T H E

FARAS NAMA E RANGIN

THE BOOK OF THE HORSE

RA NG iN

TRANS LA TED FROM THE URDU B Y

LIEUT .- COLONEL D . C . PH I LLOT T

,

S ECRET ARY AND MEMB ER, B OARD OF EXAMINERS , CALCUT T A

or T HE FA B A S -NA‘

MA or 111831 16, ETC .

msmron OF T HE “ B I Z - i A -YI Nj§uzi, ~me.

LONDON

B ERNA RD QU A R I T C H

'

l 9 1 1

T H E LORD S T . DAV IDS

T H I S LI T TLE B OOK I S AFFECT I ONA TELY DEDI CATED

IN MEMORY or B reamDAYS

Ou ) S onoorr rzmow ANDmm

CALCUT ’

I A,

I NT RODUCT I ON

T H E horse has played an important part in the history of the

various races to Whomthe civiliz ation of India. i s due,and it i s

therefore natural that it should also have played an importan t partin the mythology of those ra ces . The legends of the Hindus

n aturally differ fromthe legends of the Muslim s,butmany of the

old ideas and quaint superstition s of the two great divisions of the

peoples of India have become m ingled . Although, therefore, it i s

often possible to distinguish some superstition as regards the horse

as definitely Hindu or definitely Muslim ,in many cases it may be

as sumed, or even demon strated, that the belief i s ofmix ed origin .

No Eastern treatise on the horse would be complete Without areferen ce to some of the tradition s regarding its origin . T he

presen t treatise, written by an Indian Muslim, deal s With the Indian

horse chiefly froma Muslim point of View . But, before giving an

account ofMuslim traditions regarding the horse, I amtempted tosay something gathered fromHindu writings .

H INDU LEGENDS .—Hindumythology relates that When the gods 1and demons e churned the ocean of milk 3 to obtain the nectar, the

first horse,the K ing of the horses,4 rose out of the churn ing together

With the Moon,the Goddess ofFortunef’ the K ing of the elephants 6

and certa in other acquisitions . To Indra , K ing of th e Gods,was

awarded the beautifulmilk-White long- eared animal .I n the a stronomy of the Hindus, the first of the tw enty - seven

lunar mansions 7 i s called Am-in i,the Sanskrit formare . The third

sign of the Z odiac i s called the “ S ons of the Mare,the tw in

offspring8of S qlrya , the sun ,

and a nymph 9 named S anjnci, Whometamorphosed herself into amare . Hindu nymphs, to escape theunwelcome attention s of a suitor, no t infrequently assume the formof animal s and seek the protection of th e being they prefer

,and it

was presumably for some such reason that S am'azci became amare .

1 Dem. As ura Supposed to be the Indian Ocean .

Uchchmz'ssra ras .

5 Lakshmi .

6 Airdvata .

7 Naksha tra .

8 I dentified W ith Castor and Pollux.

9 Apsard .

viii I NTRO DUCT I ON

These twins are named Asvin Z-K umdr,or Son s of the Mare : they

the physician s of the Gods .

The sage S dlihotral w as the first to discover veterinary science

,

but Nakula , the half- brother of Raja Yudiati n'

ra ,

2 was the first to

compile a book on the subj ect,and he was one of the twin son s o f the

twin s Agvin Z -K umcir, hismother being Mada , the second wife of the

impotent king Pandu .

3 Nakula lived in the time of the Maha

bharata,and must have compiled his work about 1200 B .C. : his

sayings aremuch quoted in H indu writings on the horse .

HOR SE OR I GINALLY A WINGED AN I MAL.—According to Hindu

legends , the horse was created a winged4an imal

,one that could fly

and run , and noman or God could snare it . Indra wanted horses

for his chariots , and requested the sage S alihotra to deprive the

horses of their wings .5 Accordingly saliho tra , by his yoga or

supernatural power, derived by his austerities, accomplished Indra’s

wish . The horses,now deprived of th e ability to visit far- ofl

jungles in search ofmedicinal herbs, approached S alihotra and

entreated himto write a book on the treatment of their diseases .

S alihotra con sented, and composed the first work on veterinary

science known to the Hindus . This work w as called S dlz'

hotra after

him; gradually this Sanskrit word came tomean veterinary sciencein general an d also a horse . To-day every regiment of Native

Cavalry has its S dlotris .

Raja Nala of the Mahabharata , who rode fromOudh to theDeccan in one night, was also a noted judge of horses and famedfor his skill in theirmanagement .

T H E HOR SE- S AC R I FI CE.—B esides its use in war

,the horse was

importan t in Hindu eyes as an an imal of sacrifice .

6 Description s

of the as vamedha, or horse sacrifice are found in the Rigveda,1400 B .C.

1 H e spentmuch time with Indra ,and was probably in charge of his

stables .

2 T he Suz era in King of India at the time of the Mahabharata .

3 T he so -cal led father of Yndhisthir.

4 Hence one ofthe San skrit names ofthe horse is pakshfz - rdja , or“king

of birds .

”

5 Indian saises, Muslimand Hindu, ca ll the castors or chesnutswings,

”and believe theymark the scars of the old wounds .

6 T he horse for th is sacrifice had to be sgama -kama or black - eared ,fie , all wh ite with black ears .

I NTRODUCTI ON 131

In the Vedic period,the sacrificial horse was first slain sacri

ficially (t2a ,by severing the head at one blow) , and then div ided in

portions , part being eaten by the attendant priests and part beingofiered as a bnrnt- oifering . I n this age the object of the sacrifice

was to obtain wealth,prosperity

,andmal e offspring.

The Purana s, written severa l hundred years afte r the Vedas ,describe the as vamedha, as a sacrifice of the highest order . Per

formed a hundred times, it elevated the sacrificer to the throne ofS varga , Indra

’s dominion , deposing even the King of the Gods .

There aremany legends describing Indra’s terror at beholding thesuccessive performance of the asvamedha by terrestrial Kings , andhis efforts to frus trate them.

I n the succeeding epic period, aft er 1200 B .C. , this sacrifice

wasmade by k ings to demon strate their claimto supremacy overneighbouring chiefs .

It w as then a royal sacrifice,princes alone officiating ; every

office,even that of gate -keeper, was held by a royalty . The sacri

ficial horse was liberated and placed under the charge of some notedwarr ior

,preferably a brother

,certainly a n ear relative of the sacri

ficer, and wandered at w ill for the space of a year, closely followed

by the attendan t warrior .

Territory travers ed by the horse was proclaimed tributary tothe sacrificer . A ruler disputing the claimof paramoun t sovereignty had to capture the horse and prevent it traversing his

dominions . H e had then to meet the warrior in charge of the

horse in single combat, and,if defeated, the horse was released to

continue its journey . A t the expiration of the year, the horse was

brought back to the king who had released it, and was sacrificed

by himwithmany rites andmuch ceremony .

Of the k ings who performed the sacrifice once , themost notedare Rama of the Solar race, and Yudhisthira , half-brother of

Naknla, of the Lunar race .

CAS TES OF T H E HOR S E .—B y the H indus, horses are divided into

the four great castes, B rahman ,K shatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra .

The horse that buries itsmu z z le up to the eyes when drinkingi s a B rahman ; that which paws the ground while drinking i s a

K shatriya that which sucks in the w ater i s a Vaishya ; and that

which shies at water and backs fromit is a Shudra .

The horse whose sweat has a scent of sandal-wood oil is a

b 2

X I NTRODUCT I ON

B rahman that whose sweat has the smell ofmilk is a Kshatriya ;that with the smell of fish is a Shudra ; and that with the smell ofghi i s a Vaishya .

The B rahman horse is brave in battle the Kshatriya horse ,even if it breaks down by riding, bears itsmaster to the end oi

'

the

stage the Vaishya horse gallops and shies the Shudra horse is a

coward in war,throws itsma ster in fight , and flees away

,terrified .

A ccording to some Hindu writers, horse s are descended fromwater

,fire

,a ir

,and the deer, 1 each of these classes corresponding to

the four ca stes just enumerated . Raja Sir S ourindroMohan Tagore,in his pamphlet on the Indian horse

,tells as

, on the authority of a

Rishi named Parasara,that horses are classed according to the five

elemen ts,and that under the Ether clas s come those who always

gallop , who run very fast while in a temper,and who can easily

jump over moats that are beyond the jumping power of other

classes of horses .”

QUALI T I E S or A GOOD H os sm. Nakul has said A good horse

should have its ears , its legs, its neck, and its quarters high, and

the hair of its mane soft and fine ; its loins should be well

developed ; its fore- legs9 fine ; the circumference of the hoof con

siderable ; the chest broad the ears smal l ; the palate red ; 3 theteeth long, narrow

,and white . The head should be 28 fingers

’

breadth in length ; the ears 6; the palate 4 ; the neck 40 ; the

back 27 the loin s proportionate to the back ; the dock 1 span ;the yard 1 cubit ; the testicles 4 fingers

’-breadth ; the chest 16;

the height, fromthe head to the hoof, 70 fingers’-breadth the

mouth, the head, the fore -legs, and the mane,should all be long

the chest,nostrils, forehead, and hoofs large ; and the lips, the

tongue, the palate, the yard, the dock, the ears, and the testicle s

small . Such a horse i s of the best .’

Another Indian, however, states : Nakul says that the ears

should be 6fingers’-breadth in length the pastern s 4 ; the back 27

the height4 80 ; the chest 16 in breadth and 27 in length and the

1 Earth9 Fore-legs like a deer are often con sidered a sign of pace . Accord

ing to some Hindu writers the best horses should travel cubits in128 twink lings of the eye .

3A horse with a black palate is unlucky .

4 S ar o qadd , the head and stature apparently the height to thetop of the head .

INT RO DUCT I ON xi

neck long up to 40 . S o says Nakul, but Hashimi gives thefollowing : The height (measured by a l ine) 100 fingers

’-breadth

the length fromthe head to the tail 160 ; the girth round thestomach 100 . Tomeasure the girth , the belly should be en circledwith a thread, both the endsmeeting over the navel . Tomea surethe height, give a lin e to an as sistant

,and carry it fromthe

shoulder to the hoof and somea sure . Tomeasure the length , runa line

,with the aid of an assistant

,fromthe corner of the eye to

the root of the ta il .’

OH WH I PPING . I f a horse neigh much, the whip should beapplied to its head ; if i t trip, to the flanks ; if it spin roun d like a

compass,to the belly and if it plan t its fore -feet, and refuse to

move , the rein s should be left slack and th e horse should be

flogged on its q uarters . Should it not go straight but shake its

head, it should be flogged on the neck and should it then show

no fear it should be struck between the ears .1

The rider should sit firmand keep his eyes on the horse’s ears

he should keep his wa ist firmand should stick to the horse’s back,

and treat the horse with sympathy and not flog it un necessarily .

A man who observes all these poin ts is worthy of being cal led a

shdh sawi r or horseman .

”

MUSLIM T RADI T I ONs .- A s regards Muslimtradition s, I cannot do

better than extract pa ssages fromthe Fars -Ndma of Mubammad‘Abdu

’llash

,an Urdu work lithographed in Lucknow

The horse i s the noble st of beast s . God crea ted it formankind to ride on andmade it well -formed and the most beautiful ofall riding animals . Allah has said : ‘ And [he hath given you]horses, mules, and a sses that ye may ride them, and for your

ornaments .’ 2

“ I n the H ad igg, to o, mention i s made both of the nobility of

horses and of the merit that accrues to fighters for the Fa ith .

Allah has said : ‘Make ready,then

, against them, what force yecan

,and squadron s ofhorse .

’ 3

1 I n Rajah S ir S ourindro Moh an T agore’

s pamph let w e lea rn ,

T he horse should be whipped on the chest when he is frightened , atthemonth when he goes the wrong way , on the tail when he is furious ,and on the kn ees when he is wan ted tomov e . Wh ipping at wrongplaces producesmany vices in the an imal so great care should be takenin wh ipping with reference to the temper of th e animal .”

9 Qunan , xvi, 8.3Qurjm,

v ii i, 62 .

xii I NTRODUCT I ON

The Ansdr l (may God be gracious to them) asked the ChosenProphet ( the Peace and B lessing of God

lon him) what a ction was

most pleasing to God . I n reply the following verse was sen t down

fromheaven Verily God loves those that fight for H imin lines ,as though they were a compact wall .’

A llah 2 has also sa id Horse s—good i s knotted in the ir fore

locks till the Judgment—Day ’as long as they exist] , and,

again : How excellent is the horse, for its rider is honoured and

its own er i s evidently no t in want .

’

It is,too

,said that in a religious w ar

,when a Muslimrider

repeats the T akhir and Tahlfil,3his horse repeats themwith himinhis heart, and themerit so obta ined is written down on the credit

side of the rider in the B ook of his A ction s .’ There is a tradi

tion, too, that any owner who makes a nose-bag for his horse, will

have entered by God,in the B ook of his A ction s

,

’merit equal inamount to the measure of barley that the bag conta ins . ImamAbfi Han itah of Kufah (God

’s mercy on him) has said : ‘ The

flesh of the horse is unlawful,for it i s a most noble animal and a

cause ofvictory to Islamin fight therefore, too, it is preferable toavoid selling horses to those foreign nations w ith whomwarmayarise .

’B uraqfl

’ the an imal sent fromheaven for the Prophet’s

A scen sion w as a specie s of horse .

”

HORSE CREATE D or Am. —“A ccording to a Muslimtradition,

the horse was created fromair,as was man fromdust . First God

addressed the South Wind : 0 South Wind I de sire to create

out of thee a being so collect thyself.’ The wind did so . Then

God created out of it a bay horse and said,I have called thee

Faras [Arabic for horse] and fixed Arabia as thy dwelling place,and bestowed on thee the colour of bay, and a ttached to th e ha ir

over thy forehead—that which falls over thine eyes—GoodFortune .

5 Thou art the chief over animals . '

Where thou goest,thereman will follow thee . I n pursuit or in flight alike, thou wilt

1 AnselmHelpers , are those of Medinah that helped the Prophetafter his Flight .

9 These are sayings ofMuhammad .

3 T akbir, God is Great.” T ahlil, There is no God but God .

4 In pictures, B uraq is represented as a winged animal w ith a

woman ’

s face.

5 Perhaps this trad ition accounts for'

the objection many saises ,Muslimand Hindu, have to cutting off the forelock of polo -pon ies .

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I NT RODUCT I ON

T H E PROPH ET AND H ossns . The A rabs honoured horses even

before Islam; but when the Prophet testified to the n obility of

horses,to cherish thembecame part of the Arab religion . It i s

said that,when the tribes of Yemen first embraced Islam, they

sent to the Prophet,as a presen t, five n oted mares of pure breed

and of varied stra in s . The Prophet left his tent and went out to

meet them, 1 and strok ing themsa id, ‘A B lessing on you, oh

Daughters of the Wind,’adding that whoever kept a horse for the

service of God would be counted equal to one who give s alms dayand night in public

9and by stea lth .

”

T H E PROPH ET RO DE RACEs.—Keeping a horse has no special

religious merit, unles s the horse i s kept for a jihdd or for somereligious purp ose .

Horse-racing i s not forbidden by Muslimlaw . Riders maybet, though not the on lookers . The Prophet himse lf rode ra ces .

T H E Z iNA'rU ’

L-KHAYL .—Munshi Muhammad Mahdi

,a noted

horseman and salotri,and the author of the Z ina tu

’l-K hayl,

”

a very popular Urdu work written in A .H . 1257 ( z A .D. 1841)to which reference is frequentlymade in the following pages, tell sus that while compiling his work he consulted treatises by thefollowing authorities : Yusufi of Delhi ; Rangin ; Nigam“ ’d -Din

of I ran ; Haj i‘Abdu ’

llah Wahhab of B ukhara ; Nakul of India ;Hashimi of Isfahan ; and Safi. H e also consulted the A swa

Darpan, besides other works by unknown and unnamed authors .

T H EWAR-HORSE .—H e writes : That horse i s fit for war that

has its eyes black, fine, and alert like the eyes of the ga z elle its

lips and nostrils fine and thin its ears small and close together 3

its forehead fiat and its tongue long it should hold its head and

n eck aloft with the pride of the peacock,and should walk with the

proud gait of a bride : its head should be sma ll, its chest broad,its quarters large, its teeth even and good to look upon , its mouthdeep, its nostril s open

,

4 its fore-armstrong, its body elegant in1 I sti

'

gbaz.2 I n certa in cases, giving alms in public is considered praiseworthy

for instance, in coming forward w ith subscriptions to induce othersto give.

3Mile naz dz'

k,maymean either set on high up on the head ( and

consequently close or curved so that the tips come closetogether, when the ears are pricked .

”

4 Wide open nostrils indicate large lungs .

I NT RODUCT I ON X V

shape,its thighs full and stout, its back short and curved, its hoofs

round and hard,it s dock fine

,its legs hard and straight like cane,

and the tendon s dry and well- defined : its legs should no t be too

long, but beautiful and muscular its knees should be fa r apart

its ea rs should be erect and ever trying to meet ; when the horsemoves

,it should hold its dock aloft lik e a standard its paste rn s

should be strong,its testicles small

,it s belly full and not tucked

up, its neck well- arched, l the chin being held near the chest ; and

the ha ir of itsmane and ta il should be long and thick, with fine

glossy hair hanging straight down .

”

HORSE NOT UN CLEAN .-Fromthe same writer we learn tha t

a ccording to Muslimtradition Food left by a horse is not

unclean neither is its swea t, nor it s foam, .

nor anymoisture fromitsmouth .

”

ALms .—The following

“ cheap and beneficial formof almsgiving

2 should recommend itse lf to those Muslims who havepractica l as well as piousminds

Tell the sa is to deduct one handful fromeach morning and

evening-feed 3 an d to set it a side . Ou Thursday n ight“ sell the

quantity of gra in thus obtained, buying with its price , sweet

mea ts . Repeat the t ilzafi and di stribute the sweets amongst thepoor . Further

,take a pice—o r half a pice— worth of isp and seed

and fumigate with it .

” 6

I LL- OM ENED spors ros STAB LING .— I t i s in teresting to learn tha t,

A horse should not be stabled in an empty 7 house, nor in a

cemetery, nor opposite any grave or ruin ,n or n ear a burning-

ghat,nor on an old battle- field , nor in a Hindu temple

,nor in the

street, nor in a dark roominhabited by an owl for if it be stabled

in or near such places it is liable to gomad .

” 8

1 Ghfingha t k.— an id iom.

9S adqa -o -Mayrd t technically sad aqah is alms given to avoid

ca lamity, &c . , and Mayrdt is good works in genera l .

(1:Horses , belonging to Indians, are usually given grain on ly twice

a y .

4 That is, the Muslims’ Friday nigh t, the n igh t of their Sabbath .

5 T he t iha h or open ing chapter of the Quran .

6 T he incense is pleas ing to the Angels . I spand is the ha rmalPeganumHarmala .

7 K bdna -

yiMali rd divmi -

girad , Demon s occupy empty houses, isa common Pers ian saying .

8 A ccord ing to Raja S ir S ourindro Mohan T ago re'

s pamph let, th e

xvi IN T RODUCT I ON

INVOCATI ON S .—When a Muslimbuys ‘

a horse he should repeat

the following A rabic tasbilz, exhaling the breath over the horse’s

forelock ; then the horse will never fai l in faith to himas long as

he possesses it : In the name of God the Compassionate, theMerciful . Holy is God and Praise be to God and there is no

deity but God ; and God i s Great ; and there is no strength nor

power except in God the High, the Mighty . What H e will s

happen s and what H e does not will,does not happen .

” 1

I fhis horse i s restive onmounting, let himrepeat this charmineach ear : I n the name of God the Compassionate

,the Merciful .

I n the name of God there i s no strength nor power except in God,who has guided us up to this for we could not have been guided

had not God guided us . Holy be God,who has subdued these

cattle for us 1 else we could not havemastered them.

” 2 Or else let

himrepeat the following I n the name ofGod the Compassionate,the Merciful . Do they not see that We have created for them,fromamongst the creation s of Our Hands

,domestic an imal s of

which they are themasters,and that we have humiliated these for

themfor some are for their riding and some for their eating ”3

LIFE OF T HE AUT H OR

L I FE or T HE AUTHOR .—Sa ‘adat Yar Khan, the author of this

Fars -Ndma,wrote under the takhallus of Rangin .

”H is ancestors

are sa id to have come fromTurkey . Rangin was the son of

Tahmas B eg, Khan Bahadur, I ‘tiqad Kh an, and was born at Delhi .

His father fell on evil days,which resulted in his leaving Delhi for

Lahore and taking service as an officer of cavalry, first with Nawcib

Mu‘in“ ’l-Mulk B ahddur (better known as Mir Man na) son of the

Waz ifr“’l-Mamdlt'lc

,I ‘timdd“ ’

d -Dawlah, S hahid, and afterwards

with three other princes or nobles . “Rangin ,” his son, first

followed in his father’s footsteps,serving in the cavalry but

stable should be so constructed that the horses stand there facing north .

Lights should be kept burn ing all n ight Fowls, a goat, a cow with itscalf, and smallmonkeys should be kept in the stables but if bees buildin themthe horses w i ll die .

1 Part of this is the tasbq‘ lz usually repeated after the fixed prayers .

9 Qur . , xliii, 12 .

3 Qur. , xxxvi, 7 1 and 72 .

I NTRODUCT I ON xvu

afterwards adopted the life of a recluse . H e gives some hint ofthis in his introduction to the present work . Now when a

European catches “ religion he join s a crowd andmakes a n oise ;

he either shouts froma platformin a mnsic-hall, or else beats a

drumin the Salvation A rmy . An Orien tal, on the con trary, goes

into the wilderness and seeks God in lonely places . S o acted“Rangin ,

”but what the sorrow was tha t drove himfromthe

abodes ofmen i s not kn own . H e i s sai d to have been a good

looking youth, of prepossessing mann ers, fond of society, no t

averse to w in e- parties,an en tertaining compan ion ,

and possessed

of a w it, nimble,mischievous

,flippan t and obscene . H e was a

pupil of the well-known poet Z ahir“ ’d-Din

,

‘Hatimtali ha llus,’

and a friend of the poet Mir In sha’ A llah ’

(taklmllusof Delhi . H e was the author of several Diwcins , four of

which are kn own . Perhaps the best known is one in Urdu,very indecent

,which in troduces the slang of the harems of

Delhi and Lucknow . One of his ribald or flippaut poems is a

eulogy on the Devil it opens with the words Na‘zZz “ bi

’lc h instea d

of the usual B i ’lch . Another is entitled Mi

’

hr o Mdh,”and

i s a story of a Sayyid’s son and a jewe ller’s daughter, who lived at

Delh i in the reign of Jahangir . Oi his prose works,one w as called

the Majd lia- i Ra ngin in it the author criticiz ed all,ormost

, of the

well -known poets , in cluding Shayk_ 1_1 Sa‘di. The popularity of his

Fars -Neima is sufficiently a ttested by the fact that it has been

through many edition s .“Rangin

” died at the age of eighty , in Jumcidg -§dni, A .H .

1251 October AD . I n the year of his death he sta ted

that he would not survive to see the new year,as hismind had

unconsciously composed a tériklt giving tha t very year as the date

of his decea se, adding that a similar progn ostication by hismas terHatimhad proved true .

NOTES ON TEX T -MAT TER

Nors s ON T H E T sxr-MArrs s .— Some of the receipts in thi s

tran slation should prove interesting to officers of native cavalry .

All that is to be found in these pages i s not merely quaint orridiculous . No sawar shows his horse at darbdr without firstadministering his favourite spice s to make it drink deeply, while

xviii I NTRODUCTI ON

no frontier officer can have observed an attenuated thirteen

hand pony draw,between sun -up and sun -down on a scorching

June day, its ikka- load of fat ghi-perspiring B aniyans fromKohat

to Khushalgarh and fromKhushalgarh to Kohat, a distance ofmorethan sixtymiles on a road not devoid of hills

,without having been

struck with the invigorating powers of nihdri . Native cavalry

regiments in the n orth still “ soil ” their horses by the systemof

khuld -

qasil, while, for fatten ing for the Spring fairs in the Punjab,native dealers employ themethod of bandqasil exactly as detailed on

pages 16- 17. A Raja who kept a large stud of elephants for tiger

shooting told the tran slator that unless he la id up his elephan ts

and soiled themduring the ra in s, they were unfit for hard workin the following cold weather . What i s suitable for India is not

suitable for England, and vice versd . Indian country-breds will eat

and thrive on food that would probably kill Engl ish horses . I n

the Persian Gulf and elsewhere,locusts

, fish, and dates are re

garded as legitima te food for cattle and hors es ; in Thibet, the

tdnghans are given pig’s blood and raw liver ; in the cold region s

of Central A siameat is regarded as a necess ity for horses .

FANT AS T I C CoLOURs .—With the introduction of Government

stal lion s, old-fa shioned fanta stic colours amongst horses havedisappeared and with themthe very names of those colours . Whitehorses with black spots the siz e of a rupee, may still perhaps beocca sionally found in circuses

,but white horses with black ears

,or

horses with black bodies and white legs , or white bodies with black

legs, or with legs of four difierent colours, may be searched -for

in vain yet once these and many other colours were sufficiently

common tomerit distinct names .1 Here and there an aged horse

dealer survives who recollects the old-fashioned artificial paces and

their names . For the techn ical terms about horses, as a lso for the

technical terms of falconry and cocking, and the names of birdsand plan ts, &c .

, the dictionaries are not to be relied on . The

vocabulary in the Appendix has been compiled notmerely fromold

1 “T he an imalsmost liked are the sta llion s ofMarwar or Kathiawar.Wh ite horses with pink points , piebalds, and leopard spotted beasts are

much admired,es ecially when they have pink Roman noses and light

coloured eyes wit an un canny expression . Their crippled , highlyarched necks,

‘

curby hooks, rocking gait, and paralytic prancing oftenproclaimthemas triumphs of training.

”-Man and B east in I ndia .

I NT RO DUCT I ON

MS S . the practical portions have been verified in discussions wi th

old-fashioned dealers . It i s hoped that this technical vocabulary,as well as the note on sign- language, will prove of some practica lbenefit to n a tive cavalry officers attending horse- fairs . Further,some acquaintance with lucky and un luckymark smay prove notunuseful when purcha sing frombreeders .Those interested in the old-fashioned Indian horse, the horse of

another world and another time,should study Lockwood

Kipling’s chapter on horses andmules in Man and B eas t in I ndia ,

as well as ‘Ali B aba’s inimitable Twen ty- one Days in I ndia .

My acknowledgments are due to Jemadar Sardar Khan ,formerly of the 3rd Panjab Cavalry

,who for more than thirty

years followed his hereditary profession of sdlotri, and, in spite

of an English techn ica l tra ining of severa l months,earned the

gratitude and affection of all ranks with whomhe served .

D. C. P.

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FA B S - NAMA

CHAPTER I

REASON FOR WRIT ING T HE BOOK

LET me acquaint the reader w ith a small portion ofmy privatehistory .

Fortun e had oppressed me and a great cloud of grief over

shadowed my heart . I said tomyself This world is a tran sient

one,and God a lon e knows how

'many days remain to me in it.

Why should I fruitlessly spendmy life why reckle ssly wa ste mytime ? My wife and children—what are they but enemies ? I n this

world non e helps another in time of real need . My family will eatwhat they can

, and then forsak eme, while trouble will fall on mysolitary head and I— I shall be alone with my grave .

’ Mymindwas filled with this gloom I ate not and I slept not . I sought

on ly release frommy pa in ,and took ceaseless counsel withmy own

soul but the kn ot of the difficulty could not be untied, for no plan

came in to my mind . I n my despa ir I quitted my home and

wandered in the desert ; I shunned the abodes ofmen like a wildbeas t . Nowhere could I find rest : I wandered and wandered

ceaselessly .

For long I boremy house on my back, till one day, returningto my senses, I said to my heart : How long wilt thou

abhor life 9 Abandon this futility and return to the dwellin gs

of men .

”I n this new frame of mind I found myself in

Lucknow . I had two old friends in that city, Muhammad B ali hsh ,better known as Miyan Machchhu, and his younger brother Miyan

Qadir—(God bless themall their days, and keep themfromgriefMay they be rich in this world and rewarded in the n ext ! May

health and weal th ever be their portion They tookme to theirhome and laid their all before me ; what was theirs was min e ;amongst a s the words “mine ” and thine ceased to exist .

I was overwhelmed by their kindness .One daymy fri ends were turning overmy writings and came

2 FAsAs -NAMA -E RANoiu

uponmy B ook of the H orse (Fars-Ndma ) they were delighted withits contents

,for they were ever fond of horses and riding . Laugh

ingly they a sked me why I had written it in prose, and added,

JTo plea se us, write it in verse .

’ When they pressedme on the

matter, I yielded again stmy will, and turned it in to verse .

Let a blessing abide in every abode that possesse s a stable for

a steed

CHAPTER II

ON T HE POINT S (WASF) OF HORSES

YOU should first read the chapter Al- ‘A-

diycltl or the Chargers,

in which God has taken an oath by horses . The Prophet loved

horses,and so

,too

,did ‘Ali the Chosen ; for no an imal surpasses

the Horse— un less, indeed, it be Man . Every person of under

standing knows that horse s are the n oblest of an imals . Now thereadermust know that there are five kinds of defects in horses,which I will describe in detail in five section s . The worst defect

of all is that in the “ fea thers (bhaunri) next i s spavin (haddd )and bog

- spavin (mota rci) . After that comes defective and ugly

conformation (gabdlza t si at ki) ; then had colour and lastly ill

manners (qabdlza t dhang kt) .

CHAPTER 111

ON FEAT HERS

IN the first section I will describe the various “feathers in horses .

I f there be only one whorl“3 in the cen tre of the forehead, it i s

not to be regarded as an illmark 5 but if there be tw o on the

forehead avoid that horse and do n ot dreamof buying it.

I f there be three,or four

,or five

,fea thers on the forehead

,it is

equally inauspicious . Mughals call themk_ hosha ,3and will not even

1 Li t. runn ing horses , swift horses .

9 I n the Z i na t‘“ ’

l- Ig zayl called agni fire .

3 J_Qwsha ,

“a bunch of grapes, an ear of corn

,

ON FEATH EB S 3

look at the horse . The Punjabis call themdogar .

1 S ifngcm, 2 chimtcisingan , gainchi or chagqar are other name s for the defect . Others

call itmendhd (a ram) , saying, “ B uy it not ; it w il l butt you to

misfortune .

”No expert would buy such an animal, fo r ill- luck

ever goes with it .

I f the feather is so situated that the ear, pulled down, can reach

it,it is a singan but if so far below

,that the ear pulled down will

not reach,it is called dns zZ dhdl. The latter is not a great defect,

except in the eyes of Hindus . I f there is a feather under the

throat,it is called by the Hindus kanfltif” The Mughals , however,

call this hamiyc’in - i z ar purse of gold All alike con sider it a

luckymark . The above is the name whether there be one featherormore below the throat . I f there is a feather lower down than

the kangh’i,i .e.

,on the neck

,it is called deo -man “and is con sidered

lucky. B elow that aga in , on the chest, a feather is called

harddwal z 5 it is un lucky, and dangerous to life . Shun buyingsuch a horse

,unless

,indeed

,it also possesses a deo-man feather to

countera ct the ban e of the other .

If the horse has a feather n ea r the top of the fore -arm,the

horse is ca lled “ foul - sided ” (ganda -baghal) ,6and all Mughals, 7

except the Qiz il- B ash, consider it inauspicious . Others,however,

consider themark indifi erent,n either good nor bad .

A smal l feather underneath the belly is called gom a centi

pede ”) by the Mahrattas, and i s con sidered by themunlucky .

Other races,however

,do not con sider it so .

I f the feather on the belly is inside of the girth-place,it is

called Ganga-

pé ! width of the it is lucky and

in creases the price of a horse .

A feather low down on the fore- arm,if it points downward

,is

1 S ekhan in the Z ina t“’

l-K _71ayl, probably for San skrit shekha f

r, crest

,

top-kn ot .

9 Probably connected with the words for horn .

3 K anjh, H .,

th roat,

"and kanflm’. anything worn on the throat.

4 Deo -man, div ine j ewel .

5 H arddwa l (between the forelegs P) , for hardwali , garland6 I n the Z ina t“

’

l-1fi zayl a h orse is called ganda- bagfia l if it has a

fea ther on the knee,the th igh , the armpit, the yard , or the root of

the tai l .7 Muglga l is in India a name often given to Persians . I n B ehar it is

applied to Kabulis , perhaps because they usually speak Persian .

4 FARAS -NAMA -E RANGiN

called khza d -

gdr (“ driver in of a peg and i s lucky : but if it

poin ts upwards, it i s called khfingd -ukki r uprooter of the peg”)

and is baleful buy not the horse,even if you get it cheap .

A feather inside the top of the fore - armis called bhujbal

(strength to the fore -arm) keep the horse and ride it.

T wo feathers at the roots of the ears or on the top of the head

are called arba l.1 I f there is only one such feather it is unlucky .

One feather at the root of themane i s called scip an .

2 I f there

i s only one on one side,it is un lucky but if there i s one feather on

each side, it is lucky and i s called ndgfi’

I f there are several such feathers , the number on one side even

and on the other odd, don’t a ccept that horse even as a gift. I n

short,do not buy a horse having an odd number of feathers

,but

buy one with an even number .Any feather that comes under the saddle is called chutur-bang

4

and is considered un lucky, especially by the Ra jputs . Don’t buy

a horse with such a feather ; don’t even let one stay in your

V illage .

I f a feather occurs on the sdgln’

ri 5 it i s called dank-ujarfiand i s

avoided by high and low .

CHAPTER IV

TRADI T IONAL? DEFECT S

ACCORD I NG to Islamthere are two chief defects, one brings ill

luck,the other is a fault in temper : the first i s a rja l ; 8 the second

being un steady and difficult tomount (bad These are the

only two defectsmentioned in the Tradition s of the Prophet .1 I n the Z ina t“

’

l feathers are also so ca lled if found on the

temples, or on both s ides of the chin .

9 S dpa n or sd npz'

n,H . ,

a female snake ; also a d isea se in wh ich thehair fa l ls ofl“. I n Panjabi sanp an is an earthworm.

3n hasmanymean ings, but in th is connection it probablymeanscobra .

4 Also chatar-bhang ; accord ing to some dealers , a feather on one sideof the w ithers . This word is doubtless a corruption of the Sanskritchha tm-bhang, break ing the royal umbrel la ,

” ruin to domin ion .

5 T he space betweeen the anus and the yard also the anus .6 Sting-uprooter7 ‘Uyfi b

- i shar‘i .

3 I n Hind ijamdd t having one hind white ; either leg vide page 9.

CHAPTER V

ON S PAVIN , ET C.

IN this chapter we will treat of spavin and bog- spavin ,

&c .

Ou the inside portion of the houghs1 there are situated certa in

vein s which are connected with the horse’s yard . A swollen con

dition of these vein s indicates the disease called bog- spavin (motrd ) .I f these soft swellings are smal l, itmatters little . I f large, they

are an un soundness .

I f you examine the same spot and detect a bony projection,

know that that is bon e- spave L et the seller ga s as he

may, give no ear to h ismultiloquence . If the spavin is pointed,the

horse is lame and will be the curse of your life . I f,however

,the

bony excrescence is flat and even, the spavin i s call ed chipgd3 you

can ga llop a horse with chig ti where you like . Even good judges

find it hard to detect haddci .

I f a horse has swollen knees, avoid it ; for it has what are call ed

capped knees ” and i s un sound . Do not purchase it .

I f a small bony projection is found on the cann on -bon e ,3 it i s

called a splint (bel-haddi ) .4 It is not considered very bad as it can

be soon cur ed . The English,‘

however,obj ect very much to a

splint .

I f there i s a thicken ing of the coronet 5 of a fore -foot ,6 buyanother horse to help it for if it is not yet lame

,it will certainly

become so . Th is swelling is called“ ring-bon e of the fore-foot ”

and is a disease to-

be feared . I f the thickening i s on

a hind-foot, get rid of the horse at once ; for it has got ringbone on the hind-foot (pushtah) . I f

,however

,the swelling i s

higher up, it is called fals e ring- bone ” (gi nd ) , and need

ca use you no anxiety . The unsightliness, however, will always

remain .

1 Pichhd re p cip n ke ghutne.

3Mt. flat.3 Nali .4 A lso ber-haddi.5 B hon or bhaun , f. the coronet ; also the eyebrow .

6 H ath kd sum.

6 FAsAs- NAMA -E RANGiN

I f the horse has soft swellings on the inside or on the outside of

the fetlock ,

l whether larger or smaller than an egg, do not be

anxious . A lthough outwardly an un sightliness, they are in rea lity

a blessing . Muslims and Hindus alike call them“ wind-

galls”

(bugg er) .2

Some horses have two wart- like excrescences on each side of themouth of the sheath . I f these are the siz e of a date - ston e

,or

a little less , they are called thani but if very smal l indeed,they

are calledmaw’

i. A horse with thani (thani -de‘

ir) is dangerous to

its owner, but one withmam? (man Z- ddr) i s not dangerous .

CHAPTER VI

EYESORES AND DEFECT S

TH I S chapter treats of what i s con sidered unsightly by experts .

I f a horse has large projecting teeth like a came l,3 it is calledunderhung (shutur- dandcin

,camel

A horse w ith a proj ecting forehead is called by the Mugha lsugly-browed (gublz-peshdni) .

4 A ll judges con sider this a sign of

bad temper .A horse with loose flapping ears is called

“ lop - eared (pareshdn

gosh“ scattered The people of Kabul 5 con sider this a

mark of strength, but these alone approve of this unsightliness .

I dislike it.

A horse that will not arch its n eck 6 i s con sidered good by none

and is styled plank-necked ” (taldtta. gardan ) . The Mughals ,however

,do no t consider this a defect .

A horse with very high and un sightly shoulders is called“ox

shouldered (gdp—shdna )

1 Mafia, lit. fist.2 B aygah, Ar .

, an egg.

3 A camel has, of course, no teeth in the upper jaw.

4 Should be qabilz , adj. ; qubZt is a substantive.5 Wildyat.6 Jo kundd w hin ka/rtd ha i ; (kundd a. hook

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msosns AND DEFECTS 7

Experts call a horse with a stra ight-dropped hind-leg and

houghs little bent cock - legged (murgh-

p i ) .1

A horse with triangular quarters i s called wedge - l ike (tabar

N0 dealer would buy one,for it will never put on flesh .

A horse that is knock -kn eed3 behind is ca lled kulach (“cow

Fat or lean,such a horse will travel well . It wil l

suit a soldier but n ever a dealer .

A very hollow-backed horse will not carry weight . The

Mughal s call it“ saddle -backed ” ( z in-

pusht) and regard it as a

curiosity . The Hindus, however, like it and call it kachchhd .

‘

A horse w ith its belly touching its back will n ever bring credit

to its master for whether sma ll or big it can nowise be fattened .

Such an an imal i s called ga z elle-bellied (ahzZ - sht'

kam herring

gutted) it will be a poor-feeder .

A horse with flat,spreading, and brittle feet i s called pan cake

hoofed ” (chap dti- sum) . It will knock up if ridden over stones oron hot sand .

A horse with ben t hoofs,whether ben t much or little

,will

certain ly trip badly ; such a horse i s ca lled “ass -footed (Igbar

suma ) .5A horse that goes wide behind is called by the dealers kushdda

raw . Indian s think this a defect, but not so the Mughal s .

1 Apparen tly sickle-houghed or cat -hammed horses were formerlyadmired : perhaps old -fash ioned swordsmen found themquicker at

jumping off.” Muryli -p d is now sometimes , but incorrectly, applied to

a horse with straight pastern s .

9 T abor is a battle-axe, triangular in plan as well as in section . I n

a tabar-

gz‘mhorse the quarters viewed frombeh ind are triangular and

probably narrow to a point behind ; the horse is usually goose- rumpedas well .

3T he author uses the termp dpn kd ghutnd for hough (for kd nch,A kn ock-kneed man is also ca lled kulach or ka lanj. I n the Z inat“’

l-K_hayl the word is written kucha l, perhaps a copyist

’s error. Houghsin

,elbows out,

”is a cant phrase in the Arab stables .

4 Also kachchhi , supposed to have originally been a breed fromthe

province of Cutch (Kachh) . T he more efl'

eminate Hindus wouldnaturally prefer a saddle-backed horse .

5 According to the Z ina t“ th is mean s that the hoof ishollow and the sole rugged . One would expect the termto meanwith contracted heels .

”

CHAPTER VII

ON T HE COLOURS AND MARK S IN H ORSES

A white spot on the forehead sufliciently small to be concealed bythe tip of the thumb is called a

“ star ” (sitdra) . Thismark i ssin ister and ill- omened

,un less there is al so some white in the legs .

Avoid themalignant influence of a sitc'

im.

I f the star is too large to be concealed by the thumb- tip it is

called a flpa l, and exerts nomalignant influence on the purchaser .

I f the qashga or white mark 1 on the forehead extend to theeyes

,the horse i s call ed méh-MZ or moon -faced .

” Though

unsightly this mark i s auspicious .

I f there are,in the blaz e

,hairs the colour of the rest of the

body,shun the horse ; for themark i s baneful in the extreme, and

experts cal l that horse a scorpion ”

A horse with one wall- eye will cause its owner dole . Such a

horse is called Mg?”and will cause itsma ster to be stripped bare .

B uy not such a horse,not even for 5 per cent . of its value ; for it

is a parlous beast .

I i, however, the horse is human -eyed (ddam-chashm with

two wall-eyes) , there is no need to be a larmed . Such a horse is

called chagha r . Though in reality a chagbar i s lucky, it is out

wardly foul to look a t.

I f the oif-fore is white,the horse i s called flower-footed (gul

dast) .3 B uy it, though dear : but if the con trary foot be white ,

regard the an imal as you regard poison ; rise and flee fromit.

Such a horse is called left-handed (chap - dast)3and is unlucky .

I f there are colouredmarks in the white, the horse is known tobrokers as padazm,4 and considered

,by all castes in India, to be

1Qashqa or gashqd , T .

,is a gen eral termfor a whitemark on the

forehead of an animal ; also the sect-mark on the forehead of a Hindu.

6 Called by the Afghans also sulaymdni ankh or “ onyx-eyed . A

piebald horse with one wal l-eye is not considered inauspicious bymany .

3 T he author of the Z ina t“’l-1Lhayl reverses the order, and calls a

horse with the off-fore wh ite chap-dast

,&C. Th is is apparently a

copyist’s slip . Modern Persians , however, call that horse chap which

has the oif-fore and both hind whi te .

4 Padamthe lotus the name of certain spots andmoles .

ON T H E C OLOUR S AND MARKS IN HO RS ES 9

lucky . The Mugha l s of Persia , however, object to it, calling it

spotted (lfltdl- d zir) they consider it worthless .

I f a horse has either the n ear or the ofi -hind white, it is

defective and i s called a rjal.1 Do not buy it, for it is grievously

faulty . I f the seller says to you, Oh,but there’s white on the

forehead,too

,

” do no t give ear to his specious words, for the

Prophet has sa id that an a rja l1 i s bad what else

,then

,is there to

be said

I f a horse is e ithermou se - coloured (sor) , or el se a grey with

the underlying skin in patches of white and black 2 (sanjdb) , the

people of Hindustan3 and the Panjab do not con sider it bad, but

the Persian s do . The la tter say these colours are obj ectionable

because Yaz id“often rode such horses .

I f asked the best colour fo r a horse,reply bay (kumayt) . A

khaki dun (Mung) 5 comes n ext, and then a dun with black maneand ta il and black kn ees (samand) . Next comes a creamhorsespotted or splashed wi th other colours (abrash)

6and a dun

coloured horse with black list and ears Next piebald or

skewbald (ablag) , and boz or light grey,8 but that boz which is black

eyed (gara -q z,

Next black (mushki) and a bright- red dun

with a list (gulld) .9 After these tw o come a splashed red - roan

(garrd) , and a grey with a darkmane and ta il (sabzu) . Next in

order come s chesnut (surciiig) , and next a cream- dun with creammane and ta il (shirglta ) . After thi s comes a horse with four whitestock ings and a blaz e (p ach-ka liydn ) , and next a horse flecked with

white hairs

1 Vida page 4 and n ote 8,page 4 .

9 Sometimes the patches are distinct only when the horse is wet.6 Hindustan , t.e. , the upper Ganjetic pla in ,

Oudh , the formerN.W.P . and B ehar.

4 Yaz id, the King who despatched Shimr to kill Husayn on the

Pla in ofAnguish .

”

6 T he colour ofMultani clay. T he termMing is vague .

6 Thus kumayt abrash, cream-coloured w ith bay spots or splashes .

7 A lso qdn zln ; obso lete terms .

6 B 0 2 , T . , grey probably wi th lightmane and tail .9 Properly quld , T . Apparently fromquldn ,

T . ,a wild ass . I

believe a quld horse should properly have black z ebra stripes on the

fore- legs .16 Or cha l, T ., termobsolete in India .

10

CHAPTER VIII

T H E FIVE COMMON DEFECT S

I will now describe to the best ofmy ability the five well -known

defects in horses .

That horse is described as being chron ically lame (kuhna lung)that goes slightly lame on being first taken out of the stable, but

when warmed by work its lameness disappears either entirely,or

nearly so .

Should you suspect your horse of kamri—God forbid that itshould be so—moun t it whip in hand, and ride it up a steep inclin e .

Then should the horse climb true,you need have no suspicion of

kamm’ but if the contra ry be the ca se, there i s no doubt in the

matter .Another test is to tether it in its stall and sit n ear it at n ight

to watch it. I f it gets up ea sily after lying down ,then buy it but

if the contrary, return it to the would -be se ller .

If a horse is a poor feeder (kam-khor) , it W ill also be a poor

worker. A greedy feeder keeps fat and carries condition,whether

it be a big one or a little one . A greedy feeder a dealer can hawk

around at will,but a poor feeder he will find a bad barga in . The

on ly test is to notice the amount that the horse eats . An ex

perienced dealer will e xamin e the dung, and if the pel lets are small,the knowingman takes it as a sign of a poor appetite .

I f the horse is a man - eater, given to using it s teeth (danddn

gir) , it i s past praying for.

1 It i s scarcely necessary to describe this

evil the purcha ser will discover it unaided . The on ly cure for

this vice i s death . Most vices are cured by castration ,but not this

inherent viciousn ess ; nay, ca stration makes it even worse, for oft

have I proved this by experimen t .A skme not what n ight-blindness is -kori) .

2 Test it by

casting a blanket in front of the horse at n ight then if the horse,

1 A native cure, however, is tomake a pumpkin or a bin '

njatl burn inghot ; this is presented to the horse by the sais whenever it tries to savageaman .

2 I n Hindi rataundhd (nycta lopia) .

ON T H E B E ST B RE ED I NG D I STRI CTS ( KH ET ) IN IN DIA 11'

shy,it is not night—blind (shab-kor) . I f the n ight is very dark,

substitute for the blanket a white sheet .

The above are what horse - dealers cal l the five defects, and

defects they are which few will deny . When on e or all of these

defects exi st,the horse i s of course returned to its owner by the

purchaser .

CHAPTER I X

ON T H E B ES T BREEDING DI S TRI CT S (KH ET ) IN I NDIA

WERE you to askme where the best horses are found, I would say

first of all in B himn'

cithal ;1 its horse s are hardy and capable of

travelling long stages on meagre food . Next to these are the

horses of K dghiycfiwcir . Nearly,but not quite , equal to themare

the horses of s ljjcn el.2 Compared to these three breeds all

others are a sses .3

1 B hima Tera i is the va l ley of the B h ima river, famed for its breedofhardy pon ies and horses . T he breed is known in Northern Ind ia as the

B himrathali . \1awa , the horse wh ich bore H olkar 111many a desperatestrife , was of th is breed . T he head is a model

,exh ibiting the h ighest

qua lity of blood ,— ears smal l and pointed , eyes fii ll and protruding, andamonth that codld drink out of a teacup. This i s the type of the B himaTera i breed .

— Cyclopaedia. of I ndia .

2 I s th is Nara in S ind .9

3 T he author of the Ard z’

sh 1Mahfil (written A .D . 1805) sta tes thatthe Deccan horses were held in h igh esteem, but for staying powers wereinferior to those of Kabul H e mentions that at the defeat of KingB hao , a Mahratta chief left th e field a lone

,pursued by a D arrani . T he

Mahratta, wellmounted on a Dakhan imare , easily d istanced his pursuer,and when he had ga lloped some five or six miles , drew rein to res t.

Happen ing to look roun d after a time,he saw that the Durrani , his horse

well -nigh blown , had almost overtaken him. Oncemore he se t spurs tohis horse and again stopped to rest , but aga in the Dnrrani appeared on

the scene urging on his slow and exhausted horse . After a fifty or six tymiles’ chase of this description the Dakhani ma re succumbed . T he

Durran i , pounding along on his exh austed horse once more appearedon the scene, and the Hindu, recogn iz ing his fate , al lowed himself to be

kil led . Some golden equipment and a bag ofmoney rewarded the perseverance of the Mugha l ,

”but the mare he did not consider worth

leading back to camp .

T he king’

s rea l name was Sh ibdas Rao , and he was kn own as B hao( 2 bha i, brother) . T he ba ttle was fought on January 12th ,

1761 A .D.

12

CHAPTER X

T O AS CERT AI N T HE AGE OF A HORSE

I will now tell you how to distinguish age by the teeth .

Every horse has six incisor teeth in the under,and six in the

upper jaw . Themilk or temporary incisors are white,and a s long

as these teeth are white, till the foal is two years old , it is called

a ndkand . When the two centremilk- teeth in ea ch jaw have been

superseded by permanen t teeth,the foal i s a three -year old

(do When the two milk- teeth flank ing the new permanen tteeth, one on each side, have been sup erseded, the horse is a four

year old (chdr- sdla ) . As a five-year old (panj-edla ) , the corner

milk - teeth have fallen out . At that time,also

,near the chafwkdf

four other teeth,round and slender,make their appearance these

are called tushes (nesh) .

After five years,the age can be guessed only by the lessen ing of

the black in the black mark s on the teeth . When these black

marks disappear altogether, the horse is calledma le-

p anj.

3 After

that time, the age can be only approximately guessed by thetushes and the general condition of the teeth . B ut a lso

examine the eyes : if the region of the eyes i s bare of ha ir, only a

fool would call the horse anything but old . However, when a horse

has become a ma le-

p anj, it i s no easymatter to fix its age. Even

experts go wrong.

I have told you what I know,and what are known facts other

things there are,mere fancies, that no expert acts ou, and these

I have omitted tomention . What i s necessary has been written .

1 With the Hindus th ree is an un lucky number, but with the

Muslims, a lucky one. Perhaps the foa l is called do -

yak“ 2 and

instead of three,” to avoidmentioning the unlucky number.

6 Chawkci,

an aggregate of four,” is apparently a termfor the four

fron t teeth in man . T he Z inat“’

l-K _hayl calls thesembd ‘

z’

yd t, wh ichin Arabic mean s the two teeth (one on each side) of the centre frontteeth , upper and lower, in aman ; but in a solid -hoofed an imal the fourteeth ( two on each side) of the two centre front teeth .

3Ma le-

panj, t.e. , ten years and upwards. According to Hashimi ama le-

p anj is twelve years and upwards . Native horses, however , are

frequently fed on soft food, which causes little wear and tear to theteeth .

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14 rARAs-NAMA -E RANGIN

account givemore than one date a day .

1 I tem give it, instead of

the date,a daily almond

,and it shall be whole .

A yel lowish hue of the membrane indicates cold and dampin the temperament (bddi) . A s a cure give , for fifteen or twen ty

days,black pepper with flour ofmoth ; 9 but caremust be taken to

giv e this before the horse is watered in the morn ing . I tem take

one told 3 of dry ginger, half a told of a ssafoetida, andmix in a little

Wheaten flour,

and give after the evening feed . This must begiven for notmore than three days

,or el se there will be the devil

to pay . I temmix in the even ing-

gra in no t less than two tolds

of “ dill seed .

” 4 Give this for five to ten days .

I f the membran e i s red,it indicate s a heated condition of the

temperament (garmfi) . Take equal parts of the belleric,the

chebulic,and the emblicmyrobalan (tirpha ld ) ,6 and grind roughly

mix and put in a bag . At dusk take five folds of this and soak

it in water in an earthern vessel . Remove at dawn,and give it

at dawn before the morn ing-feed (nihdri) .6 After that the horse

may be ridden . Con tinue the trea tment till recovery . I temgive for one day on ly a cowrie ’s weight of indigo, in the

drinking water.

Should the membran e show recessive redness combined withblack spots

, give up hope of recovery treatment i s useless and

death certain . The black spots indicate that the l iver is corroded .

Though these black spots are notmuch to look at,they are a sure

indication ofdeath:

The urin e, l ike themembrane, i s an indication of the sta te of

heal th . I f the urin e i s very light - coloured , it indicates a great

1 Dates are hot, and three or four are supposed to be sufficient tobring amare in season . I n the Persian Gulfhorses and camels are oftenfed on dates , and in some places on fish and locusts also, wide page xv1i1 .

9 Moth, the aconite-leaved kidney-bean ( Phaseolus acon itifolz’

us) .

About 1 o z . of peppercorns ismixed in enough ofmath flour to makea bolus, and this is admin istered in the morn ing about an h our beforewatering .

3 Sixmdsha .

4 S oyd or sowd , H .

,AnethumS owa or P eucedanumgraveolens .

5 T z'

rphald , har, baherd , and d

fnwld .

6 Nihdri heremeans “themorn ing-meal and not themixtur e of gur ,dtd . ghe

‘

, dried colocynth, and sal t, wh ich is given to a tired horse as

a pick -me-up. (To fatten a horse the colocynth is omitted .)

ON T H E T REATMENT or nissAss s 15

prevalence of coldness in the temperament, and the hors e shouldbe treated by the above-mention ed hotmedicines .

I f yellowish and thick,it indicates a prevalen ce of cold and

damp (c dZ) , and the customary medicines for bddi should beadmin istered .

Redness of urine also indicates bi di, and calls for the treatmentalreadymentioned .

I f the urine is dark and bloody, then heat prevail s in the

temperament . Give for a few days triphct lciland kutird 9 gum, and

of white cumin seed 3 a quantity equal to both : dose as above,

Viz .

,5 tolds continue the treatment til l recovery .

Loose and very foul - smelling dung is a sign of a. disordered

digestion . Stop the horse’s gra in4 for a few days and give spices

5

for several days mixed with a told of powdered Indian hemp,

6

which is the most important ingredien t . Should the dung be

quite liquid, give for three days 2 o z s . of the stalk of Indian hemp .

This will stop the purging. I tem take two tolds of camphire,

7

and one of ka tird gum, with one mdsha 3 of cumin seed,

9and one

told of the kernels of the helmfruit, dried or fresh . Pound, sift,mix

,and then knead into a dough with wa te r. Give half in the

morning and half in the even ing, to st0 p the purging.

Should there be in the dung the appearan ce of grease, it is

mucus Give,as a cure

,Indianmustard seed .

11

1 Vide note 5 , page 14 .

9 K atd in A rabic and Persian is gumtragacanth ; but in Indianbaz ars th is name is given to a gumobta ined both fromthe whi te silkcotton tree ( CochlospermumG oasypz

'

um) and th e tree S tetculia urens .

Katira'

is commonly giv en by Indian saises to bring a mare out of

season .

”

z im.

4 Dana , here gra in vulgarly itmeans gram.

5 Masaililz . For indigestion ,the following is usually given by

dealers dry ginger, Indian brown mustard seed ( sinapz'

s juncea ) , omw n

seeds, sa lt ; equa l parts are pounded andmixed ; dose , 2 o z s . given in theho t season before watering in themorn ing, and in the co ld , at n ight.

6 S abz i , greens herbs , &c .

”is , as here , a slang termfor bhang.

7 H innd,Ar .

,Lawsom'

a a lba , the Henna or Egyptian p rivet orcamph ire .

3 Onemd sha about 16grs . There are 12masha in a told .

9 Z ira .

16 E gleMarmelos .

11 Raw ; about 2 o z s . are crushed andmixed w ith 6t and given forfour or five days .

16

CHAPTER XII

T HE TREATMENT OF T HE F0AL 1

ALWAYS keep a horse in high condition, provided it does not get

above itself.

The following i s an excellent method to fatten a foal : B oil

ten quarts of cow’s 9milk ; add of roughly pounded whea t 2 lbs . ;boil and sweeten with raw sugar.

3 Make the foa l drink this in

the morn ing after watering, and continue the treatment for as

long as you like ; but while giving the kt youmust also givedaily

,before watering,

4 two tolda of roughly pounded pepper- corn s

made into a bolus w ith coarse Wheaten flour (am) and wa ter .I f you wan t to fatten a horse quickly

, give it, for forty days,turmeric soaked inmilk for twen ty-four hours

,

5as follows Procure

some turmeric ; roughly pound it and lay it a side . I n themorn ingtake 4 o z s . and soak i t in good cow

’s 6milk, and give themixture the

followingmorning, well stirred . Give this just before themorn ingfeed . Then soak inm1lk a fresh dose of turmeric for the next day.

Gradually increase the amount of turmeric from4 o z s . . to 8 oz s .

ANOTHER METHO D .—Takemeal of parched gram; knead it and

make it into four fia t cakes,each about half a pound in weight .

When cooked,break up andmix with a quart ofmilk and

Give in place of themorn ing feed after wa tering. Your horse will

become as lusty as a lion 8 in forty days .

ANOT HER MET H OD.—T O make a horse round and fat beyond

1 B achherd or bachherd , a colt,

and bachheri , &c . a filly .

9 Natives have a prejud ice against g iving horses buffa lo’

s milk as

they imagine it causes horses to wa llow or l ie down in water.3 K hdnd, coarse brown sugar (sugar clarified and the syrup then

gradua l ly boiled down to a hard consistence) the kind genera lly givento horses is miz d khdnd. T he usual method is to set aside the khz

'

r

( properly the name for cooked rice andmilk) to cool after cooking, andwhen cold tomix 4 lbs . of khand in it .

4 Usua lly given about one hour before watering.

3 Ath-pahari ha ld i (dealer’

s slang) . Turmeric is usually given toold h orses . FromT agore’s pamphlet we learn that the tired horse issoon refreshed by tak ingmilk or rice -

pudd ing.

”

6 About one pin t.

7 About 1 lb. of khdnd.

8 Rdnd kd sdnql, lit. a w idow’

s stallion .

T HE TREATMENT or T HE FOAL 17

recognition, feed on green wheat or bar ley .

1 It should be cut

fresh every three hours, as it becomes d ista stefu l after being cut afew hours . When the horse stops eating of its ow n accord, the

sai s should cram9 it . Three hours later he should give the horse

2 lbs . of bran ,in which he has mixed sometimes 8 o z s . of

green ginger,3and sometimes the same amoun t of fresh garlic .

Sometimes give one and sometimes the other,as this prevents the

horse’s teeth fromgetting tender by gorging on green qasil. I n

addition to the above, it i s a good thing to smear the small stalk s 4of the wheat with clarified butter (9M) , using not less than a pound

of the latter . The horse should on no account be fed on gra in

while being thus fatten ed . The horse,too

,must be kept in a very

dark stable,with only a small native lamp burn ing night and day .

Neither curry- comb 5 nor brush 6must be applied to its body the

horsemust not be groomed at all. Once a day smear all over itsbody the urine and dung it has evacuated during the previous

twenty- four hours . Persist in this treatmen t for forty days and

then see the result .7

ANOTH ER MET HOD .— I n the hot weather feed on equal quantities

of parched barley and parched gram, coarsely ground3andmixed

together . Givemorn ing and even ing in place of the ordinary feed

(ddna ) . Do not con sider that th is i smere food it is also amedicin e

1 Green wheat or barley is properly.

called Mawfzd only so long as it

con sists ofgreen leaves w ith sta lks . I t is first given when seven or eightinches high . I n the Pan jab it is genera lly called qasil.

9 Galiydna ,to cramhorses , or fowls, &c .

"

3 T he following is given in practice : Equal parts of green ginger,red ch illies , garlic, and salt, pounded I n a pestle an dmortar . Wh en thehorse’s moii th is affected by the qaszl it sto ps eating . Then 1 oz . of

th is chatni is given by hand , the horse being crammed native-fash ion ,

if n ecessary . T he chatni requires to be given two or three times a day.

4 Thatfi ,apparently an error for da_

tflzi , f. , a small stalk .

”

5 li ka r-ki gam.

6 H a tthi, a hair glove or a brush for horses .

7 Th is 1s what dea lers ca ll band gasz l. Nearly all horses brought tothe spring fairs have been subjected to this treatment . A t the end of the

forty days when the horse is taken out , it is covered with soft fat,and

its co at is sleek and sh in ing. T he horse benefits by the absolute rest ina dark stable and possibly, hav ing nothing to look at , it eatsmore thanit would do in the light .

6 Arddwd , coarsely ground . I n Delhi the w ord means gramcrushed like coarse a ta . S aises often ca l l crushed barley ardaud

,but

genera lly the termmean s amixture of barley and gramcrushed .

9

18 FARAs- NAMA- E RANGIN

for the hot weather. Thismixed food is especially suited to Turkihorses .1

B EARI NG T HE FOAL .—To rear a foal successfully and to keep it

fit and free fromdisease, give it daily two or threemdska 9 of

burnt borax in its water. A lso brand the foal 3 with two lin es on

the inside of the houghs and knees .4 This will protect it from

disease .

To REJUVENAT E A Hos ss .

—To make an old horse young aga in ,

get a bullock’s head 5 and roast it in hot a shes separa te all the

flesh fromthe bon e and squa sh andmix with the brains in a big potof water (degcha ) till of the con sistency of thin porridge (barira ) .

B oil,with a good store ofwater, over a slow fire, and as the fat and

grea se rises sk imit 0 11 and put it aside in a pot . Mix the whole ofthe fat in a fmaheld 6 and give after watering. Feed like this for

five con secutive days, and the good effects will last a whole year .

Feed for longer than this, and the resul t will delight you .

7

1 During the rains , natives give well-water in preference to riverwater, for obvious reason s . I t is the custom, too, ofmany, to rub thehorse withmustard oil at this season .

9 Amdsha is about 16 grains . B orax is a native remedy for bogSpavin in young horses .

3 Orientals have a passion for branding. A certain amount of

importance is attached to the pattern of the brand . I t is not unusual tosee an imals wi th contour lines round the body and gr idiron marks on

the quarters and sides . I n Persia a Plimsoll line is preferred .

4 T he fore- legs are branded at right angles, 11a , para llel to theground , with two or three lin es . These lin es commence about six

fingers’ breadth above the knee on the inside , and about eight fingers

’

breadth above the houghs .

6 A goat’

s head and eyes a lso used .

6 Maheld is a termappl ied to a mash made of boiled moth, butsometimes to onemade of gram. Not less than 2 lbs . ofmaheld is givenat a time .

7 A s usual , a period offorty days is supposed to give the best results .T he translator remembers a Eurasian po lice offi cer trying th is receipt

on a cava l ry caster, debilitated and worn out . Meeting the officer a

mon th later and enquiring how the treatment had succeeded , h e wasinformed that the horse had run away with the trap and smashed itto bits

19

CHAPTER XIII

ON T HE EIGHT FORMS OF COLI C 1 (KURKURI ) AND T HEIR

TREATMENT

THERE are eight forms of this serious disease, and these should becarefully distinguished fromeach other .Should a horse continually stretch itself and strain as though

about to stale,it i s suffering fromreten tion of the urin e (peshcib

band,

Remedy : insert a red chill i in its urethra (ndjz a ) to

make it stale at once but first of all tie a horse -hair to the chilli,so that it can be removed fromthe urethra wi thout delay . I teminstead of the chilli use a wick soaked in n itre .

9

Should the patien t be amare, in sert in its vagina 3 a batdsha 54

or else leaves of the befi t s wel l chewed . I tem a piece of soap as

a suppository (shdfa ) is also good . I tempour a pint of sweet oil upthe nostrils . I tem place two or three live human li ce in thehorse’s ear , for this , too, i s beneficial. I tem should any of the

above remedies fail, get Indian mustard seed (mm) pound it and

make it into a thick pa ste with water, and apply it to the outside of

the testicles . This should act in stan taneously . I temone remedyI have omitted take two lotais 6 full of fair water, and stand by thehorse n ear its loin s then cast the water on the groun d and whistle

soft ly,to induce the horse to stretch and stale .

7

CosT IVENEss .— Should the horse be costive and un able to dung,

you should follow themethod of sa lotris . Get two folds weight of

native tobacco prepared for smok ing 3 andmake the horse eat it by

1 K wrkuri is properly spasmodic colic .

9 S hem. Anothermethod is : Take seven or eigh t horse-hairs andtwist themtogether ; double themand twist themagain ; so ak in nitreand then us e as a catheter.

3 Fa ij.

4 B a td sha , a common baz ar sweetmeat , white , and very light andbrittle .

5 B ari, the Common Jujube, Z izyphus vulgam's.

6 A 10 112 ( a bras s or copper vessel) contains about two quarts.

7 Cure by imagination or sympathy. T he horse, seeing the wetground , thinks it has staled , and feels an incl ination to repeat the

Operation . Medicalmen sta te that ch ildren are sometimes unable toretain the ir urine on hearing the sound of runn ing water.

3 Gurdkz'

t, i.e. , amixture of tobacco and gur.

20 rAs As-NAMA -E sAus iN

cramming . I tem: take one told of dry ginger and double the

quantity of old ga r, and mix with fivemdsha of bhang1 cramth e

horse,put on the suaflie,

9and wait to see what God will do . Do

not remove the snatfle till the horse has dunged .

FLATULENT COLI o.—I i the horse i s distressed

,continually look ing

round at its flanks or stra in ing ( kd nkhnc’

i) as though about to dung,it is suffering fromflatulent colic (bddsdl or bd ,o Remedy :quickly get half a told of garl ic and double that amount of red

chillis ; pound and give immediately . I tem: get a large lump of

elephant- dung and mix with an equal quantity of the bark of

p ip ed ;3 boil and strain , and when cool give by mean s of a

drenching tube .

4 This should quickly ea se the gripes

GRAS S IN INT ES T INEs .

— Should the horse roll,spasmodically

flicking its tail, it is a sign that some bit of undigested fodder 5 hasstuck in the intestine, causing irritation and pain . Get a quart of

hotmilk and a pound of clarified butter melt the butter andmixwith themilk and give by means of the drenching tube . Thi s

mixture greases the in testine and rel eases the obstruction , and theforeign body passes out . There i s no better remedy than this— ifGod grant the cure .

6

Como INWI ND- S UCK ER .—A horse addicted to the vice of wind

sucking (dam-

petflmay suffer froma formof flatulent colic,and roll

on the ground . The reason is that after eating it has forgotten to

indulge in its habit ofwind - sucking. A s a remedy,rub gar on the

palate . The horse will move its jaws and the ga r will dissolve,and this will recall its habit to its mind .

8 I tem: dissolve five

1 B hang or bhdng, H and bang, P. ,and ba nj, Ar . , themature leaves

of the Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa ) ; ganja , the flowering tops of the

same, and oharas, the resinous substance that exudes fromthe plant .

9 T he reins are knotted to prevent the horse fromeating anything .

3 Ficus religiosa .

4 Nei l or nal, and d imin . nd li or na li . Natives use a th ick hollowbamboo, cut at the end like a pen .

6 Patthd , grass, fodder.6 This remedy is gen erally administered as a last resort, as the

butter is supposed to prevent the action of anymed icine thatmight begiven after it . An experienced veterinary surgeon told the tran slatorthat this native remedy was the best remedy he knew for col ic .

7 Dam-

pet k. ; or bad khdnd ; or hawd p in d : to wind suck.

6 One theory is that the horse has eaten on an inflated stomach afterwind - sucking. T he gur recalling its v ice, induces it to exhale theimprisoned wind .

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22 rAsAs- NAMA-E RANGIN

rising and falling of the testicles . Remedy take two quarts

ofmilk and 1 lb . of ghi ; warmand mix . Give by means of a

"

drenching pipe . Mix un cooked moth flour in half the above

quantity ofmilk and ghi, and feed the horse on that instead of on

gra in , giving half in the evening and half nextmorning . Should

the mixture of hot milk and ghi not have the desired effect of

open ing the bowels and relieving the stomach of gas, continue to

give the above quantity daily till relief i s obta ined . I tem: brand

the belly all round in front of the sheath, the brand being of a siz e

that can be covered by the palmof the hand .

CHAPTER XIV

TETANUS (CH JNDNf- Z ADA , 1 m, 1m) CH JNDNI' ) sues .)

REGARD a horse that has recovered froman attack of tetanus as

being granted a new lease of life . A s long as the horse’s jaws are

open,continue the following treatment : Procure a fowl

,remove

its beak and shanks, and pound the whole carcass , guts and all,

to a softmass in a mortar ; then add 4 lbs . ofmakeld,

3 4 oz s.

of pepper- corns, and a quart of shardb.

3 Give this quan tity

every even ing for forty days . The drinking-water should be

made quite warm; further keep the horse in a warmstable freefromdraughts . In stead of the fowl, the flesh of jackal s or of

pa lm- squirrels 4 is often substituted ; though often beneficial,this

1 Lit. “being moon struck , or simply moon- light . I n the

Z inat“’

l-K _hayl also qaysa'r- z ada .

9 Maheld , 4 lbs . of the acon ita leaved kidney bean boiled and

mashed . Vt’

de also Note 6, p. 18.

3Nowadays, by shardb, brandy ismeant . Perhaps the authormeansnative wine .

4 T he flesh of these two an imals is considered stimulating, and is

usual ly given in the formof a thick broth .

I n the Derajat, tetanus , or in fact any unknown disease , is styledsimakh. T he patient is at once fired , two circular lines being drawnround the eyes, and a PlM soll line round the whole body . Amongstth e B a luch is it is the customtomake two circular brands on the stomachfor colic . B y Pa than s, an unthrifty horse that is tucked-up or lightcarcassed , is branded with these lines on each flank tomake it fatorjholiddr. Vide note 6, p . 33.

onssr-rouunua (cuaAri - BAND oa siNA - B AND) 23

remedy is not to be depended upon . To discover whether a horse

is suffering fromlock -jaw or not , hammer it with the fist on the

forehead, and if the eyes immediately turn up so that only thewhite i s visible

,the horse is so affected . There are no othermean s

of discovering early whether the horse i s suffering fromte tanusthan these .

I f —which God forbid— the jaws are firmly closed, try thefollowing in spite of its absurdity . Get ten or twenty diapers

soiled by a woman ’s menses, and boil in ten quarts of water till

reduced to half. Make the horse drink this through its nostrils,and continue the remedy for five days . Then clean se yourselfceremon iously by bathing in the Ganges . 1

CHAPTER XV

CHES T -FOUNDEP.’ (CHH JT i-B AND on S fNA -B AND , 1m. )

AN attack of shoulder- lameness, if slight,may be easily cured butif severe

,a complete recovery seldomtakes pla ce . To dis cover

this disea se stand in fron t of the horse,place your hand on it s

forehead and push it firmly back a little . Should you not have to

exert any great strength in pushing the horse back,youmay rest

assured that the chest i s sound enough . Should the horse, how

ever,hesitate to step back

,it is a sign that there i s something

wrong. Remedy : take 8 o z s . of the young sprouting leaves of

the ca stor-oil plan t, with an equal quantity of 71:t e 71 127153 Pound

andmix,and give to the horse for three days . If n o improvement

is then observed, try something else . Stop the horse’s gra in and

water,until a cure is effected .

If the sea son is that of the hot-wind,you may give tepid water

(but as little as possible) , in which ajava or omumseeds 4 have been

boiled, in the proportion of half a told to twenty 5 quarts of water .

1 Metaphorical, as the author was a Muslim.

9 A horse suffering fromlamnitis, a disease until lately undiagnosed ,

was cal led chhd ti -band . T he author apparently here means rea lshoulder lameness.

3 t‘

yri-m‘m, a crude sulpha te of soda ,manufactured fromthe earth .

4 Ajwd ,in ( ca rumcopticum) .

6 A dhafl , a weight equal to five seers .

24 FARAs- NAMA-E RANGiN

I tem take root-bark of the ah 1 tree and roast it in hot ashes,but

do n ot burn it take an equal quantity of Indian bdellium9 and

pound with 8 o z s . of ga r, and give the whole as one dose .

I tem take seven pellets of camel - dung andmix with a littlemothflour and water . Make the horse eat this quantity for seven

days, in the even ing. I temdissolve half a told of Opiumin a l ittle

water, and add sufficient coarse Wheaten flour to make in to a bal lthen get about one told ofmango-gg'inger3and the same amount ofbarilla ; 4 pound these two together finely, andmix with one told of

bhainsfiyd gogul.5 Conceal these inside th e ba ll of opiumand flour

,

and cook in hot wood ashes . When thoroughly cooked and hard,

pound the ball fine andmake into six pills,and give onemorn ing

and evening.

Should the horse be sudden ly aiiected,

6 take your whip,

mount the horse and ride it till it sweats fromevery pore . Thendismoun t

,clothe it warmly so that not a hair is vi sible

, and either

dry by rubbing down outside the clothing or put the horse to dry

in a warmstable free fromdraughts . After tha t give it a quart of

wine to induce a flow of sweat . Should the horse break out into a

sweat owing to the wine, give it another quart . Repeat the

remedy for several days, when a cure may be expected . I temmake the horse swimin water. There is no danger in this, whichi s a common treatment among the Kabulis . I temtake two and a

half leaves of the (116; 7 crush themin the hand, and give themto

the horse,first

,however

,rubbing 9715 into its mouth .

6 I temtake about 4 o z s . each of fispcmd,9 asgand

loof Nagaur, omum

1 Ak, dk, or dg, the name of ca lotrop is gigantea as also of c. proceta .

I n the Paujab the fresh juice of the latter is used in infanticide .

9 Gogul, a gum-resin obtained froma small tree (B alsamodendronnukul) .

3 Amb ha ldi , the root of Curcuma. Amada .

4 An impure carbonate of soda made by burn ing certain plants,notably one species of land .

6 Or bayisa-

gogul ( B alsamodendron pubescens) , a small tree thatyields a gum- resin .

6 fie,become chhd ti -band fromsudden ch il l.

7 Vide note 1 above .

6 To avoid blistering9 I sband or z

'

sp and and karmal (PeganumHarmala) .

10 Nagauri a sgand or asgandh (Withan ia somn ifera) .

cns sr- rouuuss (cuuAri- BAND os siNA- B AND) 25

seeds of K hurcisdn,

1 mango-ginger,9 and bhaineiyfi gogul,3 with

8 o z s . of mdl-kangnifi and an equal quantity of garlic ; add

2 o z s . each of burnt alum,burnt borax, and lot say}?

5 pound and

mix the whole t hen add 2 lbs . of old guy and make intosixte en pills . Give one pill every morn ing and evening . While

adopting this remedy, the horse should be stin ted of its grain and

water.6 I f you wish to wa ter the horse, first heat the water by

plunging in a red-hot iron . I have frequently tested this receipt

and so pa ss it ou. I tem: get 2 lbs . of the yellow myrobalan 7

and poun d well in a mortar ; take half a told of good sulphate of

copper,pound

,andmix all together with vinegar make into forty

pills,an d give one pil l everymorning and evening.

JOURNEY IN H or WEAT H sa .—Ou a journey

,a horseman must

be careful how he waters and feeds his horse . I f the weather is

hot,hemus t reduce its grain ; if cold, its water .

Should he have tomak e a march in the hot weather,he should

wa ter his horse as frequently as he can ; and whenever he finds

sufficient water he should bath e it also, even though it be drippingwith sweat . Should water he scarce, he should at least bathe the

horse’s eyes,

and its sheath and testicl es,and he should also

sprinkle water on it s forehead and face . On reaching the haltingplace he should give pounded salt and a ta

‘

,mixed, two tolaa’ weightof each . Ou a journey

,in the hot weather

,a wiseman reduces the

gra in - feed to a fourth, as this keeps the horse in better wind . I f it

loses flesh by having its gra in out, do not be dis tressed butmakeup the deficiency of grain in the cold weather.

JOURNEYmCOLD WEATHER .—On the march during the cold

weather, give the following

6z—One told of alumand the same

quantity of turmeric,pounded and mixed with 8 o z s . of gur ; give

by hand,by cramming .

1 Vide note 4, p . 23.

9 Vide note 3, p . 24.

3 Vida note 5 , p . 24 .

4 Seed of the black oil -plant ( Celastrus p anicula ta ) .

5 Lo! sajji , a pure formof sajji. I n the “Farha ng- i A safiya it issa id to be red in colour .

6 Wa lemkh ddne aur p cim'

. ki tu qayd ; an ambiguous phrase, wh ichmight alsomean , be careful in giving the usua l feeds regularly .

7 Jawd ha r.

6 Ou arrival at des tin ation .

26 rARAs-NAMA -E RANGiN

DARK URI NE.— Should your horse void bloody urine

,it is a

matter of congratulation and calls for no treatment at the time,even though you know a hundred remedies . If the urin e is thin

,

the cause i s due to heat of temperamen t if thick, to the pre

va lence of damp andmoisture I f the urine i s bloody, it is

a sign that the horse has voided effetematter that is the cause ofdisease . Five days later

,however

,if the dark urine is thin , give

the following : Take one told of khdnd sm1 and double that

quantity of fine Wheaten flour mix with the drink ing water tillrecovery . I f

, however, the urine i s thick : Take five tolds of

pepper- corn s and half that amount of sugar- candy ; 9mix with a

little coarse Wheaten flour,and give just before watering. Cou

tinue till recovery.

INJURY T O T H E EYE.—Should the eye be injured by a blow

,

there is danger of its becoming white and opaque .

3 Chew a l ittle

salt,

4 fill themouth with water drawn yesterday,6 and blow the coldsalt water into the eye of the horse . Should the cornea have

already become white and opaque, lose no time in trying thefollowing : B low froma tube a little red - oxide of lead 6 into the

eye daily. I tem: substitute for the red- oxide of lead a little whitemoist sugar 7 pounded fine. I tem: grind the kernel of the soap

nut,

6and apply to the eye with a feather . I tem take the faeces

ofa sucking infant and apply raw with a feather . I tem take a

quantity of good gem?3andmix With three times as much refined

1 Khand bard , brown sugar partia lly refined . A common nativeremedy is to give from4 to 6 o z s . of the leaves of the S issoo tree(Da lbergia S issoo : vern . shisham) . I n place of this , a decoction isoccasional]y given ,made by pouring water on to half a pound of leaves ,kneading well with the hands , and then drawing off th e water and

sweeten ing with gur.

9 Misri,for 1111516, sugar twice refined .

3 Phulli or p hali white opacity in the eye , the result ofa blow.

4 About twenty gra ins of salt to an ounce ofwa ter.

6 B d si paint, stale water,”as opposed to water freshly drawn from

a well and therefore not quite cold .

6 S endfi/r or sandhz‘

tr, in Arabic usrunj, min ium.

7 Cha nt,white sugar, or once -refined sugar.

6 S ap indus Mukorosm’, the soap-nut tree,righd ,

H . T he fruit containsa principle n amed sapon ine . Usual ly the ground soap-nut kernel ismixed with a little hon ey .

6 Gem, a red earth fromthe lower hi lls of the Dera (fl iaz i Khan

d istrict, and fromelsewhere . It is used as a dye and a medicine .

CHEST- FOUNDER (cn aAri- B AN D os siNA - B AN D) 2 7

sa lt-petre ; 1 pound andmix and blow into the eye bymeans of a

tube . I tem substitute for the latter old pounded brick .

BOGEMA (ENTERI T I S — Should your horse burst into a profuse

dripping sweat, it is struck by bogbma and there is little chan ce of

its life . There is but one remedy : get a large quan tity of wood

ashes and rub well all over its body till dry . Should the sweats

cease and the horse become dry,it will recover ; but if the sweats

do n ot cease,wash your hands of its life . A t any rate make two

round brandingmarks (gal) of equa l siz e at the roots of the ear on

the inside,and also brand a gal on the end of the dock : possibly

the horsemay recover. N0 other cure is known but thi s . Should

the horse recover, give it no gra in for forty days . I f the horse

recover,a second attack need not be feared for the rema inder of

its life .

S PRAI N .

9—Should any sinew of a horse be sprained,take equa l

parts of earth froma snake’s hole,human urin e, and sheep’s dung

mix the two first ingredients and then add the third, making thewhole into a thin paste

,and then boil over a brisk fire . Get a

s tick,bind a rag on the end

, and with it apply a coating of the

warmmixture to the injur ed part, standing the horse out in thesun . Do this for severa l days .6 I tem rub in

,a linimen tmade of

oil,4 opium, and ger zZ, and afterwards foment 6 well.

NON- CONTAGI OUS MANG E AND PRI C KLY H sAr .

6 - Should your horse

getmange, do not delay in apply ing a remedy,for the disease is

troublesome . Wash the horse well for several days with wa ter

In native schools it is ground and mixed with water and used for

writing on black wooden slabs , the substitute for slates . Faqirs and

jogis dye their clothes with it.

1 Qa lami shard , refined salt-petre crystalliz ed in long prisms .9 Palmbha rakg'

dna‘

.

3 This is applied for about two hours a day till a coat about a

finger’

s breadth in thickness is obta ined , the p revious day’

s coat hav ingbeen first removed . Th is treatment is by dea lers ca lled chhop kamd .

4 T il oi l is generally used .

6 S enknd is to foment, or to heat with hot han ds, hea ted cloths ,cotton, or a heated stone ; or to toast before the fire ; or to foment w ithhot water . Dea lers gen erally fomen t with hea ted cow-dung.

6 Klzd rz'

sht or Zglgd 'rish

, lit. itching, a name given to mange and

a lso to prickly heat . Ghul is the Hindi name for Mdn ’

sht. T he Z ina t"’

l however,makes a difi erence between the two , the latter beingapparen tly restricted to prickly hea t.”

28 rAaAs-NAMA-E RANGIN

drawn the day before very cold water) .1 I tem take foul

water that has been used in a hubble -bubble pipe and wa sh the

horse with that . I tem take some curds (dahi) , churn well, and

add a heaped-up handful9of gun

-powder . Apply and keep the

horse in the sun ; themange should show sign s of disappearing inthree days . It is also a good thing to rub ou

,afterwards

,

3 Indian

rape- oil . I tem rub on for two or three days old and foul

water procured froma tann ing-yard . I temget four told of soap ,and half that amount of salt ; pound, mix, and tie up in a cloth

rub this over the body and then wa sh with very cold water.4 A

cure should be effected in a few days . This i s Khwaja Ahmad’sreceipt

,and a good one it is . I tem: get long-pepper

,

5 pound it

fine,andmix with unboiled oil ; 6 apply in the sun . Next clean by

rubbing on earth, afterwards washing with water .

TRUE oa CONTAGI OU S MANGE .7— I n contagious mange the haircomes off and the skin gets raw . Remedy take of rice and neem6leaves 1 lh . each

,and boil together with water ; 0 0 0 1; add 1 lh .

of sour curds (dahi) , and mix by hand . Give this to the horse

for forty days , in place of a feed ; but do not water for two or three

hours after . (Given for the same period , this i s an excellen t

cure for barsd’

ti .)

To PROMOTE A Gs owrn or HAI R .

—I f the ha ir does n ot grow,

strain water that rice has been boiled 9 ih,and rub on that . I f no

p ick.“is available, the water in which rice has been washed

10 before

cooking, can be substituted,as it

,too

,is beneficial. This will

produce a luxurian t crop ofhair .

1 This is a treatmen t for prickly heat. Vide also note 5, p. 26.

9 Lap . T he word mutfl n’ z as much as can be contained in the

closed hand . Anjali is a double handful, as much as can becontained in the hollowed hands side by side .

3 S arson ,S inapis Glauca .

-Roa:b.

4 T he Z inat“'

l-K lzayl says the bag should , after washing, be applieda second time .

6 P ip a l, Piper longum.

6 K achchd tel, t.e. , not boiled nor clarified .

7 Agan hdd .

6 Nim, H . , the neem,orMargosa Tree, Melia Az adirachta .

9 P ick,“rice-water.”

1° Ohdnwal kd dhowan .

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30 FARAs- NAMA-Emuch :the unrolled end in the horse’s nostril and make it inhale thesmoke ; this will relieve the discharge .

1 I tem pound very fine

some bark of box-myrtle,

9and blow it froma tube in to the nostril s

for three or four days . I tem take fourteen and a half told of the

same bark,boil in milk

,dry

,and then pound fine ; add half the

quan tity of table salt (t ori namak) , and one fourth the quantity

of saffron mix and sift ; blow about four gra in s3up the nostril s

morning and even ing and this will cure the foul discharge . I temtake four told of 9M,melt it, and add the same quantity of good

hon ey add a smal l quantity of box-myrtle 9 and give the whole byway of one nostril . Again take the same quantity andmake thehorse drink it through the other nostril . Do this for three or four

days,and if the horse does not recover

,try another remedy . This

i s a receipt worth knowing, which I obta in ed fromPaa K hdn .

PRI C K IN SHOE I NG .— Should a horse be pricked in shoeing, or

should a splinter 4 en ter the frog, or a pebble injure it, and the

horse go lame fromthe injury, heat a brick and wrap it in several

layers of cloth , and place the injured hoof on it, and sprink le water

on the brick . I f steamed 6 for two or three days the hors e willrecover . By the Mughals this treatment is called sang

- tcib.

6

I tem: place the foot on hot dry wood ashes, and so treat for three

days in succession .

SWOLLEN B ACK .—For a swelling on the back

,knead up clay

with water and apply it .

7 I femapply a poultice of 1'

sp aghzll6 seeds .

I tem: wash with hot water and soap . I tem: anoint freely with

mustard I tem: bathe the affected part with cold stal e

water . Un til a complete recovery takes place, the horsemust n otbe saddled .

10

1 Rent, any discharge fromthe nose .

9 K ajp hal, H . ,Myrica Nagi .

3 Two sa rmor ra ti .

Khohra,m., a cut stalk, a piece of stubble, a large splin ter .6 B hap dm,

“steaming frombhap, “ steam.

”

6 This is done for half an hour a t a time , two or three times a day ,two or three bricks being used at each operation .

7 Th is is perhaps left on for two or three days .

6 I spaghe‘

tl, H .,Plantago ovata . T he seeds are swollen in water and

then applied .

9 K arwd tel is oil either of sarson or of rem.1° Klzogir chdr-jdma , the old native saddle , or stuffed felt used as a

saddle.

CANKER or T H E roor 31

S ORE B ACK OR S INus .— I f the horse gets a sore back and a

sinus (called by soldiers 3071) forms : Take 4 oz s . of old lime and

double that quantity of oil ofmustard or rape - seed ; put water ina flat earthen vessel (kfindd ) and keep it by you pound andmixthe lime in the water then add the oil and knead, and mix all

well together with the hands : then take up the vessel in your

hands and pour off and cast away the water . Apply freely, to the

honey - combed place,the sedimen t that rema in s

,using a stick with

a rag wrapped round the end apply ten or fifteen times a day : no

fly will settle on the place, and the wound will fill up and heal .

WA S HI NG A WOUND .— To wash a wound,use a decoction of

neemleaves . I temwa sh with human urin e . I n either ca se take

care that the woun d does not become fly-blown .

9

MAGGOT S IN A WOUND .— I fmaggots make the ir appearance in

the wound,take dry coun try- toba cco

,pounded and sifted

,and fill

the wound with it then cover with a coating of clay to exclude

the air and themaggots will die of suffocation .

UNH EALT HY SCAB .—Should a woun d n ot have granula ted, but be

covered by a hard unheal thy scab that does n ot peel Take

equal quantities of salt and ghi and apply for several days . Wh en

th e scab come s off, apply powdered alum.

To HEAL UP A WOUND .

4— T o heal a wound quickly,take a ss’s

dung dry it and pound it fine,and sprinkle on the wound for

several days . I tem take old leather which has no rags6 in it

,and

pound 6 that, and sprink le on the wound . I tem: sprink le bhang,dried and powdered . I tem: burn and powder a camel’s rib

,an d

sprinkle that .

To PROMOTE T H E GROWTH or HAI R ON A WO UND.— T O promote

a growth of hair on a wound, apply oil and spittlemixed, day and

n ight, for a few days .

1 Ghor - z alcfi am, sinus (gen ) . Ndszzr is an old sin us . P ith

lagmi , to get a sore-back . Char,m. , sinus .

”

9S iyd hi and 3417117 or safi baiflmd , to become fiy-blown .

3 Such a scab is ca lled {hie lit. a potsherd .

4 K hushk karnd , lit. to dry up .

6 B a tdnd ; rags used as stufiiug either in a p agri or in the sole of ashoe .

6 Leather is always charred first, and , if the wound is deep, sweet oilismixed with it.

32

CHAPTER XVII

MI S CELLANEOUS

To CURE B oe- srAvm111 A FOAL .—To cure bog- spavin

'

in a foal,take

two told weight of ama r bel ; 1 pound it and add a l ittle ga r, and

give after the evening feed (ddna ) , for several days . The bogspavin will certainly disappear . I tem: give half a {0c of burnt

borax in the drink ing wa ter daily . I tem seiz e the upper lip and

draw it forwards pierce the vein that stands out clearly defined

between the nostri ls, and then for three days rub on the place

powdered salt and turmeric ; or take half a pint of oil 9 and heat

it,and cast in a quantity of bhildwen 3 and cook till brown and crisp

crush andmix and apply to the wound ten or fifteen times a day.

B y the time the lip is healed the bog- spavin will have disappeared .

FOALI NG .

—Do not, when the foal is being produced, let it fall on

the ground , but catch it and shake it in a blanket,and then pla ce

it carefully on the ground this willmake i t strong and active . I n

youth,rub and knead well the scrotumof a colt with ghi

’

,

4and in

maturity it will behave itself even in the company ofmares . Out

wardly, in appearance, it is a stallion ,

6 but inwardly it i s a gelding.

STRAI NE D L 0 1N8 .

— Should your horse get a strain in its loin s :6

First see that the head- ropes are fa st and then remove the heelropes and hobble s . Next take hot water that rice has been boiled

in (p ick) , and put it in a copper basin (lugan ) , and place the vessel

on the palmof the right hand ; lift the ta il and draw back the hair

so as to expose the tip of the dock, and dip it in the v ery hot water ;the horse will start forward and shake its body violently and so shake

out the pain fromits loin s it will stra ighten out the kink that wasin the backmuscle .

1 A common wild creeper also called amar - lat (amar non -dying,

and hi t or bel “creeper

9 t.e. ,til or sweet oil .

3 B hilc‘

iwen , pl.,the fruit of the Mark ing-nut Tree , S emecarpus

Ana cardium.

4 During colthood the spermatic cord can easily be destroyed bymulling, w ithout causing any great pain . I t is not necessary to cast thecolt . T he cord is pulled for about a quarter of an hour daily.

6 Aygéir, T ., a stal lion .

”

6 Kamarmen lachkd (ind .

M I S CELLAN EOUS 33

SPLI NT .— I f your horse throws out a splint

,

1 treat without delay

as follows : Take ba tc’

isha sweets,with double their quan tity of crude

Opium,and knead together in the palmof the hand

,and heat over

the fire on a potsherd bind on hot,and allow to rema in till a cure

takes pla ce . I tempowdered sugar- candy bound on the splin t witha cloth

,i s also good . I tem bind on the place a goa t

’s kidney

roasted in hot ashes and sprinkled with salt . I temtake twigs of thethokar

9 tree and roast themin hot wood -ashes,and rub some soap on

their outside,and bind on the place ; remove after three days .3 The

splint will be removed,and the hair will remain untouched . I tem:

take a camel’s rib and heat it in the fire and foment the affect edpart with it a cure wil l be effected in a few days . The obj ection

to this remedy is,that the hair will not grow aga in on the spot

unless the heat applied is incon siderable . I tem: a clod of earth can

be substituted .

4 However,both these remediesmust be applied in

the early stage, when the splin t i s forming applied later they are

of no use a t all.

RINGB ONE.— Should ringbon e

5make its appearance on the fore

or the hind-feet, try hot fomenta tion s asmentioned above, and handrubbing . I f this treatment does notmake a cure, it will at lea st

prevent the ringbon e increasing .

To MAKE A HORSE FULL-B ELL I ED .— Should you wish to make a

gaun t- be llied horse full -bellied,6 brand it on the hollows of its

flanks with a Greek cross I tem take 8 oz s . of dry ginger

and 4 o z s . of well - sifted baril la (sujji) , with 8 oz s . of flour of

mix and knead into a Hat girddle - cake and bake ; then char

1 B el—hadcji , splint.3T he twigs are wrapped in a cloth and then soaked in water . When

thoroughly soaked, the cloth is put in hot wood ashes to roast ; soap isappl ied to the outs ide of the cloth and the whole is then bound on to thesplint.

3 According to the Z ina t“’

l-K11ayl th is should be left on seven days .4 It is heated in the fire and wrapped in a cloth .

6 Pushtak,“ ringbone on the fore-feet ; chakdwul, ringbone on the

hind -feet . False ringbone is called gdmi . Vida also chap . X X .

9 S awars say , Ghore ne jholt chhor-di or ghordjhoh‘

dd r ho-

gdyc‘

i,the

horse has let down its wallet,” when a th in tucked -up horse , beginning

to put on flesh , first gets a round belly. Vide note 4, page 22 .

7 Ch i? p dmddgé kamd .

6 Md sh,Ar . ; urud ormad ,

H Phaseolus Mungo .

34 FARAS-NAM’A - E RANGI N

in a cow-dung fire . When charred,pound to a powder and divide

in to forty doses . Give one powder daily when watering.

HARD DRY COUGH .—For a hard dry cough ,

1 the following is,without boasting,

9 the best remedy out . Take about half a told of

good a ssafoetida and insert the whole in side a piece of green ginger

two told in weight, having scooped out a hole for its reception ;roa st in hot a shes pound and give after the evening grain . I f no

improvement takes place in two or three days,then

,I temgive for

two or three days five and a half told of on ion after watering, or,

I tem: give the same amount of the leaves of the common bambooor of the large B enga l bamboo .

3 I tem: give 4 o z s . of katd I/Z"

roa sted in hot a shes . I tem take 2 lbs . of omumseeds (ajwdjn ) ,and pound and soak for two or three days in y our own urine

give of this,every evening after the feed

,two told weight . A

speedy recoverymay be expected . I temgive halfa pint of creamafter watering .

Unti l the cough is eradicated the above remedies should betried in turns . When a horse has a ha rd dry cough people say

dhdnstd hat.

INDI GESTI ON .— Should a horse’s stomach be out of order from

injudicious feeding : Take equal parts of bhang,6 Indian musta rd

seed (raj) , and sal t, and if to these an equal quantity of ketchri6 be

added,so much the better. Pound and mix with dtd , and give

two told after the even ing feed . Then put on the bridle for three

hours,to prevent the horse fromeating . I n a short time the

horse ’s appetite will a ston ish you .

I f there is a grumbling 7 in the horse’s belly, it i s probably dueto an excess ofmucus in the bowels 8 A s a remedy try S cam,”

1 t nsi or dhdnsi is a hard dry cough , wh ile khdnsi is an ordinarycough .

9 Ding kankua, to boast .3 Piyd

-bdns, a variety of B ambusa. Tulda .

4 K aydli kateli or kafl ,i,solanumxan thocarpum

6 B ang in the text is , I think , a copyist’

s error for hing, assafoetida .

6 K aehart or kachfri , Cucumis pubescens .

7 Qardqur, borborygmus .

6 Ame , mucus in the bowels .

9 S am, the name of a receipt : it is best given in the ra ins tocoun teract the effects of rank green grass . Another receipt will befound in the A ppend ix .

M I S CELLANEOU S 35

which is made as follows : Take black sa lt and the three kinds

ofmyrobalan (the beleric, the chebulic and the emblic) ; al so

Indian mustard seed kachri, omumseed, dry ginger, andmoringa- bark 1—equal parts of all ; roughly pound and mixtogether in a large ma lice? Add a large quan tity of sour curds

(dahi) mixed with less than its own bulk of water and then

strained through cloth . Cover the mazkci with a plate and then

bury it in horse -dung, in a shaded place . Remove it after it hascooked ” a week . Give daily, after the evening feed

,8 o z s .

of the mixture,

and con tinue for twenty days ; if given for

longer, the benefit will be more . This receipt is equally good

in the extremes of heat and co ld in the hot or cold weather . I f,

however, given in the cold weather, v inegar should be substituted

for the curds .3

D IGEST I V E G I VEN WI TH Mahelci.—A s a digestive, when feedingon maheld’

,4mix daily fenugreek seed 6 with it. I f this is don e the

horse will require no masdlilz . Should the horse be fed on raw

gra in ,then the fenugreek must be soaked and given with it .

I tem: take 2 or 3 lbs . of common fennel 6 and parch half ;pound the whole and mix ; give 4 o z s . daily after the even ingfeed

,and then put on the bridle, andmake the horse fast for three

hours . This receipt was givenme by a fri end .

Psoruss STALING .—Profus e stal ing,7 i.a.

,sta ling everymoment,

i s a sign of coldn ess (sardi) , or of cold and damp (bid i) in thetemperament . Remedy take four told weight of fenugreek seed

or of soyd ,6and give for three or four days in the even ing feed .

WART s .

— The following is a well- tri ed receipt for warts .9 Take

1 S ahajnd , the horse-radish tree mom'

nga p terygosp erma .

9 Matkd , a large earthen jar .

3 I n the Z ina t“’

lK 71ayl the receipt is ,mustard seed ,omumseed

, the

three myrobalans , dry ginger, kachn‘

, black salt,moringa -bark, p dnka ,

seneker-namak,sendhd salt equal quan tities , pounded andmixed . Then

three times the weight of curd s ismixed w ith a little water,strained

,

and added , &c . , &c .

4 Maheld , properly amash ofmoth . Formerly dealers always fed on

boiled grain , somaheld came tomean any soft cooked food .

6 About 8 o z s .

6 S aunf, Foeniculumvulgare .

7 S a las“’l-bawl, subs .

6 Boyd or sowd , the Dill , P eucedamumgraveolens.

9 Massd ,H . ,m.

,a wart .

36 FARAs- NAMA -Emuch :

a hollow roll of paper, light one end, and fumigate the warts with itfor about an hour and a half, for three days .

GI RTH GALL .— Should your horse get girth -

ga lled, it is a slight

matter and no cause for anxiety . Remedy soak paper in water

and place the paper on the wound underneath the girth, till a cure

is effected .

ROARI NG .—The following i s a proved receipt for roaring.

1

Take two or three pounds of on ion s, and out about half a pound of

themin to thin slices and sprinkle with two told of salt . Give

twice daily about three hours after watering . I f after eight days

there is some improvement, continue the treatment, otherwise stopit. You need not be afraid of the remedy being too stimulating ;you can con tinue the trea tment after a cure appears to have been

effected . I have frequently tried this receipt . I tem take 2 oz s .

of dried p ain or betel- leaves, and at break of day place themto soak in your urine, and give in the evening after the feed. Do

this for several days . This receipt was given to me by MiyanB aqi, and I have often put it to the proof. Perhaps the reader

will ask : What is a roarer (sherdam) My an swer is “ Gallop 9

it and see . Should it pantmuch it i s a roarer .”

CHAPTER XVIII

MI S CELLANEOUS

To MAKE A B ACKWARD STALLI ON Covs s .—Should a stallion decline

to cover3 a mare,try this remedy to bring the two together '

dip your hand in the defiled earth of the mare’s standing 4 and

then rub well into the stallion’s nostrils in a few days the stallion

will become keen .

To QU IET A STALLI ON .- T O cool a stallion’s pa ssion sprinkle cold

water on its testicles 6 about ten times a day . This will soothe its

sexual excitement .MARKS OF GOOD B RE ED I NG .— F0 r breeding, select a stall ion with

1 S her -damhand , to roar sher-dami , subs .

9 Dapatnd , tr . to gallop a horse (oi the rider) .

3 Ghofl p afr chhfl tnd , intr.

4 Mutdli, the place where a horse urinates .6 Feta , sing. , the scrotum

, and in the pl. , vulgarly, testicles.

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38 FARA S - NAMA-E RANG'

iN

plant) in two and cast it in water,and knead well . Rub this

mixture of fruit and wa ter, every day, on the white spots . A cure

may be expected in twenty days . This receipt has never failedme .

T HANi .—'

l‘

o remove wart - like excrescences at themouth of the

sheath (these are called than i take equal parts of barilla and

lime, andmix in double their weight oiz water

,and apply daily as

a caustic lotion for several days .

To EFFACE A “FEAT HER .

”— To efface a“ feather

,shave off both

the hair and skin with a sharp raz or,and then apply sweet oil and

red- oxide of lead . The hair will re- appear in proper form, and not

as a“ feather .” Should the feather not be complete ly efiaced,

repeat the operation . The hair will then cover the wound in a

regular and normal pattern .

To REMOVE A S T AR OR A B ROKuN- BLAz n.—To remove a star

(sitdm9) or a broken -blaz e (

‘aqrab first get rid of the ha ir by

friction 3 and cast it away, and then apply da ily dry turmeric . Theha ir will grow aga in quickly, and will probably be of the colour of

the body,and your eye - sore will be removed .

CHAPTER XX

MI S CELLANEOUS

R1NGBONE.—For ringbone in the fore or in the hind-feet,

4 firs t

shave the ha ir over the place and thenmake deep incision s 5 so thatthe bloodmay flow freely. Then get a quantity of the root of the

dk“and remove its bark,ca sting the bark into wa ter to soak . As

required,take the necessary quantity of the bark

,pound it

,mix it

with human urin e,and apply to the incision s ; keep a cloth bound

over the whole and leave for twenty-four hours ; then renew . Do

this for seven days .

1 Vide page 6. When sma ll these are cal led man? and are nu

objectionable ; but if the siz e of a date they are tham’

. and are

objectionable.

9 Vide page 8.

3 Dea lers rub down the offendingmark with a dry cow -

pat, till thesurface of the skin is worn away . This acts as a blister.

4 Vide page 5 and chap . X VII .6 Pachmi or p ackh, subs ., and pachha d , I nf. tr.

6 Vide note 1 , page 24 .

MI SCELLANEOUS 39

SWELLING IN T H E Foor .—Should the horse’s foot swell up

considerably,there i s no cause for anxiety . Sift some burnt alum

andmix it’

with fresh butter,and apply daily. I tem put on a

heavy anklet of lead,which

,by its weight, w ill reduce the swelling.

Many times have I proved the efficacy of these receipts, so I record

themfor the benefit of others .URT I CAR I A .

—I f a horse suffer fromurticaria ,1 take the un spottedslough of a snake 9 andmix it with ga r, and give it to the horse toeat this will remove the ill . I do not, however, know what

quantity should be given . I tem: take finely powdered pepper- corusand ger zZ , 2 o z s . of each

,and give to the horse .

3

Sons Momm— Should your horse suffer froma sore mouth , i.a.

sores on the corners of itsmouth,

4apply a folded cold bandage, and

keep it in place till the sores are healed .

GLANDERS os FARCY .—I f a horse sufi er fromglanders or farcy,6

try the following receipt, recommended to me by a fr iend . Take

one told weight of moringa bark and half tha t amoun t of red

chillies pound and sift,and then mix in malwlci . Give this

amount twice a day till recovery . I tem take of ka'

ld til6 seed

and bhila’

r‘

wan 7 two told of each,pound roughly and mix together,

and give before themorn ingmeal for forty days . The remedy isthe same for both glanders and farcy ; the former attacks the forepart of the horse and the latter the hind . It i s probable that this

remedy will cure barsc'zfi also .

To STOP B LEED I NG .— T O stanch profuse bleeding

8 froma wound,

apply a spider’s w eb . I tem sprinkle with powdered borax . B oth

these remedies can be us ed forman .

1 Ghore ke [badan p ar] pitti uchhle. T he words badan pa r are

understood after ke.

9 K echli or kenchli, the slough of a snake . A snake’s slough isa lways unspotted .

3 T he horse sh ould , it is said , he kept blanketed .

4 B dchh, f. , the corner of themouth ( ofmen or animals) .

6 B ad -ndm,lit. the evil name ,” is con sidered to be of two sorts ,male and “ female themale, bad-nam- i nar

,is glanders ; and the

female , Lad -nam- imdda , is farcy . Varying names for these d iseasesare bel

, Mundm gum-ndm, kaohhfi fi, and sembha .

6 Ed la til, Gingelly or Sesame Oil, S esamumindicum.

7 B hildwan ,vide note 3, page 32 .

6 Accord ing to Hindus the horse has veins .

40 rAaAs-NAMA-E aANGiN

INFLAMMATI ON or T H E'TES T I CLES .

—I f a stallion suffers fromen larged testicles, rub down some Multan clay 1 and apply itmixedwith cold water for some days to the testicles . I temtake hé lei

z irct,

9grind it with water, and apply the paste warm

,freely

,all

over the testicles do so daily . Turkoman horses are said to bepeculiarly liable to this a ilment .

S MALL DRINKER .—I i a horse is a small drinker

, give da ily twotold of omumseeds , after the evening feed . T his will stimulate itsappetite andmake it drink deeply .

B arsd%.—For barsciti, rub down ,

on a stone,with lemon juice

,a

little water- chestnut, and apply it several times daily . A recovery

may be expected in a few days .

CHAPTER XXI

ONRAT I B , 114 i AND K H I'

R

TAKE pounded turmeri c , crushed green-

ginger and pounded

fenugreek, of each 5 lbs . melt 5 lbs . of ghi over the fire ; first of

all cast in the turmeric and when well fried add the other two

ingredients, and then fry all well together. Next cas t in 10 lbs . of

91113andmix

,and then pour in 10 quarts of cow’smilk . Remove

and put a side . Give at first 8 o z s . once a day, after watering but

gradually increase to 2 lbs . This sweet, gingered mash is grandstuff for a horse . When the above amount is finished, a fresh

brew should be made . I f this Iza lwci be given throughout the cold

weather,your horse will be a sight to look upon . Oumy oath,

thi s is a right good receipt, and I have given it formonths ata time .

K 7a/lr.— Cook a ma sh ofmoth (maheld) , squashing it with the

1 Multdntmitti ; there are three varieties : ( 1) the wh ite or khajanor eatable ; ( 2) the yellow called bhak'ri‘. used for dyeing ; (3) the lightgreen or sabzmitt?wh ich is used for wash ing the hair . T he last is thatmost commonly used and generally known under the name ofMultdnimint .

9 K d ld z im, Smal l Fennel, or B lack Cumin , Nigella. sa tiva . Thereis a difi erence between kdld z ira , and siydh 2 72m, the B lack Caraway,Cammm’

gmm. Vide p. 51 , note 1.

3Miyhdj, lit. sweets , is vulgarly, as here, a name for guy.

0 11 11111 113,nALwA AND KHI R 41

hands ; add milk and gur, and replace on the fire to cook .

When well cooked, set aside to congea l by cooling, and feed your

horse on this in place of grain . I f a small quantity only be given ,it can be mixed with the drinking wa ter . No amount i s fixedgive the horse asmuch as it will ea t.

CONCLUSION

IN very brief verses I have sa idmy say, for brevity spare s both

reader and writer ; therefore I have presented to you a great sea

inside a pint pot . The receipts I have given have been tested

and tried . I penned these verses 1 in twenty days, in 1210 A .H .,

9

my years then numbering forty—and some days . When this“ B ook of the Horse ” (Fars-Ndma ) reached its end, I named itThe B ook of Horsemanship of Rangin .

” 3 It contains just a

thousand couplets .

FI NI S

1 The treatise was originally in prose.

9 t.e. , A .D. 1795 .

3 Farcisat-Ndma -eRangin . Firdsa t is so perhaps

the author intends a play on the words . The ord inary formof the

Arabic word used for horsemansh ip is furas iyah or furzzsah and not

fardsah, but Rangin would not hes itate to use a formthat is unchaste .

APPENDI X A

B y the courtesy of the Asiatic S ociety of B enga l, I amp ermitted torep roduce the following two notes byme, fromits Journa l of 1906

l .—A NOT E ON T H E MERCANTI LE S I GN- LANGUAGE or IND IA

I N the open -air markets of India , where id le spectators are byancient cus tomentitled to increa se the noise and confusion of

bargaining, secrecy in dealing would be impossible were it not for somesimple code ofmanual signs known to all Ind ian brokers andmerchants .T he signs are simple and distinctive, and mistakes are hard ly possible .

Suppose, for instance, it is a horse that is to be bargained for at a fairthe un it in this case would be a hundred rupees . T he buyer and se l lerextend their right hands, over wh ich one of themcasts a concealinghandkerch ief or the end of his coat or p agri . T he sel ler wil l , of course,at first indicate an exhorbitant figure ; the buyer, onemuch lower thanhe intends to give . I t

'

the difference between the two sums is verygreat , it is usually an indica tion that the n egotiations will terminateabruptly. Now, suppose that the buyer wishes to offer Rs . 266: he

grasps the forefinger and the second finger of the seller’s hand to

express two un its or two sums of a hundred rupees each . H e nextdoubles up the third finger to express half the un it , or Rs . 50

total Its . 250 . T he value of the fingers no w drops fromEx. 100 toRs. 10 : he

,therefore

,to add ten to the figure expressed , grasps the fore

finger andmakes the price Rs. 260 . T he second finger doubled up adds

ha lf, or Rs . 5 , and makes the sumRs . 265 . T he value of the fingers

now drops fromten to one he,therefore , grasps a forefinger andmakes

the price Rs . 261 .

T he bystanders , though in complete ignorance of the sums asked and

refused,take an active part in the proceed ings and champion the cause

of the buyer— at least if the buyer be a Sah ib . Ghar kd dushman ,

enemy of your own house,

”they say to the sel ler, “Why don ’

t

you sell ?Mules are , in the Punjab , generally owned by K hatris so when it is

amule that is being barga ined for, the proceed ings are pro longed , andthe excitemen t sometimes becomes excessive . T he seller is thumpedviolently on the back, and pushed and shaken till he breaks away in a

huff. H e is then forcibly brought back ,sulky and frown ing,

andmadeto extend his hand and continue the negotiations. Wh en the bargain is

APPEND IX A 43

concluded he breaks in to smiles . Apparently everybody has beenacting a part and thoroughly enjoying it .

T he code described above is known to horse-dealers throughout thePunjab, and probably throughout India .

Amongst jewellers , clothmerchan ts , and perhaps other trad es, th ereare variations in the code . Amongst thema lso , a single finger signifies

a unit of one, ten ,a hundred , or a thousand rupees . If the un it be one

rupee, the words Yihmlp iya hai ” are sa id , as the finger or fingersare grasped : if the un it be ten

,dahdfi

”

; if a hundred , “ sau if

a thousand , ha z dr .

” Half a unit is expressed by extending a forefinger along the palmof th e other person

’

s hand : thus to ind icate Rs . 15

the dealer would first express I ts. 10 by gra sping one forefinger and

exclaiming dahdfl ,

”and then would either extend his forefinger along

the other’s pa lmto ind icate half or Rs . 5 , or else grasp all five fingers of

the other’s hand to express the same number . T he lowest fraction isfour annas , which is ca lled mdsha . To express Rs. the dea lerwould grasp a forefinger saying, Yih rap iya, hai, and then graspingthe forefinger and second finger say, Yih-mdsha . Frac tions of fouranna s each are also expressed by pressing, between the forefinger and

thumb, the joints of th e other bargainer’

s forefinger. Thus the first

joint,when so pressed , indicates four annas , the second join t eight annas ,

and the base of the finger twelve annas .

How far has this or a similar code spread I s it known in Cen tra lA sia , or indeed anywhere beyond I ndian limits I tmay be known insome parts of the Persian Gulf, but it is not kn own in the interior,n either to Arabs nor to Persians . Even the Arab horse -dea lers w hov is it B ombay do not employ it .

2 .—NorE OH T H E JARGON or INDIAN H ORSE-DEALERS

B esides the mercantile sign language detailed in Journal No . 7 ,

Vol. I I,1906, some trades have a j argon of their own that amoun ts to a

secret language . A horse-dea ler, for instance , instructing an underlingto go and examine a horse in a fa ir, w ith a v iew to purchase ,might stil lsayjd,o theko , the verb theknd being probably a co rruption of dekkhnd ;

but this,as well asmost of the horse -dea lers ’ jargon , belongs to a past

genera tion . Old Pnujab- dealers , still living, remember the time whenthe following phrases were current amongst themHorse, gorpd ; mare , gorp t ; fore - legs , hath or dastaure ; it has

good fore - legs ,”dastauremd le “ it has bad fore- legs ,

"dastaure kason ;

bad,basha

,i ; eye , kilkiydn ; tooth , chhubdhi bog

- spavin , ld sa ; to

examine , hd z and . I n d iscussing prices , too ,a secret code used to be

observed . T he following l is t of numbers was collected with difficulty,

by the writer,at horse -fa irs in the Pun jab, various horse -dea lers

contributing odd numbers that had stuck in their memory . T he

44 APPEND IX A

numbers are given exactly as collected , discrepancies included . Writingon the subject , an ancient Dallal says, These numbers are Pushtu, orif no t Pushtu, then theymust be some other language .

”A s they are

not Pushtu,wemust conclude they are some other language

45 Kafamd le yd euti,d n

l Akel or A spina 1 50 Kafa da igdn1§Akel rtim 60 Geri sfi ttfi n

2 d 70 Rek/u'

bash sati an

3Geri 80 d dn sfi tifi n

4 G’dpd n 90 S ar -i aspina kaso ld ng

95 K afi9 lease Icing

6 Rehhi 100 Ldng

7 Rekhi-bas 3 125 Mashamd le Icing8 d bash 150 Akel n imlang9 S a r-i bash 175 Masha kaso yde ld ng10 S ar - i aepina Yde lang11 S a r- t

'md ic‘12 S ar - z

'

yd z

13S ar- i gem“,14 S ar- i gdpd n

15 S am?nim6

S im“,25 Kafa

9mfile7 s ati30 Geri da igc

'

in6

35 Kafa kaso9yd 3m

40 Yd sutmn

1 I t lingers inmymind that I have heard asp ine used for a rupee .

9 I n 5 and 95 , kafi elsewhere kafa .

3 B as apparently should be bash .

4 Why not sar-i akel ?

6 Why not sar-i kafi6 I was unable to obtain these numbers ; but log1cally 16, 17 , and should be

sar- i rekhi , sar- i rekhi bus (or bash and sar- i yaz bas h.

7 Male ou, upon .

”

6 Daigdn dabagi .

9 Kaso kam.

d nimld ng275 Mds/za kaso geri ld fig

Geri IcingMashamd le geri IcingGeri nimIcing

375 Mdsha kaso gdpc'

in Icingd an IcingRabbi ld ng

700 Rekhi bash ld ngYd z bash ld ngS a r -i bash lo‘mg

1000 Pagemd le Icing

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

46 APPEND IX B

It is best to breed fromstallions and mares of five years old , but

there is no great harmif they are on ly four ; they should not,however

,

be younger than th is and in no case should they be aged .

T he mare should be reduced in flesh before being put to the

stallion , and to this end she should be ridden for a few days prev iously.

T he winter season , till March , is best for putting the mare to thestallion . T he period of gestation is n inemonths

,but some writers have

fixed it at elevenmonths and elev en days . T hemajority, however , sayit is a full twelvemonths . I f a foal is born before n inemonths

,it will

be defective ; but the longer it is in the womb , the better . T he maremay be ridden sparingly wh ile carrying.

l T he mare should be givenless food when she becomes heavy ; and for forty days before foalingshe should daily be given half a pound ofgh

fZ .

4 .-ON D ETERMINING TH E S EX OF A FOAL B EFORE I T I S B ORN

I f a south wind is blowing when themare is put to the stallion , she

w ill produce a filly. I f the right nipple be black and swollen and carriedhigher than the left, she will produce a colt .

5 .

— ON FE ED ING T H E FOAL

I f the foal be given camel ’smilk , it w ill be strong ; it cow'

smilk ,it

wil l be fat and round ; and if goat’

smilk ,it w ill be active . T he best

grain for a foal is barley .

T he foal should be led about by hand . Further, it is no t good to tieit up ; it should be allowed to follow the damwherever she goes . T he

foal should no t be ridden till two years old .

6.—EMASCULAT I ON AND GELDING

Cast the horse . Let four or five men , relieving each other, pull

the cord of the testicles for an hour or so , till it becomes soft . I n

appearance only , the horse wil l be a sta ll ion . I f the horse is troublesome

,fix a bandage between its legs , scissor-w ise, and tie tightly, and

remove after three hours . I tem: after pul ling the cord as above,t ill

soft,brand with a line fromthe scrotumright up to th e anus, so that

the sexua l cord may perish . I tem ca st the horse , and pul l the cord as

before . Then cover a pair of scissors w ith cotton wool , an d compressthe cord with the scissors , and bind tightly . Remove after twelvehours . I n the winter a sl igh t wound w ill be caused , wh ich ,

however ,can be quickly healed . I n other seasons, bo th the testicles w il l comeout, and ointment must be applied . I tem: cast the horse , bind the

cords with silk , slit the scrotumand remove the testicles , filling up withpowdered turmeric . I n ten or fifteen days a recoverymay be expected .

1 T hat is , ridden at a walk .

APPEND IX B 47

7 . T o MAK E A H ORSE CH A U-GOS H A I on FOUR- EARED

Cast the horse ; heat two kn ives red -hot and s lit the ears to theextent desired . Do not use a cold kn ife or the bleeding will be profusewith a hot kn ife there will be no bleed ing .

8.- T o CROP A House’s EAR S

(Koba -kamd ) 9Cas t the horse , and wi th a hot kn ife shav e the inn er edge of the

ear,that is, the edge n earer the neck

,fromthe bottomupwards . T he

ear will thus bemade shorter and narrower.

9 .

— T o MAKE A Hos ss PR I CK- EAR ED 3

Fromthe root of the ears tow ards the centre of the headmake tw os lits , three or four fingers

’ breadth in length , through the skin of the

head . Then press together, til l they join ,the two ends of each slit ; sew

themtogether . Apply oin tment, erect the ea rs , and bandage firmly.

When the wound is hea led the ears will be erect as an arrow .

lO.

— T o DI SCOVER WH ETHER A HORS E is D I FFI CULT T O S H 0E4

AND A CUR E FOR T H E V I C E

Place the hoof on a ston e and tap with an other stone . I f the horseis fidgety ,

it is bad na‘

l or difficult to shoe . B y acting thus severa ltimes, the horsemay be cured of its vice .

11 .—T o DiscovuuWHETHER A HORS E I S DUMB

I f the horse is a stallion lead amare in front o f it, then if it fa ils toscreamit is dumb.

In the case of amare remove her foal and if she keeps silent she isdumb .

12 .—A DOG- TONGUED os SNAKE - TONGUED H os sn 5

I f the horse turn s its tongue back or lets it hang out like a dog,it is

called dog- tongued or snake - tongued . Th is vice it is poss ible to

cure . Seiz e your opportun ity and suddenly brand the tongue, or elsescar it wi th a kn ife

,or lance it or else attach two books to the port 6 of

the bit and fasten to these two very thin chains , eight fingers’ breadth in

length . B y playing with these it wi l l forget its v ice of sag- z abdm‘

, ordog

- to nguedn ess .

Cka u-

goshiyd was a name given to a Turkoman horse .

2 I amunable to trace the idiomkoba Iaurna . Can it be a copyist’

s error fo rkotd h ka rnd

3 Kain kha c Aa rnd .

B ad -na‘l, adj.

5 Sag-z abd n andmd r -z aban .

5 Miérdb, lit . arch .

48 APPEND IX B

l3.—D EVI CE FOR A “ STRAP-NECKED H ORSE

,OR ONE THAT B I TE S

I T S R I DER’S LEGS

Fasten two buttons, one on each side of the saddle,and attach two

straps to these and to the bit, so that the horse’

s neck is kept straigh t.This w ill effect a cure in time.

A tasma -

gardan or strap-n ecked horse is one that bends its neckto one side and keeps it there like a dead weight .A moz a -nr or “

sock-

pin cher”is one that instead of arching

l itsneck bites the legs of its rider.

14.—TO CURE A H ORS E OF REARING

Soak a rag in water and when the horse rears, squeez e the water out

o fth is into its ear . Do this once or twice and it will be cured .

15 .

— T o CURE A PULLER THAT DOES NOT OBEY T HE B I T

Soak tamarind in water and make the bit red -hot in the fire .

Knead the tamarind in water to extract the juice, and then strain the

thick juice through coarse cloth . Cool the bit with this juice . Do th isthree times , and then put the bit into the horse ’smonth .

16.

—TO CURE A PULLER 3

Take chirokz’m(Achyranthes aspera ) and knead it well in tamarind

juice ; then heat the bit red-hot and cool it with the juice four or six

times. I temTake hair of a girl , that hair that has been sh aved off on

the s ixth day after birth,and pound it with ro se -water, and cool the red

hot bit in it seven times .

17 .—T o CURE A HORS E os LY ING D OWN IN WATER

T he wh ip is of no use to cure this vice . T he owner should in sert

quick - lime under the girth , on one side , and then drive the horse into thewater. When the horse l ies down and the lime becomes damp , the limewill burn , and the horse w ill rise and flee out of the water.

18.—T o REMOVE TRAIN?“

Take quicksilver and sujji5andmix together and apply to the thani

for four consecutive days .

Kunda kamd also gkz’mgha t ka rud .

‘2 Ghore kd bdg par fibagnd , a puller that does not obey the bit . B ag gy ;

bbdgnd , to run away as t ough the reins were broken .

3Munlz -z or , adj. , an ordinary puller or hard -mouthed horse ; sina - z or, pullingby getting the chin into the chest .

4 Vida page 6.

5 Sajfi ,matron or impure carbonate of soda .

A “ STRAP -NECKED H ORS E

(Froma n I nd ia n Drawing)

APPEND IX B 49

19 .

-T o CAUSE HA IR TO GROW on A Wow no scmTakemusta rd oil,mix with spitt le, and apply. I temmix soap and

indigo, and apply.

20 .

- T o MAKE TH E MAK E Am) T ArL GROWWash with the wate r in which sdflzi l rice has been boiled . I tema

good receipt : Take of fenugreek seed and of emblicmyrobalan 1 o z .

each , and add 1 oz . of ka to l ;2powder, mix,

and sift th rough cloth ;thenmix in some strained curds to which a litt le water has previouslybeen added Make luk ewarmand rub into the roots of the ha ir in the

earlymorning, washing it out aga in at n oon . T he hair will begin to

grow well in a week .

21 .—T o DYE AN UN LUCKY Wm-srocxme, OR A S TAR

Take ofgall -nnts 2 o z s . and fry inmusta rd oil and then wash . Next,

with a pestle, grin d yellow arsen ic in an iron cooking -

pan with verylittle water ; then add the gall -nuts and aga in grind . Next add sal

ammoniac and grind . Wh en all is well ground andmixed , use as a dye .

I f the hair does n ot take the righ t shade , apply severa l times . This dyewill last tw o or threemonths . This is a good receipt for a seller toknow . I tem: take of dried blackmyrobalan , copper-filings , ga ll -nnts ,and dried emblicmyrobalan ,

of ea ch o z . of yellow arsen ic 48 gra in sof sublimated sal-ammon iac 12 . First fry the gall-nuts in mustardoi l till half-cooked ; then wash the copper-filings several times in water,dry ,

powder fine, and sift through cloth . Soak the emblicmyrobalanall n ight in water ; kn ead in the morning,

and strain through cloth .

Pound the other ingred ients separate ly andmix ; then cas t theminto an

iron pot and add by degrees, while grin ding with a pestle, some of the

water in which the emblicmyrobfl an has been soaked ; grind for six

hours and then app ly . Make what remains into small ba l ls and keeptill required . To use, dissolve in a little embl icmyrobalan water.

This dye can be used for a man ’

s beard , too . Apply to the beard ,and then bind over it leaves of the casto r- oil plan t. Wash w ith waterthree hours . T he hair will be black .

22 .—T o DYE Tina LEGS 0 ? 11 0381333

Take of dry gram3lb. with four ddmof the extract of ca techu orcutch (ka th) and five damof flowers of kodha r ;

4grind all together, fine

as antimony, and apply for two or three days in succession,binding

over the legs two or three layers offig-leaves .

1 B irinj- i sdglii , a kind ofrice that ripens in sixty days , hence the name.

3Ka{ol, the Jack fi'

nit (Artoca rpus incisa ) .3 T he legs of 1mmor albino horses used generally to be dyed .

K odha r is perhaps a cop ist’

e error for lodha r, the Lode or Lodh T ree ,

S ymplocos racemosa , the bark 0 which is used in dyeing ; vidaWa tt .

50 APPEND IX B

23.—“T o DYE T H E TA I L A B EAUTI FUL RED

B oil alumand turmeric and dip the tail in the liquid . Then washthe tail , but not somuch as to remove the yel low dye. Pound a l ittleIndian 1madder and pl ace it on the fire with water to boil ; then dip

the tail in it. I f a little c lay 9 is added , it will deepen the colour.

When the tail is dry, take lime and o il and pound with betel leavesand rub this on the ta il to increa se the lustre .

I fyou want the colour to be like ldkh, take rough lac.

3 F irst grindlime and betel leaves with warmwater and apply to the ta il. Wash

the tail in boiled alumand water and turmeric , to dye yellow ,and then

wash out ligh tly with cold water. Pound the ldkh and soak in water ,and stra in

, and then add the acid juice of lemon or boiled tamarind .

Now dip the ta il in this and the colour will rival that of rubies . Whendry , rub in lime and oilmixed .

24.—0 114 121 1 4 OR DIGEST IVE POWDER

T he followmg should be given to horses wh ile being fed on rd tz'

b orcooked foodTake equal quantities of emblicmyrobalau,5 dry ginger, sweet flag,6

yellow myrobalan ,7 long z edoary

,8 ra i -bang (Quercus lanuginosa ) ,9

panic,” black rock - salt

,

lland kd ld -namak.

12 Pound fine,mix, and set

aside . After the horse has ea ten its rd tz’

b, give 45 o z s . of the above

mixed in a littlemaheld .

25.—ON G IV ING FENUGREEK

This should be given as d igestive with maheld in the propo rtion of

one part of fenugreek to four parts ofmoth . These two should beboiled together til l they become so soft as tomix. This is good for thecold season ; in the hot season give only a quarter of the quantity of

fenugreek.

26.—RE CE I PT FOR PACH LONJ os FWE- SALTS

This is an excellent digestive ; it fattens the horse and cleanses thestomach .

1 Majit, I ndianmadder (Rubia cordifolia ) .2 Gil, potters’ clay ormultanimat h“,3Ka chchi ldkh or khdmlakh m'deWatt .

4 Charka ; not in dictionaries . T he ordinary word for a digestive powder ischaran or pacha k.

5 finwld , Phyllanthus Emblica , the EmblicMyrobal6 Ghor-ba ch, A corns Calamns , Sweet Flag .

7 H arra, T erminalia Chebula , the YellowMyrobalan .

8 Kachri , Curcuma Z erumbet , Long Z edoary.

9 Rd i-bang or -ba nj, Quercus lanuginosa .

1° Pd nk, the green stufffound in ponds ?1‘ S onoha r or sdncha r , black rock -salt.‘2 K d lo

‘

t namak or black sa lt,” a preparation ofsodiumchloride and sulphuretof iron .

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52 APPEND IX B

thin . Mix th ese well with a quar t ofmilk , adding 2 lbs. ofmoist sugar .

G ive after watering : give for not less than forty days .

31 —RECEI P’1‘ FOR _KH IR

Take boiledmoth andmix it withmilk ; add some moist sugar and

then increase the heat of the fire double ,mixing all into one soft mass .

Set as ide to cool . B efore feeding,mix withmilk instead of water and

give , as a feed ,the usual weigh t instead of grain . Also in the evening

give one told of pepper and four of green ginger .

32 .

—RECEI PT FOR H a rri OF GREEN GINGER

This should be given in the Ohau-md sa l or four rainymonths.

Take turmeric, green ginger , and fenugreek seed , of each 5 1bs . ;

pound and mix ; put 5 lbs . of ghi on the fire , and fry the ingred ients init till a ligh t brown ° thenmix in 10 lbs . of shakar (moist sugar) , andadd ten quarts of cow smilk skimwhile cooking. Put aside and giv esome of this daily , after watering ; begin with é lb. , but increase the

quantity gradua lly up to 2 lbs .

33.—ON FATT EN ING WI TH RAW B ROWN S UGAR

Mix into some maheld of moth, a fourth of its quantity of khd nd

( raw brown sugar) , and give everymorn ing and even ing.

34.—ON FATTENI NG OH BUFFALO-HORN

B ury in mud one horn of a bnfi alo so that it may become soft .After twenty-four hours remove and convert it into saw -dust.

”Add

an equa l quantity of pure honey put into a jar, cover, and hermeticallyseal with clay ; cover with dried cow -dnng, kindle the cow-dnng ,

and cook thoroughly ti ll the mixture becomes quite white and shin ing.

Then take equal quantities of shahtam (a aria oflicinalis) ,carbonate of soda, Aplotaxis auriculata , black-

pepper, long-

pepper,dry ginger, moth, gilau (T inospora cordifolia) , rock- salt, and gem:

2

pound and sift , and then add of the powder obtained , double the

quantity of the mixture in the pot ;mix all together and put aside .

Give as follows for three weeksT he first week give with gogal (or B alsamodendron makul) ; the

second w ith shaka r (cane sugar) ; the third with ghi . Give the firstday 5 dz

'

frham,

8 the second day 10 , the th ird day 15, the fourth day 20 ;

B egins on the 1 1th day after the newmoon ofAsarh and ends at the fullmoonK d tz

’

k . During this period the Gods are asleep, and no religious ceremony isobserved . A portion ofthe Autumna l Durfiih Puja , however, fa lls in this period ,

so the Gods have to be specially roused six ys before their time.

2 Gem. Vida p . 26, note 9 .

3 A dirhamis a weight of48 grains of barley, equivalent, in I ndian weight, tolmdsha and 7 ra tti.

APPENDIX B 53

con tinue to give 20 dirhamfor three weeks . T his increases the

I f the above caus es garmi ,l give daily tz'rpha ld ( the three kinds ofmyrobalan ) .

35 .— ON Grvms RAr’s BANE os As sume, ETC.

Take -5 o z . of each of the following : Indian aconitefi wh ite arsenic,yellow arsenic, cinnabar

,3 3ang

- rez a,

4 cloves , dry ginger, borax , blackpepper, with l%oz s . of kath

,

5 and 10 lbs . of green ginger . First poundthe green ginger to extract its juice . Then crush the other ingredien tsand cas t theminto amarblemortar with the juice of the green ginger,and grind continua l ly, nigh t and day, for seven days , till th e powder is

ground fin er than antimony . In s tead of the juice of the green ginger,the juice of bete l leaves can be substituted . T h e morta r should bemade of porphyry

,

6 or of some ha rd stone . Make themixture up in topills the siz e of a gram-

gra in or smal l pea and set aside .

Take 2 o z s . of coarse Wheaten flour and make it into a cake, and

bake ; give one pil l , powdered fine, concealed in the cake . Give in theevening after the gra in . G ive three times in a week . I f n ecessary one

pill can be given everymorning early .

36.—ANOT H ER RECEI PT FOR S ARA

Mustard seed ,7 ajwd ,in ,

8 emblicmyrobalan , dry ginger , l ong z edoary ,ki ld namak,moringa bark ,

9 baherci ,10pdnk, black rock-salt and white

rock - sa lt ; 11 take equa l parts of each and pound roughly and separately .

Weigh again and thenmix. Then take of sour curds (dahi ) three timesthe weight of the powder ; stra in th e curds th rough cloth ,

havingpreviously added a littl e water to it , and then mix the powder in to it .

Cast into amatkri or porous earthen vessel , cover with a plate , and buryin horse-dnng. Remove after a week . G iv e for twen ty days , 41 o z s .

da ily, after the evening feed . This med icine acts as a ton ic, curesworms , and purifies the stomach fromphlegmand gas .

1 Garmi ka rnd , here Zu'

d da t kamd ; in a human the signs are thirst , burning inthe ches t , yellownemin the urine, and the urine being less than the normalquanti ty.

3 B achndg, Indian aconite (Aconitumfcrox) .3

S a ng-freza , gravel ?3Kath , the extract ofcatechu or catch .

5 T he hardest species ofmarble.7 Raj, B rassica nigra .

8 Ajwd ,in , Ptychotis ajowan .

9 S ahajnd , Moringer pterygosperma .

B aherd , T erminalia B ellerica .

S endhd , white rock -sa lt .

54 APPENDIX B

I n the hot weathermake the mixture with curds,but in the cold

substitute vinegar for the curds .

37 .— T o MAKE A H oass LONG-wmnsn l

Procnre a black cobra and so kill it tha t it has no outward inj urythe blood and

’

poisOnmus t be intact . Then take one hundred grains of

gram, or a little less, but the grainsmust be large and perfect . Forcethe gramin to the snake ’s throat and then close its mouth ; cas t thecobra into a porous earthen vessel and bury in the ground for fortydays, surround ing the pot on all sides w ith horse-dung. After fortydays

,take out the gramand clean it , and keep in a safe spot . B efore

going on a journ ey, give one grain in ratib or parched flourThis is an ancient Deccan receipt.

38.—Z ANGJB i O INT MENT (FOB. FI STULOUS SORES)

Take of fresh neemleaves 8 claim2 weight ; of beeswax, rosin , and

z omgcir,3 l dameach ; 1 onion ; of cinnabar and kamild “ 1 dam; of

English soap 5 ddm, and of copper sulphate 8 dam. Pound separatelyand sift . Then take ofmustard oil %1b . , if the season is winter ; butsesamumoil if it be summer. First cook the neemleaves in the oil and

then cast themaway ; next cook the onion , removing it when cooked .

Afterwards sift in the other ingred ients , one after another, not altogether.When th e ointment is ready, set aside.

39.—0 1~i PUB GING

A horse should be purged once a year when the nights aremild ;this keeps it in hea lth . The even ing before purging, subs titute for theevening-feed a bran-mash . I n themorning give no feed , but admin isterthe

‘

following : lie o z s . (or 3 told ) of aloes ; 32 grains ( or 2 md sha ) ofsweet fennel 32 gra ins of dry ginger pound , sift and set aside . Take

it o z . of English soap and add sufficient electuary of rose - leaves 5 tomakethe whole into a bolus and give to the horse . Walk the horse about fora little and then tether in the stall, giving it a little grass to eat .

If you wish tomake the horse stale also , add to the bolus 48 grainsof refined saltpetre 6 and 48 grains ofgum-arabic .

7

I f the horse is suddenly and ‘excessively purged , either give it cold

water, or else curds and watermixed .

Dzir-dam.

2 Dam. Vida page 51, note 6.

3 Z dngc‘

ir. subacetate ofcopper.4 Kamila , Mallotus Philippenensis.

G’ul-qand , an electuary made of pounded rose- leaves mixed with sugar

candy syrup.

5 S hora -e qa lami, sa ltpetre in crystals.7 Gond babal.

APPEND IX B 55

I n the evening give a bran -mash and in themorning the usua l feedof gra in .

T he horse should not be ridden for three days .

40 .

—ON Anmmsrsamc AN ENEMA

Take a piece of leather and sew it like a bag, tha t is , l ike amashkiz a ortraveller’s wa ter-bag, and then insert a tube in to one end . Use th is as

an enema . Take castor oil and one four th the quantity of earth -salt , andmix well with warmwater use this as an in jection .

41 .

—'l‘

o STOP Excnssws PURG INGTake 2 oz s . each of sweet fennel , cumin 1 seeds , and black pepper.

Fry these a little and pound fine and ad d sufficient water tomake intoa bolus . D ivide the bo lus in to two , giving the halves to the horse oneafte r the other.I f the above does not prove efi ective give the following,

which isbetterFried assafaatida oz .

, ghi 2 o z s ., sdflzi

z rice 4 oz s . ; pound ,mix and

make into a bo lus and then give to the horse .

42 .- T o CAUSE AN ENEMY

’

S H ORSE T O FALL ’ S I CK AND ALso TO CAUSET HE S AME TO RECOVER

Take equa l quantities of croton seed and crude opinmf grindtogether with water and put into a cup ; pain t this on the horse 'stesticles , or on its anus , or on its lips . T he horse will get restless , andneither eat, drink ,

nor sleep ,and if a remedy be not soon applied it

may die .

Cure z—Take tmarisk leaves ; bo il and wash the places with thatfrequently . I tem:— Curd s and wa ter mixed are a substitute for the

tamarisk , but the latter acts quicker.

Z i ra safed , Cuminun cymimnm.

2 B z'

rinj-i sdtln'

, a kind ofrice that ripens in sixty days.

APPENDI X C

VOCABULARY OF TECHNI CAL TERMS

AB DOMEN—p eg,m.,H .

ABYssmIAN—habashi , a Kabul i breed in which the coat consists of tightcurls.

A C I D—tez ab,m.

AGED—T anj-sd la , adj., five-year-old ; shash-se‘

ila , adj. , six-year-old (alsoincorrectly chha -sdla ) ;male-

panj, according to most ten -year and

upwards, but accord ing to some twelve -year and upwards .AGUE—m’

de Fever.

AJWi JN—T he B ishop’s Weed ; A java seeds ; Carumcop tz'

cum. A

variety of ajwda’

n is chhori-ajwdn , the seeds of Cleome viscosa .

An other is Murdsdni ajwan ,the seeds of H yoscyamusm‘

gar, blackhenbane : m’de Cumin and Caraway seed .

ADB INO—m’de White .

ALOEs—elawa,m.,H .

A LUM—p hz’

tkari , f. ,H

AMB L E—yurglta , T . , and hamlaja , Ar . : ruhd l (chalnd ) probably a

corruption of rahwc’

ir, Per . ( in th is pace the water of the stomachshould not be shaken In one Indian -Persian manuscript raftdris used for ambling, pac ing, &c . Rahwdr was a slow amble(probably a natural run or shuifle) used for long d istances ; the

pace did not tire the horse and a footman could keep up with therider : do -gdmamore ar tificial than fakwar ; it w as a showy ambleor walk

,a baz ar pace ; the horse threw out its forefeet in a

graceful circle that delighted the beholders ” ; the pace, thougheasy for the rider, soon tired the horse : shdh-

gdm, a kind of

do-

gama z yurglta , T . ,w as in Ind ia a fast k in d of rahwd fr

,a pace

easy to horse and rider ebiya , H . , obs ., was like yurglga , but not so

easy to the rider, perhaps it was pacing.

”All the previous paces

come under the head of qadamvide Walk .

ANASARCA—gabaq ( ldnd ) m'

dc Lymphangitis .

ANO INT—w hup arnd , to anoint, to smear , grease, oil .ANUS—m’

de Th igh s . S ciglmri , space between the tail and the anus , in a

horse or ass ; also the space covered by the ta il : colloquially itsometimesmeans the quarters : ghore-na kaisi sdgltam? dd l-mkhi ha t,is said of a horse so pig-fat that it has a channel down the centre ofits back .

APH TmE—anchha/r, also dnshld , thrush iu themouth and tongue.

AP PENDIX c 57

ARAB—ti z i ‘a frabi .

ARCH,T O—garda n ko kwnda kamd or ghz‘uighat kamd— to arch the n eck .

A B ECA NUT - sup drt‘

,f. , H . fawfal, Ar.

ARMENIAN B OLE—gil- z'

Armani .AB TEBY—shirydn , f. , Ar .

AB SENI G—sankhiyd ,m.,H .

AS SAc TIDA—hwy,m.,H .

A SH Es—bhd bha l,m.,H . , warmor hot ashes .

A S S -H OOFED —vide Foo t .A S S - TAILED ”—lffi ar-dzum, that is , with the root of the ta il thin and

covered by scanty and short hairs vid e Mule-ta iled .

A STHMA - g-iq- i-nafas dame , vulg. applied to any disease of the

lungs, &c .

B ACK—p igh, f. , H . : pusht, f., P .

B ACK-BAND— ba'

r-kash,m.

B ACKBONE—frlflz , f. , H . m’de Vertebra .

B d K AJN—the Persian Lilac vide Neam.

B ALL—dawdfi ki golf.

B ALL ING IRON— tdleZ- kash,m. laulqa ,m.

B AMBoo—bdns,m., H .

B ANDAcE—p am, f. , H . : ghand t pam( cold bandage) .

B AB K—chhd l, f. , H . (oi tree) .

B ABLEY—jaw,m vide also Whea t.

B AY— kumayt, Ar . ,P . and Hindustani, ordinary bay : telz

'

yci kumayt( very dark bay coloured as though it had had oil rubbed overit ldkhori kumayt) citho n gdnth kumayt, hay, with black stockingson all four legs (

“ eigh t join ts”

) up to the knees and houghs :

(kumayt is not regarded as a radical colour in horses, but as a

mixture of bar or chesnut , q . v. , and black ; it is likened to thecolour ofdried dates ) alzmar, Ar . , all bays , light or dark (Algeria)kaha r

,P . : gamka ha r, P . , dark bay t ide a lso Roan .

B EANs—sem. f. ,H . (broad) : lobiyd , H .

, and bdqild , Ar .,m. (different

B EARING -B B iN—gol-bdgB EDDING—bz

'

chd li , f.

,H .

B BLLY- BAND—p efi ,f. , H .

B EL-FBUlT—bel,m. , H . ( special ly useful in dysente ry) .

B ETEL—T dn ,m.,H . ( the leaf) .

B I LE—pz'

ttd,m. ,

H . (also gall-bladder) safrd , Ar. : ville also Humour.B iT—da hd na , P . (curb) qaz ayi , f. ( snathe) .B I TE , T o—kdgnd .

B IT EB—danddn-

gir, adj. , P . , a horse that savages in its stable :moz a -

gir,

adj. , a horse that bites its rider’s legs , lit.“stocking-

grabber”

Wfar, adj. , H .

58 APPEND IX c

B LACK— I n India and in Persia a black horse is styledmushki ormushkin ,

frommushk, musk .

” Mushki ormushkin is properly j et-black and

shiny. (One Ind ian wri ter uses 32°

t to signify a dull black orbrown . ) Ma lh

’

kdksha , S . , obs . black with two wall-eyes and fourwh ite stockings . Adham, Ar . , a stable- termamongst Arabs forblack amongst Indians it was regarded as a radica l and auspiciouscolour by adhamthe Indian smeant real black like the black -bee

,

or thema le ko,el, or the black bufi alo the word is obsolete in

India .

“BLACK- EYED —qam-

g12z , T . ,

“black-eyed, a termnow obsolete in

Ind ia .

BLACK - EARED ~ sham-karan, S . ,

w ith black tips to the ears ; termpractically obsolete .

BLACK - KNEED —vide Stocking.

B LACK-TONGUED —siydh-z ab[in, adj. , black- tongued and siydh

td ld, adj. , with black palate un lucky , except in a black horse .

B LADDEB—phdnkni , f. ,H . (of an imals) masdna , Ar . , gen .

B LANKET—kambal or kamma l,m.

,H . dhussd .

B LAzE—qashqa or gashqd , T .,the sectomark on the forehead of Hindus;

and hence any wh itemark on the forehead of a horse mdh-m‘

c, adj.

and subs , lit. moon -faced ,” with the whole face white, La , with a

blaz e extending to the eyes in a broad stripe down the n ose

gliurrah sdfl ah, Ar . ,with a bla z e extending to the eyes, the white

also flow ing down to the nose in a broad stripe , the breadth ofthe whole nose shaki l, w ith a narrow reach :

‘a qmb, lit. “scorpion ,

”

any wh ite on the forehead if it has coloured hairs in it , a brokenblaz e : p ack or p dnch-ka liydn , Urdu,

adj. , with four white stockingsand a blaz e ; s ide Stocking, B each , and Star .

B LAZ ED—aglwrr, Ar .,marked with a gliurrah, vide supra and Star.

B LEED,T o—fa sd khola d , to let the blood by open ing a vein .

B LINK B B—ka n-

patm,m.,H .

B LI STER—“p ldstar

”lagdnd , to apply a blister : chha ld , m. , H .

(parnd ) , the pustule .

B LOOD—lohd , m H . Man,m. ,

P. : t itle a lso Thorough -bred , and

Humour.B LOTCH E D —kankwd , H .

,with blotches of black , white, and chesnut

t ide Spotted .

B LUE - S TONB—nili - tutiya, f. , H .

B OAR- TUSKED —vz’

de Tusk .

B OB -TAI LED—lanq’

fi rd or lundd , H .

B ODY-BOLLEB—fardlgai , f.B os - SPAVI N—m'de Spav in .

B OI L ~

p hora,m dumbal,m. , P .

B ONE—haddi , f.,H . Mdmosha , turbinated bone (near nostrils) .

B ORAx—suhdgd ,m. ,H .

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60 APPENDIX c

CARTI LAGE - khwrri or khurri hadde‘

, f., H .

CASTER—nd qt’

g or nikam/md ghora na z ari ghora, prop . horse to be cast,lit. horse under observation .

CASTORs—m'de Chesnuts .

CAST OR OIH endi kci tel or Tenn"

, hé tel.

CATARAC’P—motiyd -bz’

nd,m. , H .

CATARRH—z ukfidm, Ar . sardi, f. , P . kandr,m. ,Panj . , vide Cold .

CAT - EYED —m’de Wall- eyed and Pig- eyed .

CHAFF—bhzisd ,m. , H . , chopped straw,a lso chafi .

CHALK—kha rimiyfi . f.,H .

CHARCOAL—ko,eld ,m.,H . (generally used for cooking grain , as horses

wi ll not eat smoked food ) .

CH ARI—the leaves ofjawdr (used as fodder for horses and cattle) .

CH EB K—gdl,m.,H .

CHESNUT—bd r l described as being red l ike unground saffron or the red

of the pomegranate flower it means chesnut, a radical and

auspicious colour in horses ; the termis obsolete in India exceptin treatises on horses ; vide B ay w rung, H . , chesnut all over teliyd

surang ormahzifi, surang, liver chesnut : awrang- i ldkhori , dark butnot liver chesnut : surang

-fi kishmishi, the colour of old sultanara isins ; surang

- z’ mirgd , a fawn chesnut ; sumng- i z a rda , a golden

chesnut : ashqar, Ar .,chesnut (dark or light) all over : alzwg, Ar .

,

apparently a liver-chesnut, an uncommon colour in the desert .

CHESNU’

I‘

S—p a’r, m. , H . , lit. w ing or feather muhr, I nd . Pers .

manuscript.CHE ST- chhd ti , f. ,

H . sina ,m.

, P . : sag-dast, adj. , wi th forelegs lik e a

dog is said of a horse with a flat narrow chest, both legs comingout of the same hole or of a horse w ith unmuscular fore-arms .

CHE ST-FOUNDERED—sina -band chhati- band .

CH I LLIEs— ldlmirth, f. , H .

,red ch illies

,red pepper ; hartmirch, green

chillies .

CH IRETTA— chirayta or chird ,etd ,m. , H . ( a very bitter herb, a kind of

gentian some horses wi ll eat powdered ch iretta greedi ly) .CL I P—thokar, f. ,

H .,clip to horse- sh oe .

CLIPPBB s—m‘de Scissors .

CLOTHING—kaprd , gen : gardani (body -piece) and chhd ti-band ( breast

piece) kan-m’ld ,m. , H . (hood ) jhzil, a heavy body -piece of blanketand felt : thanqlz

'

gardani ( light, summer vide B lanket .CLOVEB—shafta l,m.

,T . P . : tipa tyd ,m. ,

H .

C LYSTER-P IPE f., H . m'de Enema .

CLY STER- STI CK—m‘de Suppository.

COLD— ba lgliami tap , a bad feverish cold vide Catarrh .

CoLI c—qzllz'

nj, gen . term: kurkuri, spasmodic : baidsz‘ol, fiatulent.

B ar is still current amongst the Baluchis , and also in Persia .

APPENDIX c 61

COLLAB—lzalqa ,m. (of harness ) .

COLOUR—There are four radical and auspicious co lours in horse s ( 1)Abyag, Ar . ,

pure wh ite , q . v . ; (2 ) Adham, Ar. , pure'

black , q . v . ;

(3) B ar, chesnut, q . v . ; (4) Z arda , golden ,i .a. , yellow dun q .

Jaimangal, lit. of auspicious Victo ry,” is a horse w ith two wall

eyes,a blaz e, one white sto cking and a white belly ; said to be

worshipped by a Raja in Mad ras .There are said to be three shades of bay and ch esnut~

kishmishi , the colour of Sultana raisins , ldkhi , the colour of lac ordeep red , and telz

’

yd , a very dark shade inclined to black . B ad-rang,

Urdu, adj. ,“bad - coloured , applied to horses of nondes cript or

bad colours , not to those withmerely inauspiciousmark ings .

Musma t or bahim, Ar .

, all ofone colour : s ide Spotted .

COLT—m'de Foal .COMB—kafighi, f. ,

H .

CONSTI PATI ON—qabg .

CONSUMPI‘ION—khuslgk- bel, consumption in horses m'de Farcy .

CONTRACT ED -HEE LS—‘vide Foot .

COBN—p ewd ( in h oof) wide Gra in .

COBONB r—bhaun or bhon, f. (also eyebrow) sum. kimagjgz i .

COUGH—swrfa , P . dhdnsi, f.,H . ,

a hard dry cough ; khd nsi , H . , a coughfromco ld .

COUGH ,T o—dhd nsnd , H to have a hard dry cough ; khdnsnd , H .

, to

cough fromcold .

COUNTRY- B RED—desi-ghog‘ d ,mH .

COURAGEOUS—jdn-bd z , adj.

Cow-DUNG—m'

de Dung.

Cow-H OUGaB o—kulich and kacha l, adj. , H .

COW-K I CK, To gainchimd rmi (also to strike w ith a fore -foo t

CRACK ED H EELs—gdmchi men chhewur C?) ghore ki biwdfi. pha t-gaj,(biwa

'

fl chilbla in )CBADLB — danda ,m. , H . , lit. stick .

CRAM , TO—galiydnd . [Unpa latable food is administered by cramming ;

horses, in old-fash ioned Rajas’ stables, were made pig-fat by

cramming withmessesmade of sugar, butter, &c . , as fowls are saidto be crammed in France ]

CBAMP—tashannuj, Ar . , gem; spec. cramp all over the body.

CB EAM—eide Wh ite .

CBES S—hd lon or hd lz’m [Horse-dea ler

’

s receipt —Take 20 lbs . of cress

( hdlon ) , 10 of fenugreek , 8 of turmeric and 8 ofmustard . Poundthe turmeric, and grind the remain ing ingredients in a hand -mill .Take 1 lb. of above

, and 1 lh . of gur or raw unrefined suga r, andmake into a sherbet by adding two quarts of water or milk . T he

mixture should be of the consistency of cream. Lea ve all

n ight to soak , and give before dawn . I f the horse will not take

62 APPEND IX c

themixture, it is crammed . When it has eaten 80 lbs . of

Spices and an equal quantity of the gur it will be in dealers’,not too soft, condition . To be given in the ra ins or in

CB I B -B I T EB—m’de Wz'

nd- suck.

CROTON—jamd l-gogfa ,m. , H . (bean ) — kc’

i tel —oil ) .

CRUPPER- dumcht .

CRUST OF Hoos—shdlgk,m. ,P .

CRYSTAL -EYED —v!de Wall-eyed .

CUMIN SE ED—z ira , Cuminumcyminum.

CUB B—baja/r haddiCUB B -CB AIN— (dahdne kt) z anjiri .

CURB Y- COMB—khamhrd ,m. ,H . (mama) .

CUT , TO—z algltmko chd/r-

p dra kamd , to cut a cross on a wound .

CYsr—jawd thaili,f. , H . ( lit. bag) .

DANDBUFF—vide S curf.

DAPPLBn—guZ-ddr.

DATE S—khajd 'r,m. and f. , H ., Marina ,m. ,

P. (given to horses and camelsin parts ofPersia and Arabia) .

D EFECT—‘ayb, Ar .,

m., any defect or vice : qublz , Ar . ,m. , any ugliness or

outward defect .DiABETEs—m'de Staling.

DI ARRH GJA—dast (d ad m. : pet chalnd , vulg.

D I GE ST, To—hagmkamd .

D I GESTIVE—pdchak,m. , H . , gen : chfiran ,m. , H . a digestive powder.D I LL—soyd or sowa,m., H .

DI S EAS B—saugandi, an obscure d isease in which the horse was tes awayand becomes somnolent, while the eyes become light- co loured orwhitish .

DOCK—dumkt’ haddi .DOG-LEGGED —m‘

de Chest .DOG- TONGUED ” —3ag-z abdn, adj. , sa id of a horse that hangs its tongue

out when ridden ; a horse with this defect is also ca lledmdr—z abdnor snake-tongued.

”

DOG-T OOTH -vide Teeth .

DOUB LE—damdama , an on and off.

DOVE -COLOURED coloured like the large Indian turtle-dove .

DRENCH , To—juldbpildnd or dend .

DRIVE , T O—hdnknd , gen .

DB OPPBD-H I P—m’de Hip .

DULL , TO B E—sust bond .

DUN—samand, P., H . , dun with blackmane and ta il ; shiralta , Pushtu,

dun with l igh ter mane and tail ; dadhz'

yd shirglga, light dun all

over ; dddhiyci samand , very light dun with blackmane , forelook ,

APPENDIX c 63

and tail and four black legs : telz'

yci samand, a very dark dun withblack legs , and blackmane and ta il samand -z

'

qdnz‘m

,obs . , as before

but still darker : samand- i siyri h z dm‘

c. a dun with four black stockings samand - i gul

-ddr,a dappled dun : gulld or q z

‘

cld (T . a

bright red -dun that is almost a l ight hay, with dunmane and ta il ,and black list sanda li , adj. , of the colour of sandal-wood, i .e . , a

light dun w ith the same colouredmane and ta il : bordd , a dull dun

( the colour of coun try leather) with black st ripes on its legs : z arda ,

a termapplied inman uscripts to all duns ; is regarded as a radica land auspicious co lour in horses and is compared to the yellow ofgoldor the yellow in the interior of the nilfifar or wh ite water- lily the

skin should be of the same colour as the hair .DUNG—lid, f. , dung of horses, mules , asses , or elephants : pishkdl or

p ishka l, and menghi , the hard dung of goats , sheep, and camelsgobar,m. ,

H . ,cow-dung : upld ,m.

,H .

,cakes of cow -dung worked up

for burning : sargin,m. , P . , cow . or horse-dung.

DYS BNT BBY—p echz’

sh, f. , H . m’

de Mucus .

DYSPEPS IA—bdcfi ,dyspepsia and indigestion .

E

EAR—kdn ,m.,H . kanofi ,

f.,H .

,tip of the ear ofaman , a horse, or any

animM.

EAB BD”—

gosh-dd r,adj. , said of a horse with a third ear growing out

of the root of one ear un lucky .

ELB OW—agli -kuhni , f. , H . midaq , Ar. : t ide Capped -elbow.

ELB PHANT IAS I s—fi l-p a , M45.‘5elephant-foot . Q

ELEPHANT- SKIN —gaj-chi’

rm, subs . , an in curable disea se in wh ich theskin thickens in parts , assuming the Speckled appea rance of an

elephan t’

s skin .

ELEPHANT- TOOT HED —m’de Tusk .

ENBMA—Zzugna , an enema and also its contents : Izugna kamd , v . [Anordinary enema for a horse is a quart ofmilk , 2 lbs . ofmelted butter

,

31

; lb. of honey, and white sugar. The Indian enema consis ts of a

lea ther bag with a tube ]ENT B Bn'

I s—bagima .

ENTmE- duda, adj. (oi any an imal) na r-

ybard , snbs . : wide also Stallionand Uncas trated .

EPI LEPSY—mz’rgi , f., H .

ERYS I PE LAS— su’rfl -bdd sometimes th is disease is called z aivr-bad, butm'de Lymphangitis .EWB -NBCK Eu—m'de Strap-necked shutur-gardan ,

long-necked and alsoewe-necked ( lit. camel-n ecked

EXCBES CBNCB—thani, f. , wart- like excrescences at the month of the

sheath , the si z e of a date mamt, the same if very small latter not adefect. A horse possessing these is called thani -ddr orma ni-dd/r.

64 APPEND I X c

EYE—dnkh, f. , H . : ndlcjguna , chemosis ; infiltration ,usually inflamatory, of

the conjunctiva and of th e cellular tissue connecting it with theeyeball , in wh ich the conjunctiva rises up to a considerable heigh taround the cornea ; also chymosis . Phd li

,opacity of the cornea,

side Opacity : chint, f.

,H . , speck ( in eye or elsewh ere) Us I nt nagar

achchhi ha t,he has a good eye for a horse .

”Vida B lack -eyed .

EYELASH—p apni , f. ,H .

EYELI D— koya ,m.,

eyelid ; the canthus of the eye .

FALSE GELDING—m’

de Geld ing .

FARCY—vz'

de Glanders bel, fl undm, gum-a dm, and bad -ndmare all

dealers’ terms for the same disease .

FARRI ER—na‘l-band , shoeing- smith : baytar, Ar . , a shoeing- smith as wel l

as a veterinary surgeon sd lotrfz , H . ,veterinary surgeon .

FAVOUR,”T o—kd th (yd pa,on) ba chd nd , to favour a leg ; vide Tender.

FAWN— S hifrd z i , lit. the colour of the S himiz i breed of pigeon ,that is

,

fawn with white belly and four wh ite legs : mirgd , H ., and glgiz d li,

P. ,fawn -coloured all over , lit. gaz elle-colour ed .

FEATHER— bhaw ’

ari , bhd iiwa ri , Hindi. and p ech- z'ma , P . , a feather in

the coat of a horse . Feathers have endless names expressive of

good or bad luck accord ing to their position, number,and shape ;

the following are a few examples : kjosha, ( lit. bunch of grapes ,an ear of corn or a cluster ” ) was a Moghul termfor two ormorefeathers on the forehead : dogar, the Panjabi name for the samesengan or chimyd sengan (probably connected with the word singh

— a

horn ) , qainchi ,“scissors ,

”and mendha a ram (butting to

misfortun e) , were terms for these feathers where one w as above theother : maw t ( lit. elephant

’

s trunk name of a feather behindthe kn ees or near the scrotum.

F EED—m’

hdri,morn ing-feed ; also extra food ; or the pick -me up given

to ekkd pon ies , &c . , on a journey 1china

,m. , grain ,

often used for

the evening feed ; colloquially oftenmeans gram.

”

FE EDER—kam-n or , adj. , a poor-feeder : p ew, adj. , greedy-feeder ( lit.

glntton ) : bhd kel, Pan j . , and bhukka r in B ehar ( always hungry) .

FEET—vz'

de Canker .

FENNEL— sawnf, Hindi ; bddydn , Turki and Pers ., Faem'

culumvulgare.

FENUGREEK— fmethi , H .

FETLOCK—mutghd ,m.,of fore or hind -leg.

FEVER—tap - z'

lama,s .m.

,ague : balgfimi tap ,

a bad feverish cold .

FI LL,T O (OF LEG )—p ay (ind or p ay (or nas) men warmdnd : t ide Sprain .

F I LLY—m'de Foal.

2 oz s . turmeri c, with up to 1 lb . ofgur or raw sugar, and an equa l amount of

d id or coarse flour, is an ordina iy receipt .

APPEND IX c 65

FIRE,TO

,—ddg_lgmi (also to brand) .

Fisn—mdchhli , f. ,H . , andmdhi, f. , P . ; in some places given to horses

and cattle.

FI S TUt A—vide S inus .FtANK—kokh, f.

,H .

FLAT-FBEr—eide Foot .FLATULBNCY—riydlz, f. (Ar pl. of r zlz) .

FLEA- B I ’I’T EN GB BY—magasi , Hindu and Pet s . abrash, Ar . ,vide Grey.

FLEAM—m’

de Lance t.FLOUB—ma z'da , m.

, H . (fine Whea ten) : 655 ,m. , H . ( coarse flour, of

FLOWERED —mlde Spotted .

FLY—makkhi , f. ,H . t ide also Horse-fly .

FLYB t ows—sd hi , f. , H .

FOAL .—bachherd , H ., gen , colt : bachherz

‘

,H . , gen . ,

filly : nd -ka nd , untiltwo years old : d a -

yak, three-year old : chd r-sd ld , four-year old :

muhfr,Ar . , when first born : kawli , Ar . , one -yea r old : gabhz

'

n ,

adj. , in foal .FOAM - kaf,m.

,P .

FODDER—pazthd ,m. , H . : chd ra ,m. wide Wh eat .

FOMENT, T o—bhap d r dena ,

to foment or steam: senknci , a genera l termfor the many ways of w et and dry fomen ting and steaming, and

also for toasting ; ( the word alsomean s to incuba te, of birds ) s ide

Steam.

FOOT,FEB T— sum, P . (uncloven) ; khur , Hindi (cloven ) chap d ti- sum,H . , adj. ( lit.

“pancakeo hoofed flat - foo ted with britt le or pumiced

fee t : fl ar-suma ( lit. “ass w ith stra ight and bad hoofs ;

the termgives th e idea of tripping ; [one would expect ass-hoofedtomean with contracted heels ”J.

FORAGE—da' na ghds ,m.,H . rd tz

’

b, any dai ly allowance : t ide Fodder.FOREABM— ba

'

z a, m. , P . ; gim‘

, Am: (“ the forearms should bemuscularand look like a fish ,

mdhiFOREHEAD—peshdni , f. : qubZz-peshd ni, adj. , said of a horse with a

projecting or bulging forehead .

FOB B LOCK—« zhonti , Hindi : nd sz'

ya , Ar . and Hindu . [Seises have an

objection to cutting off the forelock .]FORGE, T o—fna

‘l bajdmi (oi horses) .FBOG—qmtli : m’

de Opacity.

GALL-NUT—vide Oak-

gall.

GALLOP—p oya , m. , or pant, f.,a very slow gallop or a canter ; abtir-tag

( daurnd ) , a faster ga l lop sarpat, f., and adv.,fully extended : poya

cha lnd , v . , to go at a slow gal lop or at a can ter : pom: daurdmi , or5

66 APPENDIX c

sarpa; daurda d , or phenknd , to go at a ful l gallop : dap atnd , to go at

a full gallop (also to shout out in a threateningmanner to an

enemy, to servants) .

GAZ ELLE- B BLLI BD —v z‘

de Herring-

gutted .

GELD, TO—aMta karnd Magi k. , spec . for goats , and cocks : badhiyd k.

gen . , but spec . for rams or bul ls .

GELDING—afl ta , adj. akfi ta -wd r, false-gelding, said of a horse that hasapparently no testes a birth defect .

G INGER l—ad’rak,f.,P . (green ) 80 77171.m.

,H . (dry ) .

G IRTH—tang chhip , f., H . (girth - tugs) .

G I RTH - GALL—tang kd lagncz .

GLANDERs—Mwndk ; bad -ndm samba or sembha . There are two kinds ,“male and “ female ” : the “male ” attacks the forepart of the

horse and the female the binder ; bel, or badndm- i new is Farcy,wh ile bad -ndm- z

‘md da,the female, is Glanders vz

'

de Farcy .

GLOVE— ha tthi , f. , H .

, a hair-glove vide B rush .

GODOWN OFWATER—ghfint, f. , H . ; [ghantwa to swal low] .

GOOR—m'de Ga r .

GOOSE - B UMPED—taba’r-

gfi‘n , adj. , lit. axe - like , t. e. , wedge- like ; said oi a

horse with triangular- looking quarters when Viewed frombehind ;a grea t defect . A horse with tabar-gfln quarters is goose-rumped as

well,and the quarters usually narrow to a point beh ind .

Gmmn chand ,m.

, sing . or pl. z side Feed .

GRANULATE, To u angfi r bharnd , H .

GaAss—ghds. f.,H . : dab ghds , f.

,H . : khaba l, Panjabi .

GBAS s-CUTTER— ghasiyd rd ,H . a cutter or a seller of grass .

GREASE , TO—chikndnd chuparnd , gen , to smear thickly .

GREY—sabz a or sabz d , P . H ., grey w ith dark man e and tail nila sabz a

dark iron -grey : sanjab, H . (fromPer . sinjab, the grey sqnirrelg) grey

with the skin black and wh ite in patches ( the black patches on the

skin are often noticeable only when the animal is wet ) : ld l-sabzu, H . ,

nutmeg grey : sur_k_ha , accord ing to some a grey, or white, with whiteman e an d tail , and a dark sk in ; accord ing to others a nutmeg-

grey,and according to on e writer this is one of the rad ical colours , beingof the hue of pure safir on , t ide Colour : boz , T . ( a termnow obsoletein India ) , some kind of light grey : asfa r, Ar . ,

lit .

“ yellow ”and

a§,hab, Ar . ,nutmeg grey ; mmmdni in B aghdad colloquial ( lit.

scarlet, like the pomegranate flower) ditto : a zmq, Ar. ,blue-grey

(A lgeria) a shhab, Ar .,wh ite-grey , that is, grey exclusive of nut

meg grey : videWh ite, and Flea-bitten .

GRIND—da la d (coarsely) p imd ( finely) .

GRI PE S—marord .

Gingering I ndian dealers use a chi lli .

3Grey squirrel and no t ermine. T he white bellies of the sinjab are sewntogether separamfromthe backs and dotted with the black ear-tips .

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68 APPEND IX c

H IP—kfi ld,hip : gd ,o kd ld , adj.

, lit.“ox-h ipped , i .s .

,with ragged hips

kam-kfi ld or eh- swrin , adj. , with dropped hip, with one hip lowerthan the other singhdrd kfi ld , adj. ( lit. with hips like the

singhd rd or water-nutH IVE S—m’

de Urticaria .

HOB B LE S—muz amma (for hind legs) chhdndnd ( to hobble and

turn loose ) .H OG, T o

—bdba/ri , k . (Eng. to barberH OLD, To—pe; rahnd (oi a mare or a woman , or any an ima l ) shikam

dd/r hand (oi an imals) m’de Foa l .HOLE—gha r,m.

,H . (in stirrup- leather) .

H oLLow-BACK BD—mide Saddle-backed .

H OLs'rB B s—qubz‘

or,f.

HONEY—shahad,m.,Ar. : mad h. ,m. , H .

HOOD—kan-sz'

ld : t ide C loth ing.

H O0F—gwu.

,m.

,P . (un cloven) khur, m.

, Hind i (cloven ) : shdklg, m.

( crust ofhoof) vide Feet .Hoor-PICKEB—sum-khodnf, f.

H ORNED —shdlc_lt-dar, adj. , sa id of a horse with a flesby growth (likethat not uncommonly found under the jaws of sheep and goats) onthe head or elsewhere amon stros ity and unlucky is compared toaman with six fingers .

HORSE—ghora,m. ,H . , and ghori , f. ; gurud, obs .

,H .

,a horse with a large

yard , 1arge testicles , and large houghs ghar ghord nafi d smol, Prov.

to buy a pig in a poke (lit . the horse is at home but the price isfixed in the horse-market) ghora awr randi sublz dekhnd chd hz

’

ye, a

horse and a woman should be vetted in themorn ing (Saying) .

HORSE -FLY—kuttd -makkhi, H . Mar-magas, P .

H oass - sa os—m'de Shoe .

HORS ING—ghori d lang Ida, themare is in season .

HOUGH— kd nch, f. ,H . pichhlci z am‘

a vide Leg.

H UMOURs—Milg, Ar. pl. alglildg, the four humours of the body, viz . ,

ba lgltamor ph legm; dam, blood ; saffrd , bile ; and sawdci,black bile ;

these are also mixed up with heat,”

cold ,”

dryness , and

damp,” wh ich qua lities are also found inmedicines.

HUMP—kohdn,hump of camel or Ind ian ox.

I t L- snAPED—m'de Shape .

IND IAN COBN— (bari) makafl ,f.,H . : bhuttd , m.

,H . , the unripe heads

(confused with juwd 'r, large millet, the leaves and stalks of whichare the fodder chart) .

INDI GESTI ON—bad -hagmi jaw-

gire‘

t and bad-

gird ( in indigestion a horseappears to be suffering fromrheumatism) db-gird ( also water in thefoot fromLamin itis) vide Dyspepsia .

APPEND IX c 69

INFLAMMATI ON—soz ish, f. , P . : jalcm, f. ,H .

INT B a B s—dnt, f. , H . ; afitrz’

, f. , H .

IT CH—khujli, f. , H . ( the feeling as well as the disease) .

JACKAL—m'de Wolf.

JADB—marya l, adj. (applied to a worn -out horse or bullock) .

JAUNDI CE ( common in India)—yaq n ,m. , Ar .

JAW—jabrd ,m. ,H .

JAWJB—large-millet, vz’de I ndian corn .

JI B,TO—gdh-gi'r hand or a rnd hdrz

’m, Ar. adj: hdm’mi kardan ,

Pers . MS S .

J1BB B B—aryal, adj.JO INT m., H . gdngh, f. , H . : girah, f. , P .

K ATEERA (katird ) —v!ide Gum.

KE EPER (ou reins)—machhlfz , f H . ( lit. a fish chha lld , m. , H .

( lit. a ring) .

K B BOS INE—mitfi kd tel.KI CK

, T 0—d/u-lattimdmci or chaland (with both hind legs) : ld tmdmd

(with one hind leg) pushtakma'xmci (With both hind legs) .KI CKER - la tti-beiz ; pushtah

-bd s ; la ttar

K IDNBY—gwrda ,m. , P .

K I T E- COLOURED —chil, obs . , of the colour of the Common Kite .

KNEE—z dmz,m. ,

P . : ghutnd , m. , H . : shutur-band or camel- jointed ;said of a horse with long flesby kn ees like a camel ; a defect : videCapped -kn ee .

K UMREE—kama fri,f.

L

LAME—lang kuhna - lang, chron ically lame .

LAMENE SS—m'de Shoulder- lameness .LAM I NI TI S—S

‘u/mki tap m’de Indigestion , and Shoulder-lameness.LAMPAs—tdlfi ,

d,m

LANCET—n ashtar, poet . neshtar, lancet : pachha d , a berber’

s instrument forcutting nails and also for scarifying.

LAB INGms—Mushka .

LAUGnrNG-MOUTH ED—m'deMouth.

Lu v—sendfir, H . , red oxide of lead.

LEAD, T o—tahldnd , H . , and 7 0 2 kamd , Eng. ( to exercise by lead ing)bdgp akar-ke le-jdnd (lead by hand ) dcm'

ydkar Ze-jdnd ( to lead by

mpe) .

L EAF—p atté ,m., H . : konpa l or kapa l, f., H . , young leaves .

LB Bcn—jonk, f. ,H .

70 APPENDIX c

LEFT- FOOTED —[Old -fashion ed Muslims start on a j ourney, or crossthe threshold of their houses, with the right foot first. A horse thatenters a ford or crosses the threshold of its stable with the leftfoot first is an unlucky an imal and is styled by some chap

-dast or“ left-footed .

”T he proper signification ,

however,of chap

- dast ishaving the oii fore wh ite (unlucky) , but s ide under Stocking] .

LEG—hd th, Hindi, and dast, P .,and yad , Ar . ,

fore-leg H . , hindleg, and p et , P ., and myl, Ar . (d itto) : kamdn-

p d , adj. , lit. bow

legged ,”is applied to a horse with the proper curve in the hind-leg ;

stra ight-dmpped h ind - legs were not admired nor very sick le -hocks .e gZL-p d , adj. , lit.

“cock- legged ,

” that is , with straight-droppedhind - legs ; a defect accord ing to old authors : probably the old

fashioned swordsmen , who used thorn bits and chd r-jama or feltsinstead of saddles , found that the slightly sickle-houghed horsesjumped off quicker : the termmurglg-p d is sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a horse w ith uprigh t pasterns . For Swelled - legst ide Lymphangitis .

LENTI L—fi ’nas fir, f.

,H . , the ed ible lenti l ; a kind of dd l.

LEOPARD -spow ED—m'de Spotted .

LEPROSY—baras, the whi te spotted leprosy ; peaLI GHT-MOUTH E D—gho re hémunh na rmhat.

LIMB—chz‘md ,m. ,

H .

LINSE ED—alsi and tisi : alsi kd tel ( l inseed oil ; in the baz ars til orSesamumoil is often sold as l inseed oil ) vide Oilcake .

LI P—kanzh,m.,H .

LI P- S TBAP—bahddm.

L I ST —sel73.

L I TTER—lid , f. , H . (prop.,horse -dung) [khad, f. , H .

,manure , in fields ] .

LIVER— kaleji, f. , H . (of an imals) ka lejd ( oiman ) .L IVERY S TABLEs—argard ,m.

,H . (also a rid ing- school , and a cab-stand) .

LOCUST—tiddi or Iiddi , f. ,H . malan ,m. ,

P . ( locusts are in some partsof India and in Arabia given to horses and ca ttle) .

LO INS—kamar, f. ,P .

LONG -W INDED—dar- dam.

LOPE—gurg-davi , P. , obs. ( lit. wolf-runLOP-EARED—p a 'reshdn-

gosh, lit. scatter-eared.

LUNGE , T o—lambi rassi se chakkar (lend kdwdk (lend .

LUNGS—jflwphrd ,m., H .

LYMPHANGIT I s—z ahr-bad, lymphangitis, oedema , an‘

asarca , and sometimeserysipelas , q . v .

MADNE SS—diwdnagi .

MAGGOT s—kire, pl. of kird , any insect or small crawling th ing.

MAl ide Indian corn .

MAKE MUCH OF, To—dz'ldsa dea d ; thdpi dend .

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72 APPEND IX c

NAI L—melgh, f. , P . p reg, f. , H .

NEAT’

s Foo'r OiL—p a/z'

xr ltd tel,m. , H .

NECK—garda fn , f. , P . talglgta -

gardan , adj. , lit. plank-necked , said of a

horse with a coarse , stiff, unsupple neck and a head set on at a bad

angle ; tasma -

gardan , adj. , strap-necked ,

”the reverse of the former

said of a horse with a th in,wispy, and too supple neck fd ,iq , A r. ,

the place ofj unction of the head and neck : t ide Arch .

NE EM—nim,m. ,

H . , the neemtree,Malia az adimchta . [A decoction of

the leaves of the nimand the bakdjn or Persian Lilac i s a nativeremedy for spra ins] .

NE I GH , TO—hinhindnd , H .

NB IGH ING—hinhindhat, f. , H . : shayha , Ar .

NEBVE— ‘asab, Ar .

NI GH T -B LIND—shab-kor, P.,Hindus . ; rataundhyd , Hindi .

NIear-BLmDNB ss— shab-kori , P ., Hindus . ratawndhd , Hind i also

ra tawndhi .

NI TRE—qalami sham.NOS E—ndk, f. , H .

NOSE -BAG—tobrd ,m. ,H .

Noss -BAND—mis-band naknrd ,m. ,Panj .

NOSTRI L—na thnd , f. , H . : [nathn'

i,nose-ring] .

Nux VOMIOA—kuchld ,m. ,H .

OAK-GALk —mdz fi ,m.,P.

OAT s jaj, H .

OB STRUCT ION—sudda, P . and Hindus , an obstruction ,espec ially in the

bowel.(EDEMA—vide Lymphangitis .OI L—tel,m. , H . : karwd tel ( ofmustard , q s .) vide Castor oil

,Kerosine ,

Til, &c .

OI L-CAKE—kha li, Hindi, what remains after the oil is expressed (mustardoil-cake is given tomilch -cows and goats and linseed oil -cake tohorses) .

O INTMENT—marham,m. , P .

ON AND OFF"—damda/na .

ONYX- EYED -videWall-eyed .

OPAC I TY IN T HE EYE—putlt‘

, opacity froma blow [putli , also pupil ofthe eye ; frog of the foot a doll] .

OPIUM—afim, f., vulg. for ufyan, f.OPHTHALM IA—ghore kt dmkh cm.

OVER AT TH E K NEEs—ghutne dye kojhuke hat e.

OX -H I PPED —vide Hip .

OX - HOOFE D —gc‘

i ,o-swna , adj., said of a horse that has a hoof resemblinga cloven hoof.

OX-WI THERED —m’deWithers .

APPEND IX c 78

PPACEs —la ngon

'

yd , an artificial pace in wh ich the horse cen ters , as it were ,in long bounds : d nohi kad , th e same style of pace but the boundsare short and the pace slower ; wide Ambling.

PAI N—dard ,m.,P .

PALAT E—tdlz‘c,m. ,H .

PANCBEAs—labbd .

PANNE L—gadcfi (oi saddle) .

PANT, TO—hdnpnd .

PAB B or-MOUT H BD—goggi-dandan , lit. parro t-to othed toga -da han , adj. ,lit. parrot-mouth ed .

”

PABALYS I su fd lii (oi part of the face) .PAB T I -COLOUB ED- mids B lotched .

PASTERN—gdmchhi , f. ,H . : Murcia, or Mmd-

gah, P . : rusgjz , pl. arsdglg,Ar. : side also Leg for,

“straight-pa sterns

”: kachm, a growth or

swelling in the hollow of the pastern, considered incurable.

PAW,T o—tci/pmi or 10719mdmd 16749 chaldnd ormdmd ( to strike with thefore foot in anger) .

PEPPEB—golmiroh (pepper-corns) : p ipal, m.

,H . ( long-pepper) : side

PB B Iosrsm—haddi ktjhilli.PE STLE ANDMOB TAB—hdwan dasta .

PHLEGM—m’

de Humours .PI CK-ME -UP.

”—4n’

de Feed .

PI EBALD—abla q, Ar . , pieba ld or skewbald , q . v . ablaq-i siydh, true

piebald , i .e. , black and white t ide also B lotch ed .

PI GEON -TOED—pa t'

rmen anda r kt garaf td ,o hai.P I G- EYE—S

’

llr ki a'

xnkh ; bill? ki 33ankh, wide Wall-eyed : turk-chashm,lit. Turk -eyed .

PINCERS— z anbfar , f.

PLAI STER , T o—thomd chhop nd (for walls) .PLUNGE , TO—lambdfi bhamri chaukr

’

i bhuma ( to spring like a black -buck) .

PNEUMONIA—p hephfi ki bimari ( lung d isease) .

PO INT P. ,any good poin t or good tra it : (men ,

Ar . , any good

point , that is , of outward shape m'de Defect.PONY—g‘aygd ,m.

,H . ,

and ta nd ,ani , f. ydbfi , P . ,T . (gen . implies a coarse

pack- auimal) !dngan ,

H ., a hill -pony : ghdnt, a kind of hill-pony

lissc'

z gags tdz a ghord (native saying) .

POPPY—kokn d/r, U.,the Opium-poppy plant, P apaver sommfemmpost,

m., P . ,poppy-heads .

POB E—masdmm,m.,Ar .

POB B IDGB—lzarim(made ofmany th ings) .POB T—jibbi orjibbhi z abdmhaPOULTI CE—lubd'i

, H . , amass of anything of the consistency ofwet dough ,a poultice , &c .

74 APPEND IX c

POWDER—safz‘

tf,m. ,Ar . , anymedicine in powder ; bukni, f. , H . (di tto)

p ariya (or f) , any small th ing wrapped up in paper or leaves ,and hence a dose in powder .

FRANCE , To—ad cha d , lit. to dance : jhamakm'

i in B ehar .

PREGNANT—m'de Foal and Hold .

PRI CKLY-HEAT—kltdm'sht or fi arish, gen , alsomange , 9. v.

PROPH ET ’S THUMB MAB K—Angd thd , Panj . nishdn - z'

angusht, Pers .

PROUD FLEsa—bad -

gosht.PUL S E—nabg (dekhmi) , the throbbing of the blood -vessels : nabbdgi , th e

science offeeling and unders tanding the pulse .

PULSE (grain ) - ddl ; masd r ; moth, q . v . ; chand (grain ) , t ide Gram.

PUM I C ED FBEr—m'de Foot.PUPI L or T HEEYB—putli, side also Opacity .

PURGE—mide Drench .

PUS—chor, Hindi, pus, properly a sinus, q . 0 . ( char , a thief) , pip or pib, f.,

H ., pus .

QQasib—vide Fodder.QuaRTEB s—paztha,m.

,H . ; kafal, Ar. and P . : sdgltari , loca l Urdu : vz

'

de

Goose-rumped.

QUI BT—glmrib ( of horse) .

RACE—ghor-dawr.

RACE -COUBSE—ghor-daur kd maidan , gem; ghor- cjaur kd chakka r, thecourse itself.

RAOER—ghor-dauri ghorci .

RAGGED-niPPBD—m’de Hip.

RAsp—reti , f. , H .

REAca—shakil and glqarwdsh, a reach when there is no white on the

legs ; unlucky ; [gharwdsh is, lit ,a weaver’s reed "] wide B laz e .

REAR, T o—a lif hand silgli -p d hand .

REFUS E , TO—kudafl par phatnd , to refuse a jump vide Jih .

RE IN—a rds, f. , H .

RESI N—fl ‘d l,m. ,H .

RETENTI ON OFUB iNB -

psshdb band hand .

RHEUMATI SM—githyd or gayhiyd ,m. ,H . : bag: (applied tomany diseases ;

fromba,oi, f.,H .

,wind

RI B—p asli , f. ,H .

RI CE—chdfiwa l (uncooked rice) bhd t ( cooked rice) bz n'

nj, P. , gen

bin'

aj-i sdyhi or 35;t (Hindus , a red -skinn ed rice that ripens in therains in sixty days dhan ,m.,

H . ( in husk) .

R ID ING—frdn-sawdri (as opposed to riding on an elephant or in a camelkajriwa ) .

RIG—eh-amfl yd , adj. ( objected to) .

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76 APPEND IX c

SAND -CRACK—shuqdq ,m. , Ar. : ill Arabic also namlah .

S AVAGE , TO—vide B iter.

SCAB—zhikri, f. , H . , bit. potsherd , is applied by stablemen to an

unhealthy scab that will not peel oii , concealing a wound that won ’t

granulate .SCARI FY—pechlme dend , to cut lines in the sk in ,

as the three cuts on the

cheekmade by A rabs born in Mekkah t vide Lancet .

SC INT I LLANT —al¢i qarfiya , adj. and subs . m. (fromaklzgar, an

ember sa id of a horse that emits electric sparks when groomedobjected to .

S cI S S ORs— qainchi , f. ,T .

,scissors or clippers .

SCORPI ON —vide B laz e .

S CROTUM—foga [Id a Anj.

SCURF - MZ S ’Z,f.

SEASON—d lang kind , to come to season .

SEAT— dsdn,m.,H . askd dsdn dhila ha i, he has a loose seat jam- ka r

baithtd hat, he sits close .

SEEDY-TOE—smn men Mushki d -

gd ,i , lit. dryness has come in to the

hoof.”

S ENDb'

R— red oxide of lead .

SE SAMUM—tt’

l,m., H . m'ds L inseed .

SHAFT—bam, f. , H . bdr-ka sh ki changi , f. , shaft-tug.

SHAPE—dhang,m. ,H . sz

‘

cmt kz' qabdlzat, ill -shape , ugliness , or outwarddefect : s ide Defect .

S HEA’

I‘

H —glu

'

lcif,m., Ar . : vide Excrescence .

SHOE—na‘l, m.

, horse- shoe : kofhi-dd r na‘l, Pan j . , a pla te of iron wi th

hole in themiddle,an all round Indian shoe go l

-na‘l (ditto) also

a bar shoe : khflntfl dd r na‘l,a shoe with calpins or one w ith

thickened heels : {hoka r-dd r-na‘l, shoe with clips .

SHOE ING putting on new shoes ; opp . to khul-band i , pa iringthe boot and re - shoeing w ith the old shoes : bad -na

‘l, adj. , said of

a horse that won ’t let itself be shod .

SHOULDER— shdna ,m. , P . gd ,o

-shdna , adj., lit. ox-shouldered , that is,

with heavy shoulders or with forelegs placed to o far back .

S H OULDEB -LAMBNEss—sina - band or chhati-band , adj. , lame in the shoulderformerly a lso applied to a horse with the unknown or un diagnosedd isease of lamin itis : [a horse with shoulder lameness , however, islame in one leg on ly] .

SHY—bha raknd ; mmkama.

S I CKLE -HOUGHED—m’de Leg.

S INEW—m'

de Tendon .

S INUS—adsar, a sinus, a fistula : char,“v ide Pus.

S I TFAS P medM'Z .

SKELETON—thathri , f.,H . (lit. a bamboo frame) : pinjra ,m. ( lit. a cage) .

SKEWBALD—ablaq, a lso piebald , q . v. ablag-z

'

surang, a chesnut-and

APPEND IX c 7 7

white skewbald ablaq-i z arda , a dun -and-white skewbald ; ablaq - z

'

magasi , a flea o bitten grey and a wh ite ; a blaq-i ga rrd , white -and

roan skewba ld ; abla q-i hind

,i, copper and wh ite, &c. , &c .

SKI N—chamrci ,m. ,H .

SKI TT I SH—chanchal.

SL IGHT- B UI LT—« zhharerd badan , spare (in a bad sense of horses , but in a

good sense ofmen ) .

SL ING—jhz’

old ,m.,H .

, lit. swing tangni.

S LOW—d himi , H ., lit.

“dim": ma tthd or 1ncig

‘

thm'

,1 H . : ba il ki {aralz

cha ltd ha i.

S NArrt e—qaz aJ, f.S NAKB -TONGUED —m‘de Dog- tongued .

S NiP —wr§am, Ar. , a horse with a sn ip (properly speaking on the upperlip) .

SNORT, TO—farfardnd or pharpha rdnd .

SNOT—mfide Mucus .

SOAP-NUT—fl ‘ifhd ,mH .

SOLE—talwd,m. ,

H .

SORE-BAcx—gho re kt p ith lag-

ga ,i .

SOB E-MOUTH—d hhe‘

n lag-

gafizi lagdmi , f. ( hand ) (also applied to

humans) .

SOB E -THROAT—g a l-suwd .

SOUND—hcith pa ir dwrust be-‘ayb.

SPAVI N—chap ;ci , a spavin far back, flat and not pointed , tha t seldomcauses lameness : ha ddd , bone-spavin : motard or mothard , bogspavin :matard , according to some , is bog-spavin on the inside of

the join t, while bhabhd tarci is bog- spavin above the joint and inside.

SPLEEN—ghore ke tilli p ar-

gafi, or ba rh-

ga ,i .

SPL INTER—phd ns, H . , a splinter of bamboo, &c. kirich, f. , H .,a splinter

of wood or bone ( also a stra ight sword ) .

SPOT—chz'

tti .

SPOTT ED—T hzild , adj. , lit.“ flowered , that is , with a whi te blotch or

spot ( 1971221) on the quarters or thigh s ; objected to , especially bythe Nepales e ; whi te spots fromsaddle or girth -

galls are not

coun ted : phzilwdri , a wh ite (nuq ra) horse with black spots of the

siz e of a sh illing ; formerly valued by Rajas .S PRAlN—p ay bha/r-jdnd , filling of the back te ndon : t ide Strain .

SPUR—kdnyd , m.,H . : mamez

,f. , H . , a co rruption of Pet s . muhmis

vide Bowel . ( The Eas te rn spur was the sharp corner of the fla tstirrup- iron hence rikdbmm to spur) .

STAB LE—d isgabal ; gawela : thdn ( stall) .

ST ACK - ;d l,m. , H . : ganji , f.

lMattha r baa a dull school-boy.

78 AP PENDIX cl

STALING—sa las-ul-bawl, Ar. , subs .

, and sa lis-ul- bawl, adj. , diabetes or

profusing staling .

STALL -m'

de Standing.

STALL I ON— sdnd, stallion horse,but specially a bul l ; (mind 7rd sting!

“a widow ’

s ghori p ar ghord dd lnd, to put amare to the

stallion .

STAND ING— thd n ,m.,H . (also stall) mutdlfz , that portion of the standing

defiled by the ur ine .

STAR— sitam,m. , P .

,H .

,a star sma l l enough to be concealed by the

thumb- tip : flp a l, m., Hind i ( lit. a a s tar too large to be

covered by the thumb - tip : garkak, Ar . , a star up to the siz e of a

dirham(say a sh illing) ; glyurrah, Ar .,if larger than a qurliah ;

also, however , a genera l termm'

de B laz e .

S TAB RED”— sitd ra -

p eshd ni, adj. ,“sitd ra -foreheaded , vide supra

agralc, Ar .,marked with gu'

rlzah, vide supra , and B laz ed .

S T EAM, T o—vide Foment senknd , gen . to steam, fomen t, heat with ‘

pads ,

or hands warmed by the fire, or by a hea ted cow -

pat : sang- tdb k. ,

to steamby plunging a red -hot stone in water : dhan- tab k. , d itto ,

but with red - hot iron .

STEP, TO—vide High - stepping.

S T IFLB— quldba ( stineSTI RRUPS—fi n

'

kd b,f.,P .

,the iron : (n

'

kd b ki) duwd l, f. , H . ,stirrup

leather : chd zip , f., H . , the lock ghar,m. , H .

,a hole in the stirrup

lea ther.STOCK ING—p adam, adj. , H . ( lit . the red lotus , is appl ied to a horsethat has amarked stocking on any leg,

that is , a wh ite stockingwith coloured hairs in it ; not generally considered unlucky in

India , but deemed un lucky by the Mughals and Persians : gul-dast,adj. , lit.

“flower -footed,

” with the near-fore wh ite ; chap - dast,adj.,

with the oif-fore white ( it is un lucky to have white on the off-fore)(Rangin , however, reverses these terms and defines gul

-dast as

having the n ear-fore wh ite ) ; accord ing to one Ind ian writer a

chap-dast horse is only un lucky if the wh ite stocking reaches to the

knee or h igher and if there is also n o white on the foreh ead arjal,adj., Ar .

, said of a horse that has one stocking of any colour (whiteor other colour) on a h ind leg ; very un lucky ; in H indija frndf

cw,

1 d itto

[lit messenger (diet) of the God of Death (Jam) but according tosome a horse with a wh ite stocking on any leg is ajamdd t] p ack

or p dnch-ka lydn (ka lydn , Hindi , auspicious) , adj. , w ith four

white stockings and a blaz e : shikal,Ar . ,

in a horse, 2 having threelegs d istinguished by the whiteness of the lower parts, wh ich istermed {alzjih and one leg free therefrom; or having three legs

1 Accordin to one I ndian writer, who is probably wrong, jamdzz t was a

chesnut with ourwhite stockings .

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80 APPENDIX c

SULPHATE or COPPB B—m'de B luestone .

SULPHUR—gandlzak, f.,H .

SUPPOS I TORY—shdfa , also a clyster-stick used by people instead of an

enema .

SURCINGLE kotal-kash bd ld -tang.

SURFE I T—garmi-ddna .

SURBA—sam‘

,Ar . ,

lit. epilepsy, but applied to the well-known and fataldisease snrra it afflicts horses, camels , and cattle .

SWEAT—pasina ,m. ,H . : p ati nam'

kd lnd , T r .,to sweat.

SWEAT- SCB APB B—p asina -kash,m.

SWEET OIL -m€;hd tel, tt‘

l- oil .SWELL ING—wamm,m. , Ar . sfijan , f. ,

H .

SYNOVIA—g’

or kd tel.

TAI L—dum,m. , P . pd nchh, f. , H .

TANDEM—m‘de Harn ess.

T EB TH—ddnt ki twrshi, tendern ess in the teeth such as is experiencedafter acids : d/d h ka ddnt,milk -tooth : ddnt

,m. , H .

,nipper : dd rh,

f. , H .,molar : kukar-ddnt, lit. dog-tooth, a wolf- tooth ; chor-dd nt,

d itto, but properly supernumerary teeth in the palate , of men

sandya, Ar . ,the central incisors

,four in number rubd ‘e

’

yd t, Ar. ,

four teeth after the sandyd ; qawdm’b, pl. of qdm’lz , next but one tothe central pair of incisors ; anydb, pl. of nd b, four eye - teeth , canineteeth , tushes ; agrds, pl. of girs, Ar .

,molar teeth : wdsigd t ( a word

occurring in Indian manuscripts on horses and said to be Arabic ;not found in Arabic writings) , the same asmbd ‘iyd t : side Mark .

TEMPLE—kan -patfi ,f., H .

T BNDER —pat’r komdntd hat, either to go tender on a leg or to feel it

tender when pressed side Favour.TENDERNESS or TH E T B Bm—vide Teeth .

TENDON—p ay, f. ,P . 110 3, f.

,H . : patthd ,m.

, H . : vide Sprain .

T ES T I CLB s—Must'

ys .

T ETANUS— chdndni-z ada, adj. , afflicted by tetanus, lit. “ struck bymoonlight basta -dahan , adj. : qaysar- z ada , adj. bdd-i qaysar, subs.

TH IGH— ran , f. ,P . : sha I/wdr ( lit.

“ loose is by stablemenapplied to the th ighs of a horse [and by falconers to the th ighsof a falcon ] ; 2

'

s ghore kc shalwdr achchhe hain this horse haswell-filled thighs touching each other

”

[S hirwd l and sirwal, Ar .

MS S . ,are Arabicised forms of sha lwar, which some hold to be

original ly an Ar abic word . T he common modern pronunciation is

shamd l] .

TH I GH S—langqt , space between the thighs : m’de Anus .

T H ORousB - B B B D—asil, adj. , Ar .

THOROUGHP IN— bdppoyi, H .

APPEN DIX C 81

THROAT—gala ,m. ,

P . t ide Gullet .

T H BOA'

r-LAsa—galtani .

T H BUS H—summenms utar-jdnd , to have thrush , lit. fluid coming out of

the foo t .”“T I GER-EYED — sher-chashm( lit. “ tiger-eyed , means yellow-eyed

a defect .T I L

, OIL OH ide Smmmand Linseed .

T OE OF HOOF—thokar, f.,H . : sumbdhar kt gamfphiraM74 2 ( turned -out

to es side also Pigeon - toed ) pairmen ta,o km’

( turns in , or turnsout

,the toes) .

TONGUE—jibb, f. , H . z aban, f. , P . f.,H .

, ofbuckle, q . 0 .

TOOT H—m'

de Teeth .

TRACE—jot, f. ,H . mdm’

kjok, trace-bearer .

T B I PPLB —m‘

de Amble .

T BO'r—kuttd -chd l, f. , H . ( lit. dog’

s pace) d/ulki , f.,H . , the ordinary tro t,

as used in ekkas : gahri , trotting out, a fas t trot in which the ponythrows out the fore -fee t lukka (raftan) , P . yurtama , T (ga rtak,T .

,trotter

, obs . in India) .

Taor, ro—dulki kamd kuttd -chd l cha lnd [a native device tomake a

riding horse that insists on cantering break in to a trot is to seiz ean ear and pul l it downwards] .

TUG -vide Girth and Shaft .TUMOUR—rasauli , H . (also capped elbow) .

T UBBmATB - B ONE—s ide B one .

T UBMEB I c—ha ldi , f. , H . ambhu ha ldi mango-gingerT URPENTI NE td rp in kd tel ganda biroz a ( crude) .

TUSH—nesh,m. , tush : gaj-dant, adj. , H .

,lit. elephan t-toothed , sa id of

a horse with long projecting tushes li anz ir-da ndd n or boartusked ,

”appears to be iden tical with the previous .

TWI TCH—jafi zmd l, f. ; geish-md l

,f.

UNCAS T B AT ED—alqfita na -kz'

yci gayd na r ghord , entire .

UNDBB HUNG—shutwr-danddn, adj. , lit. camel - toothed , q . v .

,that is , w ith

the under- teeth proj ecting like those of a camel , dtc . [the camel , ofcourse, has no teeth in the upper jaw] .

UBET H BA—nd ,iz a ; also incorrectly the Yard .

URINE—p eshd b peshd b k‘

i timgi , subs , darkness of urine : idrd r, m. ,

Ar .,in Urdu passing urine in abundance s ide S taling.

URINE , RET ENTI ON or—peshdb band bond (a fanciful remedy was to writeon the o tf-fore the lettermim, and on the near-fore jim, or , bette rstill , to do so on the hind -feet also ; the letters probably stand fo rmat ja ld , stale quickly ; [written on such a disrespectful place

82 APPENDIX c

the letters could not stand for the name of a Saint] qdmrd ,m., a

bottle contain ing a patient’s urine sent to a Muslimdoctor for(visual) examination

URTI CAR IA— ghoz‘e kt pittfz uchabnd (hives

V

VALB B IAN—bz’

lli loyan or bila‘

j logan ( so called fromits efi ect on cats ,which delight in its fragrance and roll about in their ecstasies) ,Common Valerian , Valem’anu ofi cz

’

na lis ; this is dried and powderedand given to horses in Surra

, q .

VE IN—mg, f. ,P .

VERTEB RA—Jmankd ,mH .

VB 'rcn—md sh, f.

,H .

VICIOUs—bad -gd t shdmfis , Indian manuscript, Arabic ised formof

chdmas, P.,vicious, of horses : markhand , adj. , H . ( lit. butting,

a

butter) .

VINEGAB—sirka ,m. , P.

VULVA—farj, f.,Ar .

W

WALK—qadam, in modern Urdumeans a walk, but in old Urdu itwas a general termfor several kinds of artificial amble

, q . v .

shdh-

gdm, m. (a showy artificial walk ; h igh - stepping and slow ;now rarely seen t ide Amble) .

WALK, T o—qadamqadamcho lmi .

WALK ING-ExBB CI ss—vide Lead .

WALL -EYEo—gdq z‘

, adj. (with one wall-eye ; lit , odd , not even) chaglgar,

T .,w ith two wall-eyes , also édam-chashmor man -eyed (amongst

some dealers means showing the white all round the iris) ; also

gurba-chashmor “cat- eyed ,” but t ide Pig-eyed : sulaymcini-dnkh or

onyx-eyed (Afghan dealers) bilauri -dnkh or crystal-eyed

(oi one or both eyes) eh-mandala -gagi , obs . , with one wall-eye

[one wall-eye is un lucky , but two are lucky] .

WART- masd , H . vide Excrescence .

WATEB— basi p aint , stale water,”that is , water drawn froma well over

n ight and quite cold ; opposed to kfi ,dn-

garmor “well -warmwaterthat is

,with the chill just oii .

WATER IN T H E FOOT—d b-gz‘

frd

,lit. water in the foot fromlaminitis ;m’de

also Indigestion .

WAx—mom,m.,P .

WEAVE , TO—jhz2mnd ( lit. to sway, as elephants, drunkards, trees in

the wind) .

WEAVER —jhzZmne-wd ld .

WEED—daggd ,m., H . ( of horse orman ) .

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