t imber vo lume and qual i tx_cou 1d be
comput ed and expanded . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad e on a”main”plot at each locat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t i onal butl ess de t ai l ed da t a on two
”sa t e l l i t e”plot s . Al l plot s wer e
v ar i ab l e pl ot s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20
Fi na l ly ,t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a Speci a l ly pr epar ed
compu t er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s we r e conv er t ed t o v olume
uni t s on a per— acr e bas i s , av er age d f or t h e plot s in a s t and , and
expand ed f or t he acr eage of t h e s t and . Th e comput er output con
s i st ed of t abu lar dat a f or each s t and and summar i es of s t and dat aby f or e s t r ese rv es
Vo lume t r i c dat a f or s t and s 2 t o 4 acr e s in S i z e wer e ext r apo lat ed f r om cl os e ly S imi l ar measur e d s t and s and add ed t o t he com
put er pr ocessed dat a
6U. S . For est Product s Labora t ory . Hardwood log grades for s tandard lumber -proposa ls
and r esult s . U. S . For est Serv . For est Pr od . Lab . Rpt . 1 737 , 1 5 p . , i l lus . 1953
_ 1 4 _
. 0 4 .0 6 .0 8 .IO . 2 0 4 0 . 6 0 .8 0 LC
Proportion of volume in breakdown
Fi gu r e 5 .-Ad j u s tmen t o f samp l in g e r ro r fo r vo lume b r e akdown .
The accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 20 per cent per 5
mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a s t and ,at t h e l ev e l of
one st andar d er r or . Th e r e l i ab i l i t y of es t imat es f or each f or es t
r eserv e , bas ed on measur e d s t ands only , ar e Shown be l ow . Two
chances out of t hr e e t he es t imat ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t h e
act ua l by gr eat er t han t he sampl ing er r or ind i cat e d ( f ig .
Fer e s t Reser ve Tota l vo lume Sampling er r or
(MBF) (per cent )
Koo l auKu laWes t Maui 53 7
Out s ide For es t Res er v e
_ 1 5 _
Tab le 5 .—V0 lume of
'
growing s t ock and sawt imber in plant edsawt imber s t ands by speci es and s tand acreage ,
I s land of'
Maui , 1 967
( i n t hou sand s o f f e e t )
Spe ci e s
Bd . f t . Cu . f i .
Robu s t a euca lypt us 72 , 73C
Banga l ay euca lypt us
B l ackbu t t euca lypt u s
Gr ay i r onbark
euca lypt us
Kinogum euca lypt u s
Red - i r onbark
e uca lypt u s
Ot h e r euca lypt sg/
Har dwoodsg/
Re dwood
Nor fo lk- I s l and- pinefi/
Ot he r con i f e r sé /
To t a l
1 / In t e rna t i ona l l /4- inch ru l e .
2 / Inc lude s t urpe n t ine— t r e e and bru shbox .
3 / Aus t r a l i an t oon , camphor - t r e e ,koa
,mah ogany ,
Mo lucca a lb i z z i a ,
Si lk- oak , t e ak , and t r opi ca l ash
4 / Inc lude s h oop-pine
5 / Clu s t e r pine , j e l e co t e pine ,Mon t e r ey pine , . Por t -Or for d- cedar ,
and
we s t e r n r e dcedar
_ 20 _
Tab l e 7 .— Vb lume of
‘
growing stock and sawt imber in plant ed
sawt imber s tands 2 to 4 acr es in si z e , by owner
ship class and speci es, I s land of’
Maui , 1 9 67
( in t housands of f ee t )
Spe c i e s
Robus t a euca lypt us
Gr ay i r onbark
e uca lypt us
Kinogum euca lypt us
Ot he r euca lypt usz /
Ot he r har dwoodsé/
Re dwood
Nor fo l k- I s l and- pine
Ot h e r con i f e r sé /
To t a l 209
1 / Int e rna t i ona l - inch ru l e .
2 / Include s t ur pent ine- t r e e and brushbox .
3 / Mahogany , s i lk- oak , t e ak , and t r opi ca l ash .
4 / Clu s t e r pine and Por t -Or f ord- cedar .
_ 22
Tab l e 9 .- Vo lume of
'
cul l t r ees in plant ed sawt imber s tands
5 acr es and larger by speci es and for es t r eserve ,
I s land of'
Maui , 1 9 67
Spe c i e s
Thousand cubic fee t
Robu s t a euca lypt u s 2
Ot h e r euca lypt s
Ot h e r h ar dwood sl /
Con i f e r sg/
To t a l
1 / Aus t r a l i an t oon ,b l ack-wa t t le acac i a , f i g ,
Formo sa koa ,
koa , kuku i , maman i ,Mo lucca a l b i z z i a
,o l apa , pape r
- bark, pr i de
- o f
Ind i a,
and t r opi ca l ash
2 / Inc lude s cypr e s s , i r onwood , j e l e co t e pine , we s t e rn r ed
ce da r,
r edwood ,and sug i .
_ 24
Tab l e 1 1 .— List ing of individual stands and plant ings wi t h
for est type , owner ship, ar ea, and volumeI s land of
'
Maui , 1 9 67
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
vo lume
Euca lypt us
Eucalypt us
I r onwoodHondur as mahoganyNor fo lk- I s l and -
pi ne
J unipe r
Nor f o lk- I s l and-pineSugi
Nor fo lk- I s land-pine
Sugi
I r onwood
I r onwood
Robus t a eucalypt us
I r onwood
I r onwood
Eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Eucalypt us
Euca lypt us
Se e f oo t no t e s a t end o f Tab l e .
- 26
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Robus t a eucalypt us
I r onwoodRobus t a eucalypt us
Eucalypt us
Euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Eucalyp t us
B luegum euca lypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
B lue gum euca lypt us
S i lk-oak
Eucalypt us
Eucalypt us
Bangalay eucalypt us
Eucalypt us
B lue gum eucalypt us
B luegum e ucalypt us
B 1uegum. euca1ypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
B 1uegum. euca 1ypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
Pines
Clus t e r pine
B luegum eucalypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
Eucalypt us
Pine s
Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tabl e .
. 27 _
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inue d
B l ue gumB lue gumB luegumB lue gumB lue gum
B l ue gumB lue gumB lue gumB luegumB luegum
Banga l ay e uca lypt us
Banga l ay euca lypt us
Euca lypt
Euca lyp t
Mont e r ey
Coni f e r s
Redwood
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 9 50
e uca lypt us
eucalypt us
e ucalypt us
e uca lypt us
e ucalypt us
eucalypt us
eucalypt us
e uca lypt us
euca lypt us
eucalyp t us
us
us
cypr e ss
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Coni f e r s
Euca lypt
B luegumB lue gumEucalyp t
B lue gumB lue gum
Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tabl e .
US
eucalypt us
eucalypt us
us
e uca lypt us
e uca lypt us
Pr i v a t e
Pr iv a t e
Pr i v a t e
Ot he r pub l i c
Pr i v at e
— 28
1 20
35
5
4
1 5
Tab le 1 1 , cont i nue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1950
Robus t a eucalypt us
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Pape r- bark
Euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e ucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Ki nogum euca lypt us
B l ue gum e ucalypt us
B l uegum eucalypt us
Eucalypt us
B l uegum e uca lypt us
B lue gum e ucalypt us
B rushbox
B luegum euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
B luegum e uca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tabl e .
_ 3 0 _
Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
B luegum euca lyp t us
Robus t a euca lypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
Sugi
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e ucalypt us
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Euca lypt us
Sugi
Sugi
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e ucalypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Pape r- bark
Robus ta eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
See foo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .
_ 3 1
Tab l e 1 1 , cont i nue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Robus t a eucalypt us
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Paper-bar k
Pape r-bark
Pape r-bar k
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Pape r-bark
Paper- bark
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Pape r-bar k
Pape r-bark
Pape r-bark
Pape r- bar k
Pape r-bark
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
Pape r- bark
Euca lypt us
Sugi
Pape r-bark
Paper-bark
J unipe r
Pape r-bar k
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Eucalypt us
Se e f oo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .
_ 3 2 _
Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nue d
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Pape r-bark
Robus t a e uca lypt us
Pape r—bar k
Euca lypt us
Pi ne s
Coni f e r s
Pi ne s
B luegum eucalypt us
B luegum eucalypt us
B lue gum eucalypt us
Re dwoodMont e r ey cypr e s s
Sugi
Sugi
Euca lypt us
Mount ai n a lb i z z i a
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Clus t e r pine
Euca lypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
B lue gum euca lypt us
Eucalypt us
Euca lypt us
See f oo t no t e s a t end o f Tabl e .
_ 3 4 _
Tab le 1 1 , cont i nued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Sugi
Sugi
Por t -Or ford- cedar
RedwoodTropi cal ash
Redwood
Tr opi ca l ash
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
Tropi cal ash
Har dwoods coni f e r s
Tr opi cal ash
Coni f e r s
Mont e r ey cypr e ss
S i lk-oak
Coni f e r s
Sugi
Sugi
Sugi
Har dwoods coni f er s
Redwood
Se e foo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .
_ 3 5 _
Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
I r onwoodI r onwood
I ronwood
Euca lypt us
Lemon-gum euca lypt us
I ronwoodRobus t a eucalypt us
I r onwood
I ronwood
Mo l ucca a lb i z z i a
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
Robus t a euca lypt us
I r onwood
Sugi
S i lk- oak
Euca lypt us
I r onwood
Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine
Har dwoods
Pape r-bark
Nor f o lk- I s l and-pi ne
I r onwood
I r onwood
I r onwood
See f oo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .
- 36
Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
I r onwood
I r onwood
I r onwood
I r onwood
Robus t a euca lypt us
I r onwoodLemon-gum euca lypt us
I ronwoodI ronwood
G r ay i r onbark
eucalypt us
B luegum euca lypt us
Brushbox
Sal i gna eucalypt us
S i lk-oak
Nor fo lk-I s l and -pi ne
Euca lypt us
Por t -Or for d-cedar
Pi ne s
Pape r- bark
Pape r-bark
Pape r-bark
Euca lypt us
Robust a euca lypt us
Robus t a eucalypt us
Paper-bar k
Se e foo t no t e s at end of Tab l e .
_ 3 8 _
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inued
FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 950
Pape r-bark
Pape r-bark
Ch ina- f i r
B luegum eucalypt us
To t al
See f oot not es at end Tab l e .
- 3 9;
Tab l e 1 1 , cont inued
AREAS REFORESTED 1 950 675]
Koo l au Fo r e s t Re se r v e
Aus t r a l i an t oon
Bagr as e uca lypt us
Har dwoods
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
To t a l Koo l au F . R.
Ku la Fo r e s t Re se r v e
Pi ne s
Mont e r ey pi ne
Re dwood
To t a l Ku la F . R.
Makawao For e s t Re se r v e
Aus t r a l i an t oon
Mount ai n a l bi z z i a
Nor f o lk- I s l and -
pi ne
Sa l i gna euca lypt us
Har dwoods
Tr opi ca l ash
To t a l Makawao F .
Se e f oot not e s at end of Tab l e
_ 40
Tab l e 1 2 .- Ident i ty of individua l plantat ion s t ands in t he
groups shown on t he map"For es t Planta t ions on
t he I s land of'
Nuui ,
Ind i v i dua l s t and numbe r
60 1 3 - 20 ; 6204 , 0 7 ; 6 3 20 , 6 345 - 4 6 , 4 9 - 50
600 1 - 8 ,1 0 - 1 2 ; 6 2 1 7 ; 6 3 28 - 34 , 36 - 4 3 , 55
600 9 ; 6 2 94 ; 6 3 2 1 - 2 7 , 35 , 4 7- 48 , 56
60 25 - 26 , 3 2 - 3 3 ; 6 1 2 7 , 3 3 ; 6 3 1 1 - 1 9 ,5 7- 66
602 1 - 24 ,2 7 - 28
, 3 1 ; 6 30 2 - 1 0 , 6 7- 6 9
605 6 , 58 ,65 - 70 , 88 , 98 - 9 9 ; 6 1 00 ; 6203 ,
1 0 ; 6 3 70
60 2 9 - 30 ; 6 1 0 7- 0 9 ; 62 2 6 , 3 3 , 3 7
6094 - 9 7 ; 6 2 20 , 35 , 5 6 - 5 9 , 6 1 - 9 3 , 9 5 - 9 9 ; 6 300 - 0 1 , 5 1 - 5 3 , 9 3
6 1 10 - 1 3 , 48 ; 6 2 2 5 ; 6354 , 94
60 34 - 4 7; 6 1 34 - 3 7 , 3 9 ; 6 2 14 ,2 5
,2 7- 3 2
608 6- 8 7 , 8 9 - 9 3 ; 6253 - 546048 - 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 - 64 ,
7 1 - 74 ; 6 2 34 , 3 6 ; 6 3 75
60 75 - 79 , 8 5
6 1 14 - 1 8 , 46 - 4 7 , 49 ; 62 24 ; 6 3 7 1
6 1 0 3 , 4 1 - 45 , 50- 64 , 6 7 ; 6 2 1 5 ,18 - 1 9 ,
2 1 - 2 3 ; 6 3 72 74
6080 - 84 ; 6244 - 5 2 ; 6 3 76 - 78
6 1 0 1 - 02 , 04- 06 ,1 9 - 2 2 ; 6 2 38 - 4 3 ; 6 3 79 - 8 1
6 1 1 6, 2 3- 26 , 28 - 32 , 6 5 , 72 - 73 , 75- 7 7 , 84- 8 5 , 90 , 9 3 - 95 ;
6 206 , 08- 09,1 1 - 1 3
6 1 6 6, 68 - 7 1 , 74 , 76 , 79 - 80 , 8 6- 8 9 , 9 1 - 9 2 , 9 6 - 9 9 ; 6200 - 02
,05
6 38 2 - 9 2
1 / Unnumbe r ed s t and s on t h e map ar e iden t i f i e d by symbo l s as
f o l l ows °
KORP - Koo l au F .R. r e f or e s t a t ion pl an t ing ,1 9 60- 67 ; inc lude s
se ed l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r .
KRP - Ku 1 a F .R. r e for e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 950- 67; inc lude s
se e d l ing , sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r .
MRP -Makawao F .R. r e f or e s t a t ion pl an t ing , 1 962 - 65 ; inc lude s
se e d l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r
WSRP -Wa ihou Spr ing F .R. r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 956- 65 ;
inc lude s se e d l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r
WMRP -We s t Mau i F .R. r e for e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 950- 62 ; inc lude s
se ed l ing , sapl ing , and po le t imb e r
GPO 9 78 — 0 0 9
FOREWORD
Basic information about soils and vegetation— their characteristics,
location,extent , and relationships
— is especially useful to the land
manager. It provides him with a foundation for understanding and
managing the ecosystem— the ecological community that includes soils,vegetation,
animals, and climate . And by applying an ecological ap
proach , he can make more efficient and productive use of the land. He
can apply management procedures that have proved successful in areas
of known soils and vegetation to other areas with the same character
istics. With basic information on hand, the land manager lessens his
chances of having an extension of these procedures turn out to be
hit-or-misspropositionsor— at worst— an outright failure .
Soil vegetation surveys are designed to produce useful maps and
information. The data are useful to both the practitioner aswell as the
researcher. In land management research , prior knowledge of the eco
system ismandatory if the work is to succeed. If the vegetation is to be
changed,the informationfrom such surveysmight be used to estimate
probable results.
The maps and the accompanying information in this report were
prepared by the State Cooperative Soil-Vegetation Survey project of
the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,Forest
Service. The project is financed through appropriations of the Califor
nia Legislature to the D ivision of Forestry, Department of Conserva
tion,Resources Agency of California. Cooperating organizations in the
Soil-Vegetation Survey are the Division of Forestry;the Department of
Agronomy andRange Science and Department of Soils and Plant Nutri
tion,University of California, Davis;School of Forestry and Conserva
tion,University of California,
Berkeley;and the Pacific Southwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley. Project Leader isWilmer L. Colwell, J r. ,
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station at Berkeley.
CONTENTS
Introduction
SurveyArea
Climate
G eology
Physiograph'
y
Soil-VegetationAssociationsConifer Forest TypeChaparral TypeWoodland-G rassType
Timber Site QualityNew Soils andPlants
New Soils
New and Little-Known ShrubsLegend to theMaps
BaseMapsSoil Symbols
Soil Classification
Vegetation SymbolsTimber Site SymbolsSoil and Vegetation BoundariesOther Features onMaps
Tables to AccompanyMapsExplanation of TablesTables
References
JAMES I. MALLORY is assigned to the Station’
s Cooperative Soil
Vegetation Survey as area leader, with headquarters in Redding, Calif.
He earned a B .A. in wildlife conservation ( 1950) at the University of
California, Berkeley, and joined the Station staff in 1954 .WILMERL.
COLWELL,JR. is research forester in charge of the Cooperative Soil
Vegetation Survey,headquartered at Berkeley. A 1938 forestry grad
uate of North Carolina State University,he also holds a M.S. degree
( 1950) from the University of California,Berkeley. He joined the
Station in 1946 . W. ROBERTPOWELL isanAssociate Specialist in theDepartment ofAgronomy andRange Sciences,University of California,
Davis. He earned a B S. degree ( 1952 ) at the University of California,
Berkeley, and joined theUniversity staff in 1958 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This survey of soils and vegetation in the area covered by the French
Gulch Quadrangle used both intensive field investigations and aerial
photo interpretation. Field work was done from 196 1 to 1964 and in
1968 . Analysis of data, cartography, and this report were completed in
1972 .
We thank the following persons for their invaluable contributions tothiswork :
0 Chester 0 . Stone , forester, California Division of Forestry,for aerial
photo interpretation and soil and vegetation fieldmapping.
0 Benjamin F. Smith , soil scientist, Pacific Southwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, for aerial photo interpretation and soil
and vegetation fieldmapping.
0 J ames M. Crawford,formerly research forester, Pacific Southwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station,for aerialphoto interpretation
and soil and vegetation fieldmapping.
0 Theodore A. Klaseen, soil scientist, Soil Conservation Service,for
aerialphoto interpretation and soiland vegetation fieldmapping.
0 Earl B . Alexander, formerly soil scientist, Pacific Southwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station,for aerial photo interpretation and
soil and vegetation fieldmapping.
SURVEY AREA
Climate
The climate of the French G ulch area is hot and
dry from late spring to mid-fall, when it turns cool
with rain and snow falling intermittently. Belowfeet elevation, snow seldom remains on the
ground for more than 2 weeks;above feet,a
snowpack remains from December into April inmost
years. For example , on April 20 , 1967 , after a fairly
normal winter, 8 feet of snow stood on the level
ground and drifts were 20 feet deep at feet
elevation on Shasta BallyMountain.
1
The average annual precipitation (fig. 3} ranges
fromabout 38 inchesnear lgo to more than 80 inches
near Iron Mountain Mine (California D epartment ofWater Resources Limited data1 indicate wide
variability in rainfall in short distances. For example ,
inches were measured at Brandy Creek on the
south shore of Whiskeytown Lake in January 1969 .
Only incheswere measured at Oak Bottommiles to the northwest on the north shore of the
Lake, and only inches were measured at the
summit of Shasta Bally Mountain miles to the
west and about feet higher. Wide variability
from season to season was demonstrated at BrandyCreek gauge, where 93 inches were measured in the
1966-67 season,54 inches in the 1967-68 season, and
79 inches in the 1968-69 season. At French G ulch,
the amount of rain was 43 inches in 1966-67;26
inches in 1967-68;and 5 1 inches in 1968-69 .
The average annual temperatures in the area rangefrom 42
°
F. on Shasta Bally Mountain to 60°
F. at
National Park Service offices on the east shore of
Whiskeytown Lake and a few degreeshigher near [go
and on south-facing slapes below feet eleva
tion. The frost-free season varies fromabout 140 days
in the higher elevations to about 250 days at mostlocations below feet elevation (U.S. WeatherBureau
G eology
The French G ulch Quadrangle lies entirely withinthe Klamath Mountains geologic province (Bailey
The geology has been described in detail by
Albers Albers, et al. and K inkel, et al.The varied rock types in this quadrangle can
be placed in 10 groups (fig. seven of which are
1Data on file at US . National Park Service offices at Whiskeytown, California.
geologic formations ranging in age from pre-silurian
to recent :
AbramsMica Schist : The oldest rocks exposed in
the Quadrangle are the Abrams schists in the south
west corner. Quartz -mica schists of probably pre
silurian age are extensive in the Weaverville Quadrangle to the west . Along the east edge of the schists
is an intermittently exposed belt of serpentine and
peridotite about one-fourth mile wide .
Shasta Bally Batholith : The next major formationto the east is the granitic Shasta Bally Batholith ,
which occupies more than one-third of the Quadrangle . The batholith is surrounded by a shell of
gneissic rocks produced by contact metamorphismof
the surrounding rocks at the time the granitic mate
rialwas intruded.
Copley Greenstone: The Capley G reenstone of
probable Devonian age lies in the west and north . It
consists of massive basic and intermediate volcanic
O l 2 3 4 5 MILES
Figure 3— Isohyetal map show s d istribut ion of
equal mean seasonal precipitat ion (inches) in
the French G ulch Quadrangle (California D e
partment of Water Resources 0 ind icates
rain gauge locat ion.
while woodland-grass occupies about 6 percent . The
remaining area includes about percent in reser
voirs— Whiskeytown and Rainbow Lakes— and
percent in developed areas,including gold dredge
tailings, roads, and the town of French Gulch .
Each broad type is subdivided into groups of soil
vegetation associations which have some characteris
ticsof the soilsor vegetation or both in common. The
grouping of one or more soil series for each associa
tion is based on soil development , broad behavior
characteristics, and major rock types, i.e .
, granitic,
metavolcanic, sedimentary,and ultrabasic rocks
(Zinke and Colwell Plant species are grouped
on the basis of stature, environmental requirements,and relationships.
Seventeen associations and two altered units are
mapped in the Quadrangle (fig. They consist of
assemblages of species similar to some groups ob
served in the eastern Siskiyou Mountains, in the
western Siskiyous (Waring in the interior
valleys of southern Oregon (Franklin and B yrness
and on the north Coast Ranges, SierraNevada,
and foothills of California (Munz and KeckThese observations suggest that the vegetation of the
French Gulch Quadrangle possesses elements from
the north , south , east, and west not found together
elsewhere.
Conifer Forest Type
Ten associations, falling into three groups,
comprise the conifer forest vegetation type . G roup
ings are based on soils, vegetation composition, and
site quality. These associations occur generally above
feet elevation and the 40-inch rainfall zone.
Most of the associations can grow commercial timber
(fig. except the Corbett/ridgetop chaparral, and
the Colluvial-Rock land/Canyon live oak— Douglas-fir
associations.
The first of the three association groups consistsoffour associationsoccurring at the highest elevations in
the area— mostly above feet on the north-facing
slopes and above feet on the south-facing
slopes. Only this part of this Quadrangle usually hassnow cover from December into April. The dominant
soil is the coarse loamy sand Corbett series, derived
from granitic rocks, and having little , if any, develop
ment into horizons. Corbett soils are classified as
Entisols. These highly erodible soils are the source of
much of the sand which is causing problems in the
Salmon spawning beds of the Trinity River near
Lewiston (California Resources Agency The
vegetation is mostly shrub mixed with a varying
percent cover of conifers of low site quality. One
association in this group, mostly canyon live oak,
grows on land so steep that the soil is dominantlyunstable colluvial land.
The second association group has three soil
vegetation associationsat middle elevationsbelow the
first group. The soils here are deeper, more devel
oped, and redder than those in the first group, and
have a greater clay content in the subsoils. Each asso
ciation has a soil development sequence on three dif
ferent parent materials. The first soil series in each
association hassoilhorizons just beginning to developand is classified in the order lnceptisols. These soils
are older than the Entisols, but younger than the Alfi
sols. The other soils in the associations are generally
Alfisols and are progressively more developed, with
clay enriched B horizons that have mediumbase saturation. The soils in these two orderscomprisemost of
the forest soils in the southeastern part of the
Klamath Mountains geologic province. The associa
tions in this group are generally the most productive
for commercial conifers in the Quadrangle . The
combination of ponderosa pine and California black
oak occurs in all associations of the group. The pres
ence of black oak is a reliable indicator of the capa
bility of the soil to grow commercialponderosa pine .
Wieslander ( 1935) was one of the first to observe the
close association of California black oak with com
mercial conifer timber sites, and used this relationshipto show evidence of former pine forests from rem
nant black oak stands.
The third association group also has three soil
vegetation associations. Manzanita shrubs are part of
the conifer-hardwood vegetation.
Shrub-ConiferAssociations
Corbett/Shrub tanoak-mixea’ conifer: The sandy
Corbet-t soils support an open cover of evergreen
shrub species and conifers. The shrubs include shrub
tanoak, canyon live oak, greenleaf manzanita, and an
unusual form of squaw carpet . The conifers are domi
nantly ponderosa pine and sugar pine and ofmedium
site quality. Douglas-fir, incense-cedar, and white fir
are present but not as common as in the mixed
conifer of the Sierra Nevada. Herbs and grasses usual
ly cover 10 percent or less of the soil surface.
Corbett/True fir: Above about feet eleva
tion, white fir treesmake up a larger part of the tree
composition than at lower elevations. A few standsof
red fir occupy north-facing s10 pes just below the
summits of Paradise Peak, Shoemaker Bally, and
Shasta Bally. Most stands are ofmediumsite quality,
places where extensive grow th of shrub California
black oak is known (McDonald Medium to
low site quality characteriz es this association,while
on the deeper Josephine soils in the southwest corner
of the Quadranglemedium sitespredominate .
Conifer-Hardwoods-Shrub Associations
Modesty/Manzanita— California black oak
ponderosa pine : Along the east side ofWhiskeytown
Lake and Clear Creek from the northerly South Fork
Mountain to Mule Mountain the dominant soils are
the light brownish gray and very pale yellow Incepti
sols of the Modesty series. Th ese gravelly coarse
sandy loamsare formed from the graniticMuleMoun
tain Stock. The Chawanakee and Chaix soilswest of
Clear Creek are similar but are cooler and havemore
deeply weathered parent rock. The Kanaka soils to
the south and east are similar, but have heavy loam
subsoils, are more gently sloping, somewhat warmer,and Support woodland
-
grass vegetation rather than
forest. Included within the Modesty association are
many small areas of D iamond Springs soils— Ultisols
with very strongly acid reddish clay loam B horizons.
These have similar vegetation,but are found at lower
elevations and have gently sloping topography in con
trast to the steep land common to most Modestysoils. The vegetation of this association consists of
California black oak, canyon live oak,whiteleafman
zanita, poison oak, and Lemmon ceanothuswith scat
tered ponderosa and sugar pines. On south-facing
Slopes whiteleaf manz anita dominates, but toyon,
scattered D igger pine , some standsof knobcone pine,
and a few ponderosa and sugar pinesare present . Here
site quality is low . The Modesty association is some
what unusual in having ponderosa and sugar pines
growing where the mean annual temperature is above
59°
F. On gentle s10 pes and north aspects site qualityismediumwith mostly site class 3 . The northern part
of this association was subjected to sulfur dioxide
smelter fumes from 1896 to 1906 (K raebelThe fumes destroyed most of the vegetation and very
likely contributed to the strongly acid nature of the
subsoils on the more gentle slopes. The vegetation is
still recovering.
Huse— D ubakella/J effi ey pine— leather oak: This
distinctly different association— covering only a few
hundred acres— is found on a narrow and interrupted
belt of ultra-basic rocks across the southwest corner
of the Quadrangle . The soils include the shallow
rocky lnceptisols of the Huse series, the somewhat
deeper Alfisols of the D ubakella'
series from the ser
pentiniz ed part of the ultra-basic rock, and some col
10
luvial land with a significant amount of ultra-basicsoil material included. The vegetation consists of an
open stand of J effrey pine and incense cedar with
numerous leather oak bushes. A small amount of
sugar pine and wedgeleaf ceanothus is also present as
is a sparse bunchgrass ground cover. Leather oak is
known to grow only on soilsderived fromultra-basic
rocks. Most soils from these parent materials support
Jeffrey pine stands rather than ponderosa pine. Site
quality ranges fromunsuited to low andmedium.
K idd — B ehemotosh/Ponderosa pine— D ouglasfir
California black oak— manzanita: Behemotosh and
Kidd soils, Alfisols and Entisols, respectively, are
formed on the BalaklalaRhyolitemainly in the northeastern part of the Quadrangle north of the northerlySouth ForkMountain. The Behemotosh soilsare grav
elly loams over cobbly clay loams about 2 feet deepgenerally on ridgesand steep slopes. On gentler slopes
a deeper, non-gravelly, non-cobbly variant occurs.
These soils have vegetation dominated by ponderosa
pine,Douglas
-fir,sugar pine, and California black
oak. Site quality ismostly low ,with some areas in the
low-medium class. The many small openings in the
tree canopy contain several species of manzanita,
shrub tanoak, and sierra gooseberry. Below 00 feet
elevation, the only manzanita species is whiteleaf
manzanita. Above feet,whiteleaf manzanita is
absent . The only manzanitas present are greenleaf
manzanita and a new hybrid which we are calling
Balaklala manz anita. The new hybrid was discovered
in 1968 by James I. Mallory.
Chaparral Type
Chaparral, a dense thicket of stiff or thorny shrubs
or dwarf trees (Sampson and J esperson iswell
known in California and other areas that have a hot,
dry season and a cool,wet season. Thesemany kinds
of shrubs— chamise, manzanitas, shrub oaks, and
shrub forms of some tree species-
grow on steep,
rocky, slopes of shallow and colluvial soils that will
not support tree vegetation. In some areas, near the
margins of chaparral types, shrubs will encroach
rapidly on the deeper, better soils that have been
logged over or periodically burned and where abceler
ated erosion hasbegun.
The chaparral type in the French G ulch Quadrangle isdivided into two association groupswith two
soil-vegetation associations (Nos. 1 1 through 14) in
each . The associations are based on the soil prop
erties, dominant vegetation,and Slope aspect.
ManzanitaAssociat ions
Maymen— Colluvial land/Manzanita— shrub oak:
Maymen soils, gravelly loam lnceptisols, are found on
the steep s10pes and ridges of sedimentary rocks in
close association with unstable very gravelly Entisols
(unclassified as to series) on the adjacent colluvial
land. The vegetation consists of a dense shrub cover
on the Maymen soils and amore open shrub cover on
the colluvial land. G reenleaf manzanita and shrub
California black oak (McDonald 1969) dominate the
vegetation in this association (aswellas in part of the
Sheetiron- Marpa— J osephine/Ponderosa pine— Doug
las-fir— California black oak association) . In parts of
this association, Balaklala manzanita,Fremont silk
tassel, shrub tanoak, knobcone pine , and canyon live
oak are dominant . Herbaceous cover is practically
nonexistent .
Goulding— K idd/Manzanita— toyon: Below
feet elevation on the south-facing slapes near the
Whiskey Creek arm ofWhiskeytown Lake are shallow
soils formed on metavolcanic rocks. These are the
Goulding series and Kidd series (lnceptisols) , formedfrom greenstone andmeta-rhyolite . The vegetation is
an open to semidense stand of shrubs— mostly white
leaf manz anita and toyon. In places Brewer oak
shrub interior live oak, buck brush ,knobcone pine ,
and canyon live oak are prominent.
Chamise-Shrub Oak-CeanothusAssociations
Mayman- Goulding— Stonyford — Los Gatos/northaspect B rewer oak: Thismost extensive of the chaparral associations occupies the north
-facing slapes in an
area about 7 miles in diameter centered on the town
of French Gulch . TheMaymen and Goulding soils are
lnceptisols formed on sedimentary and metavolcanic
rocks respectively. Stonyford soils are shallow Alfi
solswith reddish brown gravelly clay loam subsoils in
contrast to the yellowish brown gravelly loam sub
soils of Maymen and Goulding. Los Gatos soils are
similar to Stonyford soils but have dark brown sur
face horizons thicker than 10 inches (which placesthem among the Mollisols) and are formed fromsedi
mentary rock. The vegetation isdominated by Breweroak, shrub interior live oak, western mountain
mahogany,and California black oak. Intertwined
among these shrubs is poison oak, chaparral honey
suckle,and pipestem clematis. The understory con
sists of several species of annual and perennialgrasses
and forbs providing sparse ground cover (see plot 14 ,
Quadrangle 24D -1 , table 4 and table 5 for detailed
information) . At higher elevations the Maymen
l l
Woodland -G rass Type
colluvial land/Manzanita— shrub oak and the forest
associations containing Marpa or Neuns soils are
found in similar slope positions.
Maymen— Goulding— Stonyford— Los Gatos/south
aspect chamise: Just over the ridges on the south
facing slapes, on the same kindsof soilsbut shallower
and more eroded than in the association described
above, the cover is an almost impenetrable brushfield
of chamise with some associated buckbrush ,whiteleaf
manzanita, and toyon. Herbaceous vegetation is
sparse (plots 1-3 , Quadrangle 24D -1, table 4 and
Extensive areas of chamise , the most typical and
widely known of the California chaparral types, are
found from here south to Baja California. Charnise is
found in a few small patches further north , but the
very northernmost known natural growth is only 2 1
miles northeast of French Gulch,near D elta Point in
the Sacramento River canyon (U.S . Forest Service
Eroded Chawanakee— eroded Sierra/ChamiseLemmon ceanothus: Between Rainbow Lake and
Eagle Creek, along the south edge of the Quadrangleis a steep, brush covered
,eroded area with a rather
unique bench or step topography. The vegetation isa
semidense stand of chamise, manzanitas, and Lem
mon ceanothus with widely scattered ponderosa pine
and California black oak. Chawanakee and Chaix soils
from the forest zone and Sierra soils from the wood
land grass zone are intermingled in a unit differing
from either of the normally associated vegetation
types.
The Woodland-G rass, or Foothill-Woodland of
Munz and K eck is an extensive zone in Cali
fornia completely encircling the central valley and
coveringmuch of the coast rangesand parts of south
ernCalifornia.
The Woodland-G rass area of the Quadrangle con
sists of about acres of gently sloping to steep
rangeland centered on Igo in the southeast corner and
about acres on very steep south-facing slopes
along Highway 299 from the French G ulch junctionto Trail G ulch and up Trail G ulch 2%miles. Threesoil-vegetation associations are recognized that differ
in soil characteristics,vegetation, and forage pro
duction. A few areas within or adjacent to the
Woodland-G rass type have been so altered by humanactivity that they are best considered just as “alteredareas”rather than soil-vegetation associations.
Oak— G rassAssociat ions
Kanaka— Sierra/Interior live oak-blue oak
annuals: On the granitic pediment at the southeast
end of the Shasta Bally batholith and the lower partsand south-facing slopes of the Mule Mountain stock
three soil series with intergrading characteristics and
contrasting profiles occur. These soils are highly
erodible. Therefore,they need more carefulmanage
ment than nearby non-granitic soils to prevent soil
loss and gullying. The lnceptisols are represented by
the Kanaka series, brown sandy loams with very pale
brown heavy loam or sandy loam subsoils grading
into weathered granitic rock at 2 feet or more . The
Alfisols include the Auberry series, similar to Kanakabut with brown sandy clay loam subsoils, and the
more extensive Sierra series with their yellowish red
sandy clay loam subsoils. The three soils represent a
development sequence . Open to dense stands of ih
terior live oak with scattered blue oak,Digger pine,
valley oak,and a ground cover of annual grasses and
forbsmake upmost of the vegetation. Estimated suit
ability for extensive range use would be medium ex
cept for the badly eroded areas which are unsuited
for grazing (plot 1 , Quadrangle 24D -4, table A few
small groups of ponderosa pines occur on the deeper
soils.
Auburn— Millsholm— San Andreas/B lue oak
annuals— D igger pine: The three dominant soils in this
association are formed from different parent mate
rials,Auburn from greenstone, Millsholm from shale ,
and San Andreas from schist . The Auburn soils are
reddish silt loam lnceptisols with hard bedrock be
tween 1 and 2 feet down. Associated with the Au
burn are small areas of Exchequer soils, similar but
less than 1 foot deep,and Sobrante soils with clay
loam B horizons and up to 40 inches deep to weathered greenstone or schist . Millsholm soils are brown
silt loam lnceptisols with platy shale or slate at 10 to
20 inches. San Andreas soils have thick dark brown
surface horizons (making them Mollisols) and fine
sandy loam textureswith schist bedrock at 20 to 40
inches. D epth to this bedrock is variable in short dis
tances as the schist consistsof verticalplates less than
an inch thick of variable weatherability. This belt ofschist liesalong the east side of the Shasta Bally graniticmass. Vegetation in this association is an Open to
dense stand of blue oak, D igger pine,
annual grasses
and forbs,with varying amounts of shrubs from ad
jacent chaparral areas. Plot 5,Quadrangle 24D -2 , in
tables 4 and 5 ,represents this association but with
somewhat less herbaceous matter and more brushthan typical. For forage production,
this association
would be ratedmedium to low .
12
Shrub-G rass-Oak Associations
New town— Redding— Newville/Manzanita— annuals
— blue oak: Newtown and Newville soilshave gravelly
loam A horizonsw ith clay B horizons starting at 10to 20 inches, which grade into the weakly consoli
dated gravelly sediments of the Pleistocene Red Bluffformation. Newville soils differ from the Newtown
soils in having darker surfaces, a more abrupt boun
dary between the A horizonsand the B horizons, andin having greater percentage of clay in the B horizon.
They were not separated on themapbecause of their
close similarity. The Redding soils occur on the level
tops of some of the terraces formed by the Red Bluffformation. In part of the area they have hummockymicrorelief with mounds about 10 to 20 feet apart
and a difference in elevation of 6 to 10 inches be
tween the mounds and the level above which they
rise . The most important characteristic of the Red
ding soils is the impenetrable iron-silica cementedhardpanwhich liesabout 20 inchesbelow the surface .
The vegetation in this association consists of patches
of whiteleaf manzanita, sparse cover of annual grasses
and forbs, and scattered blue oaks. The cover ismore
open on the Redding soils than on the others in this
association. Suitability for extensive range use is low .
Powell ( 1965 ) found that Redding soils responded to
nitrogen and phosphorous when added together but
there was no response when added singly,and no
response to added sulfur.
Other Associations: In this Quadrangle, several
other shrub-grass-oak associations occur but are too
small in siz e to include within the broader groupings
of the soil-vegetation associations. However, these
smaller units may occur extensively in other
Quadrangles.
Altered Areas
Gold dredge tailings, residential areas, and mined
Horseshoe soils: The valley and terrace land along
Clear Creek has been disturbed by mining activities
producing ridges of cobbly dredger tailings and verti
cal red cliffs in the remnants of the dissected Horse
shoe soils. Much of the tailings area has been leveled
and is being used for building andmobile home sites.
Reservoirs— Whiskeytown Lake and Rainbow
Lake: Whiskeytown Lake covers over acres in
the east central part of the Quadrangle . The reservoir
covered the site of a stand of MacNab Cypress and is
reputed to be the discovery site of this species. Thisparticular stand was the only well publiciz ed and
easily accessible grove (G riffin and Stone At
least oneMacNab Cypress tree from theWhiskeytown
grove remains, where it was transplanted,northeast of
0 1— 1 to 0 inch , scattered litter of shrubs and oaks,
with some erosion pavement of gravels and a few
small cobbles.
Al — 0 to 3 inches, light brownish gray (2 .5Y
gravelly sandy loam,dark grayish brown (2 .5Y
moist;weak fine and medium subangular blocky to
granular structure; slightly hard,friable ,
slightly
sticky and slightly plastic;abundant very fine roots;
few very fine tubular and many very fine interstitial
pores;strongly acid (pH gradual smooth boun
dary;l to 6 inches thick.
A3— 3 to 6 inches, light gray (2 .5Y sandy
loam, pale brown ( IGY R moist;weak coarse sub
angular blocky structure;slightly hard,friable , slight
ly sticky to slightly plastic;few very fine , fine and
medium roots;many very fine and fine interstitial
and few very fine tubular pores;strongly acid (pH
gradual smooth boundary;2 to 8 inches thick.
B2 — 6 to 20 inches, white (2 .5Y loam,light
yellowish brown ( IGY R moist;massive;slightlyhard,
firm to friable , slightly sticky to slightly plastic;
few very fine , fine andmediumroots;many very fine
and fine interstitial and few very fine tubular pores;
strongly acid (pH abrupt irregular boundary;10
to 25 inches thick.
C— 20 to 40 inches, soft weathered albite granite,
with few very fine roots and few thin clay bridges;
strongly acid (pH gradesinto hard albite granite
at about 40 inches.
Colors range from gray to very pale brown in the
10Y R and 2 .5Y hues on the surface and fromwhite
to pale yellow and very pale brown in the 2 .5Y and
10Y R hues in the subsoil. Textures range from grav
elly very coarse sandy loam to sandy loam in the
surface, and from gravelly loam to coarse sandy loam
in the subsoil. The soil reaction usually changeslittle
with depth , but may range from slightly acid to
strongly acid in the profile . Depth to weathered rock
is variable in short distances, but normally ranges
from 12 to 30 inches. Hard granitic rock may be
found at depths from 30 inches tomore than 30 feet .
Modesty gravelly sandy loam isusually excessivelydrained. Surface infiltration is rapid and the permea
bility ismoderately rapid to rapid. Runoff is slow to
moderate. Under dense vegetative cover and gentle
slopes, erosion is slight to moderate . But on steep
slopes that have heavy removal of vegetation either
from fire or logging, the erosion hazard ishigh to very
high . Available water-holding capacity is low to
medium. Fertility is low .
The Modesty soils are of low tomedium site quality for timber production. Because of the predominance of shrub and hardwood vegetation cover, the
14
main use is forwatershed and wildlife habitat.
Tish TangVariant 2
The Tish Tang Variant 2 soils differ from the typi
cal Tish Tang soilsprimarily in being shallower (20 to40 inches to bedrock rather than 72 to 120 ormore) .They differ from the Tish Tang Variant soils of theHoopa Quadrangle (DeLapp and Skolmen 196 1) inhaving the normal pale brown subsoils rather than
mottled subsoils. The Tish TangVariant 2 soilshave avarying amount of shale fragments in the surface fewinches derived from the adjacent Bragdon formationand some diorite porphyry fine gravels near the bedrock.
Behemotosh Variant
Behemotosh Variant soils differ from typical
Behemotosh soils in having clay loam textures rather
than very gravelly or cobbly clay loams, and very
strongly acid subsoils rather than moderately acid
subsoils. They are usually found on gently sloping
plateau-like areas above feet in areas where
rhyolite is the bedrock.
FiddletownVariant
Fiddletown Variant soils differ from Fiddletown
soils in having clay loamsubsoils rather than stony or
gravelly loamsas found in typicalFiddletown soils.
New and Little -Know n Shrubs
BalaklalaManzanita
The new hybrid Arctostapliylos canescens x
viscida,which we are calling Balaklalamanzanita,
is
found in this Quadrangle (table This shrub re
sembles A. canescens Eastwood,but is generally
smaller ( 1 to 5 feet tall) and has bracts of the inflorescence distinctly shorter than the flowerpedicels, a
key character amongmanzanitas. Balaklalamanzanita
grows on the highland between Clear Creek and the
Sacramento River above feet in openings in the
forest and in the upper part of the chaparralassocia
tions. G ankin2reports having found it onRedMoun
tain inMendocino County , California.
OtherManzanitas
Eight species and subspecies of manzanita were
noted in the French Gulch Quadrangle . Two others
2Personal communication with Roman G ankin,
formerlywith University of CaliforniaArboretum, Davis, May 2, 1973.
have recently come to the attention of botanists. One
individual of'
Roof manzanita,A. Roofii G ankin,
was
found on the Trinity divide within 200 yards south ofBuckhorn summit and several shrubs that appear to
be Shingletown manzanita,A. manzanita ssp. Wies
land eri Philip V . Wells,were seen along the ridge road
west of IronMountain.
Trinity Squaw Carpet
Trinity squaw carpet (Ceanothusprostratus Benth .
var. laxus Jeps.) is an open,somewhat upright, form
of the dense , prostrate Ceanothusprostratus Benth . It
is distinctive in the shrub landscape of the Corbett/
shrub tanoak-mixed conifer association. This variety
LEG END TO THE MAPS
B ase Maps
Base maps used for the Soil-Vegetation maps arespecially prepared by the Pacific Southwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, mostly from pub
lished sources. Each Soil-Vegetationmap consistsof astandard 7 1/z-minute quadrangle unit at the scale of 2
inches 1 mile .
Every effort has been made to fit the soil and
vegetation boundaries to the topography of the base
map. Land subdivisions have been positioned as ac
curately as source information and map control
points permit . If a precise fit of the data to land
subdivisions for smallareas is required , ground checks
against known corner locations, fence boundaries, or
other features should be carried out , preferably by
using aerialphotographs.
Contour lines,minor roads, small drainages, and
other map details are not shown on the maps so as
not to obliterate other data. If such map detail is
required, refer to maps used as sources for the base
information. These maps are listed in the lower rightcorner of each quadranglemap.
S oil Symbols
Soils are mapped by soil series and phases (depth
class, Slope class, and certain other soil'
phases) . The
Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 195 1) hasbeen
used as a general standard of reference for terminol
ogy and concepts. Soils are designated by symbols
written as fractions, e .g. :
8 15
4S- l
SoilSeries
depth class/other phases/-slope class.
15
The various symbols used in a delineatedmappingarea are shown in the diagrambelow :
WoodyVegetation
Cover Class Symbol
D ominantWoody Plant Sp
Commercial coniferI
Hardwoods
Shrubs
PotentialConifer Species
D epth ClassPha
StoninessPhase
Soil series names are designated by three or four
digit numbers in the numerator of the fraction. Soil
series variants are soils of limited extent W hich are
3Personal communication With Helen K . Sharsmith , Senior
Herbarium Botanist, University of California, B erkeley, Sept.
1 1 , 1962 .
was previously known only fromHot Springs Valleynear Mount Lassen 70 miles to the east (Jepson
from a few places on the Sierra Nevada
(McMinn and from the headwaters of New
River 40 miles to the northwest.
3Although McMinn
( 1942) recogniz ed the variety, his description says
nothing about the Open,upright, habit which Jepson
apparently used to distinguish the variety. McMinn’
s
concentration on fruit and leaf characters,which
aren’
t greatly distinguishing in this case ,may be the
reason that Munz and K eck ( 1959) reduced the vari
ety to synonmy under C. prostratus. Trinity squawcarpet ismapped on about acres on BuckhornMountain and Shoemaker Bally (table
distinctly different but similar and closely related to a
known 80 11 series. These are designated by the symbol“V”following the soil series symbol, e .g. 8 15V.
Parent rock phases (table I} are designated by a lower
case letter symbol follow ing the soil series symbol,
e .g. 8 15m.
Other sorl phases are designated by letters and
numbers in the denominator of the fraction. Soil
depth class is designated by the first digit . Rockiness,
stoniness, and/or erosion are designated by letters and
numbers immediately following the depth class
symbol ( table The slope class in the delineated
area is represented by a letter or number symbol
which is separated by a hyphen from the other phase
symbols (table I ) .
In some areas an association Of two soilsoccurs in
such an intricate pattern that they cannot be indica
ted separately at the scale Of mapping. Such a soil
complex is designated by two fractional symbols
separated by a vertical line ,e .g.
,
847 847 I752
3- 2
The dominant soil unit (5 1 to 80 percent of a delin
eated area) appearson the left .
Unclassified soil areas are usually agricultural or
potentially agricultural lands for which,in many
cases, soil surveys have already been made by other
agencies, such as the U.S . Soil Conservation Service .
Symbols for unclassified soils are“200, or
400 , but are not in fraction form;sometimes a
letter follows the number indicating further break
down of the general definition of the symbols, e .g. ,
200W (table
Miscellaneous land types have little or no soil, or
soil that cannot feasibly be classified . They are dis
tinguished as a group by the symbol 700 ,also not
in fraction form. Subdivisions within the groups are
shown by letter symbols in parentheses following the“700 symbol, e .g. 700(CK ) (table
S oil Classification
Classification System
The soil classification system currently used was
adopted for general use in the United States in 1965
(Basile 197 1;Soil Survey Staff It has six cate
gories. The broadest category is the order,followed
by suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and the
series. The criteria used asa basis for classification are
soil properties that are observable and measurable.
The placement of the smallest unit — the soil series— in
the current systemmay change asmore precise infor
mation becomesavailable .
16
Classification of Soils
The 10 soil orders recogniz ed are defined as
follows:
Entisols: young mineral soils that do not have
genetic horizons or barely have the beginning of such
horizons.
lnceptisols: mineral soils in which horizons have
started to develop, and are young but not on recent
land surfaces.
Mollisols: very dark colored and base-rich soils
with a thick,friable , dark-colored surface layer.
Alfisols: soils that have clay-enriched B horizons
with mediumor high base saturation and usually have
light-colored surface horizons.
Ultisols: well developed soils that have clay
enriched B horizonswith low base supply or low basesaturation decreasingwith depth .
Vertisols: clayey soils that shrink and have wide
deep cracks during dry periods and that swell closing
the cracks, inmoist seasons.
Aridisols: primarily soils in dry areas, pale in color
and generally soft when dry or have distinct
structure .
Spodosols: usually gray to light gray podzol or
podzolic soils, generally infertile ,and developed from
siliceousparent materials in cool humid climates.
Oxisols: reddish , yellowish , or grayish soils of
tropical and subtropical regions, are deeply weath
ered, and formed on gentle slopeson old surfaces.
Histosols: soils that are dominantly organic from
bogs, peats, andmucks.
The placement of the soil series of the French
G ulch Quadrangle in the current soil classificationsystem is still tentative because both the soilsand the
system are under continual study. Five orders are
represented in the Quadrangle : Entisols, lnceptisols,Mollisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols. They are further clas
sified by subgroup and family (table 6) (Soil SurveyStaff
Vege tation Symbols
Plant species are represented by letter symbols,
such as Af for chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum)and D for Douglas
-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii} (table
Dominant species in a delineated area (excludingindividual grass species andmost associated herbs) are
indicated by one or more symbols which may be
grouped. Each group of symbols represents an ele
ment which may be either a broad kind of vegetation
(commercial conifers, minor conifers, hardwoods,
shrubs, bushy herbs, grass,marsh) or some other land
In areaswithout climate and soil suitable for grow
ing commercial conifer timber crops, the site index
symbolisomitted .
Soil and Vege tation B oundaries
Soil or vegetation boundariesor both are normallyshown on the map by dashed lines. In some places,however, it is necessary to show a soil boundary dis
tinct from a vegetation boundary. Where this isdone ,
a dotted line indicatesa soil boundary . When needed,
a double-headed arrow is used to show the appropri
ate adjacent soil.
Other Features on Map
Photo centers: The locations of the centersof aer
ial photographs from which the map data are com
piled are shown on the map by large dots. This Willfacilitate use of themapwith aerialphotos.
Roads: Some are shown for orientation purposes.
Special features: Features too small to delineateare shown by these symbols:
Spring
Wet spot
Smallmarsh or wet meadow
Severely eroded spot
Prominent rock outcrop
$1v v Rock escarpment
Pond or reservoir
Named peak
TABLES TO ACCOMPANY MAPS
Explanation of Tables
Table 1 lists the soil series mapped in the Quadrangle and gives themore important characteristicsof
each . The soil series names used in this report are
based on present concepts of the series and are sub
ject to review and final correlation. Variationsmustbe expected in characteristics listed, as terms (except
slope class) apply to the soil series in general. Detailed
descriptions of individual soil series are on file at the
University of California, D epartments of Soils and
Plant Nutrition at Berkeley and Davis.
Table 2 gives a legend for soil series, phases, and
other units mapped, other than slope , including per
meability, general drainage, erosion hazard, and suita
bility for commercial timber production, and for
extensive range use .
Table 3 lists the symbolsof plant speciesand other
landscape units occurring on the maps, and symbols
of species not mapped due to scale of mapping, but
recorded on type-acre plots or observed in the Quad
rangle area. Common (Jepson 1923;McMinn 1939)and scientific names (Munz and Keck 1959;Munz
growth habit , sprouting nature,and browse
values are given for each species. Browse values are
based on values reported by Sampson and J espersen
( 1963 )
18
Table 4 presents a portion Of the data taken from
type-acre sampling plots that isprincipally concerned
with livestock and wildlife use . It includes date of
sampling, plot location, aspect and percent slope, soil
series and phases, woody cover class (overstory) , information on soft chess growing on the plot, percent
of ground covered by various vegetation and land
scape units as measured below a reference plane 4%feet above the ground, and a list of woody species
with available browse .
The soil series, soil phase,and woody cover class
symbols may not correspond to those in the deline
ated areas of the map in which the plots are located
because Of scale of mapping. D etailed descriptionsof
soil profiles at these plot locations are on file at the
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Berkeley, California.
Soft chess (B romusmollis} isone of themost com
mon annual range grasses in California. Height and
stage of maturity of this grass together with date of
sampling and other data give an indication of site and
kind of season or year for the plot area.
Table 5 lists scientific (Munz and K eck 1959) andcommon (Abrams 1923-1960;Jepson 1923;Munz
and K eck 1959) names of herbaceous species found
on the type-acre plots described in table 4. Because
percent cover (table 4} and composition of herba
ceous species often vary from year to year, these are
preliminary data describing the plots at date of sam
pling. More data on percent composition and abun
dance of plants are on file at the D epartment of
Agronomy and Range Science,University of
California, Davis.
Table 6 lists the five orders of soils found on the
Quadrangle: Entisols, lnceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols,andUltisols, by soil series, family,
and subgroup.
Tables
Dept h
Gr e enf i el d 31 -60+ Br own/b r own Sandy l oam/heavy Sl i ght ly acid t o Grani t i c
sandy l oam neut ral /neut ral al luv iumt o mi l dl y al ka
l ine
522 Redding 1 0-2 8 Reddi sh br own/ Grav el ly l oam/ St rongly t o Ol d grav el l y Near l y l ev e l
t o hard r ed grav el ly cl ay sl i ght l y aci d/ mixed t o rol l ing,
pan, ov er hardpan st r ongly aci d al luv ium hummockyot h erwi se
60+
71 1 7 Musi ck and 35-60+ Grayi sh b r own or Sandy l oamor Moder at e ly aci d/ Grani t i c r ock Gent l y sl oping
Hoda3/ b r own/yel l owi sh l oam/sandy cl ay st r ongly aci d t o st eep
r ed or r ed or h eavy cl ay
l oam
71 1 8 Boomer 30-56 Li ght br own/ Grav e l ly l oam/ Moderat e l y aci d/ Me t amorphosed Hi l ly t o v e ry
r eddi sh b r own grav el ly cl ay moderat ely aci d basi c i gneous st eep
l oam r ockh/
7l l 8m Boomer 30-56 Li ght b r own/ Sandy heavy l oam/ Moderat e ly aci d/ Sch i st h/ Hi l ly t o v ery
( sch i st ) r eddi sh br own gr av el ly sandy moderat el y acid st eep ( 3 )cl ay l oam
71 2 1 Corbe t t 24-60+ Dark gr ayi sh Loamy coar se St r ongly aci d/ Grani t i c r ock Hi l ly t o v ery
b r own/pal e b rown sand/l oamy coar se moderat el y aci d st eep
sand h)
71 2SV2 Ti sh Tang 20-h0 Pal e b rown/v ery Grav el ly l oam/ Moderat ely acid/ Di or i t e St eep t o v ery
var iant 2 pal e b r own l oam st rongl y acid porphyry st eep
71 29 Chawanakee 1 8-60 Grayi sh b rown/ Coar se sandy Moderat e ly aci d/ Grani t i c rock Hi l ly t o v e ry
and Chaik3/ v ery pal e br own l oam/coar se sandy mode rat e ly t o st e ep
t o l i gh t yel l owi sh l oam st rongly acid
b r own
71 35 Di amond 2 0-h0 Pal e b r own t o Very f ine sandy Moderat el y t o Fine grained Hi l ly t o st eep
Spr ings gr ayi sh b rown/ l oam/cl ay l oam v ery st rongl y aci d igneous (CD ,2 )v e ry pal e b r own acid/st r ongl y r ock
t o ye l l owi sh r ed t o v ery st rongly
acid
71 36 Beh emot osh 20—33 Grayi sh br own/ Gr av el l y l oam/ Moderat ely aci d/ Me t amorph osed Sl oping t o
reddi sh yel l ow cobb ly l i ght moderat el y aci d rhyol i t e v ery st eep
cl ay l oam
71 361, Beh emot osh 2 0-60+ Br own/r eddi sh Fine sandy l oam/ St r ongly aci d/ Fragment ed St eep t o v ery
( l andsl ide )5 ye l l ow si l t y cl ay l oam v ery st rongl y rhyol i t e and st eep
19
acid soi l mat er i al
se r i es
symbol : ser ies name
71 36v
71 6
72 1
726
72 8
72 8L
728m
757
759
771
775
779
781
Soi l range
Beh emot osh 33-50
var iant
Hol l an and 2h-72 +
Hot awé
Modest y 1 7- 30
Dubakel l e 1 h-3o
Neuns 20 - AO
Neuns 2 h-60+
Neuns l S-SO
(sch i st )
Aubur n 1 0-2 8
Exch equer 3-1 6
Auber ry 30-60
Sobrant e 2 0-AO
Si er ra 30- 60+
Kanaka ao-ho+
Henneke 7-2 0
Ki dd 5-1 8
Huse 8—22
St onyford 1 2 -2 8
Goul ding 8—2 5
Col or of
Dark ayi sh
b r own st rong
brown t o pink
Grayi sh b r own/r eddi sh brown t o
l i ght b rown
Light b rowni sh
gr ay/v ery pal e
yel l ow
Reddi sh br own/yel l owi sh b rown
Dark b rown/yel l owi sh br own
Dark b rown/yel l owi sh b rown
Dark b rown/yel l owi sh b r own
St r ong br own t o
yel l owi sh r ed/r eddi sh b rown t o
yel l owi sh r ed
Yel l owi sh r ed/
Grayi sh b r own/brown
Reddi sh b rown/ye l l owi sh r ed
Br own/yel l owi shr ed t o red
Br own/v ery pal e
b r own
Br own/br own
Pal e brown/l ight gray
Reddi sh b r own/brown
Br own/darkr eddi sh b r own
Br own/b rown
sur f ace/subsoi lText ur e of
sur f ace/subsoi l
loam/cl ay l oam
Loam t o coar se
sandy l oam/cl ayl oam t o sandy
cl ay l oam
Grav el ly coar se
sandy l oam/grav el ly l oam
React ion of sl ope cl asse s
sur f ace/sub soi l mappedl /
Moderat ely acid/ Deeply Gent ly sl opingv ery st r ongly weat her ed acid t o st eep ( 2 )aci d i gneous rock
Sl i ght ly t o Granit i c rock Hi l ly t o v ery
moderat el y aci d/ st eep
moderat e ly t o
st rongly acid
St rongly acid/ Grani t i c rock Hi l ly t o v eryst r ongl y aci d st eep
Grav e l ly l oamfierw’
Neut r al /neut ral Se rpent ine
gr av el ly cl ay
l oam
Grav el ly sandy
l oam/gr av el lysandy cl ay l oam
Grav el ly sandy
l oam/grav el lysandy cl ay l oam
Grav el ly sandyl oam/gr av el lysandy cl ay l oam
Si l t l oam/si l tl oam
Rocky si l t l oam/
Coar se sandy
l oam/sandy cl ay
l oam
Si l t l oam/cl ayl oam
Coar se sandyl oam/l oam t o
cl ay l oam
Sandy l oam/heavy l oam
Gr av el ly sandyl oam/grav el lysandy l oam
St ony cl ay l oam/v e ry st ony l oam
Grav el ly l oam/v ery grav el ly
l oam
20
Mode rat ely acid/moderat ely t o
st rongly acid
Moder at ely acid
moder at ely t o
st rongl y acid
Moderat el y acid Hi l l y t o v erymoderat el y t o st eepst r ongly acid
Sl i ght ly t o Sch i st ose t o Hi l ly t o v erymoderat el y aci d/ mass iv e st eep
sl i ght ly aci d t o met amorphosedneut ral bas i c rocksE/
Sl i gh t ly acid/ Sch i st oseh/ Rol l ing t o
or al t ered st eep ( 1 )basi c i gneous
r ock
Sl i ght l y t o Grani t i c r ock Rol l ing t o
moderat ely acid/ v ery st eep
moderat e ly t o
st r ongly aci d
Moderat ely aci d/ Sch i st ose t o Rol l ing t o
sl i gh t l y acid mass iv e v ery st eep
met amorphosedbasi c r ockh/
Moderat ely t o Gr ani t i c
st r ongly acid/ r ock
st rongly aci d
Mode rat e ly acid/ Rhyol i t i c Hi l ly t o very
st rongly aci d rock st eep
Neut ral / Pe r i dot i t e Gent ly sl oping
neut ral t o st eep
neut ral / Me t amorph osed Hi l l y t o v ery
mode rat el y aci d bas i c igneous st eep
t o neut ral rockh/
Sl ight ly acid/ Me t amorphosed St eep t o v ery
s li ght ly aci d basi c igneous st eep
rock E/
Moderat ely acid St r ongly Rol l ing t o
sl i ght ly acid weat her ed v ery st eep
gr ani t i c rock
Gent ly s loping
t o v ery st eep
Grav e l ly Sl i ght ly aci d/ Serpent init e St e ep t o v ery
l oam/v ery grav e l neut r al st eep ( 2 )ly cl ay l oam
71 36L
71 36V
71 6
757
759
759
759
775
775
775
Behemot osh
( l andsl ide )
Behemot osh
v ar iant
Hol l and
Hot aw
Mode st y
Modesty
Modest y
Mode st y
Modesty
Auber ry
Auber ry
Sobrant e
Si er r a
Si er ra
Kanaka
Kanaka
Kanaka
Henneke
Ki dd
Ki dd
Ki dd
2E,2RE,2SE
2 : 3, 3S , SS
3.3mm
lRE, l SE
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moder at e
Moderat e
Mode rat e
Mb derat e
Moderat e
Moder at e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Moderat e
Good
Good
Excess ive
Excessiv e
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Excessiv e
Excessive
Excess iv e
Good
Excessiv e
Excessive
Highlfi/
Moderat e
Very h igh
Very h igh
Low t o
medium
Medium
Medium
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed t o
medium
Unsui t ed to
medium
Medium
Very h ighfl/ MediumModerat e
Highlll lg/ Medium
Moderat eg/
Very h i gh
Moder at e
Moderat et o h i gh
1 1 /
Medium
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed t o
quest i onab l eUnsui t ed
Unsui t ed t o
quest ionabl eUnsui t ed t o
quest ionabl eVery h i gh _
1_1 / Unsui t ed
High
High
Moderat e
High
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Very h ighly Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed t o
l ow
Very l ow
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Unsui t ed
Medium
Medium
Medium
Very l ow
Unsui t edl l /
Medium
Unsui t ed 1 1 /
92 6 Hor seshoe Moderat e Good Mb de rat e Medium
92 6 Hor se shoe Mederat e Good
Sl ow Good
Sl ow Good
Sl ow Good
1 / Phase symbol s l i st ed he r e ar e
Symbol Dept h cl ass Symbol Sur face rock Symbol St oniness Symbol Er os ion
(pe r cent )
1 Very shal l ow <1 1 0 50 Sev er e
2 Shal l ow 1 -2 2 1 0
3 Moderat ely shal l ow 2 -3h Moder at e ly deep 3-h
5 Deep >h
h/ Eros i on ha z ard : pr obabl e suscept ib i l i t y of a soi l t o eros ion on a 30 t o 50 per cent sl ope ( s1 0pecl ass 2 ) af t e r s i gni f i cant d i sturbance of prot ect iv e v eget at iv e cov er -sl i gh t , moderat e , h i gh , v ery h igh .
Rel at iv e t erms are : unsui t ed nont imbe r land; l ow si t e s 1 , 2 ;med iumque st ionabl e conclusiv e ev idence of sui t ab i l i t y i s l acking .
s i t es 3, A; h i gh s i t e 5;
sed on Ob servat ions of nat ur al f orage pr oduct ion,
use exper charact er i st i cs . Regardl ess of cur r ent v e get at iv e
cov er , e st imat e s are pot ent ial sui tab i l i t y appl ied t o Open ar eas , e i t her natur al or cl ear ed , unde r
ext ensiv e management (wi t hout se eding or f e r t i l i z at ion ) wi t h av erage h erbaceous cov er cond it ions as
r e l at ed t o soi l type . Fact or s such as rockine ss , t opogr aphy , and e r os ion haz ard ar e al so cons i der ed .
Est imat e s shoul d not be int e rpr e t ed as ne ce ssar i ly applying t o sui t ab i l i ty of soi l s f or f or age product i on
unde r mor e int ens iv e management inv ol v ing seeding , f er t i l i z at ion or i r r i gat i on .
Re lat iv e t erms are : unsui t ed , v ery l ow,l ow
,medium, h i gh , v e ry h i gh; unl ess ot herwi se indicat ed , th ey
ar e appl i cab l e t o soi l s of l pe cl asse s 1 and 2 ( 0 t o 50 percent ) .
7/ Uncl ass i f i ed soil s and mi scel l aneous l and t ypes mapped ar e l i st ed in f oot not e 2 t o t abl e 1 .
8/ Occas ional ly sub j e ct t o f l ooding .
2/ For soi l s wi t h sl ope s l e ss t han 30 pe rcent .
1 0/ Soi l r e st s ab rupt ly on an impermeabl e i r on-s i l i ca cement ed hardpan .
1 1 / For soi l s wi t h sl opes st eepe r t han 50 percent .
1 2 / May b e sub j ect t o fur t h e r mov ement , espe cial ly i f di sturbed or in year s of abov e normal pr e cipi t at ion .
2 6
A Wh i t e al der Alnus rh omb i f ol ia Tr ee
Aafi/ West ern serv i ce ber ry Ame l anch i er pal l ida Sh rub 3-h 2 -3
Aci Vine mapl e Acer ci r cinat um Sh rub h-S 3-h
Aec Cal i f ornia buckeye Aesculus cal i f orni ca Shrub 5 h
(Shrub )
Chemi se Adenost oma f asci cul at um Shrub 5 h-5
Common manz anit a Ar ct ost aphyl os manz ani t a Shrub 5 5
Amxé/ Sh ingl et own manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os manz ani t a 5 5wi e slande r i
Pinemat manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os nevadensi s Shrub 5 5
Gr eenl eaf manz ani t a Arct ost aphyl os pat ul a Sh rub 5 5
App Pine manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os pat ul a Sh rub 5 5
pl atyphyl la
Ar dél z/
Roof manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os roof i i Shrub 5 5
At eE/ Mount ain al der Alnus t enui f ol ia Shrub h-S 3-h
Wh it e l eaf manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os v i sci da Shrub
Av e Bal akl al a manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os cane scens x Shrub
v i scida
Cal i f ornia b l ack oak Quer cus kel l oggi i Tr ee h-5 2 -h
Canyon l ive oak Que rcus ch rysol epi s Tr e e
Caoz/ Spi ce-bush Calycant hus occident al i s Shrub
West e rn mount ain Ce r cocarpus b et ul oide s Sh rub 2-h 2
mahogany
Buck b rush Ceanot hus cuneat us Sh rub
Ceo Mount a in wh i t et horn Ceanot hus cordul atus Sh rub S , N
Cec Cal i f ornia redbud Cerci s occident al i s Shrub
Chhi/ Bl oome r goldenbush Hapl opappus bl oomer i Shrub 5 5
Cig/ De er b rush Ceanot hus int eger r imus Sh rub S , N 3 2 -3
Cl afi/ Pipe -st em cl emat i s Cl emat i s l as iant ha Vine
Cl é Lemmon ceanothus Ceanot hus l emmoni i Sh rub 5 h-5
Paci f i c dogwood Cornus nut t al l i i Shrub 5 5
Cosé/ Miner s dogwood Cornus sess i l i s Sh rub 5 5
Tr ini ty squaw carpet Ceanot hus prost rat us l axus Shrub 5 5
Squaw carpe t Ceanot hus prost ra tus Shrub 5 5
Cal i f ornia haz e lnut Corylus cornut a cal i f orni ca Shrub h-5 h-S
Bush ch inquapin Chrysol epsi s sempe rv i r ens Shrub 5 5
Dougl as-f i r Pseudot suga menz ie s i i Tr ee 5 5
2 7
2-3
1 -2 1 -2
2 -3 2 -3
1 -2 1 -2 1 -2
pncé
Bl ue oak
Di gge r pine
Bush peppy
Cal i f orni a ye rba sant a
Foot h il l ash
Or egon oak
Fremont s i l kt asse l
Cal i f ornia buckeye
Incense-cedar
J e f f r ey pine
Knobcone pine
B i g dee rve t ch
Sh rub t an oak
Si er ra-l aur e l
Chapar ral honeysuckl e
Madrone
B igl eaf mapl e
Macnab cypr e ss
Oregon ash
Toyon (Chr i stmas b e r ry )
B i t t e r ch er ry
Paci f i c ninebark
Cal i f ornia mock orange
Sword f e rn
Bracken
Scrub canyon l iv e oak
Le at her oak
Br ewe r oak
Scrub bl ack oak
Quer cus dougl asi i
Pinus sab iniana
Dendromecon r igida
Er i odi ct yon cal i f orni cum
Fraxinus dipet al a
Quer cus gar ryana
Garrya f r emont i i
Ae scul us cal i f orni ca
Hype r i cumper f oratum
Cal ocedrus decurr ens
Pinus j ef f r eyi
Pinus at t enuat a
Lot us cr assi f ol ius
Li thocarpus densi f l ora
ech inoi de s
Leucot hoe dav i si ae
Loni ce ra int e r rupt a
Arbut us menz i e s i i
Ace r macr ophyl l um
Quer cus mor ehus
Cupr essus macnab iana
Fraxinus l at i f ol i a
He t er omel e s arbut i f ol ia
Prunus emar ginat a
Physocarpus capi t atus
Ph i l ade lphus l ewi s i i
cal i f orni cus
Polyst i chummuni t um
Prunus subcordat a
Pt e r idium aquil inumpube scens
Que rcus ch rysol epi s nana
Quer cus dur at a
Quer cus gar ryana b r ewe r i
Quercus ke l l oggi i cibat a
Tree
Tre e
Shrub
Sh rub
Shrub
Tr e e
Sh rub
Tr ee
Tr ee
Tr e e
Tr ee
Sh rub
Sh rub
Sh rub
Tr ee
Tr e e
Tr e e
Tr ee
Sh rub
Shrub
sh rub
Shrub
Shrub
Sh rub
Sh rub
Sh rub
5 5 5
5 h-S 3-h
S S 1+-5
s u 3-h
5 S
5 S
5 5
5 5 S
5 5
5 3 3-u
h-s u-5 3-h
5 h-S 3-h
5 5 S
5 2 -3 2 - 3
5 5
5 5
1 -2
symbol Common name Sci ent i f i c name
Wh i t e f ir Ab ies concol or Tr ee h-5 h-5 3-h
Whmfi/ We st ern wh ippi ea Wh ippl ea mode st a Sh rub
Nut t al l wi l l ow Sal ix scoul er iana Sh rub 2 -3
Ponde rosa pine Pinus ponderosa Tr ee h-5
1 / Sprout nat ure
S = Sprout s af t e r f i r e .
N Normal ly wi l l not sprout i f t op i s f i re ki l l ed
S ,N Sprout s af t er f ir e in some cases and i s compl e t e ly ki l l ed in ot h er s
U Post -f i re sprout ing capaci t y unknown,
Not e : Some speci es t hough ki l l ed by f i re , wi l l stump sprout af t er cut t ing in t he ab sence of f i r e .
2/ Br owse v alue ov er -al l r at ings , including spr out s af t er burning or cut t ing
l Very h igh
2 Hi gh
h Low
5 Very l ow
Kind of animal
H Hor se s; C Cat t l e ; 8 Sheep; G Goat s; Dee r .
3/ Mi scel l aneous v eget at i on and l andscape e l ement s mapped are
Symbol
Ba Rock , bare , or l i t t er-cove red gr ound , e ssent ial ly dev oid of v e ge t at i on .
Cu Cul t iv at ed or f al l ow f i el d , natural hayl ands , and i r r i gat ed pastur e s .
Gr Grasses and ot h er associat ed herbace ous pl ant s , include s meadows .
Hb Herbaceous pl ant s t hat ar e bushy in s i z e and charact er of growt h .
Md we t meadow .
Mr Uni dent i f i ed mar shl and herb s .
Ui Urban or indust r ial ar eas , f r equent l y wi t h no mappab l e soil due t o indust r ial act iv i t y .
h/ Speci e s not mapped but r e corded on type-acr e pl ot s .
5/ Species Ob se rv ed but not mapped or r ecorded on type-acr e pl ot s .
6/ Spe ci e s col l ect ed but not mapped or r ecorded on t ype -acre pl ot s .
7/ See r e f er ence -Gankin, R. 1 966 . A new speci es of Ar ct ost aphylos f r om Gl enn Count y , Cal i forni a .
Le af l e t West ern Bot any -331 .
8/ Inc lude s t h e speci es and al l i t s v ar i et ies
30
32N
33N
33N
33N
33N
33N
33N
33N
33N
33N
32N
6W
6W
6W
6W
7W
8W
7W
7W
7W
sw-65
sw-5o
wn-ao
ME-SS
sz-46
1 6 3-51
21 Nw-60
28 nu-ss
14 SE-l S
2 N-68
12 sw-6o
16 w-55
26 N-44
29 sw-66
31 s-55
3 SE-32
Table 4 .—Dat a on t zpe
—acre sampl ing pl o t s
22
21
21
29
29
30
29
29
24
24
J ul
J ul
Oct
Apr
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
( 71) (1 1)
(1 1)
64
64
66 20
68 10 60
QUADRANGLE 24D-2
64 10
64 5 85
64 9 n 1 5 25
64 15 50
64 10 n 5 ( 71)
64 1 2 0 15 35
64 5 1 0
3 1
30
10
45
30
70
45
25
( 71) 60 30
1 5 20 40
5 25
5 60 25
1 5
5
10
30 30
80
So,Aa ,Ci
Ap,Cpo
Cr ,Lde ,C,M,D ,XS .Rox ,Scu
Y ,Pe
n
Sg ,G
10
l l
1 2
1 3
14
10
32N
32N
32N
32N
32N
32N
33N
32N
32M
32N
31N
31N
31N
31N
31N
31N
31N
31N
32N
32N
32N
32N
7W
7W
7W
7W
7W
7W
7W
6W
6W
6W
6W
6W
6
1 2
1 2
1 3
1 7
24
32
29
28
30
33
29
30
31
32
23
27
21
28
W-55
NW-1 5
SE-80
NE-32
ME-66
N-ZO
NE-65
E-20
S-15
N-25
ME-34
S-1 6
W—25
NE-55
W-40
SW-3O
W-35
ME-23
2
2
24 J ul 64
30 J ul 64
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
23
29
23
29
23
23
27
27
27
25
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
Apr
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J ul
J un
65
64
64
64
68
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
60
64
72
64
64
64
64
QUADRANGLE 240-2
QUADRANGLE 24D— 3
20
3 2
20
(l l )
1 0
1 0
(Z! )
1 0
(Z! )
10
20
(1x)
(1 1 )
20
40
20
85
20
50
10
1 0
1 5
20
10
70
59
30
60
65
35
55
1 0
25
75
50
20
55
20
25
1 6
20
30
1 5
10
10
1 0
10
80
1 5
30
1 0
35
(1 1)
30
35
15
40
1 0
50
1 0
20
1 0
1 5
30
25
40
1 5
50
40
40
25
25
20
25
Lde ,Cn ,Cl e
D oY OB0C“oRPoRd oRr
i , Chh ,Ap
Y,Rr ,At e
Lde ,s.w,c6 .App,Led
,B .0 ,c,ci
Y ,C
Ci ,Cn
Rd
Ec
Rox ,B,C
Qw,Pa ,Li ,Px
Av on .QW, SO ,Rdp oAf .
C1 e ,S
Tab le 5 .- Plant spe cies on type
-acre sempl ing plot s
Sci ent i f i c name Common name
ANNUAL GRASSES
Confus ing fescue
Foxtai l fescue
Pubescent re f l ex fescue
Fal se foxt ai l fescue
Fes tuca paci f i ca Paci f i c fescue
PERENNIAL GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKE PLANTS
Agropyron parish i i laeve
Agropyron spi cat umAgros t i s di egoens i s
Agros t i s exarat a
Bromus laev i pes
Cal i fornia fescue
Wes te rn fescue
Luz ul a comosa Common wood rush
Luz ula subsessi l is Foot h i l l wood rush
Mel i ca ar i s t at a Awne d me l i c
Si t anion hyst r ix cali forni cum Squi rr e l t ai lSt i pa cal i forni ca
St ipa lemmoni iSt ipa s t i l lmani iTr i set um cernuum canescens
34
6,
3 .
1 0 .
1 3 .
9 .
7 .
1 .
b
b
U‘
MO
1 ,2 ,a.
L .
l , 7 .
b le 5 ( cont inued )
A11 0phyl lumdivar i cat umCalycadenia t runcat e scabre l l a
Cent aure a nel i t ensis
Cent aurea sol st i t i al is
Ce ras t iumvi scosum
Cruci anel la angus t i fol i a
Crypt antha sp.
Daucus pus i l lus
Epi lobiumminutumEriogonum vimi neum
Gal ina aparine
Gal ium di vari cat umGal i umpari sienseGayophyt um di f fusumdi f fusumGe rani um di ssect um
Gi l ia capi t at a pedemont anaGi thopsis spe cul at ioi des
Hypochoer i s glabra
Lact uca serri ola
Lessingi a nemaclada
Linant hus b icolor
Linant hus ci l i at us
Lot us mi crant husLot us pursh i anus
Lot us subpinnat us
Lupinus sp.
Lupinus bi col or mi crophyl lusLupinus val l i cola apri cus
Nadi a elegans
Nadi a exi gua
Medi a graci l i s
Moss and moss-li ke pl ant s
Nemophi la peduncul at aPlagiobot h rys sp.
Si lene gal l i ca
Si symbrium of f i cinale
Ste l l ari a medi aSt ephanome ri a vi rgat a
St rept ant hus tort uosus
Naps st ar thi s t le
Yel low s t ar thi st le
House-ear chi ckweed
Fi l ago
Goosegr ass
Lamark beds t rawwal l beds t raw
GayOphytumCommon wi ld geranium
B lue f i el d gi l ia
Smooth cat sear
Pr i ckly le t t uce
Annual Lupine
Bi color annual lupine
Footh i l l lupine
Common madi aLi t t le t arweed
Gumweed madi a
Common checkweed
Tal l s t ephanomer i a
Thysanocarpus curvipes e legans Lace pod
Tori l l i s arvensi s Fi el d hedge pars ley
3 5
Table 5 ( cont inued )
ANNUAL FORBS : ( cont inued )
Tri f ol i ummi crocephalum Ma iden cl over
Tri fol iul ol i vaceum columbinum Dove clover
Tri fol ium t r i dent at um Tomcat cl over
Tuni ca prol i fer e Tuni ca
Vi vi a angus t i fol i a Common ve t ch
PERENNIAL FORBS
Achi l lea boreali s cal i forni ca Common yerrow
Achi l l ea l anul osa lanulosa Mount ain yarrov
Adenoceulon bi color Trai l plant
Agoseri s gr andi fl ora Grand mount ain dande l ion
Agoseri s re t rorsa Spe ar-leaf mount ain dande l ion
8p.
Apocynumpumi lumAqui legi a formosaAral ia cal i f ornica
Arni ca di scoi dea eradi at e
Har tweg wi l d ginger
Purpl e ui lkweed
De l toid bal samroot
Calochort us spp.
Calochor t us t olmi e iCalys t egi a polynorpha
Campanula prenanthoi des
Cast i l l ej a sp.
Chlorogalun pomeri di anum Soap pl ant
Comandra umbe l lat a cal i forni ca Bas tard t oad-f lax
Cynoglossum grande Wes t ern houndst ongue
Cynoglossum occident ale Hounds tongue
Delph ini um sp. Larkspur
Dent ari a sp.
Disporumhooker i t rachyandrum Sier ra fairy be l ls
Dode cat heon sp. Shoo t ing s t ars
Eri geron inornat us Cal i fornia rayless daisyEriogonum nudumpubi f lorum
Eriogonum umbel lat umumbel lat um Sul fur buckwheat
Eriophyl lum l anatum
grandi f lorum Common Wool ly-sunf lowerErythroni um sp.
Frasera albi caul i e ni t i da Shining fr aser a
Fri t i l l ari a sp. Fri t i l l ary
3 6
Table 5 ( cont inue d)
-mi nut e quadr angle number s
240-1 24D-2 240-3 24D—4
Sci ent i f i c name Common name Plot numbers where found
TREES AND SHRUBS : ( cont inued)
Ace r macrophyl lum Bi gleaf mapl eAdenost oma fasci cul at um Chemi seAescul us cal i forni ca Sh rub ca l i fornia buckeye
Ai l ant hus al t i ssima Tree of heaven
Alnus rhombi fol i aAlnus t enui fol i a
Ame l anch ier pal l ida
Arbut us menz ies i iArct os t aphylos canescens
x vi scida
Arct os t aphylos manz ani t amanz ani t a Common manz ani t a
Arct os t aphylos ammz ani t awi es l ande ri Shingle t own manz ani ta
Arct os t aphylos nev adensi s Pinemat manz ani t aAr ct os t aphylos pat ul a pat ula Greenl eaf manz ani taArct ost aphylos pat ul a
platyphyl la Pine manz ani ta
Arct ost aphylos roofi i Roof manz ani taArct os t aphylos vi scida Wh i te leaf manz ani ta
Calocedrus decur rens Incense-cedar
Calycanthus occi dent al is Spi ce-bush
Ceanot hus cordul at us Mount ain whi t e thorn
Ceanot hus cuneat us2 /
Wedge leaf ceanot hus
Ceanot hus int ege rr imus Dee rbrush
Ceanot hus lemoni i Lelmnon ceanot hus
Ceanot hus pros t rat us l exus Upr i gh t squaw carpe t
Ceanothus pros t rat us
pros t rat us Squaw carpe t
Cal i forni a redbud
Bi r ch leaf mount ai n nohoganyBush chinquapinPipe
-s t em cl emat i sPaci f i c dogwood
Cornus sessi l is Mi ners dogwood
Coryl us cornut a cal i forni ca Cal i forni a haz elnut
Cupressus macnabi ana Macnab cypress
Dendrome con ri gi da Bush poppyEri odi ctyon cal i forni cum Cal i forni a yerba santa
Sierra-laurel
Tan-oak
Shrub t an-oak
Chaparral honeysuckle
Penst emon
9 .
(y )7.
1 3 .
P1 0 0 8 pooderosa POQder OG E Pine
3 8
( cont inued)
abini ana
subcordat a
suga menz iesi i
rcus kel loggi i cibat a
Quercus kel loggi i ke l loggi i
Que rcus lobat a
Que rcus vaccini fol ia
Quercus wi s l i zeni i
frutescens
Que rcus wi s l i z eni i
wisl i zeni i
Rhamnus cal i forni ca
crassi fol i a
Rhamnus ca li forni ca
toment el laRhamnus crocea i l i ci fol i a
Rh amnus pursh i ana
Rhamnus rubra ob t us i ss imaRhamnus rubra rubra
Rhododendron occi dent al e
Rhus di versi loba
Styrax of fi cinali s
cal i forni ca
Symphori carpos acut us
Symphor i carpos ri vulari s
Taxus brevi fol i a
Vi t is cal i forni ca
Whipplea modes ta
Canyon l ive oak
Shrub Cal i f . black oak
Cal i forni a black oak
Shrub int er ior l ive oak
Int er ior li ve oak
Thi ck-leaf cof feeberry
Chaparral cof feeber ryHol lylea f redberry
Cal i forni a st or ax
Spre ading snowberry
SnowberryPaci f ic Yew
Cal i forni a wi l d grape
Whipplea
1 4 .
10 .
2 .
6 .
(fij )
More dat a on percent compos i t ion and abundance of plant s are on f i le at the Depar tment of Agr onomy and Range Science ,
Univers i ty of Cal i forni a. Davi s .
Vari et i es not di f f erent iat ed .
Mapped in quadrangle indi cat ed but no t recorded on pl ot s .
Observed in quadrangle indi cat ed but not re corded on plot s .
Col lect ed in quadrangle indi cat ed but not re corded on plot s .
3 9
Tab l e 6 -Fiv e order s of soi l s in t he Fr ench
Gul ch Quadr angl e , by ser ie s , f ami l y , and subgr oup
Se r ie s Fami ly Subgroup
Ent i sol s
Loamy .mixed , nonaci d , t h e rmi c Li t h i c Xer or t hent s
Mixed . f r i gid Typic Xer opsamment s
lncept i sol s
Ki dd Medi al . me s i c l Li t h i c Vi t randept s
Modesty Coar se—l oamy ,mixed . t hermi c Typi c Xe rochr ept s
Ti sh Tang
Var iant 2 Fine -l oamy . mixed . me s i c Dyst r i c Xe r och r ept s
Neuns Loamy-skel e t al , mixed , me s ic Dyst r i c Xe roch r ept s
Chawanakee Loamy ,mixed . me s i c, shal l ow Dyst r i c Xe roch r ept s
Chaix Coar se—l oamy , mixed . me s i c Dyst r i c Xer och r ept sKanaka Coar se-l oamy , mixed . the rmi c Dyst r ic Xerochrept s
Sh ee t i ron Loamy- ske l e t al , micace ous . me s i c Dyst r i c Xer ochr ept s
Meyme h Loamy , mixed . mesi c Dyst r ic Li th i c Xerochr ept s
Goul ding Loamy-skel e t al , mixed . me s i c Li t h i c Xer ochr ept s
Mi l l sholm Loamy . mixed . t he rmi c Li th i c Xer ochr ept s
Huse Cl ayey , mixed . me s ic Li t h i c Xerochr ept s
Auburn Loamy . mixed , t hermi c Rupt i c-Li t h i c Xer och r ept s
Mb l l i sol s
Los Gat os Fine-l oamy , mixed , me s i c Typic Ar gixe rol l s
Fi ddl e t own
Var iant Fine-l oamy , mixed . mesi c Pe ch ic Ul t ic Ar gixer ol l s
Henneke Cl ayey-skel e t al . serpent ini t i c. t he rmi c Li t h ic Ar gixerol l s
San Andr eas Coar se-l oamy . mixed . t hermi c Typi c Hapl oxer ol l s
Tol lhouse Loamy , mixed . mes i c. shal l ow Ent i e Hapl oxer ol l s
Al f i sol s
Fine , kaol ini t i c, t hermi c
Coar se - l oamy ,mixed , th e rmi c
Loamy , mixed . t h e rmi c
Cl ayey-skel e t al . serpent ini t i c. mesi c
Fine -l oamy .mixed . t he rmi c
Loamy-skel e t al . mixed . me si cLoamy-skel e t al . mixed , me si cFine-l oamy . mixed , me si cFine-l oamy .
mixed . me si c
Fine-l oamy , mixed .'mesi c
Fine-l oamy , mixed , me s i c
Fine-l oamy . mixed , t h ermi c
Fine-l oamy , mixed . t hermi cFine , kaol ini t ic. me s i cFine , montmor il l oni t i c. t hermi cFine , montmor i l l oni t i c, th ermic
Ul t i sol s
Fine-l oamy. mixed . mesi c Xer i c Hapl ohumul t sCl ayey , kaol ini t i c me si c XEr i c Hapl ohumul t s
Fine-l oamy , mixed. mesi cl/ Typic Hapl oxe rul t s
Fine-l oamy. mixed . me s ic Typic Hapl oxerul t s
Fine-l oamy. mixed , me s ic Typi c Hapl oxerul t s
1 / Mapped as t hermi c in French Gul ch Quadrangl e .
4 0
Abrupt ic Dur ixe ral f s
Typi c Hapl oxeral f s
Li t h i c Mol l i e Hapl oxe ral f s
Mol l i e Hapl oxe ral f s
Mol l i c Hapl oxe ral f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f sUl t ic Hapl oxe ral f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxe ral f sUl t i c Hapl oxe ral f s
Ul t ic Hapl oxeral f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxer al f sUl t i c Hapl oxer al f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f s
Ul t i c Hapl oxe ral f s
Mol l i e Pal exeral f s
Serv Redding, California. 42 p. , illus. Zinke, Paul J andW. L. Colwell J r.
Waring, R. H. 1965 . Some general relationships among California
1969 . Forest plants of the eastern Siskyous: their en forest soils. Forest Soil Relationships in North
vironmental and vegetational distribution. North America. p. 354-365 illus Corvallis Oregon’
west Scr. 43( l ) : l-17. Oregon State University Press.
Wieslander, A. E.
1935. A vegetation type map of California. Madrono-144 .
42
WILMER L. COLWELL,JR. is in charge of the Cooperative Soil
Vegetation Survey, headquartered at Berkeley, California. A 1938
forestry graduate of North Carolina State University, he also holds a
master’
s degree ( 1950) from the University of California,Berkeley. He
joined the Station staff in 1946 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the Soil-Vegetation Survey staff for their contributions to
this publication: J ames I. Mallory ,range conservationist , andB enjamin
F. Smith, soil scientist , PacificSouthwest Forest andRange ExperimentStation;and Chester 0 . Stone, forester, CaliforniaD ivision of Forestry,
for their contributions and critical review;and W. RobertPowell, asso
ciate specialist, in the D epartment of Agronomy and Range Science,University of California, Davis for his assistance in preparation of the
explanations of the tables.
Basic information about soilsand vegetation— their
characteristics, location,extent, and relationships
— is
especially useful to the resource manager. It provides
himwith a foundation for understanding andmanaging the ecosystem— the ecological community that
includes soils, vegetation, animals, climate , and man.
By applying an ecological approach , he can make
more efficient and productive use of the land and its
resources. He can apply management procedures that
have proved successful in areas of known soils and
vegetation to other areas with the same characteris
Soil-vegetation surveys are designed to produce
useful maps and information. The data are useful to
the practitioner as well as to the researcher. In land
management research , prior knowledge of the eco
system ismandatory if the work is to succeed. If the
vegetation is to be changed,the information from
such surveys might be used to estimate probableresults.
This publication contains information about the
soil and vegetation symbolsand other featuresshown
on the 71/z-minute soil-vegetation quadranglemaps. It
also explains and defines the terminologyused in thesix tables that accompany each map.
The soil-vegetation maps were prepared by the
California State Cooperative Soil-Vegetation Survey
LEG END TO THE MAPS
B ase Maps
Base maps used for the Soil-Vegetation maps arespecially prepared by the Pacific Southwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station,mostly from pub
lished sources. Each Soil-Vegetationmapconsistsof astandard 71/z-minute quadrangle unit at the scale of 2
inches 1 mile .
Every effort has been made to fit the soil and
vegetation boundaries to the topography of the base
map. Land subdivisions have been positioned as ao
curately as source information and map control
Project , Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Forest Service . The Project is financedthrough appropriations of the California Legislature
to the Division of Forestry,Department ofConserva
tion,Resources Agency of California. Cooperating
organizations in the Soil-Vegetation Survey are the
Division of Forestry;the D epartment of Agronomyand Range Science, Department of Soils and Plant
Nutrition,University of California, Davis;D epart
ment of Forestry and Conservation, University of
California, Berkeley; and the Pacific Southwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley.
Project leader isWilmer L. Colwell, J r. ,PacificSouth
west Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley.
The Soil-Vegetation maps are for sale only . The
price of each 7 ‘zé-minute quadrangle map is 45 cents.
Tablesaccompany eachmap.
Order should state specifically which quadranglesare desired. Make checks or money orders for the
exact amount (minimumordersare payable to
the Treasurer of theUnited States, and send to :Regional Forester
U.S. Forest Service
630 Sansome Street
San Francisco,California 94 1 1 1
For a list of available maps, write to the above
address.
points permit . If a precise fit of the data to land
subdivisions for smallareas is required, ground checks
against known corner locations, fence boundaries, or
other features should be carried out, preferably by
using aerial photographs.
Contour lines,‘
minor roads, small drainages, and
other map details are not shown on the maps so as
not to obliterate other data. If such map detail is
required,refer to U.S. Geological Survey topographic
maps, which are used assources for thebase informa
tion. The base maps are listed in the lower right
corner of each quadranglemap.
Symbols S how n on th e Maps
All soil and vegetation information for each map
ping area is shown by coded symbols oh themapas in
the example below . Following this example are de
tailed explanations of the symbols.
Site ClassSymbol
WoodyVegetation
Cover Class Symbol
DominantWoodyPlant Sp
Non-vegetated
PotentialConifer Species
SoilSymbols
Soils are mapped by soil series and phases (depthclass, s10 pe class, and certain other soil phases) . TheSoil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 195 1) hasbeenused as a general standard of reference for terminol
ogy and concepts. Soil information is coded in the
formof anumerical fraction,e .g
8 15m Soil Series/soil seriesmodifier4313-1 depth class/otherphases/-slope class
Soil series can be coded in three categories definedas follows:
Soil series names are designated by numbers of
three or four digits in the numerator of the fraction.
Soilseries variants are soils of limited extent whichare distinctly different, but similar and closely related
to a known soil series. They are designated by the
symbol“V”following the soil series symbol, e.g.
8 15V.
Soils of limited extent which are distinctly differ
ent from and unrelated to a known soil series are
indicated by an“X
,
”“Y,
or“Z”instead of the final
numeral in the soil series symbol, e .g. 84X .
Soil series modifiers give additional information
about the soil series or indicate a variation from the
normal characteristic of the series. They have Specialsymbols and examplesasdefinedbelowParent rock or parent material phases are desig
nated by a lower .case letter following the soil series
number,e .g. 8 15m.
Variations from normal are shown by upper case
letters (different from any given above) following thesoil series number
,e.g. a landslide phase, 8ISL, or a
taxadjunct, SISA, etc.
If there ismore than one variant or taxadjunct of a
given soil series designated by the same letter, each is
numbered in succession,e.g
Soil seriesvariants: 8 15V1 , 8 15V2Taxadjuncts: 815A1
,SISA2
Other soil phases are designated by letters and
numbers in the denominator of the fraction. Soil
depth class is designated by the first digit . Rockiness,
stoniness, and/or erosion are designated by letters and
numbers immediately following the depth class
symbol (table The slope ckzss in the delineated
area is represented by a letter or number symbol
which is separated by a hyphen from the other phase
symbols (table I}.
In some areas an association of two soilsoccurs in
such an intricate pattern that they cannot be indica
ted separately at the scale of mapping. Such a soil
complex is designated by two fractional symbols
separated by a vertical line , e .g.,
The dominant soil unit (5 1 to 80 percent of a delin
eated area) appearson the left .
Unclassified soil areas are usually agricultural or
potentially agricultural lands for which , in manycases, soil surveys have already been made by other
agencies, such as the U.S. Soil Conservation Service .
Symbols for unclassified soils are or
but are not in fraction form;sometimes a
Type-AcreSamplingPlots
Type-acre soil-vegetation sampling plots are estab
lished in a mapped area. These plots are not uni
formly distributed because their locations are chosento be representative of the more extensive (or sometimes unusual) combinationsof soil and vegetation. A
detailed soil profile description and intensive vegeta
tion inventory are made at these sites. Plot locations
(tables 4, 5 } are shown on the map by circled
numbers,
TimberSiteSymbols
Site quality (capacity of the land for growing
commercial conifer timber) is indicated on the maps
by single number symbols (ArabicorRoman) such as4 and II. For each delineated commercial timber
cropland area a predominant site quality class is
designated, based on the age-height relationships of
trees. The site classification system used depends on
the species type and location of the survey area.
The pine, fir, pine-D ouglas-fir, and pine— D ouglas
fir— fir types are graded by two different site class
curves: ( 1) in terms of the total height that average
dominant trees reach at 300 years of total age by
25-foot class intervals (Dunning or (2) in
terms of the average total height of dominant treesat
a base age of 100 yearsmeasured at breast height by
20-foot class intervals (Arvanitis, et al .
Site class symbols are designated by numbers 1
through 7 :
Arvanitis
D unning heigh t !feet} height !feet}
At 1 00 years At 300 years at 1 00years
Dunning’
s site classes are used in the types sur
veyed in D el Norte, Shasta, Sonoma, and TrinityCounties. Arvanitis site classes apply to the types
mapped in Butte, Calaveras, Plumas, Siskiyou,
Tuolumne, and YubaCounties,D ouglas
-fir and redwood types are graded in
terms of the total height that average dominant and
codominant Douglas-fir trees reach at 100 years of
age by 30-foot classes (McArdle 1949 rev . Site
class symbols are designated by Roman numbers Ithrough V .
The site curves used have been adjusted to the
average height of dominant Douglas-fir trees (Staebler
Spruce and lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock
typesare each considered a single site quality class:Symbol
X Spruce
XX Lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock
In areaswithout climate and soil suitable for grow
ing commercial conifer crops, the site index symbol is
omitted.
SoilandVegetationBoundaries
Soil or vegetationboundariesor both are normally
shown on the map by dashed lines. In some places,
however, it is necessary to show a soil boundary dis
tinct from a vegetation boundary. Where this isdone,
a dotted line indicatesa soil boundary.When needed,a double-headed arrow is used to show the appropri
ate adjacent soil.
OtherFeaturesonMaps
Photo centers: The locations of the centersof aer
ial photographs from which the map data are com
piled are shown on the map by large dots. Thiswillfacilitate use of themapwith aerialphotos.
Roads: Some are shown for orientation purposes.
D rainage ways.
— Some major drainages are shownfor orientation purposes.
Special features: Features too small to delineate
are shown by these symbols:
Spring
Wet spot
QVW/VVVVV Rock escarpment
Pond or reservoir
Named peak
COMPANY MAPS
based on and extrapolated fromSampson and J esper
son
Table 4 presents a portion of the data taken fromtype
-acre sampling plots that isprincipally concernedwith livestock and wildlife use . It includes date of
sampling, plot location, aspect and percent slope, soil
series and phases, woody cover class (overstory) , information on soft chess growing on the plot, percent
of ground covered by various vegetation and land
scape units as measured below a reference plane
feet above the ground, and a list of woody species
with available browse .
The soil series, soil phase, and woody cover class
symbols may not correspond to those in the deline
ated areas of the map in which the plots are located
because of scale of mapping. Detailed descriptionsof
soil profiles at these plot locations are on file at the
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station,Berkeley, California.
Soft chess (Bromusmollis} isone of themost com
mon annual range grasses in California. Height and
stage of maturity of this grass together with date of
sampling and other data give an indication of site and
kind of season or year for the plot area.
Table 5 lists all plant species recorded for the
quadrangle. Although not an exhaustivefloristic listfor the area, it is quite complete forwoody plants indry upland habitats. G iven for each Speciesare scien
tific name, common name, whether the Species was
mapped, type-acre sampling plots on which it was
found,or whether it was Simply observed to occur
somewhere in the quadrangle . Scientific names
mostly follow Munz and Keck ( 1959) and Munz
Common names mostly follow Abrams
( 1923 J epson Munz and KeckMunz and local usage . Because percent
ground cover (see table 4) and Speciescomposition of
herbaceous component of vegetation often vary from
year to year, these data are preliminary and describe
plots at date of sampling. More data on percent
composition and abundance of Species are on file at
Department ofAgronomy and Range Science,Univer
sity of California,Davis and at Pacific Southwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station,Berkeley,
California.
Table 6 lists the current taxonomic classificationof the soils found in the quadrangle, according toNational Cooperative Soil Survey standards.
The soil classification system currently used was
adopted for general use in the United States in 1965
(Basile 197 1;Soil Survey Staff It has Six cate
gories. The broadest category is the order, followed
by suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and the
series. The criteria used as a basis for classification are
soil properties that are observable and measurable .
The placement of the smallest unit — the soil series— in
the current systemmay change asmore precise infoi
mation becomesavailable .
The 10 soil orders recogniz ed are defined as
follows:
Entisols: young mineral soils that do not have
genetic horizons or barely have the beginning of such
horizons.
REFERENCES
Abrams, Leroy.
1923 Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. 4 vols.
1960 . Stanford : Stanford University Press.
Arvanitis, L. G ., J . Lindquist, and M. Palley.
1964 . Site index curves for even-aged young-grow th
ponderosa pine of the west-side Sierra Nevada.
California Forestry and Forest Products 35 , 8 p.
Basile, Robert M.
197 1 . A geography of soils. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C.
B rownCo. 1 52 p.,illus.
Eleventh International Botanical Congress.
1972 . International code of botanical nomenclature.
Adopted August 1969 . Utrecht, Netherlands, 2 p.
Jepson,WillisLynn.
1923 A manual of the flowering plants of California.
1925 . p. illus. Berkeley : California Associated
StudentsStore.
McArdle, Richard E. ,W. H. Meyer, and D . Bruce.
1930 . The yield of Douglasfir in the PacificNorthwest .
Rev. 1949 and 196 1 . U.S. D ep. Agric. Tech . Bul.
20 1, 64 p.
McMinn, Howard E.
1939 . An illustrated manual of California shrubs. 698
p. ,illus. San Francisco : J . W. Stacey, Inc.
Munz , PhilipA.
1968 . Supplement to a California flora. 224 p. Berke
ley : University of California Press.
G PO 6 89
lnceptisols: mineral soils in which horizons havestarted to develop,
and are young but not on recent
land surfaces.
Mollisols: very dark colored and base-rich soils
with a thick, friable, dark-colored surface layer.
Alfisols: soils that have clay-enriched B horizons
with mediumor high base saturation and usually have
light-colored surface horizons.
Ultisols.
:
well developed soils that have clayenriched B horizonswith low base supply or low basesaturation decreasing with depth .
Vertisols: clayey soils that Shrink and have wide
deep cracks during dry periods and that swell closingthe cracks, inmoist seasons.
Aridisols: primarily soils in dry areas, pale in color
and generally soft when dry or have distinct
structure .
Spodosols: usually gray to light gray podzol or
podzolic soils, generally infertile , and developed from
siliceousparent materials in cool humid climates.
Oxisols: reddish , yellowish , or grayish soils of
tropical and subtropical regions, are deeply weath
ered, and formed on gentle slopeson old surfaces.
Histosols: Soils that are dominantly organic frombogs, peats, andmucks.
Munz , PhilipA. , and David D . Keck.
1959 . A Californiaflora. p.,illus. Berkeley : Uni
versity of California Press.
Sampson, ArthurW. , and Beryl S. Jesperson.
1963 . California range brushlands and browse plants.
Calif. Agric. Exp. Stm. Ext. Serv. Manual 33 , 162
p.
Soil Survey Staff.
195 1 . Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Hamdh . 18,
503 p. illus.
Soil Survey Staff.
1960 . Soil classification, a comprehensive system, 7th
approximation. Soil Conservation Serv. Washington, D .C. 265 p. , illus.
Staebler, G eorge R.
1948 . Use of dominant tree heights in determining site
index for Douglas~fir. U.S. Forest Serv. Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn. For. Res.
Note 44 , 3 p.
U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range ExperimentStation.
1949 . The timber stand and vegetation-soil maps of
California. Berkeley, Calif. 15 p. ,illus.
U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range ExperimentStation.
1954 . Field manual, soil-vegetation surveys in Califor
nia. Berkeley, Calif. 95 p. ,illus.
orest and Range Experiment Station
)REST SERVICE US DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE PO . BOX 245 , BERKELEY , CALIFORNIA 94701
E. Nelson
Thomas H. Schubert
USD A FOREST SERVICE RESOURCE BULLETIN PSW-1 4 /1 9 76
ADAPTABILITY OF
SELECTED TREE
SPECIES PLANTED
AWAII FORESTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Staff members of the Hawaii Division of Forestry assisted in the field appraisalwork. We particularly thank L.W. Bryan , AllenW. Duval, KarlK . Korte, andMax
F. Landgraf, District Foresters, for their assistance in helping locate specificplantings in the field. R. Sidney Boone, Stanley B . Carpenter, G eorge B .
Richmond , and Roger G . Skolmen, Research Foresters, U.S. Forest Service ,
contributed materially to the gathering of information in the field .
Forest Service research in Hawaii
isconducted in cooperation with
Division of Forestry
Hawaii D epartment of Land and Natural Resources
75°
F (24°
C) , decreasing about 3°
F C) per1000-foot (305-m) increase in elevation above sea
level.
The great diversity of physiographic conditions
found in the million acres million ha) ofland in Hawaii includes 190 soil series. All 10 orders
of soils recogniz ed in the National Cooperative Soil
Survey are represented in Hawaii (Foote and others
1972,Sato and others Thus, there are many
kinds of sites for tree growth , and growing conditions
differmarkedlywithin short distances.
Some 800 tree Species have been planted through
out the islands, on a wide variety of forest sites, by
the Hawaii Division of Forestry (Nelson Al
though some native Hawaiian species were planted,
most of these were slow growing and difficult to es
tablish on the eroded areas thatmade up some of the
major areasneeding reforestation. Therefore, plantingwas done primarily with exotic tree species. Manywere tested through the years, with emphasis on
those useful for protecting watersheds. Only recently
has much attention been paid to timber-producing
potential. The search for suitable species to grow on
different Sites inHawaii continues.
STUDYMETHODS
Data on tree planting work done by the D ivision
of Forestry up to 1960 were organized by species
name and by locations of plantings. From limited
literature review and firsthand knowledge, each listedSpecies was tentatively rated for probable silvical
adaptability in Hawaii and for its potential to yield
wood products. These preliminary “value”ratings of
about 800 species, as well as information on location
and number of trees planted, provided the basis for
screening the lists, and 60 species were selected for
field appraisal.
Plans were to appraise the growth of a given
Species at 10 locations representing diverse growing
conditions, if there were that many plantings. When a
planting was located in the field, information on tree
stand,and Site attributeswas recorded :
Tree attributes: Diameter, height, form, crown
width ,defects, andmerchantability potential.
Stand attributes: Species composition, Spacing,
basal area, density,damage, and presence of regenera
tion.
Site attributes: Elevation, precipitation,
aspect,
Slope, soil depth , soil drainage ,land use,mapped soil
series, and competing vegetation.
Field appraisal work was mostly conducted be
tween l964 and 1968 . Locating the plantings in the
field proved .to be unexpectedly difficult . The plant
ing records usuallymentioned only the forest reserve,which might encompassmany squaremiles. All of the
seedlings recorded as planted at one time were not
necessarily planted at one site,or in a single block.
Some were scattered throughout the areas designated.
Even with the aid of local forestry personnel who in
some instances had helped plant the trees, relocation
successwas less than 50 percent .
RESULTS
Although field appraisal efforts did not yield as
much information asinitially anticipated,the findings
are helpful. Data (p. 13) from field examination of
plantings of 3 1 species were summarized (table
Location of plantings appraised isgiven to the nearest
second of latitude and longitude to aid those wishing
to see them.
Even though large numbers of seedlings of most
species were planted,specific recommendations can
be made for very few species on the basis of the
appraisal results. Only one,J uglans nigra,
is con
sidered not adapted to Hawan. Several are apparently
useful only for ornament or protective cover. The
adaptability of nine, Albiz ia falcataria, Araucaria
columnaris, Eucalyptus deglupta,Fraxinus uhdei,
G revillea robusta,Sequoia sempervirens, Swietenia
macrophylla,Swietenia mahagoni, and Toona ciliata
var. australis, is sufficiently established to support
recommendations on the general site conditions theyrequire in Hawaii. Research is now needed to deter
mine the cultural practices that willproduce the best
growth and form of these Species. Formore than half
the 3 1 Species examined, however, further site trials
are needed before a final decision concerning their
adaptability inHawaiicanbemade.
Our inability to readily apply the results of the
study points up the critical importance of keeping
complete records of trials of exotic Species. Accurate
locational information would have made it possible
for us to find amuch greater percentage of the plant
ings, or at least to verify that they had not survived.
D etailed records of planting stock condition, planting
techniques, weather at time of planting and during
the establishment period, and postplanting main
tenance treatments, would have made it possible to
deduce with some degree of certaintywhether failure
or poor performance was caused by one ormore of
these factors,or by lack of species adaptation. Much
more information might thus have been gained fromthemany plantingsmade between 1908 and 1960 .
SPECIESNOTES
References: Albert 1908 , Australia Dep. Natl. Dev .
1962 ,Francis 1951 Streets 1962 .
AGATHIS AUSTRALIS Salisb . (Pinaceae)
New Zealand kauri is indigenous to North Island,
New Zealand,where it occurs over a wide range of
growing conditions. There it reaches heights of 80 to120 or even 150 feet (24 to 46 m) , with long, clear
holes and trunk diameters to 7 feet m) , or even
larger. New Zealand kauri wood is recognized world
wide as excellent for many uses,including construc
tion and furniture .
The four plantings recorded,totaling some 850
seedlings, were made on Oahu during 1920 to 1924 .
‘Family designations in this report are based on DallaTorre
and Harms 1900-1907 .
ACACIAMELANOX YLON R. B . (Leguminosae)l
Blackwood acacia is indigenous to southeastern
Australia, on a wide range of sites. There it developsbest in cool rain forest types and grows to heights of
more than 120 feet (37 m) . InAustralia,the wood is
considered highly attractive for cabinet and furniture
uses;it closely resembles Hawaiian koa (Acacia koa) .Thirty plantings are recorded— on Kauai, Oahu,
and Maui— totaling some seedlings. The carli
est planting, of 100 seedlings, was made in 19 19 in
the Papalolalola Forest Reserve, Kauai. Eigh t plantingswere examined.
Blackwood acacia is well adapted to relatively
cool,moist Sites in Hawaii. G rowth rates have been
generallymoderate. Some trees have attained heights
of over 90 feet (27 m) and diameters breast high of
over 20 inches (50 cm) in about 30 years. Although
some trees were of excellent form for sawtimber,many were only fair or poor in form because of lat
eralbranching,fluting of trunk,and Spiralgrain. Root
suckering was common. Flowering was observed in
April.
Further trials are needed in moist sites at eleva
tions of 2000 to 4000 feet (6 10 to 1220m) . Equallyormore irnportant, research is needed in genetic tree
improvement and on the effect of stand density on
tree growth and quality.
ALNUSNEPALENSIS Don. (Betulaceae)
Nepal alder is indigenous throughout the Himalaya
region and upper Burma at elevations from 3000 to
9000 feet (900 to 2700 m) . On moist Sites there,trees in natural stands grow rapidly to heights of 80
to 100 feet (24 to 30 m) with diameters up to 2%feet (76 cm) . This species invades disturbed ground
and provides rapid protection from erosion. The
wood isconsidered an easilyworked utility wood.
Thirty-five plantings are recorded between 1930
and 1960— on Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii
totaling some seedlings. The earliest planting,
not located in this study,was in 1930 in theWaiahole
Forest Reserve, Oahu . Two stands established in the
Kohala Mountains on Hawaii were examined and a
few treeswere observed at other locations.
Nepal alder was found to be well adapted to cool,
moist, and very wet sites, at elevations above 2000
feet (6 10 m) . Some trees had attained heights of
more than 100 feet (30 m) and diameters of 24
inches (60 cm) in about 25 years on the very wet ,
foggy Sites in the Kohala Mountains. Merchantable
log lengths of 32 to 48 feet ( 10 to 15 m) were com
mon,although many stems had sweep and persistent
branches. On some siteswindfallwascommon.
Nepal alder produces viable seed and natural re
generation hasbeen observed.
Further trials are needed to determine the adapta
bility of Nepal alder to moist and wet sites at eleva
tions above 3500 feet ( 1070 m) . This species is notwind hardy and should not be planted on exposed
sites or to enhance recreation areas. Research is also
needed to determine the effect of stand density on
growth ,form
,and log quality.
References: Bryan 1947 , G erhards 1964 ,Peters and
Lutz 1966 ,Streets 1962 ,
Troup 192 1 , Whitesell andIsherwood 197 1 .
ARAUCARIA COLW NARIS (Forst .) Hook.
(Pinaceae)
Columnar araucaria or Cook’
s araucaria is in
digenous to New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines,
where it grows to heights of over 130 feet (40 m) .The wood is reported to have properties similar toA.
heterophylla and A. cunninghamii which are excel
lent formany uses.
Fifty-three plantings are recorded between 19 17
and 1960— on Kauai, Oahu,
Maui, and Hawaii
totaling some seedlings.
2The earliest re
References: Bryan 1947 , G erhards 1967 ,Neal 1965 ,
Ntirna 1968 ,Streets 1962 .
ARAUCARIA CUNNINGHAMII Sweet . (Pinaceae)
Hoop pine is indigenous to New G uinea and to the
coastal ranges of Queensland and northern New
2‘ D ifferentiation between A. columnaris (Syn. A. cookii R.
Br.) and A. heterophylla (Syn. A. excelsa R. Br. ) may nothave been consistent in the planting records. Probably some
of the many plantings recorded asA. heterophylla, a species
not included in thisappraisal, are in factA. columnaris.
corded plantings were inManoa Valley,Oahu. Trees
at eight locationswere examined.
The species was found to be well adapted on a
wide range of sites to above 2000 feet (6 10m) . Manytrees attained heights of 80 feet (24 m) in about 40
years and some were over 100 feet (30 m) tall.Diameters breast high of measured dominant treesabout 40 years old ranged from 13 to 24 inches (33to 6 1 cm) . There were few heavy branches and littleforking to affect merchantable length ,
but persistent
whorls of small lirnbs on nearly the entire bole ad
versely affected log quality.
Cook’
s araucaria produces viable seeds in Hawaii.
Fruiting is much more abundant in some years thanothers. Cones ripen and dehisce in late summer or
early fall (August to October) .
Natural regeneration was found in and adjacent tomost plantings examined. Exceptions were the wet
site on the island of Hawaii, where no flowering or
fruiting was noted, and the dry sites at Lualualei
where fruiting was noted but no seedlings were seen.
Further site adaptability trials are probably not
needed. However,as this Species hasconsiderable po
tential for use inHawaii,research in culturalmethods
is needed to develop prescriptions for seedling pro
duction, plantingmethods, fertilizers, and weed con
trol on different sites, and the effects of stand den
sity,thinning, and pruning on growth and log quality.
Research should include determining relationshipsbetween growth rates and site factors such as soil and
elevation.
Cook’
s araucaria has potential for much greater
use for Christmas trees, windbreaks, recreation site
enhancement , landscape plantings, and timber. Litter
production in older,dense stands seems to be ideal to
protect the soil from erosion in the absence of under
story vegetation.
South Wales. It occurs from near sea level to 8000
feet (2438 m) elevation in New G uinea and to 3000
feet (9 14 m) in Australia. In its native habitats it is a
large tree, commonly attaining heights of over 150
feet (46 m) and diameters of over 4 feet ( 122 cm) .Mature treeshave clear bolesyielding timber of excellent working qualities and useful formany purposes.
Thirteen plantings are recorded between 1929 and
1959 — cmKauai, Oahu,Molokai, and Hawaii— totaling
some 8600 seedlings. Observationsandmeasurements
of trees in two plantings located showed that growth
had been Slow and the trees are of low vigor.
As hoop pinemay be a valuable species for various
forestry purposes in Hawaii, further trials on awider
range of sites are needed.
References: Australia Dep. Natl. D ev. 1962 ,Bryan
1947 , Francis 195 1 , Neal 1965 , Ntima 1968 , Streets1962 .
BRACHYCHITONAGERIF0L]UM F Muell.
(Sterculiaceae)
Flame tree is indigenous to the coastal rain forests
ofNew SouthWalesand Queensland, Australia. Thereit grows to heights of 120 feet (37 m) and stem
diameters of 3 feet (9 1 cm) . It is reported to grow
well on sites suited for macadamia nut (Macadamia
integrifolia) trees. The pale-colored wood is very soft
and suitable only for plywood corestock or other
products where strength and natural durability are
not important . Flame tree is reported to be an attrac
tive ornamental and shade tree. It has been success
fully introduced to some areas ofAfrica.
Twenty-nine plantings are recorded,between 192 1
and 1957 — on Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii
totaling some 4 100 seedlings. Only one planting was
located for this appraisal- a Single tree planted in
1953 . It was of poor vigor and form. Although flame
tree may be suited for ornamental plantings in
Hawaii,forest plantings are not recommended.
References: Francis 195 1 , Neal 1965 , Streets 1962 .
CALLITRIS CALCARATA A. Cunn. exMirb .
(Pinaceae)
Black cypress—pine is indigenous to Australia, cc
curring in Queensland,New South Wales, and Vic
toria,where it reaches heights to 80 feet (24 m) and
References: Bryan 1947 , Streets 1962 .
References: Australia D ep. Natl. Dev. 1962 ,Bryan
1947,Streets 1962 .
diameters to 18 inches (46 cm) . The dark,attractive
wood finishes well and is valued for furniture, paneling, and trim work. It is also durable and termiteresistant and isuseful for postsand poles.
Seven plantings are recorded between 1933 and
l959 - on Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii— totaling about
4500 seedlings. Only one planting was located for
appraisal. This planting, on Maui in 1949,was of
4245 seedlings. Survival was fair, but growth of the
best trees was only moderate . Continuing mortalityindicated that the Species is not adapted to themod
erately moist site. Fruit was noted in November, but
no flowersor reproduction.
Further adaptability trials are needed on drier or
higher Sites, as this species offers potential for orna
mentaluse aswell as timber.
CALLITRIS GLAUCA R. Br. (Pinaceae)
White cypress-pine is indigenous to Australia, cc
curring over a wide range of inland areaswith annual
rainfall from 14 to 28 inches (360 to 7 10mm) . Thereit commonly attains heights of 70 feet (2 1 m) , or onthe better Sites, grows to 100 feet (30m) with diame
ters to 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The yellow-to-brown wood is
reported to be ofmoderate strength and brittle. It is
highly resistant to termites and useful for poles,
posts, and construction lumber.
Eleven plantings are recorded between 193 1 and
1957— oh Oahu,Maui, and Hawaii— totaling some
1300 seedlings. The earliest plantings, in 193 1 , con
sisted of six seedlings planted in the Waihou SpringForest Reserve, Maui, and Six seedlingsplanted in the
Kohala Forest Reserve, Hawaii. Only two plantingswere located for appraisal.
G rowth was slow and vigor low on a wet Site, but
much better on a rocky slope under lower rainfall.
Tree form indicated good potential as saw timber, al
though limbs were retained cmthe bole. Fruitingwas
noted inOctober at the drier location.
This species Should be tested on sitesmore nearlylike its native habitat , that is, drier sites from 1000 to
4000 feet (305 to 1220 m) elevation and avoiding
wet, heavy-textured Soils. It has potential as an orna
mental and for watershed protection and timberpro
duction on drier sites.
CALOPHYLLUM BRASILIENSE Camb . (Guttiferae)
Maria is native to the moist forest areas ofPuerto
Rico,and with its geographic varieties, is widely dis
tributed throughout the West Indies and adjacentcontinental areas. There it grows to heightsof over 65feet (20 m) and diameters of 18 inches (46 cm) or
more . Maria iscommonly planted as an ornamental or
shade tree . It is reported to be readily regenerated by
direct seeding and to be adapted to degraded Sites.
The wood is attractive,resemblingmahogany, but is
more difficult to process.
Eight plantings are recorded— all on Mauibetween
1929 and l932 — totaling 295 seedlings. Only one
planting was located for this appraisal. D ominant
trees 34 years old were about 40 to 55 feet ( 12 to 17
m) tall and less than 15 inches (38 cm) diameter
breast height . Short stature and crooked or forked
boles indicated their potential for sawtimber was
poor on this extremely wet site .
Trees were not flowering in J une, but there,
were
fruit and natural seedling regeneration. Some root
and stem suckerswere seen onwindfalls.
Further tests of Maria are needed on different
sites, especially to determine its adaptability to de
graded sites. Before such testsaremade, species iden
tity should be confirmed.
References: Little and Wadsworth 1964 ,Neal 1965 .
CASTANOSPERMUMAUSTRALE A. Cunn.
(Leguminosae)
Moreton-Bay-chestnut is indigenous to New South
Wales and Queensland,Australia,
occurring in coastal
rain forests and as far as 100 miles ( 16 1 km) inland.
In its native habitats it is a large tree, reaching 130
feet (40 m) in height and 4 feet ( 122 cm) in stem
diameter. The dark brown timber isconsidered one of
themost attractive cabinet woods ofAustralia.
Twenty-four plantings are recorded between 1927
and 1957— cm Kauai, Oahu,Maui, and Hawaii
totaling some 1200 seedlings. Only one planting was
located for this appraisal, in the Ewa Forest Reserve,
Oahu.
Survival was poor. Only three plants were seen,
out of some 4 13 reported planted in 1927 . G rowth of
surviving plants had been very Slow , indicating the
species is not adapted to that Site. A large, vigorous
specimen over 50 years old, growing as ayard tree in
Kukuihaele, and the rapid growth of trees planted in
1967 in an experimentalplot above Paauilo, island of
Hawaii,are evidence that the speciesmay be adapted
to some moist Sites inHawaii. The tree at Kukuihaeleproduces viable seed. Floweringwas observed in October.
Further trials are needed on moist,well-drained
Sites.
References: Francis 1951 , Streets 1962 .
References: Bryan 1947, Lamb 1968 ,Little and
Wadsworth 1964 ,Streets 1962 .
CEDRELA ODORATA L. (Meliaceae)
Spanish-cedar is indigenous in lowland wet forests
of tropical America— West Indies to Trinidad and Tobago;and Mexico,
Ecuador, Peru,Brazil
,and the
Guianas. There ,on good sites it is a large tree, reach
ing heights of more than 120 feet (37 m) and stem
diameters of over 4 feet ( 122 cm) . The wood is
valued for its excellent working qualities and is usedfor high quality furniture, cabinetry,
aromatic chests,trim,
veneer, and general construction.
Thirty-two plantings are recorded between 1924
and 1959 — on Kauai, Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii— totaling more than seedlings. The
earliest planting was of 200 seedlings in Makiki
Valley,Oahu. Only .two plantings were located for
this appraisal .
Survival rate was low on these sites but growth of
surviving trees had been generally good. Dominant
trees in the 4 1-year-old stand inMakiki Valley were
more than 80 feet (24 m) tall with stem diameters
greater than 2 feet (6 1 cm) . Trees examined in the
planting on Maui had similar growth rates. Trees inHawaiihave produced viable seed.
Further trials of this species are needed, especially
to test tree and stand development in well-stocked
stands.
CINNAMOMUMCAMPHORA (L.) Nees Eberth .
(lauraceae)
Camphor-tree is indigenous to easternAsia, includ
ing Taiwan and J apan. There it is reported to grow
best at higher elevations in the tropics or subtropics,
reaching heights of 100 feet (30 m) and diameters
over 2 feet (6 1 cm) in forests in Taiwan. On most
Sites it is much smaller. It is commonly planted for
windbreaks or as an ornamental and is also cultivated
for production of camphor oil from leaves and twigs.
maple Should bemade to determine the sites to which
it is best adapted,and also to determine growth and
development of well-stocked stands.
References: Burgan and Wong 197 1 , Francis 195 1 ,Neal 1965 ,
Streets 1962 .
FRAXINUS UHDEI (Wenzig) Lingelsh . (Oleaceae)
Tropicalash is indigenous inWestern and Southern
Mexico and G uatemala. Amedium-size tree there, it
grows to 60 feet ( 18 m) in height and 16 inches (40cm) in trunk diameter. It is reported to grow along
stream banks. Tropical ash is a popular street and
Shade tree in Mexico City, Guadalajara, and else
where. The light-colored, yellowish wood is mod
erately heavy and strong and is well-suited to furni
ture and cabinet work. It doesnot have the toughness
and strength required for toolhandles.
More than 125 plantings of tropical ash are re
corded between 1924 and 1960— on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai,Maui
,and Hawaii— totaling over
seedlings. The 14 plantings located for this
appraisal included four on the island of Lanai which
were not listed in the records surveyed. There isconfusion about the identity of Species in the Fraxinus
plantings. Many were recorded asF. americanawhen
planted, but botanists who have studied Specimens
indicate that the Hawaii plantings are probably allF.
uhdei.
Tropical ash grew best in Hawaii on moist sites
with well-drained soils at elevations between 1500
and 5000 feet (457 to 1524 m) . Survival was low ,
growth slow,and formscrubby on relatively dry sites
on ridges and side Slopes on the island of Oahu. On
Lanai island, under similar rainfall, but on alluvial
soils, growth and formwere better. Trees 37 yearsold
reached 100 feet (30 m) in height and more than 2feet (6 1 cm) in trunk diameter. The tendency for low
forking, development of multiple stems, or lodgingwas a drawback in terms of potential timber production. Nevertheless, some young stands produced saw
timber at rates greater than 1000 board feet per acre
( 14 m3
per ha) per year.
Tropical ash trees produce abundant viable seed inHawaii and natural regeneration is occurring.
Further research is needed on the silvics of this
Speciesand the culturalpracticesneeded for Optimum
stand development . G enetic tree improvement te
search should also be initiated.
References: Neal 1965 , Pickford and LeBarron 1960,
Standley and Williams 1969,Whitesell and others
197 1,Youngs 1960 .
GREVILLEAROBUSTAA. Cunn . (Proteaceae)
Silk-oak is indigenous to the rain forests of
Queensland and New SouthWales, Australia, where itattains heights of 120 feet (37 m) and trunk diameters of 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The attractive yellowish wood
with distinctive ray pattern is valued for cabinetry.
The tree has attractive foliage and flowers and is
widely planted for shade and landscaping.
Two hundred and seventy plantings, totalingmore
than million seedlings are recorded between 19 10
and 1959 — on Kauai, Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii.
Silk-oak is adapted to a broad range of sites in
Hawaii. It has become naturalized over thousands of
acres, mostly below 1000 feet elevation. It grows
moderately rapidly and attains fair form for saw
timber at elevations from near sea level to over 3000
feet (9 14 m) and under a range of annual rainfall
from 35 inches (890 mm) to over 175 inches (4450
mm) . Silk-oak is considered by some landowners to
be anoxiousweed onpasture lands.
Further research on the adaptability of Silk-oak to
various sites in Hawaii is probably not needed. How
ever,research on Silvicultural practices will be bene
ficial as this species has good potential for timber
production.
References: Francis 1951 , Nelson 1960 , Streets 1962 .
INTSIA BIJUGA (Colebr.) O . Kuntze (Leguminosae)
Ipil is indigenous over a wide area, from the coast
of East Africa through Southern Asia, the MalayArchipelago,
New Guinea,Fiji
,and some other Pa
cific Islands. It is best adapted to areas just inlandfrom the shoreline or to moist alluvial flatswhere it
reaches heights up to 100 feet (30 m) and stem di
ameters up to 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The reddish-brown,
coarseo textured wood is very heavy but seasonswell.
Although the wood is not as easily worked as some
hardwoods, its durability,high strength ,
and low
shrinkage make it highly useful for flooring and Spe
cial structuralpurposes.
Nine plantings are recorded between 19 17 and
1947— on Oahu and Maui— totaling only 285 trees,
however. None of these recorded plantings were 10
cated in this appraisal. The one planting found and
appraised wason a slope, not typical of soils to which
ipil is naturally adapted. Nevertheless, 30-year-old
trees had grown to 86 feet (26 m) in height and 20inches (5 1 cm) d.b.h .
The potential of this Species in Hawaii should be
tested by establishing well-stocked, experimental
stands onmoist , alluvial soils at elevations no higher
than 1000 feet (305m) .
References: Fiji D ep. For. 1968 ,Kraemer 195 1 ,
Rock 1920 ,Streets 1962 .
JUGLANSNIGRA L. (Juglandaceae)
Black walnut is indigenous to the Central and
Eastern United States of America and Southeastern
Canada. Best adapted to deep alluvial soils, it grows
to over 100 feet (30 m) tall with stem diameters
greater than 3 feet (9 1 cm) . Black walnut wood ishighly valued and is in great demand for furniture
manufacture, paneling, and craftwood . The tree is
also grown as an ornamental and for nuts.
Twenty plantings are recorded between 1932 and
l947— on Maui and Hawaii— totaling 1620 trees.
Three plantings were located for this appraisal. Low
survival, Slow growth ,and inferior form and vigor of
trees indicated that black walnut is not adapted to
Hawaii Sites.
Reference: Harlow andHarrar 1937 .
LAGERSTROMEIA SPECIOSA (L ) Pers.
(Lythraceae)
G iant crapemyrtle or queenflower is indigenous tothe India-Ceylon
-Malayan region. It is amedium-size
tree, attaining heights of about 50 feet ( 15m) . It has
been widely planted as an ornamental because it pro
vides a strikingly beautiful seasonal Show of purplish
blossoms. It is reported to grow best in moist low
areas where annual rainfall exceeds 60 inches ( 1520
mm) . Wood of giant crapemyrtle is hard and durable
and is highly valued for Special uses such as boat
building.
Twenty-four forest plantingsare recorded between1926 and 1957 — on Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii— totaling about 5200 seedlings. Nearly 3600
of these were planted in 1937 in the Honouliuli For
est Reserve,Oahu, but were not found during this
study. Two plantings were located for this appraisal,
both on Maui. Survival of this species was not good
on the Sitesplanted and growth and formof surviving
trees indicated it has little potential for timber. Any
further tests should be confined to areas of deep,
well-drained soils with annual rainfall of 50 to 100
inches ( 1250 to 2500mm) . Where it can be cared for,this species can be grown asan ornamental inHawaii.
References: Little and Wadsworth 1964 ,MacMillan
1952 ,Neal 1965 , Streets 1962 .
PLATYMISCIUMSTIPULARE Benth .
(Leguminosae)
References: Menninger 1962 ,Neal 1965 ,
Record and
Hess 1943 ,Rock 1920 .
PODOCARPUS IMBRICATUS3 Blume (Taxaceae)
J ava podocarpus is indigenous to a broad trans
equatorial region of the Western Pacific, occurring
from near sea level to nearly feet (3000 m)elevation. Its growth is variable in its natural range
but on some Sites it grows to 150 feet (46 m) tall. r.
is considered a valuable timber species, the wood be
ing used for furniture,construction,
and carvings.
3Syn. P. cupressina R. Br.
Roble is indigenous to Central and South America.
It is reported to be amedium-to-large tree in native
forests, and is an attractive ornamental, producing a
profusion of yellow flowers. The wood is red,hard,
and heavy,and isuseful for furniture and other prod
ucts.
Nineteen plantings are recorded between 1937 and
1959 — oh Oahu,Molokai, and Maui— totaling 5600
seedlings. More than half of these were planted in the
Waianae Mountains, island of Oahu,in 1937 . Four
plantingswere examined.
Adaptability of roble to Hawaii sites varied. Where
survival was relatively high , growth had been mod
crate or Slow and the formof the tree for timberwas
generally inferior. The largest treesmeasured were 29
years old,60 to 80 feet ( 18 to 24 m) tall and 12 to
15 inches (30 to 38 cm) d .b.h .
More information about the microsites where
these larger trees are growing would be useful to
assess the potential for further trials of this species as
an ornamental or asa timber tree.
Sixteen plantings totaling only 460 seedlings are
recorded between 1924 and 1958 , onOahu,Molokai,
and Hawaii. The earliest planting, of 10.
seedlings, was
at Puu Kauku on the island of Hawaii. Three plantingswere relocated for this appraisal .
G row th of the trees in one planting, at 1700 feet
(5 18 m) elevation and with an annual rainfall of
about 200 inches (5000 mm) , indicated that there is
potential for this species as a timber tree in Hawaii.
Although grow th had been Slow , averaging only 1 to
2 feet (30 to 60 cm) in height per year, the form of
the trees was good . The species is reproducing natu
rally from seed in the vicinity of the planted trees.
Appraisal of 22-year
-old trees at a site at 5 100 feet
( 1550m) showed little potential for the Species there .
Java podocarpus also has potential for use in land
scaping.
Further trials are needed on different soils. TrialsShouldprobably be restricted to sitesbelow 4000 feet
( 1200 m) elevation.
References: MacMillan 1952 , Parham 1964 , Richmond 1965 .
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS (D . Don) Endl.
(Pinaceae)
Redwood is indigenous to the coastal areas of
northernCalifornia and the extreme southwest corner
of Oregon. It occurswhere annual rainfall isaslow as
25 or as high as 122 inches (630 to 3 100 mm) , but itis restricted to areas having heavy summer fogs. On
some alluvial bottomland sites, redwood trees attain
heigh ts greater than 300 feet (9 1 m) . The tallest re'
d
wood on record is 368 feet ( 1 12 m) , the tallest tree inthe world . Redwood timber is lightweight , soft , easilyworked and highly valued for itsgreat durability. It is
much preferred for Siding, paneling, stakes, and posts
where durability is important .
Eighty-four plantings are recorded between 19 19
and 1960— cm Kauai, Oahu,Molokai
,Lanai, Maui,
and Hawaii— totaling more than seedlings.
Nine plantingswere examined.
On a few sites redwood plantingshad high survival
and moderately rapid growth . These were areas of
well-drained soils lying above 3000 feet (9 14 m) ele
vation and having a high incidence of fog. On these
sites, some trees reached heightsgreater than 1 10 feet
(34 m) and were more than 30 inches (76 cm) d .b .h .
after 37 years. Experience has demonstrated that
seedling establishment isdifficult because of competition of other vegetation, as growth of planted seed
lings is Slow for the first few years.
10
Redwood is an excellent species for forestation of
moist,mid-elevation Sites in Hawaii, especially areas
where fog is frequent .
Reference: USDAForest Service 1965 .
SWIETENIAMACROPHYLLA K ing (Meliaceae)
References: Bryan 1947 , Little andWadsworth 1964 ,
Record andHess 1943 ,Streets 1962 .
SWIETENIAMAHACON] J acq . (Meliaceae)
West Indies mahogany is indigenous to southern
Florida,the Bahamas
,Cuba,
Jamaica, and Hispaniola.
It is a medium-siz e to large forest tree,attaining
heights to 100 feet (30m) and diametersgreater than
4 feet m) on the best sites. West Indiesmahogany is considered to be the world
’
s premier cabinet .
Honduras mahogany is indigenous to tropical
America from Southern Mexico to Northern South
America. It is a large forest tree attaining heights to
130 feet (40 m) and diameters of 6 feet m) ondeep,
fertile, alluvial soils. Because Hondurasmahogany timber is one of the most highly valued cabinet
woods of the world,this species has been planted
extensively in many tropical areas, to develop timber
resourcesand also asan ornamentalor shade tree .
Thirty-four plantings are recorded between 1928
and 1960— on Oahu,Molokai
,Maui
,and Hawaii
totaling about 7000 seedlings. Three plantings werelocated for thisappraisal.
Survival was good and growth had beenmoderate
ly rapid . In one planting, on Oahu,trees were up to
88 feet (27 m) in height and up to 20 inches (5 1 cm)in trunk diameter after 22 years. At the Fleming
planting on Maui,30-year
-old treeswere asmuch as
85 feet (26 m) tall. Some trees exceeded 14 inches
(36 cm) in diameter. Natural regeneration waspresent
in this stand.
Hondurasmahogany appears to be well adapted to
moist sites in Hawaii. It Should be planted only on
deep well-drained soils of lower slopes or valley bot
toms. Plantings Should probably be restricted to areas
below 1000 feet (300 in) elevation.
Research is needed to develop Specific knowledgeabout the Site requirements and cultural practices
needed to grow this valuable tree for timbermominHawaii.
tralian toon should not be planted on soils having
poor drainage . In areas where annual rainfall is less
than 50 inches ( 1270 mm) , plantings Should bemade
only on deep soils or lower-slope topographic posi
tions.
Australian toon produces viable seed in Hawaii.
Natural regeneration is occurring in and adjacent tomany plantings examined.
Further Site adaptability trials are probably not
needed . However, as this Species hasconsiderable po
tential for enhancing the forest resources in Hawaii,
research in cultural methods is needed. Prescriptions
12
need to be developed for seedling production, plant
ing methods, fertilizers, and weed control on widelydifferent sites. Research Should include detailed in
vestigations of the relationship of growth rates to soil
and other site factors. And the effects of stand den
sity,thinning, and pruning on timber yield and
quality should be determined.
References: Bryan 1947 , Francis 195 1 , Pickford and
LeBarron 1960 , Streets 1962 ,Wick and Burgan 1970 ,
Wick and others 197 1 , Youngs 1960 .
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