Ortho+Regional - FRCA Headstart

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Orthopedic & Regional Chris Smales

Transcript of Ortho+Regional - FRCA Headstart

Orthopedic  &  Regional

Chris  Smales

Introduction• Orthopeadics  – General  principles• Emergencies• The  tourniquet• Regional  – General  principles• ‘Stop  before  you  block’• Upper  limb  blocks• Trunk  blocks• Lower  limb• Recent  past  questions

Ortho

• >160,000  Major  joints/  year  in  UK• Shift  towards  minimally  invasive,  early  mobilisation,  shorter  stays

• Diverse  population  but  often  elderly,  obese,  poor  functional  status  (?arthritis  vs  Cardioresp),  multisystem  comorbidities  (RA)

• High  risk  VTE• Painful  surgeries  (regional)

Enhanced  recovery  for  joint  arthroplasty

• 4  key  elements• Improve  pre-­‐op  care• Reduce  physical  stress  of  op• Decreased  post-­‐op  discomfort• Improve  post  op  mobility• Pre-­‐op  Gabapentin/  Dex,  minimise  fasting• Intraop  – low  dose  spinal/  opioid  free,  TXA,  avoid  drains,  sensible  fluid,  large  vol  LA  infiltration

• Post-­‐op  – multimodal  analgesia,  early  mobilisation/  physio

Benefits  of  Regional  in  Ortho

• Good  post-­‐op  pain  relief  and  decreased  PONV• Decreased  risk  of  VTE  (alone  or  with  GA)• Reduced  bleeding  at  surgical  site  (particularly  neuroaxial  blocks  – surgeons  prefer  as  can  get  better  fixation)

• If  no  sedation  then  decreased  post  op  cognitive  impairment  

Emergencies

• Fat  Embolism  Syndrome  (FES)• Embolisation  of  fat  common,  FES  rare• Rate  reduced  by  early  fixation  and  avoidance  of  IM  nailing

• Usually  patients  with  long  bone    fractures

FES

• Major  – Resp  – tachypnoea/dyspnoea,  bilat  creps,  haemoptysis,  bilat  shadowing  on  CXR

Neuro  – confusion,  drowsinessPetechial  rash• Minor  – Tachycardia,  retinal  signs  (petechiae),  Jaundice,  oliguria

• Lab  tests  – thrombocytopenia,  sudden  ~20%  decrease  Hb,  raised  ESR,  fat  macroglobulaemia

FES  Treatment

• Supportive• Early  oxygen  may  prevent  onset  of  syndrome• 10-­‐40%  may  need  mechanical  ventilation• Debate  about  use  of  steroids• Takes  around  7  days  to  resolve

Bone  cement  implantation  syndrome  (BCIS)

• Acrylic  polymer  cements• Hypoxia,  hypotension,  cardiovascular  collapse• Aetiology  still  not  certain,  likely  fat  embolism• BCIS  classification  – Grade  1-­‐3  (3  worst)• Usually  happens  just  after  cementing• Ability  of  patient  to  withstand  should  be  anticipated

• Worsened  by  hypovolaemia,  Anaesthetic  technique  make  no  difference

Prevention/  Treatment

• Suction  of  bone  cavity  (remove  fat/air)  during  cementing  drastically  reduced  incidence

• Increased  BP  measurement  frequency  +  react• Hydrate  prior  to  cement• Increase  Fi02,  stop  N20• Some  suggestion  alpha  agonists  superior  to  adrenaline  in  resuscitating  these  patients

Compartment  Syndrome

• Increased  pressure  in  closed  compartment  compromises  blood  flow  leading  to  ischaemia,  necrosis  and  loss  of  function

• Irreversible  damage  can  occur  in  under  4  hours.  Initially  limb  threatening  but  can  lead  to  systemic  organ  dysfunction

• Suspect  in  an  significant  limb  trauma  (event  w/o  fracture).  Care  in  patients  with  concurrent  spinal  injuries  – may  mask  symptoms

Signs  &  Symptoms

• Pain  over  affected  compartment  – worse  on  passive  stretching

• Tense  swelling  /  drum  like  skin• Parasthesia  in  distribution  of  nerves  traversing  compartment

• Weakness/  paralysis  is  a  late  sign• Distal  pulses  usually  present• Compartment  pressure  within  30mmHg  of  DBP  diagnostic

Special  considerations• Can  occur  with  open  fractures• Do  not  elevate  limb,  will  further  decrease  perfusion

• Release  all  bandages,  casts  etc to  see  if  decreases  symptoms,  urgent  fasciotomies may  be  required

• Care  with  bleeding  post  fasciotomy• Ensure  well  hydrated  +  good  urine  output  (Myoglobulinuriamaximal  post  reperfusion)

• Avoid  regional  in  high  risk  patients  (high  tibial/  forearm  fractures)  as  masks  early  symptoms

Tourniquets• Produce  bloodless  field  +/-­‐ expressive  exsanguination  (contraindicated  in  infection,  tumour,  DVT)

• Pneumatic  safer  than  mechanical  (lower  pressure)

• PVD  is  relative  contraindication• Avoid  in  severe  crush  injuries• Controversial  in  Sickle  cell  – sickling  in  anoxic  conditions  so  exsanguinate  limb  first  and  reduce  tourniquet  time  as  much  as  able  if  needed.

Continued…• Preferably  apply  to  upper  arm  or  thigh  (better  pressure  distribution)

• Calf  only  is  healthy  patient  and  for  <1  hour• Cuff  width  20%  >  than  upper  limb  circumference,  40%  >  thigh,  apply  over  area  of  greatest  limb  circumference

• Pressures  – UL  =  SBP  +  50mmHg,  LL  =  2XSBP• Deflate  every  1  hour  if  poss,  do  not  exceed  2• Increased  HR  +  DBP  common  under  GA  after  1-­‐2  hours,  less  with  neuroaxial  blocks

Regional  Anaesthesia• Know  your  anatomy• Use  Ultrasound  +/-­‐ nerve  stimulation  to  improve  accuracy/  decrease  complications

• 4  key  elements  to  US:• Image  capture• Image  optimisation• Image  interpretation• Needling  techniques• NB.  Always  use  highest  frequency  transducer  available  for  the  depth  of  your  target

Ultrasound

• Once  transducer  lightly  applied  to  skin  4  hand  movements  to  optimise  image  (P.A.R.T.)

• P  – Pressure  – don’t  press  to  hard  +  distort  anatomy  (artery  non-­‐compressible)

• A  – Align  – slide  across  skin  tracking  structures/nerves  to  find  optimal  injection  point

• R  – Rotate  – twist  to  see  short-­‐axis  view• T  – Tilt  – rock  side  to  side  and  heal-­‐toe  to  get  best  reflection  of  nerve

• Never  advance  needle  if  you  cant  see  tip• Never  deliberately  contact  the  nerve• Observe  injection  – if  cant  see  LA  spreading  ?Intravascular  or  needle  tip  not  in  scan  plane

• Injection  should  be  low  pressure  and  painless  – stop  and  reposition  if  not

• If  nerve  swells,  stop  and  reposition

For  any  Block  question

• S  – Sterile  equipment• L  – Light  source• I  – IV  access• M  – Monitoring• R  – Resusitation  equipment• A  – Assistant  trained  in  RA• G  – Ability  to  convert  to  GA• Get  easy  marks,  pre-­‐assess  and  consent  patient  

Stop  before  you  block

• Wrong  sided  peripheral  nerve  blocks  rare  but  potentially  serious  consequences

• Can  cause  nerve  injury,  LA  toxicity,  delayed  discharge  due  to  poor  mobility,  may  even  lead  to  wrong  side  surgery!

• SALG  2010  – analysed  67  cases  and  recommended  surgeons  marked  surgical  site  prior  to  PNB  as  per  WHO  checklist

Causes

• Distraction  in  Anaesthetic  room• Time  delay  between  WHO  and  performing  block  (e.g.  Femoral  blocked  performed  after  difficult  spinal)

• Covering  surgical  marks  with  blankets  to  keep  patients  warm

• Personnel  performing  PNB  not  doing  regular  block  lists

• Patient  requires  turning  (e.g.  Femoral  then  posterior  approach  sciatic  block)

• No  stop  immediately  before  needle  insertion.  Anaesthetist  and  ODP  should  double  check  by  visualising  surgical  arrow,  ask  patients  to  confirm  side  if  awake  or  double  check  with  consent  form  if  not

Upper  limb  blocks

• The  brachial  plexus

Interscalene

• Shoulder  +  upper  arm  surgery• C5,6,7  nerve  ROOTS travel  superficially  through  the  interscalene  groove  (between  scalenus  anterior  +  medius)

• Traffic  light  appearance  on  US• C7  lies  close  to  vertebral  artery

IS  Block• Supine,  head  facing  contralateral  (sniff  to  see  interscalene groove)

• Depth  1-­‐4cm• 25-­‐50mm  short  beveled,  faceted,  echogenic  needle  (e.g.  stimiplex)  

• In-­‐plane  (usually  in  UK)• Post  SCM  boarder  at  level  of  cricoid  for  injection• 15-­‐20mls  of  LA  (less  for  analgesia)• Phrenic  nerve  palsy  very  likely  (less  if  inject  near  C6)• Pec +  deltoid  twitch  is  using  nerve  stimulator  (0.2-­‐0.5mA)

Supraclavicular  block

• Arm  and  hand  surgery• TRUNKS and  DIVISIONS pass  over  1st rib,  posterolateral  to  subclavian  artery

• Beware  pneumothorax• Don’t  miss  inferior  plexus  beneath  artery• Distal  top  up  may  be  required  (otherwise  takes  a  long  time)

Supra-­‐clavicular

SC  Block

• Supine,  arm  adducted  resting  on  abdomen• Transducer  parallel  to  clavicle  in  supra-­‐clavicular  fossa

• 50mm  Stimiplex• In-­‐plane• 10-­‐20mls  of  LA  (ensure  good  spread)• Nerve  stimulator  will  cause  finger  flexion  and  extension  in  the  inferior  trunks

Infra-­‐clavicular

• Arm  and  hand  surgery• Trunks  and  divisions  pass  over  1st rib  and  under  mid-­‐point  of  clavicle  to  form  CORDS

• 3  cords  lie  medial,  posterior  and  lateral  in  relation  to  axillary  artery  deep  to  Pec  Minor

• Beware  pneumothorax• Beware  vessel  puncture  – cant  compress!

IC  block

• Position  as  for  SC  block• Transducer  parallel  to  clavicle  but  beneath  it• 50mm  Stimiplex,  in-­‐plave• 15-­‐20mls  of  LA• Quicker  onset  than  SC  block  in  theory  

Axillary  Brachial  Plexus  Block

• Forearm  and  hand  surgery• The  cords  divide  into  TERMINAL  BRANCHES  in  the  axilla  

• Block  MN,  UN  &  RN  +  Musculocutaneous  nerve  (leaves  plexus  high  and  lies  in  choracobrachialis)

• Axillary  artery  is  again  the  reference  structure

Axillary  Block

Axillary  block

• Supine  with  arm  abducted,  hand  behind  head• Transducer  over  the  anterior  axillary  fold  (pec  major  insertion)

• 50mm  Stimiplex• 15-­‐25mls  of  LA

Distal  blocks  of  M,  U,  R

• Radial  – block  over  lateral  humerus  lower  1/3rd of  arm  deep  to  triceps

• Median  – supinate  arm  and  block  mid  forearm,  lie  medial  to  brachial  artery  (trace  down  from  antecubital  fossa)

• Ulnar  – abduct  arm  and  block  just  beneath  medial  condyl  of  elbow.  Sits  next  to  the  ulnar  artery  beneath  flexor  carpi  ulnaris

• 2-­‐5mls  of  LA  per  nerve  sufficient

How  to  block  Anterior  Neck

• Superficial  cervical  plexus  block• Classically  for  carotid  surgery• Will  be  blocked  with  interscalene block• Supine  patient,  head  turned  to  contralateral  side

• Palpate  posterior  boarder  of  SCM  at  level  of  cricoid  cartilage  (as  per  ISBPB)  then  scan  cranially  observing  C5  &  6  nerve  roots  move  towards  their  respective  transverse  processes

SCP

• At  the  level  of  C5  the  cervical  plexus  is  seen  as  hyperechoic  beads  in  the  fascial  plane  just  beneath  SCM

• 4  nerves  blocked:• Greater  Auricular• Lesser  Occipital• Transverse  cervical• Supraclavicular

• Can  do  deep  cervical  plexus  block  – high  risk  of  vertebral  artery  or  subarachnoid  injection  +  not  necessary

• 10%  require  LA  supplementation  by  surgeon  (around  angle  of  jaw  if  high  bifurcation  or  large  retraction  needed)

• Don’t  press  to  hard  (carotid  plaque)• Inject  around  carotid  sheath  (NOT  within),  vagus  lies  within

Trunk  Blocks

• Anterior  Rami  of  T6-­‐L1  supply  sensation  to  anterior  abdo  wall

• Intercostal  nerves  run  between  internal  oblique  and  transversus  abdominus  then  pierce  rectus  sheath  to  supply  abdo  wall

• Deeper  blocks  so  use  100mm  needle  

Rectus  sheath  Block

• For  midline  abdo  surgery• Transducer  placed  transversely  across  abdomen  superior  and  lateral  to  umbilicus

• Pass  needle  directly  through  rectus  muscle  and  inject  LA  between  the  muscle  and  the  posterior  rectus  sheath

• High  volume  blocks

Transversus  abdominal  plane  (TAP)

• Typically  for  surgery  below  umbilicus  (unilateral  e.g.  open  appendix  or  bilateral  for  midline  incision/  LSCS)

• Place  transducer  transversely  at  midpoint  between  inferior  costal  boarder  and  iliac  crest  posterior  to  the  mid-­‐axillary  line

Ilioinguinal  &  Iliohypogastric

• Post-­‐op  analgesia  for  inguinal  hernia  repair• Anterior  ramus  of  L1  divides  into  above  nerves  which  pass  close  to  the  ASIS  in  the  same  plane  before  piercing  the  internal  oblique  to  supply  the  superficial  tissues  of  the  inguinal  and  pubic  regions

• Place  transducer  next  to  ASIS  pointing  towards  umbilicus.  2-­‐10mls  of  LA  

Pec  +  Serratus  blocks

• Pec  1  – LA  infiltrated  between  Pec  Major  &  Pec  Minor  (breast  augmentation  pain)

• Pec  2  – between  Pec  minor  &  Serratus  Anterior  (mastectomy  +  axillary  surgery)

• Serratus  block  – Lat  dorsi  +  Serratus  anteriour  (move  extensive  surgery  e.g.  Lat  dorsi  flap  reconstruction)  

• Supine  patient  with  arm  abducted  to  90  degrees

• Transducer  at  level  of  2nd rib  perpendicular  to  rib  just  medial  to  acromioclavicular joint

• Identify  axillary  artery  +  vein  deep  to  muscles• 50-­‐100mm  Needle• 20-­‐30  mls of  LA

• Image  of  pec  1  and  2  block

Pec  2  block

Lower  limb  blocks

• The  lumbar  plexus

Lumbar  plexus  Block• Unilateral  analgesia  for  hip,  anterior  thigh  or  knee  surgery

• Ventral  rami  L1-­‐4  pass  into  psoas  to  form  lumbar  plexus  which  gives  rise  to:-­‐

• Ilioinguinal +  iliohypogastric (L1  +  some  T12  for  iliohypogastric)

• Genitofemoral (L1-­‐2)• Lateral  femoral  cutaneous  (L2-­‐3)• Femoral  (L2-­‐4)• Obturator (L2-­‐4)

How  to  block

• Tuffier’s  line  (L4).  Psoas  deep  to  transverse  processes  of  L2-­‐4  approx  2-­‐5cm  lateral  to  midline

• Position  patient  lateral,  operative  site  up• Transducer  placed  along  Tuffier’s  line• In-­‐plane  injection  of  10-­‐30mls  of  LA,  100mm  needle  required

Femoral  nerve  block

• Femoral  or  knee  surgery  analgesia  (need  to  combine  with  obturator  and  sciatic  block  for  knee  anaesthesia)

• NAVY• Transducer  over  femoral  artery  parallel  and  just  beneath  inguinal  ligament

• 100mm  needle,  10-­‐20mls  of  LA  

Sciatic  nerve  blocks• Exam  favourite as  many  different  places  to  block• Continuation  of  the  sacral  plexus  (formed  by  anterior  divisions  of  L4-­‐5  +  S1-­‐3)

• Exits  pelvis  via  greater  sciatic  foramen  anterior  to  the  Piriformis muscle.  Runs  deep  to  gluteus  maximus

• Passes  into  the  thigh  between  the  ischialtuberosity  and  the  greater  trocanter.  Divides  at  the  apex  of  the  popliteal  fossa  into  tibial and  common  peroneal nerves  (supply  posterior  knee,  foot  and  ankle)

Sciatic  blocks

• 1  anterior  (Beck’s)  and  4  posterior  approaches  described

• Posterior  approaches  are  parasacral(Mansour),  transgluteal(Labat),  subgluteal(Raj)  and  popliteal  (if  it  hasn’t  divided  yet)

• Parasacral  and  transgluteal  rarely  done  as  nerve  lies  deep  and  offers  no  real  benefit

Subgluteal  (Raj  Approach)

• In  subgluteal  region  the  Sciatic  lies  medial  to  Biceps  Femoris,  lateral  to  semitendinosus  and  posterior  to  adductor  magnus

Popliteal

• Scan  in  popliteal  crease,  lies  medially  to  popliteal  artery,  scan  distally  to  see  bifurcation  into  tibial  +  common  peroneal

Beck’s  (Anterior)  approach

Becks

• Draw  line  from  ASIS  to  pubic  tubercle  (represents  inguinal  ligament)

• Draw  a  parallel   line  from  the  greater  trochanter

• Draw  a  perpendicular  line  from  first  to  second  line  and  this  is  the  injection  point

• Hit  lesser  trochanter  with  needle  and  walk  of  it  medially  advancing  2cm  then  inject

Ankle  block

• 5  nerves  to  block:  -­‐• Tibial  (Sciatic)• Deep  peroneal  (Sciatic  – common  peroneal)• Superficial  peroneal  (Sciatic  – common  peroneal)

• Sural  (Sciatic  – from  tibial  and  common  peroneal)

• Saphenous  (Femoral)

Landmarks  for  block• Posterior  tibial  – LA  next  to  posterior  tibial  artery  behind  medial  malleolus

• Sural  – inject  LA  in  a  band  between  Achilles  tendon  and  lateral  malleolus

• Superficial  peroneal  – subcut  band  of  LA  from  lateral  malleolus  to  extensor  hallucis  longus  tendon

• Deep  peroneal  – needl;e  1cm  above  medial  malleolus  aiming  to  inject  under  extensor  hallucis  longus

• Saphenous  – subcut  injection  between  medial  malleolus  +  anterior  tibial  tendon

Recent  Questions  – Chairman’s  report

March  ‘17•Question  2:  Wrong  side  block  and  never  events  Pass  rate  39.0%  This  question  related  to  an  important  safety  initiative.  Candidates  did  not  have  adequate  knowledge  of  the  factors  contributing  to  the  performance  of  a  wrong  side  block  such  as  distraction,  the  patient  being  lateral  or  prone  or  site  mark  being  covered  by  blankets.  

March  2017• Question  12:  Early  management  of  hip  fractures  and  use  of  fascia  iliaca  

block  Pass  rate  22.2%  It  is  disappointing  that  this  question  concerning  a  very  commonly  seen  clinical  

scenario  and  accompanying  anaesthetic  technique,  was  answered  so  poorly.  In  part  a  many  candidates  failed  to  mention  assessment  of  pain  as  part  of  preoperative  optimization.  There  was  general  lack  of  knowledge  of  anatomy  in  part  b.  In  part  c  some  candidates  failed  to  read  the  question  correctly  and  described  a  technique  using  a  nerve  stimulator  rather  than  ultrasound,  or  described  a  femoral  nerve  block  rather  than  a  fascia  iliaca  block.  Some  candidates  still  wrote  about  assistance  and  emergency  equipment  despite  being  told  in  the  question  that  this  was  unnecessary.  Many  of  the  answers  were  somewhat  brief  but  it  is  unclear  whether  this  reflects  a  lack  of  knowledge  or  a  lack  of  time.  

Fascia  Iliaca  Block

• Mark  femoral  artery  beneath  the  inguinal  ligament  and  place  transducer  laterally

• The  femoral  and  femoral  lateral  cutaneous  lie  underneath  the  fascia  iliaca

• Get  ‘double  pop’  as  the  needle  passess  through  the  fascia  lata  and  the  fascia  iliaca

• Large  volume  of  weak  LA  used  (20-­‐40mls)

September  2017

• 63  year  old  with  COPD  presents  with  9th/10th/11th rib  fractures.  Inadequate  analgesia  with  paracetamol  and  codeine.  Give  other  options…

• Pass  rate  74.8%.  Chairman  happy  with  candidates  knowledge

March  2017

• Wrong  side  peripheral  nerve  blocks.  Implications  for  patients.

• Summarise  ‘stop  before  you  block’  recommendations  and  factors  leading  to  wrong  side  blocks

• Define  never  events

September  2016

• Question  9:  Orthopaedics  -­‐ enhanced  recovery  in  orthopaedic  surgery  

• Pass  rate  59.4%  • This  was  predicted  to  be  an  easy  question  and  whilst  most  candidates  answered  it  well,  some  did  not  appear  to  know  the  reasons  for  having  an  enhanced  recovery  program  nor  what  the  elements  of  it  would  be.  This  is  surprising  given  that  most  hospitals  now  run  such  programs  for  their  patients  in  various  surgical  areas.  

March  2015

• Question  4  (Pink  Book)  • A  56-­‐year-­‐old  man  is  listed  for  carotid  endarterectomy  10  days  after  

suffering  a  cerebrovascular  accident.  • a)  What  are  the  advantages  (4  marks)  and  disadvantages  (4  marks)  of  

performing  the  procedure  under  regional  anaesthesia?  • b)  What  local  or  regional  anaesthetic  techniques  may  be  used?  (3  marks)  • c)  How  can  his  risk  of  perioperative  cerebrovascular  accident  be  

minimised?  (6  marks)  • d)  Following  this  procedure  what  other  specific  postoperative  

complications  may  occur?  (3  marks)