parenchymatous plant remains - UCL Discovery
218
THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL INTERPRETATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CHARRED VEGETATIVE PARENCHYMATOUS PLANT REMAINS by JONATHAN G. HATHER ýýý. ýý.. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph. D in the Institute of Archaeology, University College London 1988 1
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Transcript of parenchymatous plant remains - UCL Discovery
THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL INTERPRETATION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF CHARRED VEGETATIVE
PARENCHYMATOUS PLANT REMAINS
by
JONATHAN G. HATHER
ýýý. ýý.. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Ph. D in the Institute of Archaeology,
University College London
1988
1
, t. "ý
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH ILLUSTRATIONS
Introduction
Illustrating the chapters devoted to the results and the discussion of
the research presented here are a series of scanning electron
micrographs contained in this, the second volume of this thesis. The
seventy plates, each with ten figures, has facing them a caption page
giving brief details of the taxon illustrated, the tissue and other
relevant comments. The acronyms relating to the surfaces in view are
explained below.
TS Transverse Surface
LS Longitudinal Surface
RLS Radial Longitudinal Surface
TLS Tangential Longitudinal Surface
OS Oblique Surface
The vegetative plant tissues under study are illustrated on plates
1 to 59; additional plant and non-plant materials are illustrated on
plates 60 to 64 and archaeological materials on plates 65 to 70. An
index to the illustration plates is included after this.
426
PLATE 1
Pteridium aquilinum
427
PLATE 1
FICURES 1- 10 : Pteridium aquilinum
FIGURE 1 Rhizome showing concentric dictyosteles separated by
fibre cylinder. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome meristele. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome sclerenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome. Oblique fracture plane. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome parenchyma. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome. LS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1,2,5 and 6= 1mm. 3,4,7 -9= 100 Jim.
% 428
2
4
56
8
10
1129
PLATE 2
Dryopteris filix-mas
430
PLATE 2
FIGURES 1- 10 : Dryopteris filix-mas
FIGURE 1 Rootstock showing periderm, meristele and parenchyma.
TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock periderm and cortex. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock periderm and cortex. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock; single meristele. TS. Charred Fresh.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; xylem TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; parenchyma. LS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1,3 and 4= 1mm. 2,5 - 10 = 100 pm
431
34
6
8
1C
'ý
PLATE 3
Polypodium interjectum
433
PLATE 3
FIGURES 1- 10 : Polypodium interjectum
FIGURE 1 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome ; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome meristeles and parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome meristele. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome meristele. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; periderm. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1,3,5,8 and 9= lmm. 2,4,6,7 and 10 = 100), m.
434
12
34
'ý 6
78
9 10
ýi :, ý
PLATE 4
Nuphar advena
436
PLATE 4
FIGURES 1- 10 : Nuphar advena
FIGURE 1 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; aerenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; aerenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; starch grains. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; starch grains. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; starch grains. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-4 = 1mm. 5- 10 = 100pm
437
4
56
8
10
4-38
PLATE 5
Nymphaea alba
Anemone nemorosa
L69
PLATE 5
FIGURES 1-5: Nymphaea alba, 6- 10 : Anemone nemorosa
FIGURE 1 Rhizome periderm and parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome. asterosclereides in aerenchyma. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; cortical parenchyma. TS. Marred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; cortex/pith boundary, parenchyma. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; Pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,4,6 and 10 = 1mm. 2,3,5,7 -9= l001m
440
34
56
8
9 10
441
PLATE 6
Anemone nemorosa
Ranunculus ficaria
442
PLATE 6
RICURES 1-6: Anemone nemorosa, 7- 10 : Ranunculus ficaria
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; stele intact. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; stele deteriorated. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3,4,7 - 10 = 1mm. 1,2,5 and 6= l00pm
443
2
3 t
rr t ja
56
}
1:
PLATE 7
Ranunculus ficaria
445
PLATE 7
IICURCS 1- 10 : Rnnunculuri ricnrin
FIGURE 1 Hoot tuber; parenchyma. TS and LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FICURC 3 Hoot tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FICURC 4 Root tuber; epidermis. TS. Charred dry.
FlGU8C 5 Root Tuber; starch grains. TS. Charred dry.
FICURC 6 Root tuber; distal end. Charred fresh.
FICURC 7 Root tuber; epidermal surface. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber. IS. Charred fresh.
4
r1CUf1 10 Hoot tuber T3. Charred rranh.
SCALt 6.8 and 9 1m. ß. 1-4 rind 7a 100pm. 5" 10pm.
W16
2
34
6
7
a
II
+f
., `
11
PLATE 8
Gypsophila struthiurn
Beta vulgaris ssp maritima
448
PLATE 8
FIGURES 1-6: Cypsophilastruthium, 7- 10 : Beta vulgaris
ssp maritima
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem and xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; druses. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; TS. Fractured prior to charring.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; TS. Fractured prior to charring.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; TS. Fractured after charring.
Charred dry.
PICURC 10 Secondary root; Pericyclic parenchyma. TS.
Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,5,7 -9" 1m. 'ß" 3,4,6 and 10 = 100rm.
449
34
9 10
i') U
PLATE 9
Beta vulgaris sap maritima
Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris
451
PLATE 9
FIGURES 1-6: Beta vulgaris ssp maritima
7- 10 : Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
PICURE 7 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FICURE 9 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,4,6 - 10 1mm. 3 and 5= 100)irn.
452
34
6
8
f 10
1153
PLATE 10
Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris
Polygonum bistorta
454
PLATE 10
FIGURES 1- 5: Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris
6- 10 : Pol ygonum bistorta
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; cortical parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3 -9= 1mm. 2 and 10 = 100jm.
455
12
34
56
78
9 10
)1:, (,
I wimý #ICF&
W, T-
I
Sp le.
PLATE 11
Polygonum bistorta
Rheum palaestinum
Rheum rhaponticum
457
PLATE 11
FIGURES 1-2: Polygonum bistorta, 3-7: Rheum palaestinum
$- 10 : Rheum rhaponticum
FIGURE 1 Rootstock; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock; druse. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock; xylem. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 4 Rootstock; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; xylem . TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; TS Charred fresh.
SCALES 3,4,6 - 10 = 1mm. 2 and 5= 100)m. 1= 1O OF
458
12
aý
a+ :{
ý ý.
t
p 11
-, 5
V"
()
i8
9
11, xO
PLATE 12
Rheum rhaponticum
Bryonia dioica
460
l
PLATE 12
FIGURES 1-6: Rheum rhaponticum, 7- 10 : Bryonia dioica
FIGURE 1 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; xylem. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; druse. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber ; periderm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; periderm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; deteriorated tissue. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; deteriorated cortex. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3,7 - 10 = 1mm. 1,2,4 -6= 100, pm
461
1
34
56
. -Ajý -. %' 8
9
)w1,
PLATE 13
Bryonia dioica
Armoracia rusticana
463
PLATE 13
FIGURES 1-5: Bryonia dioica, 6- 10 : Armoracia rusticana
FIGURE 1 Root tuber; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber; vesicle wall. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber; vesicle wall. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; phloem (top), xylem (bottom). TS.
Charred dry
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3-5= 1mm. 1,2,6 - 10 = 100jm.
464,
2
4
56
8
') 10
14 65
PLATE 14
Armoracia rusticana
Brassica campestris ssp rapifera
Crambe cordifolia
Y
466
PLATE 14
FIGURES 1-2: Armoracia rusticana, 3-7: Brassica campestris
ssp rapifera, 8- 10 : Crambe cordifolia
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; deteriorated parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; deteriorated parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; deteriorated parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; deteriorated parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; deteriorated parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 5,6 and 8= 1mm. 1,3,4,7,9 and 10 =100jim. 2=1 OYm.
467
4
6
8
9 10
1168
PLATE 15
Crambe cordifolia
Crambe maritima
469
PLATE 15
FIGURES 1-7: Crambe cordefolia, 8- 10 : Crambe maritima
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3,7 and 8= 1mm. 1,2,4,5,9 and 10 = 100 pm.
,. 470
34
56
8
1) 1O
1[(I
PLATE 16
Crambe maritima
Raphanus sativus
ssp radiculata
472
PLATE 16
FIGURES 1-7: Crambe maritima, 8- 10 : Raphanus sativus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; pith parenchyma starch grains. TS.
Charred dry
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3,5,6,8 and 10 = 1mm. 2,4,7 and 9= 100 jm
473
PLATE 16
FIGURES 1-7: Crambe maritima, 8- 10 : Raphanus sativus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; pith parenchyma starch grains. TS.
Charred dry
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3,5,6,8 and 10 = 1mm. 2,4,7 and 9= loOpm
473
34
56
9 10
lI7ll
PLATE 17
Raphanus sativus
ssp radiculata
Cyclamen persicum
475
PLATE 17
FIGURES 1-2: Raphanus sativus, 3- 10 : Cyclamen persicum
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Stem tuber; periderm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Stem tuber; small vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Stem tuber; xylem of large vascular bundle. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 2-4 and 10 = 1mm. 1,5 -9= 100ym
476
34
56
8
9 10
lvo
PLATE 18
Cyclamen persicum
Potentilla anserina
Lathyrus linifolius
478
PLATE 18
FIGURES 1-2: Cyclamen persicum, 3-8: Potentilla anserina
9- 10 : Lathyrus linifolius
FIGURE 1 Stem tuber; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Stem tuber; xylem . LS. Charred dry
FIGURE 3 Root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Root; cortex. TS Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Root; deteriorated xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Root; deteriorated xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3-5 and 9- 1mm. 1,2,6 -8 and 10 = 10opm.
479
4
6
8
9 10
480
PLATE 19
Lathyrus linifolius
481
PLATE 19
FIGURE 1- 10 : Lathyrus linifolius
FIGURE 1 Root tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber; starch grains. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; cortex. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 5 and 6= 1mm. 1-3,7 - 10 = 100jm. 4=1 0pm
482
56
8
9 10
483
,... -A
PLATE 20
Oenothera biennia
484
PLATE 20
FIGURES 1- 10 : Oenothera biennis
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; periderm and phloem. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem and pith. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; pith. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. RLS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem. TLS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. TLS. CHarred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. TLS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. TLS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-3,6,7 and 9= 1mm. 4,5,8 and 10 = 100pm.
485
2
3
I
8
h86
PLATE 21
Biebersteinia multifida
Erodium glaucophyllum
487
PLATE 21
FIGURES 1-9: Biebersteinia multifida, 10 : Erodium
glaucophyllum
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; vesicle in phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Stem tuber. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-3,8 and 10 = 1mm. 4-7 and 9= 100pm.
488
2
3 4
(
r;
1) 1
J189
/º+
PLATE 22
Erodium glaucophyllym
Conopodium majus
Daucus carots ssp sativus
490
PLATE 22
FIGURES 1-5: Erodium glaucophyllum, 6-9: Conopodium
maus, 10 : Daucus carota ssp sativus
FIGURE 1 Stem tuber; epidermis and cortical parenchyma.
TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Stem tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Stem tuber; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Stem tuber; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Stem tuber; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber. TS. Charred-dry.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-3,6 - 10 = 1mm. 2,4 and 5= 100)m.
491
2
34
56
78
9 10
1}Uý,
PLATE 23
Daucus carota ssp sativus
493
PLATE 23
FIGURES 1- 10 : Daucus carota ssp sativus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; cambial region. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1,2,4 - 7,9 and 10 = 1mm. 3 and 8= 100jm.
494
34
56
{]
11!
119>
PLATE 24
Daucus carota ssp sativus
Eryngium maritimum
Heracleum sphondylium
496
0
PLATE 24
FIGURES 1-2: Daucus carota ssp sativus, 3-9: Eryngium
maritimum, 10 : Heracleum sphondylium
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; vesicle wall. LS. Charred fresh
FIGURE 3 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 4 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem and pith. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; phloem and periderm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; druse. Charred dry.
Figure 10 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3-5,7 and 10 m 1mm. 1-2,6 and 8= 100? m. 9= 10pm.
497
12
' A'
34
56
78
9 1tß
'I (W)
PLATE 25
Heracleum sphondylium
499
PLATE 25
FIGURES 1- 10 : Heracleum sphondylium
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem parenchyms. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1-4 1mm. 5- 10 a 100pm
500
12
4 3
5
ýý
A
rr. ý rt' , 1l
.
rt'_ýi'
17
6
f
91 ()
ýý(i
PLATE 26
Heracleum sphondylium
Myrrhis odorata
ýt. ̂ ý 'ý
502
PLATE 26
FIGURES 1-7: Heracleum sphondylium, 8- 10 : Myrrhis odorata
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FICURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 secondary root; Phloem and xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,5,7 - 10 - lm=n. 3,4 and 6- lOOpm.
503
12
r r
d
.ý
I {; ý
(; ,
1 1.
i I.
PLATE 27
Myrrhis odorata
Pastinaca sativa
505
PLATE 27
FIGURES 1-4: Myrrhis odorata, 5- 10 : Pastinaca sativa
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; Phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem and phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,5,7 and 9= 1mm. 3,4,8 and 10 = l00jim.
506
34
6
8
10
)01
PLATE 28
Pastinaca sativa
Gentiana lutea
508
PLATE 28
FIGURES 1-4: Pastinaca aativa, 5- 10 : Gentiana lutea
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3,5,6 and 9= 1mm. 2,4,7,8 and 10 = 100 im.
509
12
34
5
7 f;
9 10
p________ "ißt ý
*N
PLATE 29
Withania somnifera
Lithospermum erythrorhizon
511
PLATE 29
FIGURES 1-9: Withania somnifera, 10 : Lithospermum erythrorhizon
FIGURE 1 Root tuber. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber; cambium and xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; starch grains. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; starch grains. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; xylem . TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; periderm phloem and xylem. TS
Charred dry.
SCALES 1 and 2= 1mm. 3- 10 = 100Pm.
512
2
34
5
8
9 10
1 "{
PLATE 30
Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Symphytum officinale
514
PLATE 30
FIGURES 1-4: Lithospermum erythrorhizon, 5- 10
Symphytum officinale
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. RLS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TLS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; phloem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 'Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 4-9= 1mm. 1-3 and 10 = 100)rn.
515
4
10
i
PLATE 31
Cistanche tubulsa
Anacyclus pyrethrum
517
PLATE 31
FIGURES 1-9: Cistanche tubulosa, 10 : Anacyclus pyrethrum
FIGURE 1 Infloresence. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Infloresence. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Infloresence; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Infloresence; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Infloresence; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Infloresence. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Infloresence; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Infloresence; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Infloresence; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-3,6,8 and 10 = 1mm. 4-5,7 and 9= 100pm.
' 518
4
5
t S'-
9 1(1
51`3
PLATE 32
Anacyclus pyrethrum
Arctium minus
520
PLATE 32
FIGURES 1-8: Anacyclus pyrethrum, 9- 10 : Arctiurn minus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; secretory cavities. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; secretory cavities. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2 and 10 = 1mm. 3-9= 100)lm.
521
2
i
5
7
4
6
8
9 1(.
:; t jý i1
ý`1ý . li
4
rý r i
PLATE 33
Arctium minus
523
PLATE 33
FIGURES 1- 10 : Arctium minus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry .
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
RICURE 3 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; pith parenchyma. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-3 and 7- Inn. 4-6 and 8- 10 - l00Ym.
524
2
34
5 tF
8
9 10
F, ý) Cý
PLATE 34
Cichorium intybus
Doronicum grandiflorum
526
PLATE 34
FIGURES 1-6: Cichorium intybus, 7- 10 : Doronicurn grandiflorum
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Stolon. TS. Charred fresh
FIGURE 8 Stolon; cortex and vascular bundle. TS.
Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Stolon; vascular tissue. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Stolon; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 1-3 and 7= lmm. 4-6 and 8- 10 = 100pm.
527
i
-ý
'. -i.
D ... ý.
12
34
6
7 IC '; 1/ 1e ýC
10
PLATE 35
Doronicum grandiflorum
Inula helinium
529
PLATE 35
FIGURES 1-6: Doronicum grandiflorum, 7- 10 : Inula hel nium
FIGURE 1 Stolon; pith. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Stolon; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Stolon; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Stolon. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Stolon; outer parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Stolon; inner parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; secretory cavity. Fracture showing
both TS and LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,4,7 and 8= 1mm. 3,5,6,9 and 10= 100jim.
530
2
34
56
{s
C) 1!
`> i1
PLATE 36
Inula helinium
Saussurea lappa
Scorzonera hispanica
532
PLATE 36
FIGURES 1- 2: Inula hel nium, 3-8: Saussurea lappa
9- 10 : Scorzonera his panica
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem and secretory cavities. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; periderm and cortex. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3 - 5,8 - 10 = 1mm. 2,6 and 7= 100ym.
533
4
rj
10
ýI
PLATE 37
Scorzonera hispanica
Scorzonera judaica
535
PLATE 37
FIGURES 1-6: Scorzonera hispanica, 7- 10 : Scorzonera judaica
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; cortex. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; periderm and cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
SCALES 2-5 and 7-9= 1mm. 1,6 and 10 = 100ym.
536
34
6
78
9 10
r, Q7
PLATE 38
Scorzonera judaica
Scorzonera schweinfurthii
538
f
PLATE 38
FIGURES 1-3: Scorzonera judaica, 4- 10 : Scorzonera
schweinfurthii
FIGURE 1 Secondary root; periderm and cortes. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; periderm, cortex and xylem
parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 2,4 - 7,9 - 10 = 1mm. 1,3 and 8= l00jm.
539
34
r) 6
8
9 10
5'I U
PLATE 39
Taraxacum officinale
541
PLATE 39
FIGURES 1- 10 : Taraxacum officinale
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-2 and 7-9= 1mm. 3-6 and 10 = 100}lm.
542
PLATE 39
FIGURES 1- 10 : Taraxacurn officinale
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; phloem parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-2 and 7-9= 1mm. 3-6 and 10 = 100ern.
542
PLATE 40
Tragopogon pratensis
Butomus umbellatus
544
PLATE 40
FIGURES 1-7: Tragopogon pratensis, 8- 10 : Butomus
umbellatus
FIGURE 1 Secondary root. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Secondary root; pith. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Secondary root; periderm, phloem and xylem. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Secondary root; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Secondary root; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Secondary root; xylem parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhisome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; vascular bundles. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; vascular bundles. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1-2,6 and 8= 1mm. 3-5,7,9 and 10 = 100pm.
545
2
4
i; f;
8
tý 10, ý ý"i
L))l3
PLATE 41
Butomus umbellatus
Alisma plantago-aquatica
547
PLATE 41
FIGURES 1-4: Butomus umbellatus, 5- 10 : Alisma
plantago aquatica
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 5 and 7= 1mm. 1-4,6 and 8- 10 = 100pm.
548
2
i- ` 4
56
78
9 10
5)ßy
PLATE 42
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Sagittaria sagittifolium
Arrhenatherum elatius
ssp bulbosus
550
PLATE 42
FIGURES 1: Alisma plantago-aquatica, 2-8: Sagittaria
sagittifolia, 9- 10 : Arrhenatherun elatius
iM ssp bulbosu
FIGURE 1 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Stolon tuber. TS Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Stolon tuber; epidermis and parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Stolon tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Stolon tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Stolon tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Stolon tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Stolon tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; outer vascular bundles. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 2-6 and 9= 1mm. 1,7,8 and 10 = 100pm.
551
34
5 (i
8
9 10
55:
PLATE 43
Arrhenatherum elatius
ssp bulbosus
Hordeunn bulbosum
553
PLATE 43
FIGURES 1-6: Arrhenatherum elatius ssp bulbosi
7- 10 ; Hordeum bulbosum
FIGURE 1 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 2 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,4,6,7 and 10 = 1mm. 3,5,8 and 9= 100pm.
554
4
56
8
9 10
): ýI)
PLATE 44
Hordeum bulbosum
Cyperus esculentus
556
PLATE 44
FIGURES 1-3: Hordeum bulbosum, 4- 10 : Cyperus esculentus
FIGURE 1 Rootstock. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome tuber; adventitous root scar. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; external surface. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; apical bud. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome tuber; apical bud. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome tuber; apical bud. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome tuber; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,4,5,7 -9= 1mm. 2,3,6 and 10 = l00jim.
a
557
1*1 12 :..;
. -: _ ý: , ",
ýý ý'ý
-f
ýrJ "1
,. .ý
3 4-',
`i 6
8
9 10
))(
PLATE 45
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus longus
559
PLATE 45
FIGURES 1-7: Cyperus esculentus, 8- 10 : Cyperus longus.
FIGURE 1 Rhizome tuber; epidermis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma. TS Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome tuber; endodermis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; endodermis and stele. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3 and 8= 1mm. 1,2,4 -7 and 9- 10 = 100pm.
560
2
. way ýý v. ',: ý+. ý
34
6
8
9 10
561
PLATE 46
Cyperus longus
Cyperus rotundus
562
PLATE 46
FIGURES 1-5: Cyperus longus, 6- 10 : Cyperus esculentus
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; stele. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; external surface showinf scale leaf
scars. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; scale leaf xylem tract. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundles. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 6,8 and 9= 1mm. 1-5,7 and 10 = 100ym.
563
2
.34
6
8
9 10
564
PLATE 47
Cyperus rotundus
Schoenoplectus tabernamontani
565
PLATE 47
FIGURES 1-8: Cyperus esculentus. 9- 10 : Schoenoplectus
taberna ontani
FIGURE 1 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhisome tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome tuber. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; aerenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 4,8 and 9= 1mm. 1-3,5,6 and 10 = 100? m.
7=10pm.
566
2
34
5
7
aý ý'
' ýý '. llh
6
8
567
PLATE 48
Schoenoplectus tabernamontani
Scirpus maritimus
Typha angustifolia
568
PLATE 48
FIGURES 1-2: Schoenoplectus taberna ýontani, 3-9
Scirpus maritimus, 10 : Typha angustifolia
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; vascular bundles. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; endodermis and stele. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 2,3 and 10 = 1mm. 1,4 -9= l00jim.
569
ri'
A -. Am
2
34
d
d 6
7 81
1'
9 10
I
r
.,, ý `" ý' "ý ..
570
PLATE 49
Typha angustifolia
Typha latifolia
Sparganium erectum
571
PLATE 49
FIGURES 1: Typha angustifolia, 2-8: Typha latifolia,
9- 10 : Sparganium erectum
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; endodermis and stele. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; endodermis and stele. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; cortex and endodermis. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; stele. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; stele. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; cortex, endodermis and stele. TS. Charred
dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2 and 5= 1mm. 3,4,6 - 10 = 100pm.
572
2
4
56
8
9
L)Y "
PLATE 50
Sparganium erectum
Alpinia galanga
574
PLATE 50
FIGURES 1-5: Sparganium erectum, 6- 10 : Alpinia galanga
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; xylem and phloem. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 6 and 7- 1mm. 1-5 and 8- 10 = 100jm.
575
6
9 10
R
MAW
PLATE 51
Alpinia galanga
Curcuma domestica
577
PLATE 51
FIGURES 1-5: Alpinia galanga, 6- 10 : Curcuma domestica
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; vascular bundle fibre cap. TS. Charred
dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; epidermis and cortical parenchyma. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 2,6 and 8= 1mm. 3-5,7 - 10 = 100pm. 1= 10)lm.
578
34
6
8
ý) 10
PLATE 52
Curcuma domestics
Zingiber officinale
58o
PLATE 52
FIGURES 1-6: Curcurna domestica, 7- 10 : Zingiber officinale
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FICURC 2 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; xylem. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; xylem. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; cortex. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; stelar parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 2,6 and 7a 1mm. 1,3 - 5,8 - 10 = 100pm.
581
2
3 4
Oil 1oß'
"' ".. _ ýý . ý' . ý,. ý. `f, ýý
"an
8
9 10
ýs
1
ýýý b-.
I ;(
PLATE 53
Zingiber officinale
Acorus calamus
58 3
PLATE 53
FIGURES 1-8: Zingiber officinale, 9- 10 : Acorus calamus
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; endodermis. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3-7,9 and 10 = 1mm. 1,2 and 8= 100pm.
58 4
34
6
78
9 10
58, "
PLATE 54
Acorus calamus
Arum maculatum
58 6
PLATE 54
FIGURES 1-5: Acorus calamus, 6- 10 : Arum maculatum
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; aerenchyma and vascular bundle. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; aerenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3 and 5-7= 1mm. 1,2,4 and 8- 10 = l00Ym.
587
2
34
56
18
9
PLATE 55
Arum maculatum
Crocus sativus
589
PLATE 55
FIGURES 1-6: Arum maculatum, 7- 10 : Crocus sativus
FIGURE 1 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rootstock; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Corm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Corm. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Corm; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Corm; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,5,7 and 9= 1mm. 2-4,6,8 and 10 = 100pm.
59 Ö
34
6
8
9 10
591
PLATE 56
Crocus sativus
Asphodelus aestivus
592
PLATE 56
FIGURES 1-6: Crocus sativus, 7- 10 : Asphodelus aestivus
FIGURE 1 Corm. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Corm; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Corm; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Corm. TS. Charred fresh
FIGURE 5 Corm. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Corm. TS. Charred fresh
FIGURE 7 Root tuber. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; endodermis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; endodermis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; epidermis. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,4,5,7 and 8= 1mm. 2,3,6,9 and 10 = 100Ym.
593
2
31
56
%'
9 10
594
PLATE 57
Asphodelus aestivus
Polygonatum X hybridum
595
PLATE 57
FIGURES 1-9: Asphodelus aestivus, 10 : Polygonatum X hybridum
FIGURE 1 Root tuber;, parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; parenchyma. TS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; raphides. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber. LS. Charred fresh.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; external surface. Charred dry.
SCALES 2-5,9 and 10 = 1mm. 1,6 and 8= l00pm.
596
34
56
8
{) I Ii
i. X11 ! rý
PLATE 58
Polygonatum X hybridum
Taurus communis
598
PLATE 58
FIGURES 1-7: Polygonatum X hybridum, 8- 10 : Taurus communis
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; aerial stem detachment scar. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome; epidermis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome,; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Rootstock; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,3,4,6,8 and 9= 1mm. 2,5,7 and 10 = 100pm.
599
34
6
8
9 10
00o
PLATE 59
Tamus communis
Orchis mascula
601
PLATE 59
FIGURES 1-4: Taurus communis, 5- 10 : Orchis mascula
FIGURE 1 Rootstock; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Rootstock; xylem. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Rootstock; raphides. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Rootstock; raphides. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber; parenchyma. OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 5 and 8= 1mm. 1-4,6,7,9 and 10 = 100jm.
602
34
()
f'.
1O
v
PLATE 60
Quercus robur (fruit)
604
PLATE 60
FIGURES 1- 10 : Quercus robur
FIGURE 1 Fruit. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Fruit. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Fruit; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Fruit; parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Fruit. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Friut; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Fruit; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Fruit. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Fruit. LS. Charred dry,
FIGURE 10 Fruit; parenchyma. LS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,5,8 and 9= 1mm. 3,4,6,7 and 10 = 100)im.
605
2
3i
5 t.
8
9 10
006
PLATE 61
Quercus robur (gall)
Ficus carica
607
PLATE 61
FIGURES 1-8: Quercus robur, 9- 10 : Ficus carica
FIGURE 1 Andricus sp gall; outer tissue. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Andricus sp gall; outer parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Andricus sp gall; outer parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Andricus sp gall; inner tissue. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Andricus sp gall; inner parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Andricus sp gall; inner parenchyma. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Andricus sp gall; vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Andricus sp. gall; vascular bundle. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Fruit; swollen receptacle wall; TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Fruit; swollon recepticle wall; TS. Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,4,5,9 and 10 = 1mm. 3,6,7 and 8= 100? m
608
2
34
56
8
9
OW)
PLATE 62
Ficus carica
Malus domestics
610
PLATE 62
FIGURES 1-4: Ficus carica, 5- 10 : Malus domestic
FIGURE 1 Fruit; seeds embedded in swollen recepticle wall.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Fruit; seeds embedded in swollen recepticle wall.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Fruit; swollen recepticle wall. LS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Fruit; recepticle wall vascular bundle. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Fruit; outer parenchyma of swollen recepticle. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Fruit; outer parenchyma of swollen parenchyma. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Fruit; outer parenchyma of swollen parenchyma. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Fruit; inner parenchyma of swollen recepticle. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Fruit; inner parenchyma of swollen recepticle. TS.
Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Fruit; inner parenchyma of swollen recepticle. TS.
Charred dry.
SCALES 1,2,5 and 8- 10 = 1mm. 3,4,6 and 7= 100pm.
611
2
4
56
4 8
'l
012
PLATE 63
Hordeum vulgare
Secale cereale
613
PLATE 63
FIGURES 1-7: Hordeum vulgare, 8- 10 : Secale cereale
FIGURE 1 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 Caryopsis. TS. Charred dry
SCALES 1,2,4,5,7 and 8= 1mm. 3,6,9 and 10 = 100)lm.
614
2
56
8
9
615
PLATE 64
Coat dung
Donkey dung
616
PLATE 64
FIGURES 1-7: Coat dung, 8- 10 : Donkey dung
FIGURE 1 Outer surface. Charred dry.
FIGURE 2 Outer surface. Charred dry.
FIGURE 3 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 4 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 5 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 6 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 7 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 8 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 9 OS. Charred dry.
FIGURE 10 OS. Charred dry.
SCALES 3- 5,8 and 9- 1mm. 1,2,6,7 and 10 = l00pm.
617
12
34
56
8
.. - .
9 10
(, i ii
M' {f
F, .
0
PLATE 65
Aqaba remains
619
PLATE 65
FIGURES 1- 10 : Charred remains of Sparganium sp recovered
from oven sites in Aqaba, Southern Jordan.
FIGURE 1 Rhizome. TS.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome. TS.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS.
FIGURE Rhizome; vascular bundle from outer tissue. TS.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome; vascular bundle from outer tissue. TS.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; vascular bundle from inner tissue. TS.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; vascular bundle from inner tissue. TS.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; inner vascular bundle sclerenchymatous cap. TS.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; outer vascular bundle xylem. TS.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; outer vascular bundle xylem. TS.
SCALES 1-4,6 and 7= 1mm. 5,8,9 and 10 = 100im.
620
34
56
8
') 10
1? 1
PLATE 66
Aqaba remains
62 ,2
PLATE 66
FIGURES 1- 10 : Charred remains of Sparganium sp recovered
from oven sites in Aqaba, Southern Jordan.
FIGURE 1 Rhizome; parenchyma with fibre bundle. TS.
FUGURE 2 Rhizome; fibre bundle. TS.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome; parenchyma. TS.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome. LS.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome; parenchyma. LS.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome; vascular bundle sclerenchymatous cap. LS.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome; vascular bundle sclerenchymatous cap. LS.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome; fibre bundle. LS.
SCALES 5= 1mm. 1-4 and 6- 10 = 100}un.
623
1 2' J' e º1 .
22ý%.
'1ýt _ý' 34
1
Ar Jlý
56
78
FAML 'r
PLATE 67
Stonehenge remains
625
PLATE 67
FIGURES 1- 10 ; Root tuber remains from Stonehenge. Type 1
FIGURE 1 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber, LS.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 9 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber. TS.
SCALES 1,2,4 -8 and 9 1mm. 3 and 10 = 100Fm.
626
12
4
ýý d
'. k
56
ý1 ý l
I
78
?. 9
-
ýv ow.. %ist
f,,. ' 'I
PLATE 68
Stonehenge remains
628
PLATE 68
FIGURES 1- 10 : Root tuber remains from Stonehenge. Type 2.
FIGURE 1 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 2 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 3 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 4 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 5 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 6 Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 7 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 8 Root tuber. TS.
FIGURE 9 -Root tuber. LS.
FIGURE 10 Root tuber. LS.
SCALES 1,2,4 -7 and 9= 1mm. 3,8 and 10 = 100im.
629
2
p
Y
t
3
: r- º .ý,., alpj
. 7ý, I--
\ T1a lTK w" ý. low
4: 4
%
i1 J
"11ý '' I
o. r 11 \
vNip
Nil A1
)n 1
9 10
;, (i
PLATE 69
Wadi Kubbaniya remains
631
PLATE 69
FIGURES 1- 10 : Cyperus rotundus remains recovered from
Wadi Kubbaniya, Egypt
FIGURE 1 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar, vascular
bundle.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome tuber; rhizome detachment scar, vascular
bundle.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome tuber; fragment surface.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome tuber; fragment surface.
SCALES 1,5,6 and 9= 1m. 2-4,7,8 and 10 = 100)lm.
632
2
4
56
q 10
633
PLATE 70
Wadi Kubbaniya remains
634
PLATE 70
FIGURES 1- 10 : Cyperus rotundus remains recovered from
Wadi Kubbaniya, Egypt
FIGURE 1 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma.
FIGURE 2 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma.
FIGURE 3 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma.
FIGURE 4 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma.
FIGURE 5 Rhizome tuber; parenchyma.
FIGURE 6 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. TS.
FIGURE 7 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. TS.
FIGURE 8 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. LS.
FIGURE 9 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. LS.
FIGURE 10 Rhizome tuber; vascular bundle. LS.
SCALES 1- 10 = 100}xrn.
635
2
34
56
78
'º 10
U3 ()
4ý
INDEX TO PLATES
Acorus calawus
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Alpinia galanga
Anacyclus pyrethrum
Anemone nemorosa
Arctiýum minus
Armoracia rusticana
Arrhenatherum elatius ssp bulbosu'
Arum maculatum
Asphodelus aestivus
Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris
Biebersteinia multifida
Brassica campestris ssp rapifera
Bryonia dioica
Butomus umbellatus
Cichorium intybus
Cistanche tubulosa
Conopodium majus
Crambe cordefolia
Crambe maritima
Crocus sativus
Curcuma domestica
Cyclamen perpcum
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus longus
PLATE NOS.
53-54
41-42
50-51
31-32
5-6
32-33
13-14
42-43
54-55
56-57
8-9
9-10
21
14
12-13
40-41
34
31
22
14-15
15-16
55-56
51-52
17-18
44-45
45-46
07
i'k /
0
637
PLATE NOS.
Cyperus rotundus (modern) 46-47
Cyperus rotundus (archaeological) 69-70
Daucus carota ssp sativus 22-24
Doronicum scorpioides 34-35
Dryopteris filix-mas 2
Dung (Donkey) 64
Dung (Goat) 64
Erodium glaucophyllum 21-22
Eryngium maritimum 24
Ficus carica 61-62
Gentýa lutea 28 GlKk
Gypsophila struthium 8
Heracleum s ondylium 24-26 hl
Hordeum bulbosum 43-44
Hordeum vulgare 63
Inula he1 nium 35-36 e"/
Lathyrus linifolius 18-19
Lithospermum erythrorhizon 29-30
Malus domestica 62
Myrrhis odorata 26-27
638
PLATE NOS.
Nuphar advena 4
Nymphaea alba 5
Oenothera. biennis 20
Orchis mascula 59
Pastinaca sativa 27-28
Polygonatum x hybridum 57-58
Polygonum bistorta 10-11
Polypodium interjectum 3
Potentilla anserina 18
Pteridium aquilinum 1
Quercus robur (fruit) 60
Quercus robur (gall) 61
Ranunculus ficaria 6-7
Raphanus sativus ssp radiculata 16-17
Rheum palaestinum 11
Rheum rhaponticum 11-12
Sagittaria sagittifoli/n .+
42
Saussurea lappa 36
Schoenoplectus tabern nntani 77 47-48
Scirpus maritimus 48
Scorzonera hispanica 36-37
Scorzonera judaica 37-38
Scorzonera schweinfurthii 38
Secale cereale 63
eý
639
PLATE NOS.
Sparganium erectum 49-50
Sparganium sp (archaeological) 65-66
Stonehenge remains 67-68
Symphytum officinale 30
Tamus communis 58-59
Taraxacum officinale 39
Tragopogon pratensis 40
Typha angustifolia 48-49
Typha latifolia 49
Withania somnifera 29
Zingiber officinale 52-53
a
640
