Origin and evolution characteristics of geothermal water in the Niutuozhen goethermal field

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犑狅狌狉狀犪犾狅犳犈犪狉狋犺犛犮犻犲狀犮犲，ａｌｅａｄｉｎｇｍｕｌｔｉｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｍａｇａｚｉｎｅｉｎｔｈｉｓｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ’ｓｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ，ａｉｍｓａｔｅｘｔｅｎｄｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｃａｄｅｍｉｃｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｂｅｔｔｅｒｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅａｒｔｈｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ．ＴｈｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｉｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙｗｉｔｈｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ，ｐｅｒｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｆｒｅｅｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔａｃａｄｅｍｉｃｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｆｖｉｅｗ，ａｎｄｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｉｎｇｃｒｅａｔｉｖｉｔｙ—ａｌｌｉｎａｃｌｅａｒａｎｄｖｉｖｉｄｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｓｔｙｌｅ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｍａｉｎｌｙｎｅｗｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ，ｎｅｗｖｉｅｗｐｏｉｎｔｓａｎｄｎｅｗｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｉｎｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｅａｒｔｈｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｏｎｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｇ．

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Ｔｈｅｓｉｘｔｙｆｏｕｒｍｅｍｂｅｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌｂｏａｒｄｏｆ犑狅狌狉狀犪犾狅犳犈犪狉狋犺犛犮犻犲狀犮犲ｉｓｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｆｆｉｆｔｅｅｎａｃａｄｅｍｉｃｉａｎｓｆｒｏｍＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓｆｒｏｍａｌｌｔｈｅｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅｓ．

Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｅｘｐａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｉｄｅａｓ，ｆｏｓｔｅｒｈｉｇｈｅｒａｃａｄｅｍｉｃａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓａｎｄｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ｔｈｅｅｄｉｔｏｒｓｈａｖｅｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｔｏｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｔｈｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｂｉｍｏｎｔｈｌｙｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ．Ｔｈｉｓｍａｙｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｉｄｅａｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｅｎｈａｎｃｅｔｈｅｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｈｉｐａｍｏｎｇｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅ．Ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｓｏｒｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍｏｕｒｒｅａｄｅｒｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｗｅｌｃｏｍｅａｎｄａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅｄ．

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Contents December 2013 Vol. 24 No. 6

Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. 891–902, December 2013 ISSN 1674-487X Printed in China DOI: 10.1007/s12583-013-0390-6

Origin and Evolution Characteristics of Geothermal Water in the Niutuozhen Geothermal Field, North China Plain

Shufang Wang* (王树芳)

Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China

Zhonghe Pang (庞忠和) Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Jiurong Liu (刘久荣), Pei Lin (林沛)

Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China Sida Liu (刘思达)

School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China Ming Yin (殷铭)

China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China

ABSTRACT: Statistical study of analyses of water from 43 samples from geothermal wells, three

groundwater wells, and one sample of local rainwater along with rainwater data from the Global Net-

work of Isotopes in Precipitation has been used to identify the origin and evolution of geothermal water

in the Niutuozhen (牛驼镇) geothermal field and estimate the renewability rate of its geothermal re-

source. The results show that the geothermal waters of the Jixianian Wumishanian dolomite reservoir

and the Ordovician limestone reservoir are of Cl-Na type, the geothermal water of the Pliocene

Minghuazhen (明化镇) Formation sandstone reservoir are Cl-Na type and HCO3-Na type and the

groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer is HCO3-Na and HCO3-Na·Mg·Ca type. A linear relationship

between silica concentration and temperature indicates that higher temperature probably enhances

concentration of silica in Jixianian geothermal water. δ18O shift in Wumishanian geothermal water av-

eraged 1.57‰, and was less than 1‰ in the other geothermal waters. The minimum and maxi-

This study was supported by the National Basic Research

Program of China (No. 2010CB428806) and Beijing Municipal

Science and Technology Project (No. D07050601510000).

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

© China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin

Heidelberg 2013

Manuscript received June 14, 2013.

Manuscript accepted October 22, 2013.

mum 14C ages of Wumishanian geothermal wa-

ter are 17 000 and 33 000 years from north to the

south of the Niutuozhen geothermal field. Geo-

thermal water and Quaternary groundwater

belong to different groundwater systems with no

hydraulic connections. Although the geothermal

field receives some recharge from the Yanshan

and Taihang mountains outside the northern and

western boundaries of the geothermal field re-

spectively, the renewability rate of geothermal

892 Shufang Wang, Zhonghe Pang, Jiurong Liu, Pei Lin, Sida Liu and Ming Yin

water is on the scale of 10 000 years.

KEY WORDS: hydrogeochemistry, isotope, geothermal water, origin and evolution, Niutuozhen geo-

thermal field.

INTRODUCTION Geothermal resources can provide clean green

energy and have recently received considerable atten-tion. The Niutuozhen Geothermal Field is located in the Niutuozhen Uplift in North China (Fig. 1) and its geothermal resources have been developed for more than 30 years (Chen, 1988). Geothermal water is ex-tensively used for space heating in Xiongxian, Gu’an and Baxian to construct smoke-free cities. There is an urgent need for further research on geothermal energy potential, reservoir temperature and water chemistry because of rapidly increasing demand (Dotsika et al., 2010; Wu and Ma, 2010; Gao et al., 2009; Liu H et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2007; Liu J R et al., 2002; Giggenbach et al., 1995; Wang and Shen, 1993; Wang J Y et al., 1993; Wang Y X et al., 1993; Giggenbach, 1992, 1988; Dai et al., 1988). Chemical and isotopic components record the origin and evolution of geo-thermal water which reflect geothermal energy poten-tial (Shen and Wang, 2002; Bi, 1998; Chen, 1998;

Wang and Shen, 1993; Wang Y X et al., 1993). Twenty years ago discussion of the origin and evolution of geothermal resources throughout the north China Ba-sin was based on relatively few geothermal water samples (Yao, 1995; Chen, 1988; Zhou, 1987; Geo-thermal Group, 1983) and did not achieve modern levels of accuracy. The present work includes new sampling sites and presents modern analyses for major ions, δ2H, δ18O, tritium and 14C ages of 43 samples from geothermal wells, three samples from ground-water wells and one rain water sample along with 14 rain water analyses obtained from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP). GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Geological Settings

The Niutuozhen Geothermal Field is located in the Niutuozhen uplift zone in the northern part of the Jizhong graben in the North China Basin bounded by

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I, II, III level tectonic unit borderline

IV level tectonic unit borderline

Niutuozhen geothermal field

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Figure 1. Location of the Niutuozhen uplift.

Origin and Evolution Characteristics of Geothermal Water in the Niutuozhen Geothermal Field 893

the Yanshan Mountains and the Taihang Mountains. The basin began developing by vertical crustal movement before the Late Triassic Period, followed by mountain building from Jurassic to Early Tertiary and Late Miocene subsidence. NE-SW striking horsts and grabens formed alternately from west to east. The Niutuozhen uplift (or horst) is bounded by the Niudong fault, Niunan fault, Rongcheng fault and

Daxing fault initiated during Late Jurassic to Creta-ceous earth movements and finally during Himalayan movements. The uplift continued to move up to the surface until the Late Oligocene when it became ma-ture and was eroded. The Minghuazhen Formation was deposited over the entire horst by the Late Mio-cene (Fig. 2) and it was finally buried locally under Quaternary sediments.

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Cambrian Qingbaikouan-Lower Cambrian

Jixianian Changchengian-Jixianian

First level fault

Third level fault Geology boundary

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Figure 2. Pre-Cenozoic geological map and cross-section of the Niutuozhen geothermal field.


The Neogene Minghuazhen Formation sandstone with an average effective thickness of 225 m and Jixianian Wumishanian Formation dolomite with a thickness more than 1 000 m are the main reservoirs in the Niutuozhen geothermal field. Quaternary clay with a thickness of 400 m is the main caprock of the Minghuazhen Formation reservoir, and mudstone of the Minghuazhen Formation and Quaternary clay more than 493 m thick are the caprocks of the Wumishanian dolomite reservoir.

The geothermal gradient in the cap rock of the Niutuozhen uplift is more than 3.0 ℃/100 m, reach-ing a maximum of 11.5 ℃/100 m in the axis of the uplift (Chen, 1988). The gradient in the Wumishanian reservoir is generally between 1.65 and 2.55 ℃/100 m (Chen, 1988; Geothermal Group, 1983). Maximum wellhead pressure was measured at 3.74×105 Pa in 1970s (Chen, 1988), but has decreased to its present level of less than 1.01×105 Pa with drastic develop-

ment of the geothermal water and no reinjection. Wellhead temperature ranges from 59 to 84 ℃. The permeability of the Minghuazhen Formation Reservoir is between 3.36×10-14 and 2.39×10-12 m-2 and of the Wumishanian reservoir is between 2.10×10-11 and 6.15×10-10 m-2. METHODS

Samples were taken from a Quaternary cold wa-ter aquifer, the Minghuazhen Formation sandstone geothermal reservoir, an Ordovician limestone geo-thermal reservoir and the Wumishanian dolomite geo-thermal Reservoir and rainwater in the Niutuozhen geothermal field in order to compare geochemical characteristics between different waters (Fig. 3). The samples were taken by inserting a sampling tube against the pressure of a water discharge main. Tem-perature and pH were measured in-situ, other analysis were made in laboratory. K, Na, Li and a wide range

O1

J1J23J24

J2

J3

J16

J5J4

Q3

J6

J9J10

N3

N1

Yongqing

Niutuozhen

Baxian

Xiongxian

Q .3 the Quaternay well

O1. the Ordovician well

N3. the Minghuazhenian well

J6. the Wumishanian well

0 4 km

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Qing

Riv

er

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J17 J12

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J15

Xiongxian

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0 1 km

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J29

J30

J31

J33

J27

J32J28 J39

J34

J35

J25

J26

J36

J37

J38

39

o1

5'N

39

o0

0'

116o30'E116o00'

Figure 3. Sampling sites.


of metal ions were analysed by atomic absorption; total acidity, total hardness and most anions were ana-lysed by titration; NH4

+, Fe2+, Fe3+, metaboric acid, metasilicic acid, metaphosphoric acid and some halide ions were analysed by spectrophotometry; and NO3

- was analysed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry; sele-nium, metaarsenic acid and mercury were analysed by atomic fluorescence; and total dissolved solids were analysed by gravimetry.

Stable isotopes (18O, 2H) were analysed by iso-tope ratio mass spectrometry and Picarro L1102-i liq-uid water isotope analyzer and 14C samples were ana-lyzed by Liquid Scintillation Counter. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hydrogeochemistry

Geothermal waters from the Wumishanian and Ordovician reservoirs are of Cl-Na type, and those of the Minghuazhen Formation reservoir are of Cl-Na type and HCO3-Na type (Table 1, Fig. 4). Wumishanian geothermal water has higher total dis-

solved solid (TDS) ranging from 2 300 to 3 000 mg/L, than Ordovician reservoir water (2 206 mg/L) and Minghuazhen Formation (561–1 427.7 mg/L) geo-thermal water. Symbolic Components

Silica (SiO2) is the most significant symbolic component of geothermal water (Liu et al., 2002) and all water samples from Wumishanian geothermal res-ervoir are plotted in Fig. 5. The concentration of silica in Wumishanian geothermal water increases from 40 to 80 mg/L with temperature increase from 60 to 85 ℃ demonstrating a good linear relationship (R2=0.842) between silica concentration and tempera-ture. The linear relationship indicates that temperature instead of lithology probably enhances the enrichment of SiO2 in such a low-temperature geothermal system because the geothermal water is stored in the Jixianian dolomite geothermal reservoir (Li, 1982; Browne, 1978).

Cations Anionsmmeq/L

Na+K HCO +CO3 3 Cl

Mg SO4

Ca

Calcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)

Sul

fate

(SO

) +

Chl

orid

e (C

l)

4

Calcium

(Ca) +

Magnesium

(Mg)

Car

bona

te (

CO

3) +

Bic

arbo

nate

(H

CO

)3

Sodium

(Na) +

Potassium

(K)

Sulfate (S

O )4

Mag

nesi

um (

Mg)

80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80

80

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

20

40

60

80

80

60

40

20

80

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

80

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

Wumishanian water

Ordovician water

Minghuazhen Formation water

Quaternary water

Figure 4. Piper diagram of compositions of geothermal water and groundwater.


Wumishanian

Odovician

Minghuazhen Formation

Quaternaryy x= -0.868 6 9.789 1

R2=0.842

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Temperature ( )℃

20

40

60

80

100S

iO(m

g/l

)2

Figure 5. Relationship between well head temper-ature and SiO2 concentration Origin of geothermal water

Craig (1961) found that there was δ18O shift when geothermal water is compared with the Global Meteoric Water Line, which was brought about by 18O exchange between geothermal water and rock under high temperature conditions (>300 ℃). He found that change of δ2H due to depletion of H in the rock was negligible compared with δ18O. Wen et al. (2010), Ma et al. (2008), Zhang et al. (2006), Pang (2004), Zhao et al. (2001), Wang Y X et al. (1993), Sun et al. (1992) and Pang et al. (1990a, b) have also used isotopic methods to study origin and mixing of geothermal water in different geothermal fields.

Stable isotope data for all geothermal waters (Fig. 6) show a δ18O range from -8.66‰ to -11.90‰. It is obvious that the geothermal water from the Ordovi-cian and the Minghuazhen Formation geothermal res-ervoir and from the Quaternary groundwater fall near the GMWL. However, samples from the Wumi- shanian geothermal reservoir demonstrate an average 1.57‰ 18O shift, slight compared with samples from a Tibet high temperature geothermal system (Zhou et al., 2009). Truesdell and Hulston (1980) found that the

Rain waterQuaternary groundwaterMinghuazhenian geothermal waterOrdovician geothermal waterWunishanian geothermal water

LMWLH 8=δ O+9δ

2 18

GMWLH 8=δ O+10δ

2 18

-13 -12-12 -11 -10-9 -8 -7 -6

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

O‰δ18

�2H

‰

Figure 6. δ18O and δ2H of different groundwaters.

mineral components of reservoir rock are a significant factor affecting δ18O shift and that maximum shift occurred in carbonate rock systems. Exchange of 18O between deeply circulating meteoric water and hot carbonates in deep-seated aquifers for a long time (Zhou et al., 2004, 2001) may explain the slight O18 shift. Evolution of geothermal water

In order to study the evolution characteristics of geothermal water along a flow line, Well O1 in the northernmost part of the geothermal field was taken as origin point. A plot of 14C age along the flow line shows a progressive increase indicating age increasing from north to south (Fig. 7a). A similar trend was also found in the studies of Chen (1988) and Geothermal Group (1983). There is a significant positive linear correlation between 14C age and δ18O (Fig. 7b) which is good evidence that the extent of 18O exchange be-tween geothermal water and reservoir rock was en-hanced with the increasing residual time of geother-mal water.

14C age (a)

O(‰

)�

18

10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000-9.4

-9.2

-9.0

-8.8

-8.6(b)

Wumishanian Ordovician Minghuazhen Formation

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

Distance (km)

14C

ag

e(a

)

(a)

Figure 7. The relationship of 14C age with distance and δ18O.


DISCUSSION The high concentration of Cl and Na in the

Wumishanian and Ordovician geothermal water indi-cates that the water experienced long time lixiviation from the recharge area during the process of flowing from north to south in the geothermal field (Wang et al., 1995), similar to the geothermal water in the geo-thermal fields of Tianjin and Beijing (Hu et al., 2007) and confirmed by the 14C age of the geothermal water.

The remarkably differences in geochemical characteristics between Quaternary, Minghuanian, Ordovician and Wumishanian geothermal waters sug-gests that they derive from different groundwater sys-tems (Zhou, 1987). The Quaternary groundwater sys-tem is mainly recharged by local modern rain and groundwater recharge from mountains to the north and west (Chen et al., 2010). By contrast, geothermal wa-ter of the Minghuazhenian, Ordovician and Wumishanian reservoirs was recharged by paleo- precipitation at least 12 000 years ago (Table 1).

Its tritium isotope concentration 67.8 TU indi-cates that some Quaternary groundwater receives modern rain recharge. The δ18O and δ2H values of -8.79‰ and -66.36‰ of Quaternary geothermal water

are close to modern rain water but its tritium isotope value <0.5 TU indicates that this water has not been recharged by modern rain, in agreement with the 14C results (Table 1).

14C ages indicate that the Wumishanian geother-mal water flows from north to south at an average ve-locity of 3.6 m/a in the Niutuozhen geothermal field (Fig. 8).

With increasing time for water-rock 18O ex-change processes, 18O in the geothermal water is pro-gressively enriched along the flow line from north to south as demonstrated by the good linear relationship between δ18O and 14C age in Fig. 7b.

According to research by Yan and Yu (2000) and Zhou (1987), the Niutuozhen geothermal field re-ceives recharge both from the Yanshan Mountains in the north (about 100 km from the northern part of the geothermal field) and the Taihang Mountains in the west (about 50 km from the west boundary of the ge-othermal field) and moving Wumishanian geothermal water from the Yanshan Mountains may be diluted by water from the Taihang Mountains. Water from the Taihang Mountains is generally younger than water from Yanshan Mountains because of relative

Rong

Ch

en

g

Da

Xing

fault

NiuNan

Niu

Dong

Xiongxian

Baxian

Yongqing

Niutuozhen

0 10 km

Recharge fromYanshan Mountains

Jxw

fault

fault

17 000

23 000

22 000

26 000

33 000

Recharge fromTaihangMountains

39

o1

5'N

39

o0

0'

116o30'E116o00'

fau

lt

Figure 8. A conceptual evolution model of Wumishanian geothermal water.


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Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. I–VI, December 2013 ISSN 1674-487X Printed in China

List of Publication for Journal of Earth Science in 2013

No. 1

Fractals and Spatial Statistics of Point Patterns…………………………………………………………………001

Frederik P Agterberg Petromagnetic Properties of Granulite-Facies Rocks from the Northern North China Craton: Implications for Magnetic and Evolution of the Continental Lower Crust……………………………………… 012

Qingsheng Liu, Hongcai Wang, Jianping Zheng, Qingli Zeng and Qingsong Liu Zircon Hf Isotope of Yingfeng Rapakivi Granites from the Quanji Massif and ~2.7 Ga Crustal Growth………029

Nengsong Chen, Songlin Gong, Xiaoping Xia, Hongyan Geng, Lu Wang, Min Sun and Timothy M Kusky Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Oxfordian Carbonate Rocks in Amu Darya Basin……………042

Rongcai Zheng, Yanghui Pan, Can Zhao, Lei Wu, Renjin Chen and Rui Yang Compressibility and Structural Properties of Jadeite, NaAlSi2O6 at High Pressure……………………………057

Xiuling Wu, Xiaoyu Fan, Fei Qin, Dawei Meng, Xiaoling Zhang, Long Chen, Weiping Liu and Jianping Zheng

Biotransformation of Earthworm Activity on Potassium-Bearing Mineral Powder……………………………065 Xiaoling Zhu, Bin Lian, Xue Yang, Congqiang Liu and Lijun Zhu

Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies in the Lower Member of the Permian Shanxi Formation, Northeastern Ordos Basin, China……………………………………………………………075

Wei Du, Zaixing Jiang, Ying Zhang and Jie Xu Basin-Scale Sand Deposition in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China: Sedimentary Framework and Conceptual Model……………………………………………089

Xiucheng Tan, Qingsong Xia, Jingshan Chen, Ling Li, Hong Liu, Bing Luo, Jiwen Xia and Jiajing Yang The Influence of Localized Slumping on Groundwater Seepage and Slope Stability……………………………104

Hongyue Sun, Jie Zhong, Yu Zhao, Shuijin Shen and Yuequan Shang Impacts of Human Activities on the Occurrence of Groundwater Nitrate in an Alluvial Plain: A Multiple Isotopic Tracers Approach……………………………………………………………………………111

Zhonghe Pang, Lijuan Yuan, Tianming Huang, Yanlong Kong, Jilai Liu and Yiman Li Automated Rock Detection and Shape Analysis from Mars Rover Imagery and 3D Point Cloud Data…………125

Kaichang Di, Zongyu Yue, Zhaoqin Liu and Shuliang Wang The Drivers of Land Use Change in the Migration Area, Three Gorges Project, China: Advances and Prospects…………………………………………………………………………………………136

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Guadalupian (Middle Permian) Radiolarian and Sponge Spicule Faunas from the Bancheng Formation of the Qinzhou Allochthon, South China………………………………………………………………………………145

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Ito Tsuyoshi, Lei Zhang, Qinglai Feng and Matsuoka Atsushi Middle Cambrian (Upper Series 3) Protoconodonts and Paraconodonts from the Machari Formation at Eodungol Section, Yeongwol, Korea…………………………………………………………………………157

Byung-Su Lee Environmental Evolution of the South Margin of Qaidam Basin Reconstructed from the Holocene Loess Deposit by n-Alkane and Pollen Records…………………………………………………………………………170

Shuyuan Xiang, Fangming Zeng, Guocan Wang and Jianxin Yu Microheterogeneity of the Koupol Deposit Fahlores as a Reflection of Changing of Physicochemical Parameters of the Ore-Forming Solution…………………………………………………………………………179

Igor’V Kemkin and Raisa A Kemkina Re-Os Dating of the Suoerkuduke Cu (Mo) Deposit, Fuyun County, Xinjiang, and Its Geodynamic Implications………………………………………………………………………………………………………188

Xiujin Liu and Wei Liu Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluid in the Zhenyuan Gold Orefield, Yunnan Province, China………………203

Yan Zhao, Qingfei Wang, Xiang Sun and Gongjian Li Distribution of Cambrian Salt-Bearing Basins in China and Its Significance for Halite and Potash Finding……212

Shuli Wang, Mianping Zheng, Xifang Liu, Xinsheng Niu, Wenxi Chen and Kui Su Estimating the Characteristics of Runoff Inflow into Lake Gojal in Ungauged, Highly Glacierized Upper Hunza River Basin, Pakistan………………………………………………………………………………234

Shiqiang Zhang, Min Xu, Junli Xu, Qiudong Zhao and Stefan Hagemann Taiwan’ Chi-Chi Earthquake Precursor Detection Using Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis to Multi-Channel Total Electron Content Records…………………………………………………………………244

Jyh-Woei Lin Oil/Gas Migration and Aggregation in Intra-Continental Orogen Based on Numerical Simulation: A Case Study from the Dabashan Orocline, Central China………………………………………………………254

Wei Shi, Hongling Wu, Shuwen Dong and Mi Tian Distribution Characteristics and Sources of Sedimentary Organic Matter in the Pearl River Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Waters, Southern China………………………………………………………………………262

Ling Zhang, Kedong Yin, Yongqiang Yang and Derong Zhang A Technique for Carbon and Chlorine Isotope Analyses of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Groundwater………………………………………………………………………………………………………274

Yiqun Gan, Tingting Yu, Aiguo Zhou, Yunde Liu and Cunfu Liu Relationship between Remotely Sensed Vegetation Change and Fracture Zones Induced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China………………………………………………………………………………282

Ling Wang, Bingwei Tian, Alaa Masoud and Katsuaki Koike

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The Wulian Metamorphic Core Complex: A Newly Discovered Metamorphic Core Complex along the Sulu Orogenic Belt, Eastern China……………………………………………………………………………297

Jinlong Ni, Junlai Liu, Xiaoling Tang, Haibo Yang, Zengming Xia and Quanjun Guo Climatic and Tectonic Evolution in the North Qaidam since the Cenozoic: Evidence from Sedimentology and Mineralogy…………………………………………………………………………………314

Chaowen Wang, Hanlie Hong, Zhaohui Li, Guojun Liang, Jin Xie, Bowen Song, Eping Song and Kexin Zhang

A Quantitative Method for Characterizing Transport Capability of Compound Hydrocarbon

List of Publication for Journal of Earth Science in 2013 III

Carrier System……………………………………………………………………………………………………328 Yuhong Lei, Xiaorong Luo, Likuan Zhang, Ming Cheng and Chengpeng Song

Application of Fluid Inclusion Analysis for Buried Dissolution Predicting in the Tahe Oilfield of Tarim Basin, NW China…………………………………………………………………………………………343

Zhuang Ruan, Bingsong Yu and Yuanyuan Chen Source Rock Potential and Organic Geochemistry of Carboniferous Source Rocks in Santanghu Basin, NW China……………………………………………………………………………………………………355

Daofu Song, Dengfa He and Shurong Wang Registration of Correspondent Points in the Stereo-Pairs of Chang’E-1 Lunar Mission Using SIFT Algorithm…………………………………………………………………………………………………………371

Mengjie Ye and Zesheng Tang Red Palaeosols Development in Response to the Enhanced East Asia Summer Monsoon since the Mid-Pleistocene in South China: Evidence Derived from Magnetic Properties and Molecular Fossil Records……………………………………………………………………………………………………382

Yansheng Gu, Xianyu Huang, Weiguo Zhang, Hanlie Hong and Yongtao Li Study of the Structural Evolution of the Babadağ-Honaz and Pamukkale Fault Zones and the Related Earthquake Risk Potential of the Buldan Region in SW Anatolia, East of the Mediterranean…………………397

Mete Hançer Quaternary Neotectonic Configuration of the Southwestern Peloponnese, Greece, Based on Luminescence Ages of Marine Terraces…………………………………………………………………………………………410

Constantin Athanassas and Ioannis Fountoulis Variability of the Southwest Monsoon since the Last 25 000 Years and Their Possible Causes: Role of Northern Hemisphere versus Tibetan Plateau……………………………………………………………………428

Anju Pandey and Ravi Mishra Structural Controls on Coalbed Methane Reservoirs in Faer Coal Mine, Southwest China……………………437

Ming Li, Bo Jiang, Shoufa Lin, Fengjuan Lan and Jilin Wang Detecting Surface Subsidence in Coal Mining Area Based on DInSAR Technique……………………………449

Shaochun Dong, Hongwei Yin, Suping Yao and Fei Zhang Characteristics, Multi-Phase Evolution and Genesis of Weathering Pits in Qing Mountain, Inner Mongolia, China…………………………………………………………………………………………………457

Fei Tian, Mingzhong Tian and Jin Liu

No. 4

Fission Track Thermochronology Evidence for Multiple Periods of Mineralization in the Wulonggou Gold Deposits, Eastern Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province…………………………………………………471

Wanming Yuan, Xuanxue Mo, Aikui Zhang, Xiaoning Chen, Hongwei Duan, Xi Li, Nana Hao and Xianmei Wang

Tectonothermal Evolution of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau Foreland: Fission-Track Thermochronology of the Southern Dabashan Fold-Thrust Belt…………………………………………………………………………479

Zengbao Zhang, Chuanbo Shen, Chun Shao and Zhaoqian Liu Cenozoic Tectonic Uplift History of Western Qinling: Evidence from Sedimentary and Fission-Track Data…491

Xiuxi Wang, Massimiliano Zattin, Jijun Li, Chunhui Song, Shu Chen, Cheng Yang, Shengda Zhang and Jiwei Yang

Paleomagnetic and Fission-Track Dating of a Late Cenozoic Red Earth Section in the Liupan Shan and Associated Tectonic Implications…………………………………………………………………………………506

IV Journal of Earth Science

Yun Li, Yougui Song, Linbo Qian, Xiaoming Li, Xiaoke Qiang and Zhisheng An Zircon U-Pb Age, Geochemistry and Geological Implication of the 255 Ma Alkali-Rich Dykes from Ulungur Area, North Xinjiang………………………………………………………………………519

Yanfei Chen, Yuwang Wang, Jingbin Wang, Rufu Ding, Yuelei Yuan and Yu Shi Geothermal Evidence of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Lithospheric Thinning in the Liaohe Depression………529

Yinhui Zuo, Nansheng Qiu, Xiongqi Pang, Jian Chang, Qingqing Hao and Xia Gao Low-Temperature Thermochronology Constraints on the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Exhumation of the Huangling Massif in the Middle Yangtze Block, Central China……………………………………………541

Xiang Ge, Chuanbo Shen, Zhao Yang, Lianfu Mei, Sihuang Xu, Lei Peng and Zhaoqian Liu Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tectonic Events in Volcanic Arc, West Burma Block: Evidences from U-Pb Zircon Dating and Apatite Fission Track Data of Granitoids………………………………………………553

Renyuan Li, Lianfu Mei, Guanghui Zhu, Rumin Zhao, Xiaoming Xu, Houxiang Zhao, Peng Zhang, Yipeng Yin and Yixing Ma

Apatite Fission Track Constraints on the Pattern of Faulting in the North Qilian Mountain…………………569 Qingyang Li, Baotian Pan, Xiaofei Hu, Zhenbo Hu, Fuqiang Li and Shunzhi Yang

Thermochronologic Constraints on Uplifting Events since the Early Cretaceous in the North Margin of the Luxi Rise, Eastern China………………………………………………………………579

Guozhi Wang, Shugen Liu and Can Zou Fluid Inclusion Analysis for Constraining the Hydrocarbon Accumulation Periods of the Permian Reservoirs in Northeast Ordos Basin………………………………………………………………589

Gang Chen, Shuheng Li, Huiruo Zhang, Fu Yang, Chao Ding, Panpan Lei and Yanxu Hu Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution and Thermal History of the Yuanba Area of Northeast Sichuan Basin—Low-Temperature Thermochronology of Apatite and Zircon…………………………………599

Jie Wang, Tenger Boltsjun, Jianzhong Qin, Wenhui Liu, Cheng Tao and Ping Wang Zircon U-Pb Age, Geochemistry and Geological Implications of Granitoids in Tuerkubantao, Xinjiang………606

Yu Shi, Yuwang Wang, Jingbin Wang, Lijuan Wang, Rufu Ding and Yanfei Chen Geochronology, Geochemistry and Its Tectonic Significance of Chahe Granites in Hainan Island…………619

Limei Tang, Hanlin Chen, Chuanwan Dong and Fengyou Chu The Coupling Relationship between the West Shandong Rise and the Jiyang Depression, China………………626

Li Li, Dalai Zhong, Changchun Yang, Xiupeng Shi, Li Zhao and Dawei Dong Track Fading and Its Applications in Archaeology, Tectonics and Geothermal Chronology in China…………645

Shilun Guo, Wanming Yuan, Baoliu Chen, Weiwen Huang and Shunsheng Liu Paleotopographic Reconstruction on the Basis of Low-Temperature Thermochronological Thermal History Modelling……………………………………………………………652

Ruxin Ding and Wei Wang Research Program of Determination of Geological Age by Thermal Analysis Method…………………………657

Tongsuo Yang, Duqiang Xin, Tuanbu Wang, Dengwu Wang, Yongqian Shi and Yiguo Li A Novel Mass Spectrometry System for Helium-4 Measurement………………………………………………663

Gelian Gong, Jibin Zhou, Weidong Sun, Hongyun Xu and Kemin Yang

No. 5

Special Column on East-West Asymmetry of the Inner Core and Earth Rotational Dynamics

Foreword: East-West Asymmetry of the Inner Core and Earth Rotational Dynamics…………………………667 David A Yuen and Sidao Ni

List of Publication for Journal of Earth Science in 2013 V

Thermal Convection in a Spherical Shell with Melting/Freezing at either or both of Its Boundaries……………669 Renaud Deguen

Earth’s Solid Inner Core: Seismic Implications of Freezing and Melting………………………………………683 Vernon F Cormier and Januka Attanayake

On the Nature of the P-Wave Velocity Gradient in the Inner Core beneath Central America……………………699 Hrvoje Tkalčić, Thomas Bodin, Mallory Young and Malcolm Sambridge

One-Dimensional Modeling of Multiple Scattering in the Upper Inner Core: Depth Extent of a Scattering Region in the Eastern Hemisphere………………………………………………………706

Satoru Tanaka Constraining Shear Wave Velocity and Density Contrast at the Inner Core Boundary with PKiKP/P Amplitude Ratio………………………………………………………………………………………716

Xiangfang Zeng and Sidao Ni Detection of the Inner Core Translational Triplet Using Superconducting Gravimetric Observations…………725

Wenbin Shen and Hao Ding Degree One Loading by Pressure Variations at the CMB………………………………………………736

Ming Fang, Bradford H Hager and Weijia Kuang Detection of Inner Core Translational Oscillations Using Superconducting Gravimeters…………………750

Ying Jiang, Jianqiao Xu and Heping Sun

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sources and Thermo-Chemical Sulfate Reduction for Reduced Sulfur in the Hydrothermal Fluids, Southeastern SYG Pb-Zn Metallogenic Province, SW China……………………………………………………759

Jiaxi Zhou, Zhilong Huang, Guangping Bao and Jianguo Gao Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Geochemical Characteristics of Late Variscan Granites of the Daitongshan Copper Deposit and Lamahanshan Polymetallic-Silver Deposit, Southern Daxing’anling, China………………772

Zhenhua Zhou, Boyang Li, Aishun Wang, Xinli Wu, Hegen Ouyang and Jiarui Feng Development of Petroleum Geology in China: Discussion on Continuous Petroleum Accumulation………796

Caineng Zou, Shizheng Tao, Zhi Yang, Lianhua Hou, Xuanjun Yuan, Rukai Zhu, Jinhua Jia, Songtao Wu, Yanjie Gong, Xiaohui Gao, Lan Wang and Jie Wang

Geochemical Characteristics of the Source Rocks in Mesozoic Yanchang Formation, Central Ordos Basin……804 Senhu Lin, Xuanjun Yuan, Shizhen Tao, Zhi Yang and Songtao Wu

Characteristics of the Upper Jurassic Marine Source Rocks and Prediction of Favorable Source Rock Kitchens in the Qiangtang Basin, Tibet……………………………………………………………815

Libo Wang, Yeqian Zhang, Junjie Cai and Guangzhi Han Optimal Antenna of Ground Penetrating Radar for Depicting the Debris Thickness and Structure of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan, China…………………………………………………………………………………830

Zhen Wu, Shiqiang Zhang and Shiyin Liu Infiltration Experiments in Layered Structures of Upper Porous and Lower Fractured Media…………………843

Huifang Wang and Mingyu Wang Rainfall Threshold Calculation Method for Debris Flow Pre-Warning in Data-Poor Areas…………………………………………………………………………………854

Huali Pan, Jiangcheng Huang, Ren Wang and Guoqiang Ou

No. 6

Evaluation of Highly Thermally Mature Shale-Gas Reservoirs in Complex Structural Parts of the Sichuan Basin………………………………………………………………………………………863

VI Journal of Earth Science

Tonglou Guo Geological Evolution of the Longmenshan Intracontinental Composite Orogen and the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau………………………………………………………………………874

Shugen Liu, Bin Deng, Zhiwu Li, Luba Jansa, Shun Liu, Guozhi Wang and Wei Sun Origin and Evolution Characteristics of Geothermal Water in the Niutuozhen Geothermal Field, North China Plain……………………………………………………………………………891

Shufang Wang, Zhonghe Pang, Jiurong Liu, Pei Lin, Sida Liu and Ming Yin Salt Tectonics and Basin Evolution in the Gabon Coastal Basin, West Africa…………………………………903

Anqing Chen, Chong Jin, Zhanghua Lou, Hongde Chen, Shenglin Xu, Keke Huang and Sihan Hu Carbon Oxygen Isotope Analysis and Its Significance of Carbonate in the Zhaogezhuang Section of Early Ordovician in Tangshan, North China……………………………………………………………………918

Zhenhong Yang, Ning Zhang, Jinxiu Dong, Wenchen Xia and Zhengyu Bao Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins…………………………………935

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao Control of Anticline Crest Zone on Depositional System and Its Geological Significance for Petroleum in Changshaling, Yinger Sag, Eastern Jiuquan Basin…………………………………………………947

Siding Jin, Hua Wang, Si Chen, Huajun Gan, Zhengyu Lü and Haiyang Cao Characteristics and Evaluation of the Shale Oil Reservoir in Upper Es3 Inter Salt in Liutun Sag………………962

Yang Luo, Yanchao Zhao and Xinhua Lü Major Geochemical Controls on Fluoride Enrichment in Groundwater: A Case Study at Datong Basin, Northern China……………………………………………………………………………………………………976

Liang Li, Yanxin Wang, Ya Wu and Junxia Li Element Response to the Ancient Lake Information and Its Evolution History of Argillaceous Source Rocks in the Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe Area of Southern Margin of Junggar Basin………………………………987

Mingming Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Shengchuan Xu, Pingchang Sun and Xiaofeng Hu Features of the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks Fracture Reservoirs in Hongshanzui Oilfield, Junggar Basin……997

Jindong Cui, Jiazheng Zhang and Hongyan Zhang Influence of Degree-day Factor Variation on the Mass Balance of Glacier No. 1 at the Headwaters of Ürümqi River, China………………………………………………………………………1008

Yuhuan Cui, Baisheng Ye, Jie Wang and Youcun Liu Surrogate Model Application to the Identification of an Optimal Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation Strategy for DNAPL-Contaminated Sites………………………………………………1023

Jiannan Luo, Wenxi Lu, Xin Xin and Haibo Chu Hydrocarbon Distribution and Accumulation Model in the South of Lixian Slope, Raoyang Subbasin………1033

Fan Yang, Caineng Zou, Lianhua Hou, Xinghe Yu and Shengli Li Accelerated Thinning of Hei Valley No. 8 Glacier in the Tianshan Mountains, China…………………………1044

Zhen Wu, Shiyin Liu, Shiqiang Zhang and Donghui Shangguan Remote Sensing Interpretation and Extraction of Structural Information about Active Faults at Hangzhou, China, and Their Surroundings…………………………………………………………………………………1056

Wei Zhang, Qi Yao, Hanlin Chen and Jinzhong Yang Relative Peak Frequency Increment Method for Quantitative Thin-Layer Thickness Estimation……………1068

Luping Sun, Xiaodong Zheng and Hao Shou List of Publication for Journal of Earth Science in 2013……………………………………………………………I

Origin and evolution characteristics of geothermal water in the Niutuozhen goethermal field

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