Contents Introduction - Forgotten Books

C o n t e n t s

Introdu c t ion .

Need for Apprai sal

Arrangement of Data

Literatu r e Cit ed

App end ix. .

Tabl e 1 .

" For es t plant ing s in Hawa iiby g enera

,1 908 - 1 96 0 .

Tabl e 2 .

" Tr ee sp e c ie s p lanted in Hawa i iin number s gr eat er than 1 0 , 000 ,

1 9 08 - 1 96 0.

Tabl e 3 .

-For es t plant ing s in Hawa ii,by fam ily

,1 908 -1 96 0 .

TheAathor

m E . NELQN i s ch i e f o f th e S t a t ion's Hawai i Re sea rch Cent e r ,

headqua r t e red in Hono lu lu . He j o ined the Fo re s t Se rvi ce in 19413a f t e r ea rning a bache lo r ' s degr ee in fo re s t ry a t the Unive r s i ty o fCa l i fo rnia . In 1 946 h e be gan wo rking on the St a t ion

’s fo res t su rvey

o f_Ca l i fo rn ia; Th re e yea rs la t e r h e became f i e ld supe rvi so r of th e

St a t e Coope ra t ive So i l -vege t a t ion Su rvey , wh ich i s mappingclass i f ing upland so i ls and ve ge t a t ion in Cal i fo rnia . S i nce 1 957 .

h e has een in cha rge o f the St a t ion’

s Hawa i i o f f ice . Th i s un i t , incoope ra t ion wi th t he Hawa i i Fo res t ry Divi s ion , recent ly comple t edthe f i r s t su rvey o f the St a t e

’s fo res t r e sou rces .

Haw ai ian I s land s . Government agenc ie s , pr ivat e organi zat ions , and

many ind ividual s have engaged in som et im e s maj or effort s to br ingin us efu l sp ec ie s . Introdu c ing new sp e c ie s for for e s try purpo s e s b eganwell b efor e th e turn of the c entury and i s s t il l cont inu ing . Fol low -

upappra i sal of the adaptabil ity of introdu c ed tr ee s form s an important partof for e s try r e s ear ch .

Few are a s in th e world have so many introdu c ed plant s as the

The Hawaii For e stry Divis ion (and it s pr ed e c e s sor agenc ie s ) h aspr obably be en th e mos t ac t ive in tr e e introdu c t ion work . As ear ly as

1 8 87 Wa lker ( 1 887 ) r eported that”The Governm ent Plantat ion on the

hi l l s betw e en Makiki and Pauoa . now conta ins . about 2 0 0,000 tr e e s of

u s efu l sp e c ie s which have by s el ec t ion from a mu ch larger num berexper imented upon, be en cult ivat ed as amongs t tho s e found to flour i sh inthis c l imat e In 1 9 1 2

,Ralph S. Ho smer , Sup er intend ent of For

e s try,emphas iz ed : An important pha s e of for e s t work in Hawa i i i s th e

introdu c t ion into the Terr itory of exotic t r e e s of e conom ic importanc e .

Thi s i s a l ine of inv est igat ion that shou ld r e c eive mu ch gr eater attentionthan has be en given it in r ec ent year s" (Hawa ii Board of Comm is s ioner sof Agr iculture and For estry In the same r eport he d e s cr ibedsome exper im ental p lantings . Su ch tr e e introdu ct ion wor k has cont inu edover the year s; the Wa iak ea Arbor etum in Hilo inc lud e s the lat e st maj or

group of introdu c ed sp e c i e s (Ri chmond

Many but not all of the introdu c ed sp e c i e s have be en appra i s ed forfor e s try pu rpos e s . In 1 886 ,

Lubke r ( 1 886 ) wrote of Aca c ia d eal bata and

A . pycnantha : . al r eady it i s pla in , that there cannot b e any otherkind s of tr e e s

,which ar e better adapt ed to the s e i s land s for the pu rpo s e

of Arbor cultu re . Zschokke ( 1 93 0 ) r eview ed the adaptabil ity and u s eof s everal sp e c ie s , ma inly as w ind br eak s and for ero s ion control andfu elwood . Bryan ( 1 947 ) mad e a s ignificant contr ibut ion by rat ing th eadaptab il ity and u s e of mo st spe c ie s introdu c ed to th e Big Is land up to1 946 . Car l son and Bryan ( 1 9 59 ) provid ed d eta il ed informat ion about s everal impor tant t imb er sp e c ie s .

No su s ta ined efforts have been made to mainta in organiz ed r e cord sof all introdu ct ions throughout the I s land s . Nor h as an organi z edat tempt be en mad e to eva luat e th eir adaptabil ity on the many d iffer ents it es in Hawa ii . Among the many hundr ed s of introdu c t ions ar e pos s iblysome va luabl e s l eep er s . Sim ilar ly

,some potent ia l ly va luabl e sp e c i e s

th at cou ld and should b e brought in have,no doubt

,be en overlooked .

N e ed for A ppr a isa l

Plans fo r th e in itial For es t Survey in Hawa ii point ed out the needfo r a sys temat i c appra is a l of pa st fo re s t plant ings , to ga in ful l b enefitfrom p reviou s w ork and to gu id e futu re r e s ear ch l . Thi s appra i sal isnow und erw ay . Its obj e c t ive s ar e to comp il e organi z ed r e cord s of :

0 Wher e and when ea ch sp e c ie s w as planted and thenum ber p lanted .

0 Adapta bil ity of sp e c i e s as r elated to S i te fac tor s .

0 Su itab il ity o f tr e e spe c ie s for t imber produ c tion,

bas ed on growth ,form

,and wood qual ity .

The ov er -all purpo s e is to provid e a r efer enc e to a id in s el e c t ing

th e be st kind s of tre e s to grow for timb er produ c tion and other for es trypurpos e s on d iffer ent S i te s in Hawa ii . Underw ay is field appra isa l ofpa s t plant ings - the mos t important pha s e of th is work .

Preparatory to th e fie ld work , we comp il ed availab l e informat ionabout plant ings mad e by th e Hawaii Divis ion of For e stryz . We extrac tedand cod ed informat ion from thr e e sour c e s : (a ) Card r e cord s ma inta inedby the Haw a ii Div i s ion of For e stry from 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 54; (b ) monthly For e stryD iv is ion r eport s from 1 9 54 to 1 96 0;and (c ) annua l For e st ry D ivi s ionr eports befor e 1 9 1 7 . Reco rd s and r eport s ear l i er than 1 9 08 did noty ield information us eful for th is comp ilation . Although introdu c edspe c ie s have be en favor ed in th e plantings

,s evera l na tive sp e c i e s w er e

al s o plant ed and w e inc luded the s e in our c omp ilation . We inc lud edp lant s other than tree s too

,fo r as compl et e a r e c ord as pos s ibl e .

Other agenc ies and ind ividual s have r e cord s of tr e e plant ings,but

w e have not yet tapped thes e s our c e s .

Id ea l ly w e want ed ac cura te inform at ion on sp e c ie s id entity,lo ca

t ion of fie ld planting s , number of s e ed l ing s p lant ed,and dat e s of plant

ings . We re cogni z ed that the or ig ina l r e cord s contain om is s ions,error s

,

and dupl i cat ions . A s er iou s hand i cap is th e lack of informa t ion aboutp re c i s e l o cat ions of outplantings . Synonym s and error s in p lant nam ingar e troubl esom e . But the w ea lth of informat ion availabl e far outw eighsany probl em s of extrac t ion .

A rrang emen t of D a ta

The data o bta ined wer e transferr ed to punch card s from which twopr imary tabu lar l ist ing s have been comp i l ed to gu id e and fa c il ita te thea ctual sp ec ie s appraisa l work .

One l is ting beg ins w ith the sp e c i e s Abel ia ch inen s is,only two

gardner i, a shrubby tr e e p lant ed at 2 8 l o ca tions in 1 8 Fores t Re s erve s .

1Ne l son , Robe r t E . P lan fo r an in i t i a l su rve

yo f th e t imbe r re sou rce i n t he Te r r i t o ry

ao f Hawa i i . 1 9 58 . (Unpub l i sh ed r epo r t on f i l e a t c i f ic SW. Fo re s t Range Exp t . S t a . , U.

S . Fo r e s t Se rv . , Hono lu lu , Hawa i i . )2Mo s t o f t h e s t a f f o f t h e Fo r e s t Se rv i ce ’

s Fo re s t ry Re sea rch Cen t e r , Hawa i i , pa r t icipa t ed t o some d e g r e e i n comp i l ing th i s in fo rma t ion . Roge r G . Sko lmen and Rona ld M. Lanne rex t rac t ed and coded mo s t o f t h e r eco rded i n fo rma t ion .

Betwe en 1 9 2 8 and 1 94 1 a to ta l of 1 6,088 plants of A. gardner i w er e

planted . Thi s lis t end s w ith Z i zyphu s ju ju ba ,a sma l l tr e e; 5 1 plant s of

this sp e c i e s wer e s et out in only one lo cation on Oahu in 1 9 2 6 . Al l to ld,

near ly 1,1 00 sp e c ie s ar e l i st ed as plant ed from 1 9 08 to 1 96 0 . Of thi s

tota l,

about 800 ar e tr e e sp e c i e s; th e balanc e ar e shrub s , vine s , her bs ,ferns

,gra s s e s

,or palm s . This l is ting a l so shows 1 3 6 p lant ings mad e

,

involving near ly 2 7 ,0 00 plant s

,in which the sp e c i e s ar e not id ent ified .

Another arrangem ent of the data l ist s the plant ings in ea ch For estRes erve . It show s for examp l e

,that 5 5 tr ee sp e c ie s and 2 shru b sp e c i e s

have been plant ed in the Ka l epa Re s erve on the I sland of Kaua i . About4 8

,000 plants w er e s et out in all in th is Re s erve betwe en 1 944 and 1 9 58 .

Thi s l is ting a l so show s that 1,1 98

,000 plant s have been s et out in the

Honolu lu For e st R es erve .

From lim ited l it eratu r e r eview and fir s t hand know l edge,ea ch

l ist ed sp e c ie s h as be en tentat ively rat ed for probabl e s ilvical adaptability in Hawa ii and for

“

its u s e potentia l for wood produ ct s . Thes e pr el im inary "va lu e

"ra t ings

,a s w el l as information on lo cat ion and num ber

of tr ee s p lanted,p rovid e th e ba s i s for s cr e ening spe c ie s and s el e c t ing

plantings for field appra isa l .

We have gather ed thi s informat ion about the plant ing work of theFor estry Divi s ion pr imar ily to enab l e u s to eva lua t e and s e l e c t the be s ttr e e sp ecies for for e s try purpos e s in Hawa i i . As informat ion from fieldevaluat ions be c ome s ava ilabl e it w il l b e r eported . Meantim e th e informat ion alr eady comp il ed s erve s as a va luabl e r efe r enc e for inve stigator s and other s in r e s ear ch . Part of this organiz ed r eferenc e mat er ia li s s ummar iz ed in the app end ix that fol low s .

L it e r a tu r e C ite d

Bryan,L . W .

1 9 4 7 . Twenty — five year s of for e s try work on the is land of Hawa i i .Hawa ii an Planter s ' Record — 80

,il lu s .

Car l son, Norman K and Bryan,

‘ L . W .

1 9 5 9 . Hawaiian t imb er for the com ing generat ions . 1 1 2 pp . il lu s .

Hono lulu : Tru st ee s Bernic e P . Bishop E stat e .

Da l la Torr e,C . G . d e , and Harm s

,H .

1 90 0 Genera s iphonogamarum ad sy stema engler ianum cons c r ipta,

1 9 07 . 56 8 pp . L eip z ig : G . Engelman .

Hawaii Board of Commis s ioner s of Agr icultur e and Fore s try.1 9 1 2 . Report for the biennial p er iod end ing De c ember 3 1 , 1 9 1 2 .

pp . 7 3 - 7 6,Hono lulu

,Hawa i i .

Lubke r,F .

1 886 . The wattl e tr e e s . The Planter s ' Monthly (Hawa i i )2 2 9 - 2 30 .

Richmond,George B .

1 96 3 . Sp e c ie s tr ial s at the Wa iakea Arbor etum,Hilo

,Hawa i i . U . S .

Fore st Serv . Res . Pap er PSW — 4,Pac ifi c SW . For e s t Rang e

Expt . Sta . ,Berkel ey

, Ca l if . ,2 1 pp . ,

i l lu s .

Walker,Thoma s R .

1 88 7 . Report of comm itt e e on for e s try . The Planter s ' Monthly(Hawaii ) - 53 3 .

Zchokke ,Theodor e C .

1 9 3 0 . A manua l for tr e e plant ing in the Hawaiian I s land s . Univ .

Haw a ii Agr . Serv . Ext . Bul . 5,50 pp . ,

il lu s .

A pp e n d ix

No . o f No . Gr owt

Gene r ag/ Fami lyé/ spe c i e s : p l ant ed z f ormfi

Abe l i a ( L innae a )Abe r i a ( Donyal i s )Ab i e sAbu t i l onAc ac i aAca lyph aAcerAchrasAckama

Acoe lor r aph e

(Drymoph loeus )

AgaveAi l ant husA j ugaA lbi z i a (A lbi zz i a)A l e c t ryonA l eur i t e sA l l amandaA lnusA l ocasi aA lpini a

Aph e l andra Ac ant h ace aeAr a l i a Ar a l i aceaeSe e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab le .

Legumino saeD i l l eni ace aePa lmaeBombacace aeLe guminosaeRu t ace aeHippocas t anace aeZingiberace aeLeguminosaePinace ae

Gene r a

(Hi bi scus )

Se e foo tno t e s a t e nd o f t ab le .

Gene r az/

Ca locarpum (Lucuma)Calodendr um

Ca l ophy l l umCalo t ropi s

Ca lpurni aCa lycophy l lumCame l l i a ( The a)Cananga (Canangi um)Canar iumCant h i um (Pl ect r oni a )

Car i caCar ludov i caCarya

Caryo t a

Cas imi roa

Cass i a

Cas t ane aCas t ano spe rmumCas t i l l a (Cas t i l l oa)Casuar ina

Ca t a lpaCav ani l l e s i a

Cec r opi aCe dr e l aCedrusCe iba

Ce l t i sCent ro l ob iumGeode s (Pi soni a )Cerat oni a

Ge r be r aCe r c i sCe s t rumCh aenome l e s (Cydoni a )Ch amae cypar i sCh amaedor e a

Ch amae f i s t ul a (Cass i a )Ch ar pen t i e r a

Ch i r ant hodendr onChor i s i a

Se e f oo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .

Tabl e 1 .-Fore st pl ant i ng s in Hawai i by genera z 1 908

-1 9601

zcont inued

No . o f No . Grow27Cane r eg/ Fami lyé/ spe c i e s p l ant ed z form

Chrysal i docarpus (HyOphorbe )Cibo t iumCinnamomumCipade ssa

Ci th arexy l umCi t ru l lusCi t rusCl adiumClaoxylon

Cl emat i s

Cl e rodendronCl usi aCoc co lobaCoch lospe rmumCocosCoe lococ cusCo f f e a

Co l ensoa (Prat i a)Co lubrinaCo lu t e a

Co lv i l l e a

Congea

Conocarpus (Leucadendr on)Copai f e r a

CoprosmaCordi aCordy l ineCornusCory lusCorynocarpus

Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t abl e .

Verbenace aeGu t t i feraePo lygonace aeCoch lospermaceaePa lmaePa lmaeRubi aceaeCampanu l ace aeRh amnace aeLegumi nosae

Da lber gi aDat ur aDegue l i a ( Derri s )Dendroca l amusDe smoncusDi e f f enbach i a

Euphori a (Neph e l ium)EuryaEu t e rpeFagr aea

Fe i j oa (Or t hos t emon)F i cusFi l i cium

Fi rmi anaFi t ch i a

F l indersi a

Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f table .

D i l l eni aceaeEbenaceaeLeguminosaeD ipt erocarpace aeSapindaceaeBi gnoni ace aeSt ercu l i aceaeVerbenaceaeMa l vace aeE l aeocarpaceae

Gene r a

Le gumi no sae T , S

Ma l vac eae 3 23 S

G r e v i l l e aG r ewi aGua i acumGuazumaGu i l i e lma ( Bac t r i s )Gynoca r di aHaema t oxy lonHake aHa rpu l l i aHede r a

Le cyt h i dace aeVi t ace ae

Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab l e .

_ 1 0 _

Zi ng ibe r aceaeCompo s i t ae

Eupho rb i ace aeMa l vace aeVe r benace aeDi pt e r ocarpace aeRh amnace aeF l acour t i ace aeLe guminosaePi t t o sporac eae

Gene r a ,Z/ Fami ly 2 / speci e s zpl ant e d : form _é/

Me l i coccaMe l och i aMe sembr i ant h emumMe t ase quo i aMe t r o s i de r o sMe z oneuron (Me z oneurum)Mi l l e t t i aMimosaMimu sopsMons t e r a

Mont ezuma ( Th e spe s i a )Mont r i ch ar di a

Mor i ndaMor ingaMorusMucunaMun t ingi aSe e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab le .

_ 1 1

1Tab l e l .

-Forest pl ant i ngs i n Hawai i by genera z1 908 - 1960 z

cont i nued

No . o f No . Growt hGenera Fami ly -é/ spe c i e s : p l ant ed : f orm .é/

Myopo rumMyr i c aMyr o spe rmum

My r oxy lonMyrs ineNeowawr ae a

Ne r iumNe so luma (Ch rysophy l lum)Nor onh i a

No t hoce s t rum

Osmant husOs t eome l e sFach i r a ( Bombax)Pahudi a

Pa l aqu iumPa l agea (Palov e a )PanaxPandanas

Par inar iumPassi f l or a

Scrophu l ar i aceaeRu t aceaeLeguminosaeLaur ace aeZi ngi berace aeSax i f r agace aeAr ace aePa lmaeL i l i aceaeRo sace ae

Se e foo t no t e s a t end o f t ab l e .

- 1 2

Genera ._

Pi soni aPi st ac i aPi t he ce l lobiumPi t t osporumPl agi ant husPl anchone l l a ( Si deroxy lon)Pl at anusPl atymi sc iumPl eome le ( DracaenaPl ume r ia (Pl umi era

PodocarpusPo inc i ana ( De lonix)Po lyal t h i a

Po lygonumPome t i aPongami aPopu lusPosoque r i a

Po thos

Pri t chardi a

Prosopi s

PrunusPseudomorusPseudo t sugaPsi diumPt er alyxi a

Pt er ocarpusPt ychospermaPuni caPyracant h a (Co t oneas t er )

Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .

Gene r a.

RubusSaba lSa l ixSamame a (Pi t he ce l lobium)SambucusSandor i cum

Sant a lumSapindusSapi umSaraca

Saxi fragaScae vo l aSch e e l e a (A t t a l ea)Sch inusScho t i a

Sequo i aSe sbani aSi canaSi da

Si deroxy lon

S t r oph ant hu s Apocynace aeS t yph e l i a Epacr i dace aeSwi e t eni a Me l i ace aeSyncarpi a Myr t ace aeSyz i gium Myr t ace aeTabebu i a (Tacoma , Cyb i s t ax ) B i gnoni ace aeTabe rnaemont ana ApocynaceaeTamar indus Legumi no sae

Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e

- 1 4

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1 908 - 1960l

Spec i e s Speci es

Aber i a gardneriAcac i a confusaAcac i a de currensAcac i a de currens v ar . de a lbat aAcac i a koa

Acac i a me l anoxy lonA lb i z i a lebbeko i des

Albi z i a mo luccana ( f a l ca t a)A l bi z i a mont anaA l eur i t e s mo luccana

A l nus nepa l ens i s Haemat oxylon campe ch i anum

Angophor a l anceo l at a He l iocarpus amer i canusAraucar i a cooki i Macadami a t e rni fo l i a

Araucar i a exce l sa Me l a l euca l eucadendronCasuar ina cunninghami a Me l i a azedarachCasuar i na e qui se t i fo l i a Morus ni graCasuarina g l auca Myoporum sandwi cense

Casuar ina mont ana Pe l t Ophorum. inerme

Casuar ina st ri c t a Perse a ameri canaCedre l a odor at a Pinus car ibaea

Ch amae cypar i s l awsoni ana Pinus e l l i o t t i iCrypt omer i a j aponi ca Pinus pat u l aCunningh ami a l anceo l at a Pinus pi nas t erCupre ssus ar i zoni ca Pi nus radi at aCupre ssus macr ocarpa Ps i dium l i t t or a l eEnt erol ob ium. cyclocarpum. Samamea (Pi t he ce l lob ium) samanEuca lypt us cama l du l ensi s Sant a l um a lbumEuca lypt us c i t r i odora Sequo i a semperv i rensEuc a lypt us de ane i Spa t hode a campanu l at aEuca lypt us mai dani Swi e t eni a mahagoni

i i

Plan t ings o f r eco rd by th e Hawa i i Divi s i on o f Fo re s t ry .

2Probably mos t ly E . robus ta .

3Probab ly mos t ly F . uhde i .

- 1 6

Euca lypt us st uar t i anaz/

Euca lypt us umbe l l at a ( t e re t i corni s )Eugeni a cuminiEugeni a j ambosFi cus macrophy l l aFi cus no t aF i cus rubi gi nosaFraxinus ameri canaFrax inus uhde i

Grev i l l e a robus t a

Syncarpi a h i l l i i

Syncarpi a l aur i fo l i aTaxodium di s t i chumTaxod iummucronat umTe rmi na l i a myr i ocarpaTh e spe si a popu lne aThuj a p l i cat aToona c i l i at a v ar . aus t ra l i sTrema ori ent a l i sTri s t ania conf ert a

Number ofFami l ygene ra pl ant ed

B ixaceaeCoch lospermaceaeF l acour t i aceaePassi f loraceaeCar i caceaeBegoni aceaeCac t ace aeThyme l aeaceaeLyt hrace aePuni cace ae

Se e foo tno t e s a t end o f t ab l e .

- 1 7

Euphorbi ace aeAnacar di aceaeCorynocarpace aeAqui fo l i ace aeCe l as t r ace aeAce r ace aeHippocas t anace aeSapindaceaeRh amnace aeVi t ace ae

El aeocarpace aeTi l i ace aeMa l vace aeBombacace aeS t e r cu l i ace aeDi l l eni aceaeOchnaceaeThe aceaeGu t t i f eraeDipt erocarpaceae

lTabl e 3 .

-Fore st pl ant ings i n Hawa i i by f ami ly 1 908 -19602, cont i nued

Number o f Number of

Fami lygenera pl ant ed gene ra pl ant ed

Goodeni aceaeComposi t ae

1Fami l ie s in o rde r acco rd ing t o t he Na t u ra l Sys t em o f Class i f ica t ion o f Eng l e r ( Da l laTo r re and Ha rms 1 900

2Plan t ings o f r eco rd by th e Hawa i i Divi s ion o f Fo re s t ry .

Addendum: Addi t i ona l pl an t i ngs of re cord t o suppl ement Tab l e 1

No . o f Growt hGene r a

Ch rysoba l anusCh rysophy l l umCinch onaHe l iocarpu s

He r i t i e r aHib i scade lphus

Mahoni a ( Be rbe r i s )Tamar ixTaxodiumTe c t onaTeph r os i a

Te rmina l i aWash ing t oni aWi ddr ingt oni a (Ca l l i t r i s )

- 1 8 GPO 9 70 -98 9

Lab i at aeSo l anaceaeScr ophu l ari ace aeB i gnoni ace aeAcant h aceaeMyopor ace aeRub i aceaeCapr i fo l i ace aeCucurb i t ace aeCampanu l ace ae

im er Harv est

in a 1 ornia, 19 2

Mu e r le and M . Ho r nibr ook

Pacific S outhw e st Fore st and Rang e

Expe r iment S tation B erk e ley , Californ ia

Fore st S e rv ice -U. S . D epa rtmen t of A g ricu ltu re

Fo rewo rd

In 1 96 3 ,the Pac ific Southw e st For e st and Range

Exp eriment Stat ion condu c ted a survey of 1 96 2 t imb er p rodu c t soutpu t in Ca l ifornia . Th is p ape r r eport s the r e sult s for pr imary wood p rodu ct s - roundwood log s and bo lt s .

Thi s kind of su rvey,

a part of th e na tionw id e For estSurvey

,is co ndu c ted about every five year s . The 1 947 su rv ey ,

cover ing 1 9 46 output,was the f ir s t in the s er i e s . Other surveys

we re made in 1 9 52 and 1 9 57 .

The informa t ion c oll e c t ed on t imb er produ ct s ou tput i scomb ined with informa t ion on wood s r e s id u e s to p rovid e an e s t ima te of tota l t imb er cut . Thi s

,in turn

,is analy z ed w ith data

on t imber inventory and growth in r evi ew ing th e Stat e and national t im ber out look . Sta t i s t i c s of t imb er p rodu c t s output p rovid einformat ion valuabl e to th e t imb er indu s try

,s tat e and county

planning comm i s s ions , e conom i s t s , fo re s ter s , and other s con

c e rned w ith th e form ation of for es try progr am s and pol i c ie s .

Many ind ividua l s and companie s of Ca l ifornia ' s t imb erindu stry contr ibu t ed informat ion for use in th i s r epor t . Theindu s try trad e as s o c iat ions gave th e i r support . Num erou sp e r s ons in th e Cal iforn ia Divi s ion of For e s try and on the Nat ional Fore s ts he lp ed to br ing th e Station ' s indu stry ma iling l is tsup to dat e . All of th is a s s is tanc e is grat efu l ly a cknow l edged .

Gra tefu l a cknow l edgem ent is a l so mad e to col l eagu es fo ras s is tan c e in num er ou s w ays;par t i cu lar me nt io n is du e W . Y .

Pong fo r mak ing the qu e s tionna ir e canva s s,to D . D . O swal d

for field co nta c t s,to R . C . Chapman for program ing computer

data pro c e s sing,to mem b er s of the Pa c ifi c Southw e s t Stat ion ' s

data pro c e s s ing s e c tion for key punching and pro c es s ing data,

and to J . D . Kas il e for ch ecking stat i s t i c s .

alifo rnia 's harves t of t imb er produ c t s 1 in 1 96 2 w as s e cond highe s t

in th e Unit ed Sta te s . This produ ct ion cons titut ed near ly 1 0 p ercentof th e tota l na tiona l cu t from growing s to ck . Only Or egon produ c es

mor e . Wa shington runs a c lo s e third .

Timb er i s cut in Ca l ifornia fo r many fore st product s,inc lu d ing saw

log s,p e el er logs

,pulpwood

,fenc e po st s

, gr ape stake s ,shingl e s

,shak es

,

cro s s ti e s,po l es

,p il ing

,pos t s

,m in e t imb er s

,char coa l

,and fu e lwood .

Although many timb er commod itie s ar e produ c ed , fo r many y ear s 9 8 p erc ent or mor e of the total t imber cut in th e Stat e has gone into sawlog and

p e el er log produ ction . Only 2 p er c ent go e s into all othe r produ c t s . Sinc e1 9 56 the proport ion of the total cut u s ed for p e el er logs has in crea s ed from7 . 6 to 1 3 . 1 p er c ent and sawlog produ c t ion h a s su ffer ed a co rr e spond ingde c line .

The timb er harves t,by produ c t s

,in 1 9 6 2 w as as fo l low s ( s e e a l s o

table 1,

app end ix )

Tim ber harve st

(MMB F ) (Per c ent )Produ ct

Sawlog sVenee r logs and bo lts

“

Spl it p rodu c t sFu elwoodPulpwoodPol e sShingl e and shake log s

and bol tsPil ingMine t im b er sRound po st s

Tota l

1 1 2 thousand boa rd f e e t , equ iva l en t .

Le s s th an pe rcen t .

Spe c ie s harve s t ed .

-Dougla s - f ir l ed all sp e c i e s in tota l ou tput - som e2 . 1 b il l ion board fe et w er e harves ted . Redwood and pond ero sa p ine ea chhad l e s s than hal f th e pr odu ct ion of Dougla s — fir and wer e c lo s e together ins e cond and third pla c e s

,r esp ec t ively . The s e w er e fo l lowed by tru e fir s

,

1Th e t e rms t imbe r ha r v e s t f ’ “

t imbe r cu t ,

" “t imbe r p roduc t ion , and t imbe r

produc t s ou tpu t a r e used synonymous ly in th i s r epo r t in re f e r r ing t o th e ne t vo lume o froundwood r emoved f rom th e fo r e s t fo r manu f ac tu r e o r use . Th e s e t e rms do no t includeinven t o ry vo lume le f t on th e g round as woods re s idue a f t e r logging , no r do t h ey r e f e r t o

th e p roduc t manu fac tu red f rom logs , i . e . , lumbe r .

fourth; and sugar p ine , fifth . The cu t of ha rdwoods is neg l ig ib l e,amount ing

to only 1 p er c ent of the tota l . The har v e s t,by sp e c ie s

,in 1 96 2 w as as

fo l low s (se e a l so tabl e 1,app end ix )

Tim b er ha rv es t

(MMB F ) (Per c ent )Spe c1 e s :

Douglas - f i r

Redw oodPond e ro s a and

J effr ey p in eTru e fir sSugar p ine 1

Oth er softwood sHardwood sUnd i str ibut edz

Tota l

Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .

Es t ima t e fo r non r epo r t i ng ope ra t o r s p lu s vo lume s r epo r t edwi t hou t spec i e s b re akdown .

Where tim ber w a s cu t .

" Ca l ifornia ' s t imb er indu stry is concen

tr at ed in th e northe rn par t of the Stat e . In 1 96 2 sou thern Ca l ifo rn i ao

count ed for only s ix — tenth s of 1 p er c ent of th e t im ber harve st . Sou thernCa l ifo rn ia in th is ca s e is cons id er ed to inc lud e all count i e s south of theea st —we s t l ine fo rm ed by th e nor the rn boundar ie s of San Lu i s Obispo

,

Kern,and San Bernard ino count i e s .

Cou ntie s in th e redw ood bel t togethe r p rodu c ed 4 4 pe r c ent of th eStat e ' s to ta l cut . Thr ee of the highe s t -p rodu c ing fi v e count ie s wer e fromth is reg ion . Hum bo ldt County l ed all other s w ith 2 5 p er c ent of the tota lt imb er harve s t . In 1 9 6 2

,count ie s ranked a s fol low s in t im ber produ ct ion

(s e e a l so tabl e 2,

app end ix ) :

T im be r harves t

(MMB F ) (Per c ent )

Inc lude s vo lume o f a l l p roduc t s fo r wh i ch coun ty o f o r i ginwas no t r epo r t ed and e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t ing ope ra t o r s .

Timbe r Pro ducts Output

Saw log s and p e el er logs in par t i cu lar d e s e rve d eta il ed att entionbe c aus e they compo s e so l arge a shar e (8 5 and 1 3 p e r c ent

,re sp e c tive ly ) o f

to ta l t imb e r produc t s output . Add it iona l d eta i l s ar e a l s o g iven for othe rprodu c t s . The app end ix in th i s r epor t pro v id e s informa tion on surv ey pr oce dur e s and in c lud es tabl e s 1 to 1 8 .

SawlogsDur ing 1 9 6 2

,the Cal iforni a har v es t of s awl og s am ounted to near ly

4 . 8 b i l l ion boa rd fe et — 8 5 . 3 p e r c ent of th e total output of roundwood .

Doug las - fi r,the favor ed sp e c ies

,a c c ount ed for 3 2 . 2 p er c ent of s awlog

vo lum e . Other sp e cie s of m aj or impor tance'

to the sawm il l indu s try wer epondero s a and J e ffr ey p ine

,r edwood

,tru e fir s

,and whit e p ine s . Thes e

spe c i es along w ith Dougla s — fir tog eth er a c count ed for near ly 9 4 p er c ent ofth e volum e cu t . Ha rdwoods wer e rar e ly cut for sawlog s and th en only forsp e c ia lty m i ll s in one par t of th e Sta te . Onl 'y one - tenth of 1 p er c ent ofsawlog volum e c am e from ha rdwood sp e c i e s . Saw log produ c t ion in 1 9 6 2

,

by sp e c ies group,w as as fo l low s (s e e al so tabl e 3

,app end ix )

Sawlog produ c t ion

(MMB F ) (Per c ent of r eport ed vo lum e )

Sp e c ie s group :

Dougla s - fir

Redw oodPond eros a and

J effr eyp ine

Tru e f i r sSugar p ineWe st ern hem lo ckSitka sp ru c eOther softwood sHardwood s

2

To ta l,r eporting

op erator s 4,6 1 9 1 00 . 0

Es timat e for nonr eport ing op er ~

ator s

Total

Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .

Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p ine .

Number and Siz e of MillsMos t of Ca lifornia ' s s awlog outpu t w a s del iver ed to Ca l ifornia

m ill s . Only 2 . 7 per c ent of th e harve s ted volum e w as exporte d (tabl e4

,app end ix ) . Mos t of the exported logs w ent to m il l s in southern

Oregon and Nevada . Som e w ent to th e Or ient .

In 1 96 2 , th er e wer e 2 9 7 known a c tive s awm il l s in Ca l iforniaand 6 4 m il l s in op erabl e c ond ition but known to be id l e . For ea s e of

compar i son,a ct ive m i l l s w e r e gro up ed a c cord ing to vo lum e of s awlog s

r e c e i v ed . The indu s try ' s la rg e s t m il l s - that is,tho s e w ith annua l

r e c e ipt s ex c e ed ing 2 5 m il l ion board f e et —a c counted for 59 p e r c ent o f the

tota l s awlog r ec e ipt s in th e Stat e . Only 2 1 p er c ent of th e r eport ing m il lswere in this s iz e - c la s s . On the othe r end of the s ca l e

,1 2 p er c ent of Ca l i

fo r nia ‘s sawm i ll s h ad log r e c e ipt s of 1 m i l l ion boa rd fe et or l e s s du r ing

1 9 6 2 .Mill s in this s iz e — c la s s r e c eiv ed a me r e 0 . 2 p er c ent of the tota l .

Si z e of m il l s in 1 96 2 w as as fol low s (s e e a l so tab l e 5,app end ix )

Mil l s

(Per c ent of

M1 1 1 1

(Number ) r eported vo lum e )1 S i z e -

c as s :

2 5 MMB F or m or e1 5 to 2 4 . 9 MMB F1 0 to 1 4 . 9 MMB F5 to 9 . 9 MMB F1 to 4 . 9 MMB FLes s than 1 MMB F

Tota l,r ep orting

m il l s 1 0 0 . 0

Noh r epo r t ing mills2

Tota l

Ra t ed by 19 62 log re ce ip t s .

Rece ip t s by t h e ind i vidua l non r epo r t ing mi l l s i s unknown .

Sawlog P roduction, by Counties

Sawlog s w er e p rodu c ed in 4 0 o f Ca l ifornia ' s 58 co unt i e s in 1 9 6 2 ,

bu t 6 9 p er c ent of the cutt ing w as c onc entrat ed in e ight counti e s of nor the rn Ca l iforn ia . Th e 1 0 l ead ing co unti e s ar e ranked be low ac cording tosawlog output . Hum bo ldt County

,as for many y ear s

,l ead s all oth er s

w ith 2 2 . 1 p er c ent of the tota l sawlog produ c t ion .

(Per c ent of(MMB F ) r eport ed vo lum e )

and County

Hum boldtMendoc inoSha staSiskiyou

TrinityPluma sD e l Nort eEl DoradoLa s s enTehama

All oth er s

Tota l,r eport ing

op er ator s 4,6 1 9 1 00 . 0

Est ima t e for nonr eport ing op erato r s

Tota l,sawlog

produ c t ion 4,7 52

Sawlog Receipts,by Counties

The e ight count i e s hav ing th e gr eat e st s awlog produ c t ion w er e a l sotho s e W i th th e larg es t sawlog r e c e ip t s . The i r tota l sawlog r ec e ipt s at m il l samounted to 6 9 p er c ent of Ca l iforn ia ’s tota l . Hum bo ldt County logg ed 2 2 . 1

p er c ent and r ec eived p er c ent of the tota l r eport ed sawlog c ut in Ca l ifor nia . Ranking of countie s in 1 96 2 w a s a s fol low s (s e e a lso tabl e 6

,app en

Rank and County '

1 Hum bo ldtM e ndo c inoSi skiyou

Sha staPluma sGl enn - Teham a

Tr inityDel Nort eEl DoradoNapa - Sonom a

All oth er sTota l repor ting m il l sEs timate for non - reporting m i l l s

Tota l Ca l iforn ia m il l s 2

Export ed sawlog sTota l sawlog produ c tion

1

O

QO

CO

Q

CD

Cfi

Hb-

CO

N

1H

Comb ined t o avo id di sc lo su r e o f ind ividua lDoe s no t include impo r t s .

For tho s e count ie s p laying a sma l l e r part in th e lumb er indu s try ofCa l ifo rnia , th e var ia tion b etw een log harv e st and m il l r e ce ip ts w as m or eir r egu lar . Som e countie s bord er ing th e comm er c ia l for e s t zone s export edthe ir enti r e cut to count ie s having opera ting m il l s .

Sawlog Production from Dead T imberSl ight ly m or e than 4 p er c ent of the s awlogs produ ce d c am e from dead

t imb er;pond e ros a and Jeffr ey p ine l e d all sp e c i e s (se e a l so tabl e 7,

app end ix )

Tota l saw Tota l sawDead t im ber log produ c Dead timber log pr oduc

(MB F )(Per

(Per c ent ) (MB F )(Per

(Per c ent )S

c ent ) c ent )p e c 1 e sDou la s fir 3 3

,3 50 1 6 . 4

Pon ero sa 6 9 6 0 . 3 (2 )! Jeffr ey 0 0 . 0

p ine 7 6,84 6 37 . 7

RedwoodTru e fir s l 46

,54 7 0

Sugarw e st ern Tota l 2 0 3

,9 6 7 100 . 0

whit e pine 2 2,9 94 1 1 . 3 5

Include s wh i t e , r ed , and g rand f i r .

Le ss than pe rcen t .

Saw lo r e c e ip t s(MMB F ) (Per c ent o f

r epor ted vo lum e )

2 2 .

1 3 .

Nr-P

N

OO

OO

C/O

i-P

OT

OC

CO

O

i

1 0 0 .

Veneer Logs and Bolts

Dur ing 1 9 6 2,7 28 m il l ion boa rd fee t of p e el er log s w er e harv es ted

from Cal iforn ia ' s fore s t land s . Thi s w a s 1 3 p er c ent of th e tota l ha rve st ofroundw ood in Ca l ifo rnia dur ing tha t y ear . Mo st of this p e e le r log volum ew ent to Cal iforn i a p lywood and veneer p lant s for manufa c tur ing . Only 1 6

m il l ion board fe et o f p e el e r log s w er e sh ipp ed out of th e Stat e .

Peeler Log Production,by Species

Pee l er log p rodu c t ion w as mo r e than 3 6 p er c ent higher in 1 96 2 thanin 1 9 56 . Doug la s — f ir w as th e pr edom inant spe c ie s cu t for yene er log s in1 9 6 2

,a c counting fo r more than 87 p er c ent of the 7 2 8 m il l ion bo ard feet of

tota l produ ct ion . Tru e f ir s w er e s e c ond wi th near ly 8 p er c ent,

and var iou soth er softwood and hardwood sp ec ie s mad e up the r ema ining 5 per c ent .

Pee l er log produ ct ion,by sp e c ie s

,in 1 96 2 w as as fo l low s (s e e a l s o tabl e

8,

app end ix ) :

Pee l er log produ c t ion

Speme s :(MB F ) (Per c ent )

Dougla s - fir 6 37,6 0 7

Tru e f ir sl 56 , 2 0 3

Pond ero s a and

J effr ey p ineRedwoodSugar p ineSitka sp ru c eWes tern h em lo ckOther so ftwood sHardwood s

Tota l


Le s s t han pe rcen t .

Peeler Log Production,by Counties

Hum bo ldt County l ed all Cal ifo rnia count ie s in the produc tion of

p ee l e r logs,

a c counting for 4 9 pe r c ent of th e tota l vo lum e . Del Nor tew as s e c ond

,wi th 1 4 p er c ent;Siskiyou ,

th ird;and Mendoc ino,fourth .

Tw elve other count i e s p rodu c ed th e r em aind er :

Pee l er log p rodu c t ion

(MMB F ) (Per c ent )County

Hum bo ldtDel No rteSiskiyou

Mendo cino Sonoma

Santa Cru z-

1

Al l oth er 5

Tota l2

Combined t o avo i d di sc losu re p lan t s .

Inc lude s e xpo r t s .

Peeler Log Production from Dead T imberPee le r log s w er e produ c ed a lm o st ent ir ely from gr een t imb er in

1 9 6 2 . Dead t imb er ac count ed for only nine - tenth s of 1 p er c ent of th e Sta t e ' sto ta l p ee le r log cu t . The p eel er log s harve s t ed from d ead t im ber c am e

ent i r ely from thr e e co unt ie s : Humboldt,Del Nort e

,and Tr in i ty . More

p e el er log s w er e produ c ed from d ead Dougla s - f i r (9 7 p er c ent ) than from all

othe r sp e 0 1 es of d ead t im ber (s e e a l s o table 1 1,

app end ix )

Dead t im ber

(MB F ) (Per c ent )Sp e c i e sDougla s - fir 6

,6 8 1 9 7 . 4

Pond ero sa and

J effr eypine

Tru e f ir sSugar p ine2

Other softwood s

2 Tota l


Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p i ne .

Pulp Logs and Wood Fib er Mate rialsCompar ed w ith th e lum b er , plyw ood ,

and v ene er indu s try,th e

t im ber harve s t fo r r ound pulpwood i s v ery sma l l - l es s than oneha lf of

1 p er c ent of th e tota l t imb er har v e st . Ca l i fo rnia had 1 1 p lants that u s edr aw wood as a fi ber pr oducmg ma t er i a l dur ing 1 9 6 2 (tabl e 1 2 ,

app end ix ) .

Thes e inc l ud ed tw o pulp m i l l s,

one har d bo ard plant,four pa r t i c l e board

plant s,

and four roof ing fe lt and floo r c o v er ing plant s . Th e wood r e

qu ir em ent s of the s e plants w er e supp l i ed a lm o st ent i r ely fr om r e s idu e sob ta ined from sawm i l l s

,v ene er and plyw ood p lant s

,and r emanufa c tur ing

pl ant s .

The equ i v a l ent of 56 7 . 5 thou sand un i t s 2 o f pu lpw ood,pu lp ch ip

,

and oth er w ood r e 5 1due s w er e d e l iver ed to Ca l iforni a ' s f ib er and boa rdp lant s in 1 9 6 2 . Th i s vo lume r epre s ented a 2 7 p e r c ent incr ea s e S inc e

Raw Materials ReceivedPulp ch ip s dom ina ted th e r aw ma t er ia l s r e c e iv ed a t p lant s du r i ng

1 9 6 2,

a c count ing fo r near ly 8 5 p er c ent o f a ll d el iv er ie s ro und pulpwoo dmad e up l e s s than one

- t enth o f th e to ta l . The ba lanc e of r e c e ip t s w as in

v eneer core s ,saw du s t

,wood shavmgs ,

and w o od flour .

Species Rece ivedThe Spe c 1 € S compo s it ion of c h ip s

,m i l l end s

,shavmgs ,

s aw du st,

and wood flou r i s usua l ly an ind e t e rm inat e m ix tur e of s evera l sp e c ie s .

Be c au se of its da r k c o lor,r edwood l s u sua l ly k ep t s ep arat e from th e

w hitew ood spe c i e s . Softw ood r e c e ip ts pr edom ina ted . In 1 96 2 abou t 8 6

per c ent of th e r aw w oody m ater ial s r e c e i v ed a t Cal i fo rn ia plant s w er e of

so ftwood spe c i es . Eu c a lyptu s mad e up 8 1 p er c en t of th e hardw ood r ec e ipts ,and c ottonw ood and m i s c e l laneou s hardw ood th e r ema ind er .

2A un i t pound s bone - d ry we i gh t .

0

3May , R . H. Wood r ece i p t s by f i be r and boa rd plan t s i n Ca l i fo rn i a , 1 9 56 . U. S .

Fo r e s t Se rvCa l i f . Fo re s t Range Exp t . S t a . Fo r e s t Su rvey Re l eas e 29 , 3 pp . 1 957 .

Poles ,P iling, and Mine T imb ers

About 2,8 1 8

,0 00 cubi c f eet of t imb e r wer e harv es ted for pol es

,

p il ing,

and m ine timber s in Ca l ifornia in 1 9 6 2 . Most of thi s harve s t cam efrom young sawt imb er b e cau s e of its d es irabl e S i z e . Thi s vo lum e is equ ivalent to about 1 3

,1 9 2

,0 00 bo ard fe et (Internat l . — in ch log ru l e ) in th is

s i z e of timb e r . Po l es a c counted for 74 p er c ent of th is volum e,p il ing 1 6

p er c ent,and round and hewn m ine t im ber s for 1 0 p er c ent .

Tw o- th irds of th e tota l volum e w a s Dougla s - fir

,near ly one - third

w as pondero sa p ine,othe r conifer s l e s s than 1 p e r c ent

,and eu ca lyptu s

sl ightly mor e than 1 p er c ent .

Tr inity County l ead all oth er s in volume of pol es and p il ing pr oduced w ith nearly 2 1 p er c ent of the tota l . Mendo c ino and Sha s ta Count i est i ed with 1 8 p er c ent ea ch

,and Nevada County produ c ed 1 7 p er c ent . The s e

four cou ntie s a c counted fo r 7 4 p er c ent of th e tota l r epor ted produ ct ion(tabl e 1 3 ,

app end ix ) .

Produ c t ion of round,h ewn

,and sp l it mine tim be r s in 1 9 6 2 w as

e s timat ed to b e 2 7 9,00 0 cu b i c f e et or the equ iva l ent of abou t 1

,3 3 9

,000

bo ard fe et (Interna t l . - inch log ru l e ) . Mos t of’

th l s vo lum e w a s pr o

du ced from co nif er sp e c ie s . Produc tion of m ine t im ber s from hardw ood sw as r eported only from south ern Cal i fornia .

Pol e and pil ing produ c t ion in 1 96 2 w a s l e s s than 1 9 56 produ c tio n by5 1 p erc ent and 4 4 pe r cent, r e spe ctiv e ly . On the other hand

,m ine t imb er

produ ct ion w as e st ima ted to be 6 4 p er c ent h igher than in 1 9 56 .

Split P roducts

About 3,0 3 0

,00 0 cub i c fe et of t imb er

,equ iva l ent to about 24

,84 4

,000

board fe et (Int erna tl . l /4 -1nch log rul e ) , wer e harve s t ed a s spl i t produ c t s

in 1 96 2 (tabl e 1 4 ,app end ix ) . Th i s is only sl ightly gr ea ter than the 1 9 56

produ ct ion . The s e hand — sp l i t commodities c on s i s t l argely of fenc e pos tsand rail s

,grap e stake s and cro s s —

arm s,bean po l e s

,shake s

,and f enc e

pa l ing and p icket s .

Most sp l i t p rodu ct s - 96 p er c ent of Ca liforn ia ' s produ c t ion in 1 96 2

ar e mad e from c oa s t r edwood b ec aus e o f i t s du rab il ity,ea s e of sp l it ting ,

and availab il ity in comme r c ia l timber s tand s . Inc ens e - c edar provided2 p er c ent of the Stat e ' s produ ct ion in 1 96 2 ,

g iant s equo i a 1 p er c ent,and the

r ema ining 1 p er c ent w as ma d e up of we st ern r ed c edar ,sugar p ine

,and

m is c el laneou s softw ood s . About 2 8 p er c ent of the tota l p rodu ct ion cam efrom de ad

,W indfa ll en

,and sa lvage tim ber .

N inety - thre e p er c ent of th e 1 9 6 2 produ ct ion came from fiv e'

r ed

w ood r eg ion c oun t i e s (tabl e 1 5 , app end ix ) . Hum bold t County l e d W i th4 1 p er c ent

,Mendo c ino 2 4 p er c ent

,Del Nor te 1 5 p er c ent

,Sonoma 9 p er

c ent,

and Monter ey 4 p e r c ent . The rema i n ing 7 p er c ent w as produ cedin 1 5 other count ie s .

Thr e e commod i t i e s m ad e up 84 p er c ent of tota l produc tion . Grapes takes l e d w ith 4 3 p er c ent

,f en c e pa ling 2 3 p er c ent

,fenc e po s ts 1 8 p er

c ent . Th e r ema i ning 1 6 p er c ent w as ma de up of nine other m inor pr odu c t s ;

Sh ingle and Sawed Shake Logs and BoltsTh i s c at egory inc lude s l og s and bolt s har v e s t ed for th e manufa c tu r e

of sh ingl e s and s aw ed shak e s (sp l it one s ide,s awed on th e other ) . In 1 96 2

,

th e indu s try harve s ted 2 ,4 6 4

,000 boar d fe et of this ma t er ia l in Cal ifornia

(tabl e 1 6 ,app end ix ) . Wh en manufa c tur ed into p rodu c t s th i s v olum e of t im

be r w ou ld y i e ld about 2 5,8 7 0 sq uar e s of sh ingl e s and sawed shakes . Th is

vo lum e is enough to roof" abou t 1,7 2 5 a v erage S i z e hou s e s .

Hum boldt Coun ty w as th e l ead ing produ c er —a c count ing for 7 6 per

c ent of th e t im ber har v e s t ed for th e s e p rodu c ts . Tu lar e w a s s e co nd w ith1 1 p er c ent . The rem a ining 1 3 p er c ent w as r epor t ed from f ive o the rc ount i es : Del No rte and Mendo c ino on th e c oa s t and Fr esno , Pla c er ,

and

Tehama inland .

Mor e c oa st r edwood w as cut than any oth er; i t ac c ount ed fo r m orethan 8 0 per c ent o f th e tota l har v e s t . Giant s equo i a

,mos tly fr om w ind

fa l l s,mad e up 1 1 p erc ent . Sugar p ine ,

inc ens e - c edar ,and w est ern r ed

c edar ma d e up th e ba lanc e . More than ha lf ( 52 p er c ent ) of th e tota l harvestw as r eport ed to ha v e c om e from d ead t im ber . Tota l produc t ion from d eadmat e r ia l probably w a s som ew hat h igher be c au s e th e sou r c e of near ly 4 p erc ent of tota l p rodu c t ion w as no t r eport ed .

T im be r har v es ted fo r s awed shak e s and Shingl e s is on the d e c l ine .

The 1 96 2 cut w as 3 6 per c ent be low 1 9 56 produ c t ion . The numb er of a c tivem i ll s w as dow n from 2 6 in 1 9 56 to 1 5 in 1 96 2

,a 4 2 -p er c ent d rop .

FuelwoodFuelwood co ns ist s of f i r ew ood and char coa l w ood . It come s from

tw o sou r c e s : roundw ood and p la nt r e s idu es .

Som e 2 0,4 1 4 co rd s of hardw ood s w er e cut dur ing 1 96 2 for ch ar coa l

produc tion (tabl e 1 7 ,app end ix ) . Of th e know n Sp e c i es tha t w er e cu t

,the

oaks l e d all othe r spe c i e s W i th 9 3 p er c ent of th e r epor ted vo lum e . Theba lanc e w a s c ompo s ed larg ely o f madrone and Ca l i fo rnia lau r el (p epp erw ood ) . Info rm at ion on sp e c i es w as l im it ed

,no sp e c ie s da ta be i ng r eported

fo r 5 8 p er c ent of th e to ta l cut . More than 8 0 p er c ent of th e t im ber cut forcoal ing w a s in th ree co a s ta l c ou nt i e s : Hum boldt , San Ben i to and San Lui sObispo . The r em a in ing p rodu c t ion w a s c enter ed on th e wes t S id e of th ec entr a l Sierra Nevada .

F ir ew ood produ c ed in th e round w as e s t ima ted at S l ight ly mor ethan 5 2 ,

00 0 cord s . The equ ival ent of an addit iona l 2,1 8 3

,0 00 co rd s of

p lant r e s idu es (larg ely from sawm i ll s and p ee l er p lant s ) wer e us ed bothfo r dom e st ic and indus tr i a l fu el and a sma l l amount w as p roc e s s ed intocha r coaL

Roundposts

Indus tr i a l pr odu c t ion of r oundpo sts w as a lmos t negl ig i bl e in 1 96 2

(tabl e 1 8,

app end ix ) . A tota l har v e s t of 1 0,000 cu b i c fe et (equ iva l ent to

about 1 1 2 ,0 00 bo ard fe et in this s iz e mat er i a l ) w as r epor ted . Approx 1

m ate ly ha l f of th is w as produ c ed in Amador County . Mo s t of th e produ ct ion w as from softw ood sp e c i e s . The s e data w e r e o bta ined from concen

tr at i on yard s and pr e s er v ativ e p lant s and pu bl i c r e cord s . But no att emptw as mad e to d et erm ine th e volum e of po st s cut

,larg ely from noncomm e r

c1 a l sp e c i e s,on farm s and ranche s fo r the ir ow n us e .

1 0

Appe n d ix

Survey P rocedure

A ma i ling l is t of a ll known a ct ive m il ls,p lant s

,co nc entration

yard s,t im ber oper ato r s ,

and pro c e s sor s w a s comp il ed in coop era tion w ithth e Ca l ifornia Divis ion Of For es try

,Nat iona l For e st Sup ervi s or s

,indu s try

trade a s so c ia tions,U . S . Bureau of M ine s

,lo ca l por t author it ie s

,and

county a s s e s s or s .

Qu estionnair es wer e mail ed to sawm i l l s,and vene er and plywood

p lant s;pulp ,hard and par t i c l e board

,and r oof ing fel t p lants;po s t , pol e, and

p il ing p ro c es s or s; Shingl e and S hake m i l l s,und erground m ine s; Spl it

pr oduc t s op erator s and con c ent ra tion yard s; r e s id ent and nonr es id ent(out - of — s tat e ) export er s Of log s;and ex c el s ior produ c er s .

The qu es t ionna ir e s were d e s igned to o bta in informa tion on th evo lum e of roundwood harve st ed

,g iv ing br eakdowns by ind iv idua l m i l l s and

p lant s,

and Show ing Sp e c ies r e c e ived,by p rodu c t typ e (sawlog ,

p ee l er log,

sh ingl e bol t,et c . county of or igin and c ounty of r e c e ipt

,l iv e and d ead

m ate r ia l,

and vo lum e Obtained from ea ch Of four owner ship cl as s e s . Infor

mat ion w as al so r equ e s ted on produ ct ion,u s e or r ec e ip t s of p lant r e s idu e s

,

by r e s idu e typ e,o r bo th .

Se c ond,and in som e cas e s

,th ird ma il r equ e s t s w er e s ent to oper

ator s who fail ed to r ep ly to ear l ier r equ e s ts . Ma il r ep l ie s w er e r ec e ivedfrom four - fi fths of the a c t ive t imber operator s . In indu s tr ie s w ith onlya few Op erato r s

,su c h as vene er - p lywood;pu lp ,

p art ic l e board and f i b er,

et c . all nonr eplying op era to r s wer e vis it ed to g et a 1 0 0—p er c ent r eturn .

A random sampl e of nonr eplying Op era to r s w a s s e l e c ted for ea ch indus tryfo r which comp l e te coverag e w a s not obta ined (e . g . sawm i l l s

,nonr e s i

dent log export er s,

and Sp l it produ c t s ) to p rovide a va l id s tat i s t i c a l e st ima te for th i s group . Samp l e Op erator s w er e then vis ited by the enum e r

a tor to obta in the de s ir ed informat ion .

Informa tion on t im ber cu t fo r po s ts,po l e s

,p il ing

,and Sp l it

pr oduc t s w as O bta ined largely from conc entration ya rd s,pro c e s s ing

and p r e s erva t ive p lant s b ecau s e of the la rge num ber of ind ividua l Op er ato r s and th e rap id changeov er of p eop l e engag ed in the indu stry . T imbervo lum e s w er e r eport ed in lo ca l u s e log ru l e s and other units of m eas ur eand w er e conv er ted to Int ernationa l - inch log rul e and to cu bic — footequ ival ent s as a common r epor ting ba s e .

L is t ed be low ar e the num ber of a ct iv e Op erato r s in ea ch indu stryin 1 9 6 2

,th e num ber of r ep l i e s r e c eived

,th e numb er of fie ld conta c t s , and

the numb er of Op erator s who s e r e c e ip t s or p rodu c t ion w as e s tima ted bysamp ling :

1 1

Know nac tiv e Rep l i e s

operato r s

Indu s try :Sawmil l sVen e e r p lyw oodPos t

,pol e p il ing

Spl i t p rodu c tsSaw ed Shak e sh ingl e sPu lp

,par t i c l e hard

board fi b erL og expor te r s :Re s id ent 7

Non re s id ent 2 3

Underground m ine s 1 4 5

Tota l 6 1 9

1Mi ne s o f t ons o f o r e produc t i on and g r e a t e r in 196 2 .

S tatistical AccuracyIn va ry ing d egr e es

,all data in th i s r epor t ar e subJ e ct to pos s i bl e

er ror s . Erro rs could have b een introdu c ed through m is takes in mea su r ing ,

tabu lating,

and r epo rt ing,or through samp l ing pro c edur e s . Error s m ay

or may not be comp ensa t i ng . Ex c ept for sampl ing error s the r e is no w ay

o f m ea sur ing them ,bu t th e c hanc e s of huma n error wer e r edu c ed as far as

po s s ibl e by fo llow ing d etail ed p lans,by training of p e r sonnel

,and by c ar e

fu l sup ervis ion and ch e cking of th e work .

All r eturned qu e s t ionna i r es wer e r ev iew ed for r ea s onabl ene s s ,cons ist ency

)and compl etene s s . Tho s e r eport s tha t need ed ver ificat i on or

comp l et ion wer e c lar if i ed by fur ther conta c t w ith th e or ig inator s . In thismanner it is b el i eved that r eport ing erro r s w er e m inim i z ed . Tabulat ingand computat iona l e rror s wer e held to a m inimum by u s e of e l e c tron icdata pro c e s s ing ma chines and p rogram ed c ros s - ch e c ks .

Sampl ing error a c count s for er ror s that ar i s e from taking a sampl erather than making a compl et e inventory or me a su r em ent; i t do e s not in

e l ud e po s s ibl e er ror s du e to human o r m a chine m i s tak e s o r incomp le t elis t s . The s amp l ing e rror of an e s tima t e is g iven h er e in t erm s of ones tandard e rror

,i . e . th e range abou t the e s tima t e w ithin which th e odd s

ar e tw o to one that the va lu e ba s ed on 1 0 0 - p er c ent c overage would fa ll .

The nationw id e Fo re st Survey h a s s e t th e max imum a c c eptabl esamp l ing er ror for t im ber har v e st ed from grow ing sto ck at 1 5 p er c ent p erbil lion cub i c fe et . The survey r eport ed in th i s pap er b ett e r ed th e na tiona lmax imum by a w id e m argin . The s amp l ing error for sawlog p rodu ctionw as cal cu lat ed to be i 2 . 4 p e r c ent; for th e Spl i t produ c t s harv est it w as

2 . 8 p er c ent . For the tota l t im ber harv e s t (ex c lu ding round fu elwood ) th esamp l ing er ror w a s i 2 . 1 p er c ent . Thi s i s equ iva l ent to a samp l ing e rrorOf 1 1 . 8 5 p e rc ent p er b il l ion cub i c f eet for th e tota l t imb er ha rve s t of7 9 3

,4 1 4

,000 cu b ic f e et (ex c lud ing fu e lwood ) . Data on t imb er harve s ted

for the followmg pr odu ct s inc lud ed no samp l ing error s b e cau s e the outputfo r all known Op er at ion s w as Ob ta ined by canva s s : p ee l e r log s;pu lp and

fi b er; s awed S hake logs and shingl e s;post s , po l e s , and p iling;and m in et imb ers . Sampl ing error fo r round fu elwood ,

cut mo st ly from noncomme r cial fo re s t land and from nongrow ing sto ck

,w as not ca l cu labl e as

e s t imat ed total p rodu c t ion (l e s s than 1 p er c ent of th e tota l harv e st ) w a s

comp il ed from a v ar i ety of uncontro ll ed sou r c e s and re c ord s . Thisom is s ion is cons ider ed negl igib l e .

1 2

Tab l e 2 .-Timbe r h a r ve s t i n Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty o f o r i gin and commodi ty ,

1 9 6 21

( Th ou sand boa rd f ee t , In t e rna t iona l - inch log ru l e )

Inc lude s bo th l i ve and de ad t imbe r f rom bo th comme r c ia l and noncomme rc i a lfo r e s t land .

1

49 03 7

1 2 , 04i

156

4 19 1

2 Inc lude s sp l i t p roduc t s , sh ing l e and shake logs and bo l t s and po s t s .

3 Inc lude s r ouna pu lpwood , po l e s , pi l ing , mine t imbe r s and fue lwood .

4Comb ined W i t h

“ Und i s t r i bu t ed“t o avo id d i sc lo su r e o f ind i v idua l pr oduce r s .

sInc lude s e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t ing ope r a t o r s plus r epo r t ed vo lume fo r

wh i ch coun ty o f o r i g in was unknown and vo lume s comb ined t o avo id d i sc losu r e o fi nd i v idua l ope ra t o r s .

1 4

Tab l e 2 .-7 1mbe r h a r ve s t i n Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty o f o r i gin and commodi ty ,

1 96 21

( Th ou sand boa rd f ee t , In t e rna t iona l - inch log ru l e )

Inc lude s bo th l i ve and de ad t imbe r f rom bo th comme rc i a l and noncomme rci a lfo r e s t land .

4 9 037

12 , 04i

1 56

4 1 9 1

2 Inc lude s spli t p roduc t s , sh ing l e and shake l o gs and bo l t s and po s t s .

3 Inc lude s round pu lpwood , po l e s , pi l ing , mine t imbe r s and fue lwood .

4Comb ined wi t h

" Und i s t r ibu t ed“t o avo id d i sc losu r e o f ind i v idua l p roduce r s .

5 Inc lude s e s t ima t e s fo r non r epo r t i ng ope ra t o r s p lus r epo r t ed vo lume fo rwh ich coun ty o f o r i g i n was unknown and vo lume s combined t o avo id d i sc losu r e o findi v i dua l Ope ra t o r s .

I4

Tab l e 4 .-Sawl og expo r t s in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,

1 96 2

So f twood s

Dou g l a s - f i rPonde ro sap i neRedwood

3T ru e f i r

Suga r p ineWe s t e rnheml ockS i tka sp ruc eO the rso f twoods

Ha rdwoodsTo t a l -

5

4

In t e rna t i ona l -inch log ru l e .

Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .

Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i r .

Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .

Es t ima t ed fo r ac t i ve expo r t e r s no t r epo r t ing .

1 6

Tabl e 7 .-P roduc t i on o f sawl ogs f r om l i v e and de ad t imbe r in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,

1 96 2

Suga r p i neWe s t e rn hemlock

1 In t e rna t iona l - inch lo g ru l e .

2Ba s ed on t o t a l vo lume .

3Bas e d on l i ve vo lume on ly .

4Ba sed on de ad vo lume on ly .

SInc lude s J e f f r ey pine .

6 Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i r .

7 Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e pine .

8No o t he r h a rdwoods r epo r t ed .

9Es t ima t ed fo r non r epo r t ing ope r a t o r s .

1 9

) l e l l .-Pe e l e r l og p roduc t i on f r om l i v e and de ad t imbe r in Ca l i fo rn i a , by spe c i e s ,

1 96 2

Pe r cen t3 Pe r c en t4

To t a lso f twoods

lardwoods 1 9 1

Al l spe c i e s

In t e rna t i ona l - inch l og ru l e .

5Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .

Ba sed on t o t a l vo l ume .

6 Inc lude s wh i t e , r ed , and g r and f i rBa sed on l i ve vo lume on ly .

7 Inc lude s we s t e rn wh i t e p ine .

Ba sed on dead vo lume on ly .

8 Le s s than pe r c en t o f t o t a l vo lume ,

a l l spe c i e s .

Tab l e l 2 .-F1 be r and boa r d p l an t r e c e ip t s in Ca l i fo rn ia , by spe c i e s g roup ,

1 9 6 2

Vo lume r e c e i vedCommod i t y and

spe c i e s g roupsB on e -dry B one -dry B one -dry

un i t2

un i t un i t

To t a l

To t a l

To t a l

To t a l , a l l spe c i e s

1 I nc lude s vene e r co r e s , p l an t r e s idue s ( s l abs , t r immings , sh avings , sawdus t ) ,

and wood f l ou r .

2A bone -d ry un i t : pounds , O ven -d ry chips o f a l l spe c i e s ; abou t one

s t anda r d co rd .

3Ch ips , t r immings , shav ings , sawdu s t

,and wood f l ou r f r equ en t ly a r e an uh

s e g r e ga t ed mix t u r e o f se ve r a l spe c i e s .

4Comb ined t o a vo id di sc l o su r e o f indi v i dua l p l an t s . Exc lude s mi l l s ope r a t ingon pu r cha se d pu lp o r on pu lp impo r t ed f rom ou t s ide t h e S t a t e .

2 4

Tab l e 1 3 .-Produc t i on o f po l e s and pi l ing in Ca l i fo rn i a , by coun ty and spe c i e s ,

1 96 2

Al l coun t i e s

1 Inc lude s J e f f r ey pine .

2 Inc lude s whi t e and r ed f i r .

3 In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru l e .

4 Inc 1ude s po l e s and l ine a r fe e t o f p i l ing .

2 5

Tab l e 1 5 .-Produc t i on o f l ogs and bo l t s fo r sp l i t p r oduc t s in Ca l i fo rn i a ,

by coun ty o f o r i gin and spe c i e s ,1 9 6 2

Pe r c ent r epo r t ed

1Coun t y o f o r i g in i s gene ra l ly t h e same a s coun ty o f r ece ip t fo r sp l i t

p roduc t s . On ly fou r ope ra t o r s r epo r t ed r e ce ip t s f rom ac r o ss coun t y l ine s .

2 Inc lude s 553 MEP o f incens e —ceda r and 76 MBF o f we s t e rn r ed ceda r .

3 Inc lude s 252 MBF o f g ian t s equo i a .

4 In t e rna t iona l l / 4 -inch lo g ru l e5Comb ined t o a vo id di sc l osu r e o f indi v idua l Ope r a t o r s .

6Es t ima t ed fo r non repo r t ing produc e r s .

27

Tab l e 1 6 .-Pr oduc t i on o f l ogs and bo l t s fo r sh ingl e s and sawe d shake s in Ca l i fo rn i a ,

by coun ty , l i ve and dead t imbe r , and spe c i e s ,1 96 2

De l No r t e -Mendo c inoLi ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknowns

To t a l

Humbo ld tLi ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknowns

To t a l

F r e sno -Pl ac e r -Tehama4Li ve t imbe rDe ad t imbe rUnknown5

To t a l

70 1 38

To t a l , a l l spe c i e s Pe r c en t Pe r c en t Pe r cen t Pe r cen t

1 Inc lude s 2 7 1 MEP o f gi an t s equo i a p roduced in Tu la r e Coun ty .

2We s t e rn r edceda r in De l No r t e Coun ty ; inc ense -ceda r in a l l o the r coun t i e s .

3 In t e rna t i ona l l / 4 -inch lo g ru l e4Comb ined t o a vo id d i s c l o su r e o f indi v idua l Ope r a t o r s .

5 In fo rma t ion on l i ve and de ad t imbe r no t r epo r t ed by some ope r a t o r s .

2 8

cific Southw e st F or e s t and Range D iv ision of For e s tr y,per iment Station

,B e r ke ley,

Ca lifor niaand

D epar tment of L andr e st Se rv ice and Na tur a l R e sour ce s

S . D epa r tment of Agr icu ltur e Sta t e of Haw aii

Foreword

Th is is th e fir st of a s er ie s of r epo r ts a bout plantationtimb er on th e diffe r ent is land s in th e State of Haw a ii . Sum

mar iz ed h e r e ar e th e r e sults O f an inv ento ry of tim b e r inplanted for e sts on th e Is land of Haw aii . T h is inv entor y isa supplement to th e initia l For e st Sur v ey of th e Sta te com

ple ted in 1 9 6 3 . Th e Sur v ey indicated th e impor tance of

plantations a s a tim b e r r e sour ce but pr ov ided no d eta ils .

Th is bull e tin r epor ts : ( 1 ) lo ca ti on and acr eage of each

planted s tand, ( 2 ) spe cie s compos ition and age of stand

,

( 3 ) tim b e r v o lume and qua lity,and ( 4 ) ow ne r sh ip of plant

ed tim b e r .

Th e study is a coope r ativ e und e r taking of th e D iv ision o f

For e stry,Haw a ii D epar tm ent of L and and Natur a l Re sour ce s

,

and th e Pacific Sou thw e s t For e s t and Rang e Expe r iment Sta

tion,For e st Se r v ice

,U. S . D epar tment of Agr icultur e . I t

w as conduct ed unde r th e dir e ction of Ro b e r t E . Ne l son,Ch ie f

,

Haw aii For e str y Re sear ch C ent er,Pacific Southw e st For

e st and Rang e Expe r iment Station . No buo Honda,For e st e r

,

Haw aii D iv is ion of For es tr y,h e lped d ev e lop plans for th e

plantation inv entory and supe r v is ed th e fie ld w or k .

Many indiv iduals aid ed in v ar ious ph as e s O f th e sur v ey .

Spe cia l a cknow ledgment is due th e fie ld cr ew s : F or e ste r s

W . Wong and E . Pung,and a s sis tant s S . K ame lame la

,A .

Chun,J . Hansen

,B . Us egaw a

,J . Ah San

,and M . Victo r ino

of th e Haw aii D iv ision of F or e str y .

E . M . Hor nibr ook,in char ge of For e s t Sur v ey,

PacificSouthw est F or e st and Range Expe r iment Station

,and Rus s e l l

K . L e B ar r on,For e st Ecologis t , Haw a ii D iv ision of For e str y,

a id ed in d ev e loping plans for th e study .

Ro b e r t M . Mil le r ,Systems Analys t , Pacific Southw e st

For e st and Range Exper iment Station,dev e loped Spe cifica

tions for pr oce s s ing data th r ough e l e ctr onic compute r s . Th e

Compu t ing Center at th e Univ e r s ity of Haw a ii pr oces s ed

th e data .

F loyd M . Cos s itt,Acting Sta t e For e ste r

,r etir ed

,Max

F . L andgr af , State For e ste r,

and L ib e r t L andgr af, D is tr ict

F or es te r, pr ov ided gene r ous coope r a tion and as s is tance in

th e conduct of th e sur v ey .

La rge ac r eage s o f na t i v e fo r e s t con ta in

bu t sma l l amo un t s o f me r ch an t abl e t imbe r .

Island of Hawaii

T h e fir st fore s t inventory in Hawa i iShowed that th e bulk of th e fo re s t land

and t imbe r r e s our c e s in th e Stat e1 i s on

th e Is l and of Hawa i i . Of its tota l landar ea of 2 . 6 mi l l io n a c r e s

,some 7 1 0

,000

a cr e s"

ar e comm er c ia l for e st land w i thmor e tha n 6 00 mi l l io n board fe et of saw

t imber (f igs . 1,

A larg e pa rt of this t imb er r e

sour c e is in nat ive fore s t typ e s . Th eyo c cupy near ly acre s of the comme r cial for e st land . Th e na t ive ohia(Metro s id er os c ol l ina ) sawtimber tot al s O ther Islonds

about 3 6 0 m i l l ion board fe et,and koa

Commercnol forest land(Ac a c 1 a koa ) —

a mor e va lua bl e spe c i e stota l s some 1 1 0 m i l l ion board fe et . With Noncommercml forest land

sawtimber averag ing only about 7 0 0 boa rd Fi gu r e 1 .-Comme r c z a l an d non

fee t p er a c r e,th e na tive for e s t s ar e g en

comme r cm l fo r e s t [ and ac r eage s

e r ally poorly s to cked .on th e I s land o f Hawa i i and o th e rl d 1 96 1 .

Plant ed for e s ts contai n a sma ll erI s a" S

but S ignificant par t of th e tota l t imbe r Island of Howouv ol ume . Y i eld s p er a c r e average mu ch6 0 0 mm”M f,

gr eat er in p lanted st and s than in nat iv es tands . Al so

,t imber in p lant ed for e s t s

is g enera l ly of higher qua l ity than nat iv et imber .

Most r eadily a c c e s s i bl e,thi s p lan

tation t imbe r is l ik ely to be of gr eat e rimpor tan c e than na t iv e t im ber in any earlyexp ans ion of m il l ing op erat ions . Ther efor e

,we hav e mad e a s tand — by

- s tandinv entory to o btain informa t ion on plantation t imb er a c r eag e

,volum e

,qua lity

,and

ow ner ship . Da ta c ompil ed for ea ch p lantation stand a r e summar i z ed in thi s r eport

,

and th e s e c t ion ent itl ed Plantat ion TimberRes ou r c e s br iefly r e v i ew s i nforma t ionabou t

.

for e st plantat ionsin ea ch of four O ther l slands

w orking C i r c l es into w hi ch the B ig Is land l2 0 m| ll|on M f,

has be en d iv ided .

Plonled

1Ne l son , Robe r t E . , and Wh e e l e r , Ph i l ip R . Fo r e s t O therRe sou rce s o f Hawa 1 i -1 96 1 . Fo r e s t ry D1 v . , Dep .Land and Na t u ra l Re sou rce s , S t a t e o f Hawa i i , in Fi gu r e 2 .

-Sawt imbe r vo l ume s on

coope ra t i on Wi t h t h e Pac i f i c SW. Fo r e s t 81. Range th e I s l and o f Hawa i i and o th e rExp . S t a . , Fo r e s t Se rv . , U. S . Dep . Ag r . 1 96 3 . i s l an ds , 1 96 1 .

Highlights

Fo r e st Pl a n t a t i o n Ar e a

Commer c ia l for e s t p lantat ions2 on the Is land of Haw a i i to ta l mor ethan 1 3

,3 0 0 a c r es in s tand s from 2 ac r e s to nea r ly 2 50 a cr e s in S iz e .

Abou t 7,50 0 a c r es o f th e s e p lanta t ions a r e s awt imb er s tand s (tabl e s I, 5,

and f ig . The rema ind er,s ome 5

,8 00 a c r e s

,ar e r e c ently p lante d s e ed

l ing,

sapl ing,O r po letimbe r s tand s . In addit ion to th e commer c ia l for e st

plant at ions the r e ar e about 2,2 00 a c r e s of p lantat ions O f noncomme r c ia l

typ es .

Euc a lypts ar e th e p rinc ipa l tr ee Sp e c ie s in O ld er p lanta t io ns . N early6

,30 0 a c r e s of th e s aw t imber stand s ar e commer c ia l eu ca lyptu s typ e , of

w hi c h 4,70 0 a c r e s ar e ro bu s ta eu c a lyp tu s . Only about 9 0 0 a c r e s ar e com

me r cial ha rdw ood typ e s oth er than eu ca lyptu s . Some 3 00 a c r e s ar e com

me r cial co nif er typ es .

R ec ent p lant ing s have empha s i z ed commer c ia l har dwood s oth erthan euca lyp tu s (ta bl e s 5

,Th er e ar e abou t 5

,7 0 0 a c r e s of s eed l ing

,

sap l ing,or poletimbe r stand s of the s e ha rdwood Sp ec i e s , only abou t 1 00

a c r e s of c omm er c ia l eu ca lyptu s typ e s; and l e s s than 50 a c r e s of commercial conif er typ e s .

Mo st of the for e s t p lantat ions ar e in th e H il o - Hamakua WorkingC ir c l e (ta bl e H er e ar e near ly 6

,00 0 a c r e s of commer c ia l sawtimber

s tands and an add it ional 4,4 00 a c r e s of s e edl ing

,s ap l ing

,or pole timbe r

s tand s . The oth er thr e e Working C ir c l e s - K au,Kona

,and Koha la com

bined have abou t 1,50 0 a c r e s Of p lanted sawtimbe r s tand s and anoth er

1,500 a c r es of s e ed l ing

,sap ling

,or pole timbe r s tand s .

Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms i n Append i x .

Tab l e s 1 th rough 20 a re i n th e Append i x .

Sowhmber stonds

Seedling, sapling,ond

poletimber slonds

Noncommercrolt stonds

Acres C) 20 00 4 0 0 0 600 0 8 0 0 0

Commercnol eucalyptus Commercuol conifersOther commercrol hardwoods Noncommercnol types

F i gu r e 3 .-Ac r e age o f comme r C i a l and noncomme rci a l p l an t a t i on s tands

by s tand-S i z e cl as s and fo r e s t type ,I s land o f Hawa i i

,1 96 5 .

Fi gu r e 4 .-Di s t r i bu t i on o f s aw t imbe r

vo lume i n p l an t ed s tands , by wo rk i ngC i rcl e s , I s l and o f Hawa i i ,

1 96 5 .

Th e Stat e owns 6 5 p er c ent of the ac r eage of comm er c ia l for e stplanta t ions (tabl e s 2 ,

3,4

,Thi s amounts to mor e than 4

,2 00 a c r e s of

sawtimber s tand s and abou t 4,500 a c r e s of s e edl ing

,sap l ing

,or pole timbe r

stand s . Haw ai ian Home s 4 owner sh ip amounts to 7 p er c ent,or about 9 00

a cr e s Of the commer c ia l for es t p lant at ions . Near ly 3,7 0 0 ac r e s

,o r 2 8

p er c ent of th e p lanted commer c ia l for e s t s , ar e in p r iv at e owne rship .

About 1,2 0 0 a c r e s or 54 p er c ent of th e nonc ommer c ia l p lanta t ion

typ e s,

ar e in Stat e owner sh ip,

about 4 5 p er c ent in p r ivat e owner ship and

only a bout 1 p er c ent ow ned by Haw a iian Hom e s .

Fo r est Pl a n t a t i o n Timbe r Vo l umePlant ed for es t s on th e Is land of Hawa i i co nta in nearly 1 1 7 m il l ion

board fe et Of sawtimb er (tabl e s 7 ,The vo lume in ro bus ta eu ca lyp tu s

s aw t imber amo unt s to 6 9 p er c ent of th e tota l,o r a lmo s t 8 1 mi l l ion board

fee t . Sawt imber v olume in all oth er eu ca lyp tu s sp e c ie s is 2 3 p er c ent of

th e total . Ha rdw ood s oth er than eu ca lypts tota l only 6 . 9 m il l ion boa rdfe e t . Conife r sawtimber amou nt s to abou t 2 . 7 mi l l ion board fe et, mo stlyNorfolk — Is land — p ine .

Near ly tw o— th ird s of th e s aw t imber vo lume is in tr ee s 1 7 to 2 8

inc h es d . b . h . (tabl e Only 8 p er c ent of th e volume is in tr e e s larg erthan 2 8 inch es d . b . h .

Sawtimber stand s in th e H i lo - Hamakua Working C i r c l e make up8 6 p er c ent of th e tota l p lant ed s awtimb er volume

,o r about 1 00 mil l ion

boa rd fe et (f ig . 4 and tabl e Th is inc lud es 7 1 mil l ion board fe et ofrobu sta eu ca lyp tu s and 2 4 m il l ion feet of oth er eu ca lyp tu s s awtimb er .

Stand s in th e K au Working C ir c l e have about 7 mil l ion board fe et,

th e

Kona Working C ir c l e near ly 4 mi l l ion board fe e t,

and th e Koha la WorkingCir c l e ov er 5 m il l ion board fe et .

The Sta t e owns 56 p er c ent of th e p lanta t ion sawtimber : 6 5 mill ionboard f eet (tabl e 8 and f ig . Th is total inc lud es about 58 mi l l io n board

4Ce r t a in S t a t e -owned lands s e t a s ide and admin i s t e r ed by t h e Hawa i ian Home s Commi s s i on fo r

t h e bene f i t o f t h e pe ople o f Hawa i i an ance s t ry .

Robusta Eucalyptus

State4 0 , 0 6 3 Mbd ft

a omMbd ft

HawouonHomesMbo 11

StateM bd fl

Other hardwoods

Conifers

Fi gu r e 5 .-Sawt imbe r vo l ume in p lan t ed s t ands by spe c

i e s group and owne r sh i p c l as s , I s l and o f Hawai i ,1 96 5 .

fe et in th e H ilo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e,

of whi ch 53 mi l l ion fe e t ar eeu ca lyptu s s aw t imb er . In th e Kau

,Kona

,and Koha la Working C ir c l e s

,

th e Stat e ow ns some 7 m i l l ion board fe et of s aw t imber,mo s tly in K au .

The tota l grow ing s to ck volume in p lant ed s awtim ber s tand s amo unt sto a bout 2 5 mil l ion cu bi c fe et (tabl e Near ly 1 7 m il l ion c ubi c fe et of thi svolume is ro bu sta eu calyptu s . Other eu ca lyp t s tota l mor e than 5 m i l l ionc ub i c fe et of grow ing s to ck . Th e volume in oth er hardwood s is l es s than2 m i l l ion

,and in conifer s l e s s than 1 m i l l ion cub i c fe et .

Po le timbe r and s ap l ing and s e ed l ing s tands co nta in additio na l v olum e s of growing sto ck

,but the s e we r e not mea su r ed .

Wood in cul l tr ee s in p lant ed s awt imb er s tand s total s nea r ly 1 . 3

m il l io n cubi c fe et (tabl e The 2,2 00 a c r e s of noncomm er c ia l p lanta t ions

hold an addit iona l , mu ch gr eat er volume Of wood in cu l l tr ee s , but the s es tands were no t mea sur ed .

St a n d Y i e l dsThe a v erag e y ie ld of saw t imb er in p lant ed sawtimb er s tand s on

th e Is land Of Hawa i i is abou t 1 6,000 board fe et p er a c r e . But y ie ld s vary

w id ely w ith s tand age , sp e c ie s , s ite ,hi s tory and c ond it ion of th e s tand

,

and other fa c to r s . The high e st s tand average net volume w as 7 9,7 2 0 board

fe e t p er a cr e in a robus ta eu ca lyptu s s tand . The highe st y i eld ba s ed on a

S ingl e s amp l e l o cat ion w a s 9 5,4 00 board fe et p er a c r e in the sam e s tand;

the low est w as 4 1 1 board fe et p er a c re .

Y i eld s in p lant ed sawtimb er s tand s in th e H ilo -Hamakua WorkingCir c l e av erag e about

_1 7

,000 board fe e t p er a cr e . This is mu ch high er

than in th e K au and Kona Working C ir c l e s bu t l e s s than in th e Koha laWorking C ir c l e

,whi ch averag ed 1 9

,000 board fe et p er a c r e .

Age of St a n ds

Only about 1,4 00 a c r es of commer c ia l p lantat ion t imber s tand s ar e

mor e than 4 0 y ear s old (tabl e Pra c t i ca l ly a ll th es e O ld er s tand s ar e

north of H ilo in th e H ilo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e . Stand s p lant ed from1 9 2 6 to 1 94 5 to ta l nea r ly 6

,1 0 0 acr e s . A larg e par t of thi s a c r eage w as

p lanted b etw een 1 9 3 5 and 1 94 1 by the Civil ian Cons erva t ion Corp s . Sinc e1 94 5

,mor e than 5

,8 00 a c r e s of commer c ia l p lanta t io ns have b een e s tab

lish ed . By far,t h e gr eat er pa rt Of the s e re c ent p lant ing s ha s been done

by th e Stat e Divis ion of For e s try in th e Wa iakea Fore s t Re s erv e S inc e 1 9 6 0 .

Al so important ar e th e pr ivat e p lanting s S inc e 1 9 57 in th e Kona WorkingCir c l e , which tota l near ly 1 , 4 00 a c r es .

The Opportunity for Industrial Deve lopment

The Is land of Hawa i i h as a la rg e for e st r e sour c e - 44 p er c ent Ofth e land suppor t s s ome kind of for e s t growth . Mor e than 7 0 0

,000 a c r e s

ar e comm er c ia l fo r e st land capabl e of p rodu c ing c rop s of t imb er . Thevolume of sawtimb er in na tive for e s ts and plantat ions tota l s over 6 00 mill ion board fe et . 5

Be cau s e nat ive fore s t s ar e g enera l ly not w el l sto cked,yield s of

mer chantabl e t imb er ar e low . Neverth el e s s the r e has b e en a lmo st cont inuous cutting

'

of smal l amounts of koa and ohia ov er th e pa s t 6 0 y ear s ormor e . Given imp roved pro c e s s ing te ch niqu e s and equ ipment

,gr eat e r te ch

nical knowl edg e about wood pr op er t i e s and chara c t er i s ti c s for d iff erent u s e s,

and improved market informa t ion and mark et ing methods - gr ea ter us e Of

nat ive t imber i s a l ik ely pro sp e c t .

Plant ed for e s t s have grown rap id ly . In contra st to nat ive for e st s,

th ey now yield high p er -a cr e vo lume s of sawtimber . Th e 1 1 7 m il l ion board

fe et of sawtimber on 7,500 a c r e s of p lanta t ions amount s to about 20 pe r c ent

of all sawtimb er on the entir e 7 00,000 a c r e s of commer c ia l for e st land on

th e Big Island . Timber conc entrat ed in th e s e r elat iv ely a c c e ss ibl e p lantat ions offer s a new opportunity for expand ing th e lo ca l lumber mi l l ing indu stry .

Mo st of th e for e s ta t ion that p rodu c ed th i s new t imber r es our c e w as

not done to grow sawtimb er . Tr ee s w er e p lant ed to contro l ero s ion,im

prove wat e r sh ed c ov er,

and provid e fuelwood . Ther efor e,Sp e c i e s plant ed

wer e not nec e s sar ily s el e c ted on th e ba s i s of wood qua l ity . Rap id g rowthw as the ma in cr it er ion . Eu ca lyptu s robu sta

~ ~

s good sawtimb er Sp e c i e sw as highly favor ed . But so wer e s evera l Sp e c ie s that p r e s ent ly off er l ittl eor no pot ential for s awtimber

,su ch as bluegum eu ca lyp tus (Eu ca lyptu s

globu lu s ) , pap er- bark (Mela l euca l eu cad end ron) , and ir onwood s (Ca suar ina

Spp o ) 0

5Ne l son and Whe e l e r . Se e foo tno t e 1 .

The su c c e s s Of th e s e ear ly p lant ing s show s that t imber -p rodu c t ionpotentia l s ar e far gr eat er than m ight b e inf err ed from data on p r es entvo lumes . We know that many va lua bl e exot ic Spe c i e s ar e adapted to th ediffer ent fo r e s t S it e s . And that t imbe r y i eld s can be p rod igiou s . Fur th ermor e

,manag ement Of na t ive for e s ts can gr ea t ly imp rove th e y ie ld s and

qua l ity of t imber . Und er manag ement,

an average annua l sawt imber growthof l

,000 board fe et p er acr e can b e exp e c ted from wel l - s to ck ed p lanted and

na t iv e fore st s on good S ite s .

If only 1 5 per c ent of the 7 00,0 00 a cr e s of p r e s ently l itt l e - u s ed and

unmanaged commer c ia l fo r e s t land w er e put u nder manageme nt,t imb er

p rodu ct ion woul d eventual ly amou nt to mo re than 1 00 mi l l ion board fe etannual ly . Th is i s approx imat ely th e amount Of wo od now u s ed (impor ted )in Hawa i i each y ear . Thr e e time s thi s amount could be produ c ed if ha l fth e c ommer c ial for e s t land on th e Big Is land w er e managed for t imber crop s .

Rec ent r efor e s tat ion effort s of the Stat e and of p r ivat e land owner sar e t rying to cap ita l i z e on thi s pot ent ia l . Sp ec i e s ar e

‘ be ing s el e c t ed w ithcons id eration for wood qual it i e s and adaptab il ity to Sp e c if ic S it e s . Plantings ar e made in large blo cks and th ey ar e p la c ing t imber sp ec i e s on land swher e na tive for e st s ar e of par t i cular ly poor qual ity, oft en j u s t bru sh .

Sinc e 1 96 0,

about 4 4 0 0 a c r e s of land have b een r efor e s t ed by theState Di v i s ion of For es try in th e Wa iakea Fore s t R e s erve of the H i lo Working C ir c l e . About 1

,400 a cr e s of p r iva t e la nd have be en r efor e st ed in Kona

S inc e 1 9 57 . Au stra l ian r ed c edar and trop i c al ash,both h igh qua l ity t imb er

Sp e c i e s,

ar e the ma in tr ee s p lant ed . The s e s tand s wi l l b egin to yi eld me r

charitabl e t imber in from 2 0 t o 3 0 year s .

Thi s r efor es tat ion effort i s b e ing c ontinu ed and hop efu l ly w il l b eexpand ed to br ing a mu ch large r for es t ar ea und er manag ement . Theamou nt of r efor e s tat io n a c comp l is hed du r ing th e next 1 0 year s w ill d et erm ine in larg e par t th e amount of harve s tabl e t imb er tha t w il l b e ava ilabl e3 0 to 4 0 y ear s from now .

Plantation Timbe r Resources

Hi l o -Hamakua Wo rki ng Ci rcl e

The Hi l o -Hamakua Working C ir c l e make s up the nor thea s t por tionof the Ipland of Hawa ii . (Se e map

”For e s t Plantat ions on th e Is land ofHawai i . ) It is bord er ed on the nor th by Wa ip io Va l l ey and on the sou th byVol canoe s Na t io nal Park . Th e summi t s Of Mau na K ea and Mauna Loa and

th e saddl e b etween th em fo rm the we st ern bou ndary . Th e s e boundar i esenc l o s e an a rea about 6 0 mi l e s long and up to 2 5 m il e s w id e . Thi s i s th ew indward S id e Of the Big Is land

,with annua l rai nfa l l ex c e ed ing 1 00 inch es

on mo st of th e land .

Sugar produ ct ion i s th e mo st important indu stry in th i s ar ea .Most

land s below about 1 , 8 00 fe et el eva t io n that ar e su it ed to growing sugar canear e u s ed for tha t purpo s e . Relat ivel y l itt l e a c r eage i s u s ed for oth er cul tiv ated c rop s , but frui t, nut, and flow er produ c t ion ar e important to the lo ca le conomy .

Ca ttl e gra z e on a large acr eag e throughout the ar ea,the maj or pas

tu r e s be ing on th e S lop e s of Mauna K e a out s id e th e for es t r e s erve s . Muchof the gra z ed ar ea is for e st land .

Euca l yp t usr obus t a i s th e mos t abun

dan t p l an t e d t imbe r . Th i s r obus tas t and (No . 8 0 38 ) ave rage s ne a r l y

boa rd f e e t o f s awt imbe r pe rac r e .

Tr op i ca l ash has no t shown cons i s t

en t h i gh yi e l ds l ike t he euca l yp t s ,

bu t t h e woo d i s 0

fu rn i t u r e and cab i ne t ry .

s t and (NO . 8 1 6 6 ) th e ne t vo l ume

Ther e ar e ext ens ive for es t s in thi s wo rking c ir c l e . The c ommercial fo r es t land amount s to a bout 36 0

,000 a c r e s . Mo st of it is nat iv e ohia

for es t,whi ch h a s off ered l ittl e inc ent ive for t imb er Op era t ions in the pa st .

Ther e is a l s o a larg e a c r eage of koa for es t in th i s wo rk ing c ir c l e,mu ch

of it d e cad ent .

Forest lflantafi on AreaWith in the Hil o — Hamakua Working C ir c l e ar e about 1 1

,8 00 a c r e s of

for e st planta t io ns . Th ey inc lud e 6,000 a c r es of sawtimber stand s

,4

,4 00

ac r es of s e edl ing,sap l ing

,and pole timbe r stands , and 1

,4 00 a c r e s of non

commer c ial t pe s (tabl e 1 , Many of th e s e p lant ed for e st s ar e in th e Fore st Res erve s adj a c ent to th e upp er edg e s of th e cane fie ld s . Al so

,many

s tands ar e in for e st s out s id e th e Re s erve s,s catt er ed throughout th e ge neral

ar ea s of canefi eld s and pa s tu r ed land .

Th e bulk of the p lanted s awtimber stand s ar e w ith in 3 m il e s of th ema in h ighway betw een H il o and Wa ip io Va l l ey . Al so

,mo st of the nonc om

me r cial plantat ions ar e in th is ar ea,genera l ly nor thw es t of Hi lo . The

s eedl ing,s apl ing

,and poletimbe r s tand s , on the other hand ,

ar e conc entrat ed sou thwe s t of H il o in th e Wa iakea

,Upp er Wa iakea

,and Olaa For e s t

Res erves .

Forest TypesRobu s ta eu ca lyptu s type mak es up 67 p er cent Of th e a c r eage of p lant

ed sawtimber stands (tabl e s 5,

Sa l igna eu ca lyptu s and other c omm ercial eu c alyptu s typ e s comp r is e abou t 1 9 p er c ent of the ac r eage . Oth er comme r cial hardwood Spe c i e s su ch as trop ica l ash and S i lk -

oak tota l abou t1 0 p er c ent

,and c omm er c ia l co nifer s su ch as sug i and Norfolk - Is land - p ine

mak e up the r ema ining 4 p er c ent of th e ar ea .

Most of th e 4,4 00 a c r e s of s e edl ing

,s ap l ing

,and pol e s tand s ar e of

trop ic al a sh and Au stral ian r ed c edar . Qu e ens land map l e and s ome eu c alypts ar e a l s o in th e s e s tands .

The nonc ommer c ia l p lantat ion typ e s a r e mo stly b lu egum eu ca lyptu s,

Casuar ina spp . and p ap er — bark,but they inc lud e some Monter ey cypr e s s .

'

fi mbe r VMumeMerchantabl e p lanted sawt imber tota l s j u st over 1 00 m il l ion board

fe et (tabl e Seventy p er c ent of th i s is robu s ta eu ca lyptu s . Sa l igna

( 1 3 pe r c ent ) and oth er commer c ia l eu ca lypt s ( 1 1 p er c ent ) make up mo st ofth e r ema ind er . Si lk -

oak,trop i cal ash

,Au stra l ian r ed c edar

,and oth er

comm er c ia l ha rdwood s tota l j u st over 4 m i l l ion board fe et . Th e volumein c ommer c ial c onifer s su ch as Norfo lk — Is land - p ine and sug i tota l s j u stund er 2 m i l l ion board fe et .

Almo st ha l f th e sawtimb er volume is in tr e es 1 9 . 0 to 2 8 . 9 inch e sd . b . h . (tabl e

QuatSa l igna eu c a lyp tu s h a s the highe s t qua l ity log s , ba s ed on Standard

Hardwood L og Grade s (tabl e A r emarkabl e 4 6 p er c ent of th e sa l ignavolume is in grade 1 sawlog s

,an add it ional 2 3 p er c ent in grad e 2 log s .

6PUb l i c and p r iva t e l ands admin i s t e r ed by t h e S t a t e fo r t h e managemen t and pro t e c t ion o fwa t e r sh eds and o th e r fo re s t va lue s .

7Qua l i ty o f wood as de t e rmined by phys i ca l prope r t i e s and me ch an i ca l cha rac t e r i s t i csi nh e r en t i n spec 1 e s i s no t a con s ide ra t ion in th i s c lass i f ica t ion .

Robu sta eu ca lyptu s a ls o h as fa ir ly h igh log qua l ity w ith 47 p er c ento f the volume in grad e 1 and 2 sawlog s . Oth er c ommer c ia l eu ca lypt s ar e

comparab l e to robu sta in log qual ity .

Trop i ca l ash h as a bout 4 0 p er c ent of tota l volume in grad e 1 and 2

l og s . Si lk -oak and oth er hardw ood s ar e of lower log qua l ity , how ever , with

l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent of th e volume in grad e 1 and 2 log s .

Conifer sp e c ie s w er e not log grad ed .

Owne rsh ip

The Stat e of Hawa i i is by far the larg e st owne r of for e s t p lanta t ionsin th e H il o -Hamakua Working C ir c l e (tabl e Of th e mor e than 1 0

,000

ac r e s o f c ommer c ia l typ e s ta l l i ed , th e Stat e owns 7 6 p e r c ent , or near ly7

,9 00 a c r e s . Add it iona l publ i c owner ship is Hawa i ian Home s land amount

ing to j u s t ove r 9 00 a c r e s . Only 1 5 p er c ent,o r abou t 1

,5 50 a c r e s

,i s in

pr ivat e owner ship .

In volume,th e Sta t e owns a l e s s er p rop or tion of th e t imber (ta bl e

1 5 ) b e cau s e a su b s tant ial ar ea of th e Stat e - owned p lantat ions ar e r e c ent lyp lant ed s e ed l ing

,sapl ing

,and pole timbe r s tand s . Nev erth el e s s

,th e Stat e

owns about 57 p er c ent of th e saw t imb er,

amounting to nea r ly 58 mi l l ionboard fe et . Hawa i ian Home s owns a bou t 1 6 m il l ion boa rd fe et

,and th er e

ar e near ly 27 mi l l ion board feet in pr ivat e owner ship .

Y ieldsAv e rag e s tand y i eld s p er a c r e rang e fr om a high of nea r ly 8 0

,000

boar d f eet to l es s than 7 50 boa rd fe et . Eu ca lyp tu s s tand s in g enera l,and

Ol d er ro bu sta and sal igna s tand s in part i cular,have th e h ighe st y ie ld s .

Other ha rdwood s g eneral ly Show low e s t y ield s . The av erage p er a c r e y i eldfor all Sp e c ie s in th e w orking c ir c l e is a bout 1 7

,0 00 board fe et .

T imber Cutting PotentialsPlanta t ion t imb er in the H i lo -Hamakua Working C ir c l e can provid e

a ba s e for sub stant ia l lumber m il l ing Op e rat ions . A ha rve st of 5 mil l ionboard fe et of sawlog s p er y ear c ou ld b e c ont inu ed for more than 2 0 y ea r s

,

ba s ed on p r e s ent r esou r c e s a lone . An even la rg er cut may b e po s s ibl ebe cau s e timber growth is boo s ting y ield s in th e s e p lanta t ions .

As suming a growth of only 500 board fe et Of sawtimber p er a c r e p eryear

,th e n ear ly 6

,000 a c r e s of old er p lantat ions would suppor t a Su stai ne d

annua l cu t Of about 3 mil l ion board fe et . The a c reage now in s e edl ing,

sap

l ing,

and poletimbe r s tand s wi l l yi e ld add it iona l mer chantabl e saw t im berin about 2 5 y ear s . From th en on

,th e su s ta i ne d y i eld from th e mor e than

4,4 0 0 a c r e s in th e s e younger stand s w il l amou nt to mor e than 2 m i l l io n

board fe et annua l ly . The a l lowa bl e annua l cu t in th e s e p lantat ions dur ingthe fir s t ro ta t ion is the sum of annual growth and a port ion of the p r e s entinventory

,a s sumi ng the pr e s ent inventory w il l be l iqu idat ed dur ing th e

rotat ion p er iod . Fore s ta t ion effor ts ar e exp e ct ed to b e c ont inu ed and eve nexpanded

,p rov id ing an inc r ea s ing p lantat ion t imb er r e sour c e ba s e for a

lumb er mi l l ing indust ry in this work ing c ir c l e .

The larg e volume of oh ia and koa t imber in th e nat ive for es t s ar e

an addit iona l r e sour c e to support a mi l l ing indu stry . Th er e is l ittl e dou btthat gr ea t er ut il i zat ion of th e na t ive t imb er r e sour c e w il l come about w ithimproved t echnology and ma rket ing at t endant to a la rg e m il l ing operat ion .

8Owne r sh ip o f plan t a t i on s t ands i s ba sed on in t e rpr e t a t i on o f l oca t ions on Tax -Key mapsand t opog raph ic maps wh i ch a r e o f t en inadequa t e fo r pr ec i se de t e rmina t i ons . Th e r e fo r e ,

fo r a g i ven p lan t a t i on s t and th e owne r sh ip de s i gna t ion may be in e r ro r , a l though ove ra l lowne r sh i p s t a t i s t i cs a re p robab ly no t g rea t ly a f f ec t ed by t h i s k i nd o f e r ro r .

- 1 0

Th e r e i s mo r e vo l ume o f No r fo l k -I s l andp ine s awt imb e r t han any o th e r con i f e rsp e c i e s . He r e , i n s tand No . 8 0 29

, th ea v e rage y i e l d i s mo r e t hanbo a rd f e e t p e r ac r e .

Aus t r a l i an r e dc e da r ( s e e d l i ngs and s ap o

l ings i n fo r e g round ) ha s be en h i gh lyfa vo r e d i n r e cen t fo r e s t a t i on . La rgeoh i a t r e e s i n backgro und we r e r e s e r v eddu r i ng bu l l do z i ng fo r s i t e p r epa r a t i on .

Th i s 4 5 -y e a r -o l d Euca l yp t uss a l i gna t r e e , g r owi ng on

Pa l an i Ran ch pa s t u r e i n Konai s p r obab l y t he t a l l e s t h a r dwood t r e e i n t h e Un i t ed S t a t e s .

To t a l h e i gh t i s 2 3 5 f e e t , andd i ame t e r a t b r e a s t h e i gh t i s

in ch e s .

Some fo r e s t p l an t a t i ons a r e

i n t e rmingl e d wi t h suga r cane

f i e l ds ,a s a r e t h e s e i n Kau .

I r onwood ( da rk t r unks )p ap e r

n ba rk a r e e x amp l e s o f

noncomme r c i a l p l an t a t i ont ype s .

Kau Wo rki n g Ci rcl e

The K au Working C ir c l e l i e s on th e southea s t S l op e of Mauna Loa,

southw e s t of the Vol cano e s Nat iona l Pa rk . It is a bout 4 0 m il e s long and

2 0 mi l e s w id e . Mu ch of th e working c ir c l e ha s an annua l ra infa l l of l e s sthan 3 0 inch es and th in

,ro cky so il s . Ther e ar e ext ens i v e ar ea s of r aw

lava flow s .

Catt l e ranch ing o c cup i e s a large part o f th e land . Mo st of the mor ear id ar eas

,and som e for e s t land

,is gra z ed . Sugar p rodu c tion is p robably

th e mos t impor tant indus try . Mo st arabl e land betw een 1,00 0 fe et and

3,0 00 fe et is u s ed fo r sugar c ane . Crop s l ike ma cadamia nuts and c offee

ar e important lo c a l ly ,bu t o c cupy l itt l e a c r eage .

Ther e ar e about 1 2 0,000 a c r e s of c omm er c ia l for e s t land in th i s

work ing c ir c l e,

and larg e ar ea s of noncommer c ia l for e s t land . Mo st Ofth e c ommer c ia l for e st land is nat ive ohia for e st

,whi ch ha s Offered l it tl e

in c entiv e to exp lo ita t ion in th e pa s t . Mo st of it l i e s a bove the sugar c anep lantat ions .

Forest P lantation AreaThi s inve ntory ta l l i ed S l ightly mor e than 8 0 0 a c r e s of p lanted

for es ts in th e K au Working C ir c l e (tabl e s I, Near ly 7 50 a c r e s ar e saw

t imb er s tand s;abou t 50 a c r e s ar e nonc omm er c ia l typ e s . Mo s t of thes eplantat ions ar e a t Wood Va l l ey

,Middl e Moaula

,or K iolakaa

,ad j ac ent to

sugar c ane fie ld s . Very l ittl e a c r eag e of th e p lanted for es t s is in th e Fore s t Res erve s .

The ar ea of for e st planta t ions h a s d e c r ea s ed rap id ly s inc e 1 9 5 5 .

With the p r e s sur e for mor e a cr eag e of sugar c ane,many p lant ed s tand s

have be en cut or bul ldo z ed and the land c onver ted to sugar pro du c tion .

Ther e h as b een only m inor s a lvage of t imber du r ing the land c lear ingop erat ions be c au s e of the sm al l S i z e Of the i s land sawm i ll ing indu s try and

probl em s Of t iming .

Forest TypesRobus ta eu c alyptu s is th e maj or p lanta tion for e s t typ e , o c cupy ing

near ly 6 00 a c r es,or 7 9 p er c ent of the are a Of s awtimber s tand s (tabl e s

5,

Sa l igna eu ca lyptu s a c c ounts for 6 p er c ent of the ar ea,

and o thercomm er c ia l eu ca lyp ts about 9 p er c ent . Silk -

oak and other commer c ia lha rdw ood p lanta t ions o c cupy l e s s than 50 a c r e s .

9 Ther e ar e no c omme r c ia lc onif er type for e s t s tand s .

The noncomme r c ia l p lanta t ion typ e s a r e ma inly ironwood and blue

gum eu c a lyptu s .

T imber Volume

Mer chantabl e p lant ed sawtimb er in th e K au Working C ir c l e tot a l sS l ight ly mor e than 7 mi l l ion boa rd f e et (ta bl e Eighty - S ix p er c ent ofth i s v olume

,or about 6 m il l ion fe et

,is robu sta eu c a lyp tu s . The volume

in sa l igna eu ca lyptu s is abou t one — ha l f m il l ion boa rd fe et . Oth er c ommercial eu ca lyp ts and oth er commer c ia l ha rdwoods (ma inly s ilk -

oak ) each tota labout one — quart er m il l ion board fe et .

More tha n 6 0 p er c ent of the sawtim ber volume is in tr ee s 1 7 . 0 to2 8 . 9 inche s d . b . h .

Th e r e a re ra th e r ex t ens i ve a r ea s o f na tu ra l i z ed , young s i lk -oak s t ands in t h e wo rkingc i rc l e .

. 1 3 .

QualitySa l igna eu ca lyptu s sawtimb er is of bett e r qua l ity than tha t of other

sp e c ie s,ba s ed on p rop o r t ion of vo lume in grad e s 1 and 2 fa c tory lumb er

log s . Thir ty — nine p er c ent of th e sa l ig na sawt imber is in grad e 1,and 3 3

p er c ent in grad e 2 l og s (ta bl e Only 2 0 p er c ent of the robu s ta s awtimbervo lume is in grad e 1 log s ,

and 1 7 p er c ent in grad e 2 log s , 6 3 p er c ent is ingrad es 3 and 4 . Oth er commer c ia l eu ca lyp ts ar e comparabl e in qua l ity toro bu sta . Only 3 p er c ent of th e S il k —

o ak sawtimber is in grad e 1 log s,2 6

p er c ent is in grad e 2,

and 7 1 p er c ent is in grad e 3 and 4 l og s .

Ownersh ip

Th e Sta t e Of Haw a i i owns mor e than ha lf th e p lanted timb er in theK au Working C ir c l e (tabl e Th is amou nt s to j u s t over 4 00 ac r e s ofsawt imb er stands w ith a bou t 4 . 2 mi l l ion board fe et of t imb er (tabl eTh e re s t Of th e p lant ed t im ber

,near ly 3 50 a c r e s of s aw t imber s tand s con

ta ining a lmo st 2 . 9 m il l ion board fe et , is in pr iva t e ownership .

Y ieldsThe h ighe st ave rag e p er -

a c r e volume in a saw t imb er s tand is in a

ro bu sta s tand c onta ining near ly 3 6,000 board f eet p er a c r e . The low e st

y i eld is in a cu to v er eu ca lyp tu s s tand wi th a r e s idua l vo lume of about2,6 00 board feet p e r a c r e .

Some w ind damag e h a s h it mo s t p lant ed stand s in thi s workingc i r c l e . Up root ing and s t em bre akage h as r edu c ed volume in about thr e efour ths of th e s tand s . In some s tand s th is”lo s s " may amount to 7 5 p er c entOf th e v olume .

T imb er Cutt ing PotentialsPlanta t ion t imber in th e K au Work ing C ir c l e is not ad equ at e in it

s e lf to su s ta in fu l l — t ime op eration of even a sma l l m i l l . And the na t iv et imb er and t imber in young for e sts of na tu ra l i z ed exot i c s do not Off er mu chadd it iona l r e sou r c e ba s e for m il l ing Opera t ions . Ther e have b e en no for

e s ta tion effort s h er e in r e c ent y ear s,

S O th er e ar e no young p lanted stand sto pro v id e add it io na l t imb er in th e fu tur e .

B ut th e ex i st ing p lanta t ion t imb er can s uppl ement r e s our c e s for a

m il l ing op era t ion in th e H il o - Hamakua Working C ir c l e . A subs tant ia l m i l lat Hi lo

,for examp l e

,w ould provid e a mark et for l og s

,cant s

,o r rough

lumb er tru cked from K au . A portabl e m il l m ight be op era t ed t emporar ilyin th e K au Work ing C ir c l e as a sa te l l it e to a la rg er m il l ing and pro c e s s ingcomp l ex in th e H il o — Hamakua Working C ir c l e .

Ko n a Wo rki ng Ci rcl e

The Kona Working C i r c l e tak es in th e l and on the w es t s l op e s OfMauna K ea and Mauna L oa

,sw e ep ing dow n to th e o c ean . From Manuka on

th e south , it ext end s northward to Kamu ela . Th e tar e a is about 6 0 mil e slo ng and 2 0 m i l e s w id e . Topography is s t e ep in part s

,oft en rough and

ro cky ,and th er e ar e large ar ea s of r e c ent lava flow s . La rg e p art s of th e

ar ea ha v e an annua l rainfa l l Of l e s s than 3 0 inch e s .

Ca tt l e and c offe e ar e the maj or agr i cul tura l p roduc t s in thi s area .

Tour ism is a fa st — grow ing bu s ine s s,c ente r ed in r e s or t communiti e s l ik e

Ka ilu a .

Se e foo tno t e 8 .

- 1 4

sawtimber stand s (tabl e Th e Stat e ow ns about 3 50 a c r e s of sawtimbers tand s w ith 2 . 5 m il l ion board fe et of sawtimber

,mo stly eu ca lyp tu s (tabl e

About 1 6 0 a c r e s of sawt imb er s tand s with l . 4 mi l l ion board f e et ar ein pr ivat e owner ship . Mo st of thi s is S ilk -

oak .

Se edl ing,s apl ing

,and pole timbe r stand s ar e mos t ly in p r ivat e

ow ner sh ip,th e Stat e ow ning only about 4 0 a c r e s out of mor e than I

,4 00

a c r e s of th e s e r e c ent p lant ing s .

Y ieldsThe averag e y i eld p er a c r e in p lant ed s awtimber s tand s in th e Kona

Working C ir c l e is only abou t 7,500 board fe et . The highe st a v erag e y i el d

is in a s tand of sug i w ith near ly 2 0,000 board fe et p er a c r e . One S ilk -

oak

s tand a v erag es near ly 1 1,00 0 board fe et p er ac r e . The low averag e y iel d

in eu ca lyptu s stand s —a bou t 7

,000 board fee t p er a cr e - is du e p artly to

w ind damag e . In th e North Kona wat er sh ed e sp e c ia l ly ,the re is a high

in c id enc e of w indfa l l b ecau s e so il s ar e Sha l low and und erla in by pahoehoe .

T imb e r Cutting PotentialsTher e is l itt l e immed iat e p ro sp e c t fo r any S ignifi cant mi l l ing op era

tions ba s ed on plantat ion t imber . Although mark et s for log s may d evelopin H i l o or el s ewher e

,making it fea s i bl e to har v e s t a c c e s s i bl e s tand s

,su ch

op erat ions w ould be sho rt t e rm be c au s e of the l imit ed volume . Most sawt imb er s tand s ar e r elat ive ly inac c e s s ib l e

,and it doe s not s e em l ik ely that

th e l im ited t imber volume s would j u st ify the co st of a c c e s s road s .

The a c r eage now in s e edl ing,sap l ing

,and polet imber s tand s w il l

y i e ld mer chantabl e sawt imber in abou t 2 5 y ear s . Al so,th e p r ivate for e s ta

t ion program und erway in th i s working c ir c l e is expe c t ed to c ont inu e . Th epro sp e c t s for m i l l ing Op erat ions d ep end on th e extent of for e s tat ion effor t sand the ext ent to w hi c h th e nat iv e t imb er can b e u til i z ed .

Ko ha l a Wo rki ng Ci rcl eTh e Koha la Working C ir c l e c over s the nor thern p eninsula of th e Big

Is land,nor thw e st from Kamuel a . The sma l l e s t of th e four working c ir

c l e s on th e I s land,it is abou t 2 0 mi l e s long and 1 2 m il es w id e . Sugar

and b e ef ar e th e ma in p rodu c t s from this ar ea .

Ther e ar e only 2 0,000 a c r e s of commer c ia l for e s t land i n th is

work ing c ir c l e . Mos t of th i s is s c ru bby ohia for e s t . Ther e ar e a l s o manyar ea s of nonc omm er c ia l for e s t land - par t of i t brushy kiaw e (Pros opi s

pa l l ida) for es t in dry ar ea s,part nat ive for e s t on v ery st e ep

,ro cky S it e s

or sw ampy ar eas on Mt . Koha la .

Forest Plantation AreaThe tota l for e st p lanta t ion area is only 4 9 0 a c r e s ( tab l e 1 , 5 ) Of

thi s , only 2 80 a c r e s ar e commer c ial typ es,

and 2 1 0 a c r e s nonc ommer c ia l .The gr eat er par t of the c ommer c ia l p lantat ions is in th e Koha la for e s tr e s e rve;mo st of th e noncommer c ial type s ar e out s id e the r e s erve .

Mo st p lanted for e s t s ar e adj a c ent to canefi eld s or pas tur e s and

th er efore ar e r e lat iv ely easy to r each,but s t eep topography and w e t soil

co nd itions oft en hind er a c c e s s .

Forest TypesRobu sta eu ca lyp tu s is the p r edominant p lanta t ion typ e

,total ing

some 1 4 0 a c r e s in s awtimb er stand s (tabl e s 5, Ther e ar e al so sma l lac r eage s Of o th er c omm er c ia l eu c a lyp tu s typ es . Oth er commer c ia l ha rd


- 1 6

wood stand s to ta l l e s s than 1 00 a cr e s,

and only a f ew a c r e s ar e in commer cial conif er s .

Th e noncommer c ia l p lantings ar e pr edominantly ironwood with j u sta smal l ac r eage of pap er - bark .

T imber VolumePlanta t ion s awtimb er in thi s working c ir c l e tota l s 5 . 2 m il l ion

board fe et (tabl e About 6 6 p er c ent,or 3 . 4 mi l l ion fe et of th e sawtimber

i s eu ca lyptu s . Robu sta alone tota l s mor e than 2 . 7 m il l ion board fe et .Other c ommer c ia l har dwood s

,ma inly Molu c ca a l b i z z ia

,mak e up near ly

1 . 3 mil l ion board fe et . Norfolk - Is land - p ine sawtimber tota l s near ly oneha l f mi l l ion board fe et

,and th er e i s a very sma ll vo lume in oth er conifer

Sp e c i e s .

Nearly ha l f the vo lume of sawtimb er i s in tr e e s 1 7 . 0 to 2 8 . 9 inche s

It app ear s that eu ca lyp tu s tr ee s ar e rougher or l imb ier in g enera lin th i s than in oth er work ing c ircl e s . Only about 2 5 per c ent of th e eucalyptus t imber i s in grad e 1 and 2 logs; 5 1 p er c ent i s in grad e 4 ,

or t i e and

t imber logs (tabl e Molu c ca a l b i z z ia t imb er i s in larger d iamet er tr e e son th e averag e

,and 88 p er c ent o f the volume i s in grad e 1 and 2 log s .

Ownersh ip

Nearly 80 p er c ent of the commer c ia l fo r e s t p lanta t ion ac reage i spr ivat ely owned (tabl e Th is amount s to near ly 2 2 0 a cr e s w ith 4 . 4

mil l ion fe et of sawtimber (tabl e Sta te and Hawa i ian Home s owner sh ipcombi ned amou nts to about 6 0 a c r e s

,with some thr e e - fou rth s mil l ion

boar d feet of sawtimb er .

Mo st of th e noncomm er c ia l p lantat ion a c r eage i s a l so p rivat ely owned

,but a smal l a cr eag e i s in Hawa i ian Home s owner sh ip .

Y ieldsThe average sawtimber yi eld in thi s working c ir c l e i s S l ightly mo r e

than 1 9,00 0 board fe et p er a cr e . The highe s t average p er -

a cr e volume i sin a smal l s tand of Eu calyptu s c itr iodora ,

yi eld ing over 3 5,0 00 board fe et

p er a c r e .

T imber Cutting PotentialsThe Koha la Working Cir c l e h a s too l itt l e p lantat ion t imbe r to s upport

fu l l — t ime oper at ion of even a smal l sawm il l . The sawtimber in nat ive fore s t s i s in su ch sma l l amount s and so s catt e r ed that it i s unimportant .

The pr e s ent p lantat ion t imber can,how ever

,provid e a s upp l ementa l

supp ly for a mi l l in th e H il o -Hamakua Working C ircl e . A su bs tant ial Op erat ion in that work ing c ir c l e

,for examp l e

,might p rovid e a profitabl e mark et

for logs from the mor e ac c e s s ibl e high - qua l ity t imber s tand s .


_ 1 7 _

Appendix

De f i n i t i o n s

For es t land : Land at l ea s t 1 0 p er c ent sto cked by for e s t tr ee s o f any9

oth er us e;and land suppor ting shru bs , the crowns cov er ing mor e than 50p er c ent of the ground .

Commer c ial for e s t land : For e st land that i s pr odu c ing or can

withdrawn from t imb er u s e .

Noncommer c ia l for e s t land : (a ) Produ c t iv e - r e s e rved for e s tland w ithdrawn from t imber u s e through s ta tut e o r admini s trat iv e r egu lat ion

,and (b ) unpro du c t ive for e s t land incapa bl e of

y i e ld ing c rop s of indu s tr ia l wood b ecau s e of adver s e S it e cond it ions .

For e s t plantat ion : Planted for e s t s in wh ich at l ea s t 1 0 p er c ent ofth e grow ing spa c e i s o c cup i ed by p lanted commer c ia l S pe c ie s (u sua l ly exotic ) ,r egard l e s s of na t iv e sp e c i e s p redominanc e .

Commer c ia l fo r e s t plantat ion : A p lanta t ion Of commer c ia l tr eeSp e c ie s on c ommer c ia l for e s t land .

Nonc ommer c ia l for e s t planta t ion : A plantat ion of noncommer c ia ltr e e Spe c ie s or of commer c ia l t r ee Sp e c ie s p lanted on noncommer cial for es t land .

Comm erc ial tre e spe c ie s : Tr ee Spec ie s s u itabl e for indu s tr ia l woodprodu ct s . Sp e c i e s su it ed only fo r fu e lwood o r fen c e po st s ar e ex c l uded . Thefol lowing w er e tal l i ed on p lot s

Sc i ent if ic Name Common Name

Aca c ia koaAlb iz ia fa l ca ta

Eu ca lyptu s d eane iEucalyptu s maideni

Eucalvptus micro c orys

Frax inu s uhd e i

koa

Molu c ca a l b iz z iaNepal a l d erNorfolk - Is land —p inePor t -Orford - c edarsug il emon eu ca lyptu sD eane eu ca lyptu sMa id en -

gum eu cal yptu sta l lowwood eu ca lyptu sgray ironbark eu ca lyptu sbla c kbutt eu calyptu skinogum eu ca lyptu srobu s ta eu ca lyp tu ssa l igna eu ca lyptu sunid entif i ed eu ca lyptu strop i ca l a shS ilk -

oak

ohia

Sc i ent ifi c Name Common Name

Pithe c e l lobium saman monkey -

pod

r edwoodturp ent ine - tr e e

Taxod ium di s ti chum baldcypr e ss

j h alna

we st ern r ed c edarToona c il iata v ar . au s tra l i s Aus tra l ian red c edar (toon )Tri s tania conferta br ushbox

Noncommer c ia l tr e e Spec i e s : Tre e sp e c i e s not now cons id er edsu itab l e for indu str ia l p rodu c t s . The fo l lowing wer e tal l i ed on plots :

Sc ient ifi c Name Common Nam e

Al eur it e s moluccana

Ch e ir odendr on Sp .

Cupre s su s ma c ro carpa

Eu ca lyptu s glo bulu sEu c a lyptu s Sp .

Ficu s spp .

Ja c aranda mino s ifoliaMela l eu ca l eu cadendron

Str aus sia sp.

Hardwood s : Di cotyl edonou s tr ee s , u sua l ly broadl eaved .

Sof two od s : Coniferou s tr e e s,u sua lly evergr e en

,having ne edl e or

s ca l e — l ike l eave s .

For es t type s : Planted s tand s wh i ch ar e pr edominantly of a S ingl espe c ie s and in whi ch no oth er Sp e c i e s make s up 2 5 p er c ent or mo r e of thes tand

,ar e d e s ignat ed by th e S ingl e sp e c i e s su ch as robu sta eu c a lyptu s typ e

or trop i ca l a sh typ e . Otherw is e th ey ar e d e s ignat e d :

Commer c ia l eu ca lyptu s type : Plant ed stand s pr edom inantly ofeu ca lyptus Sp e c ie s

,in wh i ch other hardwood s or conife r s com

pr is e l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent Of th e stand .

Commer c ia l ha rdwood type : Plant ed s tand s pr edom inant ly Of

hardwood s oth e r than th e eu ca lyp t s in wh i ch conifer s or eu calypts c ompr i s e l e s s than 2 5 p er c ent of the stand .

Commer c ia l c onifer type : Planted fore s t s pr edom inantly ofconif er s e . g . Norfolk - Is land - p ine

,sugi

,p ine s ,

and r edwood )in whi ch euca lypt s or oth er ha rdwood s comp r i s e l e s s than 2 5p er c ent of th e s tand .

_ 1 9

kuku iironwood s‘olapa

Monter ey cypr e s sroya l po in c ianablu egum eu ca lyptu sunid ent ifi ed eu c alyptu sfig sj a carandapap er - barkna iokopiko

Cla s s of Timber

Grow ing s tock zL iv e tr e e s of good form and vigor and of Sp e c i e ssui t ed for indu str ia l wood (commer c ia l sp e c ie s ) .

Saw t imb er tr ee s : Live tr e e s of commer c ial Sp ec ie s of at l ea s t1 1 . 0 inch es diam et e r br ea s t h e ight wh i c h conta in a butt ha l f - l ogor a log whi ch meet s th e Sp e c if i c at ions of s tandard lumber , ort i e and t imber log grad e s .

Poletimbe r tr e e s : Live tr ees of commer c ia l Sp e c i e s betw een

sa ry to d evelop into sawt imber tr e e s .

Sapl ings and s eedl ings : Live tr ee s of c ommer c ia l Sp e c i e s betwe en1 . 0 and 4 . 9 inch e s d . b . h . and l e s s than 1 inch , r e sp e c t ively ,whi ch Show promis e Of be c oming sawt imber tr e e s .

Sound cull tr e e s : Live tr e e s 1 inc h d . b . h . or larg er whi ch do not

poor form,or ex c e s s iv e l imb s .

Rotten cul l tr e e s : Live tr e e s 1 in ch d . b . h . or larger which ar e notgrowing sto ck or s ou nd cu l l b e cau s e of ex c e s s iv e rot .

Mer chantabl e sawtimb er : Wood in tr ee s d efined as sawtimber tr e e s .

Volume

Int ernat ional - inch kerf log rul e : A formula ru l e for e st imat ingthe board - foot volume of log s

,by 4 - foot log s e c t ions

,V equa l s 0 . 90 5

(0 . 2 202

Sawt imb er volume : The net volume o f th e saw - l og p ort ion of sawt im ber tr ee s

,in board fe et

,Int er nat iona l - inch ru l e .

Saw - log port ion : That part of the ma in bol e of sawtimb er tr e e sbetwe en the s tump and the m er chantabl e top .

Mer chanta bl e top: The po int on th e bol e above wh ich -

,a mer chantabl e

sawlog cannot b e O bta ined; i . e the po int where th e ma in s t em d ivid e s intol imb s or i s l es s than 8 inch e s diamet er ins id e bark .

Grow ing s to ck volume : Volume in cu bic fe e t of s ound wood in th ebol e of sawtimb er and pole timber tr e e s from s tump to a minimum top d iameter ins ide bark (d . i . b . ) of 4 . 0 inches , or to the po int wh er e the ma ins t em d ivid e s into l imb s .

All t imb er volume : Volume in cubic fe et of s ound wood in the bol eof grow ing s to ck and cu l l tr e e s 5 . 0 inch e s d . b . h . or larg er , fr om stump toa minimum top diameter ins id e bark (d . i . b . of 4 . 0 inch e s .

- 2 0

Stand Si z e C la s S e s

Sawtimb er s tand s : Stand s at l ea st 1 0 p er c ent sto cked w ith grow ing

sto cking at l eas t equa l to poletimber .

Pole timber s tand s : Stand s fa il ing to qua l ify as sawtimb er but atl ea st 1 0 p er c ent s to ck ed with growing stock tr ees

,a t l ea s t ha lf poletimber .

Sapl ing and s e ed l ing s tands : Stand s not qua l ify ing as sawt imber or

poletimbe r ,but at l ea st 1 0 p er c ent sto cked with grow ing s to ck .

Nonstock ed : Comm er c ial for e st land s l e s s than 1 0 p er c ent sto ckedw ith growing sto ck tr e e s .

Mis c e llaneou s

Diamet er br ea st he i ht (d . b . h . Tr ee d iamet er in inch e s,out s id e

bark,mea su r ed at 4 - 1 72 fe et a bove th e ground for no rma l tr e e s

,and 1 8

in ches above th e s t ilt or sw el l fo r abnorma l tre e s .

Indu s tr ial wood : Commer c ia l rou ndwood produ ct s,su ch as sawlog s

,

veneer

Log grad e s : A c la s s if icat ion Of log s ba s ed on ext erna l chara c ter i s t ic sas ind i cator s Of qua l ity or va lu e . Grad e 1 i s the h igh e st qua l ity

,grad e 2

int ermed iat e and grad e 3 th e low e st qua l ity of s tandard hardwood fa ctorylumber log s .

i Grad e 4 log s ar e sui tabl e for t i e s and t imb er s .

Timb er qua l ity : Ba s ed on log grad e s unl e s s s tat ed otherwi s e . Cha ract er istics of wood su ch as d ens ity

,s tr ength

,co lor

,and shr inkage

,ar e

a l s o mea sur es of qual ity . How ever,th es e ar e u sual ly inh er ent in a Sp e c ie s .

Working C ir c l e : A t erm of c onvenienc e under stood by t imber op erator s and for e st e r s as r eferr ing to a r elat ively large land ar ea for managem ent

,adm ini st rat iv e

,o r e conomi c purpo s e s .

in ve n to ry Pr ocedur eAr ea and volume s tat i s t i c s p r e s ented in thi s r epor t wer e d evelop ed

p lanta t ion s tand by p lantat ion s tand . Fir st,ind ividua l for e s t p lantat ions of

2 a c r e s or mor e w er e id ent if ied and d el ineat ed on a er ia l photograph s throughst er eo s cop ic s tudy . Ea ch plantat ion w as g iven a s tand numb er and c las s ifi edas to typ e and s tand - S iz e gr oup . Th e ar ea of ea c h planta t ion w as measu r edon th e photograph . Owner ship and s tand age wer e det erm ined from map sand other r e cord s . Fi eld examina t ion of ea ch planta t ion a l l ow ed for corr e cting d el ineat ions

,c la s s ificat ions

,and a c r eage s .

Next,t imb er -volume p lot s wer e lo cat ed on the ground in ea ch com

me r cial for e st plantat ion of 5 acr e s and larg er having sawtimber tr e e s . Thesampl e p lot loca t ions w er e s el e c t ed at random from a gr id of po ints overla id on th e a er ia l photograph . Two or mor e sampl e lo cat ions , dep end ing ons tand a cr eage and var iabil ity

,wer e s el e ct ed in ea ch s tand . At ea ch lo cat ion,

tr e e mea sur ements wer e mad e from wh i ch timb er volume and qual ity cou ld

1U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha rdwood log g rade s fo r s t anda rd lumbe r -proposa l s andre su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo re s t Prod . Lab . Rep . 1 737 , 1 5 pp . , i l lus . 19 53 .

- 2 1 _

be comput ed and expand ed . Deta il ed mea sur ements w er e mad e on a ma inplot at ea ch lo cat ion

,s uppl ement ed by add it iona l bu t l e s s d eta i l ed da ta On

tw o"s at el l it e

" plot s . Al l p lot s w er e var ia bl e p lot s w ith a ba sa l ar ea fa c to rof 2 0 .

Fina l ly,th e da ta wer e p ro c es s ed through a Sp ec ial ly pr epar ed

el e c troni c comput er program . Tr e e mea sur ement s w er e convert ed tomeaningful volume unit s on a p er a c r e ba s i s

,averaged for the plot s in a

s tand,

and expand ed for th e ac r eag e of the stand . Th e comput er output conS is ted of tabu la r data for ea ch s tand and summar ie s of s tand data by for e s tr e s erv es . Volumetr i c data for stand s 2 to 4 a c r e s in S i z e w er e extrapolat ed from c lo s ely s im i lar mea sur ed stand s .

The a c cura cy goal for thi s inventory w as 2 0 p er c ent p er 5 mil l ionnet board fe et of s awtimb er in a s tand

,at the l ev el of on e standard error .

The r el iabil ity of e st ima te s for ea ch for e s t r e s erve ar e Shown below int erms of samp l ing er ror s to wh i ch the e st imat e s ar e l iabl e

,two chanc e s

out of thr ee .

For e s t R es erve Tota l volume Sam l in er ror(p er c ent )

Nor th Kona Wa te r shedWa iak eaOut s id e For e st Re s erve

- 2 2

Tab le 7 .-Vo lume of growing s tock and sawt imber

aby spec ie s ,

in planted sawt imber s t andsaI s l and o f Hawai i

a1 965

Aus tra l ian redcedarB lackbut t euca lyp tusBrushbox

Deane eucalyptusEucalyptus spp .

Gray ironbark eucalyp tusJ h aluaKinogum. eucalyptus

Koa

Lemon eucalyptus

Ma iden-gum eucalyp tusMo lucca alb iz z iaNepal alderNor f o lk-I s land-p ineOh ia

Port-Or f ord-cedarRedwoodRobus ta eucalyp tu sSal igna euca lyp tu sSi lk-oak

SugiTa l lowwood eucalyp tusTrop ica l ash

Turpent ine- treewe s tern redcedar

I s land to ta l

-2 9

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Ti e and

Owne r sh ip c l ass and A1 1 Fact ory lumbe r l ogs z t imbe r l ogs : So f twood

Thou sand boa r d f e e t é/

St a t e

Robus t a euca lypt us

Sa l i gna euca lypt u s

Ot he r eucalypt sé /

Si lk-oak 26

Tr opi ca l ash 1 67

Ot h e r h ardwood sé/ 923 73

Comme r ci a l coni f e r sé/ 79 7

To t a l

Hawa i i an Home s

Robu s t a euca lypt us

Sa l i gna euca lypt us

Ot he r euca lypt sé /

Tropi ca l ash

Ot he r hardwoodsé/

Comme r cia l coni f e r s6/

Tot al

Pr iv a t e


Sa l i gna eucalypt us

Ot he r euca lypt Sé/

Tr opi cal ash

Ot h e r har dwood si /Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine

Ot h e r coni f e r sé/

To t a l

Al l Owne r sh ips



Ot he r euca lypt sfi/Si lk-oak 26 400 59 1 856

Tr opi ca l ash 1 96 3 1 6 43 1 293

Ot h e r h ardwoodsé/ 8 3 1 83 2 3 1 598

Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine 899

Ot h e r coni f e r sfi/

Tot al

1 / Based on s t andard speci f i ca t i ons for hardwood log gr ade s f or s t andard

2 / Commer ci a l coni f e r spe ci e s ar e no t log-gr aded .

3 / Int e rna t i onal l /4 - inch r u le .

4 / Mai nly Euca lypt us spp . bu t inc lude s br ushbox and t ur pen t ine- t r ee .

5 / Include s oh i a , koa , Mo lucca a lb i z z i a , j ha lua ,Aus t r a l i an r edcedar , and

Nepa l a lde r .

6/ Include s sugi , we st e rn r edcedar , Por t -Or ford-cedar ,and r edwood .

- 37

Tab l e 1 9 .-Li s t ing o f ind iv i dua l s t ands and pl an t ings wi t h

spe ci e s t ype ,owne r sh ip, ar e a

,and v o lume ,

I s l and o f Hawa i i,1 9 65

To t a l s t and

Thou sand

boar d f e e t

Robus t a euca lypt u s

I r onwood

Robu st a euca lypt usII N

Robus t a euca lypt u sH II

Robus t a euca lypt u sI I I I

Robu s t a euca lypt u sI ! l l

Tr opi ca l ash

Mixe d euca lypt u s

Tr opi ca l a sh

Si lk -oak


1 / Code numbe r s in t h i s co lumn i dent i fy l andowne r s a s St a t e

l ands unde r j ur i sd i c t i on o f Hawa i i an Home s Commi ss i on and pr iv a t e

owne r s ( a l l o t h e r numbe r s )Owne r sh i p o f pl ant a t i on s t and s i s base d on in t e r pr e t a t i on of

loca t ions on Tax —Key maps and t opogr aph i c maps wh i ch ar e o f t en inade qua t ef or pr e ci se de t e rmina t i ons . Th e r e f or e ,

f or a g iv en pl an t a t i on s t and t he

owne r sh ip de s i gna t i on may be in e r r or,

a l t hough ov e r a l l owne r sh i p s t a t i s

t i cs ar e pr obab ly no t gr e a t ly a f f e c t ed by t h i s kind o f e r r or

2 / ind i ca t e s noncomme r ci a l pl ant a t ion t ype t h r oughou t t ab l e .

- 4 1

Tab l e 1 9 , cont i nue d


Lemon eucalypt us

I r onwood

Nor fo lk- I s l and -pi ne


I r onwood


Tropi cal ashN


Mixe d euca lypt usI I I I

Robus t a eucalypt us

Sal i gna eucalypt us


Mi xed eucalypt us


Robus t a euca lypt usI I N

Robus t a euca lypt usH H

Mixed euca lypt us

Pape r-bark

Tropi cal ash

Brushbox

Mixed eucalypt us

Mont e r ey cypr e ss


Mixed euca lypt us

B ru shbox


Mi xed eucalypt us


- 4 2

To t al s t and

Tab l e 1 9 , con t inued


Mixe d euca lypt us


Mixe d euca lypt us



Mi xed eucalypt usH l l

Mi xed e uca lypt us

Robus t a euca lypt usl l l l



Pape r-bark

Sugi

Paper-bark

Sugi


Robus t a euca lypt usH U

B luegum euca lypt us

Mixed speci e sl l 1 !

Sugi

Robus t a euca lypt usI ! l l

Robus t a euca lypt usI I I I

Sug i


Mixed eucalypt us

To t a l st and

indi ca t e s po l e t imber o r se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands t h rough

_ 4 4 _

Tab l e 1 9 ,con t i nue d

To t a l s t and

Robus t a euca lypt usH 1 !

Pape r-bar k

Robus t a e uca lypt us

Nepal a l de r


S i lk- oak

Robus t a e uca lypt usl l l l

Nepa l a l de r

Nepa l a l de r

Robus t a e uca lypt usl l l l


Robus t a euca lypt usI ! H

Sugi


Pape r- bark


Sugi

Pape r-bark


Sugi

Pape r- bark


Nepal al de r

Nepa l al de r

Mixe d eucalypt us


Mi xe d spe c i e sI I N

- 4 5

Tab l e 1 9 ,con t i nue d

To t al s t and

Tr opi ca l ash 1 1 2

Robus t a e uca lypt us 1 1 2

Ta l lowwood euca lypt us 1 1 2

Mixed euca lypt us 1 1 2

Sa l i gna euca lypt us 2 1 7

Mi xe d euca lypt us

S i lk—oak


Mixed eucalypt us

I r onwood

B lue gum euca lypt us


Mixed euca lypt us

I r onwood


Nor fo lk- I s l and-pine

Tr opi ca l ash


Mixed eucalypt us

Robust a euca lypt us

Ta l lowwood euca lyp t us

I r onwood


Mixe d euca lypt us

S i lk-oak

Robus t a euca lypt usI I N


I r onwood

S i lk-oak

Robus t a euca lypt usH I I

_ 4 6 _

Tab l e 1 9 , con t inue d

Mi xe d eucalypt usI ! l l

Mixed euca lypt u sH l l


Mi xed eucalypt usH H

Mixe d euca lyp t usH I I

Mi xe d euca lypt usI ! H

Mixed euca lypt usH l l

Mixe d eucalypt us



Mixed euca lypt us

Mixe d Spe ci e s

Mi xed eucalypt us

Robu s t a euca lyp t us

SugiI !

Tr opi ca l ash

_ 4 8 _

To t a l s t and



Si lk-oak

S i l k-oak


Mi xed euca lypt us

Mi xe d eucalypt usI I I I

Sugi

Lemon euca lyptu s

Nor f o lk- I s l and —pine

I r onwood


I r onwoodI !


Mi xed euca lypt u s

I ronwood1 !

Mi xe d eucalypt us

I r onwood

I r onwoodII

I r onwood


Robus t a euca lypt usH l l

- 4 9

To t a l s t and

Tab l e 1 9 , con t inued

Robust a euca lypt usH I I

Mi xed eucalypt us


I r onwood

I r onwood

J h alna

Mo lucca a l b i z z i a

I I II


Robus t a euca lypt usH I I

Mi xe d euca lypt us

I r onwood

Pape r-bark

Tr opi ca l ash

Robus t a euca lypt usI I M

Sug i

I r onwood


Mi xed e uca lypt usl l l l

J h a lna


Nor f o lk-I s l and -pine

Mo lucca al b i z z i a

Pape r-bark

To t a l For e s t Pl an t a t i on

(pr i or t o 1 957 )

_ 50 _

To t a l s t and

Tab l e 20 .- Iden t i t y o f ind iv i dua l pl an t a t i on s t and s in t h e

r ou 5 sh own on t h e ma “For e s t Pl an t a t i ons on

t h e I s l and o f Hawa i i - l 965W1 7

Ind iv i dua l s t and no .

3

3 1

32

33

34

35

36

3 7

38

39

40

4 1

42

43

44

45

46

4 7

48

49

50

5 1

52

53

54

55

56

5 7

58

Ind i v i dua l s t and no .

8 1 54 -55 , 63 - 64

8022 - 25 , 33

8026 - 32

8 1 1 0

8 1 35 , 40-4 1 , 59 - 6 1

8 1 07-09 , 58 , 8 1 , 85

8 1 2 7- 30 , 5 7

8442 - 50 , 5 5 , 57

844 1

8403 ,09 , 33 -40 , 5 2 - 54 , 56

8424 - 3 1 , 5 1

840 1 -02 , 1 0 - 2 3 , 32

8404 - 08

830 1 - 03 ,1 2 - 1 6 , 30 —3 1 , 50

8304 - 1 1 ,2 2

83 1 7 - 2 1 ,2 3 -2 9 , 49

8346

8345

8 344

8 32 2 - 38 , 4 3 , 4 7-48

8 3 3 9 -4 2

820 1 - 06 ,2 9

8206 - 09 ,1 2

8 2 1 3 - 1 7 , 1 9 ,2 1 - 2 5

8 2 1 0 , 2 6 ,28

8 2 18, 3 2 - 35

82 1 1 , 30 - 3 1 , 3 7 - 3 9

82 20 , 2 7 , 36 , 40

5 1

1 / Unnumbe r e d s t ands on t h e map ar e i den t i f i e d by symbo l s as

l 8 1 2 6 , 49- 5 1

2 8 1 34 , 3 7- 38

3 800 1 - 0 2 , 8 1 24 - 2 5

4 8007 , 8 1 22 - 2 3 , 36 , 67

5 8005 - 06

6 8004 , 8 1 39

7 80 14 - 1 6

8 80 1 2 - 1 3 , 1 9 - 20 , 8 1 5 3 , 5 6

9 8008 - 1 1 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 8 142 -48 , 83

10 8 1 3 1 - 33

1 1 8 1 65

1 2 802 1

1 3 8 1 2 1

14 8085 - 86,88 , 8 1 1 6 - 20

1 5 809 3 - 98 , 8 1 62 , 7 1 - 72 , 74 - 75

7 7- 80

1 6 8 1 70 , 73

1 7 8 1 68 - 69

1 8 808 3 - 84 , 9 9

1 9 808 7 , 89- 92

20 8078 - 82

2 1 8 1 0 3 - 06 , 8 1 1 1 - 1 2 , 76

22 8 100 - 02

2 3 8067 - 77 , 8 1 66, 86

24 8044 - 49 , 8 1 1 3 — 1 5

2 5 8056 - 6 1 , 8 184

26 8062 - 66

2 7 8003 , 35 - 3 7 , 50 - 5 3

28 8034 , 54 - 55 , 8 1 52 , 82

2 9 804 1 -4 3 , 8 1 8 7

30 80 38 -40

f o l lows '

WRP -Wa i akea r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 95 7- 65 ; inc lude s se ed l ing ,

sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r

HRP -Honaunau r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,

l ing ,sapl ing ,

and po l e t imbe r .

NA -Wa i ake a Ar bor e t um

HExP -Honaunau expe r imen t a l plan t ing .

- 5 2

1 95 7 - 65 ; inc lude s se e d

GPO 9 73— 060

Contents

Intr oduction

Findings for 1 9 6 3

Comme r cial F or e st Ar e a

Comme r cial F or e st Land Owner sh ip

Stand — Siz e Class e s

Stocking

Major For e st Type s

Y ield Clas s e s

T imbe r Volume

G r ow th and Mor tality

Annua l Cut

Appendix

Table s 1 - 1 4

Accur acy

Compar ison w ith 1 9 5 3 Inv entory

Pr ocedur e s

D efinition of T er ms

Tr e e Spe cie s

Th e Au tho r s

DANIEL D . OSWALD i s a s s i gn ed t o th e Fo r e s t Su r v ey s t a f f , wi th h e ad

qua r t e r s in B e rke l ey . He h o lds a bach e lo r’

s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry f romt h e Un i v e r s i ty o f Ca l i fo rn i a ( 1 9 58 ) and a l so h as don e g r adua t e wo rk

th e r e . Af t e r g radua t i on h e s e rv ed in th e Navy , and j o ined th e Fo r e s t

Se r v i ce in 1 96 2 . E . M. HORNIBROOK was in cha r ge o f th e S t a t ion’

s Fo r

e s t Su rv ey un t i l h i s r e t i r emen t in 1 96 5 . He came t o th e Be rke l ey s t a f fi n 1 949 a f t e r as si gnmen t s a t th e Rocky Moun t a in and Sou t hwe s t e rn Expe r i

men t S t a t ions and on t h e Na t i ona l Fo r e s t s in Wa sh ing t on , Ar i z ona , andNew Mex i co . He i s a 1 9 28 fo r e s t ry g radua t e o f Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y .

Commercial Forest Land OwnershipIn Califor nia

,owner sh ip of commer cial for es t land is almost e qually

div id ed be tw e en public agencie s and pr iv at e fir ms and indiv iduals . Near ly50 pe r cent of th e comme r cia l for es t land - 8 . 6 million acr es

- is administe r ed by th e U. 8 . F or e s t Ser v ice . An addit ional 3 per cent

- 0 . 6 millionacr e s

- is in o th er public ow ne r sh ips . Th e r emaining 4 7 pe r cent- 8 . 2 mil

lion acr e s- is in pr iv at e holdings (table For e st industr ie s own 3 7 pe r cent

of th e pr iv ate ly h e ld commer cial for e st land .

Stand-Siz e C lasses

Sev enty- four pe r cent of Califor nia

‘s commer cial for e st land is sto ck ed

w ith saw timbe r siz e stand s of timber . Old -

gr ow th saw timbe r stands,

w h e r e 50 per c ent or mor e of th e net liv e timbe r v olume is in old -

gr ow th

tr e e s ,occupy 8 . 7 million acr es . Th e se old —

gr ow th stand s occupy h alf of

th e State 's comme r cial fo r e st ar ea

,and should continue to be impor tant in

Califor nia 's timbe r supply out - look . Young -

gr ow th s aw timber stand s occu

py 4 . 1 million acr e s . Of th e r emaining acr e age ,0 . 8 million acr e s ar e

stocked w ith pole timbe r ,s e edlings ,

and saplings ,and 3 . 8 million acr es ar e

class ified as le s s than 1 0 pe r cent sto cked (table

Stocking

Near ly a th ir d of Califor nia‘s comme r cial for es t land ar ea is occupied

by w ell stocked stands . About a th ir d is med ium stocked,and th e r emain

de r is eith er poo r ly s to cked or nonstock ed . Saw timber stands account fo r

9 4 pe r cent of th e sto cked s tands,and pole stands make up mo st of th e

r emaining 6 per cent (table

M ajor Forest TypesAll pine type s combined a ccount for one

-h alf of th e State ' s commer cial

for e st land ar ea (table And mo r e than half of th e pine type acr eage is

in public ow ner sh ip . Th e mo st impor tant pine type s and th e ir shar e of th e

comm e r cia l fo r e st land ar e : pond er osa and J effr ey pine ,3 5 per cent;sugar

pine ,1 3 pe r cent .

D ouglasfir type ,

mostly in th e nor th er n coastal countie s,occupie s

2 5 pe r cent of th e comm er cia l for e st land -abou t e qually div id ed be tw e en

public and pr iv at e owner sh ips . Th e tr ue fir s (fir -spruce type ) occupy 1 6

pe r c ent of th e State's comme r cial for e st ar ea

-about tw o

- thir ds publiclyow ned

,and one

— th ir d pr iv ate ly ow ned . Th e r edw ood type ,occupying 9

pe r cent of th e Stat e's comme r cial for e st land total , is confined to a nar

r ow be lt th at coincid e s w ith th e fog be lt along th e nor th er n Califor nia coast

line . Most of it is pr iv at e ly owned .

Y ie ld C lasses

Y ie ld cla s s e s ar e m ea sur e s of th e potent ial yield of a for est ar ea in

terms of cubic fe e t or wood pe r acr e per ye ar . One - th ir d of th e Stat e ‘ s

comme r cial for e st land h as a h igh yie ld potential . Only 4 per cent of th e

commer cial for e st ar e a is incapable of yie lding mor e th an 50 cubic fe e t of

w ood pe r acr e pe r year (table

Timber Volume

In 1 9 6 3,Califor nia

's comm er cial for e sts h e ld 3 04 billion boar d fe et

(Inte r national l /4 - inch log r ule ) of liv e me r ch antable saw timbe r . Th is is th enet v olume of all me r ch antable softw oods and h ar dw oods

,1 1 . 0 inch es and

lar ger in d iamet er ,r egar dle ss of cur r ent av ailability for u se . Th is v ol

ume includ e s timbe r cur r ent ly inacce ssible or located in s catt er ed pat ch e s

each of at least 1 acr e ,timber now unmar ke table be caus e of siz e or spe cie s ,

and timbe r in ar eas wh e r e r ecr e ation or w ater sh ed consid er ations pr e clud e

h arv e st ope r ations at th e pr e s ent time (table 8 )Mor e than half (53 pe r cent ) of th is v olume is on Na tional F or es t lands ,

4 3 pe r cent on pr iv at e lands ,and th e r ema ining 4 per cent in oth e r public

ow ne r sh ips .

Softw ood specie s compr is e 9 9 . 5 pe r cent of th e 3 04 billion boar d fe e t

of saw timbe r v olume (table One - th ir d of th e liv e saw timbe r v olume in

California is D ouglasfir . T r u e fir s (w h ite fir ,

Califor nia r ed fir,and

gr and fir ) account for one— four th of th e total;pond er osa and J e ffr ey pine ,

one- fifth;r edwood

,one

- tenth (tableAlmost 4 0 pe r cent of th e total v olume of standing saw t imber is in tr e e s

39 inch e s or larger in diamet er (table Th is finding r efle cts th e large

amount of old -

gr ow th saw timbe r that r emains in Califor nia . Only 1 0 per

cent of th e v olume is small s aw timber ( 1 1 . 0 to 1 8 . 9 inch e s in diamet er ) .

Growth and M ortality

For th e d ecade 1 9 53 - 6 2,av er age annual net gr ow th on Califor nia ‘

s

1 7 . 4 million acr es of comme r cial for est land w as 3 . 5 billion boar d fe e t or

20 1 boar d fe et pe r acr e per year (table D ouglasfir and th e tr ue fir s

each accounted for 27 per cent of th e net gr ow th ;pond er osa and J effr ey pinecombined account ed for 1 9 pe r cent; r edw ood

,1 4 per cent .

An av er age of 2 . 2 5 billion boar d fe et of saw timber v olume w a s lost

annually to fir e, ins ect s ,

dis ea s e ,w indth r ow ,

and o th e r d e str uctiv e agents

of natur al mor tality dur ing th e lo-

year pe r iod (table Th e av er age

annual net v olume per acr e mor tality for th e pe r iod w as 1 2 9 boar d fee t pe r

acr e .

AnnuaI Cut

Mor e than 9 9 per cent of th e saw timbe r cut fr om comme r cial for e st s

in Califor nia in 1 96 2 w as softw ood . Of th e 5 . 7 billion boar d fe e t r emov ed

fr om gr ow ing s tock in logging ,all but 4 6 1 million boar d fe et w er e us ed for

w ood pr oducts;th e r emaind er w as left as logging r e sidue s (table D ouglas

fir account ed for 4 1 pe r cent of th e cut; r edw ood, ponde r osa and J e ffr ey pine

and th e tr ue fir s,account ed for 1 8

,1 5

,and 1 5 per cent , r e spe ctiv e ly (table

Har dwoods accounte d for le s s th an 1 pe r cent of th e timber cut in 1 9 6 2 .

Th ey contr ibuted about th e s am e per centage of th e total inv entor y and total

gr ow th .

Th e annual cut figur e s pr es ented in th is r epor t d iffe r sligh tly fr omth ose r epor ted in th e F or e st Ser v ice r epor t

"T imber Tr ends in th e Unite dStat e s

,

"5 wh ich w er e bas ed upon B ur eau of Censu s pr oduction r epor ts .

5See foo tno t e 2 .

Append ix

Tab les

Tabl e 1 .-Land a r ea , by maj o r c l a s s e s o f land ,

Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 963

Clas s o f l and

7housand acr e s

Cbmme rc i a l

Noncomme rc ia l

Produc t i v e -r e se rv ed

Unproduc t i ve

To t a l fo r e s t

Non - fo r e s t

To t a l , a l l c lasse s

Inc lude s ac r e s o f wa t e r acco rding t o Su r v ey s t anda rds o f

a r e a c las s i f i ca t i on bu t de f i ned by t h e BUr e au o f Census a s land .

Tab l e 2 .-Cbmme r cia l fo r e s t l and a r ea by owne r sh ip c las s e s

Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3

1

Own e r sh ip cl ass Ar ea

Thous and acr e s

Fede ra l

Na t i ona l Fo r e s t

Bur e au o f Land Managemen t

Ind i an

Oth e r

To t al

S t a t e

Coun t y and muni c i pa l

To t a l

Pr i v a t e

Fo r e s t indus t ry

Fa rm

Ot h e r pr i v a t e

To t a l

To t a l , a l l own e r sh i p

Owne r sh i p b r e akdowns r e v i s ed base d upon in fo rma t i on una va i l

ab l e fo r"Timbe r Tr ends in t h e Un i t ed S ta t e s )

“U. S . Dep . Ag r . ,

Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Re sou rce Rep . 1 7 . 1 96 5 .

Tab l e 6 .-Comme rc i al fo r e s t l and a r ea , by y i e ld cl as s ,

Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3

1Y i e ld c la s s Area

Thousand acr e s

1 20 cubi c fe e t o r mo r e

85 to 1 20 cub ic fe e t

50 t o 8 5 cubi c fe e t

Le ss t h an 50 cubic fe e t

To t a l , a l l c la s se s

Bas ed on po t en t i a l y i e lds in cub i c fe e t pe r ac r e o fmean annua l g row t h a t cu lmina t ion o f inc r emen t in

fu l ly s t ocked s t ands .

Tab l e 7 .-Vb lume o f t imbe r on comme rc z al fo r es t l ahd , by cl as s o f t imbe r

and S pe ci e s gr oup , ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3

Class o f t imbe r

Sawt imbe r t r e e s

Sawlog po r t ion

Uppe r - s t em po r t ion

To t a l

Po l e t imbe r t r e e s

Al l growing-s t ock t r e e s

Sound cu l l t r e e s

Sawt imbe r -S i z e t r e e s

Po l e t imbe r -S i z e t r e e s

To t a l

Ro t t en cu l l t r e e s

Sawt imbe r -S i z e t r e e s

Po l e t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s

To t a l

Sa l v abl e dead t r e e s

Saw t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s

Po l e t imbe r - S i z e t r e e s

Te t a l

To t a l , a l l t imbe r

Es t ima t e s o f addi t i ona l v o lume s on unproduc t i ve fo r e s t land t o t a lmi l l ion cub i c fe e t in t re e s inch e s and la r ge r inc luding

mi l l ion cubic fe e t o f so f twoods and mi l l ion cubi c fe e t o fha rdwoods .

Tabl e 8 .-Vb lume o f gr owi ng-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci a l fb r e s t land ,

by owne r sh ip cl ass e s and spe c i e s group , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 3

Na t i ona l fo r e s t

Oth e r publ i c

Fo re s t indu s t ry

Fa nne r and mi sc . p r i va t e

To t al , a l l owne r sh ip

Na t iona l fo re s t

Oth e r pub l i c

Fo re s t indus t ry

Fa rme r and mi sc . p r i va t e

To t a l , a l l own e rsh ip

In t e rna t i ona l -inch lo g ru l e .

Tabl e 9 .-Vb lume o f gr owi ng

-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci a l for es t l and ,

by spe ci es , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 963

Mi l l i on cubi c fe e t Mi l l i on boar d fe e t

Tb t a l , al l speci e s

In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru le .


Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e p i ne .

Tab l e 1 0 .-Vo lume o f growi ng- s tock and s awt imbe r on comme r c i a l fo r e s t land ,

‘

by diame t e r

cl a ss and speci e s group , Cal i fo rni a ,1 96 3

So f twoods

Ha rdwood s


To t a l , a 1 1 spe c ie s

In t e rna t i ona l - inch log ru le .

Tab l e 1 1 .-Av e rage annua l n e t growth o f growi ng

-s tock and saw t imbe r on

comme r ci a l fo r e s t land , by sp eci es , Cal i fo rni a ,1 96 2

Ne t annua l g row t h

Thousand cubi c fee t Th ou sand boa rd fe e t

Ha rdwoods

To t a l , a l l spec i e s

In t e rna t iona l -inch lo g ru le .


Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e pine .

Tabl e 14 .-Annual cu t o f growing-s tock and sawt imbe r on comme rci al

fo r e s t l and , by speci e s , Ca l i fo rn i a ,1 96 2

Thousand Cubi c fe e t Thousand boa rd fe e t

To t a l

Ha rdwoods


In t e rna t i ona l -inch log ru le .

Inc lude s Je f f r ey pine .

Inc lude s We s t e rn wh i t e pine .

Accuracy

D ata pr e s ented in th is r epor t w e r e d ev e loped by sampling pr ocedur e s .

In v ar ying d egr e e ,all th e data ar e subj e ct to th e pos sibility of er r or .

E r r or s cou ld hav e b e en int r oduced th r ough mistake s in cla ss if ying ,me asur

ing ,tabulat ing ,

or r epor t ing; th r ough faulty judgment;or th r ough th e u se of

sampling pr ocedur e s . E r r or s may or may no t be compensat ing . Except

fo r s ampling er r or,th e r e is no w ay of measur ing th em

,but th e ch ance s of

human e r r or w er e r e duced a s far as possible by follow ing d etailed plans ,

by intens iv e tr aining of pe r sonne l , and by car e ful supe r v ision and ch eckingof th e w or k .

Sampling e r r or accounts for e r r or s that ar is e fr om taking a sampler ath e r than making a comple te inv entory or m ea sur ement; it doe s not include

po ss ible er r o r s r e sulting fr om human mistake s or faulty judgment . Th e

sampling e r r o r of an e stima te is giv en h er e in t e rms of one s tandar d e r r or ,

1 . e . th e r ang e about th e e stimat e w ith in w h ich th e odds ar e tw o to one th at

th e v alue ba sed on 1 00 per cent cov e r age w ould fall .

Analys is of th e Califor nia for e st inv entory data indicat e s a samplinge r r o r of i O. 6 pe r cent for th e e st imat e of total comm er cial for e st land

ar ea ,1 . 7 per cent for tota l cubic v olume of gr ow ing s tock

,and 7 . 2 pe r cent

fo r total v olume of net gr owth in cubic fe et .

As ar e a o r v olume da ta ar e subdiv id ed by for e st type ,spe cie s ,

ow ne r

sh ip,or oth er br eakdow n

,th e possibility of e r r or incr e as e s and is gr eate st

for th e smalle st it em . Th e or d er of th e incr ea se is indicated in th e follow

ing tabulat ion of sampling e r r or s .

1 0

For commer cial for e st ar ea

Ar ea

( t housand ac r e s ) ( pe r cen t )

1 00

For inv entory v olume

For av e r age ne t annual gr ow th of gr ow ing stock :

Vo lume

(mi l l ion cu . f t . )6 5 1

200

50

5

Comparison with 19 53 I nventoryTh e 1 9 6 3 r e

- inv entory show s mo r e comm er cial for e s t land and les s timbe r v olume than in th e 1 9 53 sur v ey . Par t of th e differ ence r e flects actual

physical ch ange of th e r e sour ce . Par t is attr ibuted to ch ange s in pr ocedur e s

and d efinitions u s ed in th e inv entor ie s . And th e r emainder is du e to samplinger r or . Cons e qu ently some statistics fr om th e two inv entor ie s ar e not dir e ct

ly compar able .

Comme rcial Forest Land

Repor ted commer cial for es t land ar ea incr e as ed fr om 1 7,3 1 7

,00 0 acr e s

( 1 9 53 ) to 1 7 , 3 9 1 ,000 acr es Th is incr e as e of 0 . 4 pe r cent r e fle cts an

incr ea se in th e e stimate of commer cial for est land in south er n Califor nia

ba s ed upon a r e classification of for e sted ar eas th e r e . F or th e r emaind er of

th e Stat e,

additions to comme r cial for e s t ar ea th r ough r efor e stat ion and

r e classifications w er e offs et by w ithdr aw als for dams,

r igh ts-oi -w ay,

and

oth er d ev elopments,r e sulting in negligible ne t chang e dur ing th e per iod .

Sawtimber VolumeSaw timbe r v olume is dow n fr om 3 6 0 billion boar d fe et in 1 9 53 to 3 04

billion boa r d fee t in 1 9 6 3 . Much of th e diffe r ence r epr e sents an actual r educ

tion in inv entory,as to be expe cted in a r egion w h er e lar g e amounts of old

gr ow th timber contr ibute little net gr ow th but suppor t a lar ge annual cut .

Imbalance betw een gr ow th and annual cut accounts for about half th e dif

fe r ence be tw een inv entor ie s . Som e of th e d iffe r ence is du e pr ima r ily to

changes in s tandar d s of utiliz at ion,in pr ocedur e s ,

and in d efinitions . Addi

tionally ,in 1 9 6 2

,field cr ew s id entified many cull indicator s that h ad be en

ov er looked in th e 1 9 53 inv entory . Th e r esult is a dr op in net v olume s .

F inally,sampling e r r or s as sociated w ith th e two inv entor ies account for

some of th e diffe r ence betw e en inv entor ie s .

l l

G rowth and Mortality

Av e r age ne t annual gr ow th incr ea se d fr om 2 . 9 billion boar d fe e t for th e

pe r iod pr e ced ing 1 9 5 3 to billion boar d fe et for th e pe r iod 1 9 53 th r ough

1 9 6 2 . Th is incr eas e r eflect s th e co ntinu ed ch ange in s tand str uctur e s as old

gr ow th stands w ith litt le or no ne t gr ow th ar e cut,

and a s s e cond -

gr ow th

stand s r each saw timbe r s iz e .

Av er age annual mo r ta lity for th e 1 0 -

year pe r iod w as 2 . 2 5 billion boar d

fe e t,or 2 0 pe r cent gr e ate r than th e l . 8 7 billion boa r d fe et r epor ted in th e

1 9 53 inv entory

ProceduresInitial Survey

Th e initial sur v ey for California w as comple t ed in 1 9 52 . Th e sur v eyw as bas ed upon ae r ial photo de line ation of th e State '

s fo r e sted ar eas into

s ev e r al str ata,t r ansfe r of th e str atified ar eas to bas e maps fr om wh ich

ar ea informat ion w a s d er iv ed,and e stablishm ent of mo r e than 1

,50 0 field

plots w ith in th e v ar ious str ata to e stimate v olume .

Re -inventory

In 1 9 6 2,For e s t Sur v ey field cr ew s r eme asur e d a sample of th e initial

sur v ey fie ld plot s . Informat ion on diame ter incr ement,ingr ow th ,

distr ibu

tion of cut by d iame t er,mor tality,

and pr es ent v olume w as de r iv ed fr omth e s e plot s .

VMume

Th e Janua ry 1,1 9 6 3 e stima t e s of v olume ar e ba s ed on r egr e ssionr e la

tionsh ips d ev e loped fr om pa st and pr e sent v olume s on th e r eme asur e d field

plot s ,a s applied to all of th e initial sur v ey field plot s .

Commercial Forest Area

Ar e a e stimate s of comm er cial for e st land ar e ba s ed on th e initial photo

d e lineation adj us ted for ch ange s in land classification dur ing th e pa st 1 0

year s . Th is pr ocedur e w a s us ed for mo st of the Sta t e . For south er n Cali

fo r nia,how ev e r

,th e e stimat e of comme r cial fo r est land ar ea is based upon

a r e-ev aluation

,by photo point inspection on r e cent ph otogr aphy ,

and sub

s e qu ent field ch ecks .

G rowth and Mortality

G r ow th e stimat e s ar e ba s ed on th e d iamet er incr ement of tr e e s r eme a s

ur ed on th e sample field plots . E stimate s of mor tality ar e bas ed on tr e es

th at d ied dur ing th e int er v al be tw e en me asur ement s .

Timbe r Cut

T imbe r cut e stimat e s w e r e d e r iv ed by applying w ood r e sidue factor s

to th e v olume of r oundw ood h ar v e st ed fr om Califor nia 's for e s t land s in 1 9 6 2 .

Th e r oundw ood h ar v e st e s timate w a s bas ed upon a sur v ey of all known us e r s

of r oundw ood mat er ial .

1 2

Mor tality : Th e v olume of sound w ood in liv e saw timbe r and poletimbe rtr e e s (gr ow ing

-stock tr e e s ) dying fr om natur al caus e s du r ing a spe cified

pe r iod .

National Fo r e st land : F ed e r al land s th at hav e be en d esignated byExe cutiv e Or d er or statut e a s National For e sts or pur ch as e units

,and oth er

lands und er th e admini str a tion Of th e For e s t Se r v ice ,including expe r imental

ar eas and B ankh ead — Jone s T itle III lands .

Ne t annual gr ow th : Th e av er age annual ch ange in v o lume of sound w ood

in liv e saw timber and pole timbe r tr e e s r e sulting fr om natur al cause s, 1 . e

incr e as e in volume in abs ence O f mor tality and cutting ,m inus mo r tality, plus

gr ow th on mor tality and gr ow th on one- h alf th e cut dur ing a specified pe r iod .

Ne t v olume : G r os s v olume le ss d eductions for d efects ,excluding cull

tr e e s

G r ow ing stock : G r o ss cubic—foo t v olume le ss d eductions

for r ot and miss ing s e ctions .

Saw timb e r : G r o ss boa r d - foo t v olume le s s d eductions for

r ot,

sw e ep,cr ook

,mi s sing sections

,and oth e r d efe cts

th at affe ct use fo r lumbe r .

Noncommer cial for e st land : Unproductiv e for e st land incapable of yield

tiv e for es t land w ith dr awn fr om commer cial timbe r use th r ough statut e or

admini str ativ e r egula tion .

Nonfor e st land : Land that has nev er suppor ted for e sts and lands forme r lyfor e st ed but now d ev eloped for such nonfor e st use s a s cr ops ,

impr ov ed pa stur e

,r e sid ential ar ea s

,and city parks ,

impr ov ed r oads,

and adjoining r igh ts

of —w ay, pow er line clea r ings ,and cer ta in ar e as of w ater classified by th e

B ur e au of th e Census a s land (s e e d efinition of land ar ea ) . In fo r e st ar ea s,

unimpr ov ed r oads,str eams

,canals

,and nonfor e st str ips must be mor e th an

1 2 0 fe et w ide;and clea r ings in for es t ar e as mu st be mor e than 1 acr e in siz e ,

to qualify a s nonfor est land .

Nonstocked ar e a s : Comme r cial for e st land les s th an 1 0 per cent stocked

w ith gr ow ing-stock tr e es .

Old -

gr ow th saw timbe r stands : Saw timber stands in w hi ch 5 0 per cent or

or e of th e ne t boar d - foot v olume is in old -

gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s .

Old —

gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s : Tr e es that h av e r e ach ed or pas sed th e age

of physiological matur ity .

Owner sh ip: Th e pr oper ty owned by one ow ner, including all par cels of

land in th e United Stat e s .

Pole timbe r stands : Stands at le ast 1 0 per cent stocked w ith gr ow ingstock tr e e s

,and with poletimb e r tr e e s making up a plur ality of th is stocking .

Pole timber t r e e s : L iv e tr ee s of comme r cial specie s 5 . 0 to 1 0 . 9 inch es

in diameter at br ea st h eigh t , and of good form and v igor .

Pr oductiv e —r e s e r v ed for e st land : Pr oduct iv e public for es t land w ithdr aw n

fr om timbe r us e th r ough statute or administr ativ e r egulation .

Rott en cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s of comm er cial species, 5 . 0 inch e s and

lar ge r in diamet er at br e ast h eigh t , th at do no t contain at lea st one minimumsaw log, now or pr ospe ctiv ely,

and h av e les s th an 2 5 per cent of th eir v olume

in sound w ood pr ima r ily becau s e of r ot (e . g w h en ro t accounts for 50 per

cent or mo r e of th e total cull v olume ) .Rough tr e e s (sound cull tr e e s ) 1 L iv e tr e es ,

5 . 0 inch e s or lar ger in diamet er at br e ast h e igh t, th at do not contain at lea st one minimum saw log ,

now or

pr ospectiv ely,and h av e les s th an 2 5 per cent of th eir volume in usable form

pr imar ily be caus e of r oughne ss , poor form,or noncomme r cial spe cie s .

Roundw ood products : L ogs ,bolts

,or oth e r r ound s ections cut fr om

tr e es .

Salvable d ead tr e e s : Standing or down d ead tr e e s,1 1 . 0 inch es or mor e

1 4

and 2 5 per cent or mor e of sound w ood volume .

Saplings : L iv e tr e e s of commer cial species ,to 5 . 0 inch es in diam

et er at br ea st h eigh t and of good form and v igor .

Sapling-s e edling stands : Stands at lea st 1 0 pe r cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing

stock tr ee s and w ith saplings or se edlings or both making up a plur ality Of

th is stocking .

Saw log : A log me eting minimum appr ov ed log-

gr ade specificat ions;or ,

for spe cie s for w hich appr ov ed log gr ade s ar e lacking,a log at le ast 1 0 fe et

long ,w ith a minimum d . i . b . of 1 0 inch e s ,

and w ith a net scale of at least

3 0 boar d fe e t .

Saw log por tion : Tha t par t of th e bole of saw timber tr e es be tw e en th e

stump and th e saw log top .

Saw timbe r s tands : Stands a t lea st 1 0 per cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing-stock

Saw timber tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s ,1 1 . 0 inch e s or large r in diame te r at

br east h eigh t , conta ining at lea st one m inimum saw log .

Se edlings : E stablish ed liv e tr ee s of comm er cial specie s ,le ss th an 1 . 0

inch in diame ter at br east h e igh t and of good form and v igor .

Stand -siz e clas se s : A classifica tion of for est land ba sed on th e pr edom

inant siz e of timber pr e sent, th at is ,saw timber

, pole timbe r ,saplings ,

and

s e edlings .

State ,county,

and municipal lands : Lands ow ned by Stat e s ,countie s

,and

local public agencie s ,or lands leased by th e s e gov e r nmental units for mor e

th an 50 year s .

Stocking : A mea sur e of th e d egr e e to Wh ich ar ea is occupied or us ed bytr e es of spe cified classes ,

including (a ) all liv e tr e e s, (b) gr ow ing

-stock tr e e s ,

and (c) d esir able tr e es . Class ification of for es t land and for e st type s is bas ed

on stocking of all liv e tr e es . Stocking of gr ow ing-stock tr e e s is used to d eter

mine stand -siz e and ag e clas s .

Stockig standar ds : Th e minimum numbe r of w e ll - spaced tr e e s r equir e dto us e fully th e ar ea by specified for e st type s and s it e s .

Timbe r cut fr om gr ow ing stock : Th e v olume of sound wood in liv e saw

t imber and poletimbe r tr e e s cut for for e st pr oducts dur ing a spe cified per iod ,

including both r oundwood pr oducts and logging r e s idue s .

Timbe r cut fr om saw timbe r : Th e ne t boar d - foo t v olume of liv e saw timber

wood products and logging r e sidue s .

T imber products : Roundw ood pr oducts and byproducts of pr imary wood

manufactur ing plant s; includ e s saw logs ,v ene e r logs and bolts

,cooper age logs

and bolts, pulpwood

,fuelwood

, piling , pole s , posts ,h ewn tie s , mine t imbe r s ,

and oth e r r ound,split , or h ewn pr oduct s .

Tr e e -s iz e clas se s : A clas sificat ion of gr ow ing

-stock tr e e s accor ding to

diamet e r a t br east h eight Outside bar k , including saw timber tr e e s, poletimbe r

tr e es,saplings ,

and se edlings .

Unpr oductiv e for e st land : For est land incapable of yielding cr ops of

industr ial wood be caus e of adv er se site cond itions;include s ster ile or poor lydr ained for e st land

,subalpine for e sts ,

and ste ep,r o cky ar e as w h er e topo

tr aph ic condition s ar e lik ely to pr ev ent management for timb er pr oduction .

Upper-st em po r tion : Th at par t of th e bole Of saw timb e r tr e e s abov e th e

mer chantable top to a minimum top diame te r of 4 . 0 inch e s Outside bar k ,or to

th e point w h er e th e centr a l stem br eaks into limbs .

Volume of gr ow ing s tock : Th e cubic - foo t v olume of sound w ood in th e bole

of noncull saw timbe r and poletimber tr e e s of commer cial spe cies fr om a 1

foot stump to a m inimum 4 . O- inch top outside bar k or to th e point wh er e th e

centr al s tem br eaks into limbs .

Volume of salv able d ead saw timbe r -s iz e tr e e s : Ne t v olume of d ead

saw timber -siz e tr e e s

,standing or down ,

that ar e consider ed mer ch antable

1 5

by r egional st andar ds .

Volume o f saw timb e r : Net v olum e o f th e saw log po r tion of liv e saw t imbe r

Y ie ld cla s s e s : A cla ss ifica tion of fo r e s t land in te rms of inh e r ent capacityto gr ow cr Ops of indus tr ial w ood .

Young -

gr ow th saw tim be r s tand s : Saw timbe r s tands in w h ich 50 pe r cent

or mor e of th e n e t boa r d foo t v o lume is in young-

gr ow th saw timber tr e es .

Young -

gr ow th saw timbe r tr e e s : T r e e s th at h av e not pas s ed th e age of

physiological matur ity

Tree Species

Pr 1nc1pa l tr e e spe cie s found on th e comme r cial for e st land in Califo r nia

includ e :

SOFTWOODS

Common nam e Scientific name

Redw ood

D ouglasfir

Pond e r o sa pine

J e ffr ey pine

Suga r pine

We s t e r n wh ite pine

Cali for ni a r ed fi r

Wh it e firG r and fir

Incens e -cedar

Po r t ~ O r for d ~

ced a r

Sitka spr uce

We s te r n h emlockMountain h em lockW e st e r n r e dceda r

Lodg epo le pine

Ca lifor nia bla ck oak

TanoakQuak ing a spen

Ald e r (w h ite a ld e r )Ald e r (r ed a ld e r )

GPO 9 73— 2 9 5

Sequoia semperui r ens (D . Don) Endl .

Pseudo t suga menai e si i (Mi rb . ) Fr anco

Pinus ponderosa Laws

Pinus j effr eyi Gr ev . G Ba l f .

Pinus Zamber t iana Dougl .

Pinus mont ico la Dougl .

Abi e s magnif i ed A. Mur r .

Abi es conco lor (Gord . 6 Gl end . ) Lindl .

Abi es gr andi s (Dougl . ) Lindl .

Libocedrus decur r ens Tor r .

Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana (A. Mur r . ) Par l

Picea si t chens i s ( Bong . ) Car r .

Tsuga he t er ophyl la (Raf . ) Sarg .

Tsuga mer t ens iana ( Bong . ) Car r .

Thuj a plica t a Donn .

Pinus conf e r ta Doug l .

HARDWOODS

Quer cus ke l loggi i Newb .

Li t hocarpus densif lorus (Hook . 6 Arn . ) Rehd .

Populus t r emuloide s Mi chx .

Alnus r hombifo lia Nut t .

Alnus rubra Bong .

Contents

Int r oduction

High ligh ts

Comme r cial For e st L and

G r ow ing Stock Volume

Saw t imbe r Volume

Compar ison w ith Pr ev ious Inv ento ry

Table s 1 - 1 2

Accur acy of Inv entory D ata

Inv entor y Pr ocedur e

D efinition Of T e r ms

T r e e Spe cie s

Th e Au tho r s

DANIEL D . OSWALD , fo rme r ly wi th t h e S t a t i on’

s Fo r e s t Su r v ey s t a f f , i snow a s s i gned t o th e Fo re s t Su rv ey s t a f f o f th e Paci f i c No r t hwe s t Fo re s t and Range Expe r imen t S t a t i on , wi t h h e adqua r t e r s in Be rke l ey . Nat i v e o f Alameda , Ca l i f h e i s 1 9 58 fo r e s t ry g radua t e o f th e Un i v e rs i ty o f Ca l i fo rni a

’

and ha s a l so done g r adua t e wo rk t h e r e . Af t e rse rv i ce wi th th e

'

U. S . Navy , h e j o ined t h e Fo r e s t Se r v i ce in 196 2 .

GERALD S . WALTON, a di gi t a l compu t e r programe r on th e S t a t i on’s r e sea rch

s t a f f , pr epa r ed t h e compu t e r prog rams fo r proce ss ing inv en t o ry da t a f romth e Fo r e s t Su rv ey . He was bo rn in Leadv i l l e , Co lo . , r ece i v ed a B .A.

de g r e e in ma t h ema t i cs ( 1 96 0 ) a t th e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a , and a

M. F . S . de g r e e ( 1 96 5 ) f rom Ha r v a rd Un i v e r s i t y .

Comparison with Previous I nventory

Informa tion on t imbe r v olume for D el Nor t e County w a s not compileds epar at e ly in th e State -w ide initial sur v ey comple ted in 1 9 5 2

,but ar ea

statistics for th e county w e r e compiled for 1 94 8 and publish ed .

2 Th e 1 9 6 5

inv ento ry sugges ts th a t comme r cial for e st land in th e county h a s incr eas ed

by 3 6,000 acr e s fr om th e pr ev ious sur v ey .

Th is incr eas e can be attr ibut ed to s ev e r al factor s . Th e 1 9 5 2 acr eage

e stimate s w e r e ba sed on d elineation to a 4 0 -acr e minimum;th e 1 9 6 5 e sti

ma te s ar e bas ed on clas sification of land to a l -acr e minimum . Some

stands that w e r e cla s s ified noncomme r cial ow ing to ina cce s sibility ar e now

clas s ified a s comme r cial for e st . And som e land that h ad be en cle ar ed for

nonfor e st us e has be come s tocked w ith for e st tr e e s .

Th e diffe r ence s in acr eage by for est type r efl e ct ch ange s in type

d e finitions . Ow ing to th e s e ch ange s ,th e for e s t type acr eage s fr om th e

two sur v eys cannot be compar ed .

2U. S . Fo r e s t Se r v i ce Ca l i fo rn i a Fo r e s t and Range Expe r imen t S t a t ion Fo r e s t Su rveyRe l . 1 8 ,

23 pp . , i l lus . 19 53 .

Tables

Tabl e 1 .-Land a r ea , by maj o r c las s e s o f l and ,

De l Nor t e Coun ty ,1 96 5

Cl a ss o f land

Acr e s

To t a l , a l l cla s se s

Tabl e 2 .-Cbmme rC i a l fo r e s t l and a r ea , by own e r sh ip and s tand-S i z e cl as s e s ,

De l No r t e Cb un ty ,1 96 5

Fede ra l

Na t i ona l Fo re s t

Ot h e r publ i c

Pr iv a t e

FO r e s t indus t ry

Fa rm and mi sc .

p r i va t e

To t a l , a l lown e rsh ips

Le s s th an 500 acr e s .

Tabl e 1 2 .-Vb lume o f sa l vabl e de ad s aw t imbe r -s i z e t r e e s

on comme rci a l fo r e s t l and , by Spe ci e s group ,

De l No r t e Count y ,1 96 5

1In t e rna t iona l -inch ru l e .

Accuracy of Inventory Data

E stimate s of for e st land ar ea and timbe r v olume for D el Nor t e

County w er e ba sed on sampling and th e r efor e includ e sampling e r r or s .

E stima t ed sampling er r or-expr e ss ed as a per cent of th e total e st i

ma te at th e 6 8-pe r cent pr obab ility lev el- for fo r e st ar ea and timber

vo lume is as follow s :

E stimated total Sampling er r or

(per cent )Item :

Comme r cial for e st land

G r ow ing stock v olume

Saw timbe r v olume

(Int .

- inch rule )

Th e sampling er r or for any br eakdow n Of th e total ar e a or volume

e stimat e s w ill be gr eater than thos e show n for th e totals . Th er efor e ,

fine br eakdow ns h av e large per c ent sampling er r or s as sociated w ith th em .

Er r or s du e to r ea sons oth er than sampling- human e r r or s

- ~cannot

be d e termined . Such e r r or s h av e be en k ept to a minimum ,h ow ev e r ,

bythor ough tr aining and clos e super v is ion of sur v ey pe r sonne l and per iodic

ch e cks of the w ork dur ing all ph as e s of th e inv entor y .

Inventory Procedure

Th is inv entory of D e l Nor t e County combines data fr om th e Six

Riv e r s Nat ional For e s t inv entor y pr oj e ct and th e For e st Surv ey inv entory

pr oj e ct . Th e Six Riv e r s National Fo r e st data w e r e colle cted dur ing th e

pe r iod 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 64 . Th e r ema ind er of th e county, including par t of th e

Siskiyou National For e s t , w a s inv entor ied in 1 9 64,

and data compiled as of

J anuary 1,1 9 6 5 . Th e same sampling d e s ign and field pr ocedur e w e r e used

th r oughout th e county . No att empt w as made to updat e th e Six Riv e r s Nation

al F or e s t por tion of th e inv entory for gr ow th or cut .

A syst ematic gr id of photo points w a s pr inted on ae r ial photos

cov e r ing th e entir e County . Each photo point w as class ified by a tr ained

ph oto int erpr e ter . Th e points w e r e th en str atified into stand volume

cla s s e s w ith in comm er cial for e st land ,and noncommer cial and nonfor e st

land,ba sed upon th e photo class ification .

A str a tified r andom sample (w ith pr opor tional allocation) w as th en

dr aw n from th e photo po ints . Th is sample of ph oto points w as v isited in

th e field . E ach location v isited w as clas sified in th e field as to land use

and owner sh ip . And for thos e locations falling on comme r cial for e st land,a cir cular -

acr e inv entory plot w as e stablish ed to pr ov id e informat ion

on v olume , mor tality,and for e s t type . Th e plots w h en r emeasur ed w ill

also yield info rmation on gr ow th .

Definit ion of Te rms

Comme r cial for e s t land : For e st land w h ich is pr oducing or capable

of pr oducing cr ops of industr ial w ood and is not w ithdr aw n fr om timberut iliz ation . Include s acce s s ible and inacce s s ible ar eas ,

and both ope r

able and cur r ently inope r able ar ea s .

Comme r cial spe cies : Tr e e spe cie s pr e s ently or pr ospe ctiv e ly suit

able for indust r ial w ood pr oduct s; exclude s so-called w e ed specie s .

Cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e es that do not contain at least one mer chantable

saw log ,now or pr ospe cti v el y,

be cause of r oughnes s ,r ot

,or spe cies

( se e also sound cull t r e e s and r otten cull tr e es )

D iame ter clas s e s : A class ificati on of tr e e s bas ed on diameter of th e

tr e e outs id e bar k,measur ed at br east h eigh t ( 4 fe et abov e th e

gr ound ) D . b . h . is th e common abbr e v iati on for"diamet er at br east

h e igh t .

F arme r-ow ned lands : L ands ow ned by ope r ator s of farms .

For e s t indus try lands : Lands ow ned by companie s or ind iv iduals

oper at ing w ood -us ing plant s .

For e st land : L and at least 10 per cent stocked by for e st tr e e s of anysi z e

,or fo rmer ly h av ing h ad such tr ee cov er and not cur r ently dev eloped

for nonf or e st us e .

Poletimbe r stand s : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stocked w ith grow ingstock tr e e s

,and w ith pole timbe r tr e e s making up a plur ality of this stock

ing .

Pole timb e r tr e es : L iv e tr e es of comm er cial spe cie s 5 . 0 to 1 0 . 9

inch e s in d iamet er a t br ea st h eigh t , and of good form and v igor .

Pr oductiv e -r e s er v ed for e st land : Pr oductiv e public for e st land such

as Stat e and National Par ks and w ild er ne ss ar eas w ithdr aw n fr om timbe rutiliz ation th r ough s tatute or adminis tr ativ e r egula tion .

Rot ten cull tr e e s : L iv e tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s ,5 . 0 inch e s and

lar ger in diam et e r at br e ast h e igh t , that do not contain at lea s t one minimum saw log ,

now o r pr ospe ctiv e ly ,and hav e les s than 2 5 per cent of th e ir

v olum e in sound wood pr imar ily be cau se of r ot .

Sound cull tr e e s : L iv e tr ee s,5 . 0 inch e s or lar ge r in diame ter at

br ea st h eigh t , tha t do not contain at least one minimum saw log , now or pr o

spe ctiv e ly,and h av e le ss than 2 5 pe r cent of th eir v olume in usable form

pr imar ily be caus e of r oughness , poor for m ,or noncomme r cial spe cie s .

Salv able d ead t r e e s : Standing or dow n d ead tr ees ,1 1 . 0 inch e s or

mor e in diamete r a t bre a st h e ight , th a t contain at lea st one mer chantable

saw log and 2 5 per cent or mor e of sound wood v olume .

Saplings : L iv e tr e e s of comm er cial specie s ,1 . 0 to 5 . 0 inch e s in diam

et er at br e ast h e ight and of good form and v igo r .

Sapling-s e edling s tands : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stock ed w ith gr ow ing

stock tr e e s and w ith saplings or se edlings or both making up a plur ality of

th is s tocking .

Saw log : A log me eting minimum appr ov ed log-

gr ad e specifications;or ,

for spe cie s for wh ich appr ov ed log gr ad e s ar e lacking ,a log at lea st 1 0

fe et long ,w ith a minimum d . i . b . of 1 0 inch e s ,

and w ith a ne t scale of at

lea st 3 0 board fe et .

Saw log por t ion : Th at par t of th e bole of saw timbe r tr e e s be tw e en th e

stump and th e saw log top.

Saw timbe r stands : Stands at least 1 0 pe r cent stocked w ith gr ow ingstock tr e e s

,and w ith saw timbe r tr ee s making up a plur ality of th is stock

ing .

Saw timber tr e e s : L iv e tr e es ,1 1 . 0 inch es or large r in diamet e r at

br e ast h eigh t , conta ining at le a st on e minimum saw log .

Seedlings : E stablish ed liv e tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s ,le ss than

1 . 0 inch in d iamet e r at br east h eigh t and of good form and v igor .

Stand -siz e cla s s e s : A clas sification of for e st land based on th e pr e

dominant s iz e of timb er pr e sent , that is,

saw timb er , polet imber ,saplings ,

and se edlings .

Stocking : A me a sur e of th e degr e e to w h ich for e st land is occupied

by tr e e s of specified class e s in r e lation to a spe cified basal ar ea standar d

for tr e e s 5 . 0 inch e s d . b . h . and lar ge r ,or numbe r of tr e e s per acr e for

smaller tr e e s;tr e e class e s includ e ( 1 ) a ll liv e tr e e s ,and (2 ) gr ow ing

stock tr e e s .

1 0

stand tha t is 7 0 per cent or mor e

stocked w ith pr e s ent or pot ential gr ow ing-stock tr e e s .

Medium —stocked stand : A stand that is 4 0 to 6 9 per cent

Poor ly—stocked stand : A stand that is 1 0 to 3 9 pe r cent

stocked w ith pr es ent or pot ent ial gr ow ing—stock tr e es .

Nonstocked stand : An ar ea le s s than 1 0 pe r cent stocked

Tr e e -siz e clas s e s : A cla ss ifica tion of grow ing

-stock tr e e s accor ding

to diameter at br east h e igh t out s id e bar k ,including saw timbe r tr ee s

, pole

timbe r tr e e s ,saplings ,

and se edlings .

Unpr oductiv e for e st land : For es t land incapable of yie lding cr ops of

industr ial w ood because of adv e r se site cond itions .

Volume of gr ow ing stock : Th e cubic - foot v olum e of sound w ood in th e

bole of noncull saw t imber and poletimb er tr e e s of comme r cial spe cie s

fr om a 1 - foot stump to a minimum 4 . O- inch top outs ide bar k or to th e

point wh e r e th e centr al st em br eaks into limbs .

Volume of salv able d ead saw timb er —siz e tr e e s : Net v olume of d ead

saw timbe r —siz e tr e e s ,

standing or down,that ar e consid e r ed mer ch antable

by r egional standar ds .

Volume of saw t imbe r : Net volume of th e saw log por tion of liv e saw

timber tr e es in boa r d fe e t , Int e rnational- inch log r ule .

Y ield classe s : A cla ss ificat ion of for e st land based upon potent ial

yield s in cubic fe et per acr e of me an annual gr ow th at culmination of incr e

m ent in fully s to cked stands .

Tree Speci es

Tr e e spe cie s found on th e comme r cial for e st land in D el Nor te Countyinclud e

Softw ood s

Sequoia sempervi r ens (D . Don) Endl .

Pseudot suga menz i esi i (Mi rb . ) FrancoPinus ponderosa Laws

Pinus j effr eyi Gr ev . G Bal f .

Pinus Zamber t iana Dougl .

Pinus mont icola Dougl

Abi es magnifica A. Mur r .

Abi es concolor (Gord . G Gl end . ) Lindl .

Abi es grandi s (Dougl . ) Lindl .

Libocedrus decurr ens Tor r .

Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana (A. Mur r . ) Par l .

Pi cea si t chensi s ( Bong . ) Car r

Tsuga he t er ophyl la (Raf . ) Sar g .

Tsuga mer t ensiana ( Bong . ) Carr .

Thuj a plicata Donn .

Pinus cont or t a Dougl .

IHar dwoods

Califor nia black

oak Quer cus ke l loggi i Newb .

fTanoak Li thocarpus densif lorus (Hook . Arn . ) Rehd .

lied alder Alnus rubra BongPacific madr one Arbutus menz t esm Pur sh

B iglead maple Acer macrophyl lum Pur sh

1 2 GPO 9 13-2 96

Fo r ewo r d

Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i e s about plant ed t imber on maj ori s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . The r epor t f or t h e Is l and of

Hawa i i was pub l i shed in 1 9 66 . Summar i z ed h er e ar e t h e r esul t s

of a surv ey of t imber in plant e d f or es t s on t he Is land of Kauai .

Th i s inv ent ory i s a suppl ement t o t h e ini t ia l For est Surv ey of

t he St at e compl e t ed in 1 9 63 . That Surv ey i ndi cat ed t he import ance of f or es t pl ant at i ons as a t imber r esour ce ,

but pr ov i dedno de t a i l s . Th i s bu l l e t in r epor t s : (a ) locat ion and acr eage

of each plant e d s t and , (b ) speci es composi t ion and age of st and,(c ) t imber vo lume and qua l i t y , and (d ) owner sh ip of plant edt imber

The st udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t h e Div i s i on of

For e s t ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces , and

t he Paci f i c Sout hwe s t For e s t and Range Expe r iment St at i on, For

es t Ser v i ce ,U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . It was conduct ed

under t h e d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,ch i e f

,Hawai i For es t ry

Resear ch Cent e r ,Paci f i c Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper imen

St at i on . Nobuo Honda ,for est er , Hawai i Div i s i on of For e st ry ,

he lped dev e lop plans f or t he plant at i on inv ent ory and super

v i se d t he f i e l d work

In 1 966 , r e spons ibi l i t y f or supe rv i s ion of t he For es t Surv ey

in t he Paci f i c Coast St at e s and Hawai i was sh i f t e d t o t he Pac

i f i e Nor t hwes t For e s t and Range Exper iment St at i on ,but f i e l d

wor k in Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o be a j oint e f f or t of t he Hawai i

St at e Di v i s i on of Forest ry and t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on 's

For est ry Re sear ch Cent e r in Hawai i

Many ind iv i dual s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he Surv ey . Spec

i a l acknowl edgment i s due t o t he f i e l d cr ew : For e st er W. Wongand cr ew member s M. S . Andr ade

,M. H. Andr ade , and E . Pe t t eys

a l l of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of For es t ry

E . M. Hornibr ook , f orme r ly in charge of t h e For e s t Sur v ey ,

Paci f i c Sout hwe s t St at i on ,and Russe l l K . Le Bar r on, former for est

eco l ogi s t , Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry , ai de d in dev e l opingpl ans f or t he s t udy

Robe r t M. Mi l l er , sys t ems analyst ,Paci f i c Sout hwe st St at ion,

dev e l oped speci f i cat ions f or pr oce ssing dat a by e l ect r oni c com

put e r s . The Comput ing Cent er at t he Univ er s i t y of Hawai i pr o

ce ssed t he dat a

Max F . Landgr af , St at e f or e s t er ,and Ra lph E . Daeh l er ,

di s

t r i et f or e st e r, St at e of Hawai i pr ov i d ed gene r ous cooper at i on

and ass i s t ance in t h e conduct of t h e sur v ey

RETRIEVAL TERMS : Fo r e s t

Contents

Int r oduct i on .

For es t Pl ant at i ons .

Timber Resour ce

Ar ea

Timber Vo lume

Owne r sh ip .

Age of St ands

St and Yi e l ds

Timbe r Qua l i t y

Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r i a l Dev elopment .

Recr eat i on Hab i t at and Wat e r shed Pr ot ect i on

Append ix

De f ini t i ons .

Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e

Tab l e s 1 l l

7h e Au tho r s

NOBUO HONDA,a na t i v e o f Kona , Hawa i i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e lo r

’

s deg r e e i n

fo r e s t ry f r om Humbo ld t S t a t e Co l l e ge in 1 96 0 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo r e s t e r

f o r t h e Hawa i i D i v i s i on o f Fo r e s t ry s ince Ap r i l 1 96 0 , h e ha s be en a s s i gned

p r ima r i ly t o t h e fo r e s t in v en t o ry o f t h e S t a t e . WESLEY H . C . WONG , J r .,

a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e lo r’

s de g r e e in fo r e s t ryf rom Or e gon S t a t e Uni v e r s i t y in 1 9 64 . He j o ined t h e Hawa i i D i v i s i on o f

Fo r e s t ry in Au gu s t 1 9 64 . He ha s be en p r ima r i ly r e spons ib l e fo r ga t h e r ingf i e ld da t a fo r th e fo r e s t inv en t o ry . ROBERT E . NELSON i s ch i e f o f t h e

S t a t i on'

s Hawa i i Re se a rch Cen t e r , h e adqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o inedt h e Fo r e s t Se r v i ce in 1 94 1 , a f t e r e a rn ing a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t t h e Un iv e r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i s o r o f t h e Ca l i fo rn iaS t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 . Sinc e 1 9 57 , h e h a s

be en in cha r ge o f t h e S t a t i on’

s Hawa i i o f f i c e .

By f ar ,mos t of t h e f or est acr eage i s nat iv e or nat ural i z ed

t ype s . These f or e st s cont a in l i t t l e v olume of sawt imber . Onlyabout acr es of t h e oh i a OMe t r osideros col lina ) , koa (Acacia koa )

2and nat ur a l ly r egenerat e d si lk—oak (Gr evi l lea r obusta)

t ypes wer e cons i der ed commer ci al t ypes in t he ini t i al f or est

surv ey .

1 Sawt imber in t h ese st ands amount s t o about 1 6 mi l l ionboar d f e et . Near ly acr es of commer cial f or est land hawanoncommer ci al f or est or brush cov er

1

The smal l acr eage of plant ed f or est s of int roduced speci es

on t he Is land of Kauai ho l ds mor e v olume of sawt imber t han do

t he nat iv e f or e st s . Pl ant at ion yi e l ds per acr e ar e much gr eat er

and t imber i s gener al ly of h igher qua l i t y t han nat iv e t imberThese f or e st plant ings wer e s t ar t ed mor e t han 50 year s ago ,

pr incipal ly t o dev e l op a supply of fue lwood and f ence post s f or

sugar plant at ions and r anches . In t h e lat e l 9 3o's and ear ly

1 940 's , plant ings wer e acce l er at ed by t h e St at e Div i sion of For

est ry t o dev e lop a t imber supply for t he fut ur e

2A sma l l ac r eage o f plan t ed koa fo re s t i s inc luded in th e ov e r -a l l ac r eage

o f na t i v e fo r e s t type because o f t h e di f f icu l t y o f d i f fe ren t ia t ion . In

gene ra l , th e plan t ed koa fo r e s t ha s no t de v e loped in t o good t imbe r s t ands .

Sawtimber stands

Seedhng ,saphng, and

poletimber stands

Noncommercial stands

Ames C) IOOO ISOO 2 0 0 0

Commercial eucalyptus Commercial conifers

Other conwnemnal hardwoods Nonconunennal types

Fi gu r e 3 .-Acr e age o f comme r ci a l and noncomme r c i a l plan ta t i on s tands ,

by s tand-s i z e cl a s s and fb r e s t type , I s l and o f Kaua i ,1 96 5 .

Al t hough t h e t ot a l vo lume i s only about 2 7 mi l l i on boar df ee t , t he pl ant at i on t imber i s most ly acce ss ib l e and has a

gr eat e r pot ent i al f or indust r i a l use t han t he nat iv e t imber .

Ther e f or e ,in 1 9 65 we made a st and - by

- s t and inv ent ory t o obt ain

inf ormat i on on t he plant at i on acr eage and t imber vo lume ,qual i ty

and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z e s dat a compi l ed f or each

pl ant at ion s t and .

Fo r e s t P l ant at i ons

Thn be r Resource s

For es t plant at ions on t he Is land of Kauai ar e d i s t r ibut edch i e f ly on t he east ern , sout h eas t ern ,

and west ern por t ions of

t he i s land ( see map and t ab l es 1 0 and 1 1} In t h e eas t and

sout h eas t ,mos t plant at i ons ar e l ocat ed 1 t o 6 mi l e s inland at

e l evat i ons f r om 500 f e e t t o f e e t . In t he west , pl ant ings

ar e f r om 3 t o 8 mi l e s inl and and f r om t o f e e t in

e l evat i on . Th e f ast er gr owing and h igher v o lume -

pr oducingst ands genera l ly l i e in t h e h i gher r ainf a l l ar eas

Ear l i er plant ings ,be for e t h e Civ i l i an Conservat ion Corps

pr ogr ams of t he lat e 3o's ,

wer e in gul l i es and ar eas bor der ingcr oplands wh er e sugar and pineappl e cou l d not be gr own . Agr i

cul t ur a l r oads make t he se s t ands access ib l e . The CCC pr ogr am,

wi t h i t s l ar ge labor f or ce and s l i gh t ly d i f f er ent ob j ect iv e s ,

concent r at ed on plant ing t h e s t e eper s lopes and rugged mount ain r i dges . Acce ss t hen was mos t ly by f oot and hor se t rai l s .

Th ese ar eas now ar e not f ar f r om good acce ss r oads or j e ept r ai l s .

A reaCommer ci al f or es t plant at i ons

3on t h e Is land of Kauai t ot al

mor e t han acr es in st ands f r om 2 t o 6 8 acr es in s i z e

( t ab l es 1 - 4; f i g . About acr e s of t h ese pl ant at ions

ar e sawt imber s t ands . Anot her acr e s ar e r ecent ly plant e d

3Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Appendix .

wi t h h i gher yi e l ds . Pr i vat e owner sh ip t ot a l s 48 per cent , or

a lmos t 1 3 mi l l i on boar d f e e t ,of t he sawt imbe r vo lume ; t h e St at e

owns 39 per cent or 1 0 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Hawai i an Homes

owns a lmos t 3 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Ne ar ly 1 mi l l i on boar d f e e t

ar e in count y and muni cipal owner sh ip

Age of Stands

On ly about 5 50 acr e s of t he commer ci a l plant at i on t imber

st ands ar e mor e t han 40 year s o ld ( t ab l e Pr act i ca l ly a l l of

t he o lde r st ands ar e in t he sout h eas t par t of t he Is land . St andspl ant ed f r om 1 9 26 t o 1 945 t ot a l mor e t han acr e s . Much of

t h i s acr eage was pl ant ed be t we en 1 93 5 and 1 94 1 by t h e Civ i l i an

Conser v at i on Corps . Since 1 94 5 near ly acr es of commer

ci al plant at i ons hav e be en es t ab l i she d . By f ar t h e gr eat e r

par t of t he se r ecent plant ings has been done by t he St at e Div i

s ion of For e s t ry in t he Koke e Re f or e st at i on Plant ings .

Stand Y ie ldsThe av er age yi e l d of sawt imber in plant ed sawt imber s t and s

on Kauai i s j ust ov er boar d f e e t per acr e . But yi e l dsvary gr eat ly wi t h st and age , speci es , s i t e

,h i st ory and cond i

t i on of s t and , and ot h er f act or s . In gene r a l ,t he vo lume s in

t he be t t er r obust a euca lypt us and sa l i gna euca lypt us st andsmor e t han 3 5 year s o ld r ange f r om t o boar d f e e t

per acr e . Most ot he r har dwood speci e s hav e l ower yi e l ds . The

h i ghe s t st and av er age ne t v o lume measur ed was boar d f e e t

per acr e in a Nor f olk- l s land —

pine s t and

Timb e r QualityJ udged by log gr ade s ,

Mo lucca a lbi z z i a i s cons i der ed t o be

of be t t er qual i t y t han ot h er speci es ( t ab l e 59 per cent of

i t s sawt imber vo lume i s in gr ades 1 and 2 f act ory lumbe r logs .

Sa l i gna , gener a l ly one of t h e euca lypt us Speci es wi t h h igh er

log gr ade s ,has 5 3 pe r cent of t he vo lume in gr ades 1 and 2

Only 3 3 per cent of t he r obust a euca lypt us i s in gr ade 1 and 2

logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log-gr ade

d.

Op po r tuni t y for Ind ust r i a l Deve l opmentFor est s ar e a maj or f eat ur e of t h e Is land of Kauai . Near ly

t wo - t h ir ds of t h e l and , or about acr es , suppor t s some

kind of f or e st growt h f+ A large par t of t h i s i s noncommer ci a l

f or e st l and, but some acr e s ar e comme r ci a l f or es t l and

t hat can pr oduce cr ops of t imberMost of t he nat iv e f or e s t s ar e of par t icu l ar ly poor qual i t y ,

of t en j us t brush . Thus,t he se poor ly s t ocked or nonst ocked na

t ive f or e st s yi e l d only sma l l amount s of mer chant ab l e t imber

The t ot al vo lume of sawt imber in near ly acr e s of nat iv e

for est s amount s t o only 1 6 mi l l i on boar d f ee t

4Ne l son and Wh e e l e r . Op . ci t .

Al t hough cont inued sma l l har v e s t ing of f ence pos t s ,fue lwood ,

and mi sce l l aneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or e s t s i s l i ke ly ,l i t t l e

acr eage o f t he nat i v e st ands of f er pr ospect s f or sawt imberhar v es t

Plant ed f or e s t s of f er much be t t er pr ospect s . In cont r ast t o

t he nat iv e f or e s t s ,t hey hav e gr own r api d ly and now yi e l d h i gh er

pe r- acr e v o lume s of t imbe r . In t h e s l i gh t ly mor e t han

acr e s of pl ant ed f or e s t s now gr own t o sawt imber s i z e ,t he v o l

ume t ot a l s near ly 2 7 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of sawt imber . Most

of t h e f or e s t at i on t hat pr oduce d t h i s new t imber r e sour ce was

not done t o gr ow sawt imbe r . Ins t ead,t r e e s we r e plant ed t o

cont r o l e r os i on,impr ov e wat e r sh ed cov e r

,and pr ov i de fue lwood .

The r e f or e , speci e s pl ant ed we r e not nece ssar i ly se l ect e d on t h e

bas i s of wood qua l i t y , but on t h e bas i s of adapt abi l i t y and

r api d gr owt h . Euca lyptus r obus t a — a good sawt imbe r speci es

was h i gh ly f av or ed . And so wer e sev er a l speci e s t hat now of f er

l i t t l e or no pot ent i a l for sawt imbe r , such as i r onwoods (Casu

ar ina spp . ) and pape r— bark (Me la leuca leucadendr on )

The succe ss of some of t he se ear ly plant ings demons t r at e st hat t imber pr oduct i on pot ent i a l s ar e f ar gr ea t er t han mi gh t be

inf er r ed f r om t he dat a on pr esent t ot a l sawt imber vo lumes on

t h i s Is land . We know t hat many v a luab l e exot ic t imber speci es

ar e adapt ed t o t h e d i f f er ent f or e st si t es . T imber yi e l ds can

be pr od i gious . Und er management ,an av e r age annual sawt imber

gr owt h r at e of boar d f ee t per acr e can be expect ed f r om

we l l — s t ocked f or e s t s on good s i t e s

Al t hough i t s pot ent i a l i s l imi t ed,

a sma l l sawmi l l ing indust ry conce ivab ly cou l d be based on t he pr es ent t imber r esour ce

Such an indus t ry wou ld depend on t he dev e l opment of marke t s f or

t he smal l vo lume s of speci a l i z ed product s f or wh ich t he t imberi s use fu l . And i t cou l d only Oper at e on a sma l l sca l e or f or a

v ery f ew year s .

The r e i s ,howev er , a pot ent ia l t o dev e lop a much l ar ger t im~

be r r e sour ce,an ampl e base f or a s i gni f i cant lar ge loca l mi l

l ing indus t ry . I f only 20 pe r cent of t he acr es of pr es

ent ly l i t t l e — use d and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e s t l and we r e

plant ed t o int r oduced speci es and managed ,t imber pr oduct i on

wou ld amount t o mor e t han 25 mi l l i on boar d f e e t annua l ly in

about 3 0 year s .

Recent f or est at i on e f f or t s by t he St at e and t o a much sma l l e r

ext ent by some pr iv at e landowner s ar e t rying t o capi t a l i z e on

t h i s pot ent ia l . Speci e s ar e be ing se l ect ed wi t h cons i der at i onf or wood qua l i t i es and adapt abi l i t y t o speci f ic s i t e s . Pl ant

ings ar e mad e in l ar ge b locks on lands wh er e nat iv e f or es t s ar e

of par t i cu l ar ly poor qua l i t y

Since 1 9 60,

about acr e s of land on Kauai hav e be en r e

f or e st ed by t he St at e Div i s i on of For es t ry . Th i s r e f or e st at ion

e f f or t i s be ing cont inued and shoul d be expande d t o br ing a much

gr eat e r f or e st ar ea under management . The amount of r e f or e st a

t i on accompl i sh ed dur ing t he next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t e rmine in

l ar ge par t t he amount of har v es t ab l e t imber t hat migh t be ava i l

ab l e 30 t o 40 year s f r om now as a base f or an economi c indust ry .

Recr e at i on Hab i tat and Wate r she d P r otect i on

For e s t pl ant at i ons pr ov i de v a lue s be s i des t imber . In f act,

t he i r va lue for wat er sh ed pr ot ect i on and f or r ecr eat ion use mayexce ed t he v a lue of t imbe r harv e s t s . Pl ant ed f or e st s of int r o

duced t r e e s now pr ov i de t h e mos t at t r act iv e and heav i ly usedf or es t r ecr e at i on s i t es on t he Is land . Plant at ions e st ab l i sh edf or wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er os i on cont r o l hav e gr eat va lue in

impr ov ing e s t he t i c va lue s ,oh - s i t e and f r om a di s t ance . Plant ed

f or e s t s can a l so pr ov i de impr ov ed wi l d l i f e habi t at . Chr i stmast r e e s can be pr oduce d in much gr eat er number s f or loca l use or

expor t .

The se mu l t ipl e bene f i t s of pl ant ed f or e s t s accrue cont inuous

ly year af t er year . In add i t i on , per i od i c har v e st s of t imber

can be made wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om t he se r ecr e at ion and wat er

sh ed v alue s . Pub l i c l and manager s and pr iv at e owne r s ,t oo

,

shou l d t ake s t eps t o dev e l op a l l t he pot ent i a l bene f i t s l at ent

in t he se l ands by impr ov ing t he f or e st s f or t imber product i on ,

r ecr e at i on use ,wat er sh e d pr ot ect i on , and wi l d l i f e habi t at . It

has be en amply demons t r at e d on a sma l l sca l e in t h e exi s t ing

plant at i ons t hat r e f or est at i on can enhance a l l t hese v a lues

Ap p end i x

De finitions

Comme r cial and Noncomme r cia l

For es t land : Land at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocke d by f or e st

t r e e s of any s i z e ,or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not

cur r ent ly dev e loped f or ot h er use ; and land suppor t ing shrubs ,

t h e cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 pe r cent of t h e gr ound .

Commer cia l for e s t land : For e s t l and t hat i s pr oducing or

can pr oduce cr ops of indus t r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imbe r use

Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive — r eser ved f or

e s t l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or ad

mini st r at iv e r egu l at i on ,and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or e st land

incapab l e of yi e l d ing cr ops of indus t r i al wood be cause of

adv er se s i t e cond i t i ons

For es t plant at ion : Pl ant ed f or es t s in wh i ch at l eas t 1 0 per

cent of t h e gr owing space i s occupi e d by pl ant ed t r e es (exot icSpe ci e s in t h i s r epor t ) , r egar d l e ss of nat iv e speci es pr edominance

Commer cia l for es t plant a t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci e s on commer ci al f or e st l and

1 0

Noncommer cia l for es t plant a t ion : A plant at ion of noncom

me r ci a l t r e e speci e s or of comme r cia l t r e e speci e s plant

ed oh noncommer ci a l f or es t land

Commer cia l t r e e speci e s : Tr e e Speci e s sui t ab l e f or indus t r ia l wood pr oduct s . Speci e s sui t ed on ly f or fue lwood or f ence

post s ar e exc lude d . Th e f o l lowing wer e t a l l i e d on plot s

Sci ent if ic Name Common Name

Acacia koa koa

Acacia me lanoxylon b l ackwood acaci a

Albi z ia fa lca t a (A. Mo lucca a lb i z z i a

mo luccana )Ar aucar ia cunninghami i

Araucar ia exce lsa

Cryptomer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus ci t r i odora

Euca lyptus micr ocorysEuca lyptus panicula ta

Euca lypt us pi lu lar i s

Euca lyptus r es inif eraEuca lyptus r obus ta

Euca lypt us sa ligna

Euca lyptus sider oxylon

Euca lypt us Spp .

Fr axinus uhde i

Gr ev i l lea r obus ta

Mangif er a indica

Me t r os ider os co l lina (M.

polymorpha )Sequoia semper vir ens r e dwoodSwi e t enia mahagoni We s t Ind i e s mahoganysyncarpia g lomulifer a (S . t urpent ine

— t r e e

laur i f o l ia )Tr i s tania conf er t a brushbox

Noncommer cia l t r e e speci e s : Tr e e speci es not now cons i der edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s . Th e f o l l owing wer e t a l l i edon pl ot s :

Sci ent if ic Name

Aleur i t es moluccana

Casuar ina spp .

Euca lyptus sp .

Eugenia cumini

Hibi scus t i liaceus

Me la leuca leucadendr on

Me lia az edar ach

Me lochia indica

Myr s ine spp .

hoop—

pine

Nor f o lk - Is land -

pine

sugi

l emon euca lypt us

t a l l owwood euca lypt us

gr ay i r onbar k euca lypt us

b lackbut t euca lypt us

kinogum euca lypt us

r obust a euca lypt us

sa l igna euca lypt us

r ed — i r onbar k euca lypt us

uni dent i f i ed euca lypt us

t r opi ca l ash

S i lk — oak

mango

oh ia

Common Name

kuku i (cand l enut — t r e e )i r onwoodsuni dent i f i ed euca lypt us

J ava -

plum

hau

pape r- bar k

pr i de -of — Ind i ame l och i ako l ea

Hardwoods : Di cot yl e donous t r ee s; usua l ly broad l eav ed

Sof twoods : Coni f er ous t r e e s; usua l ly ev er gr e en; hav ing

ne e d l e or sca l e — l i ke l e av es

For es t types : For e s t s wh i ch ar e pr edominant ly of '

a s ingl e

speci e s and in wh i ch no ot her speci e s makes up 25 per cent or

mor e of t he s t and,

ar e de si gnat ed by t he s ing l e speci e s such as

r obust a‘

eucalypt us t ype ,oh ia t ype , or t r opi ca l ash t ype . Ot her

wi se t hey ar e de si gnat e d :

commercia l euca lypt us type : Pl ant e d st ands pr edominant lyof euca lypt us speci es ,

in wh ich ot h er har dwoods or coni

f e r s compr i se l e ss t han 25 per cent of t he st and

commer cia l har dwood type : Plant e d s t ands pr e dominant lyof har dwoods ot h er t han t he euca lypt s in whi ch coni f e r s or

euca lypt s compr i se l e ss t han 25 pe r cent of t h e s t and

Commer cia l conif er type : Plant ed f or e st s pr e dominant ly of

coni f er s ( e . g . Nor fo lk- Is l and —

pine ,sugi , pine s ,

and r ed

wood ) in wh ich euca lypt s or ot he r har dwoods compr i se l ess

t han 25 per cent of t he s t and

Clas s of T imbe r

Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r e e s of good form and v i gor and of

Speci es sui t ed f or indust r i a l wood (commer ci a l Speci es )

Sawt imber t r e es : Liv e t r e es of commer ci al speci e s of at

l eas t inches d i ame t er br east he i gh t wh i ch cont ain a

but t ha l f — l og or a l og wh i ch me e t s t he speci f i cat i ons of

S t andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .

Po le t imber t r ees : Li v e t r e es of commer cia l Speci es

be t we en and inch es hav ing soundness and

f orm nece ssary t o dev e lop int o sawt imbe r t r e es

saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r e e s of comme r ci a l speci es

be t we en and inche s d . b . b . and l e ss t han 1 inch ,

r e spe ct i v e ly ,wh i ch Show pr omi se of becoming sawt imber

t r e e s .

Sound cu l l t r e es : Li v e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch

do not qua l i f y as gr owing s t ock because of Speci e s (noncommer

ci a l speci e s ) , poor f orm, or exce ss i v e l imbs

Rot t en cul l t r e es : Li v e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . b . or lar ger wh i ch

ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cu l l because of excess iv e r ot .

Mer chant able sawt imber : Wood in t r e e s de f ined as sawt imber

t r e es

1 2

wi l l yi e l d . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h i gh es t qua l i t y , gr ade 2 int er

med ia t e ,and gr ade 3 t he lowe s t qual i t y of S t andar d har dwood

f act ory lumber logs .

1 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i e s and

t imber s

Timber qua li ty : Based on log gr ade s un l es s s t at ed ot h erwi se .

Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as dens i t y ,s t r engt h , co lor , and

Shr inkage ,ar e a l so me asur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er

,t hese ar e

usua l ly inher ent in a Spe ci e s .

I nv e nto ry P roce dure

Ar ea and vo lume s t at i s t i cs pr e sent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de

v e 1 0ped plant at i on s t and by plant a t i on s t and . Fi r st ,ind iv i d

ua l f or e s t pl ant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e we r e i dent i f i e d and

de l ineat ed on ae r i a l phot ogr aphs t hrough s t er eoscopi c st udyEach plant at ion was giv en a s t and number and class i f i e d as t o

t ype and st and — s i z e gr oup . Th e ar e a o f each pl ant at i on was

measur ed f rom t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e

de t ermined f r ommaps and ot her r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat i on of

each plant at i on a l l owe d f or cor r ect ing de l ineat i ons ,cl ass i f i ca

t ions ,and acr eage s .

Next ,t imbe r - v o lume pl ot s we r e locat e d on t h e gr ound in each

comme r ci a l f or es t pl ant at i on of 5 acr e s and l ar ger hav ing saw

t imber t r e es . The sampl e plot locat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r an

dom f r om a gr i d o f po int s ov e r l ai d on t h e aer ia l phot ogr aph .

Two or mor e sampl e l ocat ions ,depend ing on s t and acr eage and

var i abi l i t y ,we r e se l ect e d in each S t and . At each locat i on ,

t r e e measur ement s we r e mad e f r om wh i ch t imber vo lume and qua l i t ycoul d be comput ed and expand ed . De t ai l e d measur ement s wer e

made on a”main”pl ot at each locat i on

,suppl ement ed by add i

t i ona l but l ess d e t a i l ed dat a on t wo”sat e l l i t e “ plot s . Al l

pl ot s we r e v ar i ab l e plo t s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20

Fina l ly ,t h e dat a wer e pr oce ssed t h r ough a speci a l ly pr e

par e d comput er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s we r e conv er t ed t o

meaningful v o lume uni t s on a per- acr e bas i s

,av er aged f or t h e

pl ot s in a s t and,

and expande d f or t he acr eage of t he st andThe comput er out put cons i s t e d o f t abu l ar dat a f or each s t andand summar i e s of st and dat a by f or es t r es er v e s . Vo lume t r i cdat a f or st ands 2 t o 4 acr e s in s i z e wer e ext r apo l at ed f r omcl ose ly s imi lar measur e d s t ands and add e d t o t he comput er pr o

cessed dat aThe accur acy goal f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 20 pe r cent per 5

mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a s t and ,at t he l ev e l of

one st andar d er r or . The r e l i abi l i t y of es t imat es f or each

for e s t r e se r v e ,bas ed on measur e d st ands only , ar e shown be low .

1U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo r a t o ry . Ha rdwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda r d l umbe r

p r opo sa l s and r esu l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Repo r t 173 7 ,

1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .

1 4

Two chances out of t hr e e t h e e st imat ed v o lume doe s not v ary

f r om t he act ua l by gr eat e r t han t h e sampl ing e r r or ind i cat ed .

For es t Reser ve Tota l voZume sampling er r or

(M bd . f t . ) (per cent )

Puu Ka Pe l e Par k

Koke e Park

Waime a Canyon Par k

Out s i de For es t Reser v e

Tab les

«mo

a

n

N

mm

2mm

am

a

mN

o

w

mam

a

mmm

NN

mo

Nmm

swi

m

mmm

cm

omm

o

wN

wmmm

o

m

NN

“N

oo

H

o

w

wn

w

mm

mm

qm

omm

wN

N

ow

m

m

1 6

St and- s i z e cla ss Hawa i i an Ot he r

Acr e s

Comme r ci a l type s

Sawt imbe r s t ands



Ot h e r eucalypt s

Si lk-oak

Mo lucca a lb i z z i a

Ot h e r h ar dwoods

Coni f e r s

To t a l

Po l e t imbe r s t ands


Sa l i gna e uca lypt us

Ot h e r euca lypt s

Si lk- oak


Ot h e r h ar dwoods

Coni f e r s

To t a l

Se edl ing sapl ing s t ands

Sa l i gna euca l ypt u s


Ot h er h ar dwoods

Coni f e r s

To t a l

To t a l comme r c i a l

Noncomme r ci a l type s

Euca lypt us spp .

Casuar ina spp .

Pape r-bar k

To t a l noncomme r c i a l

To t a l for e s t pl ant at i on

1 8

Tab l e 5 .-Vo lume o f gr owing s t ock and sawt imbe r

2by spe c i e s ,

in pl an t e d sawt imbe r s t and s,I s l and o f Kaua i

,1 965

B l ackbu t t euca lypt u s

B l ackwood acaci a

Br u shbox

Euca lypt u s spp .

G r ay i r onbar k euca lypt u s

Hoop pine

Kinogum euca lypt u s

Lemon euca lypt us

We s t Indi e s mah ogany


Nor f o lk- I s l and-pine

Oh i a

Red - i r onbar k euca lypt u s

Re dwood



Si lk- oak

Sugi

Ta l lowwood euca lypt u s

Tr opi ca l ash

Tur pen t ine - t r e e

To t a l

Tabl e 1 0 , con t inued

FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 957

Tot al s t and

Robus t a eucal ypt us

Robus t a eucalypt usl l l l

Si lk- oak

Gr ay i r onbarkl l H

Mixed euca l ypt us

Si lk- oakN

Gr ay i r onbark

Tal lowwood eucal ypt us

Mixed eucal ypt us


Ir onwoodH


Molucca alb i z z ia

Mo lucca alb i z z i a

Brushbox

Nor f ol k — I s l and -pinePape r

-bank'

Molucca a lb i z z ia

See f oot not es at end of Tab le .

26

Tab l e 1 0 , cont inued


Nor f o lk— I s l and -pine

Molucca alb i z z i a

Nor f o l k- I s l and -pine

Pape r-bark

Robus t a euca l ypt us

Nor f olk- I s l and -pine

II N

Robus t a zeucal ypt us

Pape r-bark

Hoop-pine

Mixed euca l ypt us


Robus t a eucal ypt usH H


Pape r-bark


Brushbox

Robus t a eucal ypt usl l H

Robus t a eucal ypt usl l l l

Nor f olk- I s l and -pineRobus t a eucal ypt us

Nor f olk- I s l and-pine

Robus t a eucal ypt usl l H

Paper-bark

Nor f olk- I sl and -pine

B rushbox

Nor f olk- I s l and -pine

Paper-bark

l l

Turpen t ine — t r e e

b e foot not e s at end of Tab l e .

To t a l s t and

Tabl e 1 0 , con t inued

2 1 26

FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1 95 7

Pape r-bark

I r onwoodNor f o l k- I s l and -pine

I !

Brushbox

Pape r-bark

Robus t a euca l ypt usH H

Mixed euca lypt us

Robus t a eucal ypt usH H

Mix ed eucal ypt us



Robus t a euca lypt usl l I !

I r onwood

See foot not es at end of Tab l e .

To t al s t and

Thousandboar d f e e t

Tabl e 1 0 ,cont inued



Mo lucca a l b i z z i a

Mixed euca l ypt us

Brushbox

I r onwood

Red - i r onbark euca l ypt us

Sa l igna eucal ypt us

S i l k- oakl l

Red- i ronbark eucal ypt us

I r onwood


Pape r- bar k


I r onwood

Robus t a euca lypt usH 1 1

Mix ed eucal ypt us

B lackwood acaci a

See foot not es at end of Tab l e .

1 1 2

1 39

1 39

2 33

1 1 1

1 1 2

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

To t a l s t and

Tab l e 1 0 ,cont inued


To t a l s t and

Robu s t a eucal ypt usI ! H


Sug i

Robus t a eucal ypt usI I N

Nor f o l k - I s l and -

pine

Mix ed spec i e s


Robus t a eucal ypt us 1 1 2

Gr ay i r onbark euca l ypt us 1 1 2

Robus t a eucal ypt us 1 1 2

Mo lucca alb i z z i a 1 1 2

Si lk—oak 1 1 2


Brushbox 1 1 2

Ir onwood 1 39

Eucal ypt us spe ci e s 1 39

Robus t a eucal ypt us 14 1

I r onwood



I r onwoodi l

Turpent ine - t r e e


Mol ucca alb i z z i a

Robust a eucal ypt usl l H

See foot not es at end of Tab le .

3 1

Tab l e 1 0,

con t inued


To t a l s t and

Th ousandboar d f e e t

Robus t a euca l ypt u s 1 1 2

Pape r— bark 2 36

1 1 2


Euca l ypt us spec i e s 1 1 2

Turpen t ine - t r e e

Sal i gna eucal ypt us

Brushbox

To t a l For e s t Pl an t a t i on

Kokes ar ea°


Mixed eucalypt us

Pines

Pines

Tot a l Koke e

Tot al Kal epa

See f oot not es at end of Tab l e .

23

Tab l e 1 1 .- Ident i t y of ind iv i dual pl an t a t ion s t ands in t h e

gr oups shown on t h e map"For e s t Pl a

pt at i ons on

t h e I s l and of Kaua i - 1 9 65W

Ind iv i dual s t and no . Indiv i dua l s t and no .

1 2054 - 75 , 9 2-94 , 9 7 ,

2 1 00 ,72 4 2L 2 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 2

,2220 - 2 1

77 ,2 205 -0 6 , 45

-48 2 2 2 2 22 - 2 7

2 2088 -89 2 3 2 1 63 -65 , 80 - 86 ,22 28 - 30

3 2077 - 8 1 , 85 -8 7 , 9 5- 9 6 , 9 8 - 9 9 , 24 2 1 78 - 79

2 1 0 1 , 04 -05 ,2 238 , 44 25 2 1 75 - 76

4 2 1 0 2 -0 3 ,2 2 35 - 37

5 2 1 0 7- 1 0 ,2 2 39 26 2 1 74

2 7 2 1 6 1 - 62

6 209 1 28 2 1 32 - 33 , 58 , 60 , 7 1 ,2 240

7 2 1 1 3 - 14 , 4 1 29 2052 - 53 , 90 ,2 242 -4 3 , 56

8 2 1 9 7 30 20 28 - 29 ,2 2 1 0 ,

1 3 - 1 9 , 52

9 2 1 06

1 0 2 1 1 7- 1 9 ,2 1 - 26 3 1 20 33 - 36 ,

2207 -09 , 1 1 - 1 2 , 50 - 51

32 2030 - 32

1 1 20 76 ,2 1 1 5 - 1 6 , 55 ,

2 254 33 2008 - 1 2

1 2 2 146 - 50 ,220 1 , 53 34 2001 - 0 2 , 06 - 07 ,

2 1 90 , 94

1 3 2 1 98 -99 ,2200 , 02 35 2003 ,

1 3 ,2 1 20

14 2082 , 84 ,2 1 5 1 -54 , 70

1 5 2 1 38 -40 , 4 2 -4 5 36 20 14 - 1 8

3 7 2022 ,2 1 9 2

1 6 2 1 34 - 3 7 , 66 - 69 38 2004 -05 ,2 3 ,

2 1 9 3

1 7 2 1 89 39 20 1 9 - 2 1 ,24 - 2 7 , 3 7-4 1 ,

2 1 9 1 ,

1 8 2 233 - 34 9 5 -9 6 ,2255

1 9 208 3 ,2 1 8 7 - 88 ,

2 24 1 , 57-62 40 2042 - 51 ,2 249

20 2 203 -04 , 31 - 3 2

1 / Unnumbe r ed s t ands on t h e map ar e i den t i f i ed by symbo l s as

f o l l ows °

KORP -Roke e r e f or e s t a t i on pl ant ing ,1 9 57 - 65 ; incl ude s se edl ing ,

sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r .

KARP - Kal epa r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; incl ude s se edl ing ,

sapl ing , and pol e t imbe r

LKRP -Li hue - Kol oa r e f or e s t at ion pl ant ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; includes

s e edl ing ,sapl ing ,

and po l e t imber .

MRP -Mol oaa r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 9 57- 65 ; include s se edl ing ,

sapl ing ,and po l e t imb e r

Se e t ab l e 1 0 .

Forewor d

Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed t imber on t he

maj or i s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s f or t h e i s landsof Hawai i ( 1 965 ) and Kauai ( 1 96 7 ) hav e been pub l i shed . Summar i z ed her e ar e t h e r e su l t s of an inv ent ory of t imber in pl ant edf or est s on t h e i s l and of Lana i . Th i s inv ent ory suppl ement s t he

ini t i a l For est Surv ey of t h e St at e compl e t ed in 1 96 3 . That sur ~

v ey ind i cat ed t h e impor t ance of plant ed f or est s as a t imberr esour ce but pr ov i ded no de t ai l s . Th i s bul l et in r epor t s

°

(a )locat i on and acr eage of each plant e d st and

, (b ) speci es compo

s i t i on and age , (c ) t imbe r vo lume and qua l i t y , and (d ) owner

sh ip of plant e d t imberThe st udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t he Div i s ion of

For e s t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur al Resour ces ,

and

t he Paci f i c Sout hwe st For e s t and Range Expe r iment St at ion , For

est Serv i ce ,U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . It was conduct ed

under t he d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,in char ge of t he St a

t i on 's f or es t ry r e sear ch in Hawai i . Nobuo Honda ,

f or es t er ,

Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry ,he lped dev e lop plans f or t he plan

t at i on inv ent ory and superv i se d t h e f i e ld work

Many ind iv i dua l s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he surv ey

Specia l acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e l d cr ew : For es t er Wes l eyWong , J r .

,of t he Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry , assi st ed by

Wi l l i am Kwon of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of Fi sh and Game

E . M. Hornibr ook ,r e t i r e d ,

f ormer ly in char ge of For es t Sur

v ey at t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on , and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,

former ly for est eco logi st , Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry ,ai d ed

in dev e loping pl ans f or t he st udyRober t M. Mi l l er

,sys t ems ana lys t ,

Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on ,

dev e l oped speci f i cat ions for pr oce ss ing t h e dat a by e l ect r oni c

comput er s . The Comput ing Cent er at t he Univ er s i t y of Hawai i

pr ocessed t h e dat aGener ous cooper at i on in t he survey was pr ov i ded by Fl oyd M

Coss i t t , act ing-

St a t e f or es t er (r e t i r ed ) ,Max F . Landgr af ,

St at e For e st er (r e t i r e d ) , and Kar l H. Kor t e,di s t r ict f or est er ,

and per sonne l of Dol e Pineappl e Company .

COVER PHOTO : Th i s B l ackbu t t Euca lyp tus s tand y i e lds abou tbo a r d f e e t p e r acr e - th e h i gh e s t vo lume pe r acr e on

th e I s l and o f Lanai .

OXFORD : RETRIEVAL TERMS : p l an t ed fo r e s t s ; t imbe r in

Fo r e s t Su rv ey ; p l an t a t ions ; Lana i ; Hawa i i .

Int r oduct i on .

Plant at i on Timber Resour ce .

Ar ea

Timber Vo lume .

Age of St ands .

St and Yi e l ds

Timber Qua l i t y

Va lues of For est Dev e lopment .

Appendix

De f ini t ions .

Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e .

Tab l e s 1 6

Th e Au tho r s

WESLEY H . C . WONG , JR. , a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i sbach e lo r

’

s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry f rom Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y in196 4 . He j o ined t h e Hawa i i Di v i s i on o f Fo r e s t ry in Au gu s t 1 964and h as be en p r ima r i ly r e spons ib le fo r ga th e r ing f i e ld da t a fo rth e fo r e s t inv en t o ry . NOBUO HONDA,

a na t i v e o f Kona , Hawa i i ,

r ece i v ed h i s bach e lo r’

s de gr e e in fo r e s t ry f r om Humbo ld t S t a t eCo l l e ge in 1 96 0 . As t imbe r su r v ey fo r e s t e r fo r th e Hawa i i Di vi s i on o f Fo r e s t ry s ince Apr i l 1 9 6 0 , h e ha s be en a ss i gne d p r ima ri ly t o t h e fo r e s t inv en t o ry o f t h e St a t e . ROBERT E . NELSON ha sbe en in cha rge o f th e S t a t ion

’

s fo r e s t ry r e s e a rch in Hawa i i , wi th

h e adqua r t e r s in Hono lu lu s ince 1 9 57 . He j o in ed th e Fo r e s t Se rvi ce in 1 94 1 , a f t e r e a rn ing a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t th e Un i v e r s i t yo f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f t h e Ca l i fo rn i a

S t a t e Coope r a t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t ion Su rv ey in 1 949 .

Th e f i r st for est inv ent ory in Hawai i showed t hat about 3 0

per cent of t he Is land of Lanai acr e s - i s f or est land 1

( f i g . But most of t h i s amount - some acr e s - i s non

commer ci al f or es t l and mainly in t h e lowe r,dry ar eas wh er e

ki awe (Prosopi s paZZida ) and ot h er brushy f b r es t t ypes pr edomin

at e . Only about acr e s ar e cons i der ed commer ci a l for e st

land . They l i e on t he l pes of t h e cent r a l mount ain wh er e

soi l s and rainf a l l can suppor t t imber gr owt h . Th e nat iv e f or

est s do,not include sawt imber s t ands ,

2 but some of t h e plant edf or es t s hav e dev e loped int o exce l l ent t imbe r s t ands

No l and i s now in For e st Reserv e s t at us3

on Lanai . But f r om

1 94 1 t o 1 957, t h e cent r a l mount ain was a For es t Reserve

Tr e e pl ant ing was st ar t ed on Lanai mor e t han 40 year s ago byt he Lanai Company ,

Lt d . f or sev er a l purposes : windbr eaks , f ence

pos t s ,fue l

,and wat er she d impr ov ement . Th e lat t er was done

mainly t o pr ev ent e r osi on , induce r ainf a l l ,and moder at e run

of f . Al t hough t h e t ot a l acr eage of f or est pl ant ings i s sma l l ,

some of t he pl ant ed ar eas hav e dev e loped int o va luab l e f or est s

f or wat er sh ed pr ot ect i on , r ecr eat i on , game hab i t at,and wood

pr oduct s . We hav e made a s t and — by— st and invent ory t o obt ain

inf ormat i on about pl ant a t ion f or es t acr eage ,Speci e s ,

t imber

vo lume , and qua l i t y . Th i s r epor t summar i z e s dat a compi l ed f or

each plant at ion s t and .

P lantat ion T imbe r Resource

A rea

Most for est plant ing on t h e Is l and of Lanai has be en on t h e

sl opes of Lanai ha l e ( se e map) . Commer ci a l f or es t plant at i ons“

t ot al only about 400 acr es in s t ands 2 acr e s and l ar ger . Of t hE

amount,about 3 2 5 acr e s ar e sawt imber st ands ( t ab l e 70 acr es

ar e sapl ing and pol e— s i z e pine s t ands ,

and about 75 acr e s ar e non

commer ci a l pl ant at i onsEucalypt s make up mor e t han 8 0 pe r cent of t he ar ea of saw

t imber st ands ( t ab l e Th er e ar e some 1 5 0 acr es of r obust a

euca lypt us sawt imber s t ands ,f or t h i s Speci es was heav i ly f a

vor ed in ear ly pl ant ings . Ot h er har dwoods , such as molucca

a lb i z z i a,t r opi ca l ash , and Aus t r a l i an r edcedar , t oge t h er wi t h

Nor f o lk— Is land -

pine ,t ot al l e ss t han 20 per cent of t h e acr eage

of sawt imber st ands

1Ne l son , Robe r t E . and Wh e e l e r , Ph i l ip R. Fo r e s t Re sou r c e s o f Hawa i i, 1 9 6 1 .

Fo r e s t ry Di v . , Dep . Land and Na t . Re s . , S t a t e o f Hawa i i , in coope ra t i on

wi th th e Paci f i c SW. Fo r e s t and Ran ge Exp . St a . , Fb r e s t Se r v . , U. S . Dep .

Ag r . 48 pp . , i l lu s . 1 96 3 .

2Abou t 50 ac r e s o f na t i v e Acaci a ko a a r e p lan t ed on comme r c i a l fo r e s t land .

Th e t r e e s a r e b r anchy and poo r ly fo rmed . Many h av e de ad b ranch e s and ro t

t en t runks . Pl an t ed koa s t ands we r e no t mea su r ed i n t h i s i nv en t o ry .

3Pub l i c o r pr i v a t e l ands admin i s t e r ed by th e S t a t e fo r managemen t and p ro

t ec t i on o f wa t e r sh eds and o t h e r fo r e s t v a lu e s .

Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Append i x .

The plant ings of Mont er ey , lob lo l ly , and s lash pines est ab

lished in. t he lat e 1 9 50 's and ear ly l 96o'

s hav e f ormed sapl ing

and po l e- S i z e s t ands . Howev er ,

t h ese t r ees wer e plant ed at a

wi de spacing st r i ct ly f or wat er shed impr ov ement purpose s and

pr obab ly wi l l not dev e lop good sawt imber st ands

Timb er VolumeTh e plant ed f oresus on. Lanai cont ain mi l l i on boar d f e e t of

sawt imber ( t ab l e Near ly mi l l i on boar d f e et of t h i s vo l

ume cons i st s of euca lypt s; t he vo lume in r obust a euca lypt us

a lone amount s t o mi l l ion boar d f ee t . Mo lucca a lb i z z ia i s

t he only ot h er Speci e s of r e lat iv e ly lar ge v o lume - about one

hal f mi l l i on boar d f e e t . The combined vo lume in t r opica l ash,

t urpent ine— t r e e ,

Aust r al ian r edcedar , and Nor f o lk— Is land -

pine

amount s t o about one — quar t e r mi l l i on boar d f ee t . About 80 per

cent of t h e sawt imber vo lume i s in t r e es l e ss t han 1 9 inches

d . b . h . ( t ab l e Gener a l ly ,t h e t r e e s on Lanai ar e sma l l e r

t han t r e es on t he ot her i s l ands . Only a f ew st ands hav e t r e es

mor e t han 1 00 f e e t t al l

Th e t ot a l gr owing st ock vo lume in pl ant e d sawt imber st ands i s

only about cub ic f ee t . About 7 7 per cent of t h i s vo lume

i s in eucalypt us Speci e s—mor e t han ha l f i s r obust a eucalypt us

Po l e t imber and sapl ing st ands cont ain add i t i ona l gr owing st ock

vo lume , but t he se wer e not measur edWood in cu l l t r ee s in t he plant ed sawt imber st ands t ot al s

near ly cubic f ee t . Th e 75 acr e s of noncommer cia l plant a

t i ons a l so hol d a volume of wood in cu l l t r ees,but t hese i r on

wood , paper-bark

,and Mont er ey cypr ess s t ands wer e not measur ed .

Age of Stands

For es t at i on was st ar t ed l at er on Lana i t han on t h e ot h er

i s l ands . Mos t plant ings wer e done in t he 1 9 20 's and ear ly 1 9 30 '

s

( t ab l e Ther e f or e , near ly a l l t h e sawt imber st ands ar e l ess

t han 40 year s o ld . A sma l l r e f or e st at i on e f f or t was r e sumedin t he 1 9 50 '

s .

Stand Y ie ldsThe av er age yi e l d of sawt imber in plant ed sawt imber st ands on

Lanai i s j us t under boar d f e e t per acr e ( t ab l e But

yi e l ds d i f f er wi de ly by s t and age ,Speci es ,

S i t e , h i st ory and

cond i t i on of st and ,and ot h er f act or s . Th e h i gh est yi e l d was

measur ed in a 3 0 -

year- o ld plant at i on of b l ackbut t euca lypt us

Th i s 5 - acr e st and had a ne t av er age v o lume of boar d f eet

per acr e . Robust a eucalypt us s t ands av e r aged a lmostboar d f e et per acr e

Yi e l ds ar e lowe r on Lanai t han t he av e rage s for t h e Is landsof Kauai and Hawai i . Th i s cond i t i on i s pr obab ly due t o poor er

s i t es and younger age of s t ands on Lanai . Some of t h e Aus t r a

l i an r edcedar t r e es gr owing in we l l - dr aine d nar r ow va l l ey bot

t oms ar e , howev er , impr e ss iv e . Turpent ine — t r e e shows goodgr owt h . Tr opi ca l ash and r obust a gr owt h ar e not impr ess iv e

Ap pend ix

Definitions

For es t land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked by f or est

t r e es of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cover and not

cur r ent ly dev e l oped f or ot her use ; and l and suppor t ing shrubs,

t h e cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t he gr ound .

commer cia l fb r es t land : For e st l and t hat i s producing or

can produce crops of indust r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .

Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Product i ve — r eser ved for

est l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imbe r use t hr ough st at ut e or ad

mini s t r at iv e r egul at i on , and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or est landincapable of yi e l d ing cr ops of indust r ia l wood because of


For es t planta t ion : Plant e d f or e s t s in wh i ch at least 1 0 per

cent of gr owing Space i s occupi ed by pl ant e d speci es (usual lyexot ic ) , r egar d l ess of nat iv e Speci es pr edominance

Cbmmercia l for es t plant at ion : A pl ant at ion of commer cial

t r e e speci es on commer cia l for e st land

Noncommer cia l for e s t plant a t ion : A pl ant at i on of noncom

mer ci al t r e e Speci es or of commer cia l t r e e speci es plant e don noncommer ci a l f or est l and

Commer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r i alwood pr oduct s . Speci e s sui t e d only f or fue lwood or f ence post s

ar e excluded . The f o l l owing Speci es ar e in t h e pl ant ed st ands


Acacia koa

Albi z ia fa lca taAraucar ia exce lsa

Euca lyptus bot ryoides

Euca lyptus pi lular i s

Euca lyptus r obust a

Euca lyptus sa ligna

Euca lypt us sider oxylon

Euca lyptus spp .

Fr axinus uhdei

Gr evi l lea r obus ta

Pinus e l li ot t i i

Pinus r adiata

Pinus taeda

syncarpia g lomu lif eraToona ci lia t a v ar . aust ra li s

koa

Mo lucca albi z z ia

Nor f olk- Is land —

pine

bangalay eucalypt us


r obust a eucalypt us

sa l i gna euca lypt us

r ed — i r onbark eucalypt us

uni dent i f i e d euca lypt us

t r opi ca l ash

s i lk- oak

s lash pine

Mont er ey pine

lob l ol ly pine

t urpent ine- t r e e

Aust r a l i an r edcedar ( t oon)

Sound cul l t r e es : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or l arger wh ich

do not qua l i fy as gr owi ng st ock because o f Speci es (noncommer ci a lspeci es ) , poor f orm, or excess i v e l imbs

Rot t en cul l t r e e s : Liv e t r e e s 1 inch d . b . h . or l ar ge r wh i ch

ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cul l because of excess iv e r ot .

sawt imber : Wood in t r e es d e f i ned as sawt imber t r ees

V olumeI nt er na t iona l l / 4— inch ker f log r ule : A f ormu la ru l e f or

est imat ing t h e boar d - f oot v o lume of logs , by 4 — f oot log sect i ons ,

v equa l s

Sawt imber vo lume : The ne t vo lume of t h e sawlog por t i on of

sawt imbe r t r e es,in boar d f e e t

,Int ernat i ona l l / 4 - inch ru l e .

saw— log por t ion : That par t of t h e main bo l e of sawt imbert r e e s be t we en t he s t ump and t h e me r chant ab l e t op

Mer chant ab le t op : The point on t he bo l e abov e wh i ch a merchant ab l e sawlog cannot i be ob t ained ; i . e .

,t he point wh er e t he

main s t em d i v i de s int o l imbs or i s l e ss t han 8 inch e s d i amet erins i de bar k

Gr owing s t ock vo lume : Vo lume in cubi c f e e t of sound wood in

t h e bo l e of sawt imber and po l e t imber t r ee s f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d i ame t er ins i d e bar k of inche s , or t o t h e

point wh er e t h e main s t em d iv i de s int o l imbs

Al l t imber vo lume : Vo lume in cub i c f e e t of sound wood in t he

bo l e of gr owing st ock and cu l l t r e e s inche s d . b . h . or larger ,

f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d i ame t er ins i de bark of

inche s

Stand -S iz e C lassSawt imber s tands : St ands at l e as t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h

gr owing- s t ock t r e e s ,

ha l f or mor e in sawt imber and po l e t imbert r e e s

,and sawt imb er s t ocking at l eas t equa l t o po l e t imber

Fb le t imber s tands : St ands f ai l ing t o qua l i fy as sawt imber

but at l east 1 0 pe r cent s t ocke d wi t h gr owing s t ock t r e es ,at

l east hal f po l e t imber

sapli ng and seedling s tands : St ands not qua l i fying as saw

t imber or po l e t imber , but at l east 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h gr ow

ing s t ock .

Nons t ocked : Comme r ci a l f or e st l ands l e ss t h an 1 0 pe rcent

S t ocked wi t h gr owing s t ock t r e es

M isce llaneousDiame t er br ea s t he ight Tr e e d i ame t er in inches ,

out s i de bar k,measur e d at 4 f e e t abov e t h e gr ound f or norma l

t r e es ,and 1 8 inches abov e t h e s t i l t or swe l l f or abnorma l t r e e s .

I ndus t r ia l wood : Commer ci a l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw

logs , v ene er logs ,and pulpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e

exclude d

Log gr ades : A cl ass i f i cat i on o f logs based on ext e rna l char

act er i s t i cs as ind i cat or s of qua l i t y or v a lue . Gr ade 1 i s t h e

h igh est qua l i t y , gr ade 2 int ermed i a t e,and gr ade 3 t h e lowest

qua l i t y of s t andar d har dwood f act ory lumber l ogs .

6 Gr ade 4 logs

ar e sui t ab l e f or t i e s and t imber s

Timber qua li ty : Based on l og gr ade s unl ess s t at ed ot herwi se .

Char act er i st i cs of wood such as dens i t y ,s t r engt h ,

co lor , and

Shr inkage , ar e a l so measur es of qua l i t y . Howev er ,t hese ar e

usua l ly inher ent in a speci e s .

I nventory P rocedure

Ar ea and vo lume st at i s t i cs pr e sent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de

v e l oped pl ant at i on st and by plant at i on st and . Fi r st , ind iv i dua lf or est plant at i ons of 2 acr e s or mor e wer e i dent i f i ed and de l in

eat ed on aer i a l phot ogr aphs t hr ough s t er eoscopic st udy . Each

pl ant a t i on was gi v en a s t and numbe r and c lass i f i ed as u>t ype and

s t and — s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each pl ant at i on was measur ed on

t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age we r e de t ermined f r om

maps and ot her r ecor ds . Fi e l d examinat i on of each pl ant at i on

a l l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat i ons , cl ass i f i cat i ons,

and acr eage s .

Next , t imber — v o lume pl ot s wer e locat e d on t h e gr ound in each

commer ci al f or es t plant at i on of 5 acr es and l ar ger hav ing saw

t imber t r e e s . Th e sampl e pl o t locat i ons wer e s e l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er l ai d on t h e aer i a l phot ogr aph . Two or

mor e sampl e l ocat i ons ,depend ing on st and acr eage and var i abi l i t y,

wer e se l ect e d in each s t and . At e ach l ocat i on,t r e e measur ement s

wer e made f r om wh i ch t imber v o lume and qua l i t y coul d be comput edand expand ed . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e made on a main”plotat each locat i on

, suppl ement ed by addi t i ona l but . l ess de t ai l eddat a on t wo

”sat e l l i t e”plot s . Al l plot s wer e v ar i ab l e plot s

wi t h a basa l ar e a f act or of 20

Final ly ,t he dat a we r e pr oce ssed t hr ough a speci a l ly pr epar ed

e l ect roni c comput e r progr am. Tr e e measur ement s wer e conv e r t edt o meaningfu l v o lume uni t s on a pe r

- acr e bas i s , av er aged f or t h e

pl ot s in a s t and , and expande d f or t he acr eages o f t he st andThe comput e r out put cons i st ed of t abu l ar dat a f or each s t and and

a summary of s t and dat a . Vo lume t r i c dat a f or st ands 2 t o 4 acr e s

in s i z e wer e ext r apo l at ed f r om cl ose l y simi lar measur ed s t and sTh e accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 2 0 per cent pe r 5

mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a st and,

at t h e l ev e l of

one s t andar d er r or . Ca lcu l at i ons Sh ow t hat t h e r e l i abi l i t y of

t he e s t imat e of t ot a l sawt imber in measur ed s t ands i s i 6 per

cent t wo chance s out of t hr e e

6U. S . Fo re s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha r dwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda rd lumbe r

-pr opo sa l s and r e su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se r v . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Rep . 173 7 ,

1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .

1 1

Tab les 1 6

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Tab l e 3 .-Vo lume o f gr owing s t ock

,sawt imbe r

,and cu l l t r e e s

by Spe c i e s ,in pl an t e d sawt imbe r s t and s

,

I s l and o f Lana i,1 9 66

Robus t a e uca lypt u s



Mo lucca a lb i z z i al /

Tr opi ca l a sh

Tu r pen t ine - t r e e

Au s t r a l i an r edce dar

Ot he r h ar dwood sg/

Nor f o lk- I s l and -pine

Noncomme r ci a l spe c i e sé/

To t a l

1 / No Mo lucca a l b i z z i a s t and s we r e l ar ge enough t o be cr u i se d ,

bu t l og v o lume s o f s imi lar me a sur ed s t and s on Kaua i we r e u sed he r e .

2 / Inc lude s s i lk- oak and koa

3 / Include s Casuar ina spp . and b luegum euca lypt u s .

Tabl e 6 , cont inued

To t al

Robus t a eucal ypt usl l 1 1


Ir onwoodMixed eucal ypt us

H


Aus t r al i an r edcedarTr opical ash

H

B l ackbu t t euca l ypt us


I r onwood

Robus t a eucal ypt u s

Tr opi ca l ash


Mb lucca albi z z i aH l !


B l ackbu t t eucal ypt us

Mo lucca al bi z z i a

Tr opi cal ash

For e s t Pl ant a t i on

Acr e s

G PO 975- 409

Reco r d s and Maps of Forest Ty pes in Hawa i i

Robe r t E . Ne lson

Contents

Int r oduct i on .

Ear ly Recor ds of Vege t at i on

Vege t at i on Changes Af t er 1 778

Timber Harv e st ing

Anima l s and Insect s .

Fi r e

Plant Int roduct i ons .

For e st Types and For e st Ar ea .

Hawai i For est Type Maps

Li t e r at ur e Ci t ed .

U. S Fo r e s t Se rv ice r e s e a r ch in Hawa i i

i s conduc t ed in coope ra t i on wi th

D i v i s ion o f Fo r e s t ryHawa i i Depa r tmen t o f Land and Na t u ra l Re sou r ce s

Th e Au tho r

ROBERT E “ NELSON h e ads th e S t a t i on’

s Ins t i tu t e o f Paci f i c I s l ands Fo re s t r h eadqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu , Hawa i i . He j o ined th e Fo r e s t Se r v i cein 1 4 1 , a f t e r ea rn ing a fo re s t ry de r e e a t t h e Un i v e rs i t y o f Cal i fo rn i a .

He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f th e Cali fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i lVe ge t a t i on Su rv ey in 1 949 . S inc e 1 9 57 , h e h as be en in ch a r ge o f th eS t a t i on

’

s Hawa i i o f f i ce .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want t o acknowl edge ,wi t h much appr eciat i on ,

t he

adv i ce and comment s pr ov i ded me by E . H. Bryan ,K . H,

Kor t e, and R. K . Le Bar r on

,who r ev i ewed t he manuscr ipt .

back wi t h an easy accl iv i t y f or about f our or f iv e mi l es,

and was lai d out in l i t t l e f i e lds , appar ent ly we l l cu l

t ivat ed and int e r sper s ed wi t h habi t at i ons o f t h e nat iv es .

Beyond t h i s t he count ry became st e eply rugged and woody ,

f orming mount ains of gr eat e l evat i on .

Af t er sai l ing f r om Hamakua and anchor ing at Kawaihae,h e wr ot e

°

Fr om t h e nor t h -west point of t h e Is land,t h e count ry

s t r e t ched back f or a cons i d er ab l e d i st ance wi t h a

v ery gr adual ascent ,and i s dest i t ut e of t r e e s or

bushe s of any kind . But i t bear s ev ery appear ance

of indust r i ous cu l t iv at ion by t h e number of sma l l

f i e l ds int o wh i ch i t i s lai d out

Menz i es wonder ed how t he dry r ocky l owlands coul d suppor t such a

lar ge number of peopl e . Hi s st at ement s suggest t hat t he Waimeaar ea of t h e Is land of Hawai i was h eav i ly popu lat ed and cu l t i va

t ed as was t he ar ea abov e Keal akekua Bay inland f r om t he lower

dry bar r en r ocky count ry

For sev er a l mi l e s ar ound us t he r e was not a spot t hat

woul d admi t of i t but wha t was wi t h gr eat l abor and

indust ry cl ear ed of t h e loose s t ones and plant ed wi t h

escul ent r oot s or some use fu l v ege t ab l e or ot her

But se e ing now t h ese upper r egi ons so indus t r i ous lycu l t i vat ed and t e eming wi t h pr oduct iv e cr 0ps ,

we cou l dno longer r emain i gnor ant of t he i r vas t r esour ces

Fi f t e en year s ear l i er,in 1 7 78 ,

Dav i d Ne l son,t he f i r st

bot ani s t t o v i s i t t he Hawai i an ar ch ipe lago ,had landed wi t h

Capt ain Cook on t h e Kona coas t . He and J ohn Ledyar d at t empt edt o cl imb Mauna Loa f r om Kea lakekua . They not ed t hat t he f or est s

did not r each t he shor e . Wr ot e Ledyar d °

It was now near sunse t ,and be ing upon t he Ski r t s

of t hese woods ,t hat so r emar ked ly surrounde d t h i s

i s land at a uni f orm d i s t ance of f our or f iv e mi l e sf r om t h e shor e ,

we concluded t o

l 9 1 8a, pp . 3 88 - 3 96 )

The ”nat iv e”landscape t ha t Capt ain Cook and ot her ear ly

v i si t or s saw in t he lowl ands was large ly a r e su l t of act iv i t i es

f or a t housand year s of t h e h eavy Hawai i an popul at i on . I t i s

common knowl edge t hat t he Hawai i ans had int r oduced a consi derab l e v ar i e t y of Po lyne s i an economi c pl ant s dur ing t h e i r mi gr at ions f r om t he Sout h Paci f i c (Nea l Ledyar d '

s descr ipt iondur ing h i s 1 7 79 h ike abov e Kea lakekua i s t ypi ca l .

”On f i r st l eav

ing t he t own,t he i r r out e l ay t hr ough enclos ed plant at i ons of

sweet pot at oes . Now and t hen a pat ch of sugar cane was se en

Next came t he Open pl ant at ions ,cons i st ing ch i e f ly of br ead f rui t

t r ees,and t he l and began t o ascend mor e

1 9 1 8a )

Menz i es ( 1 79 3 ) wr ot e t hat t he Kau ar ea"bor e in gener a l a

v ery bar r en and rugged appearance . Lat er,d escr ibing hi s as

cent of Mauna Loa ,h e wr ot e of many plant at i ons be t we en Sout h

Point and Kapapala and descr i bed t he upper f or est edge as at

f e e t e l evat i on

Capt ain Geor ge Vancouv er r emarked about ext ens iv e t ar o,

sugar cane , swe e t pot at o and br ead f rui t cul t ivat i on on Kauai,

Oahu ,Maui , and Hawai i dur ing h i s v i s i t s f r om 1 792 t o 1 794

(MacCaughey l 9 l 8b ) . In 1 8 1 6 t he Russi an Capt ain Ot t o von Kot

z ebue r emained in t he Hono lu lu ar ea f or 2 we eks and descr ibeda walk f r om Hono lulu t o Pear l Harbor (MacCaugh ey

Th e t owar d t he we st ,t hr ough a beau

t i ful ly cu l t i vat ed v a l l ey (Nuuanu ) , bor der ed in t he

nor t h by a r omant i c Sugar plant at i ons ,

t aro f i e l ds,

and f ar - scat t er ed plant at i ons succe ededeach ot her on our r oad , and we had inadv er t ent ly t r av

e l l ed f iv e mi l es t o t he gr eat v i l lage Mauna Roa

Kosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , p . 1 6 ) quot ed Macus (Macr ae ) ,

1who v i s i t ed

Is l ands in 1 8 25 and d escr ibed l ands abov e Laupahoehoe on

Is land of Hawai i as f o l l ows°

The land s ix mi l es inland Shows no S ign of cu l t iva

t i on . I t i s not ev en past ur e d by l iv e st ock , be ing

cov er ed wi t h l ong gr ass and shor t s tumpy t r ee f erns

be longing t o t he Cyat hea t r ibe . We r e ach ed t he out

ski r t s of t he woods b e t ween t hr e e and f our in t h e

af t ernoon,hav ing on our way cr ossed t hr e e nar r ow ,

deep r av ine s , t h i ckly cov er ed wi t h wood ,most ly

me t r os i der os , a l eur i t es and a Speci es of Rhus

De scr ibing t h e Hi lo -Hamakua ar ea ,Macr ae ( 1 825 , p . 5 7 )

wr ot e:

Th e land al ong t h e sea coast f r om Byr on 's Bay [Hi lo]

t o upwar ds of 40 mi l es t o t he we s t and about 6 mi l esin br eadt h

,was f r e e f r om wood except ing by t he s i des

and bot t oms of r av ine s . Th e f or e s t t hat sur r oundst he cent r a l par t of t he i s l and begins h er e ,

at a di s

t ance of 5 or 6 mi l e s f r om t he coast , and s t r e t ches

back f or a dept h of 1 2 mi l es ,int er sect ed wi t h deep

val l eys and lar ge r i v er s of f ine The upper

par t s of t he f or es t r esemb l e past ur e land f or 7 mi l es

fur t her and ar e t h inly cov er e d wi t h low gr owing shrubs

and abundance of s t r awb er r i es and r aspber r i e s

Menz i e s ( 1 79 3 ) not ed t h e purpose fu l and f r equent burning

by t he nat iv es of t he gr assy pl ains i n Waimea , Kauai , so t hat

gr ass gr ew up cl ear and f r e e of s t umps and was t her e f or e be t t er

1I be l i e v e t h a t Ho saka

’

s Macu s i s Mac ra e .

adapt ed f or He a l so wr ot e of t he cut t ing of huge

koa t r ees f or canoe l ogs and int r oduct i on of plant s by nat iv es

al ong f or es t t r ai l s

Al t hough we ar e l e f t t o wonder about t h e nat ur e of v ege

t at i on at speci f i c l ocat i ons , such account s of t h e ear ly ex

pl or er s cha l l enge t he cr edi t i l i t y of some la t er t heor i z ingJ udd ( 1 9 1 8 , pp . 1 1 7 — 1 3 3 ) s t at e d t hat ”on Oahu t he Le i l ehua pla

t eau be t we en t he Wai anae and Koo lau r ange s was no doubt once

dense ly f or es t ed .

”But Hosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , pp . 7 — 8 ) wr ot e of t he

same ar ea°

”It i s be l i ev ed t hat t he gr eat pl at eau of Wah iawawas once t h ickly f or es t ed but I cou l d not f ind anyf i r s t hand aut hent i c st at ement .

And he ci t es Hunnewe l l t o Show t hat ”at l eas t by 1 8 25 t h i s

cent r a l pl ain was devoi d of t r e es

Koebe l e ( 1 900 , pp . 9 0 - 9 7 ) specu l at ed t hat ”I f we cou ld look

backwar d f i f t y or s i xt y ye ar s we wou l d se e t h e two l ar ge mount ains of Maui me e t by t r e es in t h e plains ; Lana i and Mol okai

c lot hed wi t h f or es t s , But Hosaka ( 1 9 3 1 , ppl 7- l 9 ) ci t es

ear ly obser v er s t o t he cont r ary

Ha l l ( 1 9 04 , pp . 84 - 1 02 ) d i scussed t h e nat ur a l cond i t i onsof r ainf a l l

,e l ev at i on , and lava f l ows t hat l imi t ed t h e f or es t ed

ar ea . He cl aime d t hat t he se ”wer e t h e ch i e f agenci es r est r ict

ing t he f or e st up t o about 1 00 year s ago .

”Ha l l did not commenton t he impact of use of f i r e , cu l t iv at i on

,and fue lwood cut t ing

by ear ly Hawai i ans

Cr osby ( 1 9 55 , pp . 28 - 34 ) a l so d i scount ed t he e f f ect of ac

t iv i t i es of t h e Hawai i ans on t h e v ege t at i on!

Var i ous r emnant s of nat i v e f or e s t ind icat e t hat t he

f i r s t Po lynesian'

se t t l er s f ound t r ee s gr owing on al l

par t s of t he Hawa i i an Is l ands except a f ew v ery dry

l eewar d ar eas and r ecent l av a f lows . The Po lynesians

c l ear ed only l imi t ed ar eas f or cu l t iv at i on and madel i t t l e use of f or est pr oduct s , so f or e st must hav e

occupi ed most of t h e l and when t he i s lands wer e di s

cov er e d by Capt ain Cook in 1 778

Y e t t her e wer e pr obab ly mor e t han Hawai i ans in t he

Is l ands in t he lat e l 7oo's (Ter r i t or i al Planning Boar d 1 93 9

,

p . The e f f ect of t h i s lar ge agr ar ian f or ce on t h e Hawai

i an landscape was obv i ous t o t h e ear ly v i s i t or s ,but not t o dx se

who came lat er . Ne i t her t h e ear ly v i s i t or s nor lat er wr i t er s

hav e comment ed on t h e e f f ect of pi gs ,r at s

, dogs and ch ickens

int roduced t o t he Is lands by t h e Po lynes ian se t t l er s , ye t t h ese

anima l s mus t hav e had a h eavy eco l ogica l impact on t h e nat iv e

plant communi t i e s .

Timber Harvestingsanda lwood har ves t ing s t ar t ed in 1 79 1 and incr eased t r emen

dous ly dur ing t h e next 40 year s (Thrum Hundr eds of Hawai

i ans wer e engaged in cut t ing and haul ing t he wood f r om t he mount ains . Thi s act i v i t y had l ast ing e f f ect on t h e f or est . Too lat e

,

Hawa i i 's f i r st conservat i on law was passed in 1 83 9

,r est r i ct ing

cut t ing of sanda lwood (Thrum Thr e e - quar t er s of a centurylat er

,Rock ( 1 9 1 3 , p . 1 2 7 ) r epor t ed : ”Since t he lar ge expor t of

Sanda lwood f rom t h ese Is l ands t o Ch ina,t he t r e es hav e become

r at h er scar ce and only ind iv i dua l one s can be f ound scat t er edt hr ough t h e dr i er f or e s t s .

”Sanda lwood t r e es ar e s t i l l scar ce,

but not r ar e

Cut t ing of for e s t pr oduc t s has cons i der ab ly mod i f i ed t he for

est s . Th e Hawa i i an Pl ant er s ' Mont h ly ( 1 887 , p . 43 7 ) r epor t ed

Fr om ev ery par t of t h e i s l ands come s t he same complaintr e lat ive t o t he des t ruct i on of t h e f or es t s . charge ,

perhaps ,ough t t o be l ai d a t t he door of t he landowner s ,

who a l l ow so much wood [fue l ] t o be cut on t he i r es t at e s

Gi f f ar d ( 1 9 1 3 , p . 42 ) showed concern ov er t h e cut t ing of fue lwood

Th e o ld t ime pr act i ce of denud ing nat iv e f or est ar eas

in pr oximi t y t o sugar mi l l s , in or der t o secur e fue l

f or f act or i e s,has pr act i ca l ly cease d

,but t her e ar e

many sect ions on some of t he i s l ands whe r e t h e nat iv e

f or est s ar e st i l l used as a sour ce of fue l suppl i es ,

r egar d l ess of t h e d i s t urbance and subsequent harm i t

does

Kor t e ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 3 ) concluded t hat t h e demand f or fue lwood by t he

whal ing sh ips be t we en 1 824 and 1 86 1 was such t hat ”at l east

acr es of nat iv e f or es t s wer e cut .

" He a l so ci t es t he cul

t ur e of a nat ive fungus f or f ood as t h e cause of cut t ing large

ar e as of kukui f or est s . Th i s was a comme r ci al ent erpr i se . The

fungus gr ew we l l on l ogs f e l l e d f or t h i s purpose . Lydgat e ( 1 88 2 ,

pp . 33 - 35 ) ind i cat ed t hat t he lumber indus t ry had an impact on t he

f or e st s at an ear ly dat e '

In ear ly t imes koa sawing was a r egu lar and f l our i sh ing

Th e upland r egi on of Hamakua,Hawai i was

t he cent er of t h e f rom t h er e t he lumberwas mos t ly hau l e d t o Waimea and t hence t o Kawaihae

, giv

ing t o t hose place s a degr ee of l i f e and act iv i t y whi ch

t h ey seem nev er l ike ly t o see again .

Kor t e ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 54 ) ci t es r ecor ds of sawmi l l s cut t ing koa pr i or

t o 1 854 in Eas t Makawao and Ku la on t he i s land of Maui . Timbercut t ing has cont inued int e rmi t t ent ly on a sma l l sca l e t o t he

pr es ent , t he gr eat er par t be ing in connect i on wi t h land cl ear

ing f or past ur e use

Harv est of t r e e f ern pr oduct s has had an impact on t he ra in

f or es t for an ext ended pe r i od . Th e plant s pr ov i de use fu l f oodand f iber pr oduct s (Hubbar d 1 9 5 2 ; Kor t e 1 9 6 1 ; Ne l son and Horni

br ook 1 962 ; Ripper t on 1 9 24;Wo l d ,

Animals and I nsectsLives tock ar e gener a l ly he l d r e sponsi bl e f or t he pr onounced

depl e t ion of f or est s in al l r egi ons (Ha l l 1 9 04 ; J udd 1 9 1 8 ;Max

we l l Vancouv e r int r oduced goat s , cat t l e,and sheep int o

t he Is lands in 1 79 2 ,1 79 3 , and 1 794 (MacCaughey l 9 l 8b ) . Cl ev e

land l anded hor ses in 1 8 03 (Ed i t or , Th e Hawai ian Plant er s ' Mont h

ly Wi t h a t aboo lai d on t h ese anima l s , t he ir number s in

cr eased r api d ly and t hey Spr ead wi l d int o t he mount ains . Thatt hese f er a l anima l s had a pr of ound e f f ect on t h e v eget at i on can

run: be doubt ed ,but t he magni t ud e can never be known

In r ecount ing t h e impact of cat t l e on nat iv e agr i cu l t ur e

dur ing t hose ear l i er days , Al exander ( 1 894 , pp . 9 1 — 1 00 ) wrot e:

In some d i st r i ct s agr i cu l t ur e was ent i r e ly ruine d byt he encroachment s of h er ds of cat t l e , ch i e f ly owned by

These her ds wer e a l l owed t o incr ease

wi t hout l imi t,unt i l l arge t r act s of count ry wer e com

pl e t e ly ov er st ocked , t housands of acr es of f er t i l e landl ai d wast e , and t he r i gh t s of nat iv e t enant s l i t era l lyt r ampl e d under f oot . In 1 85 1 , f ai r ly good cat t l e on

Kauai wer e sol d at t wo do l l ar s a head , [f or h i des and

Mar sden ( 1 89 3 , pp . 29 7 - 303 ) r epor t ed t hat r anch ing ar oundWaimea

,Is land of Hawai i ,

incr eased gr eat ly f r om 1 8 73 t o 1 8 9 3

and cat t l e gr az ing caused des t ruct i on of f or e st on pr obab ly

acr es .

”J ohn P. Parker ,t he f ounder of t he f amed Par

ker Ranch in Waimea ,had begun cat t l e r anch ing act iv i t i es by

1 835 in t h i s di st r i ct (Hono lulu It em, February 1 9 30 )2

Quot ing f r om t he memoi r s of Wi l der , Kor t e ( 1 96 1 , p . 54 )

gave an exampl e of t he e f f ect of cat t l e r anching on t he f or est s

abov e Ulupalakua ,Maui : ”When Capt ain Makee in about 1 85 2

st ar t ed t o gr ow cane at Ulupa lakua a dense f or es t cov er ed t he

s i de of Hal eaka la above t h e plant at i on ensur ing suf f i ci ent moi st ur e f or cr 0 ps . As year s passed ,

cat t l e and ot her causes l ed

t o t he dest ruct i on of t h e

B ir ds t hat wer e int r oduced t o t he Is lands hav e a cont inuing

e f f ect on t h e v ege t at i on . For exampl e ,t he mynah i s cr edi t ed

,

along wi t h ot her bi r ds ,as t he ch i e f agent f or t he spr ead of

lant ana (Perkins , Swe zy ( 1 954 ) ci t ed a 1 9 26 l e t t er f r omPerkins who Specu l at ed t hat

"When t he mynah bi r d r eached t he

he igh t of t he ir abundance ih t he f or est s ,I be l i ev e t h e de f ol ia

t i on [of koa t r e es ] by cat erpi l lar s r ea l ly became muchl ess f r equent .

”2In fo rma t ion on f i l e in th e Hawa i i S t a t e Arch i v e s , Hono lu lu .

I nsect s and di seases hav e no doubt pl ayed a cont inuing r o l ei n d et ermining t h e compos i t ion and ext ent of f or est s and t hev ege t at i ve cycl e . Th e impact of t hese agent s has been s ev er e

at t imes (Lyon Kor t e ( 1 96 1 , p . 2 ) quot ed t he 1 8 75 wr i tings of Cl ar k

,who d i scussed dying koa t r e e s and s t ands :

i t cannot be cat t l e, f or in many pl ace s wher e t h ese dead t r e es

st and no f our - f oot ed cr eat ur e ev er se t i t s hoof

F ireAccor d ing t o Ha l l f i r e ”has done f ar mor e inj ury in

Hawai i an f or est s t han wou l d be supposed in r egi ons of so gr eat

r ainf a l l . He t o l d of ext ensi v e f i r es in t h e sout he rn par t of

Hamakua and on Kauai and Maui . J udd ( 1 9 1 8 , pp . 1 1 7 - 1 3 3 ) empha

s i z e d t hat f i r es had a de st ruct iv e e f f ect on t he for e s t s in t he

past . Kor t e ( 1 96 1 ) s t at ed : ”Old t imer s on Maui speak of a

gr eat f i r e t hat occur r ed in Kul a in t he 1 880 's wh i ch burnt f or

we eks . Walker ( 1 888 , p . 5 2 1 ) r epor t ed t hat”Me ssr s . Gay and

Robinson cons i de r t hat in Kaua i t he f or es t s wher e pr ot ect ed f romcat t l e ar e not on t h e decr ease ,

except wher e d est r oyed by bush

f i r es . Fi r e cont inues t o be a t hr eat,and each year bur ns a

cons i der ab l e ar ea of f or e st — ev en in we t ar eas . Recent exampl e sinc lude t he acr es burned in Apr i l 1 9 58 in t h e v ery wet

Li hue - Ko loa For es t Reser v e on Kauai ( Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of

Agr . a For e s t ry and t he — acr e f i r e abov e Hana l e i,

Kauai , in J une 1 9 6 7

Lava f lows hav e cut spect acul ar swat h s t hr ough t h e f or est s

on t h e l pe s of Mauna Loa and Hua la lai ,and volcani c ash and

fumes have a l t er ed t h e v ege t at ion ove r ext ensi v e ar eas .

Plant I ntroductionsI nt r oduced plant s hav e r ad i cal ly a l t er ed t he landscape in

many par t s of t h e Is l ands . They hav e a cont inuing impact on t he

nat iv e v ege t at i on and f lor i st i c composi t i on . Among t h e many ex

ampl es i s Ki awe (Prosopi s pa l lida ) ,wh i ch was int r oduced in 1 8 2 7

( J udd 1 9 1 6 , pp . 3 3 0 Th e plant has spr ead ov er much of t h e

lowl ands ,occupying about acr es by 1 9 6 1 (Ne l son and

Wh ee l er Anot her exampl e i s Lant ana (Lantana camar a ) ,

about wh i ch Wa lke r ( 1 8 88 , p . 5 2 1 ) wr ot e :”Th e invasi on of t h e

lant ana bush has b ecome a mat t er f or v ery s er i ous cons i der at i on;in Kona , Hawai i on some par t s of Maui , on t h i s Is l and [Oahu]and on Hao l e koa (Leucaena g lauca ) , f i r e t r e e (Myr ica

faya ) ,Chr i s tmas — ber ry (Schinus t er ebint hifo lius ) , guava (Psi

dium pr i ckly pear cact us (Opunt ia megacant ha ) and ot her

pest Speci es hav e nat ur a l i z ed ov er large acr eage s . Some v a lua

b l e t imber t r e es hav e nat ur a l i z ed in t h e dry ar eas ,inc lud ing

monkey—

pod (Pi t hece l lobium saman ) and s i lk- oak (Gr evi l lea r o

bus ta ) (Ne l son Ot her s ,such as J ava podocarpus (Podo

carpus cupr ess ina ) can nat ur a l i z e in t he r ain f or est (Ri chmond1 9 65 )

The pot ent ia l f or int r oduced plant s t o e f f ect changes in

t he f l or i st ic compos i t ion in t h e Is lands i s sugges t ed by t he num

Oh i a - ko a fo r e s t s ha v e be en open ed up ,and gr a s s r ep l ace s

th e fe rn unde r s to ry on thou s ands o f ac r e s o f r anch l ands .

t imbe r and fue l . These ar e be st suppl i ed by int r oducedt r e e s , but by no means has t he las t wor d been r ai sed as

t o what int r oduce d t r e es ar e best f or l ocal cond i t i ons

Less conspi cuous but j ust as aggr e ss iv e as woody pl ant s ar e

some of t he gr asse s and herbs t hat hav e be en int r oduce d and spr eadby and f or l iv es t ock (Rock 1 9 1 3

, p . Land c l ear ing for pas

t ur e d ev e l opment has b e en t he maj or f act or changing t he v ege t at iv e

landscape in Hawai i ov er t he pas t 1 00 year s or mor e . Each year

s t i l l add i t i ona l ar eas ar e cl ear ed and plant ed wi t h int r oducedgr asse s

Sugar and pineapple plant at ions hav e b e en dev e l oped par t lyon l and or i gina l ly cu l t ivat ed by t he Hawai ians . Add i t i ona l lar ge

acr eage s o f plant at ions occupy lands d escr ibed by ear ly v i s i t or s

as gr ass- cov er ed or t r ee l ess . Lar ge acr e age s of t h e plant at i ons

hav e a l so be en dev e lope d on once f or est ed l and,but we can only

conj ect ur e as t o t he act ua l ext ent . Dev e lopment of ot h er cr ops

has expanded in r ecent year s but t he ar ea l ext ent has not been

gr eat .

The combined e f f ect of t hese and ot h er agent s act ing on t he

f or e s t and ot her v ege t at i on in t he Is l ands has be en t o a l t er

gr eat ly t h e boundar i e s and composi t i on of plant communi t i es ov er

t he year s . But maj or e f f or t s hav e a l so been made t o pr ot ect t he

f or es t s . Not ab l e ar e t h e wor ks of f or es t er s Hosmer and J uddHosmer , t he f i r s t Ter r i t or i a l For es t er , s t ar t ed t h e For es t Reserv e

sys t em in t h e Is l ands in 1 9 04 . J udd , who succeeded Hosmer in 1 9 1 4 ,

cont inue d t he e f f or t s t o ext end t he For e s t Re serv e syst em. By1 9 3 1 mor e t han 1 mi l l i on acr es we r e in Reserv e st at us ,

and t h er e

was a concer t ed e f f or t t o r i d t he se ar eas of a l l l i v e st ock and t o

pr ev ent and cont r ol f i r e s ( J udd 1 9 3 1 , pp . 3 63 In 1 9 66 near ly

mi l l i on acr es wer e in t he Reser v es (Dep . of Land 8 Nat ur a l

Resour ce s 1 9 6 6, p .

We now se e a value in pr e serv ing nat ur a l ar eas t hat was

not appar ent ear l i er t o t hose who decr i ed t he dest ruct i on of

t he f or e st because of wat er shed va lues . Some ar eas st i l l can

and Shoul d be se l ect ed and pr ot ect ed as nat ur a l ar eas . For e st

er s ,bot ani st s , and ot h er s ar e now wor king on t h i s goa l .

Forest Ty pes and Forest Area

J udd ( 1 9 1 8 , p . 1 25 ) st at ed t hat in 1 9 1 8 pr esent

ar ea of or igina l f or es t lands in Hawa i i , t hr ough var i ous agen

ci es has be en r e duce d unt i l now i t cov er s appr oximat e ly only

acr es Th i s f igur e coinci des wi t h t he acr e age of

l and in”f or es t r e s erv e”

s t at us a t t hat t ime and i s obv i ous ly

not a v a l i d es t imat e of ar ea of l and hav ing a f or e st cov er

The Te r r i t or i a l Planning Boar d ( 1 9 39 ) pub l i shed maps and

t abul ar dat a on t he ar ea of f or es t l and on t h e d i f f er ent i s landsf or 1 9 00 acr e s ) ,

1 9 20 acr es ) ,and 1 9 3 7

acr e s ) . Obv i ous ly t he lat t er t wo f i gur e s ar e”f or es t

r eserv e ar eas r a t her t han f or es t ed ar eas as ot h er r ecor ds Show

( Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry 1 9 2 0 ,1 9 36 )

Th e 1 9 00 f i gur e ,howev er ,

was appar ent ly an es t imat e of t he t ot al

ar ea of main b locks of nat ive r ain famxt s at t hat t ime . For est

r e ser v es and”appr oximat e ar ea of f or est land not in r e s erv e”

wer e shown on t h e sour ce maps (Car t er Al t hough some of

t h e mamani (sophora chrysophyl la ) t ype was included as f or est

on t he se maps ,v ery l i t t l e of t h e nat iv e dryl and f or est was in

c luded and none of t h e ki awe f or es t t ype . Thus t he maps and

f or est acr eage f igur e s f e l l f ar shor t of r epr e sent ing t he t rue

ar ea of f or es t ed land . Cr osby ( 1 9 55 , p . 28 ) conj ect ur ed t hat”At t h e t ime of Capt ain Cook 's v i si t ,

about 3 mi l l i on

in t he Hawai i an Is lands must hav e been f or e s t ed . Today r emnant sof t h e nat iv e f or es t measur e l e ss t han one mi l l i on acr es

Be f or e 1 9 6 0 t h er e had be en no maps compi l ed t o show in any

de t a i l t h e d i f f er ent f or es t and ot h er v ege t at i on t ypes in t he

Is lands . As indi cat ed ear l i er ,Hi l l ebr and ( 1 888 ) descr ibed

z one s of e l ev at ion”occupi ed by d i f f er ent gr oups of f lor a . He

di d not,howev er

,d ev e lop v ege t at i on

— t ype maps .

Rock ( 1 9 1 3 ) gav e an exce l l ent r ev i ew of t he f lor a in h i s

six”bot ani ca l r egi ons .

”He d i scussed t he v ege t at i on f ound at

f ai r ly speci f i c locat i ons and pr ov i d ed a gener a l pi ct ur e of t he

1 1

ar eal ext ent of d i f f er ent v ege t at ion t ypes and f l or a de scr ibedIn fact i t i s poss ib l e t o r e l ocat e some of t he ar eas he d e scr ibe d(Mue l l er — Dumboi s and Lamour eaux Rock did not pub l i sh mapsshowing d i st r ibut i on of v ege t at ion .

Hosaka and Ripper t on ( 1 9 55 , pp . 9 6 — 1 09 ) descr i bed and por

t r ayed on maps f i ve ”v ege t a t iv e z ones”based on r ainf a l l

,e l ev a

t ion ,and v ege t at ion . Th ey de scr ibed t he t ypi cal v ege t at i on in

t he se z ones ,but di d not show t he act ua l v ege t at i on pat t ern in

any de t ai l . Ot her aut hor s — includ ing Ha l l Gr i f f i t h

J udd and Crosby ( l 95 5 ) — hav e de scr ib ed f or e st

and ot h er v ege t at i on t ype s in t he Is l ands and t h e i r gener a l

d i s t r ibut ion . Ne l son and Wh ee l e r ( 1 9 63 ) pr ov i de d t h e f i r s t and

only r e lat iv e ly de t ai l e d informat ion on t he acr eage of d i f f er entde f ined v ege t at i on and f or es t t ypes in t h e Hawa i i an Is l ands . Of

t he i r r epor t ed 2 mi l l i on acr es of f or es t l and , ne ar ly mi ll i on acr es ar e nat iv e oh i a (Me t r osider os co l lina ) or koa (Acaciakoa ) f or est t ype s . The i r da t a ar e based on st udy of sampl e

point s on aer i a l phot ogr aph s accor d ing t o s t at i s t i cal sampl ingt echni que s . And t h e i r much -

gener al i z ed por t r aya l of ma j or f or

es t t ypes on v ery sma l l sca l e maps was dev e loped f r om s t udy of

aer i a l phot os

Aer i a l phot ogr aph s hav e enab l ed t h e U. S . Geol ogi ca l Surv ey

t o pr ov i de some inf ormat ion about v ege t at i on t ypes on t he st andar d t opogr aph i c quadrangl e maps t h e agency compi l e s of t h e Is

lands . In 1 9 5 2,i t pr oduced t he f i r st quadr angl e maps hav ing

co lor t int s and symbo l s t o Show some of t he br oad v ege t at i on

t ypes in Hawai i . These maps ,wh i ch ar e near ly compl e t e d f or a l l

t he Is lands , pr ov i de a v i sua l r ecor d of t h e br oad v ege t at ion

pat t ern on t he Is lands

Hawa i i Forest Type Maps

The maps descr ibe d in t h i s r epor t ar e t h e f i r st pub l i she dr ecor d giv ing emphas i s t o t h e kind and ext ent of f or es t t ypes in

t he Hawa i i an Is l ands . Nat ional Par k ar eas ar e excluded f r om

cov er age . Th e f i r st map (quadr angl e ) was pub l i shed in 1 9 6 3,

t he f ina l ones in 1 9 65

Th ese f or est t ype maps (see map appended t o t h i s r epor t )hav e be en compi l ed t hrough int erpr e t at ion of aer i a l phot ogr aph s .

The dat e of phot ogr aphy v ar i e s f r om 1 950 t hr ough 1 954 . Onlyl imi t ed gr ound r econnai ssance was poss ib l e . Consequent ly ,

changes in f eat ur es S ince phot ogr aphy ar e not al l Shown ,and

int erpr e t i v e er r or in some d e t ai l s must be expect ed . Ev ery e f

f or t has been made t o f i t t ype boundar i es t o t he t opogr aphy of

av ai lab l e base maps . Th e maps ar e pub l i she d as b lue — l ine

pr int s at a scal e of l : 62,5 00 and ar e sui t ab l e f or color ing

f or pi ct or i a l r epr esent at i on of t he t ypes de l inea t ed and cl ass i

f i ed . They ar e avai l ab l e f or pur chase f r om t he U. S . For es t Serv

i ce,6 30 Sansome St . , San Fr anci sco ,

Ca l i f orni a 94 1 1 1 or f r om

t h e Div i si on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l

Resour ces , P. o . Box 62 1, Hono lu lu

,Hawai i 9 6809

Noncommer ci a l Tr ee Map symbo l

KukuiOh i a— koa

Kiawe

Ot h er t r e e t ypes

Hao l e koa, guava , lant ana and

ot h er lowland brush t ypes

Mamani and ot her upland brusht ypes

Herbaceous t ypes

Ot her t ype s

For ar eas classed as commer ci a l and pr oduct iv e - r eser v e d f or e st

lands , t h e maps Show by add i t i ona l numer i ca l symbo l s ,t he den

si t y cl ass (per cent cr own cov er ) of t r e e st ands and si z e class

of t he f or est st and as f o l l owS ’

Dens i t y ofSt and — s i z e ClassTr e e Cover

Ligh t sawt imberHeavy sawt imber

Po l e t imber

Seed l ings and sapl ings

Nonst ocked O

A

w

N

i—o

Thus wi t h in each de l ineat ed ar ea on t h e map ar e numer i cal symbol sof two , four , or six d i gi t s . For exampl e , t he t wo - d igi t symbol3 3 in a de l ineat ed ar ea ind i cat e s t he ar ea i s classed as gr ass

land not hav ing so i l s and cl imat e sui t ab l e f or gr owing t imberAn ar ea hav ing t he symbo l 3 1 i s cu l t ivat ed land or impr ov ed past ur e

Th e four - d igi t symbo l 22 - 8 3 in a de l ineat e d ar ea ind i cat est hat t he ar ea i s classed as noncomme r ci a l f or est land (symbo l22 ) and t he f or e st t ype i s ki awe ( 83 )

A s ix- d igi t symbol l ike 1 1 - 1 1 — 2 3 ind icat es t hat t he ar ea

de l ineat ed on t he map i s classe d as commer ci a l f or est land ( 1 1 )hav ing a st and of oh ia t r e es t he t r ee canopy cover ing 40

t o 69 per cent of t he gr ound (semi dense , symbo l 2) and t h e s t andi s of pol et imber si z e t r e es ( symbol

A sampl e map at a much r educed sca l e i s appended t o t h i s

r epor t as Map A. Al so , quadrupl e t copi es of a sampl e sect i on

of t h e map -at s l igh t l y r educed scal es -ar e appended . They ar e

included t o indi cat e what use can be made of t he Hawai i For est

Type Maps .

On Map B,de l ineat ed ar eas of a por t i on of t he map hav e

been shad ed or st ipl ed in d i f f er ent pat t erns t o Show d i f f er entland classes .

r Thi s shad ing i s based on t he f i r st or only pai r

of symbol s in each ar ea .

On Map C, t he same de l ineat ed ar eas wer e examined and shaded

14

t o show t he d i f f e r ent f or e st t ype s . Th i s Shad ing i s based on

t he second pa i r o f symbo l s in t h e de l ineat ed ar eas . Th e nonf or

est ar eas ar e not shadedOn Map D

,t h e shad ing d i f f er ent i at e s t he dens i t y of t r e e

st ands only in t he oh ia f or e s t t ype s on commer cia l for es t land .

Th i s shad ing i s based on t h e f i r s t di gi t in t h e las t pai r of

symbo l s .

Map E shows t he same ar eas shaded t o show t he d i f f er ent s i z e

classe s of oh ia t r e e s t ands .

Th e bes t way of u5 1 ng t hese maps i s t hr ough use of col or

Shadings t o h igh l igh t f eat ur e s of int er e s t t o t h e user . A var

i e t y of combinat i ons i s poss ib l e . Th e se l ect i on depends upon

t he purpose . What ev er co l or shad ing sys t em i s use d,t he bas i c

c lass i f i cat ion symbol s on t h e map can b e r e f er r ed t o f or de t a i l sabout a giv en de l ineat e d ar ea

The maps por t r ay land use and v ege t at i on cov er t ypes at a

point in t ime . Wi t h t ime ,land uses and v ege t at ion change . In

some ar eas change wi l l be s low . In ot h e r s change wi l l be r api dand dr ast ic ,

as wher e f or est i s cl ear ed f or subdiv i s i ons or

past ur e dev e l opment . Slow or f as t,minor or maj or , cont inued

change i s inev i t ab l e

1 5

ISLAND OF HAWAII MOp AMAUNA

HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAPCoon -u me net-canPACIFIC SOUTN' ES Y roassr a RANGC El pcmucrn SYM ION ( LAND USt — FORESY t vvc

OENSH Y 0 sue CLAS SVORESY SERVICE — US 05 9 7 OF AGR‘CULYURE

DEPARYW NT Of LAND 6 NATURAL RESOURCES “CC 10 90 0 0 009 0 00 10 )

STAIC Of NAWAII— FOQSSW Y OIVISIM

70 M KAHALAU

SADDLE ROAD

Mop compi ler-on by J Klinqensmim, | 96 2

Aer-cl pholo interpretat ion byYear of ae r ial ohotoqroohy l9 5 4

( S t ole I 330 0 0 — 1 39 00 0 1Name Later-onF'hoto Center

Bose mop and land 9nd US OLG S Mount: Koo Quad rangle ,

15' series eon-on ol l9 4 3

1 6

MOD DMAUNA KEA QUADRANGLE

( LAND USE— FORE ST T YPE ~DENSI T Y 0 S IZE C LAS S “ 1( see lege nd eeporote l

HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAP

r0 KUKAIAU TO MAMALAHOA frwy ro

‘ t 5 5 15'

HILO

Tree Density in Ohia Stands

I m 2 3

MOp EMAUNA KEA QUADRANGLE

( LAND USE— FORE ST T YPEDENSIT Y 8 S IZE C LAS S( l ee legend separate )

HAWAII FOREST TYPE MAP

KUKA/AU TO MAMAL/JHOA 70 OOKALA( nu n-w e ) ‘ ISS ‘WS

'

20°0 0

l

HILO

Stand Siz e in Ohio Stands

Li te rature C i ted

Al exander , W. D .

1 894 . Ear ly indust r ia l t eachings of Hawai ians . Thr um's

Hawa i i . Almanac and Annua l f or 1 8 85 z9 l - 1 00

Bryan ,E . H.

,J r

1 9 29 . The backgr ound of Hawai ian botany . The Mid — Paci f ic— 40 ,

i l lus

Bryan ,L . W

1 94 7 . Twenty— f ive year s of

'

f b r e s t ry wor k on t he I s land ofHawai i . Th e Hawa i i . Plant er s ' Recor d 5 1 ( l ) : 1 — 80 ,

i l lus

Boar d of Commi ss i one r s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry

1 9 1 0 . Plant int r oduc t ion wor k . Rep . Supt . of For est ry f or

t h e Be in . Pe r i od end ing Dec . 3 1,1 9 1 0 , pp . 1 7 - 55 .

Boar d of Commi ss ioner s o f Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry

1 9 20 . Lands in for es t r e ser ve s . Rep . Supt . of For es t ry f or

t h e Bi en . Pe r i od end ing Dec . 3 1,1 9 2 0 , pp . 50 - 60

Boar d of Commi ss i oner s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For es t ry .

1 9 36 . Rep . Ter . For es t er s for t he Bi en . Per iod ending Dec .

3 1 , 1 9 3 6 . pp . 1 7 — 3 3

Boar d of Commi ss i one r s of Agr i cu l t ur e and For e s t ry

1 9 58 . Rep . far B i en . Per iod endi ng J une 30, 1 9 58 . Di v . o f

For e s t ry and Ter . Par ks , pp . l l 8 - 1 5 7,i l lus .

Car t e r, G . R.

1 906 . Repor t of t he Gov er nor of t he Ter r i t ory of‘

Hawa i i t o

t he Secr e tary of Int er ior . Wash . Gov . Pr i nt ing Of

f i ce . 1 2 2 pp . , 9 maps .

Cr osby ,Wi l l i am.

1 9 55 . Vege ta t ion . Soi l Surv ey ,Te r . of Hawai i

, Ser . 1 9 39,

No . 25,Sept . 1 9 55 . U. S . Dep . Agr . So i l Conse r v

Se rv . , pp . 2 8 — 34 ,i l lus

Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Re sour ce s , St at e‘

of Hawa i i

1 966 . Repor t t o t he Gov er nor for t he f i sca l per iod 1 9 64

1 9 6 6 . 7 6 pp .,i l lus

Ed i t or,The Hawa i i an Plant e r s ' Mont h ly

1 8 87 . Th e Hawai i . Pl ant e r s' Mont h ly

Ed i t or,The Hawa i i an Plant e r s ' Mont h ly

1 8 88 . Incident s in t he hi s t ory of t he sandwich I s lands a

century ago . The Hawa i i . Plant er s ' Mont h ly1 08 — 1 1 4

Gi f f ar d ,W. M

1 9 1 3 . Some obser va t ions on Hawa i ian for es t s and for e s t

cover in t he ir r e la t ion t o wa t er supply . Rep . Boar dof Commi ss i oner of Agr . and For e s t ry f or t he Bi enPer iod end ing Dec . 3 1 , 1 9 1 2 . Honlu lu

,T .H . pp . 2 7

45 , 1 1 1 11 5 .

Gr i f f i t h,E . M

1 9 03 . Repor t of‘

expe r t for es t er on Hawai ian for e s t s . Th e

Hawa i i . Plant e r s ' Mont h ly - 1 3 9 .

1 9

Ha l l ,Wi l l iam L .

1 904 . The for es t s of t he Hawai ian I s lands . Bur . For e st ry ,

U. S . Dep . Agr . Bu l l . 48 ,2 9 pp .

,i l lus

Hi l l ebr and , Wi l l i amM. D .

1 888 . Flor a of‘

t he Hawai ian I s lands . 6 73 pp .,4 maps . New

York and London : Ha fner Pub l i sh ing Co .

Honda ,Nobuo ,

Wong ,We s l ey H. C .

, J r . , and Ne l son ,Rober t E .

1 96 7 . Planta t ion t imber on t he I s land of Kauai - 1 9 65 . U. S .

For es t Se rv . Res . Bu l l . PSW- 6 . Paci f ic SW. For e s t 8

Range Exp . St a . ,Ber ke l ey , Ca l i f . 34 pp .

, i l lus

Hosaka ,Edwar d Y

1 9 3 1 . Hi s tory of t he Hawai ian for es t . Univ . of Hawai i ,

Sur v ey 2 5 1 , 1 9 3 1 . 25 pp .

Hosaka ,Edwar d Y .

,and Rippe r t on ,

J . C

1 95 5 . Soi ls and vege ta t ion . Soi l Sur v ey , Te r . of Hawai i,

Ser . 1 9 3 7 .- 1 09 .

Hubbar d ,Doug l ass H .

1 9 5 2 . Fer ns of'

Hawai i Na t iona l Par k . Hawai i Nat ur e Not es

5 ( l ) : l - 40,i l lus

J udd,C . S

1 9 1 6 . The f ir s t a lgar oba and r oya l pa lm in Hawai i . The

Hawa i i . For e st er and Agr . l 3 (9 ) : 3 3 0 — 3 35

J udd, C . S

1 9 1 8 . For es t ry as appli ed in Hawai i . The Hawa i i . For e s t er

and Agr . 1 5 ( 5 ) : l l 7 - l 3 3 .

J udd,C . S

1 9 3 1 . For es t r y in Hawai i for wa t er conserva t ion . J . For

est ry— 36 7

Koebe l e , A.

1 9 00 . Hawa i i 's for es t foes . Thrum'

s Hawai i . Almanac and

Annua l f or - 9 7 .

Kor t e,Kar l H .

1 9 6 1 . A br i ef hi s tory of t he for es t r e ser ves on t he I s land

of‘

Maui , St a t e of Hawai i . Div . For es t ry ,Dep . Land

and Na t ur . Re sour ces , 79 pp .

Lydgat e , J . M.

1 8 8 2 . Hawai ian woods and for es t t r ees . Thrum's Hawai i .

Almanac and Annua l f or 1 8 83 z3 3 — 3 5

Lyon ,Haro ld L

1 9 09 . The for es t di sease on Maui . The Hawai i . Plant e r s '

Rec . l : 9 2 ~ 9 5 ; 1 5 1 - 1 5 9 .

Lyon , Har o ld L .

1 9 1 8 . The for e s t s of‘

Hawai i . The Hawai i . Plant er s ' Rec .

— 28 0 .

MacCaughey ,Vaughan

1 9 1 8a . Hi s t ory of'

bot anica l explor a t ion in Hawai i -Per iod I .

Th e Hawa i i . For e s t er and Agr .— 3 9 6

MacCaughey ,

'

Vaughan .

l 9 l 8b . Hi s tory of bot anica l explor a t i on in Hawa i i —Per iod I I .

Th e Hawai i . For e st er and Agr .- 429

20

Rock,J oseph F .

1 9 1 3 . The indigenous t r e es of t he Hawai ian I s lands . Pub l i shedunder pat r onage ,

Hono lu lu . 5 1 8 pp .,i l lus

Swe zy ,Ot t o H .

1 954 . For es t ent omo logy in Hawa i i . Be rni ce P. Bi shop Museum Spec . Pub l . 44

,2 66 pp .

,i l lus

Ter r i t or i a l Pl anning Boar d1 9 39 . An hi s t or ic invent ory of

'

t he physica l , socia l and

economic , and indus t r ia l r e sour ces of t he Ter r i t oryof Hawai i . Ed . 2

,3 2 2 pp . ,

i l lus

Thrum,Thos . G

1 9 04 . The sanda lwood t r ade of ear ly Hawai i . Hawai i . Almanac and Annua l f or — 74

Wa lker,Thos . R

1 8 88 . Repor t of t he commi t t ee on for es t ry . The Hawa i i .

Plant er s' Mont h ly - 5 2 2

Wo l d ,Myr on L

[n . d Tr e e fe r ns of Hawai i - a nont echnica l descr ipt ion oft he t hr e e main speci e s ,

t he i r char act er i s t ics and

use . Hawa i i an Fe rn -Wood,Lt d .

,Hi l o

,Hawai i . 6 pp

GPO 9 75- 9 0 3

Forewor d

Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed t imber on t he

maj or i s lands in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s f or t h e i s landsof Hawai i Kauai and Lanai ( 1 966 ) hav e a lr eadybeen pub l i sh ed . Summar i z ed her e ar e t h e r esu l t s of an inv ent ory

of t imber in plant ed f or e st s on t he i s land of Mo lokai . Th i s in

v ent ory suppl ement s t he ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e com

pl e t ed in 1 963 . That surv ey ind icat ed t he impor t ance of plant edfor est s as a t imber r esource but prov id ed no d e t ai l s . Th i s bu ll et in r epor t s : (a) locat i on and acr eage of each plant ed st and(b ) speci es compos i t ion and age of st and , (c) t imber volume and

qua l i t y , and ( d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imberThe st udy i s a cooperat iv e under t aking of t h e Div i sion of For

est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces ,and t he

Paci f ic Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , For est

Serv ice , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cul t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert h e d ir ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son , Di r ect or , Ins t i t ut e of Paci f ic

Is lands For est ry ,Paci f ic Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper iment

St at ion . Nobuo Honda , For est er,Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,

h e lped d ev e l op plans f or t h e plant at i on inv ent ory and superv i sedt he f i e ld work

Many ind iv i dua l s aid ed in v ar ious phases of t he surv ey . Spe

ci al acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e l d cr ew : Wes l ey Wong , J r . ,

For est er ,and J ames Lindsey ,

For es t Ranger , bot h of t h e Hawa i i

Div i sion of For est ry; and Ka ipo Rober t s ,For est Resear ch Techni

cian , Ins t i t ut e of Paci f ic Is l ands For es t ry

E . M. Hornibr ook ,r e t ir ed , f ormer ly in charge of For es t Surv ey ,

Paci f ic Sout hwest For e s t and Range Exper iment St at i on , and Russe l l

K . LeBar r on , f ormer For est Eco logi st , Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,

ai ded in d ev e l oping plans f or t h e st udyRober t M. Mi l l er

, Syst ems Ana lyst ,Paci f i c Sou t hwest For est and

Range Exper iment St at ion ,d ev e loped speci f i cat ions f or pr ocessing

t he dat a by e l ect r oni c compu t er s . The Comput ing Cent er at t h e

Univ er si t y of Hawai i pr ocessed t he dat aTom K . Tagawa , St at e For est er , Alber t J . MacDona ld , Di st r ict

For est er ,r e t i r ed

,and t h e lat e Max F . Landgr af , f ormer St at e

For est er, pr ov i ded gener ous cooper at i on f or t h e surv ey

U. S . For e s t Serv i ce r e sear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper

at i on wi t h t h e Div i s i on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and

Nat ur al Re sour ce s

OXFORD :RETRIEVAL TERM Hawa i i ; Mo loka i ; fo r e s t su r v ey ; plan t a t ions ;fo r e s t r e s ou rce s ; s t and compo s i t i on ; s t and a ge ; s t and vo lume .

Pla nta tion Timbe r on the Isla nd o f Mo loka i— 19 6 7

WESLEY H . C .WONG , J r ROBERT E . NELSON HERBERT L .WICK

CONTENTS

Plant at ion Timber Resour ce .

T imber Vo lume . .

Age of St and s

St and Yi e lds

Timber

Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r ia l Dev e l opment .

Mul t ipl e Va ld es of For es t s


Tab l es 1 9

Th e Au tho r s

WESLEY H . C . WONG , J r . , a na t i v e o f Wa i luku , Mau i , r ece i v ed h i sbach e lo r

’

s de g r e e in fo re s t ry f rom Or e gon S t a t e Un i v e r s i ty in19 64 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo re s t e r fo r th e Hawa i i D i v i s ion o f Fo re s t ry , h e ha s be en as s i gned p r ima r i ly t o th e fo r e s t inv en t o ry o fth e S t a t e . ROBERT E . NELSON di r ec t s th e S t a t i on

’

s Ins t i tu t e o fPac i f i c I s l ands Fo re s t ry , h eadqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o inedth e Fo re s t Se r v i ce in 194 1 ,

a f t e r ea rning a fo r e s t ry de g r e e a t

th e Uni ve r s i t y o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f t h eCa l i fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i v e So i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 .

Since 19 57 , h e h a s be en in ch a r ge o f th e S t a t i on’

s Hawa i i o f f i ce .

HERBERT L . WICK i s wo rk ing on mensu r a t ion probl ems and fo r e s tsu r v ey t e chn i u e s . A na t i v e o f Sea t t l e , Wa sh ing t on , h e e a rned a

bach e lo r’

s an mas t e r’

s de g r e e in fo r e s t ry a t th e Un i v e r s i ty o fWa sh ing t on . He wo rked 3 ye a r s in th e Pac i f i c No r thwe s t wi th t h eFo re s t Se rv i ce be fo r e j o in ing th e s t a f f o f th e In s t i tu t e o f Pa

c i f i c I s lands Fo r e s t ry in 1 96 7 .

mainly in t h e l ower ,dry ar eas wh er e ki awe (Pr osopi s pa l lida ) zuul

ot h er brushy f or est t ypes pr edominat e . Commer ci a l f or est landamount s t o about acr e s . Th ese commer cia l f or e st lands ,

wher e r ainf al l and soi l s ar e ad equat e t o suppor t t h e gr owt h of

t imber cr ops ,ar e a lmos t a l l in t h e Molokai For e st Reserv e . How

ev er,t h e nat iv e f or e s t s wh i ch cov er most of t hese commer ci a l

f or est lands ar e not sawt imber s t ands and ho ld l i t t l e pr ospect

f or commer ci a l d ev e l opment .

Mo lokai has a smal l acr eage of plant ed f or es t s of int r oducedspeci e s . Th e plant ings wer e st ar t ed mor e t han 50 year s ago t o

improv e wat er sh eds and t o dev e lop a supply of fue lwood and f ence

post s . Th e mor e r ecent plant ings hav e cont inued t o emphasi z eimpr ov ement of wat er sh ed s , bu t t imber v a lues , wi ld l i f e

,and r e

cr eat i on habi t at impr ov ement hav e become impor t ant cons id er at i ons.

Because t h ese f or est plant at i ons ar e an impor t ant r esour ce,

we hav e mad e a s t and — by- s t and inv ent ory t o ob t ain inf ormat ion

about t h e acr e age , speci e s , t imb er vo lume and qua l i t y , and owner

sh ip of plant at i ons . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat a compi l ed f or

each plant at ion s t and

P lantat ion Timbe r Resource

Area

For e st plant at i ons on Mo lokai ar e concent r at ed mainly in t h e

west ern par t of t h e Mo lokai For est Re serv e be twe en Puu o Kaehaand Pa laau Park ( se e map and t ab l e s Commer ci al f or es t

plant at ions2t ot a l only about acr es in s t and s 2 acr es and

larger ( t ab l es 1 - 3,f ig . Of t h i s acr eage abou t 9 70 acr es

ar e sawt imber st ands ,and acr e s ar e of seed l ing and sapl ing

and po l e— s i z e s t ands . Noncommer ci a l plant at i ons t ot a l 53 0 acr es ,

some of t h em on t h e ar id s l opes in wes t ern Mo lokai

Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in Appendi x .

Sawtnnber Stands

Seedhng, Saphng,and

Pole Timber Stands

Nonconnn erd aI Stands

ACRES 0 1 000 1 2 50

Fi gu r e 2 .-Ac r eage o f comme r

c z a l and noncomme r ci a l p l an

ta t i on s t ands ,by s tand - s i z e

c l as s and fo r e s t type , I s l and

o f Mo l okai ,1 96 7 .

About 9 9 per cent of t h e acr eage of sawt imber s t ands ar e euca

lypt us; r obust a euca lypt us sawt imber s t and s a l one t ot a l about

640 acr e s . Th e only ot her sawt imber s t and i s a 7 - acr e plant a

t ion of sugi .

Plant ings made dur ing t h e pas t 1 0 t o 1 5 year s ar e st i l l seedl ing and sapl ing or pol e t imb er s t and s . Dur ing t h i s per iod ,

pines ,mainly s l ash pine and l ob lo l ly pine ,

hav e be en used wid ely f or r ef or est at i on — especia l ly on t h e dr i er s i t e s . As a r esun:

t her e ar e about 7 70 acr es of young pine plant at ions . Th e ar ea

of young har dwood st ands t o t a l s about 3 30 acr e s ,mos t ly sa l igna

euca lyptus .

Th e noncommer cia l plant at i ons ar e mos t ly ir onwood ,Formosa

koa, paper

— bar k ,and Mont er ey cypr ess . But includ ed ar e p lant

ings of commer ci a l speci e s on si t es not sui t ed f or pr oducing t imber cr ops , f or exampl e ,

r obust a euca lypt us in west Mo lokai

Timber Volume

The plant ed f or e s t s on Mo lokai cont a in about mi l l i on

boar d f e e t of sawt imber ( t ab l e Essent ia l ly a l l of t h i s vo l

ume of t imb er i s in eucalypt s . Th e v o lume of r obust a euca lypt us

a lone amount s t o about mi l l i on boar d f e et , and t h e v o lume

in ot h er euca lypt s t ot a l s some mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Th er ei s a sma l l vo lume of coni f er t imb er

About 30 per cent of t h e sawt imber v o lume,

or some mi l l i on

boar d f e e t,i s in t r e es 1 9 inches t o 2 9 inch es d . b . h . ( t ab l e 5 )

Six per cent ,or about boar d f e e t

,i s in t r e es lar ger

t han 2 9 inch es d . b . h . Th e ba lance,

or about mi l l ion boar df eet ,

i s in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9 inch es d . b . b

The t o t a l gr owing s t ock v olume in plant ed sawt imber s t ands i s

about mi l l i on cubi c f ee t . Th e gr owing st ock v o lume in pol e

t imber and sapl ing and se ed l ing st ands was not measur edWood in cu l l t r e es in t he plant ed sawt imber st ands t ot a l s about

cubi c f e et ( t ab l e Th e noncommer ci a l plant at i ons ho ldan add i t iona l and much gr eat er v olume of wood in cu l l t r e es ,

but

t hese s t ands wer e not measur ed

Ownership

The St at e of Hawai i owns about 5 2 per cent of t h e acr eage of

f or es t plant at i ons on t h e Is land of Mo loka i ( t ab l es Of t h e

acr es t al l i ed,t he St at e owns acr es of commer ci al f or

es t plant at ions and 66 acr es of noncommerci a l plant at i ons . Al so

pub l i cly- owned i s Hawai ian Homes Commi ss i on l ands amount ing t o

7 1 acr es of commer cial plant at i ons and 1 84 acr es of noncommer ci a l

plant at ions . Th i s land i s St at e - owned, se t as i d e ,

and admini st er ed by t he Hawai ian Homes Commi ssi on f or t h e benef i t of peopl e

of Hawai ian ancest ry . Pr ivat e owner s ho ld 7 29 acr e s of commer cia l

plant at i ons and 274 acr es of noncommer ci a l plant at ion t ype s .

In volume, pr ivat e owner s ho ld a gr eat er pr opor t i on of t he t im

ber because a subst ant i a l ar ea of t he St at e - owned pl ant at i ons ar e

younger se ed l ing and sapl ing or po l e t imber st and s ( t ab l e A

lar ge por t i on of t he pr iv at e s t ands ar e t hose in t he o ld er age

gr oups wi t h h igh er yi e lds . Pr ivat e owner sh ip t ot a l s 59 per cent ,

or about mi l l ion boar d f e e t , of t h e sawt imber vo lume . The

St at e owns 3 3 per cent or mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Hawai i an Homesowns 8 per cent or near ly mi l l i on boar d f e e t .

Age of Stands

For est plant at ions on Moloka i ar e t he r e su l t of r ef or est at i on

ef f or t s dur ing t hr e e d i st inct per i ods - t h e ear ly l 9oo's wh en t he

For est Reserv e was es t ab l i shed ; f r om 1 9 3 5 t o 1 9 4 1 as par t of t h e

Civ i l ian Conserva t i on Corps pr ogr am; and s ince 1 9 56 as incr easedemphas i s has be en giv en t o d ev e lopment and use of t he f or es t r e

sour ces . About l 6o acr e s of commer cia l f or es t plant at i ons ar e

mor e t han 3 0 year s o ld ( t ab l e About acr es wer e plant eddur ing t h e CCC pr ogr am. Some acr es hav e be en r ef or est ed byt h e Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry since 1 949

Stand Y ieldsYi e l ds of sawt imber in t h e plant ed f or es t s d i f f er wi de ly by

st and age , speci es , si t e ,h i s t ory and cond i t i on of t he st and

,and

ot h er f act or s . Th e av er age yi e ld of sawt imber in st ands on Mo lokai

i s boar d f e e t per acr e . Th e h i ghes t st and av er age ne t v o l

ume measur ed was boar d f e et per acr e in a st and of r obust a

euca lypt us about 60 years o ld (St and #4057,t ab l e Robust a

euca lypt us st ands av er aged boar d f ee t per acr e . Sa l i gna

euca lypt us st ands ar e gener a l ly much younger but av er agedboar d f e e t per acr e

Timber QualitySa l i gna euca lypt us sawt imber i s consi d er ed t o be s l i gh t ly be t

t er in qua l i t y t han ot h er speci es . Th i s j udgment i s based on t h e

pr opor t i on of v olume in gr ad e s 1 and 2 f act ory lumber logs; 1 5

per cent of t h e sa l igna sawt imber i s in t he se t wo gr ad es ( t ab l eBut only about 1 2 per cent of t h e r obus t a euca lypt us sawt imber v ol

ume i s in gr ad e 1 and 2 logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log—gr aded .

Op portuni ty for Ind ust r ia l Deve lopment

Ha l f of Mo l okai 's land ar ea , or about acr e s , suppor t s

some kind of f or est gr owt h .

3 Al t hough mos t of t h i s land i s non

commer ci a l f or e st t ype t her e ar e about acr e s t hat can pr o

duce t imber cr ops . And,a l t hough t he nat iv e f or es t s ar e of l i t t l e

or no v a lue f or t imber pr oduct s ,t he gr owt h of plant ed st and s of

int r oduced t r ees shows t hat t h e commercia l f or es t lands hav e a

h igh pr oduct iv e capaci t y f or t imber

If managed ,an av er age annual sawt imber gr owt h r at e of

boar d f e e t per acr e can be expect ed f r om we l l s t ocked f or e st s on

good s i t e s . Thus , i f only ha l f of t he acr es of pr esent ly

l i t t l e — used and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e st land wer e plant ed t o

adapt ed t imber speci e s , pr oduct ion of t imber wou ld amount t o

about 1 0 mi l l ion boar d f e e t annua l ly in about 3 0 year s . Such a

t imber r esour ce cou ld be an ad equat e base t o suppor t a sma l l loca l

mi l l ing indus t ry3Ne l son and Wh e e l e r . Op . ci t .

Recent r ef or e s t a t i on e f f or t s by t he St at e ar e in par t an at

t empt t o capi t a l i z e on t hi s pot ent ia l . Speci es ar e be ing se l ec

t ed wi t h cons id er a t i on f or wood qua l i t i es and adapt ab i l i t y t o

speci f i c s i t es . Pl ant ings ar e made in large b locks on non— st ockedland s . Ref or e st a t i on ef f or t s shou ld be cont inued t o br ing a much

gr eat er f or e s t ar ea und er management . The amount of plant ing ac

compl i shed dur ing t h e next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t ermine in lar ge par t

t h e amount of harv est ab l e t imber t hat mi gh t b e av ai lab l e 3 0 t o 40

year s f r om now as a base f or a mi l l ing indus t ry . Th e acr eage and

v o lume of t imber in plant ed f or es t s now ar e t oo sma l l t o sust ain

a signi f icant mi l l ing indus t ry on t h e i s land

Mul t i p le Va lues of Forests

For e st pl ant at ions pr ov i d e many v a lues be sid es t imber . Espe

cia l ly on Mo lokai , t he i r v a lue f or wa t er sh ed impr ov ement ,f or

she l t erbe l t s ,and f or r ecr eat ion hab i t at may f ar exce ed t he v a lue

of t imb er harv est s . Th ey can a l so pr ov i d e impr ov ed wi ld l i f ehab i t at . Chr i s tmas t r e es can b e pr oduced in much gr eat er number sf or loca l use . Plant ed f or es t s of int r oduced t r e es pr ov i d e t h e

most at t r act iv e and h eav i ly used f or e s t r ecr e at i on s i t es on t h e

i s land . They impr ov e t h e est h e t ics of t he land - on- s i t e and f r om

a d i s t ance . Some of t he younger pine pl ant at ions e st ab l i sh ed fin?wat er shed impr ov ement and er os i on cont r ol wi l l become incr easing

ly impor t ant f or r ecr eat i on

In t h e wes t er n par t of t he I s l and , sh e l t erbe l t s ar e ne ed ed t o

cont r o l wind and er os i on . Speci es se l ect i on and es t ab l i shment

of plant ings ar e d i f f icu l t on t h ese dry si t e s . Bu t h er e t oo ,

once es t ab l i shed,t h e f or e s t af f or ds a r ecr e at i on si t e ,

be t t er

wi ld l i f e hab i t at , and an est h e t i c impr ov ement in t he land scape .

The se mu l t ipl e benef i t s f r om plant ed f or e st s accrue cont inu

ous ly year af t er year . In add i t i on ,t imber can be harv est ed

per i od ica l ly wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om and of t en enhancing t he

r ecr eat i on and wat er shed va lues . Th e pot ent ia l f or impr ov ingwat er shed , sceni c ,

r ecr eat i on ,and wi ld l i f e v a lue s ,

as we l l as

t o gr ow t imber ,i s amply d emonst r at ed in t h e exi st ing plant at i ons .

Pub l i c land manager s and pr iv at e owner s shou l d not ov er look t h e

Oppor t uni t y t o cr eat e a mu l t ipl e —use r e sour ce on t housands of

acr e s of t h es e l i t t l e -used lands

For est land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent s t ocked by f or est

t r e es of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r e e cov er and not

cur r ent ly d ev e l oped f or ot h er use; and l and suppor t ing shrubs ,

t he cr owns cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t h e gr ound .

Cbmmer cia l for e s t land : For es t land t hat i s pr oducing or

can pr oduce cr 0ps of indus t r i a l wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .

Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive - r eserved f or

est land wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or ad

mini st r at iv e r egu lat i on ,and (b ) unproduct ive f or est land

incapab l e of yi e ld ing cr ops of indust r i a l wood because of


For es t planta t ion : Plant ed f or e st s in wh ich at l eas t 1 0 per

cent of gr owing space i s occupi ed by plant ed t r ees ( int r o

duced speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,r egar d l ess of nat iv e speci es

pr edominance

Commer cia l for est planta t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci es on commer cia l f or e s t land

Noncommer cia l for es t plantat ion : A plant at i on of noncommer ci a l t r ee Speci es or of commer cia l t r ee Speci es plant edon noncommer cia l f or e s t l and

Cbmmer cia l t r e e species : Tr ee speci es su i t ab l e f or indust r ia lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue l wood or f ence post s

ar e excluded . The f ol l owing wer e t al l i ed on plot s

sci ent if ic Name

Ar aucar ia exce lsa

Crypt omer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus ci t r iodora

Euca lypt us microcorysEuca lyptus pi lular i s

Euca lypt us r obus ta



Euca lyptus spp .

Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer cia l t r e e speci es , not t a l l i edon plot s

Nor f olk- Is land -

pine

sugi

l emon-

gum euca lyptus

t a l lowwood euca lypt us



sa l i gna eucalyptus

r ed - i r onbar k euca lyptus

uni d ent i f i ed eucalypt us

Hardwood : Plant ed s t ands pr edominant ly of har dwoodsot her t han t h e euca lypt s

Conifer : Plant ed f or e st s pr edominant ly of coni f er s .

C lass of Timber

Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r ees of good f orm and v igor and of

speci es sui t ed f or indust r i a l wood (commer cia l speci es )

Sawt imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commer cia l speci es of at

l east inches d iamet er br eas t h e i gh t wh ich cont ain a

but t ha l f - log or a log wh ich meet s t h e speci f icat i ons of

st andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .

Fb le t imber t r e e s : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l speci es

be tween and inche s hav ing soundnessand f orm necessary t o d ev e l op int o sawt imber t r e es

saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l Speci es

be twe en and inches d . b . b . and l ess t han 1 inch,

r espect iv e ly ,wh i ch show pr omi se of becoming sawt imber

t r ees

sound cul l t r ees : Liv e t r e es 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch

do not qua l i fy as gr owing st ock because of speci es (noncommer ci alSpeci es ) , poor f orm

,or excess iv e l imbs .

Rot t en cul l t r ees : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch

ar e not gr owing s t ock or sound cu l l because of excess iv e r ot .

sawt imber : Wood in t r e es d ef ined as sawt imber t r e es .

VMume

Int ernat iona l — inch kerf log rule : A f ormu la rul e f or

est imat ing t h e boar d - f oot vo lume of logs , by 4 - f oot log sect i ons

V ( 0 . 2 2D2 0 . 7 1D) ,wh er e D i s log d iamet er at sma l l end ,

ins i de bar k

Sawt imber vo lume : Th e ne t v o lume of t h e sawlog por t i on of

sawt imber t r e es , in boar d f e e t ,Int ernat i ona l - inch ru l e .

saw— log por t ion : That par t of t h e main bol e of sawt imber

t r ees be t ween t h e s t ump and t h e mer chant ab l e t op

Merchant able t op : Th e point on t h e bo l e abov e wh ich a mer chantab l e sawlog cannot be ob t ained; i . e . , t h e poi nt wh er e t h e mainst em d iv i d es int o l imbs or i s l e ss t han 8 inches d iame t er ins id ebark

Gr owing s t ock vo lume : Vo lume in cub ic f e e t of sound wood in

t he bo l e of sawt imber and pol e t imber t r ee s f r om s t ump t o a minimum

1 0

t op d iamet er ins i d e bar k of inch es , or t o t he point

wh er e t he main s t em d iv i des int o l imbs .

Al l t imber vo lume : Vo lume in cubi c f e e t of sound wood in t h e

bol e of gr owing st ock and cu l l t r e es inch es d .b . b . or lar ger ,

f r om s t ump t o a minimum t op d iame t er ins i de bar k of

inches

Stand-C lass Siz es

sawt imber s tands : St and s at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h

gr owing— st ock t r ees ,

ha l f or mor e in sawt imber and po l et imbert r e es ,

and sawt imber st ocking at l eas t equa l t o po l e t imber

Po le t imber s tands : St ands f a i l ing t o qua l i fy as sawt imberbut at l eas t 1 0 per cent s t ocked wi t h gr owing

— s t ock t r e es , at

l east ha l f pol e t imb er

sapling and seedl ing s tands : St ands not qua l i fying as saw

t imber or po l e t imber ,but at l eas t 1 0 per cent st ocked wi t h gr ow

ing- st ock t r e es

Nonst ocked : Commer cia l f or es t lands l es s t han 1 0 per cent

st ocked wi t h gr owing- st ock t r e es .

M iscellaneous

Diame t er br eas t height Tr e e d iame t er in inch es, ou t

S id e bark,measur ed at 4 f ee t abov e t h e gr ound f or norma l

t r ees ,and 18 inch es abov e t h e st i l t or swe l l f or abnorma l t r ees .

I ndus t r ia l wood : Commer cia l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw

logs , v eneer l ogs , and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e

exclud ed

Log grade s : A c lass i f icat i on of logs based on ext erna l char

act er i st i cs as ind icat or s of qua l i t y or va lue of lumber t he logs

wi l l yi e ld . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h igh est qual i t y , gr ad e 2 int ermed iat e,

and gr ad e 3 t he l owe s t qua l i t y of st andar d har dwood f act ory lumber logs .

“ Gr ad e 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and t imber s

Timber qua li ty : Based on log gr ades unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .

Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as dens i t y , st r engt h ,color ,

and

shr inkage ,ar e a l so measur es of qual i t y . Howev er , t h ese ar e

usua l ly inher ent in a speci es .

lnventory Procedure

Ar ea and vo lume s t at i st i cs pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de

v e loped plant at i on s t and by plant at ion st and . Fir s t ,ind iv i d

a rdwood l og gr ade s fo r s tanda r d l umbe rr e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Prod . Lab . Repo r t 1 73 7,

1 5 pp . , i l lu s . 1 9 53 .

1 1

ua l f or e s t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e id ent i f i ed and de

l ineat ed on aer ia l phot ogr aph s t hr ough st er eoscopi c st udy . Each

plant at i on was giv en a st and number and class i f i ed as t o t ype and

st and - S i z e gr oup . Th e ar ea of each p lant at i on was measur ed f r om

t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and st and age wer e de t ermined f r om

maps and ot h er r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat ion of each plant at ion a l

l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat ions ,class i f i cat i ons ,

and acr eages .

Next , t imber -v o lume plot s wer e locat ed on t h e gr ound in each

commer cia l f or es t plant at i on of 5 acr e s and larger hav ing saw

t imber t r e es . Th e sampl e plo t l ocat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er laid on t h e aer ia l phot ogr aph . Two or

mor e sampl e l ocat ions , d epend ing on st and acr eage and v ar i ab i l i t y,

wer e se l ect ed in each st and . At each locat i on , t r e e measur ement swer e mad e f r om wh i ch t imb er v o lume and qua l i t y cou ld be compu t edand expand ed . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad e on a main”plo tat each locat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t i onal but l ess de t ai l eddat a on two

”sat e l l i t e

”plot s . Al l plot s wer e var iab l e plot s

wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20

Fina l ly , t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a specia l ly pr epar edcomput er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s wer e conv er t ed t o meaningfu l vo lume uni t s on a per- acr e basi s ,

av er aged f or t he plot s in a

st and ,and expanded f or t he acr eage of t he st and . Th e comput er

output cons i st ed of t abu l ar dat a f or each st and and summar i es of

st and dat a by f or est r eserv e s . Vo lume t r i c dat a f or s t ands 2 t o

4 acr es in S i z e wer e ext r apo lat ed f r om close ly s imi lar measur edst ands and add ed t o t h e comput er pr ocessed dat a

Th e accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 2 0 per cent per 5

mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a st and ,at t he l ev e l of

one st andar d er r or . Th e r e l iab i l i t y of est ima t es f or each f or es t

r eserv e ,based on measur ed st ands only , ar e Shown be l ow . Two

chances out of t hr e e t h e est ima t ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t he

act ua l by gr ea t er t han t h e sampl ing er r or ind icat ed

For e st Reser v e

Moloka i

Pa laau Par k

Out si de For es t Reserv e

Observat i on St ands

Mo lokai

Pa laau Park

Out sid e For es t Reserv e

Tot a l vo lume

Sampl ing err or not ava i lab l e .

1 2

S t and - s i z e c l as s

Acr e s

Comme r ci a l t ype s

Sawt imbe r s t ands



Ot h e r e uca lypt usl /

Con i f e r2 /

To t a l

Po l e t imbe r s t ands

Robus t a e

pca lypt u s

Con i f e r2

To t a l

Se ed l ing sapl ing s t ands

Sa l i n euca l t us837 YP

Pine s

Ot he r e uca lyptus

Ot h e r co

a'

f e r .g/

Har dwoodu

To t a l

To t a l comme r c i a l

Noncomme r c i a l t ype s

Euca lypt u s

Ir onwood

Fo rmosa koa

Pape r- bar k

Ot h e r h argwood 5 /

Coni f e r6

To t a l noncomme r c i a l

To t a l f o r e s t pl an t a t i on

1 / Include s b l ackbu t t euca lypt u s , t a l lowwood euca lypt us ,l emon-

gum

euca lypt us ,r e d ~ i r onbark euca lypt u s ,

and un i den t i f i ed euca lypt us .

2 / Inc lude s sugi , we s t e rn r e d - ce dar,

and Por t -Or for d ce dar ,bu t

exc lude s pine s

2 / Coni f er f or est t e includ es : Mont er e ine, lob lol l ine

s l ash pine ,clus t er pine ,

ygnd hybr i d pines .

y p y p

4 / Inc lude s s i l k- oak,

ash ,and b l ackwood

5 / Inc lude s mixe d s t and s o f i r onwood , pape r- ba rk ,

and Formo sa ko a .

6 / J uni pe r and Mon t e r ey cypr e s s .

14

wner sh i

s t ock b s ec i es andTabl e 4 .-Volume of sawt imber and gr owing 2 p

o 2 cl ass in pl an t ed sawt imber s t ands ,


Eucal ypt us spp .

Lemon-gum euca lypt us

Red- i r onbark eucalypt us


Sal igna eucalypt us

Tal l owwood eucal ypt us

Nor f olk- I s l and -pineSug i

Tot al

B l ackbu t t euca lypt us

Eucalypt us spp .


Red- i r onbark eucalypt us

Robust a eucalypt us


Tal l owwood eucalypt us

Nor f olk- Is l and-pineSug i

Tot al

I s l and of Mol oka i21 9 67

Thousand cub i c f e e t

1 / Se e f oo t not e 1,Tabl e 1 .

2/ Int e rnat i onal l /4 - inch rul e .

1 6

Tabl e 6 .-Volume of cul l t r e e s in pl an t ed sawt imber s t ands

by f or es t r e se rv e and speci e s gr oup,

Is l and of Mo l oka iz19 67

For es t r e s erv e

Thousand cub ic f e e t

Robu s t a eucal ypt us


Ot her eucal ypnxsl /

Coni f e r 2/

Ot her har dwood 3/

To t al

1 / Includes bl ackbut t eucal ypt us , r ed- i r onbark

eucal ypt us , t al l owwood eucal ypt us , and uni dent i f i ed eucal ypt s .

g] Sug i , and Mont er ey cypr ess .

3/ B l ack-wa t t l e acac i a,kuku i ,

Casuar ina spp . and

Fi cus spp.

1 8

Tab l e 7 .- Sawt imber v o lume in pl ant ed sawt imbe r s t ands b

yowner sh ip c l ass , speci e s gr oup ,

and l og

Thousand boar d f e e t g/

i s t a euca lypt us

igna eucal ypt us 595= r eucal yptus

4/ 1 62

if er 5 /

Dot al

ian Homes °

is t a eucalypt us

=r eucalypt us 4/

Co t al

is t a eucal ypt us

igna euca lypt us 2 59>r euc

7l yptusff r

Lf e r .§

To t al

vner sh ips

us t a eucal ypt us

gna eucalypt us 853' r eucalyptws i/f er 5/ 4 1

‘

o t al

Based on s t andard spe ci f i cat i ons f or har dwood l og gr ade s f or s t andar d

j Comme r ci a l coni f er Spe ci e s wer e no t gr aded .

Int ernat i onal l /4 - inch ru l e .

Include s bl ackbu t t euca l ypt us ,l emon-

gum euca lypt us , r ed- i ronbark'

pt us , t al l owwood eucal ypt us , and Eucal ypt us spp .

Nor f ol k- I s l and -pine and sugi .

1 9

Is l and of Mo l oka i 1 9 67

Mon t e r ey cypr e ssI! H



I r onwood


Ir onwoodHar dwoodI r onwoodMon t e r ey cypr e s s

Formosa koa

Robus t a eucal ypt usl l

Formosa koa


Paper-bark

Ir onwoOd

Har dwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us

Euca lypt us


Euca lyptus

Mont er ey cypr e ss

Ir onwoodRobus t a eucalypt us

Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tabl e .

Pr iv a t e

Pr iv at e

Pr iv a t e

Hawai i an Home s

Hawai i an Homes

Hawa i i an Home s

Hawa i i an Homes

Pr ivat e

Hawa i i an Home s

Hawa i i an Home s

Hawai i an HomesS t a t e

Hawai i an Home s

Hawai i an Home s

Pr iv at e

20

Tab l e 8 ,cont inue d


S t and No . For es t t_e _ _

Owne r

Euca lypt us


Euca lypt us

Robus t a euca l ypt usH

Robu s t a euca l ypt usl l

I r onwood


Tal l owwood euca l ypt u s

Robu s t a eucal ypt usH

Robu s t a euca l ypt usl l

Euca lypt us


Mon t e r ey cypr e s sI ! l l

Euca lypt usi t

Robu s t a euca l yp t us

Euca lyp t u s

Mon t e r ey cypr e s s

Robus t a euca l ypt u sl l

Se e f oo tno t e s a t end o f Tab l e .

22

Tab l e 8 ,con t inued


Euca lypt us



Robus t a eucal ypt u s

Coni f er

Tot a l

AREAS REFORESTED 1 949 - 67

To t al Kawe l a

Makakupai a ar ea

Pine

Pine

To t al Makakupa i a

To t a l Kaul ahuki

Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tabl e .

Tab l e 8 ,con t inued

AREAS REFORESTED 1 949 -6 72/

Kami l o l oa ar ea

Pine St at e

To t a l Kami l o l oa

Kapaakea ar ea:

Pine

Ot her coni f e r

To t al Kapaake a

Kahanu i ar ea:

Sa l i gna eucal ypt us

Eucalypt us

Coni f er

Har dwood

To t a l Kahanui

Kal amaul a ar e a:

Pine

Pine


Sal igna euca lypt us

To t al Kal amau l a

To t al r e f or es t at i on ar ea

To t al al l f or es t pl ant a t i ons

Eucal ypt us s t and of 2 or mor e spec i es or uni dent i f i ed Speci es .

Noncomme r ci al pl ant at i on t ype .

Comme r ci a l spec i e s on noncomme r ci al l and .

Pol e t imbe r or se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands .

No s t and number ass igned .

Include s ash and s i lk-oak .

Include s we s t ern r edcedar and Por t -Or f or d-cedar .

24

Robert E. Nelson Wesley H.C.W0 ng , J r Herbert L. Wick

Contents

Int r oduct ion .

For est Plant at i on Resour ce s

Ar ea

T imber Volume .

Owner sh ip .

Age of St ands .

St and Y i e l ds

Timber Qua l i t y

Oppor t uni t y f or Indust r ial Dev e lopment .

Mul t ipl e Va lues of For est s .

Append ix

Def ini t i ons .

Inv ent ory Pr ocedur e .

Tab l es 1 1 2 .

Th e Au tho r s

ROBERT E . NELSON di r ec t s th e S t a t i on’

s Ins t i tu t e o f Pac i f i c I s lands

Fo r e s t ry , h e adqua r t e r ed in Hono lu lu . He j o ined th e Fo r e s t Se r v i cein 19 4 1 , a f t e r ea rn ing a fo r e s t ry de gre e a t th e Un i v e r s i ty o f Ca l i fo rn i a . He be came f i e ld supe r v i so r o f th e Ca l i fo rn i a S t a t e Coope ra t i veSo i l -Ve ge t a t i on Su r v ey in 1 949 . Since 1 9 57 , h e h a s be en in cha r ge o ft h e S t a t ion

’

s Hawa i i o f f i c e . WESLEY H .C . WONG , J r . , a na t i v e o f Wa iluku , Mau i , r e ce i v ed h i s bach e l o r

’

s degre e in fo re s t ry f rom Or e gonS t a t e Un iv e r s i t y in 1 964 . As t imbe r su rv ey fo r e s t e r fo r th e Hawai iD i v i s ion o f Fo r e s t ry , h e h as be en a s s i gned p r ima r i ly t o th e fo r e s t in

v en t o ry o f th e S t a t e . HERBERT L . WICK i s wo rk in on mensu ra t i on probl ems and fo r e s t su r v ey t e chn i qu e s A na t i v e o f Se a t t l e , Wa sh ing t on ,

h e e a rne d a bach e lo r’

s and ma s t e r 5 de g r e e in fo r e s t ry a t th e Un i v e rs i ty o f Wash ing t on . He wo rked 3 y e a r s in t h e Paci f i c No r thwe s t wi tht h e Fo r e s t Se rv i ce be fo r e

‘

o in ing t h e s t a f f o f th e Ins t i t u t e o f Paci fi c I s l ands Fo r e s t ry in 1 965.

Fo rewor d

Th i s r epor t i s one of a ser i es about plant ed f or est s on maj ori s land s in t he St at e of Hawai i . Repor t s hav e been pub l i shed for

t he i s lands of Hawai i ( 1 9 66L Kauai Lanai ( 1 96D, and M0 1 0kai Summar i z ed her e ar e t he r esu l t s of a surv ey of t imber i n plant ed f or est s on t he Is land of Oahu . Th i s inv ent orysuppl ement s t he ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e compl e t ed in

1 963 . That'

surv ey ind i cat ed t he impor t ance of plant ed f or est s as

a t imber r esour ce , but pr ov i ded no de t ai ls . Th i s bu l l et in r e

por t s : (a) locat i on and acr eage of each plant ed st and , (b ) spe

ci es compos i t i on and age of s t and , (c) t imber v o lume and qua l i ty ,

and (d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imberThe st udy i s a cooperat iv e under t aking of t he Div i si on of

For est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Natur al Re sour ces , and

t he Paci f ic Sout hwes t For est and Range Exper iment St at ion ,For est

Serv ice , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cu l t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert he d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne lson , Dir ect or

,Inst i tut e of Paci f ic

Is lands For est ry ,Paci f ic Sout hwest For est and Range Exper iment

St at ion . Nobuo Honda , f or est er , Hawai i Div i sion of For est ry ,

he lped dev e l op plans f or t he plant at ion inv ent ory and superv i sedt he f i e l d work

In 1 966 ,r esponsibi l i t y f or superv i si on of t h e For est Surv ey

in t he Paci f ic Coast St at es and Hawai i was sh i f t ed t o t he Paci f i c

Nor t hwest For est and Range Exper iment St at i on , Por t land , Or egon ,

but f i e ld wor k in Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o b e a j oint ef f or t of

t h e Hawai i Div i s i on of For est ry and t h e Paci f ic Sout hwest St at hni .

Many ind iv i dua ls ai ded in var i ous phases of t h e surv ey . Special

acknowl edgment i s due t o t h e f i e ld cr ew : For est er , Wes l ey H. C

Wong of t he Hawai i Div i s ion of For est ry and For est ry Resear ch

Techni cian Kaipo Rob er t s of t he U. S . For est Serv ice

E . M. Hornibr ook , f ormer ly in char ge of t h e For est Surv ey ,

Paci f ic Sout hwest S t at i on ,and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,

f ormer For est

Eco logi st ,Hawai i Div i sion of For est ry , ai ded in d ev e loping plans

f or t he st udyRober t M. Mi l l er , Syst ems Ana lyst ,

Paci f ic Sout hwest St at ion ,

d ev e loped speci f i cat i ons f or pr ocess ing dat a by e l ect r onic com

put er s . Th e Comput ing Cent er at t h e Univ er si t y of Hawai i pr oces

sed t h e dat aTom K . Tagawa , Hawai i St at e For es t er , t h e l at e Max F . Landgr af ,

f ormer St at e For est er , Alber t J . MacDonald ,Di st r ict For est er

(r et i r ed ) ,and For est Ranger s Teruo Yosh i oka and George Noz awa

pr ov i ded gener ous cooper at i on in t he conduct of t he surv ey

U. S . For est Serv ice r esear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper a

t ion wi t h t he Div i s i on of For est ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Lands and

Nat ur a l Resour ces

OXFORD . 228 . 7 -05 . RETRIEVAL TERMS : pl an t ed fo r e s t s; su r v ey s ; s t andcompo s i t ion ; s t and vo lume ; fo r e s t owne r sh ip; Hawai i (Oahu ) .

THOUSAND ACRES MILLlON BOARD FEET

Commercial Forest Land

Noncommermal Forest Land Oh 'a m Planted

Nonforest Land m Koa C ] Other

Fi gu r e 1 .-Fo r e s t and non fo r e s t Fi gu r e 2 .

-Saw t imbe r vo lume sl and ac r eage s on th e I s l and o f on th e I s l and o f Oahu . ( Th eOahu , Hawa i i ,

1 9 6 1 . ( Adj us t ed f i gu r e fo r pl an t ed t imbe r i s

t o 1 96 7 to ta l l and a r ea f i gu r e . ) ba s ed on 1 966 da ta ; o th e r

fi gu r e s a r e f r om 1 96 1 da ta . )

Mos t of t h e f or es t acr e age i s nat iv e or nat ur a l i z ed t ype s ,

wi t h l i t t l e vo lume of sawt imber . Noncommer ci a l f or e s t or brush

t ype s occupy near ly acr e s of t he commer cia l f or es t landIn t he f i r s t For e s t Surv ey of Hawai i , only about acr e s

of t he oh i a (Me t r os ider os co l lina ) ,koa (Acacia koa ) ,

3and na t

ur a l i z ed s i lk - oak (Gr evi l lea r obus ta ) or ot h er nat ur a l i z ed t ype s

wer e cons id er ed commer ci a l Sawt imber s t ocking in t h ese

s t and s av er age s only about 5 00 boar d f e e t per acr e,f or a t ot a l

of about 6 mi l l i on boar d f e e t

For e st plant ings wer e s t ar t ed on Oahu in t h e la t e l 8oo's t o

d ev e l op a supply of fue lwood ,f encepos t s , and o t h er pr oduct s ,

and t o enhance wa t er sh ed cond i t ions .

5;6 Re f or e st a t i on e f f or t s of

t h e Ter r i t or i a l Div i s i on of For e s t ry t o r ev ege t at e wat er shed swer e gr eat ly expand ed dur ing t he la t e 1 93 0 '

s wi t h t he aid of t he

Civ i l ian Conserv at i on Corps .

The plant ed f or e s t s on Oahu - ev en t hough sma l l in acr eage

now ho l d sev er a l t ime s mor e vo lume of sawt imber t han do t he na

t iv e f or e s t s . They yi e ld mor e t imber t han t he nat iv e s t and s and

t h e t imber i s gener a l ly of be t t er qua l i t y . Th e plant at i on v o l

A sma l l ac r e age o f p lan t ed koa fo r e s t i s included in th e o v e r -a l l ac r e age

o f na t i v e fo r e s t type be cau s e o f th e di f f i cu l ty o f di f fe r en t ia t ion . Gen e r

a l ly , th e s e p lan t ed koa fo r e s t s h av e no t de v e lope d in t o saw t imbe r s t ands .

Ne l son and Wh e e l e r , op . c i t .

SLubke r , F . Th e wa t t l e t r e e s . Th e Plan t e r s

’

Mon th ly (Hawa i i ) 2 292 3 0 . 1886 .

6Wa lke r , Th oma s R. Repo r t o f commi t t e e on fo r e s t ry . Th e Pl an t e r s’

Mon th ly(Hawa i i ) 53 1 - 53 3 . 188 7 .

ume t ot a l s only about 46 mi l l ion boar d f e e t , but has pot ent ia l

f or indust r i al use . Most of t h e vo lume i s access ib l e

In 1 966 , we s t ar t ed a st and -by- st and inv ent ory of plant at i on

t imber t o obt ain d e t ai l ed inf ormat i on on acr eage ,v o lume and

qua l i t y of t imber , and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat acompi l ed f or each st and

Forest P lantat ion Resources

For est plant at i ons on Oahu t ot al near ly acr e s . Th eyar e d i st r ibut ed mainly on t h e lower s lopes ar ound t h e Waianaeand Koolau r anges , abov e t he cu l t iva t ed and urban ar eas ( see mapand t ab l es Most of t he plant at i ons ar e concent r at ed in

t h e For e st Reserv es on t h e east er ly s l ope s of t h e Wai anae r ange ,

in t he lower r each es of t he Kaukonahua wat er sh ed ,and in t he im

por t ant wat er sh ed abov e Honolu lu

A rea

Commer cia l f or est plant at ions7t ot a l near ly acr es in

st ands fr om 2 t o 1 7 1 acr e s in si z e ( t ab l e s 1 - 4,1 2; f ig . 3 )

Most of t he ind iv i dua l plant at i on st ands t a l l i ed ar e of sma l lacr eage . Only 1 5 commer cia l st and s wer e 50 acr e s or lar ger f or

7Se e de f in i t i ons o f t e rms in appendi x .

Sawtimbe r Stands

COMMERC IAL TY PESF. cal t

Seedling , Sapl ng ,and

U YD S

POIQt lmber StandsOthe r Hardwoods

Conife rs

l St dNoncommerma an s

NoNCOMMERC lAL TY PES

ACRES

Fi gu r e 3 .-Ac r eage o f comme r C i a l and noncomme rc i a l p l an ta t ions

s tands ,by s tand - S i z e c l a s s and fo r e s t type , Oahu 1 9 66 .

a t ot a l of near ly acr es . St and s 5 t o 49 acr es in s i z e ag

gr ega t e about acr e s . Th er e ar e 3 9 1 s t and s f r om 2 t o 4

acr es in s i z e , t ot a l ing Some acr es

About acr e s of t h e commer cia l for est plant at i ons ar e

sawt imber s t ands . Anot h er 400 acr es ar e r ecent ly plant ed se edl ing , sapl ing ,

amd po l e t imber s t and s of commer cia l speci es .

Of t h e sawt imber s t and s ,euca lypt s

-mainly Euca lyptus r obus ta-make up 76 per cent ,

or about acr e s . Ot h er har dwood saw

t imber st ands t ot a l about 9 00 acr e s . And t her e ar e abou t 1 40

acr e s of commer ci a l coni f er sawt imber s t and sCommer ci a l har dwood t ypes account f or about 3 40 acr es of t he

r ecent ly plant ed se ed l ing , sapl ing and po l e t imber s t and s . An

ot her 60 acr e s ar e commer ci a l coni f er t ypes .

In add i t ion t o t he commer cia l f or est plant a t i ons ,t her e ar e

abou t acr e s of noncommer cia l t ype s ,mos t ly paper — bar k and

i r onwood .

Timber Volume

Plant ed f or e st s on Oahu cont ain near ly 46 mi l l i on boar d f e e t

of sawt imber ( t ab l e s 5 Of t h i s v o lume about 3 6 mi l l i on

boar d f e e t ar e in s t ands 5 acr e s and lar ger ,and 1 0 mi l l i on

boar d f e e t ar e in st and s of 2 t o 4 acr es . Mos t of t h e sawt imber

mi l l i on boar d f e et — i s euca lypt us; r obust a euca lypt us saw

t imber a l one amount s t o mi l l ion boar d f ee t . Th e vo lume in

har dwood s ot her t han euca lypt s t ot a l s abou t mi l l ion boar df e e t . Th er e ar e mi l l i on boar d f e e t of commer cia l coni f er

sawt imber ,a l l Nor f o lk— Is land —

pine .

In t h e s t ands 5 acr es and lar ger , about 3 7 per cent of t h e saw

t imber v o lume i s i h t r e es 1 9 t o 29 inch e s d .b . h . ( t ab l e 8 )Some 6 0 per cent of t h e t ot a l v o lume i s in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9

inches ,and about 3 per cent i s in t r e es 29 inche s d . b . h . (d i am

e t er a t br east h e igh t ) and larger .

In t erms of gr owing s t ock ,t h e vo lume in plant ed sawt imber

s t and s amount s t o about mi l l i on cubic f e e t ( t ab l e s

Abou t 7 8 per cent ,or some mi l l i on cubi c f e e t of t h i s v o lume

i s in euca lypt s; r obust a euca lyptus a lone t ot a l some mi l

Stand Y ie lds

Sawt imb er in t he plant ed sawt imb er s t and s av er ages about

boar d f ee t per acr e . But yi e ld s d i f f er gr e at ly wi t h s t and age ,

speci e s , si t e ,h i s t ory and cond i t i on of st and ,

and ot h er f act or s .

The h i ghes t st and ne t v o lume measur ed av er aged boar d f e e t

per acr e in a 40 —

year— o ld r obust a euca lypt us s t and . The next

h i gh es t yi e ld was in a s t and of sa l igna eucalypt us t hat av er aged

boar d f e e t per acr e .

Timbe r QualitySa l i gna euca lypt us sawt imber exce l l s ot h er speci es in qua l i t y ,

as j udged by t h e pr opor t i on of v olume in gr ad e s 1 and 2 f act ory

lumber logs : 1 9 per cent of i t i s in gr ad e 1,

and 1 5 per cent in

gr ad e 2 logs ( t ab l e Robust a euca lypt us ,t h e har dwood spe

ci e s in gr eat e st v o lume,has 1 3 per cent of i t s v o lume in gr ad e

1 logs and 8 per cent in gr ad e 2 logs . Coni f er speci es wer e not

log—

gr ad ed .

Op portuni t y for Industrial Deve l opmentPlant ed f or es t s of f er much be t t er pr ospect s f or indust r i a l

d ev e l opment t han do nat iv e f or e s t s . Most of t he na t iv e or nat

ura l i z ed f or es t s ar e of par t i cu lar ly poor qua l i t y - of t en j ustbrush . Th e se poor ly s t ocked or nons t ocked f or es t s occupying

commer cia l f or es t lands cont ain on ly sma l l amount s of mer chantab l e t imber . On ly of t he acr es of nat iv e or nat

ur a l i z ed f or es t t ypes ar e cons id er ed mer chant ab l e t imb er t ypes .

And t h ese f or e st s ho ld only abou t 6 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of saw

t imber

Harv e s t ing of wood f or sma l l amount s of f ence post s ,fue lwood ,

and mi sce l laneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or e s t s wi l l pr obab lycont inue , but pr act ica l ly none of t h e nat iv e st and s of f er pr os

pect s f or sawt imberIn cont r as t t o t he nat iv e f or e st s , plant ed s t and s hav e gr own

r api d ly and now yi e ld h i gher per— acr e vo lume s of t imber . In

t h e acr e s of commer cia l plant ed f or e st s of sawt imb er s i z e ,

t h e v o lume t ot a l s about 46 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of sawt imber . Most

of t h e f or e s t at ion t ha t pr oduced t h i s new t imber r e sour ce was

not done t o gr ow sawt imber , bu t t o cont r o l er os i on ,impr ov e

wat er sh ed cov er,

and pr ov i d e fue lwood . Ther e f or e , speci e s plant

ed wer e no t nece ssar i ly se l ect ed on t h e bas i s of wood qua l i t y ,

but on t h e bas i s of adapt ab i l i t y and r apid gr owt h . Euca lyptus

r obus t a - a sawt imber Speci es— was h igh ly f av or ed . But so wer e

sev er a l speci es t hat now of f er l i t t l e or no po t ent ia l f or saw

t imb er , such as i r onwood s (Casuar ina spp . ) and paper- bar k (Me la

leuca leucadendr on)Some of t h ese ear ly plant ings d emonst r a t e t hat t imber pr oduc

t i on pot ent ia ls ar e f ar gr eat er t han migh t be inf er r ed f r om t h e

dat a on pr e sent t ot a l sawt imber v o lume s on t h i s Is l and . Weknow t hat many v a luab l e int r oduced t imber speci e s ar e adapt ed

t o t he d i f f er ent f or est si t es . An av er age annual sawt imber

gr owt h rat e of boar d f eet per acr e can be expect ed f r ommanaged , we l l - s t ocked f or est s on good S i t es . And st ands can be

harv est ed wi t h in 3 0 t o 50 year s af t er es t ab l i shmentAl t hough i t s pot ent i a l wou l d be l imi t ed

, a sma l l sawmi l l ingindust ry cou ld be based on Oahu '

s pr esent t imber r esource . I t

wou ld d epend on t h e dev e lopment of marke t s f or t h e sma l l v olumesof special i z ed pr oduct s f or wh i ch t he t imber i s usefu l . And i t

could oper at e only on a sma l l sca l e or f or a v ery f ew year s .

Ther e i s ,howev er ,

a pot ent ia l t o d ev e lop a much lar ger t im

ber r esour ce , wh i ch cou ld serv e as a base f or a s igni f icant 1 0

ca l mi l l ing indust ry . If only 20 per cent of t h e acr es

of pr esent ly l i t t l e -used and unmanaged commer cia l f or es t landwer e plant ed t o int r oduced Speci es and managed ,

t imber pr oduct i on could amount t o about 1 5 mi l l i on boar d f eet annua l ly in 3 0

year s . Th i s pr oduct ion i s signi f i cant in r e lat i on t o t h e pr esent

impor t s of wood amount ing t o some 1 00 mi l l i on f e et annua l ly

Recent f or es t at i on by t h e St at e ar e in par t an at t empt t o

capi t a l i z e on t h i s pot ent i a l . In se lect ing speci es , f or est er s

ar e consid er ing wood qua l i t i es and adapt abi l i t y t o speci f ic

si t es . Th ey ar e plant ing on nonst ocked lands or lands wh er e

f or est s ar e of par t icular ly poor qual i t y . Ref or est at ion ef f or t s

Shoul d be gr eat ly expanded t o br ing a much gr eat er f or est ar ea

under management . Th e amount of r ef or est at i on accompl i sh ed during t h e next 1 0 year s wi l l d et ermine in lar ge par t t he amount of

t imber t hat migh t be avai lab le 30 t o 40 year s f r om now as a base

f or a local f or es t pr oduct s indust ry .

Mul t i p le Values of Forest

For es t s pr ov i d e many va lues besides t imber . On Oahu t h e ir

value f or wat er shed pr ot ect i on and f or r ecr eat i on use f ar ex

ceeds t h e i r va lue f or t imber . Plant at i ons es t ab l i sh ed pr imar i lyfor wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er osi on cont r o l hav e gr eat ly im

prov ed t h e landscape and incr eased oppor tuni t i es f or f or es t r ec

r eat i on . Plant ed f or es t s of int r oduced t r e es now pr ov id e t he

most at t r act iv e and h eav i ly used f or est r ecr eat i on si t es on t he

Is land . They a lso can pr ov i de impr ov ed wi ld l i f e habi t at . Theycan be used t o pr oduce Chr i s tmas t r ees in much gr eat er number s

f or loca l use or expor t . Nor f o lk- Is land -

pine gr ows we l l and

i s a r ead i ly market ab l e Chr i stmas t r ee

These mu l t ipl e bene f i t s of plant ed f or est s accrue cont inuous ly

year af t er year . In add i t i on , per i od i c harv est s of t imber can be

made wi t hout d e t r act ing f r om and of t en enhancing t he r ecr eat i on

and wat er sh ed va lues

Because vast acr eages of mount ain land s on Oahu must be main

t ained in f or est cov er , bot h pub l ic and pr ivat e land manager sshould t ry t o dev e lop a l l t h e pot ent ia l benef i t s lat ent in t h ese

lands . I t has been amply d emonst r at ed on a smal l sca l e in t h e

exi st ing plant at i ons t hat r e f or es t at ion can enhance r ecr eat i on

use , wat er sh ed va lues ,t imber pr oduct ion ,

and wi ld l i f e hab i t at

Commercial and Noncommercial

For es t land : Land at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked by f or est t r ees

of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not curr ent ly

d ev e loped f or ot h er use; and l and suppor t ing Shrubs , t he cr owns

cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t he gr ound .

Commer cia l for es t land : For est land t hat i s producing or

can pr oduce cr ops of indust r ial wood (usua l ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .

Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a) Product ive -r eser ved f or est

land wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough st at ut e or administ r at iv e r egu lat ion ,

and (b ) unpr oduct ive f or est land in

capab l e of yi e ld ing cr 0ps of indust r ia l wood because of

adv er se s i t e cond i t ions

For es t planta t ion : Plant ed f or e st s in wh i ch at l east 1 0 per

cent of t he gr owing space i s occupi ed by plant ed t r e es ( int r oduced Speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,

r egar d l ess of nat iv e speci es pr edominance

commer cia l for es t planta t ion : A plant at ion of commer cia lt r e e Speci es on commer ci a l f or est land

Noncommercia l for est plant at ion : A plant at i on of noncommerci a l t r e e speci es or of commer cia l t r e e speci es plant ed on

noncommer ci a l f or es t land

Commer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r ia lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue lwood or f ence post s

ar e excluded . The f o l l owing wer e t al l i ed on plot s

scient ific Name Cammon Name

Acacia koa

Albi z ia fa lca ta (A. mo luccana )

Angophor a lanceolata

Araucar ia exce lsa

Cinnamomum camphoraEuca lyptus ca lophyl la

Euca lyptus ci t r iodora

Euca lyptus gummiferaEuca lyptus micr ocorysEuca lyptus panicula ta

Euca lyptus pi lular i s

Euca lypt us r esinifera

1 0

Molucca a lbi z z ia

lance l eaf gum-myr t l e

Nor f olk- Is land -

pine

camphor — t r ee

mar r ilemon-

gum eucalypt us

b loodwood euca lypt us

t a l lowwood euca lypt us

gr ay i r onbar k euca lypt us

b lackbut t eucalyptus


scient ific Name Common Name

Euca lyptus robusta



Euca lyptus spp .

Fraxinus uhde i

Gr evi l lea r obusta

Mangif era indica

.Me t rosider os co l lina (M.

po lymorpha )Pi t hece l lobium samansyncarpia g lomulifera (S .

laur ifolia ) turpent ine- t r e e

Termina lia myr iocarpa j ha lnaTr i st ania confer ta brushbox

Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer ci al t r ee speci es not t a l l i edplot s


Aga t hi s r obust a Aust r a l ian kaur i

cryptomer ia j aponica sugi

Euca lyptus cornuta yat e

Euca lyptus spp . uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us

swi e t enia mahagoni West Ind i es mahoganyToona ci liata var . aus

t ra li s Aust r a l ian t oon

Noncommercia l t r ee species : Tr e e speci e s not now consid er edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s . Th e f ol lowing wer e t a l l i ed on

plot s

sci ent ific Name Common Name

Acacia decur r ens

Aleur i t es moluccanaCasuar ina Spp .

Cinnamomum z eylanicumCupr essus macr ocarpaCupr essus spp .

Diospyros sandwicensi s

Eryt hr ina sandwicensi s

Euca lypt us globulus

Euca lyptus spp .

Eugenia cumini.Me la leuca leudadendr on

Me lia az edarach

Mclochia indica

Pisonia inermi sPi t hece l lobium dulce

1 1


sal igna euca lypt us

r ed - ir onbar k euca lyptus


t r opica l ash

s i lk- oak

mango

b lack—wat t l e acacia

kukui (cand l enut - t r ee )ir onwoodscinnamonMont er ey cypr e ss

cypr ess

lamawi l iwi l i

b luegum euca lyptus


J ava—plum

paper-bark

pr i d e -of - Ind iame loch ia

papa la- kepsu

Opiuma

sci ent if ic Name Common Name

Pr i t chardia spp .

sant a lum spp .

St r aussia spp .

Ot h er of t -

plant ed noncommer ci a l t r ee speci es not t al l i ed on

plot s

sci ent if ic Name Cammon Name

Acacia confusaFicus SpHaemat oxylon campechianumJ acaranda mimosifo liaPlatymi scium s t ipular e

Hardwoods : Di cot yl edonous t r ees; usua l ly br oad l eav ed .

Conifer s : Coni f er ous t r ees; usua l ly ev ergr een , hav ing need l eor sca le - l ike l eav es . Also genera l ly known as sof twoods

For es t type s or speci es type : For es t s wh i ch ar e pr edominantly of a S i ng l e Speci es and in wh ich no ot h er speci es makes up 25

per cent or mor e of t h e s t and , ar e desi gnat ed by t h e singl e spe

ci es such as r obust a euca lypt us t ype , oh i a t ype , or t r opi cal ash

t ype . Ot herwi se t hey ar e designat ed

Mixed euca lyptus type : Plant ed st and s pr edominant ly of

euca lypt us speci es .

Mixed hardwood type : Plant ed st ands pr edominant ly of har dwoods ot her t han t he euca lypt s

Mixed conifer type : Plant ed f or est s pr edominant ly of coni

f er s

C lass of Timb er

Gr owing s t ock : Liv e t r ees of good f orm and v igor and of spe

ci es sui t ed f or indust r ia l wood (commer cial speci es ) .

sawt imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commercia l Speci es of at

leas t inch es d i ame t er br east he i gh t wh i ch cont ain a

but t ha lf - log or a log wh i ch mee t s t h e speci f i cat i ons of

st andar d lumber , or t i e and t imber log gr ades .

Po le t imber t r ees : Liv e t r ees of commer cial speci es be tween

and inches hav ing soundness and f orm nec

essary t o dev e lop int o sawt imber t r e es

1 2

sapling and seedling s tands : St ands not qua l i f ying as saw

t imber or pol et imber ,bu t at l east 1 0 per cent st ocked wi t h

gr owing- s t ock t r ees .

Nons t ocked : Commer cia l f or est lands l ess t han 1 0 per cent

st ocked wi t h gr owing- s t ock t r ees .

M isce llaneous

Diame t er br east height Tr e e d i ame t er in inch es ,

out si d e bar k ,measur ed at 4 f ee t abov e t he gr ound f or nor

ma l t r e es , and 1 8 inches abov e t h e s t i l t or swe l l f or abnorma lt r ees

Indust r ia l wood : Commer cial r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw

logs , v eneer logs , and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence post s ar e

exclud ed

Log grades : A classi f icat i on of logs based on ext erna l char

act er i st i cs as ind i cat or s of qual i t y or va lue of lumber t h e logs

wi l l yi e ld . Gr ad e 1 i s t h e h igh est qual i t y , gr ad e 2 int er

med i at e , and gr ad e 3 t he lowe st qua l i t y of st andar d har dwoodf act ory lumber l ogs .

8 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and

t imber s

Timber qual i ty : Based on l og gr ad es unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .

Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as d ensi t y , s t r engt h ,co lor , and

shr inkage , ar e a l so measur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er , t h ese ar e

usua l ly inher ent in a speci es .

I nventory P rocedure

Ar ea and vo lume st at i st ics pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e de

v e 1 0ped plant at i on s t and - tnw-

plant at i on st and . Fi r s t , ind iv idua l f or es t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e i d ent i f i ed and

d e l ineat ed on aer ia l phot ogr aphs t hr ough st er eoscopic st udyEach plant at ion was giv en a s t and number and class i f i ed as t o

t ype and st and - s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each plant at ion was measur ed f r om t he phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e de t ermined f r ommaps and ot her r ecor d s . Fi e ld examinat ion of each

plant at i on a l lowed f or cor r ect ing de l ineat i ons , c lassi f i cat i ons ,

and acr eages .

Next,t imber -v o lume plot s wer e locat ed on t h e gr ound in each

commer cia l f or est plant at i on of 5 acr es and lar ger hav ing saw

t imber t r e es . Th e sampl e plot locat i ons wer e se l ect ed at r an

dom f r om a gr i d of point s ov er lai d on t h e aer i a l phot ogr aph .

Two or mor e sampl e locat ions ,d epend ing on st and acr eage and

8U. S . Fo r e s t Produc t s Labo ra t o ry . Ha r dwood log grade s fo r s t andar d lumbe r

p ropo sa l s and r e su l t s . U. S . Fo r e s t Se rv . Fo r e s t Pr od . Lab . Rep . 1 73 7 ,1 5

pp . , i l lus . 1 9 53 .

var iabi l i t y ,wer e se l ect ed in each st and . At each loca t i on ,

tr e e measur ement s wer e made f rom wh ich t imber vo lume and qua l i t ycoul d be comput ed and expanded . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad eon a

"main" plot at each l ocat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t iona lbut l ess de t ai l ed dat a on t wo "

sat e l l i t e" plot s . Al l plot s wer e

var iab l e plot s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20

Fina l ly , t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a Specia l ly pr epar edcomput er pr ogr am. Tr ee measur ement s wer e conv er t ed t o meaningful v olume uni t s on a per

- acr e bas i s , av er aged f or t he plot s in

a st and , and expanded f or t h e acr eage of t he s t and . Th e comput eroutput consi st ed of t abu lar dat a f or each s t and and summar i esof st and dat a by f or est r eserv es

Volume t r i c dat a f or s t and s 2 t o 4 acr es in si z e wer e ext r a

po lat ed f r om close ly simi lar measur ed s t andsTh e accur acy goal f or t h i s inv ent ory was t 20 per cent per 5

mi l l i on ne t boar d f ee t of sawt imber in a st and , at t he l ev e l of

one s t andar d er r or . Th e r e l i ab i li t y of es t imat es f or each f or

es t r eserv e , based on measur ed st and s only ,ar e shown be low . Two

chances out of t hr e e t h e est imat ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t h e

actua l by gr eat er t han t he sampl ing er r or ind i cat ed

Tot a l volume er r or

f t . ) per cent )

For est Reserv e

Out si d e For est Reserv e

1 5

Tab les 1 1 2

23

;

mo

cw

mm

«

N

am

am

mm

MN

mNN

mm

qmw

mm

mo

A

N

Nm

aw.

com

1 6

N W “)

N

a

-u

i

H

m

I

-i

m

u

m

l

l

N

II

l

l

I

I

II

o

N

a

-e

I

N

i

.

i

N

i

i

I

I

I

I

i

t

I

I

I

I

M

I

I

n

.

u

-i

N

i

u

i

N

os

6

mm

aa

H

N

a

s

Om

m

i

n

m

i

i

i

t

m

N

I

I

II

II

.

l

II

«N

w

a

o

m

o>ummom

upwmu

so

ocmE

m2

axi

omcmflmz

mH

o

smN

mz

mxo

muumm

pfi

mfl

o

so

m

mo

xsa

sm

N

a

sxmcmz

afi

oa

axo

z

smo

o

mi

mzxmz

So

sofl

5x

no

H

mBmM

msoo

amM

sxa

zmx

H

a

sfla

socoz

DH

SH

oco

m

ma

damm

mam

24

I s l and of Oahu 1 9 66


3002 Gr ay i r onbar k eucal ypt us

300 3 Mixed euca lypt s

3004 Si l k-oak

3005 Ir onwood

3006 Mixed eucal ypt s

300 7 Mix ed eucal ypt s

3008 B lu egum eucal ypt us

3009 Kinogum euca lypt us

301 0 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us

30 1 1 Robus t a euca lypt us

301 2 Sal igna eucalypt us

30 1 3 Sa l igna eucal ypt us


30 1 5 Mixed eucal ypt s

301 6 Mixed eucalypt s

301 7 Robus t a eucal ypt us

301 8 Pape r—bark

30 1 9 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us

3020 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us


302 2 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us

30 23 B luegum eucal ypt us

30 24 Gr ay i ronbar k eucalypt us

3025 Si l k- oak

3026 Lemon-gum euca lypt us

30 2 7 Mix ed eucal ypt s

3028 Robus t a eucalypt us

3029 Mixed eucalypt s

3030 Nor f olk- I s l and—pine

Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tabl e .

Tabl e 1 1 , cont inued



3031 Nor f olk- I s l and -pine3032 Robus t a euca lypt us

3033 Paper-bark

3034 Paper-bark

303 5 Eucal ypt us spp.

3036 Si l k-oak


3038 Robl e

3039 Brushbox

3040 Eucalypt u s spp .

3041 Robus t a euca l ypt us

3042 S i lk- oak

3043 Brushbox

3044 Si l k-oak

3045 Eucal ypt us spp .

3046 Sal i gna eucalypt us

3047 Mix ed eucalypt s

3048 Robust a eucal ypt us

3049 Robus t a eucal ypt us



3052 Eucal ypt us Spp .

3053 Si l k-oak

3054 Si l k- oak

3055 Si lk- oak

3056 Lemon -

gum euca l ypt us

3057 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us

3058 S i l k- oak

3059 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us

30 60 S i lk-oak

Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tab l e .

27

3061

3062

3063

3064

3065

3066

3067

3068

3069

3070

3071

3072

3073

3074

3075

3076

3077

3078

3079

3080

3081

3082

3083

3084

3085

3086

3087

3088

3089

3090



Si lk-oak

B 1uegum. euca1 ypt us

Mixe d eucal ypt s

Mi xed eucalypt s

Si lk-oak

Si lk-oak

Ir onwood



Mixed eucalypt s


Si lk-oak

Si lk-oak

Si l k-oak

Paper-bark

Ir onwood

Si l k-oak

Si lk-oak


Paper-bark

Paper-bark

Sugi

Gray i ronbark eucalypt us

Silk-oak

Si lk-oak

Si l k-oak

Si l k-oak

Tr opi cal ash


Mi xed eucalypt s

See f oot not es at end of Tabl e .

28



Thousandboard f ee t

3 1 2 1 Si lk-oak

3 1 22 Robus t a eucal ypt us

31 2 3 Robus t a eucalypt us

31 24 Si lk-oak

3 1 25 Si l k-oak

31 2 6 S i lk-oak

31 27 Robus t a eucalypt us


3 1 29 Sal igna eucalypt us

31 30 Pape r-bark

131 3 1 Brushbox Pr iv at e/3 1 32

3 1 33 Mixed eucalypt s _Pr iv at e 1 9

31 34 Mixed eucal ypt s Ot h er publ i di / 1 9

31 35 Sal i gna eucal ypt us Pr iv at e 4

3 1 36 Sal igna eucal ypt us

31 37 Si lk-oak

3 1 38 Paper-bark

3 1 39 Si lk- oak

3140 Brushbox

3 14 1 Tr opi cal ash

3 142 Brushbox

3 143 Molucca alb i z z i a

3 144 Paper-bark

3 145 Ironwood



3 148 Mixe d eucalypt s


3 1 50 Brushbox

See f oot not e s at end of Tabl e .

30

Tabl e 1 1, cont inued


3 1 5 1 Robus t a eucalypt us



31 54 Robus t a euca lypt us


3 1 5 6 Robus t a euca lypt us


31 58 Lemon-gum eucal ypt us

3 1 59 Si lk-oak


31 6 1‘

Mixed eucalypt s

3 1 62 B luegum euca lypt us

31 63‘

Mixed eucalypt s

3 1 64 Mixed eucal ypt s

3 1 65 Mixed eucalypt s

3 1 66 Eucalypt us spp .


3 1 68 Robd s t a eucalypt us



3 1 71 Robus t a eucalypt us Pr iv at e




3 1 76 Ir onwood

3 1 77 Ir onwood31 78

'

Mixe d eucalypt s

3 1 79 Ironwood

31 80 Ir onwood

Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tab l e .

3 1


3 1 8 1 Ir onwood31 82 B l ackbut t eucalypt us

3 1 83 Brushbox




3 1 87 Brushbox

3 1 88 Brushbox

3 1 89 Paper-bark

3 190 Ir onwood

3 1 9 1 Paper-bark

3 1 9 2 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us



31 9 5 S i lk-oak


3 1 9 7 Robus t a eucalypt us


3 199 Sal igna eucal ypt us

3200 Mixe d eucalypt s




3204 Robus t a euca lypt us



3207 B luegum eucal ypt us

3208 B luegum eucal ypt us


32 1 0 Mont er ey cypr ess




3242 Ir onwood





3247 Ir onwood3248 Brushbox


3250 Paper-bark

325 1 B l ackbut t eucal ypt us

32 52 Brushbox

32 53 B l ackbu t t eucalypt us

3254 Brushbox

3255 B l ackbu t t euca lypt us

3256 Pape r-bark

325 7 Paper-bark

3258 Paper-bark

3259 Brushbox

3260 Bl ackbut t eucal ypt us

3261 Si l k-oak

3262 Sal i gna eucal ypt us

3263 Tal l owwood eucalypt us


3265 Brushbox





3270 Ironwood

Se e f oo t no t e s at end of Tabl e .

Tab l e 1 1 ,cont inued


Thousandboard f e e t



3273 Ir onwood32 74 I ronwood32 75 Robus t a eucalypt us

3276 Robus t a euca lypt us

32 77 Robust a eucal ypt us


32 79 Robus t a euca lypt us

3280 B l ackbut t euca lypt us

3281 Paper-bark

3282 Brushbox

3283 Paper-bark

3284 B l ackbut t eucalypt us

328 5 B lackbut t eucalypt us

3286 Robus t a eucalypt us Pr iv at e

328 7 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us Pr iv at e

3288 Papera bark Pr iv at e

3289 Paper-bark Pr iv at e

3290 Ir onwood Pr iv at e

329 1 Ir onwood


329 3 Eucalypt us spp .

3294 S i l k-oak

329 5 Si lk-oak

329 6 Si lk-oak

3297 Lemon-gum. eucalypt us

3298 Lemon-gum eucalypt us

3299 Robust a eucalypt us


See f oot not es at end of Tabl e .

3 5

330 1

3302

3303

3 304

3305

3306

3307

3 308

3309

33 1 0

331 1

331 2

33 1 3

3314

33 1 5

33 1 6

331 7

33 1 8

331 9

3320

332 1

3322

332 3

3324

3325

3326

3327

3328

3329

3330


Robus t a

Robus t a

Robus t a

Robus t a

Robus t a

Sal igna

Robus t a


eucal ypt us

eucalypt us

eucal ypt us

eucalypt us

eucal ypt us

eucal ypt us

eucalypt us

Paper-bark

Robus t a eucalyptu s

Pape r-bark

Paper-bark

Mixed eucalypt us

Paper-bark

Robust a

B l ackbu t t eucalypt us

Robus t a

Robus t a

Robus t a

Robus t a

Robust a

eucalypt us

eucalypt us

eucal ypt us

eucalypt us

eucalypt us

euca lypt us

Mixe d eucalypt s


Paper-bark


Turpent ine-t r e e


Paper-bark


Paper-bark

Ir onwodd

See f oo t no t e s at end of Tabl e .

336 1

3362

3363

3 364

3365

3366

3 367

3368

3 369

3370

33 71

3 372

3373

3 374

3375

3376

3377

3378

3379

3380

338 1

338 2

338 3

3384

338 5

338 6

3 38 7

3388

3389

3390

Tabl e 1 1,

cont inued


Sal i gna euca l ypt us



Ir onwood

Paper-bark

Mix ed eucal ypt us

Mixed har dwoodsNor f olk- Is l and -pinePaper

-bark

Mixed eucalypt s

Mixed euca lypt s

Paper-bark

Paper-bar k

Brushbox





B l ackbut t euca l ypt us

Paper-bark

B lackbut t eucal ypt us

B l ackbut t eucal ypt us


Eucalypt us spp .


Bl ackbut t eucal ypt us

Paper-bark

Paper-bark



Se e f oot no t es at end of Tabl e .

38

339 1

3 39 2

339 3

3394

3395

339 6

339 7

3398

3399

3400

3401

340 2

3403

3404

3405

3406

3407

3408

3409

34 1 0

34 1 1

341 2

341 3

34 14

341 5

34 1 6

341 7

341 8

341 9

3420

Tab l e 1 1,cont inued


Ir onwoodIr onwoodNor f olk- I s l and -pinePaper

-bark

Nor f ol k- I s l and-pine

Ir onwoodI r onwoodI r onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us

Paper-bark

Paper~ bark

Pape r-bark

Nor f olk- Is l and-pineIr onwood


Robus ta eucalypt us

Paper-bark


Paper-bark




Mixed eucalypt s


Paper-bark

Nor f olk- Is l and-pineNor f ol k- Is land -pineBrushbox


Se e f oo t not e s at end of Tab l e .

3 9


342 1

3422

342 3

3424

342 5

3426

342 7

3428

3429

3430

343 1

3432

3433

3434

3435

3436

3437

3438

3439

3440

344 1

3442

3443

3444

3445

3446

3447

3448

3449

3450




Ir onwood

Ir onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us

Ironwood

Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a euca lypt us

Ir onwoodB 1uegum, euca1 ypt us





Brushbox


Ir onwoodIr onwoodPape r

-bark

Mixed eucalypt s


Mixed eucalypt s

Mixed eucalypt s

Mix e d eucalypt s

Brushbox

Brushbox

Si l k-oak


Si l k-oak


See f oo t no t es at end of Tab l e .

348 1

348 2

348 3

3484

3485

3486

3487

3488

3489

3490

349 1

349 2

349 3

3494

3495

349 6

349 7

349 8

3499

3500

350 1

3502

3503

3504

3505

3506

3507

3 508

3509

35 1 0



Aus t r al i an kaur i



Molucca albi z z ia

Mo lucca alb i z z i a

Eucalypt us spp .

Eucal ypt us spp .

Mi xed eucalypt s


Wes t Ind i e s mahogany

S i lk- oak

Ir onwoodSal igna eucalypt us


Ir onwood


Aus t r al i an t oon

Mixe d eucalypt s

Mixed eucalypt s

Lemon-gum eucalypt us

Gr ay i ronbark eucalypt us

Eucal ypt us spp .

Mixed eucalypt s

Ir onwoodIr onwood

Monkey-pod

Mi xe d eucalypt s

Ir onwood

Si lk-oak

Brushbox

Se e f oo t not es at end of Tabl e .




351 1 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us

351 2 Gray i r onbark eucalypt us

35 1 3 Brushbox

35 14 Paper-bar k

351 5 Nor f olk- Isl and-pine

35 1 6 Lemon-gum eucalypt us

351 7 Turpent ine-t r ee

35 1 8 Turpent ine- t r e e

351 9 Brushbox


352 1 Brushbox


352 3 Nor f olk-Isl and-pine

3524 Paper-bark

3525 Paper-bark


352 7 J halua

3528 Robust a eucal ypt us

3529 Brushbox

3530 Bl ackbut t eucalypt us

35 31 Turpent ine-t r ee

3532 Brushbox

3533 Paper-bark

3534 Brushbox

3535 Ironwood

3536 Nor f olk- Isl and-pine

3537 Ir onwood

3538 Turpent ine- t r e e

3539 Ir onwood3540 Brush box

Se e f oo tnot e s at end of Tabl e .

43

Tab l e 1 1 ,cont inue d



354 1 Pape r-bark


3543 Brushbox




354 7 Brushbox

3548 Brushbox

3549 Brushbox

3550 Brushbox

355 1 Gr ay i r onbark eucalypt us Pr iv at e

3552 S i lk-oak St at e

3553 Si lk-oak St a t e

3554 Si lk-oak St a t e

3555 Si lk- oak S t a t e

3556 S i lk-oak



3559 Sal igna eucalypt us

3560 Tal l owwood eucal ypt us


3562 Gray i r onbark eucal ypt us

3563‘

Mixed eucalypt s

3564 Mixe d eucalypt s

35 65 Ir onwood

3566 Brushbox


3568 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us

3569 Gr ay i r onbark eucal ypt us

3570 Ir onwood

Se e f oo t no t es at end of Tabl e .

3 60 1

3602

3603

3604

3 605

3606

3607

3608

3609

36 1 0

36 1 1

36 1 2

36 1 3

3614

361 5

36 1 6

361 7

36 1 8

36 1 9

3620

362 1

3622

362 3

3624

3625

3626

362 7

3628

3 629

3630





Paper-bark

Brushbox

Brushbox

'

Mixed eucalypt s

Mixed eucal ypt s

Paper-bark

Brushbox

Paper-bark

Bl ackbu t t eucal ypt us


Turpent ine - t r eeSal i gna eucal ypt us




Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us




Brushbox

Eucalypt us spp.


Ir onwoodNor f olk- I s l and -pineMixed eucal ypt s

Mixed eucal ypt s

Se e f oo t no t e s a t end of Tab l e .


3 63 1

3632

3633

3634

3635

3636

3637

3638

3639

3 640

364 1

3642

364 3

3644

3665

3646

3647

3648

3 649

3650

3651

3652

3653

3654

3655

3656

3657

3658

3659

3660

T

ab l e 1 1,cont inue d


Paper-bark

Brushbox

Eucalypt us spp .

Paper-bark

Paper-bark

Pape r-bar k

Formosa koa

Ir onwood



Turpent ine - t r e eBrushbox

Brushbox

Brushbox


Brushbox

Brushbox

Brushbox

Paper-bark

Paper-bark

Ir onwoodFormosa koa

Brushbox

Brushbox

Eucalypt us spp.

Brushbox

Molucca a lb i z z i a

Eucal ypt us spp.

Ir onwoodMolucca al b i z z i a

Se e f oot not es at end of Tabl e .

47


Tabl e 1 1,

360 1

3602

3603

3604

3605

3606

3607

3608

3609

361 0

36 1 1

361 2

361 3

3614

361 5

361 6

361 7

36 1 8

361 9

3620

362 1

3622

3623

3624

3625

3626

362 7

3628

3629

3630

cont inue d



Sal i gna euca lypt us

Paper-bark

Brushbox

Brushbox

Mix ed eucalypt s

Mixe d eucal ypt s

Paper-bark

Brushbox

Paper-bark

Bl ackbu t t eucal ypt us


Turpent ine - t r eeSal igna eucalypt us

Sa l igna euca lypt us



Ir onwoodIr onwoodRobus t a eucal ypt us




Brushbox

Eucal ypt us spp.


Ir onwoodNor f o l k- I s l and -pineMixed eucal ypt s

Mixed eucal ypt s

Se e f oot not e s a t end of Tab l e .

Tabl e 1 1,

3 60 1

3602

3603

3604

3605

3606

3607

3608

3609

361 0

36 1 1

36 1 2

36 1 3

3614

361 5

361 6

361 7

36 1 8

361 9

3620

362 1

3622

362 3

3624

3625

3626

362 7

3628

3629

3630

cont inue d




Paper-bark

Brushbox

Brushbox

Mixed eucalypt s

Mixed eucalypt s

Paper-bark

Brushbox

Paper-bark

Bl ackbut t eucalypt us


Turpent ine - t r e eSal i gna eucal ypt us

Sa l igna euca lypt us



I r onwoodIr onwood





Bru shbox

Eucalypt us spp.


Ir onwoodNor f olk- I s land -pineMixed eucal ypt s

Mixed eucal ypt s

Se e f oot not es a t end of Tab l e .

Thousand

board f e e t

3 63 1

363 2

3633

3634

3635

3636

3637

3638

3639

3640

364 1

3642

3643

3644

3665

3646

3647

3648

3 649

3650

3651

3652

3653

3654

3655

3 656

3657

3658

3659

3660

T

ab l e 1 1 , cont inue d


Paper-bark

Brushbox

Euca lypt us spp .

Paper-bark

Paper-bark

Paper-bark

Formosa koa

Ir onwood


Robu s t a eucal ypt us

Turpent ine - t r e eBrushbox

Brushbox

Brushbox


Brushbox

Brushbox

Brushbox

Paper-bark

Pape r-bark

Ir onwoodFormosa koa

Brushbox

Brushbox

Eucal ypt us spp.

Brushbox

Molucca alb i z z ia

Eucal ypt us spp.

Ir onwoodMolucca alb i z z i a

Se e f oot not es at end of Tabl e .

47




3 66 1 J halna

3662 Molucca al b i z z i a

3663 Ir onwood3664 Paper

-bark

3665 Paper-bark

3671 Formosa koa

3672 Brushbox

3 673 Eucal ypt us spp .

3674 Brushbox

3 675 Brushbox

3676 B l ackbut t eucal ypt us

3677 Turpent ine -t r e e3678 Brushbox

3679 Eucalypt us spp .

3680 Eucal ypt us spp .

3 68 1 Paper-bark

3682 Molucca alb i z z i a


3684 Nor f ol k- I sl and -pine3685 Eucal ypt us spp.






Se e f oo t not e s a t end of Tabl e .


AREAS REFORESTED 1 9 50 -66

Kawa i l oa ar e a:

Eucal ypt us spp .

Robus t a eucal ypt us6/

Mixed pine s

Mixed har dwoods

To t al Kawa i l oa

Moku l e i a ar e a°

Sa l igna eucal ypt us

Nor f o l k- I s l and-pine

Tr opi cal ash

Brushbox

Mixed h ar dwoods

To t a l Moku l e i a

Hono lu lu ar e a

Mixed har dwoods St a t e

Wa i anae —Kai ar ea:

Sal igna eucal ypt us S t a t e

Kuaoka l a ar ea'

Sa l igna eucal ypt us St a t e

To t al

To t al f or es t pl ant a t ions

S t and numbe r s 300 1 , 3 1 3 2 , and 3 1 72 no t used .

Noncomme r c i a l pl an t at i on t ype .

Pol e t imb e r or se edl ing and sapl ing s t ands

In t h i s t ab l e,

r e f e r s t o mi l i t ary or count y and mun i c ipa l l ands .

No s t and numbe r s ass igned .

Na t ur al r egener at i on .

Tabl e 1 2,

cont inued

4 1 3444 -46; 351 0-1 2 56 3320-24 ,26 -29 , 3 1 -37 ,

42 3450 -54 ; 3626 4 1 -46 , 66-67; 3509 ,

43 3455-61 ; 3627 23 -27; 3685

44 3463-65 , 67-68 57 3688

45 3479 - 82 ; 3628 -32 58 3534; 3686-87

59 3689 -9 1

46 3484-85 , 8 7 60 351 3-2 1

47 3330 ; 3490 -9 2 , 95-99 ,

3500 -8 61 3542-46 , 49 -50 ; 3694

48 3347; 3466 ; 352 2 ; 3633-42 62 369 5-99 ; 3 700

49 3563 -66 , 75- 78 ; 3673 -75 63 369 2-9 3

50 3529 -30 ; 3643 -72 64 354 7-48 , 51 , 68 -79

65 370 1 -5

51 3355 -58 ; 3676-78

52 3359 -60 ; 3679-8 1

53 3535 -4 1

54 3528 , 3 1 -33 , 3682 -8 3

55 3348 -51 ; 3684

l / Unnumbe r ed s t ands on t he map ar e i dent i f i ed by symbol s as

f ol lows

KRP- J Kuaokal a r ef or es t a t i on pl ant ing , 1 950-66; includes seedl ing ,

sapl ing , and pol e t imbe r .

HRP -Honolulu r e f or es t at i on pl ant ing , 1 950 -66 ; includes seedl ing ,

sapl ing , and pol e t imber .

MRP -Mokul e i a r e f or e s t at i on plant ing , 1 950 -66 ; include s seedl ing ,


WRP -Wai anae -Ka i r e f or est at ion plant ing ,1950 -66 ; includes

se edl ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r .

ORP -Opaeu1 a r e f or es t at ion pl ant ing ,1950 -66 ; includes seedl ing ,


GPO 9 1 6-7

Foreword

Th i s r epor t i s t h e las t of a ser i es about plant ed f or es t s on

maj or i s lands in t h e St at e of Hawai i . Report s hav e be en pub l i shedf or t h e i s lands of Hawai i Kaua i Lanai

Mo lokai and Oahu Summar i z ed h er e ar e t h e r e su l t s

of a surv ey of t imber in pl ant ed f or es t s on t h e Is land of Maui

Th i s inv ent ory suppl ement s t h e ini t ia l For est Surv ey of t he St at e

compl e t ed in 1 9 63 . That surv ey ind i cat ed t he impor t ance of plant

ed f or es t s as a t imber r esour ce , but pr ov i d ed no de t ai l s . Th i sbu l l e t in r epor t s : (a ) locat i on and acr eage of each pl ant ed s t and ,

(b ) Speci es compos i t i on and age of s t and , (c) t imber volume and

qual i t y ,and ( d ) owner sh ip of plant ed t imber

The s t udy i s a cooper at iv e under t aking of t h e Div i s i on of

For es t ry , Hawai i Depar tment of Land and Nat ur a l Resour ces , and of

t h e Paci f i c Sout hwes t For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , For es t

Serv i ce , U. S . Depar tment of Agr i cu l t ur e . I t was conduct ed undert h e d i r ect i on of Rober t E . Ne l son ,

Di r ect or ,Inst i t ut e of Paci f i c

Is lands For es t ry , Paci f i c Sout hwest For es t and Range Exper imentSt a t i on . Nobuo Honda

,For es t er ,

Hawai i Div i s i on of For es t ry ,

h e lped dev e lop plans f or t h e plant at i on inv ent ory

In 1 96 6 , r espons ib i l i t y f or superv i s i on of t h e For es t Surv ey

in t h e Paci f i c Coas t St at e s and Hawai i was ass i gned t o t h e Paci f i c

Nor t hwes t For es t and Range Exper iment St at i on , but f i e ld wor k in

Hawai i wi l l cont inue t o be a j oint e f f or t of t h e Hawai i St at e

Div i s i on of For es t ry and t h e Paci f i c Sout hwest For e st and Range

Exper iment St at i on

Many ind iv i dual s ai ded in var i ous phases of t he surv ey . Speci a l

acknowl edgment i s due t h e f i e ld cr ew : For es t er Wes l ey Wong and

cr ew member s Ka zuo Tamur a and J acob Mau , J r .— a l l of t h e Hawai i

Div i s i on of For es t ry

E . M. Hornibr ook , f ormer ly in char ge of t h e For e s t Surv ey ,

Paci f i c Sout hwes t St at i on ,and Russe l l K . LeBar r on ,

f ormer For

es t Eco logi st , Hawai i Div i si on of For es t ry ,ai d ed in d ev e loping

plans f or t h e st udyRober t M. Mi l l er

, Sys t ems Analys t ,Paci f i c Sout hwest St at i on ,

d ev e loped Speci f i cat i ons f or aut omat i c dat a pr ocess ing . The com

put ing cent er a t t h e Univ er s i t y of Hawai i pr ocessed t h e dat a .

Kar l H . Kor t e,Di s t r i ct For es t er ,

Maui,and Tom K . Tagawa ,

St at e For es t er, pr ov i ded gener ous coopera t i on in t h e conduct of

t h e surv ey

U. S . For est Serv i ce r esear ch in Hawai i i s conduct ed in cooper a

t i on wi t h t h e Div i s i on of For es t ry ,Hawai i Depar tment of Land and

Na t ur a l Resour ces

Contents

Int r oduct ion

Pl ant at i on T imber Resour ce .

Ar ea

Volume

Owner sh ip

Age of St ands

St and Yi e lds

T imber Qua l i t y

Oppor t uni t y f or Indus t r i a l Dev e lopment .

Mu l t ipl e Va lues of

Append ix

De f ini t i ons


Tab l es 1 1 2

The Aut hor s

WESLEY H. C. WONG , J r .,a nat ive of Wai luku , Maui , r ece ived h i s bache lor '

s

degr ee in f or est ry f romOr egon St at e Univer si t y in 1 964 . As t imber surveyf orest er for t he Hawai i Div is ion of For est ry , he has been assigned pr imar i lyt o t he for est invent ory of t he St at e . HERBERT L. WICK i s working on mensurat ion problems and for est surv ey t echniques . A nat ive of Seat t le , Wash ingt on ,

he earned a bache lor 's and mast er '

s degr ee in for est ry at t he Univer si t y of

Washingt on . He worked 3 year s in t he Paci f i c Nor t hwest wi t h t he For est Serv

ice befor e j oining t he s t af f of t he Inst i t ut e of Paci f ic Is lands Forest ry in

1 967 . ROBERT E. NELSON di r ect s t he Paci f ic Sout hwest St at ion 's Inst i t ut e of

Paci f ic Islands Forest ry , headquar t er ed in Hono lulu . He j oined t he For est

Serv ice in 1 94 1 , af t er earning a f or est ry degr ee at t he Universi t y of Ca l i for

nia . He became f i e ld superv isor of t he Cal i fornia St at e Cooperat iv e Soi l -Veget at ion Survey in 1949 . Since 19 57 , he has been in charge of t he St at ion '

s

Hawai i of f ice .

Thousand Acres nannon board feet

Commercial forest land

Noncommercuol forest land Other Planted

Nonforest lond

Fi gu r e 1 .-Fo r e s t and non fo r e s t land ac r e Fi gu r e 2 .

-Saw t imbe r vo lume s on th e I s l anage s on th e I s l and o f Mau i ,

1 96 1 . o f Mau i . ( Plan t ed f i gu r e i s cu r r en t vo lumeo th e r s a r e 1 96 1 da t a . )

Mos t of t h e commer ci a l f or es t land has a cover of nat iv e or

nat ur a l i z ed t ypes , but t h ey ho ld l i t t l e v olume of sawt imber . Only

about acr es of oh i a (Me t r os ider os co l lina ) , koa (Acaciakoa ) ,

3or nat ur a l i z ed t ypes wer e cons i d er ed commer ci a l t ypes in

t h e ini t i a l For es t Surv ey .

”Sawt imber s t ocking av er ages abou t 6 70

boar d f e e t per acr e f or a t ot a l of only 14 mi l l i on boar d f e e t

Noncommer ci a l f or e s t or brush t ypes occupy near ly acr es of

t h e commer ci a l f or es t l andFor es t pl ant ings wer e s t ar t ed on Maui by r anch er s and sugar

compani es in t he lat e 1 8 00 's f or t h e pr oduct i on of fue lwood

,

f encepos t s ,and t imb er ; f or er os i on cont r o l , she l t erbe l t s ,

and

shade ; and f or es t h e t i c purpose s . Th e Ter r i t or i a l Div i s ion of

For e s t ry , ass i s t ed by t he Civ i l i an Cons ervat i on Corps , gr eat ly

expanded r e f or es t at i on e f f or t s in t h e 1 9 30 's . Th ey concent r at ed

on pr ov i d ing a v ege t at iv e cov er t o pr ot ect wat er sh eds . Since

1 960 , t he Div i s i on of For es t ry has acce l er at ed i t s r e f or es t a

t i on pr ogr am.

Al t hough t he acr eage of plant ed f or e st s on Mau i i s sma l l ,

t h ey ho l d s ix t ime s mor e v o lume of sawt imber t han nat iv e f or es t s .

And t imber yi e ld and qua l i t y ar e hi gh er . Th e t ot a l v o lume of

pl ant at i on t imber i s 9 4 mi l l i on boar d f e e t . Mos t i s r e ad i lyaccess ib l e and has a good pot ent i a l f or indus t r i a l use

In 1 9 6 7 , we s t ar t ed a s t and -by- s t and inv ent ory t o obt ain de

t ai l ed inf ormat i on on plant at i on acr eage , t imber v o lume and

qua l i t y ,and owner sh ip . Th i s r epor t summar i z es dat a compi l ed

f or each plant at i on s t and

3A sma l l acr eage of plant ed koa f or est i s included in t he over -al l acr eage of t he na

t iv e f or est t ype because of t he di f f icul t y of di f f er ent iat ion . In general , t he plant

ed koa f or est has not deve loped int o good t imber st ands .

l’Ne lson and Whee ler . 0p . ci t .

Plantation Timbe r Resource

Area”For est plant at i ons on Maui t ot al mor e t han acr es . Thi s

includes commer ci a l f or est t ypes ,

5such as r obus t a euca lypt us ,

and noncommer ci al t ypes , such as paper—bar k . Most f or es t plant a

t i ons ar e concent r at ed in two gener a l ar eas on t h e wes t and

nor t hwest er ly s lopes of Ha l eakal a (se e map and t ab l es 1 - 4 , 1 1,

and Sma l l pl ant ings l i e next t o cu l t ivat ed and past ur e

ar eas , in gu l l i es ,and on st e ep l pes on near ly a l l par t s of

of t he is l and . These scat t er ed plant ings make up a s igni f i cant

por t i on of t h e f or es t plant at i on r esour ce

We inv ent or i ed acr es of commer ci a l f or est plant at i onson t he Is land of Maui , in s t ands f r om 2 acr es t o 1 20 acr es in

S i z e ( t ab l es 1 - 4; f i g . Mos t of t he ind iv i dua l s t ands t al l i edar e smal l . Only 20 wer e 50 acr es or larger f or a t ot a l of

acr es; st ands 5 t o 49 acr es in s i z e aggr egat ed acr es; and

75 st ands f r om 2 t o 4 acr es in s i z e t ot a l ed 23 6 acr es

5See def ini t ions of t erms in appendix .

Sawt imber stands

Seed lings, saplings and

poletimber stands

Noncomme rcia l stands

Acres 0

D Commercial e ucalyptus _Comme rcial conifers

N Other commercial hardwoodsM Noncommercial types

Fi gu r e 3 .-Ac r e age o f comme r c i a l and noncomme rc i a l p lan

t a t ion s t ands by s t and - s i z e c la ss and fo r e s t type , Is lando f Mau i , 19 67

About acr e s of t he commer ci al f or e s t plant at ions ar e

sawt imber s t ands . Ano t h er acr es ar e r ecent ly plant edse ed l i ng , sapl ing ,

and po l e t imber s t ands of commer ci a l speci e s .

Of t h i s acr eage ,acr e s ar e coni f er s and acr es ar e

har dwoodsEuca lypt s , mainly Euca lypt us r obus t a ,

make up 77 per cent , or

near ly acr e s of t h e sawt imber s t ands . Har dwood sawt imbers t ands ot h er t han euca lypt s t ot a l 1 70 acr es ; and t h er e ar e ov er

600 acr es of commer ci a l coni f er sawt imber s t and sIn add i t i on t o t h e commer ci a l f or es t plant at i ons , t h er e ar e

abou t acr es of noncommer ci a l t ypes ,mos t ly paper

-bark ,

b luegum euca lypt us ,and i r onwood

VMume

For es t pl ant at i ons on Maui cont ai n about 94 mi l l i on boar df e e t of sawt imber ( t ab l e s 5 Of t h i s vo lume abou t 9 2 mi l l ionboar d f e e t ar e in s t ands 5 acr e s and l arger ; 2 mi l l i on boar df e e t ar e in s t ands 2 t o 4 acr es in s i z e

Sawt imber inc ludes 8 2 mi l l i on boar d f e e t of euca lyptus of

wh i ch r obus t a eucalypt us a l one account s f or mi l l i on boar df e e t ( f i g . Ot h er v o lume in har dwoods t ot a l s only mi ll i on boar d f e e t . Commer cia l coni f er sawt imber t ot al s mi ll i on boar d f e e t ,

mos t ly r edwood and Nor f o lk — Is land -

pine .

In t h e s t ands 5 acr e s and lar ger , abou t 5 4 per cent of t h e

sawt imber v o lume i s in t r e es 1 9 t o 29 inch es d . b . h . ( t ab l e

27 percent in t r e es sma l l er t han 1 9 inch es and 1 9

per cent in t r e es 29 inch es d . b . h . and lar ger .

Gr owing s t ock v o lume in pl ant ed sawt imber s t ands amount s t o

abou t 1 8 mi l l i on cub i c f ee t ( t ab l es 5 Abou t 8 5 per cent or

mi l l i on cubi c f e e t i s in euca lypt s— r obus t a euca lypt us

a lone t ot a l ing some mi l l i on cub i c f e e t . Ot h er har dwoodsaccount f or on ly mi l l i on cubi c f ee t . In coni f er s ,

mos t lyr edwood , t h e r e ar e mi l l i on cub i c f e e t

An add i t i ona l v o lume of gr owing s t ock i s in t h e pol e t imber ,

sapl ing , and se ed l ing st and s , but t h ey we r e not measur edWood in cu l l t r e e s in plant ed sawt imber s t ands 5 acr es and

l arger t o t a l s about cubi c f e e t ( t ab l e Sawt imber

st ands of 2 t o 4 acr es in s iz e and t h e acr es of noncommer

_ 4

v o lume of sawt imber in t h e plant ed sawt imber s t and s on Mau i i s

boar d f e e t per acr e . Th e h ighes t av er age ne t vo lume measur ed was boar d f ee t per acr e in a r obust a euca lypt us st andabout 6 0 year s o ld ( s t and No . 6 1 46 ; se e t ab l e Th e next h igh

es t was i h a s t and of r obust a euca lypt us yi e ld ing about

boar d f e e t per acr e ( s t and No . 6 1 1 8; s ee t ab l e 1 1 )

Timber Qual ity

Banga lay euca lypt us sawt imber exce l s ot h er speci e s in qua l i t y ,

bas ed on i t s pr opor t i on of vo lume in gr ades 1 and 2 f act ory lumber logs . Twent y- sev en per cent of t h e Banga lay euca lyptus sawt im

ber i s in gr ade 1 , and 1 7 per cent in gr ade 2 logs ( t ab l eRobus t a euca lypt us , t h e har dwood speci es in gr eat est vo lume , has

2 5 per cent of i t s vo lume in gr ad e 1 and 1 2 per cent in gr ad e 2

l ogs . Coni f er speci es wer e not log-

gr aded .

Opportunity for Indust ria| Development

Mos t of Maui 's nat iv e or nat ur al i z ed f or es t s ar e not mer chant

ab l e t imber t ypes and ar e of t en j us t brush . These poor ly st ockedor nonst ocked commer ci a l f or es t lands cont ain only sma l l amount sof mer chant ab l e t imber . Only of t h e acr es of

nat iv e or nat ur a l i z ed f or e s t t ypes ar e cons i der ed mer chant ab l et imber t ypes , and t h ese f or es t s ho l d only abou t 1 4 mi l l i on boar df e e t of sawt imb er

Al t hough cont inued har v e s t ing of sma l l amount s of f ence pos t s ,

fue lwood , and mi sce l laneous pr oduct s f r om nat iv e f or est s i s l ike

ly , pr act i ca l ly none of t he nat iv e s t ands of f er s pr ospect s f or

sawt imber harv es t

Pl ant ed f or e s t s , in cont r as t t o t he nat iv e f or e s t s , hav e gr own

r api d ly and now yi e ld h igh v o lume s of t imbe r . Mos t of t h e t r ee

plant ing t hat pr oduced t h i s t imber r e sour ce was no t done pr imar ily t o gr ow sawt imber . Ins t ead ,

t r e es we r e pl ant ed t o cont r ol er o

s i on ,impr ov e wat er sh ed cov er , and pr ov i d e fue lwood . Th er e f or e ,

Speci es plant ed wer e not necessar i ly se l ect e d on t h e bas i s of

wood qua l i t y , bu t on t h e bas i s of adapt abi l i t y and r api d gr owt h .

Eucalypt us r obus ta was h i gh ly f avor ed; so wer e sev er a l speci es

t hat now of f er l i t t l e or no pot ent i a l f or sawt imber , such as

i r onwoods (Casuar ina spp . ) and paper-bar k (Me la leuca leucadendr on)

Some of t h es e ear ly pl ant ings demonst r at e t hat t imber pr oduct i on pot ent i a l s ar e f ar gr eat er t han migh t be inf er r ed f r om t h e

dat a on pr e sent t ot a l sawt imber v o lumes . We know t hat many va lu

ab l e int r oduced t imber speci e s ar e adapt ed t o t h e d i f f er ent f or est

si t es . T imber yi e ldr can be pr od igi ous . Und er management , an av er

age annua l sawt imber gr owt h r at e of boar d f e e t per acr e can

be expect ed f r om we l l - s t ocked f or es t s on good s i t es . And st andscan b e har v est e d wi t h in 30 t o 50 year s af t er es t ab l i shment

The pr es ent t imber r e sour ce i s lar ge enough t o suppor t a smal l

sawmi l l ing indust ry . And i t has t he pot ent i a l t o d ev e lop int o a

much larger t imber r esour ce as a base f or a s igni f i cant loca l

indust ry . Such an indus t ry wi l l d epend upon t h e expans i on of

local mar ke t s and per haps expor t mar ke t s f or t h e speci a l i z edpr oduct s f or wh i ch t he t imber i s use fu l

If only 20 per cent of t h e acr e s of pr esent ly l i t t l e

used and unmanaged commer ci a l f or e st land we r e pl ant ed t o int r o

duced Speci es and managed , t imber pr oduct i on cou ld amount t o

about 24 mi l l i on boar d f e e t annua l ly in 3 0 year s . Th i s pot ent i a l

i s S i gni f i cant cons id er ing t hat Hawai i now impor t s each year

some 1 00 mi l l i on f e e t of woodRecent f or e st at i on e f f or t s by t h e St at e ar e in par t an at t empt

t o capi t a l i z e on t h i s pot ent i a l . Spec i e s ar e be ing se l ect ed wi t h

cons id er a t i on f or wood qua l i t i e s and adapt ab i l i t y t o Speci f i c

s i t es . Pl ant ings ar e mad e in lar ge b locks on nons t ocked land s or

lands wh er e t h e pr es ent f or es t s ar e of par t i cu l ar ly poor qua l i t y .

Since 1 9 56 ,about acr es of l and on Maui hav e be en f or

es t ed by t h e St at e Div i s i on of For e st ry . For est at ion ef f or t s

shou ld be expand ed . Th e amount of f or es t at i on accompl i sh ed dur ingt he next 1 0 year s wi l l d e t ermine in l ar ge par t t he amount of

harv es t ab l e t imber t hat mi gh t be avai lab l e 3 0 t o 40 year s f r om

now as a bas e f or an expand ed indus t ry

Multiple Values of Forests

For es t s pr ov i d e many v ahms be s i d es t imb er . On Mau i ,t he i r

va lue f or wat er sh ed pr ot ect ion and f or r ecr eat ion use exce edst h e i r value f or t imber . Pl ant at i ons est ab l i sh ed pr imar i ly f or

wat er shed pr ot ect i on and er os i on cont r o l hav e gr e at ly impr ov edt h e l andscape and incr eased f or es t r ecr eat i on oppor t uni t i es

Plant ed f or e s t s of int r oduced t r e e s now pr ov i de t h e most at t r ac

t iv e and h eav i ly used f or es t r ecr eat i on S i t e s on t h e i s l andThey a l so can pr ov i de impr ov ed wi ld l i f e habi t at ; Th e se mu l t ipl ebene f i t s of plant ed f or es t s accrue cont inuous ly year af t er year .

In add i t i on , t imber can b e harv e s t ed per i od i ca l ly wi t hou t d e t r acting f r om, and of t en enhancing ,

t h e r ecr eat i on and wat er sh ed v a lues .

Because vas t acr eages of mount ain lands on Maui must b e maint ained in f or es t cov er , pub l i c land manager s and pr ivat e owner s ,

t oo , shou ld dev e lop al l t h e pot ent i a l bene f i t s lat ent in t h ese

lands . For i t has been d emonst r a t ed in t h e exi s t ing plant at i ons

t hat f or es t at i on can enhance r ecr eat i on use ,wat er shed value ,

t imber pr oduct ion , and wi ld l i f e habi t at

Commercial and Noncommercial

For es t land : Land at l e as t 10 per cent st ocked by f or est t r ees

of any s i z e , or f ormer ly hav ing such t r ee cov er and not cur r ent lydev e loped f or ot h er use ; and land suppor t ing shrubs , t he cr owns

cov er ing mor e t han 50 per cent of t h e gr ound

Commer cia l for es t land : For est land t hat i s pr oducing or

can pr oduce cr ops of indus t r ia l wood (usual ly sawt imber )and i s not wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use .

Noncommer cia l for es t land : (a ) Pr oduct ive - r e served f or est

l and wi t hdr awn f r om t imber use t hr ough s t at ut e or admini st r at iv e r egu lat i on ,

and (b ) unproduct ive f or e st land inca

pab l e of yi e ld ing cr ops of indust r ia l wood because of

adv er se S i t e cond i t i ons

For e st planta t ion : Pl ant ed f or es t s in whi ch at l eas t 1 0 per

cent of t he gr owing space i s occupi ed by pl ant ed t r e es ( int r oduced speci es in t h i s r epor t ) ,

r egar d l e ss of nat iv e speci es

pr edominance

commer cia l for e s t planta t ion : A plant at i on of commer cia lt r e e speci es on commer ci a l f or e s t land

Noncommer cia l for es t plant a t i on : A plant at i on of noncommerci a l t r e e speci es or of commer ci al t r ee speci e s plant ed on

noncomme r ci a l f or es t land

Cbmmer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es sui t ab l e f or indust r i a lwood pr oduct s . Speci es sui t ed only f or fue lwood or f ence post s

ar e excluded . Th e f o l lowing commer ci a l t r e e speci es wer e t al l i edon pl ot s


Acacia koa

Albi z ia fa lca ta (A. moluccana )Ar aucar ia cunninghami iAraucar ia exce lsa

Chamaecypar i s lawsoniana

Cinnamomum camphoraCrypt omer ia j aponicaEuca lyptus bot ryoides

Euca lyptus ci t r iodora

Euca lyptus panicula ta

Euca lypt us pi lular i s

Euca lyptus r es inifera

_ 1 0 _

koa

Molucca a lbi z z ia

hoop-

pine

Nor f o lk— Is land -

pine

Por t —Or f or d - cedarcamphor - t r ee

sugi

banga lay eucalyptus

l emon -

gum euca lyptus

gr ay i r onbark euca lypt us



Euca lyptus r obus ta


Euca lyptus sideroxylon

Euca lyptus spp .

Fraxinus uhde i

Gr evi l lea r obus t a

Pinus pa tu la

Pinus pinas t er

Pinus radia ta

Sequoia semper vi r ensThuj a plicat a

Toona ci liata v ar . aus t r a li s

Tr i s tania confer t a

Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed commer cial Speci es not t al l i ed in

plot s


Acacia me lanoxylon b lackwood acaci a

Cedr e la odor a t a Spani sh- cedar

Euca lyptus deglupt a bagr as eucalypt us

Euca lyptus spp uni d ent i f i ed eucalypt us

Pinus e l liot t i i s l ash pine

Swie t enia macr ophyl la Hondur as mahoganysyncarpia g lomulif era t urpent ine

- t r e e

Noncommer cia l t r e e speci es : Tr e e speci es not now cons i der edsui t ab l e f or indus t r i a l pr oduct s Th e f o l l owing wer e t a l l i ed on

plot s

Sci ent if ic Name Gammon Name

Acacia confusaAcacia decur r ens

Aleur i t es mo luccanaCasuar ina spp .

Che ir odendr on spp .

Cupr essus macr ocarpaCupr essus Spp .

Euca lypt us g lobulus

Euca lypt us spp .

Ficus spp .

Me la leuca leucadendr on

Me lia az edarach

Sophora chrysophyl la

Ot h er f r equent ly plant ed noncommer ci a l t r ee speci es not t a l

l i ed on plot s

sci ent ific Name Common Name

Eugenia cumini J ava —

plum


sa l i gna euca lypt us

r ed - i r onbar k eucalypt us

uni d ent i f i ed euca lypt us

t r opi ca l ash

si lk — oak

j e l ecot e pine

clust er pine

Mont er ey pine

r edwoodwes t ern r edcedarAus t r a l i an t oon

brushbox

“

Formosa koa

b lack-wat t l e acaci a

kukui

i r onwoodo l apa

Mont er ey cypr ess

cypr ess

b luegum eucalypt us

uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us

f ig

paper— bar k

pr i de - of - Ind i amamani

Euca lyptus spp . uni dent i f i ed eucalypt us

J uniperus spp . j uniperSpat hodea campanulat a Af r i can tu l ipt r ee

Hardwoods : Di cot yl edonous t r e es ; usua l ly br oad l eav ed .

Conifer s : Coni f er ous t r e e s; usua l ly ev er gr een , hav ing need l eor scal e - l ike l eav es . Al so gener al ly known as sof twoods

For es t types : For es t s wh i ch ar e pr edominant ly of a s ing l e

speci es and in wh i ch no ot her speci es makes up 25 per cent or mor e

of t he st and ,ar e des ignat ed by t he s ing l e speci es such as

r obust a eucalypt us t ype , oh ia t ype ,or t r opi ca l ash type . Ot h er

wi se , or f or gr ouping of ar ea s t at i s t i cs , t h ey ar e des i gnat ed

Euca lyptus : Plant ed s t and s pr edominant ly of eucalypt us

speci es .

Har dwood : Plant ed st ands pr edominant ly of har dwoodsot her t han t he eucalypt s

Conif er : Plant ed f or est s pr edominant ly of coni f er s .

C lass of Timber

Growing s t ock : Liv e t r ee s of good form and v igor and of spe

ci es sui t ed f or indus t r i a l wood (commer ci al speci es )

Sawt imber t r e es : Liv e t r ees of commer cia l speci es of at

l eas t 1 1 inches d i ame t er br east h e ight wh ich cont ain a but t

ha l f - log or a log wh i ch mee t s t h e Speci f i cat i ons of st andard lumber , or t i e and t imber l og gr ades .

Po le t imber t r ees : Liv e t r e es of commer ci a l speci es between

5 and inch es d .b . h hav ing soundness and f ormneces

sary t o dev e lop int o sawt imber t r ees

Saplings and seedlings : Liv e t r ees of commer ci al Speci es

be t we en 1 and inch es d . b . h . and l ess t han 1 inch ,

r espect iv e ly , wh i ch Show pr omi se of becoming sawt imbert r e es

Sound cul l t r e es : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d . b . h . or lar ger wh i ch

do not qua l i f y as gr owing st ock because of speci es (noncommer

ci a l speci es ) , poor f orm, or excess i v e l imbs

Rot t en cul l t r ees : Liv e t r ees 1 inch d .b . b . or lar ger wh i ch

ar e not gr owing st ock or sound cu l l because of excessiv e r ot

_ 1 2 _

Indust r ia l wood : Commer ci a l r oundwood pr oduct s , such as saw

logs ,v ene er logs ,

and pu lpwood . Fue lwood and f ence pos t s ar e

excluded

Log grades : A classi f i cat i on of logs based on ext ernal char

act er i s t i cs as ind i cat or s of qua l i t y or v alue of lumber t h e logs

wi l l yi e l d . Gr ade 1 i s t h e h i gh es t qua l i t y , gr ad e 2 int ermed i at e,and gr ad e 3 t h e lowes t qual i t y of s t andar d har dwood f act ory lumber l ogs .

6 Gr ade 4 logs ar e sui t ab l e f or t i es and t imber s

Timber qua li ty : Bas ed on log gr ade s unl ess st at ed ot h erwi se .

Char act er i s t i cs of wood such as d ensi t y , st r engt h ,co lor ,

and

shr inkage , ar e al so measur e s of qua l i t y . Howev er , t h ey ar e usua l ly

inh e r ent in a speci es .

Inventory P rocedure

Ar ea and vo lume st at i s t i cs pr esent ed in t h i s r epor t wer e

d ev e loped plant at i on s t and by plant a t i on s t and . Fi r s t ,ind iv i d

ua l f or es t plant at i ons of 2 acr es or mor e wer e i d ent i f i ed and

d e l ineat ed on aer i a l phot ogr aph s t hr ough s t er eoscopi c s tudyEach plant at i on was giv en a s t and number and c lass i f i ed as t o

t ype and s t and - s i z e gr oup . The ar ea of each plant at i on was measur ed f r om t h e phot ogr aph . Owner sh ip and s t and age wer e det ermined f r ommaps and ot h er r ecor ds . Fi e ld examinat i on of each

plant at i on a l l owed f or cor r ect ing d e l ineat i ons ,class i f i cat i ons ,

and acr eages .

Next , t imber - vo lume pl ot s wer e l ocat ed on t h e gr ound in each

commer ci a l f or est pl ant at i on of 5 acr e s and l ar ger hav ing saw

t imber t r e e s . Th e sampl e plot l ocat ions wer e se l ect ed at r andomf r om a gr i d of point s ov er l ai d on t h e aer i a l phot ograph . Two or

mor e sampl e l ocat i ons,depend ing on s t and acr eage and v ar i abi l i

t y , wer e s e l ect ed in each s t and . At each locat i on , t r e e measur e

ment s wer e mad e f r om wh i ch t imber vo lume and qual i tx_cou 1d be

comput ed and expanded . De t ai l ed measur ement s wer e mad e on a”main”plot at each locat i on , suppl ement ed by add i t i onal butl ess de t ai l ed da t a on two

”sa t e l l i t e”plot s . Al l plot s wer e

v ar i ab l e pl ot s wi t h a basa l ar ea f act or of 20

Fi na l ly ,t h e dat a wer e pr ocessed t hr ough a Speci a l ly pr epar ed

compu t er pr ogr am. Tr e e measur ement s we r e conv er t ed t o v olume

uni t s on a per— acr e bas i s , av er age d f or t h e plot s in a s t and , and

expand ed f or t he acr eage of t h e s t and . Th e comput er output con

s i st ed of t abu lar dat a f or each s t and and summar i es of s t and dat aby f or e s t r ese rv es

Vo lume t r i c dat a f or s t and s 2 t o 4 acr e s in S i z e wer e ext r apo lat ed f r om cl os e ly S imi l ar measur e d s t and s and add ed t o t he com

put er pr ocessed dat a

6U. S . For est Product s Labora t ory . Hardwood log grades for s tandard lumber -proposa ls

and r esult s . U. S . For est Serv . For est Pr od . Lab . Rpt . 1 737 , 1 5 p . , i l lus . 1953

_ 1 4 _

. 0 4 .0 6 .0 8 .IO . 2 0 4 0 . 6 0 .8 0 LC

Proportion of volume in breakdown

Fi gu r e 5 .-Ad j u s tmen t o f samp l in g e r ro r fo r vo lume b r e akdown .

The accur acy goa l f or t h i s inv ent ory was i 20 per cent per 5

mi l l i on ne t boar d f e e t of sawt imber in a s t and ,at t h e l ev e l of

one st andar d er r or . Th e r e l i ab i l i t y of es t imat es f or each f or es t

r eserv e , bas ed on measur e d s t ands only , ar e Shown be l ow . Two

chances out of t hr e e t he es t imat ed v o lume does not v ary f r om t h e

act ua l by gr eat er t han t he sampl ing er r or ind i cat e d ( f ig .

Fer e s t Reser ve Tota l vo lume Sampling er r or

(MBF) (per cent )

Koo l auKu laWes t Maui 53 7

Out s ide For es t Res er v e

_ 1 5 _

Tab les 1 1 2

1

2

4

3

8

4

m>mmmmm

mpflmu

so

Fe

z

ume

s

50

:

m2

omBm

mm

3M

3m

ooM

Tab le 5 .—V0 lume of

'

growing s t ock and sawt imber in plant edsawt imber s t ands by speci es and s tand acreage ,

I s land of'

Maui , 1 967

( i n t hou sand s o f f e e t )

Spe ci e s

Bd . f t . Cu . f i .

Robu s t a euca lypt us 72 , 73C

Banga l ay euca lypt us


Gr ay i r onbark

euca lypt us

Kinogum euca lypt u s

Red - i r onbark

e uca lypt u s

Ot h e r euca lypt sg/

Har dwoodsg/

Re dwood

Nor fo lk- I s l and- pinefi/

Ot he r con i f e r sé /

To t a l

1 / In t e rna t i ona l l /4- inch ru l e .

2 / Inc lude s t urpe n t ine— t r e e and bru shbox .

3 / Aus t r a l i an t oon , camphor - t r e e ,koa

,mah ogany ,

Mo lucca a lb i z z i a ,

Si lk- oak , t e ak , and t r opi ca l ash

4 / Inc lude s h oop-pine

5 / Clu s t e r pine , j e l e co t e pine ,Mon t e r ey pine , . Por t -Or for d- cedar ,

and

we s t e r n r e dcedar

_ 20 _

Tab l e 7 .— Vb lume of

‘

growing stock and sawt imber in plant ed

sawt imber s tands 2 to 4 acr es in si z e , by owner

ship class and speci es, I s land of’

Maui , 1 9 67

( in t housands of f ee t )

Spe c i e s


Gr ay i r onbark

e uca lypt us

Kinogum euca lypt us

Ot he r euca lypt usz /

Ot he r har dwoodsé/

Re dwood

Nor fo l k- I s l and- pine

Ot h e r con i f e r sé /

To t a l 209

1 / Int e rna t i ona l - inch ru l e .

2 / Include s t ur pent ine- t r e e and brushbox .

3 / Mahogany , s i lk- oak , t e ak , and t r opi ca l ash .

4 / Clu s t e r pine and Por t -Or f ord- cedar .

_ 22

Tab l e 9 .- Vo lume of

'

cul l t r ees in plant ed sawt imber s tands

5 acr es and larger by speci es and for es t r eserve ,

I s land of'

Maui , 1 9 67

Spe c i e s

Thousand cubic fee t

Robu s t a euca lypt u s 2


Ot h e r h ar dwood sl /

Con i f e r sg/

To t a l

1 / Aus t r a l i an t oon ,b l ack-wa t t le acac i a , f i g ,

Formo sa koa ,

koa , kuku i , maman i ,Mo lucca a l b i z z i a

,o l apa , pape r

- bark, pr i de

- o f

Ind i a,

and t r opi ca l ash

2 / Inc lude s cypr e s s , i r onwood , j e l e co t e pine , we s t e rn r ed

ce da r,

r edwood ,and sug i .

_ 24

Tab l e 1 1 .— List ing of individual stands and plant ings wi t h

for est type , owner ship, ar ea, and volumeI s land of

'

Maui , 1 9 67


vo lume

Euca lypt us

Eucalypt us

I r onwoodHondur as mahoganyNor fo lk- I s l and -

pi ne

J unipe r

Nor f o lk- I s l and-pineSugi

Nor fo lk- I s land-pine

Sugi

I r onwood

I r onwood


I r onwood

I r onwood

Eucalypt us



Eucalypt us

Euca lypt us

Se e f oo t no t e s a t end o f Tab l e .

- 26




I r onwoodRobus t a eucalypt us

Eucalypt us

Euca lypt us

Euca lypt us

Euca lypt us

Eucalyp t us


B luegum eucalypt us


S i lk-oak

Eucalypt us

Eucalypt us

Bangalay eucalypt us

Eucalypt us

B lue gum eucalypt us

B luegum e ucalypt us

B 1uegum. euca1ypt us



B 1uegum. euca 1ypt us


Pines

Clus t e r pine




Eucalypt us

Pine s


. 27 _

Tab l e 1 1 , cont inue d

B l ue gumB lue gumB luegumB lue gumB lue gum

B l ue gumB lue gumB lue gumB luegumB luegum

Banga l ay e uca lypt us

Banga l ay euca lypt us

Euca lypt

Euca lyp t

Mont e r ey

Coni f e r s

Redwood


e uca lypt us

eucalypt us

e ucalypt us

e uca lypt us

e ucalypt us

eucalypt us

eucalypt us

e uca lypt us

euca lypt us

eucalyp t us

us

us

cypr e ss


Coni f e r s

Euca lypt

B luegumB lue gumEucalyp t

B lue gumB lue gum


US

eucalypt us

eucalypt us

us

e uca lypt us

e uca lypt us

Pr i v a t e

Pr iv a t e

Pr i v a t e

Ot he r pub l i c

Pr i v at e

— 28

1 20

35

5

4

1 5

Tab le 1 1 , cont i nue d

FORESTS PLANTED BEFORE 1950


Pape r-bark



Pape r-bark

Pape r- bark

Euca lypt us



Robus t a e ucalypt us



Euca lypt us

Euca lypt us

Ki nogum euca lypt us

B l ue gum e ucalypt us

B l uegum eucalypt us

Eucalypt us

B l uegum e uca lypt us

B lue gum e ucalypt us

B rushbox



Euca lypt us

Eucalypt us



B luegum e uca lypt us




_ 3 0 _

Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nued


B luegum euca lyp t us



Sugi




Euca lypt us

Sugi

Sugi





Pape r-bark

Pape r- bark

Robus ta eucalypt us




Pape r-bark



Pape r-bark


See foo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .

_ 3 1

Tab l e 1 1 , cont i nue d



I r onwood




Paper-bar k

Pape r-bark

Pape r-bar k


Pape r-bark

Paper- bark

Pape r-bark



Pape r-bar k

Pape r-bark

Pape r-bark

Pape r- bar k

Pape r-bark



Pape r- bark

Euca lypt us

Sugi

Pape r-bark

Paper-bark

J unipe r

Pape r-bar k


Eucalypt us

Se e f oo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .

_ 3 2 _

Tabl e 1 1 , cont i nue d


Pape r-bark


Pape r—bar k

Euca lypt us

Pi ne s

Coni f e r s

Pi ne s



B lue gum eucalypt us

Re dwoodMont e r ey cypr e s s

Sugi

Sugi

Euca lypt us

Mount ai n a lb i z z i a



Clus t e r pine

Euca lypt us




Eucalypt us

Euca lypt us

See f oo t no t e s a t end o f Tabl e .

_ 3 4 _

Tab le 1 1 , cont i nued


Sugi

Sugi

Por t -Or ford- cedar

RedwoodTropi cal ash

Redwood

Tr opi ca l ash


Tropi cal ash

Har dwoods coni f e r s

Tr opi cal ash

Coni f e r s


S i lk-oak

Coni f e r s

Sugi

Sugi

Sugi

Har dwoods coni f er s

Redwood

Se e foo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .

_ 3 5 _



I r onwoodI r onwood

I ronwood

Euca lypt us


I ronwoodRobus t a eucalypt us

I r onwood

I ronwood

Mo l ucca a lb i z z i a

I r onwood



I r onwood

Sugi

S i lk- oak

Euca lypt us

I r onwood


Har dwoods

Pape r-bark

Nor f o lk- I s l and-pi ne

I r onwood

I r onwood

I r onwood

See f oo t no t e s at end o f Tab l e .

- 36



I r onwood

I r onwood

I r onwood

I r onwood


I r onwoodLemon-gum euca lypt us

I ronwoodI ronwood

G r ay i r onbark

eucalypt us


Brushbox


S i lk-oak

Nor fo lk-I s l and -pi ne

Euca lypt us

Por t -Or for d-cedar

Pi ne s

Pape r- bark

Pape r-bark

Pape r-bark

Euca lypt us



Paper-bar k

Se e foo t no t e s at end of Tab l e .

_ 3 8 _



Pape r-bark

Pape r-bark

Ch ina- f i r


To t al

See f oot not es at end Tab l e .

- 3 9;


AREAS REFORESTED 1 950 675]

Koo l au Fo r e s t Re se r v e

Aus t r a l i an t oon

Bagr as e uca lypt us

Har dwoods


To t a l Koo l au F . R.

Ku la Fo r e s t Re se r v e

Pi ne s

Mont e r ey pi ne

Re dwood

To t a l Ku la F . R.

Makawao For e s t Re se r v e

Aus t r a l i an t oon

Mount ai n a l bi z z i a

Nor f o lk- I s l and -

pi ne


Har dwoods

Tr opi ca l ash

To t a l Makawao F .

Se e f oot not e s at end of Tab l e

_ 40

Tab l e 1 2 .- Ident i ty of individua l plantat ion s t ands in t he

groups shown on t he map"For es t Planta t ions on

t he I s land of'

Nuui ,

Ind i v i dua l s t and numbe r

60 1 3 - 20 ; 6204 , 0 7 ; 6 3 20 , 6 345 - 4 6 , 4 9 - 50

600 1 - 8 ,1 0 - 1 2 ; 6 2 1 7 ; 6 3 28 - 34 , 36 - 4 3 , 55

600 9 ; 6 2 94 ; 6 3 2 1 - 2 7 , 35 , 4 7- 48 , 56

60 25 - 26 , 3 2 - 3 3 ; 6 1 2 7 , 3 3 ; 6 3 1 1 - 1 9 ,5 7- 66

602 1 - 24 ,2 7 - 28

, 3 1 ; 6 30 2 - 1 0 , 6 7- 6 9

605 6 , 58 ,65 - 70 , 88 , 98 - 9 9 ; 6 1 00 ; 6203 ,

1 0 ; 6 3 70

60 2 9 - 30 ; 6 1 0 7- 0 9 ; 62 2 6 , 3 3 , 3 7

6094 - 9 7 ; 6 2 20 , 35 , 5 6 - 5 9 , 6 1 - 9 3 , 9 5 - 9 9 ; 6 300 - 0 1 , 5 1 - 5 3 , 9 3

6 1 10 - 1 3 , 48 ; 6 2 2 5 ; 6354 , 94

60 34 - 4 7; 6 1 34 - 3 7 , 3 9 ; 6 2 14 ,2 5

,2 7- 3 2

608 6- 8 7 , 8 9 - 9 3 ; 6253 - 546048 - 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 - 64 ,

7 1 - 74 ; 6 2 34 , 3 6 ; 6 3 75

60 75 - 79 , 8 5

6 1 14 - 1 8 , 46 - 4 7 , 49 ; 62 24 ; 6 3 7 1

6 1 0 3 , 4 1 - 45 , 50- 64 , 6 7 ; 6 2 1 5 ,18 - 1 9 ,

2 1 - 2 3 ; 6 3 72 74

6080 - 84 ; 6244 - 5 2 ; 6 3 76 - 78

6 1 0 1 - 02 , 04- 06 ,1 9 - 2 2 ; 6 2 38 - 4 3 ; 6 3 79 - 8 1

6 1 1 6, 2 3- 26 , 28 - 32 , 6 5 , 72 - 73 , 75- 7 7 , 84- 8 5 , 90 , 9 3 - 95 ;

6 206 , 08- 09,1 1 - 1 3

6 1 6 6, 68 - 7 1 , 74 , 76 , 79 - 80 , 8 6- 8 9 , 9 1 - 9 2 , 9 6 - 9 9 ; 6200 - 02

,05

6 38 2 - 9 2

1 / Unnumbe r ed s t and s on t h e map ar e iden t i f i e d by symbo l s as

f o l l ows °

KORP - Koo l au F .R. r e f or e s t a t ion pl an t ing ,1 9 60- 67 ; inc lude s

se ed l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r .

KRP - Ku 1 a F .R. r e for e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 950- 67; inc lude s

se e d l ing , sapl ing ,and po l e t imbe r .

MRP -Makawao F .R. r e f or e s t a t ion pl an t ing , 1 962 - 65 ; inc lude s

se e d l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r

WSRP -Wa ihou Spr ing F .R. r e f or e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 956- 65 ;

inc lude s se e d l ing , sapl ing , and po l e t imbe r

WMRP -We s t Mau i F .R. r e for e s t a t i on pl an t ing ,1 950- 62 ; inc lude s

se ed l ing , sapl ing , and po le t imb e r

GPO 9 78 — 0 0 9

FOREWORD

Basic information about soils and vegetation— their characteristics,

location,extent , and relationships

— is especially useful to the land

manager. It provides him with a foundation for understanding and

managing the ecosystem— the ecological community that includes soils,vegetation,

animals, and climate . And by applying an ecological ap

proach , he can make more efficient and productive use of the land. He

can apply management procedures that have proved successful in areas

of known soils and vegetation to other areas with the same character

istics. With basic information on hand, the land manager lessens his

chances of having an extension of these procedures turn out to be

hit-or-misspropositionsor— at worst— an outright failure .

Soil vegetation surveys are designed to produce useful maps and

information. The data are useful to both the practitioner aswell as the

researcher. In land management research , prior knowledge of the eco

system ismandatory if the work is to succeed. If the vegetation is to be

changed,the informationfrom such surveysmight be used to estimate

probable results.

The maps and the accompanying information in this report were

prepared by the State Cooperative Soil-Vegetation Survey project of

the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,Forest

Service. The project is financed through appropriations of the Califor

nia Legislature to the D ivision of Forestry, Department of Conserva

tion,Resources Agency of California. Cooperating organizations in the

Soil-Vegetation Survey are the Division of Forestry;the Department of

Agronomy andRange Science and Department of Soils and Plant Nutri

tion,University of California, Davis;School of Forestry and Conserva

tion,University of California,

Berkeley;and the Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley. Project Leader isWilmer L. Colwell, J r. ,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station at Berkeley.

CONTENTS

Introduction

SurveyArea

Climate

G eology

Physiograph'

y

Soil-VegetationAssociationsConifer Forest TypeChaparral TypeWoodland-G rassType

Timber Site QualityNew Soils andPlants

New Soils

New and Little-Known ShrubsLegend to theMaps

BaseMapsSoil Symbols

Soil Classification

Vegetation SymbolsTimber Site SymbolsSoil and Vegetation BoundariesOther Features onMaps

Tables to AccompanyMapsExplanation of TablesTables

References

JAMES I. MALLORY is assigned to the Station’

s Cooperative Soil

Vegetation Survey as area leader, with headquarters in Redding, Calif.

He earned a B .A. in wildlife conservation ( 1950) at the University of

California, Berkeley, and joined the Station staff in 1954 .WILMERL.

COLWELL,JR. is research forester in charge of the Cooperative Soil

Vegetation Survey,headquartered at Berkeley. A 1938 forestry grad

uate of North Carolina State University,he also holds a M.S. degree

( 1950) from the University of California,Berkeley. He joined the

Station in 1946 . W. ROBERTPOWELL isanAssociate Specialist in theDepartment ofAgronomy andRange Sciences,University of California,

Davis. He earned a B S. degree ( 1952 ) at the University of California,

Berkeley, and joined theUniversity staff in 1958 .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This survey of soils and vegetation in the area covered by the French

Gulch Quadrangle used both intensive field investigations and aerial

photo interpretation. Field work was done from 196 1 to 1964 and in

1968 . Analysis of data, cartography, and this report were completed in

1972 .

We thank the following persons for their invaluable contributions tothiswork :

0 Chester 0 . Stone , forester, California Division of Forestry,for aerial

photo interpretation and soil and vegetation fieldmapping.

0 Benjamin F. Smith , soil scientist, Pacific Southwest Forest and

Range Experiment Station, for aerial photo interpretation and soil

and vegetation fieldmapping.

0 J ames M. Crawford,formerly research forester, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station,for aerialphoto interpretation

and soil and vegetation fieldmapping.

0 Theodore A. Klaseen, soil scientist, Soil Conservation Service,for

aerialphoto interpretation and soiland vegetation fieldmapping.

0 Earl B . Alexander, formerly soil scientist, Pacific Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station,for aerial photo interpretation and

soil and vegetation fieldmapping.

SURVEY AREA

Climate

The climate of the French G ulch area is hot and

dry from late spring to mid-fall, when it turns cool

with rain and snow falling intermittently. Belowfeet elevation, snow seldom remains on the

ground for more than 2 weeks;above feet,a

snowpack remains from December into April inmost

years. For example , on April 20 , 1967 , after a fairly

normal winter, 8 feet of snow stood on the level

ground and drifts were 20 feet deep at feet

elevation on Shasta BallyMountain.

1

The average annual precipitation (fig. 3} ranges

fromabout 38 inchesnear lgo to more than 80 inches

near Iron Mountain Mine (California D epartment ofWater Resources Limited data1 indicate wide

variability in rainfall in short distances. For example ,

inches were measured at Brandy Creek on the

south shore of Whiskeytown Lake in January 1969 .

Only incheswere measured at Oak Bottommiles to the northwest on the north shore of the

Lake, and only inches were measured at the

summit of Shasta Bally Mountain miles to the

west and about feet higher. Wide variability

from season to season was demonstrated at BrandyCreek gauge, where 93 inches were measured in the

1966-67 season,54 inches in the 1967-68 season, and

79 inches in the 1968-69 season. At French G ulch,

the amount of rain was 43 inches in 1966-67;26

inches in 1967-68;and 5 1 inches in 1968-69 .

The average annual temperatures in the area rangefrom 42

°

F. on Shasta Bally Mountain to 60°

F. at

National Park Service offices on the east shore of

Whiskeytown Lake and a few degreeshigher near [go

and on south-facing slapes below feet eleva

tion. The frost-free season varies fromabout 140 days

in the higher elevations to about 250 days at mostlocations below feet elevation (U.S. WeatherBureau

G eology

The French G ulch Quadrangle lies entirely withinthe Klamath Mountains geologic province (Bailey

The geology has been described in detail by

Albers Albers, et al. and K inkel, et al.The varied rock types in this quadrangle can

be placed in 10 groups (fig. seven of which are

1Data on file at US . National Park Service offices at Whiskeytown, California.

geologic formations ranging in age from pre-silurian

to recent :

AbramsMica Schist : The oldest rocks exposed in

the Quadrangle are the Abrams schists in the south

west corner. Quartz -mica schists of probably pre

silurian age are extensive in the Weaverville Quadrangle to the west . Along the east edge of the schists

is an intermittently exposed belt of serpentine and

peridotite about one-fourth mile wide .

Shasta Bally Batholith : The next major formationto the east is the granitic Shasta Bally Batholith ,

which occupies more than one-third of the Quadrangle . The batholith is surrounded by a shell of

gneissic rocks produced by contact metamorphismof

the surrounding rocks at the time the granitic mate

rialwas intruded.

Copley Greenstone: The Capley G reenstone of

probable Devonian age lies in the west and north . It

consists of massive basic and intermediate volcanic

O l 2 3 4 5 MILES

Figure 3— Isohyetal map show s d istribut ion of

equal mean seasonal precipitat ion (inches) in

the French G ulch Quadrangle (California D e

partment of Water Resources 0 ind icates

rain gauge locat ion.

while woodland-grass occupies about 6 percent . The

remaining area includes about percent in reser

voirs— Whiskeytown and Rainbow Lakes— and

percent in developed areas,including gold dredge

tailings, roads, and the town of French Gulch .

Each broad type is subdivided into groups of soil

vegetation associations which have some characteris

ticsof the soilsor vegetation or both in common. The

grouping of one or more soil series for each associa

tion is based on soil development , broad behavior

characteristics, and major rock types, i.e .

, granitic,

metavolcanic, sedimentary,and ultrabasic rocks

(Zinke and Colwell Plant species are grouped

on the basis of stature, environmental requirements,and relationships.

Seventeen associations and two altered units are

mapped in the Quadrangle (fig. They consist of

assemblages of species similar to some groups ob

served in the eastern Siskiyou Mountains, in the

western Siskiyous (Waring in the interior

valleys of southern Oregon (Franklin and B yrness

and on the north Coast Ranges, SierraNevada,

and foothills of California (Munz and KeckThese observations suggest that the vegetation of the

French Gulch Quadrangle possesses elements from

the north , south , east, and west not found together

elsewhere.

Conifer Forest Type

Ten associations, falling into three groups,

comprise the conifer forest vegetation type . G roup

ings are based on soils, vegetation composition, and

site quality. These associations occur generally above

feet elevation and the 40-inch rainfall zone.

Most of the associations can grow commercial timber

(fig. except the Corbett/ridgetop chaparral, and

the Colluvial-Rock land/Canyon live oak— Douglas-fir

associations.

The first of the three association groups consistsoffour associationsoccurring at the highest elevations in

the area— mostly above feet on the north-facing

slopes and above feet on the south-facing

slopes. Only this part of this Quadrangle usually hassnow cover from December into April. The dominant

soil is the coarse loamy sand Corbett series, derived

from granitic rocks, and having little , if any, develop

ment into horizons. Corbett soils are classified as

Entisols. These highly erodible soils are the source of

much of the sand which is causing problems in the

Salmon spawning beds of the Trinity River near

Lewiston (California Resources Agency The

vegetation is mostly shrub mixed with a varying

percent cover of conifers of low site quality. One

association in this group, mostly canyon live oak,

grows on land so steep that the soil is dominantlyunstable colluvial land.

The second association group has three soil

vegetation associationsat middle elevationsbelow the

first group. The soils here are deeper, more devel

oped, and redder than those in the first group, and

have a greater clay content in the subsoils. Each asso

ciation has a soil development sequence on three dif

ferent parent materials. The first soil series in each

association hassoilhorizons just beginning to developand is classified in the order lnceptisols. These soils

are older than the Entisols, but younger than the Alfi

sols. The other soils in the associations are generally

Alfisols and are progressively more developed, with

clay enriched B horizons that have mediumbase saturation. The soils in these two orderscomprisemost of

the forest soils in the southeastern part of the

Klamath Mountains geologic province. The associa

tions in this group are generally the most productive

for commercial conifers in the Quadrangle . The

combination of ponderosa pine and California black

oak occurs in all associations of the group. The pres

ence of black oak is a reliable indicator of the capa

bility of the soil to grow commercialponderosa pine .

Wieslander ( 1935) was one of the first to observe the

close association of California black oak with com

mercial conifer timber sites, and used this relationshipto show evidence of former pine forests from rem

nant black oak stands.

The third association group also has three soil

vegetation associations. Manzanita shrubs are part of

the conifer-hardwood vegetation.

Shrub-ConiferAssociations

Corbett/Shrub tanoak-mixea’ conifer: The sandy

Corbet-t soils support an open cover of evergreen

shrub species and conifers. The shrubs include shrub

tanoak, canyon live oak, greenleaf manzanita, and an

unusual form of squaw carpet . The conifers are domi

nantly ponderosa pine and sugar pine and ofmedium

site quality. Douglas-fir, incense-cedar, and white fir

are present but not as common as in the mixed

conifer of the Sierra Nevada. Herbs and grasses usual

ly cover 10 percent or less of the soil surface.

Corbett/True fir: Above about feet eleva

tion, white fir treesmake up a larger part of the tree

composition than at lower elevations. A few standsof

red fir occupy north-facing s10 pes just below the

summits of Paradise Peak, Shoemaker Bally, and

Shasta Bally. Most stands are ofmediumsite quality,

places where extensive grow th of shrub California

black oak is known (McDonald Medium to

low site quality characteriz es this association,while

on the deeper Josephine soils in the southwest corner

of the Quadranglemedium sitespredominate .

Conifer-Hardwoods-Shrub Associations

Modesty/Manzanita— California black oak

ponderosa pine : Along the east side ofWhiskeytown

Lake and Clear Creek from the northerly South Fork

Mountain to Mule Mountain the dominant soils are

the light brownish gray and very pale yellow Incepti

sols of the Modesty series. Th ese gravelly coarse

sandy loamsare formed from the graniticMuleMoun

tain Stock. The Chawanakee and Chaix soilswest of

Clear Creek are similar but are cooler and havemore

deeply weathered parent rock. The Kanaka soils to

the south and east are similar, but have heavy loam

subsoils, are more gently sloping, somewhat warmer,and Support woodland

-

grass vegetation rather than

forest. Included within the Modesty association are

many small areas of D iamond Springs soils— Ultisols

with very strongly acid reddish clay loam B horizons.

These have similar vegetation,but are found at lower

elevations and have gently sloping topography in con

trast to the steep land common to most Modestysoils. The vegetation of this association consists of

California black oak, canyon live oak,whiteleafman

zanita, poison oak, and Lemmon ceanothuswith scat

tered ponderosa and sugar pines. On south-facing

Slopes whiteleaf manz anita dominates, but toyon,

scattered D igger pine , some standsof knobcone pine,

and a few ponderosa and sugar pinesare present . Here

site quality is low . The Modesty association is some

what unusual in having ponderosa and sugar pines

growing where the mean annual temperature is above

59°

F. On gentle s10 pes and north aspects site qualityismediumwith mostly site class 3 . The northern part

of this association was subjected to sulfur dioxide

smelter fumes from 1896 to 1906 (K raebelThe fumes destroyed most of the vegetation and very

likely contributed to the strongly acid nature of the

subsoils on the more gentle slopes. The vegetation is

still recovering.

Huse— D ubakella/J effi ey pine— leather oak: This

distinctly different association— covering only a few

hundred acres— is found on a narrow and interrupted

belt of ultra-basic rocks across the southwest corner

of the Quadrangle . The soils include the shallow

rocky lnceptisols of the Huse series, the somewhat

deeper Alfisols of the D ubakella'

series from the ser

pentiniz ed part of the ultra-basic rock, and some col

10

luvial land with a significant amount of ultra-basicsoil material included. The vegetation consists of an

open stand of J effrey pine and incense cedar with

numerous leather oak bushes. A small amount of

sugar pine and wedgeleaf ceanothus is also present as

is a sparse bunchgrass ground cover. Leather oak is

known to grow only on soilsderived fromultra-basic

rocks. Most soils from these parent materials support

Jeffrey pine stands rather than ponderosa pine. Site

quality ranges fromunsuited to low andmedium.

K idd — B ehemotosh/Ponderosa pine— D ouglasfir

California black oak— manzanita: Behemotosh and

Kidd soils, Alfisols and Entisols, respectively, are

formed on the BalaklalaRhyolitemainly in the northeastern part of the Quadrangle north of the northerlySouth ForkMountain. The Behemotosh soilsare grav

elly loams over cobbly clay loams about 2 feet deepgenerally on ridgesand steep slopes. On gentler slopes

a deeper, non-gravelly, non-cobbly variant occurs.

These soils have vegetation dominated by ponderosa

pine,Douglas

-fir,sugar pine, and California black

oak. Site quality ismostly low ,with some areas in the

low-medium class. The many small openings in the

tree canopy contain several species of manzanita,

shrub tanoak, and sierra gooseberry. Below 00 feet

elevation, the only manzanita species is whiteleaf

manzanita. Above feet,whiteleaf manzanita is

absent . The only manzanitas present are greenleaf

manzanita and a new hybrid which we are calling

Balaklala manz anita. The new hybrid was discovered

in 1968 by James I. Mallory.

Chaparral Type

Chaparral, a dense thicket of stiff or thorny shrubs

or dwarf trees (Sampson and J esperson iswell

known in California and other areas that have a hot,

dry season and a cool,wet season. Thesemany kinds

of shrubs— chamise, manzanitas, shrub oaks, and

shrub forms of some tree species-

grow on steep,

rocky, slopes of shallow and colluvial soils that will

not support tree vegetation. In some areas, near the

margins of chaparral types, shrubs will encroach

rapidly on the deeper, better soils that have been

logged over or periodically burned and where abceler

ated erosion hasbegun.

The chaparral type in the French G ulch Quadrangle isdivided into two association groupswith two

soil-vegetation associations (Nos. 1 1 through 14) in

each . The associations are based on the soil prop

erties, dominant vegetation,and Slope aspect.

ManzanitaAssociat ions

Maymen— Colluvial land/Manzanita— shrub oak:

Maymen soils, gravelly loam lnceptisols, are found on

the steep s10pes and ridges of sedimentary rocks in

close association with unstable very gravelly Entisols

(unclassified as to series) on the adjacent colluvial

land. The vegetation consists of a dense shrub cover

on the Maymen soils and amore open shrub cover on

the colluvial land. G reenleaf manzanita and shrub

California black oak (McDonald 1969) dominate the

vegetation in this association (aswellas in part of the

Sheetiron- Marpa— J osephine/Ponderosa pine— Doug

las-fir— California black oak association) . In parts of

this association, Balaklala manzanita,Fremont silk

tassel, shrub tanoak, knobcone pine , and canyon live

oak are dominant . Herbaceous cover is practically

nonexistent .

Goulding— K idd/Manzanita— toyon: Below

feet elevation on the south-facing slapes near the

Whiskey Creek arm ofWhiskeytown Lake are shallow

soils formed on metavolcanic rocks. These are the

Goulding series and Kidd series (lnceptisols) , formedfrom greenstone andmeta-rhyolite . The vegetation is

an open to semidense stand of shrubs— mostly white

leaf manz anita and toyon. In places Brewer oak

shrub interior live oak, buck brush ,knobcone pine ,

and canyon live oak are prominent.

Chamise-Shrub Oak-CeanothusAssociations

Mayman- Goulding— Stonyford — Los Gatos/northaspect B rewer oak: Thismost extensive of the chaparral associations occupies the north

-facing slapes in an

area about 7 miles in diameter centered on the town

of French Gulch . TheMaymen and Goulding soils are

lnceptisols formed on sedimentary and metavolcanic

rocks respectively. Stonyford soils are shallow Alfi

solswith reddish brown gravelly clay loam subsoils in

contrast to the yellowish brown gravelly loam sub

soils of Maymen and Goulding. Los Gatos soils are

similar to Stonyford soils but have dark brown sur

face horizons thicker than 10 inches (which placesthem among the Mollisols) and are formed fromsedi

mentary rock. The vegetation isdominated by Breweroak, shrub interior live oak, western mountain

mahogany,and California black oak. Intertwined

among these shrubs is poison oak, chaparral honey

suckle,and pipestem clematis. The understory con

sists of several species of annual and perennialgrasses

and forbs providing sparse ground cover (see plot 14 ,

Quadrangle 24D -1 , table 4 and table 5 for detailed

information) . At higher elevations the Maymen

l l

Woodland -G rass Type

colluvial land/Manzanita— shrub oak and the forest

associations containing Marpa or Neuns soils are

found in similar slope positions.

Maymen— Goulding— Stonyford— Los Gatos/south

aspect chamise: Just over the ridges on the south

facing slapes, on the same kindsof soilsbut shallower

and more eroded than in the association described

above, the cover is an almost impenetrable brushfield

of chamise with some associated buckbrush ,whiteleaf

manzanita, and toyon. Herbaceous vegetation is

sparse (plots 1-3 , Quadrangle 24D -1, table 4 and

Extensive areas of chamise , the most typical and

widely known of the California chaparral types, are

found from here south to Baja California. Charnise is

found in a few small patches further north , but the

very northernmost known natural growth is only 2 1

miles northeast of French Gulch,near D elta Point in

the Sacramento River canyon (U.S . Forest Service

Eroded Chawanakee— eroded Sierra/ChamiseLemmon ceanothus: Between Rainbow Lake and

Eagle Creek, along the south edge of the Quadrangleis a steep, brush covered

,eroded area with a rather

unique bench or step topography. The vegetation isa

semidense stand of chamise, manzanitas, and Lem

mon ceanothus with widely scattered ponderosa pine

and California black oak. Chawanakee and Chaix soils

from the forest zone and Sierra soils from the wood

land grass zone are intermingled in a unit differing

from either of the normally associated vegetation

types.

The Woodland-G rass, or Foothill-Woodland of

Munz and K eck is an extensive zone in Cali

fornia completely encircling the central valley and

coveringmuch of the coast rangesand parts of south

ernCalifornia.

The Woodland-G rass area of the Quadrangle con

sists of about acres of gently sloping to steep

rangeland centered on Igo in the southeast corner and

about acres on very steep south-facing slopes

along Highway 299 from the French G ulch junctionto Trail G ulch and up Trail G ulch 2%miles. Threesoil-vegetation associations are recognized that differ

in soil characteristics,vegetation, and forage pro

duction. A few areas within or adjacent to the

Woodland-G rass type have been so altered by humanactivity that they are best considered just as “alteredareas”rather than soil-vegetation associations.

Oak— G rassAssociat ions

Kanaka— Sierra/Interior live oak-blue oak

annuals: On the granitic pediment at the southeast

end of the Shasta Bally batholith and the lower partsand south-facing slopes of the Mule Mountain stock

three soil series with intergrading characteristics and

contrasting profiles occur. These soils are highly

erodible. Therefore,they need more carefulmanage

ment than nearby non-granitic soils to prevent soil

loss and gullying. The lnceptisols are represented by

the Kanaka series, brown sandy loams with very pale

brown heavy loam or sandy loam subsoils grading

into weathered granitic rock at 2 feet or more . The

Alfisols include the Auberry series, similar to Kanakabut with brown sandy clay loam subsoils, and the

more extensive Sierra series with their yellowish red

sandy clay loam subsoils. The three soils represent a

development sequence . Open to dense stands of ih

terior live oak with scattered blue oak,Digger pine,

valley oak,and a ground cover of annual grasses and

forbsmake upmost of the vegetation. Estimated suit

ability for extensive range use would be medium ex

cept for the badly eroded areas which are unsuited

for grazing (plot 1 , Quadrangle 24D -4, table A few

small groups of ponderosa pines occur on the deeper

soils.

Auburn— Millsholm— San Andreas/B lue oak

annuals— D igger pine: The three dominant soils in this

association are formed from different parent mate

rials,Auburn from greenstone, Millsholm from shale ,

and San Andreas from schist . The Auburn soils are

reddish silt loam lnceptisols with hard bedrock be

tween 1 and 2 feet down. Associated with the Au

burn are small areas of Exchequer soils, similar but

less than 1 foot deep,and Sobrante soils with clay

loam B horizons and up to 40 inches deep to weathered greenstone or schist . Millsholm soils are brown

silt loam lnceptisols with platy shale or slate at 10 to

20 inches. San Andreas soils have thick dark brown

surface horizons (making them Mollisols) and fine

sandy loam textureswith schist bedrock at 20 to 40

inches. D epth to this bedrock is variable in short dis

tances as the schist consistsof verticalplates less than

an inch thick of variable weatherability. This belt ofschist liesalong the east side of the Shasta Bally graniticmass. Vegetation in this association is an Open to

dense stand of blue oak, D igger pine,

annual grasses

and forbs,with varying amounts of shrubs from ad

jacent chaparral areas. Plot 5,Quadrangle 24D -2 , in

tables 4 and 5 ,represents this association but with

somewhat less herbaceous matter and more brushthan typical. For forage production,

this association

would be ratedmedium to low .

12

Shrub-G rass-Oak Associations

New town— Redding— Newville/Manzanita— annuals

— blue oak: Newtown and Newville soilshave gravelly

loam A horizonsw ith clay B horizons starting at 10to 20 inches, which grade into the weakly consoli

dated gravelly sediments of the Pleistocene Red Bluffformation. Newville soils differ from the Newtown

soils in having darker surfaces, a more abrupt boun

dary between the A horizonsand the B horizons, andin having greater percentage of clay in the B horizon.

They were not separated on themapbecause of their

close similarity. The Redding soils occur on the level

tops of some of the terraces formed by the Red Bluffformation. In part of the area they have hummockymicrorelief with mounds about 10 to 20 feet apart

and a difference in elevation of 6 to 10 inches be

tween the mounds and the level above which they

rise . The most important characteristic of the Red

ding soils is the impenetrable iron-silica cementedhardpanwhich liesabout 20 inchesbelow the surface .

The vegetation in this association consists of patches

of whiteleaf manzanita, sparse cover of annual grasses

and forbs, and scattered blue oaks. The cover ismore

open on the Redding soils than on the others in this

association. Suitability for extensive range use is low .

Powell ( 1965 ) found that Redding soils responded to

nitrogen and phosphorous when added together but

there was no response when added singly,and no

response to added sulfur.

Other Associations: In this Quadrangle, several

other shrub-grass-oak associations occur but are too

small in siz e to include within the broader groupings

of the soil-vegetation associations. However, these

smaller units may occur extensively in other

Quadrangles.

Altered Areas

Gold dredge tailings, residential areas, and mined

Horseshoe soils: The valley and terrace land along

Clear Creek has been disturbed by mining activities

producing ridges of cobbly dredger tailings and verti

cal red cliffs in the remnants of the dissected Horse

shoe soils. Much of the tailings area has been leveled

and is being used for building andmobile home sites.

Reservoirs— Whiskeytown Lake and Rainbow

Lake: Whiskeytown Lake covers over acres in

the east central part of the Quadrangle . The reservoir

covered the site of a stand of MacNab Cypress and is

reputed to be the discovery site of this species. Thisparticular stand was the only well publiciz ed and

easily accessible grove (G riffin and Stone At

least oneMacNab Cypress tree from theWhiskeytown

grove remains, where it was transplanted,northeast of

0 1— 1 to 0 inch , scattered litter of shrubs and oaks,

with some erosion pavement of gravels and a few

small cobbles.

Al — 0 to 3 inches, light brownish gray (2 .5Y

gravelly sandy loam,dark grayish brown (2 .5Y

moist;weak fine and medium subangular blocky to

granular structure; slightly hard,friable ,

slightly

sticky and slightly plastic;abundant very fine roots;

few very fine tubular and many very fine interstitial

pores;strongly acid (pH gradual smooth boun

dary;l to 6 inches thick.

A3— 3 to 6 inches, light gray (2 .5Y sandy

loam, pale brown ( IGY R moist;weak coarse sub

angular blocky structure;slightly hard,friable , slight

ly sticky to slightly plastic;few very fine , fine and

medium roots;many very fine and fine interstitial

and few very fine tubular pores;strongly acid (pH

gradual smooth boundary;2 to 8 inches thick.

B2 — 6 to 20 inches, white (2 .5Y loam,light

yellowish brown ( IGY R moist;massive;slightlyhard,

firm to friable , slightly sticky to slightly plastic;

few very fine , fine andmediumroots;many very fine

and fine interstitial and few very fine tubular pores;

strongly acid (pH abrupt irregular boundary;10

to 25 inches thick.

C— 20 to 40 inches, soft weathered albite granite,

with few very fine roots and few thin clay bridges;

strongly acid (pH gradesinto hard albite granite

at about 40 inches.

Colors range from gray to very pale brown in the

10Y R and 2 .5Y hues on the surface and fromwhite

to pale yellow and very pale brown in the 2 .5Y and

10Y R hues in the subsoil. Textures range from grav

elly very coarse sandy loam to sandy loam in the

surface, and from gravelly loam to coarse sandy loam

in the subsoil. The soil reaction usually changeslittle

with depth , but may range from slightly acid to

strongly acid in the profile . Depth to weathered rock

is variable in short distances, but normally ranges

from 12 to 30 inches. Hard granitic rock may be

found at depths from 30 inches tomore than 30 feet .

Modesty gravelly sandy loam isusually excessivelydrained. Surface infiltration is rapid and the permea

bility ismoderately rapid to rapid. Runoff is slow to

moderate. Under dense vegetative cover and gentle

slopes, erosion is slight to moderate . But on steep

slopes that have heavy removal of vegetation either

from fire or logging, the erosion hazard ishigh to very

high . Available water-holding capacity is low to

medium. Fertility is low .

The Modesty soils are of low tomedium site quality for timber production. Because of the predominance of shrub and hardwood vegetation cover, the

14

main use is forwatershed and wildlife habitat.

Tish TangVariant 2

The Tish Tang Variant 2 soils differ from the typi

cal Tish Tang soilsprimarily in being shallower (20 to40 inches to bedrock rather than 72 to 120 ormore) .They differ from the Tish Tang Variant soils of theHoopa Quadrangle (DeLapp and Skolmen 196 1) inhaving the normal pale brown subsoils rather than

mottled subsoils. The Tish TangVariant 2 soilshave avarying amount of shale fragments in the surface fewinches derived from the adjacent Bragdon formationand some diorite porphyry fine gravels near the bedrock.

Behemotosh Variant

Behemotosh Variant soils differ from typical

Behemotosh soils in having clay loam textures rather

than very gravelly or cobbly clay loams, and very

strongly acid subsoils rather than moderately acid

subsoils. They are usually found on gently sloping

plateau-like areas above feet in areas where

rhyolite is the bedrock.

FiddletownVariant

Fiddletown Variant soils differ from Fiddletown

soils in having clay loamsubsoils rather than stony or

gravelly loamsas found in typicalFiddletown soils.

New and Little -Know n Shrubs

BalaklalaManzanita

The new hybrid Arctostapliylos canescens x

viscida,which we are calling Balaklalamanzanita,

is

found in this Quadrangle (table This shrub re

sembles A. canescens Eastwood,but is generally

smaller ( 1 to 5 feet tall) and has bracts of the inflorescence distinctly shorter than the flowerpedicels, a

key character amongmanzanitas. Balaklalamanzanita

grows on the highland between Clear Creek and the

Sacramento River above feet in openings in the

forest and in the upper part of the chaparralassocia

tions. G ankin2reports having found it onRedMoun

tain inMendocino County , California.

OtherManzanitas

Eight species and subspecies of manzanita were

noted in the French Gulch Quadrangle . Two others

2Personal communication with Roman G ankin,

formerlywith University of CaliforniaArboretum, Davis, May 2, 1973.

have recently come to the attention of botanists. One

individual of'

Roof manzanita,A. Roofii G ankin,

was

found on the Trinity divide within 200 yards south ofBuckhorn summit and several shrubs that appear to

be Shingletown manzanita,A. manzanita ssp. Wies

land eri Philip V . Wells,were seen along the ridge road

west of IronMountain.

Trinity Squaw Carpet

Trinity squaw carpet (Ceanothusprostratus Benth .

var. laxus Jeps.) is an open,somewhat upright, form

of the dense , prostrate Ceanothusprostratus Benth . It

is distinctive in the shrub landscape of the Corbett/

shrub tanoak-mixed conifer association. This variety

LEG END TO THE MAPS

B ase Maps

Base maps used for the Soil-Vegetation maps arespecially prepared by the Pacific Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station, mostly from pub

lished sources. Each Soil-Vegetationmap consistsof astandard 7 1/z-minute quadrangle unit at the scale of 2

inches 1 mile .

Every effort has been made to fit the soil and

vegetation boundaries to the topography of the base

map. Land subdivisions have been positioned as ac

curately as source information and map control

points permit . If a precise fit of the data to land

subdivisions for smallareas is required , ground checks

against known corner locations, fence boundaries, or

other features should be carried out , preferably by

using aerialphotographs.

Contour lines,minor roads, small drainages, and

other map details are not shown on the maps so as

not to obliterate other data. If such map detail is

required, refer to maps used as sources for the base

information. These maps are listed in the lower rightcorner of each quadranglemap.

S oil Symbols

Soils are mapped by soil series and phases (depth

class, Slope class, and certain other soil'

phases) . The

Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 195 1) hasbeen

used as a general standard of reference for terminol

ogy and concepts. Soils are designated by symbols

written as fractions, e .g. :

8 15

4S- l

SoilSeries

depth class/other phases/-slope class.

15

The various symbols used in a delineatedmappingarea are shown in the diagrambelow :

WoodyVegetation

Cover Class Symbol

D ominantWoody Plant Sp

Commercial coniferI

Hardwoods

Shrubs

PotentialConifer Species

D epth ClassPha

StoninessPhase

Soil series names are designated by three or four

digit numbers in the numerator of the fraction. Soil

series variants are soils of limited extent W hich are

3Personal communication With Helen K . Sharsmith , Senior

Herbarium Botanist, University of California, B erkeley, Sept.

1 1 , 1962 .

was previously known only fromHot Springs Valleynear Mount Lassen 70 miles to the east (Jepson

from a few places on the Sierra Nevada

(McMinn and from the headwaters of New

River 40 miles to the northwest.

3Although McMinn

( 1942) recogniz ed the variety, his description says

nothing about the Open,upright, habit which Jepson

apparently used to distinguish the variety. McMinn’

s

concentration on fruit and leaf characters,which

aren’

t greatly distinguishing in this case ,may be the

reason that Munz and K eck ( 1959) reduced the vari

ety to synonmy under C. prostratus. Trinity squawcarpet ismapped on about acres on BuckhornMountain and Shoemaker Bally (table

distinctly different but similar and closely related to a

known 80 11 series. These are designated by the symbol“V”following the soil series symbol, e .g. 8 15V.

Parent rock phases (table I} are designated by a lower

case letter symbol follow ing the soil series symbol,

e .g. 8 15m.

Other sorl phases are designated by letters and

numbers in the denominator of the fraction. Soil

depth class is designated by the first digit . Rockiness,

stoniness, and/or erosion are designated by letters and

numbers immediately following the depth class

symbol ( table The slope class in the delineated

area is represented by a letter or number symbol

which is separated by a hyphen from the other phase

symbols (table I ) .

In some areas an association Of two soilsoccurs in

such an intricate pattern that they cannot be indica

ted separately at the scale Of mapping. Such a soil

complex is designated by two fractional symbols

separated by a vertical line ,e .g.

,

847 847 I752

3- 2

The dominant soil unit (5 1 to 80 percent of a delin

eated area) appearson the left .

Unclassified soil areas are usually agricultural or

potentially agricultural lands for which,in many

cases, soil surveys have already been made by other

agencies, such as the U.S . Soil Conservation Service .

Symbols for unclassified soils are“200, or

400 , but are not in fraction form;sometimes a

letter follows the number indicating further break

down of the general definition of the symbols, e .g. ,

200W (table

Miscellaneous land types have little or no soil, or

soil that cannot feasibly be classified . They are dis

tinguished as a group by the symbol 700 ,also not

in fraction form. Subdivisions within the groups are

shown by letter symbols in parentheses following the“700 symbol, e .g. 700(CK ) (table

S oil Classification

Classification System

The soil classification system currently used was

adopted for general use in the United States in 1965

(Basile 197 1;Soil Survey Staff It has six cate

gories. The broadest category is the order,followed

by suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and the

series. The criteria used asa basis for classification are

soil properties that are observable and measurable.

The placement of the smallest unit — the soil series— in

the current systemmay change asmore precise infor

mation becomesavailable .

16

Classification of Soils

The 10 soil orders recogniz ed are defined as

follows:

Entisols: young mineral soils that do not have

genetic horizons or barely have the beginning of such

horizons.

lnceptisols: mineral soils in which horizons have

started to develop, and are young but not on recent

land surfaces.

Mollisols: very dark colored and base-rich soils

with a thick,friable , dark-colored surface layer.

Alfisols: soils that have clay-enriched B horizons

with mediumor high base saturation and usually have

light-colored surface horizons.

Ultisols: well developed soils that have clay

enriched B horizonswith low base supply or low basesaturation decreasingwith depth .

Vertisols: clayey soils that shrink and have wide

deep cracks during dry periods and that swell closing

the cracks, inmoist seasons.

Aridisols: primarily soils in dry areas, pale in color

and generally soft when dry or have distinct

structure .

Spodosols: usually gray to light gray podzol or

podzolic soils, generally infertile ,and developed from

siliceousparent materials in cool humid climates.

Oxisols: reddish , yellowish , or grayish soils of

tropical and subtropical regions, are deeply weath

ered, and formed on gentle slopeson old surfaces.

Histosols: soils that are dominantly organic from

bogs, peats, andmucks.

The placement of the soil series of the French

G ulch Quadrangle in the current soil classificationsystem is still tentative because both the soilsand the

system are under continual study. Five orders are

represented in the Quadrangle : Entisols, lnceptisols,Mollisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols. They are further clas

sified by subgroup and family (table 6) (Soil SurveyStaff

Vege tation Symbols

Plant species are represented by letter symbols,

such as Af for chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum)and D for Douglas

-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii} (table

Dominant species in a delineated area (excludingindividual grass species andmost associated herbs) are

indicated by one or more symbols which may be

grouped. Each group of symbols represents an ele

ment which may be either a broad kind of vegetation

(commercial conifers, minor conifers, hardwoods,

shrubs, bushy herbs, grass,marsh) or some other land

In areaswithout climate and soil suitable for grow

ing commercial conifer timber crops, the site index

symbolisomitted .

Soil and Vege tation B oundaries

Soil or vegetation boundariesor both are normallyshown on the map by dashed lines. In some places,however, it is necessary to show a soil boundary dis

tinct from a vegetation boundary. Where this isdone ,

a dotted line indicatesa soil boundary . When needed,

a double-headed arrow is used to show the appropri

ate adjacent soil.

Other Features on Map

Photo centers: The locations of the centersof aer

ial photographs from which the map data are com

piled are shown on the map by large dots. This Willfacilitate use of themapwith aerialphotos.

Roads: Some are shown for orientation purposes.

Special features: Features too small to delineateare shown by these symbols:

Spring

Wet spot

Smallmarsh or wet meadow

Severely eroded spot

Prominent rock outcrop

$1v v Rock escarpment

Pond or reservoir

Named peak

TABLES TO ACCOMPANY MAPS

Explanation of Tables

Table 1 lists the soil series mapped in the Quadrangle and gives themore important characteristicsof

each . The soil series names used in this report are

based on present concepts of the series and are sub

ject to review and final correlation. Variationsmustbe expected in characteristics listed, as terms (except

slope class) apply to the soil series in general. Detailed

descriptions of individual soil series are on file at the

University of California, D epartments of Soils and

Plant Nutrition at Berkeley and Davis.

Table 2 gives a legend for soil series, phases, and

other units mapped, other than slope , including per

meability, general drainage, erosion hazard, and suita

bility for commercial timber production, and for

extensive range use .

Table 3 lists the symbolsof plant speciesand other

landscape units occurring on the maps, and symbols

of species not mapped due to scale of mapping, but

recorded on type-acre plots or observed in the Quad

rangle area. Common (Jepson 1923;McMinn 1939)and scientific names (Munz and Keck 1959;Munz

growth habit , sprouting nature,and browse

values are given for each species. Browse values are

based on values reported by Sampson and J espersen

( 1963 )

18

Table 4 presents a portion Of the data taken from

type-acre sampling plots that isprincipally concerned

with livestock and wildlife use . It includes date of

sampling, plot location, aspect and percent slope, soil

series and phases, woody cover class (overstory) , information on soft chess growing on the plot, percent

of ground covered by various vegetation and land

scape units as measured below a reference plane 4%feet above the ground, and a list of woody species

with available browse .

The soil series, soil phase,and woody cover class

symbols may not correspond to those in the deline

ated areas of the map in which the plots are located

because Of scale of mapping. D etailed descriptionsof

soil profiles at these plot locations are on file at the


Station, Berkeley, California.

Soft chess (B romusmollis} isone of themost com

mon annual range grasses in California. Height and

stage of maturity of this grass together with date of

sampling and other data give an indication of site and

kind of season or year for the plot area.

Table 5 lists scientific (Munz and K eck 1959) andcommon (Abrams 1923-1960;Jepson 1923;Munz

and K eck 1959) names of herbaceous species found

on the type-acre plots described in table 4. Because

percent cover (table 4} and composition of herba

ceous species often vary from year to year, these are

preliminary data describing the plots at date of sam

pling. More data on percent composition and abun

dance of plants are on file at the D epartment of

Agronomy and Range Science,University of

California, Davis.

Table 6 lists the five orders of soils found on the

Quadrangle: Entisols, lnceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols,andUltisols, by soil series, family,

and subgroup.

Tables

Dept h

Gr e enf i el d 31 -60+ Br own/b r own Sandy l oam/heavy Sl i ght ly acid t o Grani t i c

sandy l oam neut ral /neut ral al luv iumt o mi l dl y al ka

l ine

522 Redding 1 0-2 8 Reddi sh br own/ Grav el ly l oam/ St rongly t o Ol d grav el l y Near l y l ev e l

t o hard r ed grav el ly cl ay sl i ght l y aci d/ mixed t o rol l ing,

pan, ov er hardpan st r ongly aci d al luv ium hummockyot h erwi se

60+

71 1 7 Musi ck and 35-60+ Grayi sh b r own or Sandy l oamor Moder at e ly aci d/ Grani t i c r ock Gent l y sl oping

Hoda3/ b r own/yel l owi sh l oam/sandy cl ay st r ongly aci d t o st eep

r ed or r ed or h eavy cl ay

l oam

71 1 8 Boomer 30-56 Li ght br own/ Grav e l ly l oam/ Moderat e l y aci d/ Me t amorphosed Hi l ly t o v e ry

r eddi sh b r own grav el ly cl ay moderat ely aci d basi c i gneous st eep

l oam r ockh/

7l l 8m Boomer 30-56 Li ght b r own/ Sandy heavy l oam/ Moderat e ly aci d/ Sch i st h/ Hi l ly t o v ery

( sch i st ) r eddi sh br own gr av el ly sandy moderat el y acid st eep ( 3 )cl ay l oam

71 2 1 Corbe t t 24-60+ Dark gr ayi sh Loamy coar se St r ongly aci d/ Grani t i c r ock Hi l ly t o v ery

b r own/pal e b rown sand/l oamy coar se moderat el y aci d st eep

sand h)

71 2SV2 Ti sh Tang 20-h0 Pal e b rown/v ery Grav el ly l oam/ Moderat ely acid/ Di or i t e St eep t o v ery

var iant 2 pal e b r own l oam st rongl y acid porphyry st eep

71 29 Chawanakee 1 8-60 Grayi sh b rown/ Coar se sandy Moderat e ly aci d/ Grani t i c rock Hi l ly t o v e ry

and Chaik3/ v ery pal e br own l oam/coar se sandy mode rat e ly t o st e ep

t o l i gh t yel l owi sh l oam st rongly acid

b r own

71 35 Di amond 2 0-h0 Pal e b r own t o Very f ine sandy Moderat el y t o Fine grained Hi l ly t o st eep

Spr ings gr ayi sh b rown/ l oam/cl ay l oam v ery st rongl y aci d igneous (CD ,2 )v e ry pal e b r own acid/st r ongl y r ock

t o ye l l owi sh r ed t o v ery st rongly

acid

71 36 Beh emot osh 20—33 Grayi sh br own/ Gr av el l y l oam/ Moderat ely aci d/ Me t amorph osed Sl oping t o

reddi sh yel l ow cobb ly l i ght moderat el y aci d rhyol i t e v ery st eep

cl ay l oam

71 361, Beh emot osh 2 0-60+ Br own/r eddi sh Fine sandy l oam/ St r ongly aci d/ Fragment ed St eep t o v ery

( l andsl ide )5 ye l l ow si l t y cl ay l oam v ery st rongl y rhyol i t e and st eep

19

acid soi l mat er i al

se r i es

symbol : ser ies name

71 36v

71 6

72 1

726

72 8

72 8L

728m

757

759

771

775

779

781

Soi l range

Beh emot osh 33-50

var iant

Hol l an and 2h-72 +

Hot awé

Modest y 1 7- 30

Dubakel l e 1 h-3o

Neuns 20 - AO

Neuns 2 h-60+

Neuns l S-SO

(sch i st )

Aubur n 1 0-2 8

Exch equer 3-1 6

Auber ry 30-60

Sobrant e 2 0-AO

Si er ra 30- 60+

Kanaka ao-ho+

Henneke 7-2 0

Ki dd 5-1 8

Huse 8—22

St onyford 1 2 -2 8

Goul ding 8—2 5

Col or of

Dark ayi sh

b r own st rong

brown t o pink

Grayi sh b r own/r eddi sh brown t o

l i ght b rown

Light b rowni sh

gr ay/v ery pal e

yel l ow

Reddi sh br own/yel l owi sh b rown

Dark b rown/yel l owi sh br own

Dark b rown/yel l owi sh b rown

Dark b rown/yel l owi sh b r own

St r ong br own t o

yel l owi sh r ed/r eddi sh b rown t o

yel l owi sh r ed

Yel l owi sh r ed/

Grayi sh b r own/brown

Reddi sh b rown/ye l l owi sh r ed

Br own/yel l owi shr ed t o red

Br own/v ery pal e

b r own

Br own/br own

Pal e brown/l ight gray

Reddi sh b r own/brown

Br own/darkr eddi sh b r own

Br own/b rown

sur f ace/subsoi lText ur e of

sur f ace/subsoi l

loam/cl ay l oam

Loam t o coar se

sandy l oam/cl ayl oam t o sandy

cl ay l oam

Grav el ly coar se

sandy l oam/grav el ly l oam

React ion of sl ope cl asse s

sur f ace/sub soi l mappedl /

Moderat ely acid/ Deeply Gent ly sl opingv ery st r ongly weat her ed acid t o st eep ( 2 )aci d i gneous rock

Sl i ght ly t o Granit i c rock Hi l ly t o v ery

moderat el y aci d/ st eep

moderat e ly t o

st rongly acid

St rongly acid/ Grani t i c rock Hi l ly t o v eryst r ongl y aci d st eep

Grav e l ly l oamfierw’

Neut r al /neut ral Se rpent ine

gr av el ly cl ay

l oam

Grav el ly sandy

l oam/gr av el lysandy cl ay l oam

Grav el ly sandy

l oam/grav el lysandy cl ay l oam

Grav el ly sandyl oam/gr av el lysandy cl ay l oam

Si l t l oam/si l tl oam

Rocky si l t l oam/

Coar se sandy

l oam/sandy cl ay

l oam

Si l t l oam/cl ayl oam

Coar se sandyl oam/l oam t o

cl ay l oam

Sandy l oam/heavy l oam

Gr av el ly sandyl oam/grav el lysandy l oam

St ony cl ay l oam/v e ry st ony l oam

Grav el ly l oam/v ery grav el ly

l oam

20

Mode rat ely acid/moderat ely t o

st rongly acid

Moder at ely acid

moder at ely t o

st rongl y acid

Moderat el y acid Hi l l y t o v erymoderat el y t o st eepst r ongly acid

Sl i ght ly t o Sch i st ose t o Hi l ly t o v erymoderat el y aci d/ mass iv e st eep

sl i ght ly aci d t o met amorphosedneut ral bas i c rocksE/

Sl i gh t ly acid/ Sch i st oseh/ Rol l ing t o

or al t ered st eep ( 1 )basi c i gneous

r ock

Sl i ght l y t o Grani t i c r ock Rol l ing t o

moderat ely acid/ v ery st eep

moderat e ly t o

st r ongly aci d

Moderat ely aci d/ Sch i st ose t o Rol l ing t o

sl i gh t l y acid mass iv e v ery st eep

met amorphosedbasi c r ockh/

Moderat ely t o Gr ani t i c

st r ongly acid/ r ock

st rongly aci d

Mode rat e ly acid/ Rhyol i t i c Hi l ly t o very

st rongly aci d rock st eep

Neut ral / Pe r i dot i t e Gent ly sl oping

neut ral t o st eep

neut ral / Me t amorph osed Hi l l y t o v ery

mode rat el y aci d bas i c igneous st eep

t o neut ral rockh/

Sl ight ly acid/ Me t amorphosed St eep t o v ery

s li ght ly aci d basi c igneous st eep

rock E/

Moderat ely acid St r ongly Rol l ing t o

sl i ght ly acid weat her ed v ery st eep

gr ani t i c rock

Gent ly s loping

t o v ery st eep

Grav e l ly Sl i ght ly aci d/ Serpent init e St e ep t o v ery

l oam/v ery grav e l neut r al st eep ( 2 )ly cl ay l oam

71 36L

71 36V

71 6

757

759

759

759

775

775

775

Behemot osh

( l andsl ide )

Behemot osh

v ar iant

Hol l and

Hot aw

Mode st y

Modesty

Modest y

Mode st y

Modesty

Auber ry

Auber ry

Sobrant e

Si er r a

Si er ra

Kanaka

Kanaka

Kanaka

Henneke

Ki dd

Ki dd

Ki dd

2E,2RE,2SE

2 : 3, 3S , SS

3.3mm

lRE, l SE

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moder at e

Moderat e

Mode rat e

Mb derat e

Moderat e

Moder at e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Moderat e

Good

Good

Excess ive

Excessiv e

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Good

Excessiv e

Excessive

Excess iv e

Good

Excessiv e

Excessive

Highlfi/

Moderat e

Very h igh

Very h igh

Low t o

medium

Medium

Medium

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed t o

medium

Unsui t ed to

medium

Medium

Very h ighfl/ MediumModerat e

Highlll lg/ Medium

Moderat eg/

Very h i gh

Moder at e

Moderat et o h i gh

1 1 /

Medium

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed t o

quest i onab l eUnsui t ed

Unsui t ed t o

quest ionabl eUnsui t ed t o

quest ionabl eVery h i gh _

1_1 / Unsui t ed

High

High

Moderat e

High

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Very h ighly Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed t o

l ow

Very l ow

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Unsui t ed

Medium

Medium

Medium

Very l ow

Unsui t edl l /

Medium

Unsui t ed 1 1 /

92 6 Hor seshoe Moderat e Good Mb de rat e Medium

92 6 Hor se shoe Mederat e Good

Sl ow Good

Sl ow Good

Sl ow Good

1 / Phase symbol s l i st ed he r e ar e

Symbol Dept h cl ass Symbol Sur face rock Symbol St oniness Symbol Er os ion

(pe r cent )

1 Very shal l ow <1 1 0 50 Sev er e

2 Shal l ow 1 -2 2 1 0

3 Moderat ely shal l ow 2 -3h Moder at e ly deep 3-h

5 Deep >h

h/ Eros i on ha z ard : pr obabl e suscept ib i l i t y of a soi l t o eros ion on a 30 t o 50 per cent sl ope ( s1 0pecl ass 2 ) af t e r s i gni f i cant d i sturbance of prot ect iv e v eget at iv e cov er -sl i gh t , moderat e , h i gh , v ery h igh .

Rel at iv e t erms are : unsui t ed nont imbe r land; l ow si t e s 1 , 2 ;med iumque st ionabl e conclusiv e ev idence of sui t ab i l i t y i s l acking .

s i t es 3, A; h i gh s i t e 5;

sed on Ob servat ions of nat ur al f orage pr oduct ion,

use exper charact er i st i cs . Regardl ess of cur r ent v e get at iv e

cov er , e st imat e s are pot ent ial sui tab i l i t y appl ied t o Open ar eas , e i t her natur al or cl ear ed , unde r

ext ensiv e management (wi t hout se eding or f e r t i l i z at ion ) wi t h av erage h erbaceous cov er cond it ions as

r e l at ed t o soi l type . Fact or s such as rockine ss , t opogr aphy , and e r os ion haz ard ar e al so cons i der ed .

Est imat e s shoul d not be int e rpr e t ed as ne ce ssar i ly applying t o sui t ab i l i ty of soi l s f or f or age product i on

unde r mor e int ens iv e management inv ol v ing seeding , f er t i l i z at ion or i r r i gat i on .

Re lat iv e t erms are : unsui t ed , v ery l ow,l ow

,medium, h i gh , v e ry h i gh; unl ess ot herwi se indicat ed , th ey

ar e appl i cab l e t o soi l s of l pe cl asse s 1 and 2 ( 0 t o 50 percent ) .

7/ Uncl ass i f i ed soil s and mi scel l aneous l and t ypes mapped ar e l i st ed in f oot not e 2 t o t abl e 1 .

8/ Occas ional ly sub j e ct t o f l ooding .

2/ For soi l s wi t h sl ope s l e ss t han 30 pe rcent .

1 0/ Soi l r e st s ab rupt ly on an impermeabl e i r on-s i l i ca cement ed hardpan .

1 1 / For soi l s wi t h sl opes st eepe r t han 50 percent .

1 2 / May b e sub j ect t o fur t h e r mov ement , espe cial ly i f di sturbed or in year s of abov e normal pr e cipi t at ion .

2 6

A Wh i t e al der Alnus rh omb i f ol ia Tr ee

Aafi/ West ern serv i ce ber ry Ame l anch i er pal l ida Sh rub 3-h 2 -3

Aci Vine mapl e Acer ci r cinat um Sh rub h-S 3-h

Aec Cal i f ornia buckeye Aesculus cal i f orni ca Shrub 5 h

(Shrub )

Chemi se Adenost oma f asci cul at um Shrub 5 h-5

Common manz anit a Ar ct ost aphyl os manz ani t a Shrub 5 5

Amxé/ Sh ingl et own manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os manz ani t a 5 5wi e slande r i

Pinemat manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os nevadensi s Shrub 5 5

Gr eenl eaf manz ani t a Arct ost aphyl os pat ul a Sh rub 5 5

App Pine manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os pat ul a Sh rub 5 5

pl atyphyl la

Ar dél z/

Roof manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os roof i i Shrub 5 5

At eE/ Mount ain al der Alnus t enui f ol ia Shrub h-S 3-h

Wh it e l eaf manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os v i sci da Shrub

Av e Bal akl al a manz ani t a Ar ct ost aphyl os cane scens x Shrub

v i scida

Cal i f ornia b l ack oak Quer cus kel l oggi i Tr ee h-5 2 -h

Canyon l ive oak Que rcus ch rysol epi s Tr e e

Caoz/ Spi ce-bush Calycant hus occident al i s Shrub

West e rn mount ain Ce r cocarpus b et ul oide s Sh rub 2-h 2

mahogany

Buck b rush Ceanot hus cuneat us Sh rub

Ceo Mount a in wh i t et horn Ceanot hus cordul atus Sh rub S , N

Cec Cal i f ornia redbud Cerci s occident al i s Shrub

Chhi/ Bl oome r goldenbush Hapl opappus bl oomer i Shrub 5 5

Cig/ De er b rush Ceanot hus int eger r imus Sh rub S , N 3 2 -3

Cl afi/ Pipe -st em cl emat i s Cl emat i s l as iant ha Vine

Cl é Lemmon ceanothus Ceanot hus l emmoni i Sh rub 5 h-5

Paci f i c dogwood Cornus nut t al l i i Shrub 5 5

Cosé/ Miner s dogwood Cornus sess i l i s Sh rub 5 5

Tr ini ty squaw carpet Ceanot hus prost rat us l axus Shrub 5 5

Squaw carpe t Ceanot hus prost ra tus Shrub 5 5

Cal i f ornia haz e lnut Corylus cornut a cal i f orni ca Shrub h-5 h-S

Bush ch inquapin Chrysol epsi s sempe rv i r ens Shrub 5 5

Dougl as-f i r Pseudot suga menz ie s i i Tr ee 5 5

2 7

2-3

1 -2 1 -2

2 -3 2 -3

1 -2 1 -2 1 -2

pncé

Bl ue oak

Di gge r pine

Bush peppy

Cal i f orni a ye rba sant a

Foot h il l ash

Or egon oak

Fremont s i l kt asse l

Cal i f ornia buckeye

Incense-cedar

J e f f r ey pine

Knobcone pine

B i g dee rve t ch

Sh rub t an oak

Si er ra-l aur e l

Chapar ral honeysuckl e

Madrone

B igl eaf mapl e

Macnab cypr e ss

Oregon ash

Toyon (Chr i stmas b e r ry )

B i t t e r ch er ry

Paci f i c ninebark

Cal i f ornia mock orange

Sword f e rn

Bracken

Scrub canyon l iv e oak

Le at her oak

Br ewe r oak

Scrub bl ack oak

Quer cus dougl asi i

Pinus sab iniana

Dendromecon r igida

Er i odi ct yon cal i f orni cum

Fraxinus dipet al a

Quer cus gar ryana

Garrya f r emont i i

Ae scul us cal i f orni ca

Hype r i cumper f oratum

Cal ocedrus decurr ens

Pinus j ef f r eyi

Pinus at t enuat a

Lot us cr assi f ol ius

Li thocarpus densi f l ora

ech inoi de s

Leucot hoe dav i si ae

Loni ce ra int e r rupt a

Arbut us menz i e s i i

Ace r macr ophyl l um

Quer cus mor ehus

Cupr essus macnab iana

Fraxinus l at i f ol i a

He t er omel e s arbut i f ol ia

Prunus emar ginat a

Physocarpus capi t atus

Ph i l ade lphus l ewi s i i

cal i f orni cus

Polyst i chummuni t um

Prunus subcordat a

Pt e r idium aquil inumpube scens

Que rcus ch rysol epi s nana

Quer cus dur at a

Quer cus gar ryana b r ewe r i

Quercus ke l l oggi i cibat a

Tree

Tre e

Shrub

Sh rub

Shrub

Tr e e

Sh rub

Tr ee

Tr ee

Tr e e

Tr ee

Sh rub

Sh rub

Sh rub

Tr ee

Tr e e

Tr e e

Tr ee

Sh rub

Shrub

sh rub

Shrub

Shrub

Sh rub

Sh rub

Sh rub

5 5 5

5 h-S 3-h

S S 1+-5

s u 3-h

5 S

5 S

5 5

5 5 S

5 5

5 3 3-u

h-s u-5 3-h

5 h-S 3-h

5 5 S

5 2 -3 2 - 3

5 5

5 5

1 -2

symbol Common name Sci ent i f i c name

Wh i t e f ir Ab ies concol or Tr ee h-5 h-5 3-h

Whmfi/ We st ern wh ippi ea Wh ippl ea mode st a Sh rub

Nut t al l wi l l ow Sal ix scoul er iana Sh rub 2 -3

Ponde rosa pine Pinus ponderosa Tr ee h-5

1 / Sprout nat ure

S = Sprout s af t e r f i r e .

N Normal ly wi l l not sprout i f t op i s f i re ki l l ed

S ,N Sprout s af t er f ir e in some cases and i s compl e t e ly ki l l ed in ot h er s

U Post -f i re sprout ing capaci t y unknown,

Not e : Some speci es t hough ki l l ed by f i re , wi l l stump sprout af t er cut t ing in t he ab sence of f i r e .

2/ Br owse v alue ov er -al l r at ings , including spr out s af t er burning or cut t ing

l Very h igh

2 Hi gh

h Low

5 Very l ow

Kind of animal

H Hor se s; C Cat t l e ; 8 Sheep; G Goat s; Dee r .

3/ Mi scel l aneous v eget at i on and l andscape e l ement s mapped are

Symbol

Ba Rock , bare , or l i t t er-cove red gr ound , e ssent ial ly dev oid of v e ge t at i on .

Cu Cul t iv at ed or f al l ow f i el d , natural hayl ands , and i r r i gat ed pastur e s .

Gr Grasses and ot h er associat ed herbace ous pl ant s , include s meadows .

Hb Herbaceous pl ant s t hat ar e bushy in s i z e and charact er of growt h .

Md we t meadow .

Mr Uni dent i f i ed mar shl and herb s .

Ui Urban or indust r ial ar eas , f r equent l y wi t h no mappab l e soil due t o indust r ial act iv i t y .

h/ Speci e s not mapped but r e corded on type-acr e pl ot s .

5/ Species Ob se rv ed but not mapped or r ecorded on type-acr e pl ot s .

6/ Spe ci e s col l ect ed but not mapped or r ecorded on t ype -acre pl ot s .

7/ See r e f er ence -Gankin, R. 1 966 . A new speci es of Ar ct ost aphylos f r om Gl enn Count y , Cal i forni a .

Le af l e t West ern Bot any -331 .

8/ Inc lude s t h e speci es and al l i t s v ar i et ies

30

32N

33N

33N

33N

33N

33N

33N

33N

33N

33N

32N

6W

6W

6W

6W

7W

8W

7W

7W

7W

sw-65

sw-5o

wn-ao

ME-SS

sz-46

1 6 3-51

21 Nw-60

28 nu-ss

14 SE-l S

2 N-68

12 sw-6o

16 w-55

26 N-44

29 sw-66

31 s-55

3 SE-32

Table 4 .—Dat a on t zpe

—acre sampl ing pl o t s

22

21

21

29

29

30

29

29

24

24

J ul

J ul

Oct

Apr

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

( 71) (1 1)

(1 1)

64

64

66 20

68 10 60

QUADRANGLE 24D-2

64 10

64 5 85

64 9 n 1 5 25

64 15 50

64 10 n 5 ( 71)

64 1 2 0 15 35

64 5 1 0

3 1

30

10

45

30

70

45

25

( 71) 60 30

1 5 20 40

5 25

5 60 25

1 5

5

10

30 30

80

So,Aa ,Ci

Ap,Cpo

Cr ,Lde ,C,M,D ,XS .Rox ,Scu

Y ,Pe

n

Sg ,G

10

l l

1 2

1 3

14

10

32N

32N

32N

32N

32N

32N

33N

32N

32M

32N

31N

31N

31N

31N

31N

31N

31N

31N

32N

32N

32N

32N

7W

7W

7W

7W

7W

7W

7W

6W

6W

6W

6W

6W

6

1 2

1 2

1 3

1 7

24

32

29

28

30

33

29

30

31

32

23

27

21

28

W-55

NW-1 5

SE-80

NE-32

ME-66

N-ZO

NE-65

E-20

S-15

N-25

ME-34

S-1 6

W—25

NE-55

W-40

SW-3O

W-35

ME-23

2

2

24 J ul 64

30 J ul 64

30

28

28

28

28

28

28

23

29

23

29

23

23

27

27

27

25

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

Apr

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J ul

J un

65

64

64

64

68

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

60

64

72

64

64

64

64

QUADRANGLE 240-2

QUADRANGLE 24D— 3

20

3 2

20

(l l )

1 0

1 0

(Z! )

1 0

(Z! )

10

20

(1x)

(1 1 )

20

40

20

85

20

50

10

1 0

1 5

20

10

70

59

30

60

65

35

55

1 0

25

75

50

20

55

20

25

1 6

20

30

1 5

10

10

1 0

10

80

1 5

30

1 0

35

(1 1)

30

35

15

40

1 0

50

1 0

20

1 0

1 5

30

25

40

1 5

50

40

40

25

25

20

25

Lde ,Cn ,Cl e

D oY OB0C“oRPoRd oRr

i , Chh ,Ap

Y,Rr ,At e

Lde ,s.w,c6 .App,Led

,B .0 ,c,ci

Y ,C

Ci ,Cn

Rd

Ec

Rox ,B,C

Qw,Pa ,Li ,Px

Av on .QW, SO ,Rdp oAf .

C1 e ,S

Tab le 5 .- Plant spe cies on type

-acre sempl ing plot s

Sci ent i f i c name Common name

ANNUAL GRASSES

Confus ing fescue

Foxtai l fescue

Pubescent re f l ex fescue

Fal se foxt ai l fescue

Fes tuca paci f i ca Paci f i c fescue

PERENNIAL GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKE PLANTS

Agropyron parish i i laeve

Agropyron spi cat umAgros t i s di egoens i s

Agros t i s exarat a

Bromus laev i pes

Cal i fornia fescue

Wes te rn fescue

Luz ul a comosa Common wood rush

Luz ula subsessi l is Foot h i l l wood rush

Mel i ca ar i s t at a Awne d me l i c

Si t anion hyst r ix cali forni cum Squi rr e l t ai lSt i pa cal i forni ca

St ipa lemmoni iSt ipa s t i l lmani iTr i set um cernuum canescens

34

6,

3 .

1 0 .

1 3 .

9 .

7 .

1 .

b

b

U‘

MO

1 ,2 ,a.

L .

l , 7 .

b le 5 ( cont inued )

A11 0phyl lumdivar i cat umCalycadenia t runcat e scabre l l a

Cent aure a nel i t ensis

Cent aurea sol st i t i al is

Ce ras t iumvi scosum

Cruci anel la angus t i fol i a

Crypt antha sp.

Daucus pus i l lus

Epi lobiumminutumEriogonum vimi neum

Gal ina aparine

Gal ium di vari cat umGal i umpari sienseGayophyt um di f fusumdi f fusumGe rani um di ssect um

Gi l ia capi t at a pedemont anaGi thopsis spe cul at ioi des

Hypochoer i s glabra

Lact uca serri ola

Lessingi a nemaclada

Linant hus b icolor

Linant hus ci l i at us

Lot us mi crant husLot us pursh i anus

Lot us subpinnat us

Lupinus sp.

Lupinus bi col or mi crophyl lusLupinus val l i cola apri cus

Nadi a elegans

Nadi a exi gua

Medi a graci l i s

Moss and moss-li ke pl ant s

Nemophi la peduncul at aPlagiobot h rys sp.

Si lene gal l i ca

Si symbrium of f i cinale

Ste l l ari a medi aSt ephanome ri a vi rgat a

St rept ant hus tort uosus

Naps st ar thi s t le

Yel low s t ar thi st le

House-ear chi ckweed

Fi l ago

Goosegr ass

Lamark beds t rawwal l beds t raw

GayOphytumCommon wi ld geranium

B lue f i el d gi l ia

Smooth cat sear

Pr i ckly le t t uce

Annual Lupine

Bi color annual lupine

Footh i l l lupine

Common madi aLi t t le t arweed

Gumweed madi a

Common checkweed

Tal l s t ephanomer i a

Thysanocarpus curvipes e legans Lace pod

Tori l l i s arvensi s Fi el d hedge pars ley

3 5

Table 5 ( cont inued )

ANNUAL FORBS : ( cont inued )

Tri f ol i ummi crocephalum Ma iden cl over

Tri fol iul ol i vaceum columbinum Dove clover

Tri fol ium t r i dent at um Tomcat cl over

Tuni ca prol i fer e Tuni ca

Vi vi a angus t i fol i a Common ve t ch

PERENNIAL FORBS

Achi l lea boreali s cal i forni ca Common yerrow

Achi l l ea l anul osa lanulosa Mount ain yarrov

Adenoceulon bi color Trai l plant

Agoseri s gr andi fl ora Grand mount ain dande l ion

Agoseri s re t rorsa Spe ar-leaf mount ain dande l ion

8p.

Apocynumpumi lumAqui legi a formosaAral ia cal i f ornica

Arni ca di scoi dea eradi at e

Har tweg wi l d ginger

Purpl e ui lkweed

De l toid bal samroot

Calochort us spp.

Calochor t us t olmi e iCalys t egi a polynorpha

Campanula prenanthoi des

Cast i l l ej a sp.

Chlorogalun pomeri di anum Soap pl ant

Comandra umbe l lat a cal i forni ca Bas tard t oad-f lax

Cynoglossum grande Wes t ern houndst ongue

Cynoglossum occident ale Hounds tongue

Delph ini um sp. Larkspur

Dent ari a sp.

Disporumhooker i t rachyandrum Sier ra fairy be l ls

Dode cat heon sp. Shoo t ing s t ars

Eri geron inornat us Cal i fornia rayless daisyEriogonum nudumpubi f lorum

Eriogonum umbel lat umumbel lat um Sul fur buckwheat

Eriophyl lum l anatum

grandi f lorum Common Wool ly-sunf lowerErythroni um sp.

Frasera albi caul i e ni t i da Shining fr aser a

Fri t i l l ari a sp. Fri t i l l ary

3 6

Table 5 ( cont inue d)

-mi nut e quadr angle number s

240-1 24D-2 240-3 24D—4

Sci ent i f i c name Common name Plot numbers where found

TREES AND SHRUBS : ( cont inued)

Ace r macrophyl lum Bi gleaf mapl eAdenost oma fasci cul at um Chemi seAescul us cal i forni ca Sh rub ca l i fornia buckeye

Ai l ant hus al t i ssima Tree of heaven

Alnus rhombi fol i aAlnus t enui fol i a

Ame l anch ier pal l ida

Arbut us menz ies i iArct os t aphylos canescens

x vi scida

Arct os t aphylos manz ani t amanz ani t a Common manz ani t a

Arct os t aphylos ammz ani t awi es l ande ri Shingle t own manz ani ta

Arct os t aphylos nev adensi s Pinemat manz ani t aAr ct os t aphylos pat ul a pat ula Greenl eaf manz ani taArct ost aphylos pat ul a

platyphyl la Pine manz ani ta

Arct ost aphylos roofi i Roof manz ani taArct os t aphylos vi scida Wh i te leaf manz ani ta

Calocedrus decur rens Incense-cedar

Calycanthus occi dent al is Spi ce-bush

Ceanot hus cordul at us Mount ain whi t e thorn

Ceanot hus cuneat us2 /

Wedge leaf ceanot hus

Ceanot hus int ege rr imus Dee rbrush

Ceanot hus lemoni i Lelmnon ceanot hus

Ceanot hus pros t rat us l exus Upr i gh t squaw carpe t

Ceanothus pros t rat us

pros t rat us Squaw carpe t

Cal i forni a redbud

Bi r ch leaf mount ai n nohoganyBush chinquapinPipe

-s t em cl emat i sPaci f i c dogwood

Cornus sessi l is Mi ners dogwood

Coryl us cornut a cal i forni ca Cal i forni a haz elnut

Cupressus macnabi ana Macnab cypress

Dendrome con ri gi da Bush poppyEri odi ctyon cal i forni cum Cal i forni a yerba santa

Sierra-laurel

Tan-oak

Shrub t an-oak

Chaparral honeysuckle

Penst emon

9 .

(y )7.

1 3 .

P1 0 0 8 pooderosa POQder OG E Pine

3 8

( cont inued)

abini ana

subcordat a

suga menz iesi i

rcus kel loggi i cibat a

Quercus kel loggi i ke l loggi i

Que rcus lobat a

Que rcus vaccini fol ia

Quercus wi s l i zeni i

frutescens

Que rcus wi s l i z eni i

wisl i zeni i

Rhamnus cal i forni ca

crassi fol i a

Rhamnus ca li forni ca

toment el laRhamnus crocea i l i ci fol i a

Rh amnus pursh i ana

Rhamnus rubra ob t us i ss imaRhamnus rubra rubra

Rhododendron occi dent al e

Rhus di versi loba

Styrax of fi cinali s

cal i forni ca

Symphori carpos acut us

Symphor i carpos ri vulari s

Taxus brevi fol i a

Vi t is cal i forni ca

Whipplea modes ta

Canyon l ive oak

Shrub Cal i f . black oak

Cal i forni a black oak

Shrub int er ior l ive oak

Int er ior li ve oak

Thi ck-leaf cof feeberry

Chaparral cof feeber ryHol lylea f redberry

Cal i forni a st or ax

Spre ading snowberry

SnowberryPaci f ic Yew

Cal i forni a wi l d grape

Whipplea

1 4 .

10 .

2 .

6 .

(fij )

More dat a on percent compos i t ion and abundance of plant s are on f i le at the Depar tment of Agr onomy and Range Science ,

Univers i ty of Cal i forni a. Davi s .

Vari et i es not di f f erent iat ed .

Mapped in quadrangle indi cat ed but no t recorded on pl ot s .

Observed in quadrangle indi cat ed but not re corded on plot s .

Col lect ed in quadrangle indi cat ed but not re corded on plot s .

3 9

Tab l e 6 -Fiv e order s of soi l s in t he Fr ench

Gul ch Quadr angl e , by ser ie s , f ami l y , and subgr oup

Se r ie s Fami ly Subgroup

Ent i sol s

Loamy .mixed , nonaci d , t h e rmi c Li t h i c Xer or t hent s

Mixed . f r i gid Typic Xer opsamment s

lncept i sol s

Ki dd Medi al . me s i c l Li t h i c Vi t randept s

Modesty Coar se—l oamy ,mixed . t hermi c Typi c Xe rochr ept s

Ti sh Tang

Var iant 2 Fine -l oamy . mixed . me s i c Dyst r i c Xe r och r ept s

Neuns Loamy-skel e t al , mixed , me s ic Dyst r i c Xe roch r ept s

Chawanakee Loamy ,mixed . me s i c, shal l ow Dyst r i c Xe roch r ept s

Chaix Coar se—l oamy , mixed . me s i c Dyst r i c Xer och r ept sKanaka Coar se-l oamy , mixed . the rmi c Dyst r ic Xerochrept s

Sh ee t i ron Loamy- ske l e t al , micace ous . me s i c Dyst r i c Xer ochr ept s

Meyme h Loamy , mixed . mesi c Dyst r ic Li th i c Xerochr ept s

Goul ding Loamy-skel e t al , mixed . me s i c Li t h i c Xer ochr ept s

Mi l l sholm Loamy . mixed . t he rmi c Li th i c Xer ochr ept s

Huse Cl ayey , mixed . me s ic Li t h i c Xerochr ept s

Auburn Loamy . mixed , t hermi c Rupt i c-Li t h i c Xer och r ept s

Mb l l i sol s

Los Gat os Fine-l oamy , mixed , me s i c Typic Ar gixe rol l s

Fi ddl e t own

Var iant Fine-l oamy , mixed . mesi c Pe ch ic Ul t ic Ar gixer ol l s

Henneke Cl ayey-skel e t al . serpent ini t i c. t he rmi c Li t h ic Ar gixerol l s

San Andr eas Coar se-l oamy . mixed . t hermi c Typi c Hapl oxer ol l s

Tol lhouse Loamy , mixed . mes i c. shal l ow Ent i e Hapl oxer ol l s

Al f i sol s

Fine , kaol ini t i c, t hermi c

Coar se - l oamy ,mixed , th e rmi c

Loamy , mixed . t h e rmi c

Cl ayey-skel e t al . serpent ini t i c. mesi c

Fine -l oamy .mixed . t he rmi c

Loamy-skel e t al . mixed . me si cLoamy-skel e t al . mixed , me si cFine-l oamy . mixed , me si cFine-l oamy .

mixed . me si c

Fine-l oamy , mixed .'mesi c

Fine-l oamy , mixed , me s i c

Fine-l oamy . mixed , t h ermi c

Fine-l oamy , mixed . t hermi cFine , kaol ini t ic. me s i cFine , montmor il l oni t i c. t hermi cFine , montmor i l l oni t i c, th ermic

Ul t i sol s

Fine-l oamy. mixed . mesi c Xer i c Hapl ohumul t sCl ayey , kaol ini t i c me si c XEr i c Hapl ohumul t s

Fine-l oamy , mixed. mesi cl/ Typic Hapl oxe rul t s

Fine-l oamy. mixed . me s ic Typic Hapl oxerul t s

Fine-l oamy. mixed , me s ic Typi c Hapl oxerul t s

1 / Mapped as t hermi c in French Gul ch Quadrangl e .

4 0

Abrupt ic Dur ixe ral f s

Typi c Hapl oxeral f s

Li t h i c Mol l i e Hapl oxe ral f s

Mol l i e Hapl oxe ral f s

Mol l i c Hapl oxe ral f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f sUl t ic Hapl oxe ral f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxe ral f sUl t i c Hapl oxe ral f s

Ul t ic Hapl oxeral f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxer al f sUl t i c Hapl oxer al f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxeral f s

Ul t i c Hapl oxe ral f s

Mol l i e Pal exeral f s

Serv Redding, California. 42 p. , illus. Zinke, Paul J andW. L. Colwell J r.

Waring, R. H. 1965 . Some general relationships among California

1969 . Forest plants of the eastern Siskyous: their en forest soils. Forest Soil Relationships in North

vironmental and vegetational distribution. North America. p. 354-365 illus Corvallis Oregon’

west Scr. 43( l ) : l-17. Oregon State University Press.

Wieslander, A. E.

1935. A vegetation type map of California. Madrono-144 .

42

WILMER L. COLWELL,JR. is in charge of the Cooperative Soil

Vegetation Survey, headquartered at Berkeley, California. A 1938

forestry graduate of North Carolina State University, he also holds a

master’

s degree ( 1950) from the University of California,Berkeley. He

joined the Station staff in 1946 .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank the Soil-Vegetation Survey staff for their contributions to

this publication: J ames I. Mallory ,range conservationist , andB enjamin

F. Smith, soil scientist , PacificSouthwest Forest andRange ExperimentStation;and Chester 0 . Stone, forester, CaliforniaD ivision of Forestry,

for their contributions and critical review;and W. RobertPowell, asso

ciate specialist, in the D epartment of Agronomy and Range Science,University of California, Davis for his assistance in preparation of the

explanations of the tables.

Basic information about soilsand vegetation— their

characteristics, location,extent, and relationships

— is

especially useful to the resource manager. It provides

himwith a foundation for understanding andmanaging the ecosystem— the ecological community that

includes soils, vegetation, animals, climate , and man.

By applying an ecological approach , he can make

more efficient and productive use of the land and its

resources. He can apply management procedures that

have proved successful in areas of known soils and

vegetation to other areas with the same characteris

Soil-vegetation surveys are designed to produce

useful maps and information. The data are useful to

the practitioner as well as to the researcher. In land

management research , prior knowledge of the eco

system ismandatory if the work is to succeed. If the

vegetation is to be changed,the information from

such surveys might be used to estimate probableresults.

This publication contains information about the

soil and vegetation symbolsand other featuresshown

on the 71/z-minute soil-vegetation quadranglemaps. It

also explains and defines the terminologyused in thesix tables that accompany each map.

The soil-vegetation maps were prepared by the

California State Cooperative Soil-Vegetation Survey

LEG END TO THE MAPS

B ase Maps

Base maps used for the Soil-Vegetation maps arespecially prepared by the Pacific Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station,mostly from pub

lished sources. Each Soil-Vegetationmapconsistsof astandard 71/z-minute quadrangle unit at the scale of 2

inches 1 mile .

Every effort has been made to fit the soil and

vegetation boundaries to the topography of the base

map. Land subdivisions have been positioned as ao

curately as source information and map control

Project , Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Forest Service . The Project is financedthrough appropriations of the California Legislature

to the Division of Forestry,Department ofConserva

tion,Resources Agency of California. Cooperating

organizations in the Soil-Vegetation Survey are the

Division of Forestry;the D epartment of Agronomyand Range Science, Department of Soils and Plant

Nutrition,University of California, Davis;D epart

ment of Forestry and Conservation, University of

California, Berkeley; and the Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley.

Project leader isWilmer L. Colwell, J r. ,PacificSouth

west Forest and Range Experiment Station at Berkeley.

The Soil-Vegetation maps are for sale only . The

price of each 7 ‘zé-minute quadrangle map is 45 cents.

Tablesaccompany eachmap.

Order should state specifically which quadranglesare desired. Make checks or money orders for the

exact amount (minimumordersare payable to

the Treasurer of theUnited States, and send to :Regional Forester

U.S. Forest Service

630 Sansome Street

San Francisco,California 94 1 1 1

For a list of available maps, write to the above

address.

points permit . If a precise fit of the data to land

subdivisions for smallareas is required, ground checks

against known corner locations, fence boundaries, or

other features should be carried out, preferably by

using aerial photographs.

Contour lines,‘

minor roads, small drainages, and

other map details are not shown on the maps so as

not to obliterate other data. If such map detail is

required,refer to U.S. Geological Survey topographic

maps, which are used assources for thebase informa

tion. The base maps are listed in the lower right

corner of each quadranglemap.

Symbols S how n on th e Maps

All soil and vegetation information for each map

ping area is shown by coded symbols oh themapas in

the example below . Following this example are de

tailed explanations of the symbols.

Site ClassSymbol

WoodyVegetation

Cover Class Symbol

DominantWoodyPlant Sp

Non-vegetated

PotentialConifer Species

SoilSymbols

Soils are mapped by soil series and phases (depthclass, s10 pe class, and certain other soil phases) . TheSoil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 195 1) hasbeenused as a general standard of reference for terminol

ogy and concepts. Soil information is coded in the

formof anumerical fraction,e .g

8 15m Soil Series/soil seriesmodifier4313-1 depth class/otherphases/-slope class

Soil series can be coded in three categories definedas follows:

Soil series names are designated by numbers of

three or four digits in the numerator of the fraction.

Soilseries variants are soils of limited extent whichare distinctly different, but similar and closely related

to a known soil series. They are designated by the

symbol“V”following the soil series symbol, e.g.

8 15V.

Soils of limited extent which are distinctly differ

ent from and unrelated to a known soil series are

indicated by an“X

,

”“Y,

or“Z”instead of the final

numeral in the soil series symbol, e .g. 84X .

Soil series modifiers give additional information

about the soil series or indicate a variation from the

normal characteristic of the series. They have Specialsymbols and examplesasdefinedbelowParent rock or parent material phases are desig

nated by a lower .case letter following the soil series

number,e .g. 8 15m.

Variations from normal are shown by upper case

letters (different from any given above) following thesoil series number

,e.g. a landslide phase, 8ISL, or a

taxadjunct, SISA, etc.

If there ismore than one variant or taxadjunct of a

given soil series designated by the same letter, each is

numbered in succession,e.g

Soil seriesvariants: 8 15V1 , 8 15V2Taxadjuncts: 815A1

,SISA2

Other soil phases are designated by letters and

numbers in the denominator of the fraction. Soil

depth class is designated by the first digit . Rockiness,

stoniness, and/or erosion are designated by letters and

numbers immediately following the depth class

symbol (table The slope ckzss in the delineated

area is represented by a letter or number symbol

which is separated by a hyphen from the other phase

symbols (table I}.

In some areas an association of two soilsoccurs in

such an intricate pattern that they cannot be indica

ted separately at the scale of mapping. Such a soil

complex is designated by two fractional symbols

separated by a vertical line , e .g.,

The dominant soil unit (5 1 to 80 percent of a delin

eated area) appearson the left .

Unclassified soil areas are usually agricultural or

potentially agricultural lands for which , in manycases, soil surveys have already been made by other

agencies, such as the U.S. Soil Conservation Service .

Symbols for unclassified soils are or

but are not in fraction form;sometimes a

Type-AcreSamplingPlots

Type-acre soil-vegetation sampling plots are estab

lished in a mapped area. These plots are not uni

formly distributed because their locations are chosento be representative of the more extensive (or sometimes unusual) combinationsof soil and vegetation. A

detailed soil profile description and intensive vegeta

tion inventory are made at these sites. Plot locations

(tables 4, 5 } are shown on the map by circled

numbers,

TimberSiteSymbols

Site quality (capacity of the land for growing

commercial conifer timber) is indicated on the maps

by single number symbols (ArabicorRoman) such as4 and II. For each delineated commercial timber

cropland area a predominant site quality class is

designated, based on the age-height relationships of

trees. The site classification system used depends on

the species type and location of the survey area.

The pine, fir, pine-D ouglas-fir, and pine— D ouglas

fir— fir types are graded by two different site class

curves: ( 1) in terms of the total height that average

dominant trees reach at 300 years of total age by

25-foot class intervals (Dunning or (2) in

terms of the average total height of dominant treesat

a base age of 100 yearsmeasured at breast height by

20-foot class intervals (Arvanitis, et al .

Site class symbols are designated by numbers 1

through 7 :

Arvanitis

D unning heigh t !feet} height !feet}

At 1 00 years At 300 years at 1 00years

Dunning’

s site classes are used in the types sur

veyed in D el Norte, Shasta, Sonoma, and TrinityCounties. Arvanitis site classes apply to the types

mapped in Butte, Calaveras, Plumas, Siskiyou,

Tuolumne, and YubaCounties,D ouglas

-fir and redwood types are graded in

terms of the total height that average dominant and

codominant Douglas-fir trees reach at 100 years of

age by 30-foot classes (McArdle 1949 rev . Site

class symbols are designated by Roman numbers Ithrough V .

The site curves used have been adjusted to the

average height of dominant Douglas-fir trees (Staebler

Spruce and lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock

typesare each considered a single site quality class:Symbol

X Spruce

XX Lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock

In areaswithout climate and soil suitable for grow

ing commercial conifer crops, the site index symbol is

omitted.

SoilandVegetationBoundaries

Soil or vegetationboundariesor both are normally

shown on the map by dashed lines. In some places,

however, it is necessary to show a soil boundary dis

tinct from a vegetation boundary. Where this isdone,

a dotted line indicatesa soil boundary.When needed,a double-headed arrow is used to show the appropri

ate adjacent soil.

OtherFeaturesonMaps

Photo centers: The locations of the centersof aer

ial photographs from which the map data are com

piled are shown on the map by large dots. Thiswillfacilitate use of themapwith aerialphotos.

Roads: Some are shown for orientation purposes.

D rainage ways.

— Some major drainages are shownfor orientation purposes.

Special features: Features too small to delineate

are shown by these symbols:

Spring

Wet spot

QVW/VVVVV Rock escarpment

Pond or reservoir

Named peak

COMPANY MAPS

based on and extrapolated fromSampson and J esper

son

Table 4 presents a portion of the data taken fromtype

-acre sampling plots that isprincipally concernedwith livestock and wildlife use . It includes date of

sampling, plot location, aspect and percent slope, soil

series and phases, woody cover class (overstory) , information on soft chess growing on the plot, percent

of ground covered by various vegetation and land

scape units as measured below a reference plane

feet above the ground, and a list of woody species

with available browse .

The soil series, soil phase, and woody cover class

symbols may not correspond to those in the deline

ated areas of the map in which the plots are located

because of scale of mapping. Detailed descriptionsof

soil profiles at these plot locations are on file at the


Station,Berkeley, California.

Soft chess (Bromusmollis} isone of themost com

mon annual range grasses in California. Height and

stage of maturity of this grass together with date of

sampling and other data give an indication of site and

kind of season or year for the plot area.

Table 5 lists all plant species recorded for the

quadrangle. Although not an exhaustivefloristic listfor the area, it is quite complete forwoody plants indry upland habitats. G iven for each Speciesare scien

tific name, common name, whether the Species was

mapped, type-acre sampling plots on which it was

found,or whether it was Simply observed to occur

somewhere in the quadrangle . Scientific names

mostly follow Munz and Keck ( 1959) and Munz

Common names mostly follow Abrams

( 1923 J epson Munz and KeckMunz and local usage . Because percent

ground cover (see table 4) and Speciescomposition of

herbaceous component of vegetation often vary from

year to year, these data are preliminary and describe

plots at date of sampling. More data on percent

composition and abundance of Species are on file at

Department ofAgronomy and Range Science,Univer

sity of California,Davis and at Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station,Berkeley,

California.

Table 6 lists the current taxonomic classificationof the soils found in the quadrangle, according toNational Cooperative Soil Survey standards.

The soil classification system currently used was

adopted for general use in the United States in 1965

(Basile 197 1;Soil Survey Staff It has Six cate

gories. The broadest category is the order, followed

by suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and the

series. The criteria used as a basis for classification are

soil properties that are observable and measurable .

The placement of the smallest unit — the soil series— in

the current systemmay change asmore precise infoi

mation becomesavailable .

The 10 soil orders recogniz ed are defined as

follows:

Entisols: young mineral soils that do not have

genetic horizons or barely have the beginning of such

horizons.

REFERENCES

Abrams, Leroy.

1923 Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. 4 vols.

1960 . Stanford : Stanford University Press.

Arvanitis, L. G ., J . Lindquist, and M. Palley.

1964 . Site index curves for even-aged young-grow th

ponderosa pine of the west-side Sierra Nevada.

California Forestry and Forest Products 35 , 8 p.

Basile, Robert M.

197 1 . A geography of soils. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C.

B rownCo. 1 52 p.,illus.

Eleventh International Botanical Congress.

1972 . International code of botanical nomenclature.

Adopted August 1969 . Utrecht, Netherlands, 2 p.

Jepson,WillisLynn.

1923 A manual of the flowering plants of California.

1925 . p. illus. Berkeley : California Associated

StudentsStore.

McArdle, Richard E. ,W. H. Meyer, and D . Bruce.

1930 . The yield of Douglasfir in the PacificNorthwest .

Rev. 1949 and 196 1 . U.S. D ep. Agric. Tech . Bul.

20 1, 64 p.

McMinn, Howard E.

1939 . An illustrated manual of California shrubs. 698

p. ,illus. San Francisco : J . W. Stacey, Inc.

Munz , PhilipA.

1968 . Supplement to a California flora. 224 p. Berke

ley : University of California Press.

G PO 6 89

lnceptisols: mineral soils in which horizons havestarted to develop,

and are young but not on recent

land surfaces.

Mollisols: very dark colored and base-rich soils

with a thick, friable, dark-colored surface layer.

Alfisols: soils that have clay-enriched B horizons

with mediumor high base saturation and usually have

light-colored surface horizons.

Ultisols.

:

well developed soils that have clayenriched B horizonswith low base supply or low basesaturation decreasing with depth .

Vertisols: clayey soils that Shrink and have wide

deep cracks during dry periods and that swell closingthe cracks, inmoist seasons.

Aridisols: primarily soils in dry areas, pale in color

and generally soft when dry or have distinct

structure .

Spodosols: usually gray to light gray podzol or

podzolic soils, generally infertile , and developed from

siliceousparent materials in cool humid climates.

Oxisols: reddish , yellowish , or grayish soils of

tropical and subtropical regions, are deeply weath

ered, and formed on gentle slopeson old surfaces.

Histosols: Soils that are dominantly organic frombogs, peats, andmucks.

Munz , PhilipA. , and David D . Keck.

1959 . A Californiaflora. p.,illus. Berkeley : Uni

versity of California Press.

Sampson, ArthurW. , and Beryl S. Jesperson.

1963 . California range brushlands and browse plants.

Calif. Agric. Exp. Stm. Ext. Serv. Manual 33 , 162

p.

Soil Survey Staff.

195 1 . Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Hamdh . 18,

503 p. illus.

Soil Survey Staff.

1960 . Soil classification, a comprehensive system, 7th

approximation. Soil Conservation Serv. Washington, D .C. 265 p. , illus.

Staebler, G eorge R.

1948 . Use of dominant tree heights in determining site

index for Douglas~fir. U.S. Forest Serv. Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn. For. Res.

Note 44 , 3 p.

U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range ExperimentStation.

1949 . The timber stand and vegetation-soil maps of

California. Berkeley, Calif. 15 p. ,illus.

U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range ExperimentStation.

1954 . Field manual, soil-vegetation surveys in Califor

nia. Berkeley, Calif. 95 p. ,illus.

orest and Range Experiment Station

)REST SERVICE US DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE PO . BOX 245 , BERKELEY , CALIFORNIA 94701

E. Nelson

Thomas H. Schubert

USD A FOREST SERVICE RESOURCE BULLETIN PSW-1 4 /1 9 76

ADAPTABILITY OF

SELECTED TREE

SPECIES PLANTED

AWAII FORESTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Staff members of the Hawaii Division of Forestry assisted in the field appraisalwork. We particularly thank L.W. Bryan , AllenW. Duval, KarlK . Korte, andMax

F. Landgraf, District Foresters, for their assistance in helping locate specificplantings in the field. R. Sidney Boone, Stanley B . Carpenter, G eorge B .

Richmond , and Roger G . Skolmen, Research Foresters, U.S. Forest Service ,

contributed materially to the gathering of information in the field .

Forest Service research in Hawaii

isconducted in cooperation with

Division of Forestry

Hawaii D epartment of Land and Natural Resources

75°

F (24°

C) , decreasing about 3°

F C) per1000-foot (305-m) increase in elevation above sea

level.

The great diversity of physiographic conditions

found in the million acres million ha) ofland in Hawaii includes 190 soil series. All 10 orders

of soils recogniz ed in the National Cooperative Soil

Survey are represented in Hawaii (Foote and others

1972,Sato and others Thus, there are many

kinds of sites for tree growth , and growing conditions

differmarkedlywithin short distances.

Some 800 tree Species have been planted through

out the islands, on a wide variety of forest sites, by

the Hawaii Division of Forestry (Nelson Al

though some native Hawaiian species were planted,

most of these were slow growing and difficult to es

tablish on the eroded areas thatmade up some of the

major areasneeding reforestation. Therefore, plantingwas done primarily with exotic tree species. Manywere tested through the years, with emphasis on

those useful for protecting watersheds. Only recently

has much attention been paid to timber-producing

potential. The search for suitable species to grow on

different Sites inHawaii continues.

STUDYMETHODS

Data on tree planting work done by the D ivision

of Forestry up to 1960 were organized by species

name and by locations of plantings. From limited

literature review and firsthand knowledge, each listedSpecies was tentatively rated for probable silvical

adaptability in Hawaii and for its potential to yield

wood products. These preliminary “value”ratings of

about 800 species, as well as information on location

and number of trees planted, provided the basis for

screening the lists, and 60 species were selected for

field appraisal.

Plans were to appraise the growth of a given

Species at 10 locations representing diverse growing

conditions, if there were that many plantings. When a

planting was located in the field, information on tree

stand,and Site attributeswas recorded :

Tree attributes: Diameter, height, form, crown

width ,defects, andmerchantability potential.

Stand attributes: Species composition, Spacing,

basal area, density,damage, and presence of regenera

tion.

Site attributes: Elevation, precipitation,

aspect,

Slope, soil depth , soil drainage ,land use,mapped soil

series, and competing vegetation.

Field appraisal work was mostly conducted be

tween l964 and 1968 . Locating the plantings in the

field proved .to be unexpectedly difficult . The plant

ing records usuallymentioned only the forest reserve,which might encompassmany squaremiles. All of the

seedlings recorded as planted at one time were not

necessarily planted at one site,or in a single block.

Some were scattered throughout the areas designated.

Even with the aid of local forestry personnel who in

some instances had helped plant the trees, relocation

successwas less than 50 percent .

RESULTS

Although field appraisal efforts did not yield as

much information asinitially anticipated,the findings

are helpful. Data (p. 13) from field examination of

plantings of 3 1 species were summarized (table

Location of plantings appraised isgiven to the nearest

second of latitude and longitude to aid those wishing

to see them.

Even though large numbers of seedlings of most

species were planted,specific recommendations can

be made for very few species on the basis of the

appraisal results. Only one,J uglans nigra,

is con

sidered not adapted to Hawan. Several are apparently

useful only for ornament or protective cover. The

adaptability of nine, Albiz ia falcataria, Araucaria

columnaris, Eucalyptus deglupta,Fraxinus uhdei,

G revillea robusta,Sequoia sempervirens, Swietenia

macrophylla,Swietenia mahagoni, and Toona ciliata

var. australis, is sufficiently established to support

recommendations on the general site conditions theyrequire in Hawaii. Research is now needed to deter

mine the cultural practices that willproduce the best

growth and form of these Species. Formore than half

the 3 1 Species examined, however, further site trials

are needed before a final decision concerning their

adaptability inHawaiicanbemade.

Our inability to readily apply the results of the

study points up the critical importance of keeping

complete records of trials of exotic Species. Accurate

locational information would have made it possible

for us to find amuch greater percentage of the plant

ings, or at least to verify that they had not survived.

D etailed records of planting stock condition, planting

techniques, weather at time of planting and during

the establishment period, and postplanting main

tenance treatments, would have made it possible to

deduce with some degree of certaintywhether failure

or poor performance was caused by one ormore of

these factors,or by lack of species adaptation. Much

more information might thus have been gained fromthemany plantingsmade between 1908 and 1960 .

SPECIESNOTES

References: Albert 1908 , Australia Dep. Natl. Dev .

1962 ,Francis 1951 Streets 1962 .

AGATHIS AUSTRALIS Salisb . (Pinaceae)

New Zealand kauri is indigenous to North Island,

New Zealand,where it occurs over a wide range of

growing conditions. There it reaches heights of 80 to120 or even 150 feet (24 to 46 m) , with long, clear

holes and trunk diameters to 7 feet m) , or even

larger. New Zealand kauri wood is recognized world

wide as excellent for many uses,including construc

tion and furniture .

The four plantings recorded,totaling some 850

seedlings, were made on Oahu during 1920 to 1924 .

‘Family designations in this report are based on DallaTorre

and Harms 1900-1907 .

ACACIAMELANOX YLON R. B . (Leguminosae)l

Blackwood acacia is indigenous to southeastern

Australia, on a wide range of sites. There it developsbest in cool rain forest types and grows to heights of

more than 120 feet (37 m) . InAustralia,the wood is

considered highly attractive for cabinet and furniture

uses;it closely resembles Hawaiian koa (Acacia koa) .Thirty plantings are recorded— on Kauai, Oahu,

and Maui— totaling some seedlings. The carli

est planting, of 100 seedlings, was made in 19 19 in

the Papalolalola Forest Reserve, Kauai. Eigh t plantingswere examined.

Blackwood acacia is well adapted to relatively

cool,moist Sites in Hawaii. G rowth rates have been

generallymoderate. Some trees have attained heights

of over 90 feet (27 m) and diameters breast high of

over 20 inches (50 cm) in about 30 years. Although

some trees were of excellent form for sawtimber,many were only fair or poor in form because of lat

eralbranching,fluting of trunk,and Spiralgrain. Root

suckering was common. Flowering was observed in

April.

Further trials are needed in moist sites at eleva

tions of 2000 to 4000 feet (6 10 to 1220m) . Equallyormore irnportant, research is needed in genetic tree

improvement and on the effect of stand density on

tree growth and quality.

ALNUSNEPALENSIS Don. (Betulaceae)

Nepal alder is indigenous throughout the Himalaya

region and upper Burma at elevations from 3000 to

9000 feet (900 to 2700 m) . On moist Sites there,trees in natural stands grow rapidly to heights of 80

to 100 feet (24 to 30 m) with diameters up to 2%feet (76 cm) . This species invades disturbed ground

and provides rapid protection from erosion. The

wood isconsidered an easilyworked utility wood.

Thirty-five plantings are recorded between 1930

and 1960— on Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii

totaling some seedlings. The earliest planting,

not located in this study,was in 1930 in theWaiahole

Forest Reserve, Oahu . Two stands established in the

Kohala Mountains on Hawaii were examined and a

few treeswere observed at other locations.

Nepal alder was found to be well adapted to cool,

moist, and very wet sites, at elevations above 2000

feet (6 10 m) . Some trees had attained heights of

more than 100 feet (30 m) and diameters of 24

inches (60 cm) in about 25 years on the very wet ,

foggy Sites in the Kohala Mountains. Merchantable

log lengths of 32 to 48 feet ( 10 to 15 m) were com

mon,although many stems had sweep and persistent

branches. On some siteswindfallwascommon.

Nepal alder produces viable seed and natural re

generation hasbeen observed.

Further trials are needed to determine the adapta

bility of Nepal alder to moist and wet sites at eleva

tions above 3500 feet ( 1070 m) . This species is notwind hardy and should not be planted on exposed

sites or to enhance recreation areas. Research is also

needed to determine the effect of stand density on

growth ,form

,and log quality.

References: Bryan 1947 , G erhards 1964 ,Peters and

Lutz 1966 ,Streets 1962 ,

Troup 192 1 , Whitesell andIsherwood 197 1 .

ARAUCARIA COLW NARIS (Forst .) Hook.

(Pinaceae)

Columnar araucaria or Cook’

s araucaria is in

digenous to New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines,

where it grows to heights of over 130 feet (40 m) .The wood is reported to have properties similar toA.

heterophylla and A. cunninghamii which are excel

lent formany uses.

Fifty-three plantings are recorded between 19 17

and 1960— on Kauai, Oahu,

Maui, and Hawaii

totaling some seedlings.

2The earliest re

References: Bryan 1947 , G erhards 1967 ,Neal 1965 ,

Ntirna 1968 ,Streets 1962 .

ARAUCARIA CUNNINGHAMII Sweet . (Pinaceae)

Hoop pine is indigenous to New G uinea and to the

coastal ranges of Queensland and northern New

2‘ D ifferentiation between A. columnaris (Syn. A. cookii R.

Br.) and A. heterophylla (Syn. A. excelsa R. Br. ) may nothave been consistent in the planting records. Probably some

of the many plantings recorded asA. heterophylla, a species

not included in thisappraisal, are in factA. columnaris.

corded plantings were inManoa Valley,Oahu. Trees

at eight locationswere examined.

The species was found to be well adapted on a

wide range of sites to above 2000 feet (6 10m) . Manytrees attained heights of 80 feet (24 m) in about 40

years and some were over 100 feet (30 m) tall.Diameters breast high of measured dominant treesabout 40 years old ranged from 13 to 24 inches (33to 6 1 cm) . There were few heavy branches and littleforking to affect merchantable length ,

but persistent

whorls of small lirnbs on nearly the entire bole ad

versely affected log quality.

Cook’

s araucaria produces viable seeds in Hawaii.

Fruiting is much more abundant in some years thanothers. Cones ripen and dehisce in late summer or

early fall (August to October) .

Natural regeneration was found in and adjacent tomost plantings examined. Exceptions were the wet

site on the island of Hawaii, where no flowering or

fruiting was noted, and the dry sites at Lualualei

where fruiting was noted but no seedlings were seen.

Further site adaptability trials are probably not

needed. However,as this Species hasconsiderable po

tential for use inHawaii,research in culturalmethods

is needed to develop prescriptions for seedling pro

duction, plantingmethods, fertilizers, and weed con

trol on different sites, and the effects of stand den

sity,thinning, and pruning on growth and log quality.

Research should include determining relationshipsbetween growth rates and site factors such as soil and

elevation.

Cook’

s araucaria has potential for much greater

use for Christmas trees, windbreaks, recreation site

enhancement , landscape plantings, and timber. Litter

production in older,dense stands seems to be ideal to

protect the soil from erosion in the absence of under

story vegetation.

South Wales. It occurs from near sea level to 8000

feet (2438 m) elevation in New G uinea and to 3000

feet (9 14 m) in Australia. In its native habitats it is a

large tree, commonly attaining heights of over 150

feet (46 m) and diameters of over 4 feet ( 122 cm) .Mature treeshave clear bolesyielding timber of excellent working qualities and useful formany purposes.

Thirteen plantings are recorded between 1929 and

1959 — cmKauai, Oahu,Molokai, and Hawaii— totaling

some 8600 seedlings. Observationsandmeasurements

of trees in two plantings located showed that growth

had been Slow and the trees are of low vigor.

As hoop pinemay be a valuable species for various

forestry purposes in Hawaii, further trials on awider

range of sites are needed.

References: Australia Dep. Natl. D ev. 1962 ,Bryan

1947 , Francis 195 1 , Neal 1965 , Ntima 1968 , Streets1962 .

BRACHYCHITONAGERIF0L]UM F Muell.

(Sterculiaceae)

Flame tree is indigenous to the coastal rain forests

ofNew SouthWalesand Queensland, Australia. Thereit grows to heights of 120 feet (37 m) and stem

diameters of 3 feet (9 1 cm) . It is reported to grow

well on sites suited for macadamia nut (Macadamia

integrifolia) trees. The pale-colored wood is very soft

and suitable only for plywood corestock or other

products where strength and natural durability are

not important . Flame tree is reported to be an attrac

tive ornamental and shade tree. It has been success

fully introduced to some areas ofAfrica.

Twenty-nine plantings are recorded,between 192 1

and 1957 — on Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii

totaling some 4 100 seedlings. Only one planting was

located for this appraisal- a Single tree planted in

1953 . It was of poor vigor and form. Although flame

tree may be suited for ornamental plantings in

Hawaii,forest plantings are not recommended.

References: Francis 195 1 , Neal 1965 , Streets 1962 .

CALLITRIS CALCARATA A. Cunn. exMirb .

(Pinaceae)

Black cypress—pine is indigenous to Australia, cc

curring in Queensland,New South Wales, and Vic

toria,where it reaches heights to 80 feet (24 m) and

References: Bryan 1947 , Streets 1962 .

References: Australia D ep. Natl. Dev. 1962 ,Bryan

1947,Streets 1962 .

diameters to 18 inches (46 cm) . The dark,attractive

wood finishes well and is valued for furniture, paneling, and trim work. It is also durable and termiteresistant and isuseful for postsand poles.

Seven plantings are recorded between 1933 and

l959 - on Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii— totaling about

4500 seedlings. Only one planting was located for

appraisal. This planting, on Maui in 1949,was of

4245 seedlings. Survival was fair, but growth of the

best trees was only moderate . Continuing mortalityindicated that the Species is not adapted to themod

erately moist site. Fruit was noted in November, but

no flowersor reproduction.

Further adaptability trials are needed on drier or

higher Sites, as this species offers potential for orna

mentaluse aswell as timber.

CALLITRIS GLAUCA R. Br. (Pinaceae)

White cypress-pine is indigenous to Australia, cc

curring over a wide range of inland areaswith annual

rainfall from 14 to 28 inches (360 to 7 10mm) . Thereit commonly attains heights of 70 feet (2 1 m) , or onthe better Sites, grows to 100 feet (30m) with diame

ters to 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The yellow-to-brown wood is

reported to be ofmoderate strength and brittle. It is

highly resistant to termites and useful for poles,

posts, and construction lumber.

Eleven plantings are recorded between 193 1 and

1957— oh Oahu,Maui, and Hawaii— totaling some

1300 seedlings. The earliest plantings, in 193 1 , con

sisted of six seedlings planted in the Waihou SpringForest Reserve, Maui, and Six seedlingsplanted in the

Kohala Forest Reserve, Hawaii. Only two plantingswere located for appraisal.

G rowth was slow and vigor low on a wet Site, but

much better on a rocky slope under lower rainfall.

Tree form indicated good potential as saw timber, al

though limbs were retained cmthe bole. Fruitingwas

noted inOctober at the drier location.

This species Should be tested on sitesmore nearlylike its native habitat , that is, drier sites from 1000 to

4000 feet (305 to 1220 m) elevation and avoiding

wet, heavy-textured Soils. It has potential as an orna

mental and for watershed protection and timberpro

duction on drier sites.

CALOPHYLLUM BRASILIENSE Camb . (Guttiferae)

Maria is native to the moist forest areas ofPuerto

Rico,and with its geographic varieties, is widely dis

tributed throughout the West Indies and adjacentcontinental areas. There it grows to heightsof over 65feet (20 m) and diameters of 18 inches (46 cm) or

more . Maria iscommonly planted as an ornamental or

shade tree . It is reported to be readily regenerated by

direct seeding and to be adapted to degraded Sites.

The wood is attractive,resemblingmahogany, but is

more difficult to process.

Eight plantings are recorded— all on Mauibetween

1929 and l932 — totaling 295 seedlings. Only one

planting was located for this appraisal. D ominant

trees 34 years old were about 40 to 55 feet ( 12 to 17

m) tall and less than 15 inches (38 cm) diameter

breast height . Short stature and crooked or forked

boles indicated their potential for sawtimber was

poor on this extremely wet site .

Trees were not flowering in J une, but there,

were

fruit and natural seedling regeneration. Some root

and stem suckerswere seen onwindfalls.

Further tests of Maria are needed on different

sites, especially to determine its adaptability to de

graded sites. Before such testsaremade, species iden

tity should be confirmed.

References: Little and Wadsworth 1964 ,Neal 1965 .

CASTANOSPERMUMAUSTRALE A. Cunn.

(Leguminosae)

Moreton-Bay-chestnut is indigenous to New South

Wales and Queensland,Australia,

occurring in coastal

rain forests and as far as 100 miles ( 16 1 km) inland.

In its native habitats it is a large tree, reaching 130

feet (40 m) in height and 4 feet ( 122 cm) in stem

diameter. The dark brown timber isconsidered one of

themost attractive cabinet woods ofAustralia.

Twenty-four plantings are recorded between 1927

and 1957— cm Kauai, Oahu,Maui, and Hawaii

totaling some 1200 seedlings. Only one planting was

located for this appraisal, in the Ewa Forest Reserve,

Oahu.

Survival was poor. Only three plants were seen,

out of some 4 13 reported planted in 1927 . G rowth of

surviving plants had been very Slow , indicating the

species is not adapted to that Site. A large, vigorous

specimen over 50 years old, growing as ayard tree in

Kukuihaele, and the rapid growth of trees planted in

1967 in an experimentalplot above Paauilo, island of

Hawaii,are evidence that the speciesmay be adapted

to some moist Sites inHawaii. The tree at Kukuihaeleproduces viable seed. Floweringwas observed in October.

Further trials are needed on moist,well-drained

Sites.

References: Francis 1951 , Streets 1962 .

References: Bryan 1947, Lamb 1968 ,Little and

Wadsworth 1964 ,Streets 1962 .

CEDRELA ODORATA L. (Meliaceae)

Spanish-cedar is indigenous in lowland wet forests

of tropical America— West Indies to Trinidad and Tobago;and Mexico,

Ecuador, Peru,Brazil

,and the

Guianas. There ,on good sites it is a large tree, reach

ing heights of more than 120 feet (37 m) and stem

diameters of over 4 feet ( 122 cm) . The wood is

valued for its excellent working qualities and is usedfor high quality furniture, cabinetry,

aromatic chests,trim,

veneer, and general construction.

Thirty-two plantings are recorded between 1924

and 1959 — on Kauai, Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii— totaling more than seedlings. The

earliest planting was of 200 seedlings in Makiki

Valley,Oahu. Only .two plantings were located for

this appraisal .

Survival rate was low on these sites but growth of

surviving trees had been generally good. Dominant

trees in the 4 1-year-old stand inMakiki Valley were

more than 80 feet (24 m) tall with stem diameters

greater than 2 feet (6 1 cm) . Trees examined in the

planting on Maui had similar growth rates. Trees inHawaiihave produced viable seed.

Further trials of this species are needed, especially

to test tree and stand development in well-stocked

stands.

CINNAMOMUMCAMPHORA (L.) Nees Eberth .

(lauraceae)

Camphor-tree is indigenous to easternAsia, includ

ing Taiwan and J apan. There it is reported to grow

best at higher elevations in the tropics or subtropics,

reaching heights of 100 feet (30 m) and diameters

over 2 feet (6 1 cm) in forests in Taiwan. On most

Sites it is much smaller. It is commonly planted for

windbreaks or as an ornamental and is also cultivated

for production of camphor oil from leaves and twigs.

maple Should bemade to determine the sites to which

it is best adapted,and also to determine growth and

development of well-stocked stands.

References: Burgan and Wong 197 1 , Francis 195 1 ,Neal 1965 ,

Streets 1962 .

FRAXINUS UHDEI (Wenzig) Lingelsh . (Oleaceae)

Tropicalash is indigenous inWestern and Southern

Mexico and G uatemala. Amedium-size tree there, it

grows to 60 feet ( 18 m) in height and 16 inches (40cm) in trunk diameter. It is reported to grow along

stream banks. Tropical ash is a popular street and

Shade tree in Mexico City, Guadalajara, and else

where. The light-colored, yellowish wood is mod

erately heavy and strong and is well-suited to furni

ture and cabinet work. It doesnot have the toughness

and strength required for toolhandles.

More than 125 plantings of tropical ash are re

corded between 1924 and 1960— on Kauai, Oahu,

Molokai, Lanai,Maui

,and Hawaii— totaling over

seedlings. The 14 plantings located for this

appraisal included four on the island of Lanai which

were not listed in the records surveyed. There isconfusion about the identity of Species in the Fraxinus

plantings. Many were recorded asF. americanawhen

planted, but botanists who have studied Specimens

indicate that the Hawaii plantings are probably allF.

uhdei.

Tropical ash grew best in Hawaii on moist sites

with well-drained soils at elevations between 1500

and 5000 feet (457 to 1524 m) . Survival was low ,

growth slow,and formscrubby on relatively dry sites

on ridges and side Slopes on the island of Oahu. On

Lanai island, under similar rainfall, but on alluvial

soils, growth and formwere better. Trees 37 yearsold

reached 100 feet (30 m) in height and more than 2feet (6 1 cm) in trunk diameter. The tendency for low

forking, development of multiple stems, or lodgingwas a drawback in terms of potential timber production. Nevertheless, some young stands produced saw

timber at rates greater than 1000 board feet per acre

( 14 m3

per ha) per year.

Tropical ash trees produce abundant viable seed inHawaii and natural regeneration is occurring.

Further research is needed on the silvics of this

Speciesand the culturalpracticesneeded for Optimum

stand development . G enetic tree improvement te

search should also be initiated.

References: Neal 1965 , Pickford and LeBarron 1960,

Standley and Williams 1969,Whitesell and others

197 1,Youngs 1960 .

GREVILLEAROBUSTAA. Cunn . (Proteaceae)

Silk-oak is indigenous to the rain forests of

Queensland and New SouthWales, Australia, where itattains heights of 120 feet (37 m) and trunk diameters of 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The attractive yellowish wood

with distinctive ray pattern is valued for cabinetry.

The tree has attractive foliage and flowers and is

widely planted for shade and landscaping.

Two hundred and seventy plantings, totalingmore

than million seedlings are recorded between 19 10

and 1959 — on Kauai, Oahu,Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii.

Silk-oak is adapted to a broad range of sites in

Hawaii. It has become naturalized over thousands of

acres, mostly below 1000 feet elevation. It grows

moderately rapidly and attains fair form for saw

timber at elevations from near sea level to over 3000

feet (9 14 m) and under a range of annual rainfall

from 35 inches (890 mm) to over 175 inches (4450

mm) . Silk-oak is considered by some landowners to

be anoxiousweed onpasture lands.

Further research on the adaptability of Silk-oak to

various sites in Hawaii is probably not needed. How

ever,research on Silvicultural practices will be bene

ficial as this species has good potential for timber

production.

References: Francis 1951 , Nelson 1960 , Streets 1962 .

INTSIA BIJUGA (Colebr.) O . Kuntze (Leguminosae)

Ipil is indigenous over a wide area, from the coast

of East Africa through Southern Asia, the MalayArchipelago,

New Guinea,Fiji

,and some other Pa

cific Islands. It is best adapted to areas just inlandfrom the shoreline or to moist alluvial flatswhere it

reaches heights up to 100 feet (30 m) and stem di

ameters up to 3 feet (9 1 cm) . The reddish-brown,

coarseo textured wood is very heavy but seasonswell.

Although the wood is not as easily worked as some

hardwoods, its durability,high strength ,

and low

shrinkage make it highly useful for flooring and Spe

cial structuralpurposes.

Nine plantings are recorded between 19 17 and

1947— on Oahu and Maui— totaling only 285 trees,

however. None of these recorded plantings were 10

cated in this appraisal. The one planting found and

appraised wason a slope, not typical of soils to which

ipil is naturally adapted. Nevertheless, 30-year-old

trees had grown to 86 feet (26 m) in height and 20inches (5 1 cm) d.b.h .

The potential of this Species in Hawaii should be

tested by establishing well-stocked, experimental

stands onmoist , alluvial soils at elevations no higher

than 1000 feet (305m) .

References: Fiji D ep. For. 1968 ,Kraemer 195 1 ,

Rock 1920 ,Streets 1962 .

JUGLANSNIGRA L. (Juglandaceae)

Black walnut is indigenous to the Central and

Eastern United States of America and Southeastern

Canada. Best adapted to deep alluvial soils, it grows

to over 100 feet (30 m) tall with stem diameters

greater than 3 feet (9 1 cm) . Black walnut wood ishighly valued and is in great demand for furniture

manufacture, paneling, and craftwood . The tree is

also grown as an ornamental and for nuts.

Twenty plantings are recorded between 1932 and

l947— on Maui and Hawaii— totaling 1620 trees.

Three plantings were located for this appraisal. Low

survival, Slow growth ,and inferior form and vigor of

trees indicated that black walnut is not adapted to

Hawaii Sites.

Reference: Harlow andHarrar 1937 .

LAGERSTROMEIA SPECIOSA (L ) Pers.

(Lythraceae)

G iant crapemyrtle or queenflower is indigenous tothe India-Ceylon

-Malayan region. It is amedium-size

tree, attaining heights of about 50 feet ( 15m) . It has

been widely planted as an ornamental because it pro

vides a strikingly beautiful seasonal Show of purplish

blossoms. It is reported to grow best in moist low

areas where annual rainfall exceeds 60 inches ( 1520

mm) . Wood of giant crapemyrtle is hard and durable

and is highly valued for Special uses such as boat

building.

Twenty-four forest plantingsare recorded between1926 and 1957 — on Oahu,

Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii— totaling about 5200 seedlings. Nearly 3600

of these were planted in 1937 in the Honouliuli For

est Reserve,Oahu, but were not found during this

study. Two plantings were located for this appraisal,

both on Maui. Survival of this species was not good

on the Sitesplanted and growth and formof surviving

trees indicated it has little potential for timber. Any

further tests should be confined to areas of deep,

well-drained soils with annual rainfall of 50 to 100

inches ( 1250 to 2500mm) . Where it can be cared for,this species can be grown asan ornamental inHawaii.

References: Little and Wadsworth 1964 ,MacMillan

1952 ,Neal 1965 , Streets 1962 .

PLATYMISCIUMSTIPULARE Benth .

(Leguminosae)

References: Menninger 1962 ,Neal 1965 ,

Record and

Hess 1943 ,Rock 1920 .

PODOCARPUS IMBRICATUS3 Blume (Taxaceae)

J ava podocarpus is indigenous to a broad trans

equatorial region of the Western Pacific, occurring

from near sea level to nearly feet (3000 m)elevation. Its growth is variable in its natural range

but on some Sites it grows to 150 feet (46 m) tall. r.

is considered a valuable timber species, the wood be

ing used for furniture,construction,

and carvings.

3Syn. P. cupressina R. Br.

Roble is indigenous to Central and South America.

It is reported to be amedium-to-large tree in native

forests, and is an attractive ornamental, producing a

profusion of yellow flowers. The wood is red,hard,

and heavy,and isuseful for furniture and other prod

ucts.

Nineteen plantings are recorded between 1937 and

1959 — oh Oahu,Molokai, and Maui— totaling 5600

seedlings. More than half of these were planted in the

Waianae Mountains, island of Oahu,in 1937 . Four

plantingswere examined.

Adaptability of roble to Hawaii sites varied. Where

survival was relatively high , growth had been mod

crate or Slow and the formof the tree for timberwas

generally inferior. The largest treesmeasured were 29

years old,60 to 80 feet ( 18 to 24 m) tall and 12 to

15 inches (30 to 38 cm) d .b.h .

More information about the microsites where

these larger trees are growing would be useful to

assess the potential for further trials of this species as

an ornamental or asa timber tree.

Sixteen plantings totaling only 460 seedlings are

recorded between 1924 and 1958 , onOahu,Molokai,

and Hawaii. The earliest planting, of 10.

seedlings, was

at Puu Kauku on the island of Hawaii. Three plantingswere relocated for this appraisal .

G row th of the trees in one planting, at 1700 feet

(5 18 m) elevation and with an annual rainfall of

about 200 inches (5000 mm) , indicated that there is

potential for this species as a timber tree in Hawaii.

Although grow th had been Slow , averaging only 1 to

2 feet (30 to 60 cm) in height per year, the form of

the trees was good . The species is reproducing natu

rally from seed in the vicinity of the planted trees.

Appraisal of 22-year

-old trees at a site at 5 100 feet

( 1550m) showed little potential for the Species there .

Java podocarpus also has potential for use in land

scaping.

Further trials are needed on different soils. TrialsShouldprobably be restricted to sitesbelow 4000 feet

( 1200 m) elevation.

References: MacMillan 1952 , Parham 1964 , Richmond 1965 .

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS (D . Don) Endl.

(Pinaceae)

Redwood is indigenous to the coastal areas of

northernCalifornia and the extreme southwest corner

of Oregon. It occurswhere annual rainfall isaslow as

25 or as high as 122 inches (630 to 3 100 mm) , but itis restricted to areas having heavy summer fogs. On

some alluvial bottomland sites, redwood trees attain

heigh ts greater than 300 feet (9 1 m) . The tallest re'

d

wood on record is 368 feet ( 1 12 m) , the tallest tree inthe world . Redwood timber is lightweight , soft , easilyworked and highly valued for itsgreat durability. It is

much preferred for Siding, paneling, stakes, and posts

where durability is important .

Eighty-four plantings are recorded between 19 19

and 1960— cm Kauai, Oahu,Molokai

,Lanai, Maui,

and Hawaii— totaling more than seedlings.

Nine plantingswere examined.

On a few sites redwood plantingshad high survival

and moderately rapid growth . These were areas of

well-drained soils lying above 3000 feet (9 14 m) ele

vation and having a high incidence of fog. On these

sites, some trees reached heightsgreater than 1 10 feet

(34 m) and were more than 30 inches (76 cm) d .b .h .

after 37 years. Experience has demonstrated that

seedling establishment isdifficult because of competition of other vegetation, as growth of planted seed

lings is Slow for the first few years.

10

Redwood is an excellent species for forestation of

moist,mid-elevation Sites in Hawaii, especially areas

where fog is frequent .

Reference: USDAForest Service 1965 .

SWIETENIAMACROPHYLLA K ing (Meliaceae)

References: Bryan 1947 , Little andWadsworth 1964 ,

Record andHess 1943 ,Streets 1962 .

SWIETENIAMAHACON] J acq . (Meliaceae)

West Indies mahogany is indigenous to southern

Florida,the Bahamas

,Cuba,

Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

It is a medium-siz e to large forest tree,attaining

heights to 100 feet (30m) and diametersgreater than

4 feet m) on the best sites. West Indiesmahogany is considered to be the world

’

s premier cabinet .

Honduras mahogany is indigenous to tropical

America from Southern Mexico to Northern South

America. It is a large forest tree attaining heights to

130 feet (40 m) and diameters of 6 feet m) ondeep,

fertile, alluvial soils. Because Hondurasmahogany timber is one of the most highly valued cabinet

woods of the world,this species has been planted

extensively in many tropical areas, to develop timber

resourcesand also asan ornamentalor shade tree .

Thirty-four plantings are recorded between 1928

and 1960— on Oahu,Molokai

,Maui

,and Hawaii

totaling about 7000 seedlings. Three plantings werelocated for thisappraisal.

Survival was good and growth had beenmoderate

ly rapid . In one planting, on Oahu,trees were up to

88 feet (27 m) in height and up to 20 inches (5 1 cm)in trunk diameter after 22 years. At the Fleming

planting on Maui,30-year

-old treeswere asmuch as

85 feet (26 m) tall. Some trees exceeded 14 inches

(36 cm) in diameter. Natural regeneration waspresent

in this stand.

Hondurasmahogany appears to be well adapted to

moist sites in Hawaii. It Should be planted only on

deep well-drained soils of lower slopes or valley bot

toms. Plantings Should probably be restricted to areas

below 1000 feet (300 in) elevation.

Research is needed to develop Specific knowledgeabout the Site requirements and cultural practices

needed to grow this valuable tree for timbermominHawaii.

tralian toon should not be planted on soils having

poor drainage . In areas where annual rainfall is less

than 50 inches ( 1270 mm) , plantings Should bemade

only on deep soils or lower-slope topographic posi

tions.

Australian toon produces viable seed in Hawaii.

Natural regeneration is occurring in and adjacent tomany plantings examined.

Further Site adaptability trials are probably not

needed . However, as this Species hasconsiderable po

tential for enhancing the forest resources in Hawaii,

research in cultural methods is needed. Prescriptions

12

need to be developed for seedling production, plant

ing methods, fertilizers, and weed control on widelydifferent sites. Research Should include detailed in

vestigations of the relationship of growth rates to soil

and other site factors. And the effects of stand den

sity,thinning, and pruning on timber yield and

quality should be determined.

References: Bryan 1947 , Francis 195 1 , Pickford and

LeBarron 1960 , Streets 1962 ,Wick and Burgan 1970 ,

Wick and others 197 1 , Youngs 1960 .

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