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MATEC Web of Conferences • Open Access • Volume ��� • �� August ���� • Article number ����� • �th International

Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, ICRMCE ����, �� July ���� - �� July ����

The influence of molarity variations to the

mechanical behavior of geopolymer concrete

, , ,

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Purwantoa Han A.L.a, b Nurojic Jaya Ekaputri J.d

Structural and Material Laboratory, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

Fib-Indonesia, Prof. Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

Civil Engineering Departement, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

Civil Engineering Departement, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

a

b

c

d

Abstract

Research on geopolymer concrete has seen a new light in the analyses and experiments for special

topics in the field of their mechanical properties. Among the most important are studies of geopolymer

concrete subjected to confinement and bond. Regarding the basic material behavior, research of

material proportions formulations, mix design formulas and inventions towards the development of a

high-performance geopolymer concrete, were conducted. The latest looked into the effects of molar

activator concentrations to the 28 days compression strength, and the strength development as a

function of concrete age for geopolymer concretes. The specimens were 150 by 300-millimeter

cylinders tested in uniaxial compression. The molarity variations were set at 6, 8, and 10 molars. The

geopolymer concrete samples were compared to conventional concrete specimens, having the exact

same volumetric material proportions. The cement was replaced with fly ash, and the activator with

water. The aggregate content was taken as a constant. The concrete strength as a function of molar

increase followed a parabolic, convex pattern, suggesting that a maximum value exists. The strength

development of all geopolymer concretes had a slower rate when compared to conventional concrete.

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018.

Author keywords

Age; Compression strength; Geopolymer concrete; Molarity

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A scientometric review ofgeopolymer concrete

Zakka, W.P. Abdul Shukor Lim,N.H. Chau Khun, M.

Rice Husk Ash and Basalt Fibre-Based Sustainable GeopolymerConcrete in Rigid Pavements. AReview

Abbass, M. Singh, G.

The Effect of Dry Mix SodiumHydroxide onto Workability andCompressive Strength ofGeopolymer Paste

Ali, A.Z.M. Jalaluddin, N.A.Zulkiflee, N.

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6/16/2021 International Conference in Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineeering [4th]

https://sipil.ft.uns.ac.id/icrmce04/index.php/keynote/view 1/3

Keynote Speakers

Kennichiro Nakarai Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan

more ... (http://seeds.office.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/profile/en.82b745276185148e520e17560c007669.html)

Masyhur Irsyam Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Ind

more... (http://www.pri.itb.ac.id/web/geotechnics/

Hung Jiun Liao National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

more... (http://www.ct.ntust.edu.tw/ct_eng/users/view/13?itemid=23)

Apiniti Jotisankasa Kasetsart University, Thailand

more... (http://www.ce.eng.ku.ac.th/people/faculty/geotechn

Sri Ravindrarajah Rasiah University Technology of Sidney, Australia

more... (http://newsroom.uts.edu.au/content/dr-sri-ravindrarajah-rasiah)

Mohammad Bin Ismail Department of Structures and Materials UTM

more... (http://civil.utm.my/mohamm

Chan Weng Tat

National University of Singapore, Singapore more... (http://cee.nus.edu.sg/people/ceecwt/)

Petr Hajek Czech Technical University, Czech

more... (http://www.uceeb.cz/en/people/prof-ing

Yusep Muslih Purwana

Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia more... (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yusep_Purwana)

Important Dates

Deadline of abstract submission Nov 30, 2017 Jan 20, 2018

Notification of abstract acceptance Dec 31, 2017 Jan 31, 2018

6/16/2021 International Conference in Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineeering [4th]

https://sipil.ft.uns.ac.id/icrmce04/index.php/scomm/view 1/6

Scientific Comittee

NameAffiliation

Country Profile

KennichiroNakarai

HiroshimaUniversity

Japan (http://seeds.office.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/profile/en.82b745276185148e520e17560c007669

Shunji Kanie HokkaidoUniversity

Japan (http://www.eng.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/ssystem/kanie/index.htm)

A.A.A. Molenaar TU Delft TheNetherlands

(http://aaa-molenaar.jouwweb.nl/)

Henk Jonkers TU Delft TheNetherlands

(https://www.tudelft.nl/en/staff/h.m.jonkers/?no_cache=1&cHash=)

Kenji KAWAI HiroshimaUniversity

Japan (http://seeds.office.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/profile/en.7a727a8accb846a8520e17560c007669

Masyhur Irsyam BandungInstitute ofTechnology(ITB)

Indonesia (http://www.pri.itb.ac.id/web/geotechnics/masyhur-irsyam/)

Hung Jiun Liao National TaiwanUniversity ofScience andTechnology

Taiwan (http://www.ct.ntust.edu.tw/ct_eng/users/view/13?itemid=23)

Oleg Kaplinski InstytutArchitekturyPlanowaniaPrzestrzennego

Poland

Ichiro ARIO HiroshimaUniversity

Japan (http://seeds.office.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/profile/en.4905aeee8dac8140520e17560c007669

M.F.C MartinVan de Ven

TU Delft TheNetherlands

(https://www.tudelft.nl/en/staff/m.f.c.vandeven/?no_cache=1)

Meor OthmanHamzah

Universiti SainsMalaysia

Malaysia (http://civil.eng.usm.my/index.php/en/about-us/academic-staff/166-professor-dr-meor-othma

Chan Weng Tat NationalUniversity ofSingapore

Singapore (http://cee.nus.edu.sg/people/ceecwt/)

Petr Hajek CzechTechnicalUniversity

Czech (http://www.uceeb.cz/en/people/prof-ing-petr-hajek-csc)

Phuong TrinhBUI

HiroshimaUniversity

Japan (http://seeds.office.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/profile/en.78fd167244fa14e7520e17560c007669

ApinitiJotisankasa

KasetsartUniversity

Thailand (http://www.ce.eng.ku.ac.th/people/faculty/geotechnicial-eng/apiniti-jotisankasa/)

Nurly Gofar NanyangTechnologicalUniversity(NTU)

Singapore (https://nanyang.academia.edu/NurlyGofar)

SivakumarNaganathan

UniversityTenagaNasional

Malaysia

Izni Syahrizalbin Ibrahim

UniversityTechnology

Malaysia (http://civil.utm.my/iznisyahrizal/)

MiliyonWoldekidan

BAM InfraNederland

Netherlands

6/16/2021 MATEC Web of Conferences

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The 4th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in CivilEngineering (ICRMCE 2018)

Solo Baru, Indonesia, July 11-12, 2018 P. Hajek, A.L. Han, S. Kristiawan, W.T. Chan, M.b. Ismail, B.S. Gan, R. Sriravindrarajah and B.A. Hidayat (Eds.)

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Open Access

Statement of Peer review Published online: 22 August 2018PDF (40.8 KB)

Open Access

About the conference Published online: 22 August 2018PDF (3.64 MB)

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6/16/2021 MATEC Web of Conferences

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Open Access

Preface 00001Published online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819500001PDF (83.21 KB)

- Construction MaterialsOpen Access

Advanced high-performance concrete structures - challenge for sustainable andresilient future 01001Petr HajekPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501001PDF (612.5 KB) References

Open Access

Waterproo�ng practices in Australia for building construction 01002Rasiah Sriravindrarajah and Elizebeth TranPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501002PDF (738.9 KB) References

Open Access

Proposed concrete compaction method using an electrical internal vibrator: a reviewof compaction standard for concrete in laboratory according to SNI 2493:2011 01003Agus MaryotoPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501003PDF (828.7 KB) References

Open Access

Microscopic investigation on concrete cured internally by using porous ceramic roof-tile waste aggregate 01004Azusa Shigeta, Yuko Ogawa and Kenji Kawai

Construction Materials

Structural Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering

Transportation Engineering

Hydrologic Engineering

Construction Management and Maintenance

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Agus Maryoto and Gathot Heri SudibyoPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501009PDF (405.6 KB) References

Open Access

The in�uence of molarity variations to the mechanical behavior of geopolymerconcrete 01010Purwanto, Ay Lie Han, Nuroji and Januarti Jaya EkaputriPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501010PDF (566.6 KB) References

Open Access

The e�ect of additional aluminium to the strength of geopolymer paste 01011Aulia Rahman and Januarti Jaya EkaputriPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501011PDF (415.2 KB) References

Open Access

E�ects of microbial agents to the properties of �y ash-based paste 01012Kiki Dwi Wulandari, Januarti Jaya Ekaputri, Triwulan, Chikako Fujiyama and Davin H. E. SetiamargaPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501012PDF (944.4 KB) References

Open Access

Microstructure and mechanical properties of FA/GGBS-based geopolymer 01013Apriany Saludung, Yuko Ogawa and Kenji KawaiPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501013PDF (2.117 MB) References

Open Access

Repair of rigid pavement using micro concrete material 01014Jonbi Jonbi, A. R. Indra Tjahjani, Nuryani Tinumbia, A. M. Pattinaja and Bambang S. HaryonoPublished online: 22 August 2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501014

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© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 01002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501002ICRMCE 2018

Waterproofing practices in Australia for building construction

Rasiah Sriravindrarajah1,* and Elizebeth Tran1

1CBIR, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Abstract. Waterproofing is an essential component in building construction to maintain the integrity of buildings with reduced maintenance cost. A comprehensive waterproofing system is an integrated combination of factors, and includes product selection, membrane detail, substrate preparation, design, installation and maintenance. It is designed to work under different environmental conditions, substrates and applications. Proper understanding of the issues related to waterproofing membrane systems is important to minimise the waterproofing failures in both commercial and residential buildings. This paper aims to discuss Standards and Codes; membrane systems and performance, waterproofing practices, design and installation techniques, inspection and testing and quality assurance adopted by the waterproofing industry in Australia.

1 Introduction Waterproofing is a fundamental and vital construction activity to maintain the integrity of both commercial and residential buildings over its service life. It minimises the post-completion problems mainly caused by water damages such as mould growth and rusting. A comprehensive waterproofing system is an integrated combination of factors, includes product selection, membrane detail, drainage design, substrate preparation, design, installation, quality assurance and maintenance. The advancements in technology have led to the development of various waterproofing membrane systems, namely liquid, sheet and spray-applied membranes. Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper aims to discuss Standards and Codes; membrane systems and performance, waterproofing practices, design and installation techniques, inspection and testing and quality assurance adopted by the waterproofing industry in Australia.

2 Standards and building codes in Australia

AS3740 [1] (Waterproofing of domestic wet areas) and AS4654.1/2 [2, 3] (Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use) are current Australian standards used by the building and construction industry in Australia. AS4654.1 [2] lists the conditions and requirements that membranes will be subjected to test its durability. This includes time, humidity, water

* Corresponding author: Sri.Ravindrarajah@uts.edu.au

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 01001 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501001ICRMCE 2018

Advanced high-performance concrete structures – challenge for sustainable and resilient future

Petr Hajek1,*

1Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 166 29 Prague 6, Thakurova 7, Czech Republic

Abstract. Development and recent changes in natural and socio-economic environment requires new technical solutions for construction of new and reconstruction and modernization of existing structures. Structures and all built environment should be better prepared for new conditions – they should be sustainable and resilient. Concrete is building material with high potential for new technical solutions resulting in needed environmental impact reduction and consequent social and economic improvements. The paper presents potential contribution of concrete industry, advanced high-performance concrete and concrete structures to Sustainability Development Goals specified in UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and presents basic principles of implementation of sustainability approach into design of concrete structures and particularly to fib Model Code 2020.

1 Introduction

1.1 World is changing

Considering scale line - one year for entire life of the Earth - the human civilization exists only last 90 seconds and RC structures are used in last one second. Earth existed long before humans developed on the Earth and will exist long after the conditions on the Earth will not be suitable for human life. Sustainability is about preservation of environmental, social and economic conditions on our planet in the form which will enable survival of humans on the Earth as long as possible [1]. The question raised in this paper is how concrete, as the second most used material after water and the most used construction material, can help in this process.

Changing of the climate on the Earth is innate and everlasting process; environmental conditions are continuously changing due to continental drift followed by volcanic, seismic effects and due to man-made impacts. Human life conditions for life are modified – and as a consequence biodiversity is irrecoverably changed. This process was in previous periods very slow, enabling consecutive adaptation of life forms (incl. humans) to changing

* Corresponding author: petr.hajek@fsv.cvut.cz

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 01004 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501004ICRMCE 2018

Microscopic investigation on concrete cured internally by using porous ceramic roof-tile waste aggregate

Azusa Shigeta1, Yuko Ogawa1, and Kenji Kawai1*

1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

Abstract. Porous ceramic roof-tile waste aggregate (PCA), which is a recycled material, is an effective internal curing material for concrete. Part of the aggregate is replaced with saturated internal curing material to supply internal water into the cement paste continuously. Internal water is effective to promote the hydration of cement paste, especially in concrete with a low water-to-cement ratio because external curing water cannot easily reach inside the concrete. It has been reported that PCA leads to an increase in compressive strength and the reduction of autogenous shrinkage of concrete. However, the effects of PCA in previous researches are different with regards to the experimental conditions and have not been evaluated sufficiently. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of internal water supplied from PCA microscopically. In the experimental program, a compressive strength test was conducted for 6 types of concrete with a W/C of 0.35. The microhardness around the aggregate in the concrete was also measured to investigate the extent of the influence of the internal water supply. The results showed the possibility that microhardness of ITZ around PCA is improved by internal curing water supply and the compressive strength of concrete is also improved by using PCA.

1 Introduction Generally, curing is conducted for concrete immediately after casting in a humid environment in order to promote the hydration of cement paste. However, external curing water cannot reach the inside of concrete sufficiently, especially in concrete with a low water to cement ratio (W/C) because the surface part of such a type of concrete is dense. To compensate for such a problem, internal water curing is effective to promote hydration. Internal curing is a curing method in which part of the aggregate is replaced with saturated internal curing material to supply internal water into the cement paste continuously. In concrete, capillary water is consumed for hydration of

* Corresponding author : kkawai@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 01005 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501005ICRMCE 2018

Modulus elasticity of the graded concrete, a preliminary research

M. Mirza Abdillah Pratama1,*, B. Sri Umniati1, Bunga Arumsari Mutiara Wulandari1, Ay Lie Han2, Buntara Sthenly Gan3, and Zhabrinna Zhabrinna4

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia 3Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Japan 4School of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Birmingham, The United Kingdom

Abstract. The elastic modulus of materials plays a role in determining the stiffness of a structural element and its level of serviceability. Previous research indicates that the concrete modulus of elasticity could be improved by combining 2 (two) concrete mixes using a gradual compacting method. In this study, the effect of different concrete strength combinations to the resulting modulus of elasticity is examined. Three types of concrete mixes with a strength of 30 MPa, 40 MPa and 50 MPa are prepared. The graded concrete is moulded in cylindrical concrete casts (150 mm x 300 mm) with the following casting configurations: 30-40 MPa, 30-50 MPa, and 40-50 MPa. The static modulus of elasticity test is performed at an age of 28 days using compressometers in accordance with ASTM C469. The test results show that the modulus of elasticity of the graded concrete is proportionally influenced by the stiffness of the higher and the lower concrete material. Additionally, the resulting compressive strength of the graded concrete is determined by the lower concrete strength.

1 Introduction Graded concrete is a unique construction material combining multiple concrete mixes to optimise the use of cement as a binding agent to achieve more sustainable construction development [1-7]. By composing distinguished concrete mixes in an element, the graded concrete members possess mechanical characteristics that vary in their elements’ depth. Preliminary researches focusing on the investigation of the compressive strength of graded concrete have been conducted recently, but information about the modulus of elasticity of graded concrete is not yet widely available. As a fundamental mechanical property of the material, the modulus of elasticity of concrete should be predicted and be defined correctly provided that it affects the material stiffness and structural rigidity of an element [8-9]. Therefore, this research aims to experimentally investigate the modulus of elasticity of graded concrete at a preliminary level.

* Corresponding author: mirza.abdillah.ft@um.ac.id