UNIVERSTTITEKNOLOGIPETRONAS

COURSE

DATE

TIME

V CB2O43 -GEOTECHNICAL ENGI N EERING

27th APRTL 2013 (SATURDAY)

09.00 AM -',2.00 NOON (3 hours)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CAN DI DATES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Answer ALL questions from the Question Booklet.

Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer Booklet.

lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.

Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and

indicate ALL assumptions, if any.

Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

Note : There are TWENTY NINE (29) pages in this Question

Booklet including the cover page and APPENDIX .

Graph papers and PSD graph will be provided.

universiti Teknologi PETRoNAS

I

FINAL EXAMINATIONJANUARY 2013 SEMESTER

a.1. What are the important characteristics of residual

its grain size?

vc82043

soil in relation to

[2 marks]

ìt\I

tI

II

I

I

ìIì

!

b. Why is encountering gypsum in limestone that runs parallel to a

proposed tunnel is not a favorable condition.

[2 marks]

c. Between granite and limestone, which type of rock provides a

better support for piling? Explain why with the aid of a diagram.

[4 marks]

d. A road of 6 m wide and 3000 m long is to be built on an

embankment having a height of 2 meters and slopes of 1V:2H. The

engineer specifies the embankment to have a relative compaction,

R of 90% with a maximum dry unit weight of 22 kN/m3 in the

laboratory. Two sites A and B are considered for'borrow' soil. The

moist unit weight of the soil at site A is 16 kN/m3; the water content

was found to be 10%. On site B, water content of the soil is 14%

and void ratio, e is 0.8. Assuming specific gravity, G, is 2.67 and

unit weight of water, y-is 9.81 kN/m3. Find:

The required field dry unit weight of the embankment.

[2 marks]

¡i. The required volume of soil from site A in m3

[4 marks]

ii¡. The required volume of soil from site B in m3.

[4 marks]

VC82O43

2. a. Explain adsorbed water and diffuse double layer in wet clay.

[3 marks]

b. Explain with the aid of a diagram, the effect of developed (thick)

double layer and depressed (thin) double layer with respect to the

flow of water.

[3 marks]

c. TABLE Q2 gives the results of a sieve analysis.

TABLE Q2

Sieve

no.

Sieve

opening

(mm)

Mass

retained (g)

4 4.75 28

10 2.O0 42

20 0.850 48

40 o.425 128

60 0.250 221

100 0.150 B6

200 0.07s 40

Pan 24

Total 617

Calculate the percentage finer for each

grain-size distribution curve.

sieve and plot the

[6 marks]

4

il

lil

a.3.

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It is observed that occurrence of slope failure is common during the

monsoon season rather than in the hot season. Explain why in

terms of effective stress.

[3 marks]

For the hydraulic structure shown in FIGURE Q3b, draw a

flow net for the flow through the permeable layer in the graph

paper provided.

[4 marks]

il Calculate the seepage loss in m3/day/m.

[2 marks]

base of the

[5 marks]

F-- 2s m ----------+l

b.

ilt Calculate the hydraulic uplift force at the

hydraulic structure per meter length.

Permeable layer Impermeable layer

FIGURE Q3b

10m

20m

î

_t

__*__3.34m--f-k: 0.002 cmlsec

llth'd

1.67 m

6

VCB2O43

A 10 meter length ditch is required for a utility line near a canal as shownin FIGURE Q3c. The average vertical and horizontal hydraulic

conductivities are 1 x 10-5 cm/s and 2x jOa cm/s respectively. Assumingthat the flow of water is parallel to the slope, and the depth of the flow isthe depth of the ditch, determine the flow rate of water into the ditch inm3ls per meter tength.

7

a.4.

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TABLE Q4 shows the resurts of a field unit weight determinationtest performed by sand cone method. Determine the dry unit weightof compaction in the field.

[6 marks]

TABLE Q4

Calibrated dry unit weíght of sand 16.32 kN/m3

Weight of sand to fill the cone 0.12 kg

Weight of jar + cone * sand (before use) 6.0 kg

Weight of jar + cone * sand (after use) 2.8 kg

Weight of moist soil from hole 3.32 kg

Moisture content of moist soil 11.6%

b. FIGURE Q4b shows a schematic diagram of soir rayers.

Calculate and plot the variation of o, u, and o'with depth.

[6 marks]

lf the water table rises to the top of the ground surface, whatis the change in the effective stress at the bottom of the claylayer?

[3 marks]

il

8

FIGURE Q4b

FIGURE Q4c shows a ground surface with line loads Q1 and Ç2-

causing the vertical stress increase, LozatA is 10kN/m2. Determine

the magnitude of q2.

[5 marks]

I

Layer l, dry sand Hr=5me = 0.49, G" = 2.68

Hz=4m

e = 0.9, G"='2.75

5.

VCB2O43

a. Explain the difference between drained and undrained conditions in

soil.

[2 marks]

b- You are the design engineer for the construction of an office

building. The average increase in effective stress, Lo'uu below the

center of the foundation is 100 kN/m2 as shown in FIGURE e5. Theclay is normally consolidated and has a two-way drainage.

Given the parameters below, calculate the total primary

settlement of the building without pre-compression.

Compression index, cc= 0.28

lnitial void ratio, eo = 0.g

Coefficient of consolidation, cv = 0.36 m2lmonth

[4 marks]

What is the surcharge, Loç¡, required to eliminate by pre-

compression the entire primary consolidation setflement in

nine month.

[6 marks]

lt

10

I

I

c.

VCB2O43

Sand.

FIGURE Q5

TABLE Q5 shows the results that were recorded during a series ofconsolidated undrained tests on an overconsolidated clay.

Sketch the Mohr circles and determine the shear strength

parameters c'and þ' for the soil.

[5 marks]

i¡. Determine the angle 0lhat the fairure prane makes with the

major principal plane.

[1 mark]

ií¡. Determine the shear stress, c¡, fot ceil pressure 350 kN/m2,

expressed in terms of effective stress on the failure plane.

Load

11

[2 marks]

100 40

500

- END OF PAPER-

VCB2O43

APPENDIX I

Tabla 3;l Vaiious Forms of Relationships for l,f ¿,àrrdfo¡

Given Relationshlp

Moll unit weight (yl Dry unit weisht ly,lGiven Relatíqnship

. Saturated unit welght l7-.1

Given Relationship

wrGne

S, G,, C

t w,G's

w,G,nS,Gon

(l + ut)Gil-l*e

(G" + Se)7-7*'e

(l + u))G,y-IDG.1*--

G;y-(l - n)(1+ ut)G"y-(L-n)+nSy,

vL+utzG,"l-l*eG,'yo,(l - n)

G"T.

'.(+)eSl-

(l + e\utê^fu

7st - l--l-l-fe

T*¡- f,lw(%", - 'f.)G,

(c" - 1)

(G, + e)7-l+e

[(1 -")G,+nfy-f'W

G,e

G,n

G,wrS

e, nt, S

^lsav ê

'lst¡ fl

7ot, G"

G,e

G,n

G", w"^¡

e , Wsør

fl; wsat

l¿' ê

^fd' ll

Ta, S

T¿ * nY-

('-å)"a*î-"fd,ws^t y¿(1, ! tts*r)

13

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APPENDIX II

Group lndex, Gl = (F296-35)[0.2+0.005(LL-40)] + O.Ot (F266-1S)(pt-1 O)

Gr¡rnuiar:{3IÍ% or lc+s of total

tiroup.ciäs{iÈirt'on À"!:a A.lô A¿S.A-".{ ,a-24 Aa-:,

Tabte 4-f CJassificariun cf Highway-Subg¡ade Materi¡tr

Sierc anallry-is;

. {Peree¡1ttage,, pr ssin g)No.'ltNo,4ÛNo,20iI

Ch aracf Érist iês. otfra +

Usual-,gper.o-f.g¡g.nifltanLgqr4ìt-ilUentmate¡ials.,

Gûrier¿llsgÞ.Slade;Iatiug

5Omax.3Oroax. 50m¿x.15ma¡c- 25m¡x.

51nin.10 max. 35 ma¿ 35 ¡¡alç. 35 m¿x. 35 nra¡.

NPFinesand

40.max- 4l:srin 40rnax. 4l min-lO,mâX. l0,.rnar. lI rnin. ll min.

SìIt¡: ot' clayey .gravel and raud

Excellent togÕod

(mor.e. rhan'ts,vhgÎ

Giûop.{aroiflc¿Iion: A-4 A-5 A:7,16r

36 min.

40max.lL rnh:

Sílty soils Clalry s[i1g

:FFr,.f.o.Fger

"FaE L * 10áFo¡ L - 3iD

14

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APPENDIX llla

88 Chapté:r 4: Engíneerìng Ctassification of Soil

fabtr".liZ lrJ:ittBeÉClassiûcation System (based où Materials PassingT5'mm,(3.in) Sieve'(BaSed on ASIV-.24S7)

Malordlvirlon Ç ritg.ria

¡; <5O Gravels

Fx6z'.5O filts andelaysLL<SO

Silts ãnd

-Cl4)ELL>5A

rIiehlyPf:gallicinatter

Fnp< 5:Cuz 4;L= C"*3Fxo < 5¡ Not meetins the GIP ¿íiteria of Ç, and C.

*Ja.o o.t,Fmo> 12: PI < 4 2)F.xo> f2; PI > 7 (Fí* 4.L)F2ç6 .area(Eig,42l5= cqitgriaofGrùlandmeets.ihePÏ

críteria for GM5 < ,fÈæ < 12;6atisfies C* ànd C.criteria of GW and meets tlie Pf

criteria for GÇ5 = FN < 12; does -no!

salis-f1'e',,..and C. er. iter'ia of GrÙV and meðtsthe PI ciiteria for.GM',

s L rr*< 12; dotls..noixatisf}'.É¡'ahd c. crítetia of Gw and meets

the P/ crire¡ia fo¡ QC. t

Fn¡a < 5; C"¿ 6; t <:e.=3F¿q { 5;NotmF'p6> 12; PI <Fñ> lziPI> 42)F2i¡.7 tr2; PI plo area (Fig. ,ZJ

:5 < Fæo = 12; sa crite¡iaof 8W'and,rtteetsthe'fJ

t5;i=tîll*jsñesÇ,ánâc.criteria,or.sl#'and.meetsthePlcriæ¡íafor SC

5 = f2oo = 12 di¡çs-not satisff €; and Co.criteria,sf SIU rmd meêtsthe?Jøiterigfo¡'SM

5 < Fæ< tr2r does notcdtisþ C, and C; criteria of SW a¡d meets

the?lcritê¡Ìafõt SC

PI < 4otplalsbela 2>

P.I'>l andpIoßon (Fig 42)-p1 ptors in ¡he- helc_HCd,ãirë.ê.(figi a2)

areain-Fi& 42

ffi <o*s:E1ptþb in the oH area,i¡ Fg.i4¿

P€atPr

GWGPEMGCGM.GC:GWrerlvf,

Õr$¡-Ge

GPTiGM

cF-ce,

ss/SFSMSCsMrseSlV.\SM,

srfi/-sc

SPISM

SF.SC'

M,Lc¿..]CL.ML

àrM.tf'çt+

ot{

^2ent of þiadation = ='.

u*N¡$e; gi;=

ø.6e x Dro

:itt =,PI=

15

VCB2O43

APPENDIX IIIb

Group Symbot 'Group Name

GW--* <lsy"sand------r' >LSV" sand'-----'-+-GP -==3 <l5o/o sand-=-* >1570 sand- d

GW-GM----+- 1l5o/o $ând+ sand with sitt-- =15% sand + gravel with silt and saod' GW-GC-=* <l5%osand---+ gravelwithclay(orsiltyclay)\ =15olo sand ----+. gavel with cþ and sand (or silty clay and sand)

GP-GM

-

<I5Í. sand _-=-* Poorþ graded gravel with silt\'r >I5To sand- Poorly graded gravel with silt and sandGP-GC .-* <tSVo sand-----+ Poorþ grade d gavelwith ctay (or sitty clay)\ =157" sand

--+ Poody graded gravel with clay and sand (or silty clay and sand)

SW-* <l1"/ogavel---- >15% gravel+SP'- <!5%ogravel-r'---- >-tSo/o gravel

SW-SM -*

<LSYo glavel-; sand with silt-L =1570 graveJ+ sandwithsiltand gravel

SW-S C -.-* 175o/o gravel -+ sand with clay (or iilty clay)--' >1596 gravel----+ sand with clay and gravcl (or silty clay and gravel)

<LSTo gravel--+Poorlygraded sand with silt>tío/o gravel--+Ppo-rly graded sand with silt a'd gravel<líYo gravel+ Poorly gradedsand with clay (or silty ctdy)>l5o/o Srav€l + Pooù graded sand with clay and gravel (or silty clay aod grayÐ

SP.SM

SP-SC

-<<

Flgure 4.3 Flowchart groupnarlres forgravelly and sandy soil.. Soarce: From "AnnualBootof ASTM Standards, 04.08.' Copyright @ 1999 American,society for Testing a¡d Materiah.Reprinted with perrússion.

16

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APPENDIX lllc

Group Name<30% pltsç+ 15% p¡¡sNo.2gNo.ãþ \15-29% phrsNo.

-'r %sand¿96ravel--e30% plus{ - \No.200 \%sa¡d<%gråræl-=

No.200#hetus-=Íf,TJt^î.I:;^T-:lir.tv4uv!1s-! gttry N9, zo0

-

Silty ctayrs-2e% prur No' 20o -çq I *9

= ï n:.:l

- ttÉ Sj lig .*o7o ssrd ( % þavcl .+ s¡lri' .t"í JÃ *-,-r

<15%gravcl-e30%phs{No.ZD \\ ::'-1=:8rsvc'-<:$fnllï gravc,

7o sa¡d ( % gravcl-ç¡ flgl fo{-70 sa¡d ( % sravcl--l:1liffiå- Gravsuysil¡yç1¿y withsa¡d

_<30%ptusç+ <159o pturNo.2tJ - SiltNo' 200 x rs-ze* nhs No' 2oç

I: ::9 =

ï. ry::l- iti.'.*.g ""u .tgf.¿ < %' gra.vcl + Silt with g¡avel<15% g¡alcl-Sandv¡ilf

#af* < : :-: : : i1l1=ii!ä r*i- i"sè30% phxNo.200

È1910 gavct

-

Sandy silt with gravcl% ¡a¡d < e5 g¡aver_ :ili Xå _ giäil }lil;:

Plplouon-Ç[tq¡bovaá-l¡nc

<30% plrrsç* <15% plu¡NNo.2oo \ 15-æ* ¡rx

zæx ptus{ % sr¡d> % gãv'

-:No.200 \ 7o ¡a¡d< % g,avcl--:

LL¿fi

naqcs for hqrgani From "A¡nual Book of ASTM St-nda¡ds, 04.0g.,,Society forTccting pernissioa.

17

4sPIs7 +CI-2\,n-1andplosoo \oraÈove \,4-line

PI<1or- >\il-1p.lgFbclow \z{-line

ffi < o.zs)

- oL

-

scc Fis¡¡¡Ê 4,

Gtory Symbol

OL

APPENDIX IIId

, Group Name

<30% phsNo.200.ç¡¡+<15% plrxNo.2$, 9rg*il4"y I

\ 15-ze% pr,s No 200 _ i: #å ? i Ëii_ BIËffi: :lii #Häi,% sand ¿ 7o gravel::-'+ <15% gravel Sandy organic clay\

=15% gravel Sandy organic clay with gravel

% çanr 4 e5 gaver _=: :Hi Hå _ ffii:ili :lËffi: !H **,*o

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e307o phs No.200

<30% prus No.2ooç iïri*t:i$iiSiL5-29% plns No.200Organic silt

7o s¡nd È % gravel+ Orgpnic silt with satrd\ % sand ( % gravel-+ Orggnic silt with graveli % sand ¿ % saver _::l:I: *T:l _ y.1T:::ä::l* qri,h æa¿3Q7o plrsxo.zm{

/o ws É Æ Ë'rérsr--ìi!i; ËËi - #äí-äiffi luiy',ngt*a\ % sand < 7o gavelç-+<lS% sand Gravcllyorganicsilt-\.>15% sand --- organic silt withsaad

È307o plus No.200

PI> 4 and Plobz-+

belowr{-line

<30% prtsNo2''çlÍI#¿tHJli"1î &Ëffi!$ii*thsand

-

Or.Sgnic clay with gravel% sand è % grarrcl ç-'+ <15% gravel

--+

Sandy organic clay-\r' >15% g¡avel + Sandy organic cl4y with gravel

% sand < % Erayer

-: :ili äå

-

ffiiili :iåffi: lllT *itn.-aabove ',l-line

<307o plus No.200ç* 1_tS_! gtulXg:2{- Qrg84cs¡lt\15-æ% phsNo.200.:% sand = % gravel+Organicsiltwithsand\ % sand ( % gravel + Organic silt with gravel% sand > % gravel'ç'+ <15% gravel --+\>ls%g:avel+ thgravel7o sand < % gavel .ç'+ <15% sand .+\r.¿15% sa¡d.+ withsand

>30% phs No.200

Hgurc l.5 Flowchart gfoup naûes for organic silty and clayey soils.'Sourc¿: From'Annual Book of ASTM Standa¡ds, 04.08."

Copy¡ight @ L999 American Society fgr Testin, g and Materials. Reprinted with permission.

18

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APPENDIX IV

70

60

50

t1óE¿o.ã(,Ë so,

E

2A

l0'

o W- 60 70 80 90 1oo

Liquldìimit

Fígure,4,,l Range of,liquid limit and plasticity index for soilsrin groups A'2,È-4, A'5, A'6'arid "&7

Liqu:id liinr't

Figure 4.? Plasticiþr ehart

}<tt)'rl

ãt)art.ñfo¡

/

/

/¡.-7-6 /

A-24A6

/ ^-2:l'A-7-5

a-2-4A-4

L-2-5À-5

70

,6G

50

4A

s0

l

20.]

':l

19

Íable 9.1 Variation of /¡ for Various Values of rl z 1F4,. (9.14)l

0.4775o.47700.4765o.47230.4699o.ßs70.4ñ70.4s48o.Æ2o.44A90.4329Q;4?t42

0.41510,4050a3954038'4,9u3742O:36320352t0.3408o32940.3011ozt.33o2ffio.b\¿o.tytr8o,1762

Í.blo 92 Variation ot Áart(qtz) withxlz tEq. (9.16[

VAB2O33

APPENDIX V

¡lz¡lz

0o.t20.040.060.080.100.L20.140.160.18o20o220240260280.300.32034036038"0.¿l'0' 0.4s050055o600.65o:70

0.750.800.850.900.951.001201.401.601.802.æ2.202.û2.û

..2.803.003.20t.&3.û3.804.004.204,&4.û4.æ5.00

0.1s650.13860.t22;60.10830j0956o.ß440.05130.0317

. "o.t2æa.ot290.0û850.00580..0040o.w29O;OAl0-00t50-00110.000850.000660.00051

'o0(x)400,0@2o.ctr26o,wzl0.00017

. 0.00014

b,llClzI , xlz LoJlúlzl00.1o.20.30.40.50.6O,70.8o.91.01.11.2

t.637ø,6240.589ù5360.473o.Æl8.344O;?XIo237o.194

¡ 0.1590.130O.LUI

13t.41.5r.6t71.8L.92.O2:2ZA2.6z83.0

0.099o.vt30.0600.0500.u20.0350.o30o.m50.0190.0140.0110.0080.006

20

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APPENDIX VI

Tablc 9.3 Variation of Áølqwith 2zlB and?-xlB [Eq. (9.18)

2*fBztlÙ 0.0 0.1 .O2 03 O.,t 0.5 t.oo.l0.00 1.000 1.000, '0.10 1.000 1i000o.m 0.w7 0,997030 0.990 0.989' 0.& 0.w tn6050 0.959 0.9580.60 0.937 0.935: o.70 0.910 0.908o80 0.881 0.878

. 0.90 0.850 a.u71.00 0.818 0.8151.10 0.787 0-783. 7.20 0.755 A.752130 0.t25 0.722l.¿tO 0.696 0.6931.50 0.668 0.6661.60 0,æ2 0.639t.xo 0.671 0.61s1.80 0-593 05911.90 0.s7t 0.5692.æ 0.550 0.5.{8z.to 0.530 0.5292.20 0.511 0.5102.30 0.494 0.4932;4O 0.{17 0.476250 0.62 0.ßt2.û 0.447 O;4462.70. 0.433 0.4322.æ 0.420 0.4192.90 0.408 0.ñ73.00 0.396 0,3953.10 0385 0s8ø3.m 0374 0.3733.30 0364 03633.Æ 0354 0.354350 0.345 03453.60 0337 03963.70 0.328 03283.80 0320 0s203.90 0.313 03134.00 0.306 03054.10 0.299 02994.20 A292 0.2924,n 02ffi 0.2864.Æ 0.2æ o.2æ450 0.n4 0.n44.û 0.?ß o.2æ4.70 0.263 0.2634.80 0.258 0.2584.90 0253 0.2535.00 0.248 0.U8

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.0000.999 0.999 0.999 '0.998 0.W70.996 0.995 0.9y2. 0.988 0.n90.987 0-984 0.n8 0.967 0.947o.n3 0.96 0.955 0.937 0.m60.953 0.943 0.try1 0.992 0.8640.v28 . 0.915 0.896 0.866 0.8250.899 0.88s 0.863 0.831 0.7880.869 0.853 0.829. O.7n 0.75s0.837 0-g2t oJgT 0J65 0.7U0.805 0.789 0J6i6 0.735 0.6%0.774 0.758 0:7t5 0.76 0.6700.743' O.72A 0.7U7 0.679 o.ffi0.714 0.699 0ì.679 0.654 0.6?30.685 A.672 0.653 0.630.. O.ffiz0.658 0.646 0,629 0.ffi7 0.5810.6_33. 0.621 0.605 0586 0.5620.608 0.598 0583 0565 0-s440585 0:576 0563 0546 0526os(a -. 0555 0.543 0528 05100543 0535 0.524 0.510 0.494osa 0577 -.O.Wl 0.494 0.4?90506 . 0.499 0.490 0.O9 0.4650.,f89 0.,183 0.474 0.464 0.451o,n3 0-4ó7 o.ffi 0.450 0.4380.458 -OA52 0,45 0-416 0"4260.u3 0.439 0.4?2 0.424 0:4140.430 0.425 0,479 - 0.412 0.¿lO3

o.4t7 0Ar3 0.4ût 0.4æ o.3y2.0.40s 0-401 0"396 0.389 03s20.393 0.390 0.385 0379 0.372o382 03V9 0375 0.369 0.3630.372 0369 0365 0.360 0.354o.xz 0359 0355 0.351 0345os52 0350 o.ga 0342 0.337o.v3 034i1, 0.338 0334 0329o.33s 0333 033fJ os26 0.32tosn 0325 A322 0.318 03140Jl9 .o.3r7 0.315 0.311 O,Wo3t2 0310 0.fr7 0.304 03010.304 0,3û3 0301 0.298 0.2940.298 0.296 . 0.294. 0.291 0288o.29L 02m 0288 0.æ5 0.2æ0.2ß5 0.2æ A.zV. 0.219 0276oztg . 0278 0276 A.n4 027.1o.n3 aïn 0270 0.2æ 0.?ß02æ 02fÉ' ,026ó 0.?53 02ûo2t;2 0261 02æ 0.258 0.2l.50257 0256 0255 0.253 0.2510252 0.25L 0250 0.248 t.U6O.24'I 0.2'46 0.2A5 O;%4 o.U2

1.0m 1.0000.993 0.9800.959 0.9090.908 0.8330.E55 0.n30.808 o.TTt0x6t 0.6910.732 0.620.701 0.6380.675 0.6770.650 0:5980.628 0.5800.û7 0.5&0.588 0.5,{80569 0.5340.552 0.5190.535 0.5060519 0.4y20.504 0.4790,489 0.46it0:475 0.4550.462 0.443o,49 0.432O;437 0.421oA25 0,4100.414 o.ffi0.,103 0390o3g3 03810.383 0.3720.373 0363o.3& 0J550355 03470347 03390.339 03310331 032l0323 0.3t70.316 0:3100309 03040.303 0.2970296 02910.290 0285o.2u 0.2no.n8 ù2740.n3 0.269o.2æ 02ßa2i;3 0.2590.258 0.2v0.253 0.?500.248 o.Us0.24 0.24:7

0.239 0237

1.000 0.æ00.909 0500o.ns 0.s0o.6n 0.4990.651 0"4980.620 0.4m0.598 0.4950581 0Ay20566 0-4890.5s2 0.4850.5¡10 0.,1800.529 0.474o.5t7 0,4680.506 0,4620.495 0.4550.484 0.4480.474 0.4Æ0-463 U4330t53 0.425o.u3 0.41:10.433 0.4æ0.423 0,¡lO10.413 0.393o.& 0.3850395 03780.386 0s700.377 0.3630-369 0.3s503@ 0.3480352 o.UL0.345 43340.337 0.3270.330 0.32L0323 0315p.316 0.3080310 a.fr20304 02n0.298 0.2970.2y2 02sSa.M oz8lJ0.280 0.275o.ns 02'/i0o.no 0:.2fi5

0.265 02æo.2æ 0.2560.255 0.25L0.251 01470.26 0243o.u2 02390.238 02350.234 023L

21

(contüttud)

VA82033

APPENDIX VII

Tablc 9.3 (continued)

þ(/B22lB 1.1 1.7l2 1.3 1,1 1.5 1.0 1.8 zoo-00 0.000 0.000 0.0000.10 0.091 0.920 0.00702Ã 0.225 0.091 0.040030 0.301 . ' 0.165 0.0900.40 0346 02U 0.1410.50 0.373 0267 0.18s0.ó0. o.39L 0298 0.222o.70 0.ñ3 0.327 0.2500.80 0.411 0.338 0.2730.90 0.476 0.351 0.2911.00 0.419 03@ 0.30s1.10 A.420 036É' ' 0.316t.20 0.419 0.377 03251.30 0.4I't Os73 0.3311.40 0.414 0.J74 0.3351.50 0.411 0.374 0.3381.60 '0.ñ7 0.373 0.3391.70 0.ñ2 0370 . 0.3391.80 0396 0.3ó8 0.3391.90 0.391 0.3& 0.3382.m 0385 0.3fi 0.3362.to 0.379 0.356 0.3332.20 0-373 0s52 0.330230 0366 0.347 03272.Æ O.3æ 0.342 0.323z.fi 0.354 0.337 0.3202ffi 0.347 0.332 0.3162.70 0.347 0.3tt 0.3122.æ 0-335 0.327 0.ñ72.90 0.329 0.316 0.3033.(n 0323 0.311 0.2993.10 0.317 0.306 02943.20 0.311 0.301 02m3.30 0305 0.296 02.Ít63.Æ 0.300 0"291 02813J0 0.294 0.2M 02773.60 0.289 0.287 0.2733.?O O.?ß4 0.276 0.2683.80 0.279 0.n2 02643.90 0.274 0.267 0.2û4.00 0.269 0.263 0.2564.70 0264 0.258 0.2524.20 0.2æ 0.254 0.2A8430 0.25s 0250 0.244

. 4.Æ 0.251 O.U6 0.2414.5t 0.247 0,U2 0.2374.æ A2'ß 0.298 02344.70 0.239 0.235 0.2304.80 0.235 0.23L O.m4.90 0.231 a227 0:112,5.00 0.227 02U O.nO

0.000 0.000 0,000 0.m0.003 0.w2 0.001 0.001o.u20 0.011 0.w7 0.0040.052 0.(y31 0.t20 0Ð130.090 0.o59 o.(Xo o.m70.728 0.089 0.063 0.0460.163 0.120 0.088 0.0660.193 0.148 0.',13 0.0ffi0218 0.173 0.137 0.108q.Bg 0.195 0.158 0,1280.256 0.214 0.1'.t7 0.747o.27t 0.230 0.194 0.1&o.2g¿ 0.243 0.209. 0.1780.297 A.254 0221 0.1910.298 0.263 0232 0.2030.303 0.27t - o.2Æ 0213o.w 0.276 0.2ß O.n70.309 0.?ßL 0.254 02280311 028ø- 0258 0.2340.312 02ú 0262 A.2390.311 0.288 ' 0.265 0.U30,311 02ÍJ8 A.267 0.2ß0309 0.288 0.2æ 02A8o.ñ7 02E8 0.2æ 0.2500.305 02137 0.268 0.251

. o.w2 0285 0-2æ O.2s70.299 0.283 0.267 02510296 0.287 0266 0.2510.293 '0'g19 0.26s 0.2500290 0.n6 0.?ß3 .0.2490.2ffi 0274 026L 0248O:283 O.27t 0.259' O.VIT0.279 A.2ß 0.256 0.2450.275 0265 0.254 0.7A3o27l 0.26t o-25t. o2tlto.2æ 0.258' O.A9 0299o.2& 0:.255 0.246 0.2370.2û 0.252 0.243 02350256 0249 0.2ß 0.2320.253 0.245 0.238 0.2no.ù49 O.ù42 0.23s g.n7o.u6 0.239 . 0.232 0.n5o.ù12 0.236 A.ng 0.m,0239 0233 0.?26 02,/U.0.235 0.n9 0.2U 0,2no.B2 0.n6 0.221 0.2ts0.229 0.2.23 0.278 0.2L2s.225 02m 0.2L5 0.2t0o.2b, 0.217 02L3 0.208o.2t9 0.2ts 0.210 o.?ß50.216 0.212 0.m 0.203

0.000 0.@ 0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.003 0,002 0.0æ0.009 0.0ü/ 0.00s0.020 0.014 0.0110.034 0.v25 0.0190.050 0.038 0.0300.068 0.053 0.u20.086 0.069 0.0560.104 0.085 0.û/0o.L22 0.101 0.0840.138 0.116 0.098o.L52 0.130 0.111o.Lffi 0.743 0.123o.r7? 0.155 0.1350.188 0.165 0"1,16

o.7n 0.fi5 0.1550.205 0.183 0.164o.2t2 0.191 0.172o2L7 ÙJn 0.n9o;r12 0m3 0.1950.226 0208 0.1900.229 0.212 0.1950.232 0215 0.199o.zy 0.217 02u20.235 o.no 0.?ß50236 0.n1 0.2A70236 0.222 02080.236 0223 0.2100.236 0.n3 02tto.z$ 0223 02tt0.235 0.72a O2t20.234 0.n3 0.2120232 o.Zn O.2tto.23L 0.221 O21t0.229 t 0.2.0 0:2100.228 0.218 02ú0.226 0.217 0.2080.22,4 0.216 O.zUlo''?¿ 02t4 0,26O;?.?Ã 0.212 0.2É0.218 0.2tL 0.2030.216 0.2w o2ß20.273 0.2Ut O.mo.ztt 0.205 0.1990209 0.203 o.Lno2t7 0,,1 0.1950.205 0,L99 0.t94o.w2 ÙJn ùJno.2ú 0.195 0.1900.198 0.193 0.188

22

VA82O33

APPENDIX VIII

Table 9.9 Variation of 1o with m and ¿ tEq. (935)l

0.1 o.2 0.3 05 0.6 o.7 - 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.14.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0L,27.4L.61-82.O

2.53.t4.05.06.t

0.00470.00920.0L320-01680.0198o.a222ù.0242

0.02580.02t00;02790.v¿930.0301o.03060.03090.03110.03140.03150.03160.03160.0316

0.0092o-0179

0.02590.6æ0.03870.04350.04'140.05040.0528

0.05470.05730.05890.0599

0.06060.06100.06160.0618

0.06190.0620o.o62a

o.ar320.v2594.03'14

0.04140;01590.06290.06860.07310.o7664.07940.08320.08s60.0871

0.08800.08870;08950.08980.09010.09010.0902

0.02at01740-06860.08730.L0340.11680.tm0.13650.14360.14910-1570o1620Ð.1.652

0.76?Z0.16860.77040.L7lLo.t'n7o.r7L90.1719

0.0258o.0sM0.07310.09310.11040.12470.136s0.14610.75j'r0.15980.16840.L7390-1n4.oJTno.L8L2o"1832o184tr0.734t0.18490.i&50

o.v)?o0.05280.07660.ogn0.11580.13110.L4360.1537

0.16190.1684O,I7TI0.18360.18?40.18990.19150.19380.r9470.19540.19560.1957

0.02790.05470.07940.10130.72020.13610:1491

0.15980.16840.7'1s2

0.18510.19140.19550.r.981

0.L9990.20240.20340.20420.2M40.2a4s

0.0168 0.0198 0-02220.0328 0_0387 0.ß350.M74 0.05s9 0.06290.0602 0.0711 0.08010.0711 0.0840 0,t9470.0801 0-0947 0.10690.0873 0.1034 0..u690.0931 0-1104 0.L2470.0n7 0.1158 0.13110.1013 0.t202 a-ß6L0.1063 0.t263 0.14310,1094 0.1300 0_14750.1114 0.1324 0.15030.tt26 0.1340 0.7s210.1134 0.1350 0.1533o.1I45 0.1363 0.15480.1150 0.1368 0.15550.1153 0.L372 0.15600.11s4 0.fn4 0.15610-1154 0.1374 A.1562

.t6.O2.51.4

io:.¿:at

bvttio.tszo

lq*i0.t777io.l¡stio.iesslo.m28

la.zotzlo.zro¡I,ozz¿;

ì0215110.2t63

i0.2t72fl.2175¡02t76

0,1 '

4.2ri.¡0.40.50.60.70.80-91.0L.2t.47-61.&LO2.53.0405.06'o

,

0.03010.05890.0856

0-10940.13000.7475016204.7'1390.1836

0.r9140.2a2ß02t02o.2t5t0.21830.22A60.2236a.22so0.22û0.22630.2264

0-0306CI.0599

0.0871o.11140.73240.1s03o,L6s24.n740.18740,19550.2n30215t0.22t30.2237

O.L 5T

0.22940.æ,0902320.023240:825

0.03090.06060_0880

0.17260.1340o.I52L0-t672o.t7970.r8990.1981o.2to3o.zLU0.223't0.22740.22990.23330.23s00.2362o.23660_2367

û.03160.06200,09010.lts40.f3740-1561o.r7r9o18490.1956a.zo440,2t7s8.2263023230.23660.239502439424670,u'Ì90-uB60.2Æ9

0.03160.06200.09020.1L54o.ß'r40.75620.I7r90.1&50

0.19570.2M50.2I760.22Á40.232s0-23670.ac|0.24470-24630.2ßL0.24890.24y2

0.0311 0.03140.0610 0.06160.0887 0.0895o.lt34 0.11450.1350 0.13630.1s33 0.15480.1686 0.17M0.t872 0.18320.1915 0.19380.1999 020240.2724 021510.2206 02?360.2267 0.22940,2299 0.23330.n2s 0.ß610.2361 A.240I0.2378 02420.0.239t 0.u340.u95 0.243902397 Q.2M7

0.0315 0.03160.0618 0.ffi190.0898 0.09010.1150 0.11530.1368 0.73720.1s55 0.15600.1711 Q.L7770.1841 0.184?0.1947 0.Í9540.2034 A2U20.2163 021720.2250 0.22600.2509 0jft2802350 0,23620.2378 0.239t0.2420 0.u340.2439 A.24ss0.2455 0-24720.2460 0.24790-u,63 02482

23

VAB2033

APPENDIX IX

Table 9,10 Yariation of /5 with m¡ and ¿r [EQ. (9.40)J

0.20 0.994 0.ee70.40 0.960 0.976

0.ó0 0,892 0.9320.80 0.800 0.870

1.00 0.701 0.800r.20 0.606 0.7271-40 0.522 0.6581,60 0.449. 0.593

1.80 0.388 0.5342.00 0.336 0.481

3,00 0.179 0.2934.00 0.108 0,1905,00 0.072 0,131

6,00 0.051 0.0957.00 0.038 0.0728.00 0.02e 0,0-s6

9,00 0.023 0.04510.00 0,019 0.037

0.997 0.997

0.9:17 0.9'77

0.e3ó 0.9360.878 0.8800.814 0.817

0.748 0.7530.68s 0,6920.627 0.636

0.573 0.58s0.s2s 0.5400.348 0.3730.241 0.2690)74 0.2020.130 0. t 55

0.100 0,122

0.079 0.0980.064 0.081

0.053 tJ.067

0.9e7 a.997 09910,911 t.977 '0,w70.937 0.937 0.9370,881 0.881 0.881

0.818 0.818'0.q1_Fl).7s4 0.7.5s O;í5.5

0.6f)4 0.69s 0.695

0.639 0,ó40 0.64t0.590 0.s9r 05920.54_5 0.547 0.548

0.384 0.389 0,3920.285 Q,2,q3 0.2980.219 0.229 0,2360.172 0.184 0.1920.139 0.150 0.158

0.113 0.125 0.133.

0,094 0.I05 0:ll-30.079 0.089 0.097

0.997 0,e97 0.99?

t\.9't7 0.91't 0.97?(\.1)37 0.937 0.93?

0.881 0,881 0.881

0.818 0.8{B 0,8t80.755 0.7-5_5 0.7s5

0.696 0,696 0.696

0.ó41 0.641 0.ô42

0.592 0.593 0.593

0.54e q,¡4..9 0,549

0.393 0.394 0.395

0,30r ûJ02 0.303

0,240 0.24? 0.244

0.197 0.200 0.201

0,164 0,1ó8 0.r71

0.139 0'L44 0.14?

0,t19 0,77i4 0,12¡ì

0.103 0.10tt 0.112

Áæ ql5 where íìr=L/8, tl¡Zlb, b=Bl2 - center of rectangular loaded area

24

VAB2O33

APPENDIX X

FORMUI.AE

k= 2,303 ( #bs,o #)¡, = gUAht

kn r"d = I/H ßntït * kx2fl2 + ...... +kn,iil,) krq : Jk, _

,--tçy(ed -

Td=

(H t I kvr) + (H z / kvz)+,., + (H, I kv,)

rI + w(%) ll00

Aol 2qt't¡(x' + z')'

Vertical sFess

caused by vertical

line load

^2¿qxz

n(x' + z')'-) Lo

Ao= 3Pz3

2n(r2 + z')t''

Áo=qo12

Ao: qIi

Ao: qlt

Aæ qlswhere lrìr=L/B, rtt=zlb, b=Bl2 - center of rectangular loaded area

25

FORMULAE

q s¡n2 a"or

2

,o("

IIog

tq

frl-LN

03o

trf

Nd

3qIo,

cos

*l

2.31

q = kLQø.n o\tt" o)

L_

k-

^9=

q=

VAB2O33

APPENDIX XII

--ttl)aa------'

'1====1t47-?-.-)-----ll-¿ZE-

Ftguro S,lt.Osærbergb shartfor dcterminationof vertical st¡essdue to embank-ment loading

0L-0.0r

27

VAB2O33

APPENDIX XIII

0

\sI¿20

.96

E

aqÉo

oo60oÐo!9o 80

100

o.4 0.6

Time factor, I0.8 0.9

Different types of drainagewith ao constant

Figure 10.30 Yariation of average degree of consolidation with time factor, Tn(ø¿ constantì¡/ith depth)

Table 10.6 Variation of Ç with U

o2

u l%l T, u t%l T.T. U \ïol T, u lY,l

0I23

45

6

89

1011

12t37415

76t718

T9

2021.

22¿5

2425

26272829303732333435363738394041

42434445464748495051

52535455565758596061

626364656667

68697t)77

7273

74757677

0.2I20.221rJ.230

0.2390.2480.2570.26'1

0.276

0.2l,60.2n03u70.3180.3290.3040.352o.3g0.3770.390

0.4030.4I70.431

0.4460.4610.4770,4v30.511

787980818283

8485868788899097

9293

949596n98

99100

0.5290.547tJ.56'l

0.5880.6100.6330.6580.6840.7t20.7420.7740.8090.8480.8910.9380.9931.055I.129'l-.219

7.3361.500

1.78roo

00.000080.00030.000710.001260.001960.0u2830.0038s0.005020.006360.007850.009s0.01130.01330.01s40.01770.v2070-u2270.u25+o.uz830.03140.03460.03800.04150.M520.M91

0.05310.0s720.06150.0660o.u7u70.m540.0803

0.08550.@û70.w62o.1m0.1070;1130.1190.726o.1320.1380.7450.L520.1590.1660.t730.1810.1880.L97o.2M

28

VAB2O33

APPENDIX XIV

Cr,: Tu H2d, , [J: S,, S: HomnÂo.r, For lJ:0-60To, Tu: n/4x(lIYo/100)2

l+eo

S

(oe + Âo')

For U>60%, T,: 1.781-0.933 log(100-U%)

,"s[r*^+]C":0.009 (LL-10)

Cr= l-l C"

5 l0

Aouu: (Ao, + 4Âo- + Ao6)i6

Ao: qla, ír4:LlB, b:B,12,

Shear Strength

I + sin 0 : tan2 145 + (.þ/2)l,

l-sin$

T¡:C*Ontan$

e: [45 + (þ/2))

_ot+03 , crr-o"o

^ = ----r- I ---t------:- sçt2g

U-

f\:7Jb

sin $ : (o't - o'3)/ (o'r* o'¡)

r"s{r *

or : 03 tanz f45 + (þ/2)l + 2ctanl45 + (þ12)l

", =U*sin2î

29

Sand silt Clay

Coarse Mediu m Fihe Coarse Mediu TI F ine Coarse Mediurn F¡NE

o By, sieve+ By hydrorneter

!

.90c)Ì-oc)c

'Éc)()(l)o-

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

01.0 0.1 0.01

Diameter (mm)

Particle size distribution curve .

0.000110 0.001