KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Submitted by:ABHISEK PANDA

8th Sem, CIVIL Engg.ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CONTENT• OVERVIEW• CONSTRUCTION• TECHNICAL & ENGINEERING ISSUES• AIRPORT ISSUES• OPERATION• AWARDS• CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW• Name: Kansai

International Airport• Place: Osaka

prefecture, Japan• Area: 10 km2 (4 km

2.5 km)• Total cost: $20

billion (including both phases)

• Commencement of project: 1986

• Public opening: 4th September, 1994

• Terminals: 2• Runways: 2

• Flight Information: Weekly International Flights: 815

Weekly Domestic Flights: 493

CONSTRUCTION• Man made Island:

Sea wall construction with 48K tetrahedral blocks and rocks

21 million m3 of land fill

1 million workers 10 million work hours

Over 3 years Eighty ships 30 meter height sea wall

• Sky Gate Bridge: 3 km in length $1 billion

SUBSURFACE OF KIA FOUNDATION

TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING ISSUES

•Seawall Construction

•Airplane Landing

•Sinking of the Island

•Severe Earthquake and Typhoons

BREAK WATER/SEAWALL CONSTRUCTION

• Up to 40ft above sea level• Took nearly 2 years for completion

• Tripod blocks on sea ward side for wave energy dissipation

• Application sand drains for improvement of subsoil

MECHANISM OF SAND DRAIN• The weight of the piled sand forces the water in the clay to move outward along the sand pile

• Equal strain case was adopted over free strain case near terminals

APPLICATION OF ONE MILLION SAND PILES

• Time rate of consolidation (as per Terzaghi’s consolidation) in radial direction:

• Consolidation settlement is given by,

2

21

vu u uCt r r r

0

'log1 'CHCe

AIRPLANE LANDING• Airplane landing is the major problem for the designers : Yasunari Harada

• The spongy soft clay of sea bed tries to deform the runway

• Create imbalance tending to topple the airport

LOAD IMBALANCING

PRECAUTIONS • Usage of steel structure : makes the runway flexible; causing uniform stress distribution

• Large amount of sand piles closely spaced

SINKING OF THE ISLAND• Practical settlement was 8.2 m (27ft) in the year 1999 against calculated settlement 5.7m (19ft)

• The settlement continued @ 2’’ (5 cm)/month

• The sinking fell to 2’’ (5 cm)/year by the year 2008 as per “Yasunari Harada”- Manager, planning dept.

• Additional 11.6ft of land fill was added in the year 1990 to account for settlement

REASONS OF WRONG PREDICTION• Un-conservative estimation of consolidation settlement

• Wrong estimate of the time required for completion of consolidation settlement

• Ineffectiveness of the sand drains in achieving the required success as 100%

• Excavation of bore holes up to 250m and in rare case up to 400m; which led to vague information regarding soil strata

INCOMPLETE CONSOLIDATION

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE

GRAPPLING WITH CONTINUED SETTLEMENT

• Usage of high amount of iron ore Faster sinking of Island than the supported building

• Installation of hydraulic jacks under the columns Result: No differential settlement between columns and entire buildings

• Terminal design: Limit State Method

LEARNING FROM MISTAKES• Using actual settlement data in phase-II construction

• Analysis of bore hole up to 900 m and over 400m in most of the cases

• Expected settlement is conservative i.e. 18m (60 ft) against 12m

EARTHQUAKE• Kansai airport is in the middle of pacific rim of fire

• Japan is the land of earthquakes; approximately 1500 per year

• Major earthquake: Kobe earthquake (17th January, 1995) Epicenter: 20km (12 miles) from KIA Death no. : 6,434

TYPHOONS• On an average Japan faces 9-10 Typhoons per year

• The airport survived against two major typhoons: In the year 1998, wind speed: 200 kmph

In the year 2004, wind speed: 172 kmph

• Sea waves up to 6 m high were generated due to Typhoons

COPING WITH EARTHQUAKES & TYPHOONS

• Up to 12m (40 ft) high sea wall: Neutralizes the tidal effect

• Usage of sliding joints instead of rigid joints

• Preferring steel structure over R.C.C structures

• Wing shape

terminal designed by Renzo Piano

CYLINDRICAL JOINT

PRISMATIC JOINT

SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL PROBLEMS

• Second most expensive airport• Local problems of fisherman; silenced by hefty compensation package

• $20 billion dollar expenditure• High landing fees: $7500 for Boing 747

• Onsite concession operation cost: $10 per coffee cup

• Airport debt: $560 million interest per year

POLICY CHALLENGES• Noise pollution:

Noise due to air crafts Transportation noise

• Traffic amount Increase Increasing traffic @ 5% per annum Other traffics like carriers, rails and ships etc.

• Air quality and climate NOx, SOx, CO, CFC, Ox, HC, wind direction and wind speed

• Water/Sediment Quality: Turbidity, pH level etc.

• Marine life & Land Dwelling creatures: Plankton, roe, fish, bottom dwellers etc. Flight and nesting of birds Migration of eagles, hawks & cold climate birds

OPERATION• Kansai international airport co. ltd. is the company founded in 1984 for this purpose

• Joint investment of National, Local and Private organizations

• 6 subsidiaries specialized in individual fields

• 36.54 m high control tower located at the

middle• Over 250 cameras and infrared bars for security

• 24 hours shield from Japan coast guard

Control Tower

AWARDS & NOMINATIONS• Ranked 4th overall in the Airport of the Year 2006 awards; named by Skytrax

• On April 19, 2001, the airport was one of the "Civil Engineering Monument of the millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers

• “Civil Engineering Monument of the Year – 2001”-American Society of Civil Engineers

CONCLUSION• Osaka is a business hub today in Japan• Initial loss has turned to profit making business : approx. 1.8 billion$/year

• Relaxation of over burden on Kobe and New Tokyo airport

• One of the busiest airport in East-Asia• Serves as guide for other similar mega structures: Hong Kong International Airport, Kitakyushu Airport etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES• KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (PHASE-I)

FOUNDATION CASE STUDY, BY RAJUL TEREDESAI, CE 5333-FOUNDATION ENGINEERING SPRING, 2005

• WIKOPEDIA.ORG• OFFCIAL WEBSITE OF KIA• A REPORT ON FOUNDATION STUDIES OF KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BY JUSTIN PHALEN. UC-DAVIS, 2002

THANK YOU