AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

Elisabeth Santoso for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

Chemical Engineering, presented on April 21, 1987.

Title: FOULING CHARACTERISTICS OF COOLING TOWER WATER

CONTAINING CORROSION INHIBITORS.

Abstract approved :

Redacted for Privacy

Dr. James G. Knudsen

The fouling characteristics of cooling tower water

containing various corrosion inhibitors and other additives

on heat transfer surface have been investigated. Corrosion

inhibitors investigated included zinc-chromate and

phosphates. In addition, additives including polyacrylate

and phosphonate (HEDP and AMP) were used to determine their

effectiveness as antifoulants.

The tests were conducted in a simulated cooling tower

water system. The parameters investigated were: test section

surface temperature 130, 145 and 160 OF, velocity in test

section 3.0, 5.5 and 8.5 ft/sec, pH 6.0 - 8.0, and material

of the fouling surface (stainless steel, carbon steel, 90/10

copper/nickel, and admiralty brass). The water bulk

temperature in all tests was 1150F. The water had a total

hardness of 800-1000 ppm as CaCO3z, total sulfate of 800-1000

ppm as SOA and silica of 40-45 ppm as SiO2.

For each test, a fouling resistance time curve was

obtained. This curve was fitted to the equation Rf = Rf* (1-

exp(-(0-ed)/ec)) to yield the values of ec and Rf*. Rf is

the fouling resistance predicted by the regression equation,

Rf* is the asymptotic fouling resistance, e is time, ed is

dead time and ec is the time constant for the asymptotic

decay.

The values of ec and Rf* from regression analysis have

been correlated with the various parameters by the Heat

Transfer Research, Inc., (HTRI) fouling model. For the range

of conditions studied, the correlation equations 7-1 to 7-4

relate the fouling resistance, Rfj to the surface

temperature, wall shear stress and water quality. Seventeen

different water qualities were investigated to determine the

values of 5 parameters, which are specific for each water

quality.

For each of the seventeen water qualities studied

threshold curves for three threshold values of Rf* have been

developed as a function of velocity and surface temperature.

These curves are useful to obtain the conditions required to

maintain a desired value of Rf* in a heat exchanger.

P-OILJL_INIG CHARACTER I ST ICSOF COCILINIG TOWER WATERcom-rn I NI I NG ccolFtIFICIS I ON

I 1111-1I 1E3 I TORS

b y

Elisabeth Santoso'

A THESIS

submitted to

Oregon State University

In partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the

degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Completed April 21, 1987

Commencement June 1987

APPROVED:

Redacted for Privacy(Of ssor of

maj rChemical engineering Department in charge of

Redacted for PrivacyChairman of Chemical Engineering Department

Redacted for Privacy

Dean of Grad School (I

Date thesis is presented : April 21, 1987

Typed by Utomo Santoso for : Elisabeth Santoso

This thesis is dedicated to my belovedfather Joseph A. Tjitrasmoro, my husbandUtomo, and my lovely baby Sharon Putri.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My deepest thanks are addressed to my major professor,

Dr. James G. Knudsen, for having given me the opportunity to

work on this research project, for his advice,

encouragement, and also for his financial support.

I would like to thank to all the teaching faculty of

the Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State

University, for having contributed to my academic and

learning experience, also to Dr. Charles E. Wicks whose

concern and assistance has been most helpful.

I am particularly grateful to Nick Wannenmacher for his

help of equipment maintenance and also to Nick Frederick,

Scott Herbig and Lynne Kilpatric-Howard for their help with

the chemical analyses.

My appreciation is also extended to Heat Transfer

Research, Inc., for providing the research grant for this

project, to Betz Laboratories for conducting the necessary

analyses and for the Du Pont company for conducting the

deposit analyses.

Special thanks are also extended to my husband, Utomo,

and my father J.A. Tjitrasmoro, whose support and

encouragement has made this possible and whose love has made

it worth it.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE:

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. GENERAL REVIEW AND LITERATURE SURVEY 3

Heat Transfer Equations 3

Fouling Mechanism 4

Important Parameters 5

Fouling Models 7

Chemical Treatments 11

III. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT 17

Heat Exchanger System 17

Test Sections 19

Cooling Tower System 22

Data Aquisition system 23

IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 25

Experimental Program 25

Procedure 28

V. CALCULATION PROCEDURES 33

Calculation of Fouling Resistance 33

Error Estimation 36

Calculation of Inner Wall Shear Stress 39

Fitting the Fouling Curves 41

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42

Experimental Results 42

Run Descriptions 44

Deposit Analysis 59

Regression Analysis of Data 60

Correlation of Data 67

Conditions Showing Insignificant Fouling77

Scale Strength 85

VII. APPLICATION OF RESULTS AND EXAMPLES 87

The use of Threshold Values 87

The use of Correlational Equations 87

Application to Other Geometries 98

Numerical Examples 109

VIII.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 113

Summary 113

Conclusions 118

BIBLIOGRAPHY 121

APPENDICES

Appendix A - Nomenclature 124

Appendix B Calibration Equations 128

Appendix C - Chemical Analysis Procedure 130

Appendix D Sample Calculations 135

Appendix E - Summary of Test Results 145

Appendix F Rf vs Time Plots 167

Appendix G - Composite Plots of Selected Runs218

Appendix H - Deposit Compositions 229

Appendix I - Nonlinear Regression 231

Appendix J - Water Quality 259

Appendix K - System Flowrates 276

Appendix L Summary of Run Statistics 286

Appendix M - Plots of Correlational Curves . 318

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE:

III-1. Schematic Flow Diagram of Experimental Equipment.18

111-2. Annular Geometry of Test Section 20

IV-1. Water Conditioning System 29

V-1. Cross Section of Clean and Fouled Test Section 33

VI-1. Normalized -ln Od vs velocity 69

VI-2. Error plot of deposition rate 73

VI-3. Error plot of time constant 76

VI-4. Error plot of fouling resistance 78

VI-5. Curves of Constant Rf* on Grid of Velocity vsSurface Temperature 89

VI-6. Curves of Constant Surface Temperature on Grid ofRf* vs Velocity 100

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE:

III-1. Heat Transfer Research, Inc. Rods Specifications 21

IV-1. Constituents of the City Water and System Water 26

IV-2. Additives Used in Each Group of Tests 27

IV-3. Typical Volumes and Flowrates 31

VI-1. Regression Analysis 63

VI-2. Constants to be used in equations (6-6), (6-11),and (6-13) 80

VI-3 Comparison of experimental values vs modelequations for Od, ec and Rf* 81

VI-4 Threshold value for various additives 84

FOULING CHARACTERISTICS OF COOLINGTOWER WATER CONTAINING CORROSION

INHIBITORS

I. INTRODUCTION

The term "fouling" is used to mean any deposit on heat

transfer surfaces which increases the resistance to heat

transfer.

Cooling tower water is used as the coolant for many

industrial heat exchangers. Untreated cooling tower water

may contain significant concentrations of scale - forming

ions, such as Ca'2, Mg' 2, COs-2, SO4-2, PO4-5, and SiO3-2,

which can form low solubility salts at high temperature and

deposit on the hot heat transfer surface.

Control of pH and the addition of scale inhibitors are

the common methods by which fouling of cooling tower water

can be reduced or prevented. As pH decreases, the solubility

of many scale forming constituents increases and the

deposition rate is significantly reduced. The pH is usually

reduced to the range 6.5 to 7.0 by the addition of sulfuric

acid to the cooling water system. Under these conditions,

water is slightly corrosive to the materials in the system,

therefore, the addition of corrosion inhibitors are

necessary. Zinc-chromate corrosion inhibitor has long been

used, but because of its toxicity in the environment,

phosphate inhibitors are now being used to meet

environmental requirements(21). The corrosion inhibitor

2

itself results in additional minerals in the water, which

under some circumstances can be the source of fouling on

heat transfer surfaces. Corrosion inhibitor is commonly used

in conjunction with antifoulants such as polyacrylates and

phosphonates (HEDP and AMP).

The aim of this investigation was to study the fouling

characteristics of cooling tower water containing corrosion

inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors investigated included zinc-

chromate and phosphate inhibitors. In addition,

polyacrylate, HEDP and AMP were used to determine their

effectiveness as scale inhibitors.

The amount of deposit on a heat transfer surface is

measured in terms of the fouling resistance. Generally, if

the fouling resistance is less than .0001 ft hr OF /Btu, the

amount of fouling is tolerable, and the heat exchanger

operates essentially as a clean heat exchanger.

The most important variables that affect the fouling

process are surface temperature of the heated surface, fluid

bulk temperature, flow velocity/shear stress, and water

quality.

Obviously, a correlation between the important

controlling variables and the fouling threshold would be

most useful to the designer and operator of commercial heat

exchangers.

3

II. GENERAL REVIEW ANDLITERATURE SURVEY

HEAT TRANSFER EQUATION

The effect of fouling on design of heat transfer

equipment is expressed in the fundamental equation for the

overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside

surface area:

1 = 1 + Ao 1 + Rf. + Ao RfA + RM, (2-1)Uo ho Ai hi Ai

Where: U = overall heat transfer coefficienth = convective heat transfer coefficientA = surface areaR = heat transfer resistance

and subscripts:

o = outsidei = insidef = fouled conditionw = wall

Values for the convective heat transfer coefficients

and for Rw can be determined using well established

techniques and correlations.

The fouling resistance is often a major or even the

dominating term in the equation. However accurate general

methods for predicting the fouling resistances have not been

developed.

The heat exchanger designer selects the values for

fouling resistances from some tabulated values or from

experience based sources which often do not have any

relevance to the actual operating conditions. This can

result in the exchange equipment operating below normal

4

efficiency or over design of the exchanger. Thus there is

substantial incentive to develop correlations which will

reliably predict fouling resistances or determine conditions

under which fouling would not occur.

FOULING MECHANISMS

The primary types of fouling occurring in cooling tower

water systems are crystalization of inverse solubility

salts, sedimentation, corrosion of the heater surface and

biological growth.

Crystalization of inverse solubility salts

One of the most common causes of fouling is due to

crystalization of salts having inverse solubility, i.e. when

the temperature of the system is raised, as by contact with

a hot surface, their solubilities decrease. Common inverse

solubility salts include CaC05, CaSO4, and Mg(OH)2. This

type of fouling is referred to as scaling or precipitation

fouling.

An induction period of a certain time duration is

normally present, during which only negligible fouling

deposition is observed. At a certain point in the fouling

process, the nucleation sites become so numerous they

combine together and the fouling increases rapidly.

Precipitation fouling has been reviewed by Hasson ""

5

Sedimentation

This refers to the deposition of particulate matter

such as rust and dust particles commonly contained in

cooling tower waters. It is frequently superimposed on

crystalization fouling processes. This type of fouling was

reviewed by Gudmundsson ""

Corrosion

Corrosion fouling involves an electrochemical reaction

producing roughening of the surface and corrosion products

which can promote and influence other fouling mechanisms and

hinder heat transfer.

Biological growth

Warm surfaces can provide suitable environments for

bacteria, algae and fungi, which can form layers and reduce

the rate of heat transfer. Biofouling is usually prevented

by adding chlorine. A review of biofouling was given by

Characklis(4)

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

The parameters that appear to be the most important in

effecting the fouling process are velocity/shear stress,

surface temperature, water chemistry and material of the

heated surface "27).

6

Velocity Effects

Velocity affects the fouling process with respect to

both deposition and removal. For the deposition term;

velocity effects the transport of fouling material to the

surface. The effect of velocity on removal is characterized

by wall shear stress and the mechanical strength of the

deposit.

Temperature Effects

In cooling water systems, the temperature of the

surface is higher than the bulk fluid temperature. In such

cases, the inorganic substances that are inverse solubility

salts may deposit on the high temperature surface. The

surface temperature of the deposit is an important parameter

and the deposition rate function is of the Arrhenius form,

which is characteristic of chemical reactions. Under

constant heat flux conditions, as the temperature within the

deposit increases there will be a portion of the deposit

undergoing additional transformation. Such processes would

affect the strength of the deposit and thereby the removal

rate of the deposit.

Water Chemistry Affects

Generally, pH and the concentration of different

mineral salt components have been used to characterize the

water chemistry. These quantities can be related to fouling

tendencies of water.

FOULING MODELS

The basic equation, which is the starting point of

several postulated models for fouling processes, is based on

the following general material balance.

where:

dRf = Od - Or (2-2)de

Rf = fouling resistance = Xf/kf0 = timeOd = deposition rateOr = removal rateXf = instantaneous fouling film thicknesskf = thermal conductivity of fouling deposit

7

The basic problem in fouling research is to determine

the parameters which affect Od and Or and to develop

predictive correlations to account for these effects. Kern

and Seaton"°' were the first to develop a fouling mechanism

which involved simultaneous deposition and removal rates.

The deposition rate was assumed to be constant, and the

removal rate was assumed to be proportional to the shear

stress and to the instantaneous thickness of the deposit.

They postulated the following model for the material balance

equation.

where:

dXf = K. Ci W Km r Xf (2-3)de

K1 C1 W = rate of depositionKm T Xf = rate of removalK1 , Km = constantsC1 = concentration of the foulantW = constant flow rate of the liquidI = shear stress

Upon integration the equation for Rf becomes:

8

with:

and,

Rf = Rf* (1-exp(-0/0c)) (2-4)

Rf* = K. Cl. W (2-5)Km kf T

eC = 1

K2 T

where,

(2-6)

Rf* = asymptotic fouling resistance (which is atthe condition of equal rates of depositionand removal and is attained after a longperiod of time)

0c = time constant

In equation (2-3), as 0 becomes very large, Rf approaches

Rf*.

The inclusion of a removal term in the form given above

leads to the important result that the fouling resistance

will reach an asymptotic value, Rf*.

Watkinson Epsteinc°7) obtained experimental data for

sour gas oil and compared the data against the fouling model

proposed by Kern and Seaton"c". It was found that the

asymptotic fouling resistance was inversely proportional to

the mass flow rate squared, in contrast to the mass flow

rate to the first power in the Kern's model (eq. 2-4). They

also found that the initial fouling rate was inversely

proportional to the mass flow rate and depended

exponentially on the temperature. In Kern's model, the

initial fouling rate, which is a product of Rf* and 1/0c

given in eqn 2-4 & 2-5, is directly proportional to the mass

flow rate to the first power and independent of temperature.

9

Their term for the removal rate was same to that of the Kern

& Seaton's model

Reitzer"rs, considered the rate of scale formation in

tubular heat exchangers. The change of scale thickness

(dxf/dt) was related to the mass build up of scale (dM/dt)

dM = A rf dXf (2-7)dO de

He assumed a linear temperature relation and an n" order

chemical reaction for crystal growth and his analysis

resulted in expressions for constant wall temperature and

for constant heat flux. Reitzer's model is limited by the

fact that he did not account for scale removal, as a result

his equation for fouling resistance under constant heat flux

operation is linearly dependent on time, and suggests no

asymptotic fouling resistance

Taborek, et al. of Heat Transfer Research, Inc.,

Alhambra, California, (4" obtained a large amount of data on

the fouling characteristics of cooling tower water using

industrial cooling towers. They used the Kern Seaton

concept of deposition and removal to postulate a fouling

model that also considered water chemistry and its effect on

the fouling resistance. The deposition term is a function of

the scale surface temperature in an Arrhenius type reaction

term and a water chemistry parameter. A velocity function is

also included in the deposition term

Od = CI Fv ft" exp(-E/Rg(Ts+460)) (2-8)

where:

10

Cs.,n = constantFv = velocity dependent functionST = water quality factorE = activation energyRg = gas constantTs = surface temperature of fouling deposit

The removal term is assumed to be a function of the wall

shear stress, the scale thickness, and bonding strength of

the deposit

Or = C2 T Xf (2-9)

where

C2 = constant= strength of deposit factor

The resulting expression for the fouling rate is obtained by

combining Eq.(2-8) and (2-9) and substituted into Eq.(2-2).

dRf = Ci Fv ft^ exp(-E/Rg(Ts+460)) Ca T kf Rf (2-10)de

Integration of eqn (2-10), gives the expression for the

fouling factor as a function of time

Rf = Kz (exp-E/Rg(Ts+460))(1-exp(-K4 0)) (2-11)

where

K4

Km = CI Fv 11^K4 = C2 T kf/Y

If time becomes very large, the asymptotic fouling

resistance, Rf* is given by:

Rf* = Km exp(-E/Rg(Ts+460) (2-12)K4

The asymptotic fouling resistance is obtained when the

deposition and removal rates become equal.

Writing equation (2-10) in terms of Rf*

11

where

Rf = Rf* (1-exp(-e/ec) (2-13)

ec = 1 /Ka = YC= T kf

(2-14)

CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

Cooling water is the most commonly used medium for

removing heat in industrial processes. Cooling water systems

designed to reuse the water are used extensively. Water

caused corrosion, deposition and microbiological growth can

reduce operating efficiency and increase plant maintenance

cost. An effective, well-designed water treatment program

can reduce many of the problems incurred. Most industrial

cooling waters are chemically treated to inhibit corrosion

and or fouling.

Corrosion Inhibitors

Corrosion inhibitors are classified as anodic, cathodic

or both, depending upon the electrochemical corrosion

reaction which each controls.

Anodic inhibitors build a thin protective film along

the anode and prevent the corrosion reaction. The film is

initiate at the anode although it may eventually cover the

entire metal surface. Stainless steel naturally forms such

film"2).

Cathodic inhibitors often form a visible film along the

cathode surface, which polarizes the metal by restricting

the access of dissolved oxygen to the metal substrate. The

film also acts to block hydrogen evolutionci).

12

Corrosion inhibition usually results from one or more

of three general mechanisms. First, the inhibitor molecule

is absorbed on the metal surface forming a thin protective

film, either by itstself, or in conjunction with metallic

ions. Second, some inhibitors cause a metal to form a

protective film of metal oxide. Third, the inhibitor reacts

with a potentially corrosive substance in the water").

POLYPHOSPHATES

Polyphosphates are cathodic inhibitors. The molecule

adsorbs or bonds with calcium ions to form a colloidal

particle; these positively charged particles migrate to the

cathode to form a film. Polyphosphates also have the added

benefit of being a scale inhibitor at a threshold levels as

low as 1-5 ppm. One of the most commonly used polyphosphates

is sodium hexametaphosphate('.

The principal problem associated with the use of

polyphosphates is their reversion to orthophosphate.

Orthophosphate is a weak anodic inhibitor which cannot

provide the protection afforded by polyphosphate. The

primary cause of reversion are high temperature and low or

high pH. Calcium can react with orthophosphate, and because

calcium orthophosphate is an inverse solubility salt)it is

usually formed first on heat transfer surfaces.

Metal ions in the water occasionally affect

polyphosphate. Dissolved iron in the water will have both

positive and negative effects on the inhibitor. The

beneficial effect is the strengthening of the film resulting

from the inclusion of iron. Iron, however, can complex with

polyphosphates thereby rendering them useless as inhibitors.

Another disadvantage of using polyphosphate is their

nutrient potential for algal growth, when reverted to

orthophosphate «i °'. Recent technology has substantially

minimized the limitations of polyphosphate by blending them

with other materials.

CHROMATES

This anodic inhibitor forms a highly passive film of

ferric and chromic oxides, similar in composition to that

naturally found on stainless steel, at the anode surface.

Initially formed at the anode, it can eventually protect the

entire metal surface. Chromates can also prevent cathodic

depolarization by adsorption of the chromate on the cathodic

surface, thereby preventing the diffusion of dissolved

oxygen.

The primary problem in the use of chromates is their

environmental toxicity. Chromium like other heavy metals is

known to be toxic to many forms of aquatic lifec).

Chromates are usually used with another cathodic inhibitor

to form a synergistic blend.

ZINC

Salts of zinc are the most commonly used cathodic

13

inhibitors in cooling water systems, they rapidly form a

14

film on the metal surface. Because the film is not very

durable, zinc is usually not used alone, but is found in

many synergistic blends which take advantage of its rapid

film forming abilities.

Zinc presents toxicity problems to aquatic life, and

its use, as is that of chromates, has consequently been

restricted in recent yearsc=".

PHOSPHONATES

Phosphonates can stabilize iron or hardness salts and

form inhibitor films on metal surfaces. Phosphonates do not

hydrolyze as easily as polyphosphates. The most commonly

used phosphonates are amino methylenephosphoric acid (AMP)

and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphoric acid (HEDP).

ORTHOPHOSPHATES

Thse are anodic inhibitors. They are rarely used alone

for corrosion control because of the danger of calcium

phosphate formation in the bulk water.

15

SYNERGISTIC BLENDS

In actual plant operation, the use of only one

corrosion inhibitor is rare, usually two or more inhibitors

are blended to utilize the advantages of each inhibitor to

minimize their respective limitations. Frequently, anodic

and cathodic inhibitors are combined to give better total

metal protection (synergism). Also many combination of

cathodic inhibitors can give additional polarization at the

cathode and effectively control corrosion. In less common

situations anodic inhibitors may be combined to give extra

passivation.

Antifoulants

The introduction of antifoulants into cooling water

systems is now as common a practice as the addition of

corrosion inhibitors. As in the case of corrosion

inhibitors, two or more antifoulants are often blended to

maximize their advantages and minimize their disadvantages.

POLYPHOSPHATES

Polyphosphates as sequestrants have been used to

control iron and hardness salts (calcium and magnesium) for

a number of years. A sequestrant is an agent which prevents

an ion from exhibiting its normal property by complexing

with it below stochiometric levels.

16

POLYACRYLATES

Polyacrylates are being used as dispersants.

Polyacrylates can be adsorbed on foulant surfaces imparting

a like charge to them and thereby causin the particles to

remain in suspension because of charge repulsion.

Polyacrylates are also used to coat the surface of heat

transfer equipment to reduce the adhesion of the scale.

PHOSPHONATES

Phosphonates reduce the attractive forces between

individual ion particles by adsorption of the phosphonates

to the particle surfaces. As corrosion inhibitors, they

should be used with zinc, polyphosphate, etc., to provide

multi-metal protection. Phosphonates are better deposit

control agents than polyphosphates, whereas polyphosphates

are as known as superior corrosion inhibitorsc").

17

III. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT

The equipment used in this study was designed to

simulate the operating conditions of a commercial cooling

tower system. A schematic flow sheet of the complete system

is shown in Fig III-1. It consists of three main parts; the

heat exchanger system, test sections and the cooling tower

system. To eliminate the effect of corrosion on the fouling

characteristics as much as possible, non-corrosive materials

are used throughout the cooling tower system. Piping was

primarily of polyvinylchloride (PVC) or chlorinated

polyvinylchloride (CPVC), stainless steel and glass.

HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM

In order to maintain a constant bulk temperature of the

water being tested a heat exchanger system was employed. The

heat exchanger system is a closed loop circulating system.

City water, heated to 120 1300F in a 40 gallon domestic

electric water heater is pumped to the shell side of a

counter current shell and tube heat exchanger. The cooling

water to be tested is heated in the tube side of the heat

exchanger. The heat exchanger has 19 stainless steel tubes

with 1/2 in OD, 16 BWG wall, and a length of 7 feet. A

temperature controller regulates the heated water flow rate

F

CoolingTower

LevelControlValve

Rotameter

oN No WO

Storage Tank

Temperature Sensor

Test Sections

Circulating Pump

Water Meter

CityWater

Flow

ControlValve

Fig. III-1. Schematic Flow Diagram of

Experimental Equipment.

DomesticWaterHeater

Slowdownand

Sample Tap

*----- 220 VAC

Hot WaterPump

18

19

to the heat exchanger to maintain a constant water bulk

temperature in the test system.

TEST SECTIONS

After the cooling water is heated in the heat

exchanger, it flows through the test sections. A test

section of annular geometry is shown in Figure 111-2. The

heater rod has an outside diameter of .42 in and is heated

electrically over a length of 4 in. Four chromel-constantan

thermocouples are embedded in the heater wall to record the

wall temperature as deposit accumulates on the rod surface.

They are located on the same cross-sectional plane 900 apart

from each other. The outer glass tube has an inside diameter

of .75 in and the overall length of the test section is 16

in. The test sections are mounted in Portable Fouling

Research Units (PRFU) provided by Heat Transfer Research,

Inc., (HTRI).

The test fluid flows through the annular section

between the heater rod and the glass tube. Fouling occurs on

the outside of the heated portion of the inner tube.

Conditions such as flow rate and surface temperature of

the heated section can be set easily to the desired level by

making appropriate adjustment in the flow rate of the water

to be tested and the power input to the heater.

20

Outer Glass Tube

II.75 in

II

Inner Core

.42

16 in1 4 in

Scale Formed onFlow / Heater Surface

A AV V VWall

Thermocouple/ ResistanceHeater

Fig. 111-2. Annular Geometry of Test Section.

21

TABLE III-1HTRI Heater Rod Specifications

============ ===========

: ID IMATER-10UTSIDE : HEATED 1

1 it 1 IAL :DIAMETER:SECTION 1

': LENGTH : A

. .. ''

' : (in) : (in) 1,

1 : : :

: 236 1 SS 1 0.421 : 3.90 :

: 235 1 SS : 0.420 1 4.00 : 9,099. . .

1 221 I SS 1 0.420 1 3.80 : 9,414

1 222 : SS : 0.422 1 3.96 : 6,039.

.

.

.

1

.

1 215 : SS : 0.419 : 3.85 1 5,569:

: 216 : SS : 0.422 : 3.85 1 6,414. .

1 179 1 SS : 0.423 : 4.09 :16,054. I : :

1 210 : SS 1 0.421 : 3.75 : 5,711

: 117 1 Ad : 0.421 : 3.90 :30,881. . .

: 124 1 CN : 0.420 : 3.90 :11,701

1 96 : CS 1 0.419 : 3.90 :11,442

==-"=============k/x (Btu/hr ft °F) :

(THERMOCOUPLE 1

.8 1 C D '

' .

: : 1

: 3,044 : -

: 7,215 1 2,095 :17,391 :

. . . .

:73,373 :16,254 1 9,568 :

. . .

: - :15,725 : - 1

1 4,574 113,147 1 4,989 :

. . .

.

.

: 7,171 1 :11,565 :

. 1:

.

:25,611 : - 1 - :

:28,615 :17,891 I 4,720. . .

1 - :33,982 :17,392 :

.

.

.

, 1

:15,677 : :19,040 :

:18,349 : - : 8,362 :

========== ======================== =====

Note: SS = Stainless SteelAd = AdmiralityCN = Copper-Nickel (90-10)CS = Carbon Steel

22

Heater rods and specifications such as dimensions and

thermal resistances of the tube wall are provided by HTR1.

These values of each rod are summarized in table III-1.

COOLING TOWER SYSTEM

The cooling tower system consist of three major parts.

The spray cooling tower, the cooling tower sump and the

blowdown unit. The total volume of cooling tower water in

the system is about 260 1. Cooling water is circulated

through the system, absorbing heat in the heat exchanger and

in the test sections and then is cooled in the spray cooling

tower.

SPRAY COOLING TOWER

The spray cooling tower is a cylindrical empty column 2

feet in diameter, 20 feet high. It is mounted concentrical

above the cooling tower sump. After water flows through the

test sections, it flows to the top of the cooling tower

where it is sprayed through spray nozzles and falls through

the tower. An induction fan at the top of the cooling tower

draws air up through the the tower and out of the top.

COOLING TOWER SUMP

The cooling tower sump is a cylindrical tank 4 feet

high, 34 inches in diameter, with 1/8 inches thick stainless

steel wall. Later in this study, this stainless steel

cooling tower sump tank was replaced with a reinforced

plastic tank of the same size. Water from the cooling tower

23

spray is returned to the cooling tower sump to be

recirculated.

Fortified city water was supplied to the cooling tower

sump from the make up tank through a level control valve to

make up for evaporation and discharge losses. Other

additives to the system were added directly to the cooling

tower sump by means of metering pumps. Sulfuric acid (.05N)

flows by gravity through a solenoid valve which was

activated by pH controller.

BLOW DOWN UNIT

As the cooling tower water evaporates, the

concentration of the mineral constituents increases due to

the input of fortified city water and other additives being

fed continuously to make up for the evaporative losses. In

order to maintain a constant cooling tower water quality

(mineral content), blowdown was withdrawn from the bottom of

the cooling tower sump. A metering pump was used to control

the rate of blowdown from the system, and the discharge was

collected in the calibrated blowdown storage tank.

DATA AOUISITION SYSTEM

Two data Aquisition Systems were utilized. Initially,

from run 117 - 169, only a Digitec 1000 Datalogger was used.

This equipment was capable of scanning the system sensors

(temperature. flow, and power) at desired intervals (one

minute to five hours) and print out the results in

24

millivolts on a paper tape. These data were then processed

on the OSU Central Computer Facility after completion of a

test. The disadvantage of this method of data acquisition

was the difficulty in following the progress of a test on a

day-to-day basis, because the output data was in the form of

millivolts.

Hence, beginning with run 170, a Hewlett-Packard 3540

Data logger was used in conjunction with a Hewlett Packard

HP85 micro computer for data aquisition. With this

combination, it was possible to scan the system at any

desired time during a test. Flows, temperatures, heat

fluxes, fouling resistances, pH, conductivity and

corrosivity could be printed out after each scan. At the end

of a test all data were tabulated and plots of velocity,

surface temperature, fouling resistance, pH, conductivity

and corrosion rate as a function of time were produced by

the computer. Typical time plots for run 173-301 are shown

in Appendix F. Such composite plots are useful in relating

any changes in operating conditions to changes in the

fouling resistance.

25

IV EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Several parameters which significantly affect fouling

were investigated. Three different velocities (3, 5.5 and 8

ft/sec) and surface temperatures (130, 145 and 160 OF) were

covered. The two major water chemistry parameters

investigated were pH, and corrosion inhibitor additives.

Initially, the fouling characteristics were investigated at

the most severe fouling conditions (highest surface

temperature and lowest velocity).

The main constituents of the city water and additive

free system water are shown in Table IV-1. For runs 117 to

148, the total hardness ranged between 850 and 1150 ppm with

magnesium hardness being only 25 ppm and calcium hardness

making up the difference. These are referred to as the low

magnesium tests. Beginning with run 149, the magnesium

hardness was increased to constitute approximately one third

of the total hardness. These are referred to as the high

magnesium tests. The higher level of magnesium was

accomplished by adding the required amount of magnesium

sulfate to the fortifying tank containing the saturated

calcium sulfate.

Table IV-2 shows the additives that were used in each

group of tests.

26

Table IV-1. Constituents of the City Waterand Additive-free System Water

Constituent City Water .

Stele WaterRums 117-146 Runs 149-101

Specific conductance, micromho 100 1500-2200 1606-1800Sulfate, ppm 504 10 960-1200 800-1050Chloride, ppm Cl 10 43- 100 23-70Total hardness,ppm CaC01 - 850-1150 875-1080Calcium hardness, ppm CaC0 27 823-1125 510-630Magnesium hardness, ppm CaCO3 - 23 360-450Copper, ppm Cu - 0.1 0.1Iran, ppm Ye - 0.6 0.1Sodium, ppm Ma - 60 60Zinc, ppm Zn - 0.9 0.9Chromate, ppm Cr04 - 1.0 1.0Total phosphate, ppm PO4 - 0.4 0.2Silica, ppm Si02 20 40-54 40-45Suspended Solids, mg/1 - 10 10

27

Table IV-2. Additives Uesd in EachGroup of Tests.

Additives

Run Nos. None Cr04 Zn SS HEDP AMP PA PP OP

117-118 x -- --Low

119 -125 -- 18-22 3-5 -- --Magnesium

126 -133 36-44 6-10 --

134 -148 18-22 3-5 200

149-151 -- 18-22 3-5 --

152 -163 18-22 3-5 2-4 --

164 -166 18-22 3-5 2-4 2-4

167-172 NIMIM 18-22 3-5 -- 2-4 --

173 -178 -- 18-22 3-5 -- 2-4 -- High179 -187 -- 18-22 3-5 -- -- -- -- Magnesium

187 -199 18-22 3-5 -- 2-4 -- --

200 -202 -- 18-22 3-5 -- 2-4 2-4 --

203 -205 18-22 3-5 -- --

206 -214 18 -22 3-5 -- 2-3 5-7

215-235 -- 18-22 3-5 -- 2-3 2-3 2-3 7

236-247a -- 2-3 2-3 2-3 5

245b,c-247b,c -- 2-3 5-7

248-253 -- -- -- 2-3 2-3

254-277 -- -- 4-5 5-6

278-301 -- 2-4 -- 4-5 5-6

*Numbers represent ppm

Cr04 Chromate added as Na

2Cr0

4

Zn - Zinc added as NaSO4

SS Suspended solids (STANDARD AIR-FLOATED CLAY from Georgia KaolinCo., Inc., Elizabeth, NJ)

HEDP - 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid

PA - Polyacrylate

PP - Polyphosphate added as Na2P207

OP - Orthophosphate added as Na3PO4

AMP - Aminomethylene phosphonate

28

PROCEDURE

SYSTEM TO OBTAIN DESIRED WATER QUALITY

The local city water contains about 20 ppm of calcium

hardness and about an equal amount of silica. It is

therefore, necessary to fortify the city water with calcium

to obtain the compositions shown in Table IV-1.

The complete water conditioning system is shown in Fig

IV-1. City water (float controlled) and saturated calcium

sulfate solution (provided by a metering pump) flow into the

well agitated make-up tank. The saturated calcium sulfate

solution (fortifying solution) is prepared by mixing city

water with powdered native calcium sulfate from Fisher

Scientific. For the high magnesium tests, the required

amount of magnesium sulfate also added into the fortifying

solution.

The mixture from the make up tank flows through a float

controlled valve to the cooling tower sump. The water to be

tested was pumped through the cooling tower system by the

circulation pump. The bulk water temperature was adjusted to

the desired set point. The circulation of water was

continued until the hardness and silica concentrations

increased to the desired level, after which the blowdown was

withdrawn from the cooling tower sump by a metering pump to

maintain the desired water quality.

Other materials were added directly to the cooling

tower sump. Zinc-chromate corrosion inhibitor of appropriate

composition flowed by the gravity at a constant rate through

29

yozSolution

Solenoid Valve

Drain

s

s

Control%1111111111110

Selected

Additives

r-Metering

CorrosionInhibitor

Capillary TubeFlow Control

Level Control

s Cooling Tower

0L Sump

City Water

Level Control

Make-upTank

CirculatingPump

to FoulingTest Unit

Saturated

CaSO,Solution

Metering Pump

11B1°Twan"wnTank

Metering Pump

Fig. IV-1. Water Conditioning System.

30

a long capillary tube into the cooling tower sump. Other

corrosion inhibitors and antifoulant (whenever used)

additives were mixed and added together directly to cooling

the tower sump by means of a metering pump.

PH was controlled at the desired level by the addition

of sulfuric acid (.05N) which flowed by gravity through a

solenoid control valve which was activated by a pH

controller.

RUN INITIATION

After the desired water quality for a particular run

was obtained, the heater rods were fitted into the test

sections. Then flow rate and surface temperature were set to

the desired values by making appropriate adjustment in the

flow rate and the power input to the heaters.

The data logger was activated and set to record ten

readings at two minute intervals for calibration purposes,

after which for the remainder of the test, the data logger

was set to monitor the system at five hour intervals when

the Digitec 1000 data logger was used, and at six hour

intervals when the Hewlett Packard 3540 data logger was

used.

PROCESS MONITORING

The system water was analyzed everyday for hardness,

silica, sulfate, chloride and level of additives. Samples

were taken at the beginning and at the end of each set of

runs and were sent to Betz laboratories for complete

analysis. The methods used for water analysis are listed in

appendix C.

Corrosion, conductivity and pH were measured by on-line

instruments and recorded by the data logger.

The amount of blow of blowdown, fortifying solution,

city water and additives were recorded daily. Evaporation

rates were calculated from daily flowrate measurements.

Typical flow rates and volumes are given in Table IV-3

The blowdown rate is adjusted so that the Holding Time

Index (HTI) in the system is about 24 hours. The HTI is the

time required for the concentration of a constituent in the

system to be reduced by 50% without addition of that

constituent to the system. Variation in environmental

conditions in the laboratory brought about fluctuation in

the evaporation and city water rate. The fluctuation was not

serious, because the mineral content of the city water is

small compared to the amount of minerals in the cooling

tower water. The flowrate of the fortifying solution could

be adjusted manually to maintain a constant water

composition.

Table IV-3 Typical volumes and flowrates

Volume in the systemEvaporationCity waterBlow downSaturated CaSCI., solutionInhibitor solution

260 1

100 - 200 1/day200 300 1/day

175 1/day70 - 90 1/day2 - 3 1/day

31

32

Flow rates and power levels were monitored daily and

adjusted manually whenever they were found to deviate from

their original set values.

A volume of 100 ml commercial chloride bleach was added

daily directly into the cooling tower sump for control of

biological growth.

RUN TERMINATION

Generally runs were terminated when the fouling

resistance reached a constant value or when essentially no

fouling was observed (i.e. the measured fouling resistance

was less than .0002 hr ft2 0F/Htu after about 150 hr

duration). In many instances, runs were terminated while the

fouling resistance was still increasing. Usually, in these

runs, sufficient data were obtained, so that the

correlational methods used in Section VI were applicable and

it was apparent that the ultimate asymptotic fouling

resistance would not be acceptable in an operating heat

exchanger. When runs were terminated, the heater power and

water flow in the test sections was turned off, the heater

rods were removed from the test sections and the deposit, if

any, was scraped off from the rod. After it was thoroughly

dry, the sample was sent to the DuPont Company for chemical

analysis, and then the heater rods were reused after they

were cleaned by polishing with fine steel wool.

33

V CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CALCULATION OF FOULING RESISTANCE

Clean Fouled

Fig. V-I. Cross Section of Clean and Fouled Test Section

The method of calculation of the fouling resistance is

based on the quantities defined in Fig.V-1. During a test,

flow rate in the test section>bulk temperature and heater

power remained essentially constant. Under the conditions

the temperature at the liquid/solid interface (Ts) is

assumed to remain constant.

The wall temperature, Tw, was calculated from the wall

thermocouple temperature, Tc, and the thermal conductance

k/x between thermocouple and the heater wall by the equation

34

Tw = Tc 0/AH (5-1)k/x

Where 0/AH = heat flux, Btu/hr ft

At constant heat flux and constant velocity, the difference

between the surface temperature, Ts and the bulk

temperature, Tb is constant. The surface temperature is

determined as follows:

Ts Tb = 0/AH (5-2)h

where, h = heat transfer coefficient, which mustbe calculated.

The local bulk water temperature is calculated with the

equation (5-3):

Tb = 0 + Tin (5-3)8.0208 (f) (Cop) (M.)

Where:0 = heater power consumption, Btu/hrP = water density, lbm /ft5C1 = water heat capacity . Btu/lbmWp = volumetric flowrate , gpmTin= inlet water temperature, OF8.0208 is the multiplication factor to convert gpm toft2;/hr

Clean condition (beginning of the run)

Ts. = Tw = Tc - 0/AH (5-4)k/x

where subscript . denotes the clean condition

35

Thus the heat transfer coefficient for a clean rod, h., is

calculated from equation (5-2) using Tse found in equation

(5-4):

h. = 0/AH (5-5)Ts. Tb

It is related to the flow velocity by equation (5-6):

h. = K V.m (5-6)

where: K = proportionality constantm = .7 if V>4 ft/sec

= .93 otherwise

and subscript . denotes clean condition.

When a run is started, 10 scans of the data sensors are made

at 2 minute intervals, from which an average value of K is

calculated.

10Kavg = ( E hi/Vim ) / 10

i-i(5-7)

The value of Kavg computed above remains constant

provided the assumption of constant bulk temperature holds.

Fouled condition:

For a given velocity,

h = Kavg Vm (5-8)

The surface temperature for the fouled condition Ts, can now

be determined from eqn. (5-2):

Ts = O /AH + Tb (5-9)h

and finally, the fouling resistance Rf can be calculated by

eqn.(5-10):

Rf = ( Tc - Is ) 1 (5-10)WAH k/x

For run 117 169 the calculations were carried out by

CDC Cyber 170 model 720 mainframe computer at Oregon State

University. Beginning with run 170, the calculations were

carried out by a Hewlett Packard 85 computer in conjunction

with an HP 3054 Datalogger.

ERROR ESTIMATION

This is an estimate of the possible error in the

measured value of the fouling resistance.

The relative error in the heat flux can be calculated

from equation (5-11):

d(O/AH) = dO ± dDROD ± dL (5-11)(Q/AH) 0 DROD

where

and

0 = heater power consumptionDrod = outside diameter of clean heater rodL = heated length section

d0 = dOmv (5-12)0 Omv

36

the heat flux and bulk temperature are relatively constant

during a run.

Using eqn. (B-2), the relative error of Tc and Tin can

be calculated by the following equation:

dT =T

.949 dTmv Tmv < -1.0(Tmv + 5.02)

.8765(Tmv + 4.72)

dTmv Tmv k -1.0

(5-13)

37

The relative error of the bulk temperature is

calculated from equation (5-3):

dTb = Z. d0 ± Zi dWF ± Zi Zm WFTin dTin (5-14)Tb Q WF Q Tin

where: ZA. = 00 + Zm Tin WF

Zm = 8.0208 (r) (Cp)

and from equation (B-3)

dWF = dWmv (5-17)WF (Wmv - 4)

Clean condition

From equation (5-4)

dTsc = (k/x)Tc dTc ± (Q /AH) d(Q/AH) ± (Q /AH) d(k/x) (5-18)Tsc Zm Tc Z. Q/AH Z3 (k/x)

where Zs = (k/x) Tc - Q /AH (5-19)

and from equation (5-15)

dhc = d(Q/AH) ± Ts. dTs. # Tb dTb (5-20)he Q /AH Tsc-Tb Tsc Tsc-Tb Tb

Fouled condition

The relative error in surface temperature is obtained

by differentiating eqn.(5-9)

dTs = (Q /AH) d(Q /AH) ± Q/AH dh ± hTb dTb (5-21)Ts Z4 WAN Z4 h Z4 Tb

where Z4 = Q/AH + hTb (5-22)

38

Since the flow velocity also remains essentially constant

throughout a run

dh = dhc (5-23)h he

Finally, from eqn. (5-10) the relative error of the fouling

resistance is:

dRf = (k/x) Tc dTc ± (k/x) Ts dTs ± (k/x)(Tc-Ts)Rf Zs Tc Zs Ts Zs

where

d(Q/AH) ± 0/AH d(k/x) (5-24)0/AH Zs k/x

Zs = (k/x) (Tc-Ts) - Q/AH (5-25)

Setting appropriate errors to each measured variable,

dTmv = ± .005 millivoltsdD2 = ± .0005 millivoltsdO = ± .005 millivoltsdL = ± .005 millivoltsd(k/x) = ± 50 millivoltsd(Wmv) = ± .005 millivolts

the numerical values of the maximum relative error of the

surface temperature and fouling resistance can be calculated

from equations (5-21) and (5-24).

Appendix D contains an example of the relative error

calculation. The maximum experimental error in absolute

value of the measured fouling assistance is ±157.. Within a

run, the precision is much less than this as indicated by

fouling resistance time plot in Appendix F.

39

CALCULATION OF THE INNER WALL SHEAR STRESS FOR FLOWING WATER

Properties of water (50 T 2000F)

p = viscosity, lbm/ft sec

( 242 / 3600 ) (5-26)

( Er2 + 8078.4]0 + r ) 2.1482 - 120

where:

r = ( T+459.72 ) - 281.615 (5-27)

1.8

T = temperature, of

r = density, lbm/ft2

= 63.45 - .01567

= kinematic viscosity, ft2/sec

= P1 r

Flowrate / velocity:

GPM = flowrate, gallon/minute

V = velocity, ft/sec

The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk

temperature of the flowing fluids

Smooth Annular Ducts

dm = I.D. of outer tube, inches

di = O.D. of inner tube, inches

V = velocity, ft/sec

= (.4085) GPM / (d22 dx2)

Re = Reynolds number

= ( 4 rH ) V (5-28)

(12) (a)

40

where:

4 rm = dm2 - dmax2 , inchesdm

dmax= = ( d2 -2 d12 1 , inchesln( d22/d12 )

= friction factor

= .079 Re -.25

(5-29)

(5-30)

Re > 4,000 (5-31)

m = shear stress on outer wall, lbf/ftm

= frV22g

ri = shear stress on inner wall, lbf/ft=

(5-32)

= Tm ( dm/di ) ( dmax= d42 ) (5-33)d22 dmax2

Smooth Tubes

d = ID of tube, inches

V** = water velocity, ft/sec

Re = Reynolds number = (d/12)"P /

f = friction factor

= .079 (Re--25)* (Re > 5000)

I = wall shear stress, 1bl/ft=

= frV2/2 g.

g. = 32.17 lbm ft/lbf sect

combining all relationships:

= .0395 p-25 f-7° V"75 (5-34)gm (d/12)-25

If the tube wall has a known roughness, a frictionfactor equation that also includes roughness should beused.

41

* * If water flow in tube is known in terms of gallons perminute (GPM), then the velocity (ft/sec) isV = 4(GPM) / [(60)(7.48)(11)(d/12)2]

FITTING THE FOULING CURVES

From the model developed by Heat Transfer Research,

Inc. (HTRI), it was expected that the most of fouling

resistance vs time curves could be represented by the

equationARf = Rf* (1-exp(-0/0c)) (5-35)

The above equation assumes that fouling begins as soon as

the test begins. However, on many of the runs in this study,

an induction period or dead time of a certain duration was

observed, during which negligible fouling deposition _

occurred. Therefore, it was necessary to modify the above

equation to include the induction period as follows

Rf = Rf* [1-exp(-(0-0d)/0c)] (5-36)

Where Od is the induction period or dead time.

In order to solve for the constants Rf* and Oc, it was

necessary to use a nonlinear regression since equation (5-

35) can not be linearized. The sum of squares (SS) of the

difference between the measured value, Rfi and the predicted

value, Rf, must be minimized.

SS = E (Rfi-R1*(1-exp-(0i-Od)/Oc))11 (5-37)

Where ei time for the i" observation.

The details of the iteration procedure used to minimize

the SS are given in Appendix I.

42

VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

RUN DATA (RUN 117 THROUGH 301)

The data (both raw and calculated), photographs of

deposit, water analyses are available at Department of

Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University. Average

cooling tower water quality and system flow rates for each

run can are tabulated in appendices J and K, respectively.

The summary of runs containing run number, termination date,

total run time, heater rod number, test section and run

statistics (mean and standard deviation) of bulk, surface

and ambient temperature, heat flux and velocity are listed

in appendix L.

FOULING RESISTANCES

A summary of all runs is shown in table E-1 in Appendix

E. This table indicates the run duration, the run conditions

(velocity, surface temperature, pH), and the additives used.

Appendix F shows plots of the fouling resistance as a

function of run duration, in which beginning with run 173,

adjacent plots of fouling resistance, velocity, surface

temperature and water quality (pH, conductivity,

corrosivity) are shown as a function of run duration. These

plots allow one to determine if variations of any of these

43

parameters during the run has an effect of the fouling

resistance.

The final fouling resistances at run termination are

shown on a series of three dimensional figures, Figs. E-1

through E-18 in appendix E. These are pictorial

representations of all runs grouped according to the cooling

water with the same additives. For a given constant water

quality, the three major parameters of interest are water

velocity in the test section, surface temperature of the

heated section and the pH of the water in the system.

Temperature-velocity matrices are shown at various pH levels

as indicated on the left. Not all of the cells in the

temperature-velocity matrices were investigated. In cell

showing data, the information includes the run number, the

value of the final fouling resistance at the completion of

the test, and the heater rod material. In a cell, there may

be more than one set of data which signifies duplicate or

triplicate runs. The results shown on these figures display

the effect (in a qualitative manner) of velocity, surface

temperature and pH. For a given water quality, it is nearly

always the case that high velocity (8 ft/sec), low surface

temperature (1300F) and low pH (6.0 to 7.0) are conditions

at which virtually no fouling occurred for any of the

additive combinations. The results also show that the final

fouling resistance usually increases with decreasing

velocity, increasing surface temperature, and increasing pH.

44

In the discussion of runs, the reader is also refer to the

plots in appendix F

RUN DESCRIPTIONS

LOW MAGNESIUM TESTS:

1. No additive (Runs 117-118).

The additive free water deposited scale at a pH of

8.6 (run 117), which deposit was removed when the pH

was reduced to 6.8. Run 118 indicates that the water

without inhibitor was in a non scaling condition at a

pH of 6.5.

2. Additive: 20 ppm CrO.,, 4 ppm Zn (runs 119-125)

No significant fouling occurred up to pH of 7.2,

at a velocity 5.5 ft/sec and surface temperature of

1600F (run 122). At pH of 7.8 considerable deposition

occurred with a surface temperature of 1600F,

particularly at a velocity of 3 ft/sec. With this

additive combination, at a pH of no greater than 7.0,

with velocity maintained above 5.5 ft/sec and surface

temperature less than 1600F, fouling was insignificant.

3. Additive: 40 ppm CrO.,, 8ppm Zn (runs 126-133)

At pH of 6.5, no significant fouling was observed

even at a velocity 3 ft/sec and surface temperature

1600F. With this high concentration of inhibitor,

significant deposition occurred at pH 7.0, particularly

at high surface temperature (1600F) and low velocity (3

45

ft/sec). At this pH, a velocity greater than 5.5 ft/sec

and surface temperature below 145°F would be suitable

to minimize fouling.

4. Additive: 20 ppm C,04, 4ppm Zn, 200 ppm SuspendedSolids (run 134-148).

Since equal values of pH were not investigated for

inhibitors with suspended solids and without suspended

solids, direct comparison was not possible. However the

effect of the presence of suspended solids can be

hypothesized by comparing runs at similar pH. At low pH

(6.5-7.0) it appears that higher final value of fouling

resistance are obtained with the presence of suspended

solids. When suspended solids are present, at a pH of

7.0 and surface temperature 1600F, in order to assure

only slight fouling, velocity should be greater than

5.5 ft/sec.

HIGH MAGNESIUM TESTS:

1. Additive: 20 ppm CrOm, 4ppm Zn (runs 149-151,179-187,203-205)

All runs for this additive were at a surface

temperature of 160 0F. The sets of runs 179,180,181,and

203,204,205 at pH 7.5 were duplicates of runs 149, 150

and 151. They do not agree well with runs 149,150 and

151, but agree quite well with each other, except at

velocity of 3 ft/sec. This is because the pH of runs

149,150 and 151 were closer to 8.0 than 7.5. Those runs

were also in better agreement with runs 182-187 which

46

were in the range of pH 8.0. The sets of runs 182, 183

and 184 were performed while the pH changed from 7.7 to

8.2. In runs 149-151, an immersed electrode was used in

the cooling tower sump to determine pH. It was quite

unstable because of the spray from the cooling tower

falling on it.

The significant effect of 'velocity for this

inhibitor combination is shown in Figures (6-1) in

which runs 182,183, and 184 are compared. An increase

of velocity considerably reduces the amount of fouling.

For this inhibitor combination, at pH=7.5, no

fouling would be expected if surface temperature were

maintained below 1600F and velocity above 5.5 ft/sec.

This is in essential agreement with results obtained

with the same additive in the low magnesium water (runs

121 through 125).

2. Additive: 20 ppm Cr04, 4ppm Zn, 3 ppm HEDP, (runs 152-163, 188-199)

All runs were operated at a surface temperature of

1600F. The pH of the series of runs 152-154, 155-157,

158-160, and 161-163 is considered to be in error (low

by about 1 unit). The series of runs 188-190 and 197-

199 were duplicated and they agree quite well except at

velocity 3 ft/sec.

It appears that the presence of HEDP considerably

inhibits fouling. With the addition of HEDP, no

significant fouling appears to occur at pH equal to or

47

less than 8.0, at any surface temperature below 1600F

and any velocity above 5.5 ft/sec. The effect of the

present of HEDP is also shown in fig. 8-2 in which runs

184 (no HEDP) and 196 (with 3ppm HEDP) are compared at

pH 8.0 with all other condition being the same. The

final fouling resistances are .001 and .00017 ft hr

,F /Btu respectively.

3. Additive: 20 ppm CrOA, 4 ppm Zn, 3 ppm PA (runs 167-178).

With this combination of additives, deposition

occurred at pH = 6.5, in which previous combinations of

additives showed virtually no fouling condition even at

pH of 7.5. At pH 6.5, periodic sloughing off the

deposit was experienced for all runs. At this pH,

insignificant fouling only occurred at a velocity of 8

ft/sec and surface temperature of 1300F.

The nature of the deposit at pH 6.5 is such that

as it reached a certain thickness, the shear stress at

the solid liquid interface removed the deposit. As

shown in the fouling resistance time curve in appendix

F, the curves for runs 167, 168 and 169 have nearly the

same sawtooth pattern, indicating periodic removal of

the deposit after a build-up of fouling resistance to

.0002 .0003 ft hr oF/Htu. No effect of velocity is

apparent.

48

The effect of lower surface temperature is evident

in figure E-7. At 1300F and all velocities minimum

deposition occurs. At 1450F, it is expected little

deposition would occur at velocities above 5.5 ft/sec.

Figure G-3 shows the effect of surface temperature in

which runs 167 (1600F) and 170 (1300F) are compared. At

1300F, virtually no fouling occurred, but at 1600F, the

fouling resistance reached values to about .0004 ft2 hr

0F/Btu before the deposit sloughed off, and the fouling

resistance approaches essentially zero before another

periodic build up of the deposit.

The effect of pH is shown in Figures G-4 and 8-5

for runs 171, 174, 177 (1450F, 5.5 ft/sec) and 172,

175, 178 (130°F, 3ft/sec). It appears that in both

plots the results for pH 6.5 and 7.0 were similar, but

much higher fouling resistance were obtained at pH=7.5.

With this additive combination it appears that at

pH=6.5 and surface temperature of 1450F, velocity

higher than 8 ft/sec would be suitable conditions to

minimize fouling. At higher pH values (7.0 and 7.5),

insignificant fouling could be expected at a velocity

of 8 ft/sec and a surface temperature of 1300F.

Comparing the series of runs 179-181 (without

polyacrylate) and series of runs 176-178 (with

polyacrylate), it appears that at pH of 7.5 the

presence of polyacrylate has insignificant influence on

49

the fouling characteristics in the presence of zinc

chromate inhibitor.

4. Additive: 20 ppm CrOA, 4 ppm Zn, 3 ppm HEDP, 3 ppmpolyacrylate (PA), (runs 164-166, 200-202).

All runs with this additive exhibited spontaneous

sloughing of the deposit. Runs 200, 201 and 202 were

duplicate sets of runs 164, 165 and 166. They agree

quite well with each other. Figure G-6 shows the effect

of velocity for runs 200, 201 and 202. Spontaneous

removal of the deposit occurs at about the same value

among these three runs (.001 to .0014 ft2 hr °F /Btu),

indicating that the effect of velocity is

insignificant. Also the fouling resistance time curves

in appendix F for runs 164, 165, 166 indicate the same

behavior. It was apparent that this combination of

additives appeared to produce a deposit which was

easily removed even at low velocity. Here, again with

this combination of additives, significant fouling

occurred at a pH of 6.5.

5. Additive: 20 ppm Cr04, 4 ppm Zn, 3 ppm PP (runs 206-214).

With this additive, the water contained 5-6 ppm

orthophosphate. Significant fouling occurred for all

runs (at pH=6.0 and 6.5), except at a surface

temperature of 1300F and velocity of 8 ft/sec. The

effect of surface temperature is shown in fig. G-7 for

50

runs 206 and 209. As expected, the fouling increased as

surface temperature increased.

The effect of velocity is shown in fig. G-8 for

runs 206, 207 and 208. The velocity has a significant

effect on the fouling.

6. Additive: 20 ppm CrOA, 4ppm In, 2.5 ppm PA, 2.5 ppmAMP, 2.5 ppm PP, 5.5 ppm OP (runs 215 -235).

With this additive, triplicate runs were made at

pH=6.0, surface temperature of 1450F and at three

different velocities. They agree quite well with each

other. Duplicate runs were also made at pH of 6.5,

surface temperature 1450F and velocity 3 ft/sec. They

also agree each other well. At pH=7.0, insignificant

fouling occurred at a velocity of 8 ft/sec and a

surface temperature of 1300F.

The effect of pH is shown in Figures. G-9 through

G-12. Figures 9, 10 and 11 comparing runs 221 and 227;

runs 222 and 228, and runs 223 and 229 respectively.

These figures indicate little effect on fouling until

the pH reached 6.5. Results for pH = 6.0 and pH = 6.5

are nearly identical. However, as shown in fig. G-12

comparing run 230 (pH=6.5) and run 235 (pH=7.0),

considerably increase in fouling occurred as the pH

increase from 6.5 to 7.0. Figs. G-13 through G-16 and

G-17 through G-20 indicate the significant effect of

the velocity and the surface temperature respectively.

51

Comparing the tests with this additive and those

without polyacrylate and AMP, it appears that at

surface temperature of 1600F, no significant difference

is observed, but at 1450F, the presence of polyacrylate

and AMP will cause some reduction in the amount of

deposit.

7. Additive: 2.5 ppm PA, 2.5 ppm AMP, 2.5 ppm PP, and 5.5ppm OP (runs 236-247a).

With this additives, at pH 7.0, velocity of 5.3

ft/sec and surface temperature of 1450F, insignificant

fouling was observed. The effect of the presence of

zinc chromate is shown in fig. G-21 in which runs 235

and 239 are compared at pH of 7.0, velocity 3 ft/sec

and surface temperature of 1300F. Run 239 indicates

very little deposition when the zinc chromate was

absent. Higher fouling resistance was obtained when

zinc chromate was present as shown in run 235. Also

when the fouling resistance vs time curves in Appendix

F, runs 236, 237, 238 at pH=7.0 are compared with runs

215, 216, 217 at pH=6.0, and when runs 240, 241 at

pH=7.0 are compared with run 219/222, 220/223 at pH of

6.0, it is apparent that less fouling would be expected

in the absence of zinc chromate. As indicated in fig.G-

22 through G-24 where runs 238, 239, 241, and 242, 244

247a and 243, 246a respectively are compared, surface

temperature has only a slight effect on the fouling up

to about 1450F. The effect of pH is shown in fig.G-25

52

through G-30 where runs of pH 7.0 are compared with

runs of pH 7.5 for the same surface temperature and

velocity.At surface temperature of 1300F, the curves

are nearly identical but at higher surface temperature

(1450F and 1600F), increasing pH will have the effect

of increasing fouling significantly especially at a

surface temperature of 1600F

The effect of velocity is shown in figs. G-31

through G-34.

B. Additive: 2.5 ppm PP, 5.5 ppm OP (runs 245b 247c).

The series of runs 245b, 246b and 247b resulted

from discontinuing the addition of polyacrylate and AMP

to runs 245a, 246a and 247a after these runs reached

285 hours duration. The effect of the discontinuation

of these additive was negligible since the fouling

resistance continued to increase in the same fashion.

In the case of run 247, some sloughing off the deposit

occurred, but following this occurrence, deposition was

quite rapid and comparable to that prior the removal of

the deposit. The series of runs 245c, 246c and 247c

resulted from reducing the pH from 7.5 used in runs

245b, 246b and 247b to 6.5 after about 100 hours

duration. When the conditions were changed, the

equipment operated continuously and the test sections

were not removed. Reducing the pH resulted in a

significant reduction in the fouling resistance but not

to the value of zero or near zero. This indicated that

53

this pH reduction caused the removal of some

constituents of the deposit.

9. Additive: 2.5 ppm PP, 2.5 ppm OP (runs 248 through253).

Since wall thermocouples were broken in runs 249

and 250, the fouling resistance for those runs (249a-b

and 250a-b) were observed visually. At 1600F, very

little deposition was observed up to pH of 7.5. During

runs 248, 249, and 250, the increase of pH from 6.5 to

7.5 caused only a slight increase in fouling, however

at pH of 7.8, significant fouling occurred at all

conditions observed, (runs 251,252 and 253), and at

this high pH, the deposit was removed periodically.

Figure G-35 is a plot comparing runs 251 (SS) and

252 (Ad) with all other conditions, except heater

material, identical. The fouling rates are about the

same for both runs, but it appears that the deposit is

more adherent to the stainless steel than to the

admiralty, since the fouling resistance is higher for

the stainless steel before the deposit sloughed off.

Figure G-36 is a plot comparing run 252 (Ad) and 253

(C-N). While both runs employed different heater

materials, the major difference between these two runs

is considered to be due to the velocity difference (5.5

and 3.0 ft/sec, respectively).

54

10. Additive: 4.5 ppm PP, 5.5 ppm OP (runs 254-277).

In the range of pH investigated (6.5 to 7.0)

significant fouling occurred at all runs except for run

258 (pH 6.5, velocity of 5.5 ft/sec and surface

temperature of 1600F). At pH = 7.0, periodic removal of

deposit was observed at surface temperature of 160°F.

Using this additive, investigation of different heater

materials was undertaken. Runs 256(SS), 275(99),

276(Ad) and 277(Cu-Ni) are at identical conditions

except for heater material. Runs 256 and 275, which are

exact duplicates, compare with each other quite well.

The composite plots comparing runs 275, 276 and 277 are

shown in fig.G-37, the curves are nearly the same. The

curves for runs 275(SS) and 277(Cu-Ni) are almost

coincident, while that for run 276(Ad) is slightly

higher but not considered significantly different from

the other two.

Fig.G-38 compares runs 254 and 269, which are also

exact duplicate with the same heater rodmaterial (SS).

During runs 272, 273 and 274, at about 33 hours

duration, the solenoid valve controlling sulfuric acid

flow malfunctioned and the pH dropped to about 3. The

pH of 6.5 was reached at 70 hours. During the period of

this very low pH, deposition was ver rapid for all

runs, particularly at low velocity (run 274, 3 ft/sec)

and reached a maximum value of fouling resistance of

about 5x10* for run 272(SS); 7.0x10-4 for run 273(Ad),

55

and 12x10-4 hr ft2 °F /Btu for run 274(C-Ni). Only in

the case of the high velocity, run 272, 8 ft/sec, and

run 273, 5.5 ft/sec, partial removal of the deposit

occurred after the pH had reached its control value.

These results indicate that even at very low pH,

phosphate inhibitors will deposit under the conditions

of these runs.

As expected, higher fouling resistance was

observed as velocities decreased. High velocity (8

ft/sec) and low surface temperature (1300F) produced

lowest fouling rate. The effect of surface temperature

is shown in fig.G-39 and fig.G-40 comparing runs 255

and 258, and runs 260 and 263 respectively. The effect

of velocity is shown in fig.G-41 and G-42 comparing

runs 254, 255 and 256 and runs 263, 264 and 265

respectively. The effect of pH is shown in fig.G-43 and

G-44 comparing runs 254 and 260, and runs 256 and 262

respectively. At the higher pH of 7.0, a significantly

greater deposition rate is observed and at this pH,

periodic removal of the deposit is also observed.

The combined effect of velocity and surface

temperature on initial deposition rate is shown in

fig.G-45, in which run 257 (8 ft/sec, 1450F) is

compared with run 258 (5.5 ft/sec, 1300F) with all

other conditions being constant. The deposition rates

for both runs were almost the same with very little

fouling taking place. It appeared that the decrease in

56

surface temperature from 1450F to 1300F which would

decrease the tendency for deposition, is equally

compensated by the decrease in velocity from 8 ft/sec

to 5.5 ft/sec which would increase the tendency for

deposition.

11. Additive: 4.5 ppm PP, 5.5 ppm OP, 2.5 ppm HEDP (runs278-301).

With this additive, a number of different heater

materials were investigated extensively. The effect of

material on the heater surface is shown in fig.G-46

through G-52. In figure G-46, the curves for runs

278(SS), 279(Ad) and 280(Cu-Ni) are virtually

identical. In fig.G-47 the curves for run 283(Cu-Ni) is

above that for run 281(SS). But the difference is

considered to be insignificant, since in both cases

fouling is very small. In fig.G-48, run 284(SS) and

286(Cu-Ni) agree well each other. In fig.G-49, the

curves for runs 287(SS) and 289(Cu-Ni) both indicate

periodic removal of the deposit during runs. In each

run, the removal occurs at about the same level of

fouling resistance. On the stainless steel, the rate of

fouling appears to be slightly greater. In Fig.G-50,

the curves for runs 293(SS) and 294(CS) indicate

virtually identical fouling rates for both cases.

However, the initial deposition rate on the carbon

steel is greater, resulting in a slightly greater

absolute value of fouling resistance on the carbon

57

steel compared to that on stainless steel. In fig.G-51,

the curves for runs 296(SS) and 297(CS) are compared at

conditions at which fouling is very low, and again as

shown in fig.G-50 the absolute value of fouling

resistance on the stainless steel was slightly than

that for carbon steel. Fig.G-52 compares run 299(SS) ,

300(CS) and 301(Ad). As observed previously in fig.G-50

and G-51, the curves for CS and SS were nearly the same

with SS showing a slightly lower absolute fouling

resistance. Run 301 (admiralty) shows significantly

higher deposition rate, and the reason is unknown,

since previous runs indicated that admiralty behaved

similarly to the stainless steel and copper-nickel

surfaces.

The effect of surface temperature is shown in

fig.G-53 comparing runs 284 and 287, and in fig.G-54

comparing runs 286 and 289. At the high surface

temperature (1600F), periodic removal of deposit is

observed and the fouling rate is much higher than at

130 OF.

The effect of pH is shown in fig.G-55 comparing

runs 295(pH=7.0) and 298(pH=6.5) and in fig.G-56

comparing runs 281(pH=6.5) and 284(pH=7.0). It appears

that in the range of pH 6.5 to 7.0 the effect of pH is

not significant at conditions of low surface

temperature (1300F), however at a surface temperature

of 1450F, the initial deposition rate appears to be

58

unaffected by pH, but ultimately the fouling resistance

was much greater at the higher pH of 7.0. This is

believed due to a difference in the strength of deposit

produced at different pH values.

Comparing the runs with HEDP and the runs without

HEDP, the effect of the presence of HEDP is shown in

fig.G-57 comparing runs 265 (withdut HEDP) and run 284

(with HEDP) at pH of 7.0, surface temperature of 130°F

and velocity 3ft/sec; and fig.G-58 comparing runs 275

(without HEDP) and 278(with HEDP) pH of 6.5, surface

temperature 1600F and velocity 3 ft/sec. At pH of 7.0

and low surface temperature (1300F), the fouling rate

is significantly less when HEDP was present. At pH of

6.5 and high surface temperature 1600F, HEDP appeared

to have only little significant effect on the fouling

rate, which was slightly less when HEDP is present, but

at these conditions the fouling is unacceptable in

either case, with of without HEDP. Figure G-59 shows

the combined effect of velocity and pH. Comparing runs

283 (CuNi, 3.0 ft/sec, 6.5 pH) and 285 (Ad, 55 ft/sec,

7.0 pH) with other conditions being the same, assuming

that no difference are caused by heater surface

material, (since deposition rate for run 283 is greater

than that of run 285), It appears that increasing

velocity from 3.0 to 5.5 ft/sec, which decreases

deposition tendency, more than compensates for

59

increasing pH from 6.5 to 7.0, which increases

deposition tendency. It appears that both curves may

reach nearly the same asymptotic ouling resistance,

which in either case would be a fairly low asymptotic

fouling resistance.

DEPOSIT ANALYSIS

In most cases, the deposits contained a major

constituent along with a number of minor constituents.

The major constituents of the deposits obtained in

several runs shown in appendix H.

For the runs in which the additive was just zinc

chromate, the major component of the deposits was zinc

silicate with minor amounts of calcium and magnesium

silicate. X-ray diffraction for run 124 indicated that

the major compound of deposit was zinc pyrosilicate

(Zn4(OH)=Si7.H=0). This deposition of zinc silicate

occurs with the silica content in the range of 40 to 55

ppm Si02 and with the zinc concentrations as indicated

in the tests.

For the runs in which suspended solids were added

to the system, there was no evidence of these solids

appearing in the deposit which occurred during these

runs. In addition , water samples were filtered and the

filtered precipitate showed no effidence of zinc

silicate. There appears to have been little or no

60

interaction between the zinc silicate deposit and the

aluminium silicate suspended solids.

When HEDP was present along with zinc chromate,

deposit analysis indicate that the major components of

deposits are zinc and calcium phosphates with a minimum

amount of silica present. This differs from results

when HEDP was absent in which the deposit was mainly

zinc silicate. Thus the presence of HEDP favors the

deposition of phosphates rather than silicates.

When polyacrylate is added along with zinc

chromate, the major constituents of deposit are zinc

silicate and calcium silicate. Thus the presence of the

polyacrylate appears to increase the amount of calcium

in the deposit relative to zinc.

For water containing the phosphate inhibitors, the

major constituent is calcium phosphate.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF DATA

A nonlinear regression, employing a fixed value for ed

and giving the least squares values for 8c and Rf* was used

employing equation 5-11.

Some of the runs had a few points at the beginning of

the test when the increase in fouling was sluggish or when

the fouling was low. In this case regression was done using

various values of the dead time (8d) for each run. A value

of dead time was chosen which would give the best least

squares fit.

61

For the runs that had a positive value of fouling

resistance at the beginning of the run, the abscissa was

shifted before performing the regression analysis, these are

indicated in Table VI-1 (see footnotes).

In some cases, the deposit sloughed off during the run,

these are indicated in Table VI-1 (see footnotes), and for

these runs usually a portion of the curve could be fitted to

eq.5-11 ,in which analysis was made using data before a

large decrease of fouling occurred. In some of these runs,

the fouling resistance reached nearly the same value before

each time sloughing occurred. In this case, values of Rf*

obtained from regression equation would be nearly the same

as the value of fouling resistance when sloughing occurred.

Some of the runs were terminated prematurely, because

of power failure, broken wall thermocouple, or other

problems occurred during runs. For these runs, the slope of

the first few points of data was analyzed to determine the

initial deposition rate, Od.

The plots of the fouling vs time curves for some runs

have an increasing deposition rate (concave upward). These

are also indicated in Table VI-1 (see footnotes). Thus a

constant deposition rate model in equation (2-8) does not

fit to these runs. No regression analysis was made for these

runs.

Sometimes the fouling resistance for a run is so low

that the curve fitting procedure was unreliable. Thus the

final value of fouling resistance was used as the asymptotic

62

value, usually between 0 to .0001 ft2 hr 0F/Eltu. However the

data for a few runs with values of Rf* in this range could

be fitted to eq.5-11 and for these runs, values of Ad, Sc,

Rf*, Od and r2 are reported. It is observed that when the

fouling resistance is insignificant ( the value of Rf* is

low),r2 is also low.

For some of the runs, the fouling resistance-time

curves are close to a straight line. These runs were

analyzed according to the linear equation

Rf = Od (e-Ad )

In this case the quantities of Rf* and Ac are meaningless

The results of the regression analysis are given in

table VI-1 in which Ad, Sc, Rf*, Od (= Rf*/0c) and r2 (the

correlation coefficient) are tabulated. In most cases the

model fitted the data quite well. For the remainder of the

data analysis, the resulting values for Ac and Rf* from the

regression analysis were used in the HTRI fouling model. The

data points and the regression curves are plotted in

appendix I.

63Table

Regression Analysis

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64Table VIA (can't)

Regressioe Analysis

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11 II

I. 185 1 20 1 10.81 1 0.99 : 9.1582E-06 1 0.981 : 11

II186 1 0 1 31.61 1 2.63 1 8.3202E-06 1 0.918 : 1111

11II 187 1 0 1 68.57 1 6.24 1 9.1002E-06 1 0.984 1

1:3) 188 I '. 0.10 S 1 1

1111

113) 189 1 '. 0.20 1 S .

,111

11II

190 I 3 1 178.01 I 1.42 1 7.9771E-07 1 0.694 I IS

:13) 191 1 '. . 0.00 1 '. ..

11 192 1 0 : 6.99 : 0.38 1 5.4363E-06 : 0.694 1)Shift abscissa..11

IIII 193 1 0 1 7.97 1 0.45 1 5.6462E-06 : 0.650 1)Shift abscissa 11

:13) 194 : '. 0.10 1,

. '. 1:

..11 195 1 0 1 165.95 1 1.38 1 8.3158E-07 1 0.955 1 1:

. ,11

11 196 1 0 1 288.66 : 4.22 1 1.4619E-06 1 0.984 1 01

1:3) 197 1 '.

,

. 0.10 :..II

11II

11 198 1 0 1 57.06 1 0.74 1 1.2969E-06 1 0.871 : II

I

11I.

199 : 0 1 241.62 1 5.04 1 2.0272E-06 1 0.977 1

I

1

:12) 200 : 1

1. . . 11

:12) 201 1 1 S.

.

,

.

,

. 11

112) 202 1 1 1 1 '. I 1:

:13) 203 1 1 1 0.00 :.

. 1 II

113) 204 1 1 1 0.00 1 1

,

I IS

1111

11 205 1 0 1 389.89 1 0.72 1 1.8467E-07 1 0.401 1 11

11 II

11 206 : 160 1 147.52 1 3.96 1 2.6844E-06 1 0.989 1 11

'1 207 : 160 : 184.56 1 11.39 1 6.1714E-06 I 0.997 1

IIIt

:I208 1 160 : 202.72 : 25.26 1 1.2461E-05 1 0.999 1

,111

113) 209 1 S .

,

. 0.30 1 S 1 11,,

11 210 1 29 1 285.29 : 8.82 1 3.0916E-06 1 0.995 1) shift abscissa 11

.111

11 211 : 30 1 354.47 1 8.63 1 2.4346E-06 : 0.994 : 11

Z ======

2.2 22 ''222

Table YI.1 (can't)

Regression Analysis

111

11 :DEAD TINE : TINE l(RF1)110441 $1 : .

..11 RUNS : Od 1 CONSTANT 1 (F142 HR I Rik / -0c : r 2 :

11II : (HOURS) : 41c I F/8111) :

:

II: 1 : : 1

65

.222

11

11

::3) 212 1 1 .0.00 1

,

i

i

.

11II 213 1 225 : 27.50 1 9.45 : 3.4364E-05 : 0.971 : :I

,,11 214 1 230 1 163.23 : 12.35: 7.5660E-06 1 0.988 : II

:1 .. 215 1 0 : 61.97 1 0.81 I 1.3071E-06 1 0.977 1

,,..

11 216 1 0 1 107.43 1 4.14: 3.8537E-06 1 0.991 1 IIII

si 217 1 0 1 164.09 1 10.43: 6.3563E-06 1 0.995 I I:11

11 218 : 0 : : , ', 4.9920E-07 1 0.873 :

:1 219 1 0 : 69.41 : 3.51 I 5.0569E-06 : 0.993 :)Power failure after-',

., 220 1 0 1 77.62 I 7.02 1 9.0441E-06 1 0.996 1) 80 hours of duration,,

:13) 221 I '. .' 0.10 1

11 222 : 113 1 123.67 1 1.99: 1.6091E-06 1 0.966 :11

II 223 : 108 I 141.81 1 4.97 I 3.5047E-06 : 0.988 I.,

..

.. 224 :

11II 225 1

..

..226 1

.. 227 :

,,

.. 228 :,.

:1 II 229 :,,.. 230 1

1111 231 :

:12) 232 1

11 11 233 1..11 234 :

:: 235 1

113) 236 :is.. 237 1

238 1

:1 239 1"11 240 I"11 241 1"

242 1,,

1: 243 :"244 1

245 1

246 1

is 247 1.,

113) 248 1

:: 249 I

250 :

::11 251 :

:11) 252 :

:11) 253 1

:1 254 1..

., 255 :

.,

256 :

257 1

258 1

259 1

101 1 1,489.12 I 4.96 : 3.3301E-07 I

101 1 627.58 I 10.50 1 1.6731E-06 1

70 : 387.61 I 13.28 1 3.4261E-06 1

20 : 833.13 1 2.95 I 3.5409E-07 1

20 1 607.43 : 6.75 1 1.1112E-06 I

40 1 506.78 I 10.00 1 1.9732E-06 1

0 1 361.19 1 6.31 1 1.7470E-06 1

0 1 306.66 1 24.29 1 7.9201E-06 1

.

.

.

.

.

.

0 1 64.04 1 0.83 1 1.2961E-06 1

0 1 3,233.67 1 61.30 1 1.1957E-06 1

0 1 I 3.19991-041 1

.

. 0.20 :.

.

0: 92.99 1 2.20 1 2.3658E-06 1

0: 187.50 1 10.76 1 5.7317E-06 1

0 1 91.43 1 2.38 1 2.6031E-06 1

0 1 21.90 1 0.55 1 2.5114E-06 1

0 : 30.90 1 1.20: 3.1135E-06 1

0 I 645.17 : 13.10 : 2.0305E-06 :

8 1 362.72 1 8.09 1 2.2304E-06 :

11 1 503.13 1 22.03 1 4.3786E-06 1

0 1 286.45 : 6.75 1 2.3564E-06 1

0 1 318.78 1 18.69 1 5.8630E-06 :

0 1 347.33 1 39.44 1 1.1355E-05 1

1 I 0.20 1i

.

20 1 1 . 1 1.5662E-06 1

- I .' :

0 : 3,731.95 : 508.68: 1.3630E-05 :

0 1 1 1 1.4999E-05 1

0 1 344.99 1 81.85 : 2.3725E-05 1

20 1 360.13 1 6.64 1 1.8438E-06 1

2 1 275.96 1 16.25 1 5.8815E-06 1

0 : 166.88 1 23.55 1 1.4112E-05 1

53 : 1 . .' 6.0345E-07 :

73 1 31.27 : 0.45 1 1.4391E-06 1

80 I 219.38 1 9.35 : 4.2620E-06 1

0.965 :Amor failure at-

0.990 1) 100 hours, resumed-

0.997 I) at 120 hours

0.977 1

0.992 1

0.991 1

..

..

0.930 Is.11

110.991 1 11

1

II.,

0.933 1 ::

0.994 1

0.993 1 11

0.956 1

0.991 1 :I

0.934 1

0.793 :

0.943 I

0.977 1 .

,.,

0.996 1

0.997 1

0.999 1

11

$$

0.996 : 1:

0.997 :,

.

0.637 I) wall TC broken after-

1111

IS11

so

:) 20 hours..11

0.994 1) deposit removed during runs -

0.993 1) slope taken from the 1st few -

0.996 1) points before large drop of Rf.

0.995 1

0.998 :

0.999 I

0.974 *power failure at 50 hours-

0.951 1) resumed at-

0.117 1) 70 hours

11

1111

11

Io

11

222 S 32 2 2 == 222 2 2.22 22 22 22 3822=iii 2211122:2Z2Z2Z2

66Table 11.1 (con't)

Regression Analysis

22 2 112222 22 2

11 :DEAD TIME 1 TIME 1(11FI)x10441

11 RUNS id CONSTANT :

(HOURS)

11 1 : :

:11) 260 1 1 1 18.07 :

111) 261 1 1 : 18.11 1

111) 262 1 0 1 27.92 :

II 263 1 2 1 187.14 1

.. 264 1 4 I 278.88 1:1

1111 265 1 4 1 498.07 :II11 266 1 0 1 9.19 11111 267 1 1 : 17.15 1II11 268 1 0 1 20.38 :11II 269 1 0 : 60.39 111

270 : 3 : :11 '

. : .:1 271 :

.

II11 272 : 0 1 10.39 1

1100 273 1 0 : 23.13 :

1111 274 1 0 1 13.72 :

II11 275 1 2 : 38.85 1

II11 276 : 2 : 20.89 1

1111 277 1 2 : 27.52 1::10$1 278 : 7 1 189.19 1

1111 279 1 1 1 180.02 1

11210 : 2 : 199.62 :II

IIII 281 1 10 1 131.64 1

:: 282 : 4 : 44.32 :II

II283 1 2 1 26.50 111

..

.

:12) 214 1

.

1111 285 1 29 : 53.33 1

11 286 1 39 : 111.31 ::1

HI) 287 1 0 : 86.46 1

111) 211 1 1 1 21.58 1

111) 289 1 0 1 84.36 111

290 1 10 1 32.55 1II

II11 291 1 0 1 32.02 1

II292 1 0 1 44.88 1..

:12) 293 :

1111 294 1 1 1

1111 295 : 0 1 75.34 1

II296 1 0 1 32.32 111

II11 297 1 0 1 12.48 1

II298 1 0 1 178.21 1II

11299 1 0 I 1,439.37 1..

..300 1 13 1 1II

11 301 1 0 1 148.49 1

242222 222222222222222222222222222 222222222

22222

(FTA2 HR 1

F/BTU)

1

8.57 1

12.30 1

19.96 1

5.42 1

6.99 1

26.08 1

0.79 1

1.95 1

6.10 1

2.23 1

.'

0.63 1

1.98 1

2.70 1

11.57 :

12.37 1

10.119 1

22.92 1

20.24 I

22.15 1

6.16 1

0.58 :

2.54 :

.

.

1.51 1

4.90 1

46.91:

14.47 1

35.72 1

8.24 1

8.92 1

12.29 1.

.

.'

11.06 1

0.34 :

1.35 1

11.64:

47.20 1

1

11.77:

id 1

Rf / 4c

1

4.7427E-05 1

6.7918E -05 :

7.1490E-05 :

2.8962E-06 1

2.5065E-06 1

5.2362E-06 1

8.5963E-06 1

1.1370E-05 :

3.3366E-05 1

3.6927E-06 1

5.7694E-06 1

6.0635E-06 1

8.5603E-06 1

1.9679E-05 1

2.9781E-05 1

5.9215E-05 1

3.9571E-05 1

1.2115E-05 1

1.1243E-05 1

1.1096E-05 1

4.6794E-06 1

1.3017E-06 1

9.5149E-06 1

1.1953E-04 1

2.6193E-06 :

5.4256E-05 :

6.7053E-0S 1

4.2342E-05 1

2.5315E-05 1

2.7858E-05 1

2.7384E-OS 1.

1

6.6357E-06 1

1.0104E-05 1

1.0520E-06 1

1.0117E-05 1

7.1202E-06 1

3.2792E-06 :

2.9360E-06 1

7.1265E-06 1

2

1 11

r2

1111

1 1:

0.995 1)Sawtooth curve, rears.1111

0.987 1)1st few points before1111

0.995 :Marge drop of RfII11

0.988 : 11II

110.995 1 ..

0.114 1II

0.951 1) lost of water - 11

0.951 1) after 24 hrs; run267:shift abscissa 1:11

0.992 1 ..

0.983 1 11

0.969 1) wall TC broken after 24 hrs ::

:) wall TC broken after 2 hrs0111

0.819 1) pH excursion to 2.9 at 23 hrs, 11

0.924 I) back at 6.5 at 56 hrs.

0.920 1) Data bfr pll excursion used. II

0.985 1 11

0.959 1 11

0.974 1 11

0.197 1 11

0.997 1 1:

0.999 :

0.912 1 (Velocity increased 11

0.974 : ( after 66 hours is

0.951 1

11II

1 ....

0.977 1

110.994 1 11

0.996 1 (Data taken beforeIIII

0.956 1 ( large drop of Rf 1111

0.995 1IIis

1.000 1IIIi

0.996 1) wall TC broken after 24 hrs. 11

0.989 1) power failure after 95 hrs.

1110

0.994 1 1:

0.992 1 11

0.948 1 11

0.747 I 1:

10.917 : 1.

0.979 1

0.933 :

0.975 :IIII

222 22

1) deposit removed during runs

2) deposition rate increases with time

3) no fouling, Rft = final value of Rf

67

CORRELATION OF DATA

HEAT TRANSFER RESEARCH, INC., MODEL DETERMINATION OFCONSTANTS

The HTRI fouling deposition removal model is used to

correlate the fouling data obtained in this study. Sets of

data were selected in such groupings to isolate single

effects and to permit determination of the function required

for solution of the HTRI deposition and removal model,

equations (2-7) and (2-8) respectively

Od = Ci Fv S2^ exp (-E/Rg (Ts+460)) (2-8)

Or = Cm T Xf/Y (2-9)

DEPOSITION RATE (0d)

When a constant water quality is maintained, equation

(2-7) reduces to the form of equation (6-1)

Od = Cm Fv exp(-E/Rg (Ts+460)) (6-1)

where: C-K = constantFv = velocity functionE = activation energy of deposition reactionRg = gas constantsTs = surface temperature

The initial deposition rate Od, is the slope of the fouling

resistance vs time curve at 9=9d. Thus Od can be determined

from the equation of fouling.

Rf = Rf* [1-exp(-(0-0d)/9c)] (5-11)

by differentiating and evaluating the derivative at 19 = ed

Od= dRf/d0 :e-ed = Rf*/19c (6-2)

68

where values of Rf* and $c were predicted from the

experimental data by the regression of equation (5-11)

described in Appendix I.

The experimentally obtained the value of Od was then

used to determine the velocity function Fv and constants Cm

and E of equation (6-1) as described below

The velocity function Fv

Sets of data were selected, each with the same water

quality and surface temperature. Od was plotted versus

velocity on a logarithmic scale to fit the equation

in Od = In Cd. V /C, (6-3)

These plots are shown in Appendix M. Normalizing these

plots by plotting In (0d/C4.) vs velocity (Fig. VI-1), the

average slope of .352 (=1/C7) is obtained with standard

deviation of 11%.

Thus, the velocity function Fv is the form of

Fv = exp(-.352 V) (6-4)

Since Od is proportional to Fv in the model, increasing

velocity will have the effect of decreasing deposition rate.

The velocity function, Fv, was then used for the evaluation

of activation energy E.

3.6

3.4

3.2

3

2.8

2.6

Z.' 2.4

-13 2.249-

2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1

0.82

(1/C7)average = .352

std dev. =±.11%

O 123

,e6550

i4 V124

184, 21724 ri208

183, 216..,.../E1207, 246

025C1110

VB 139

206

4 6

Velocity (ft /sec)Fig. VI-1. Normalized -14d vs Velocity.

8

70

The activation energy constant E.

Rewriting equation (6-1), results in equation (6-5)

Od/Fv = C5 exp (-E/Rg (Ts+460))

which can be rewritten as:

ln(Od/Fv) = In C5 (E/Rg)(1/(Ts+460))

(6-5)

(6-6)

Sets of data were selected each with the same water quality.

Ln(Od/Fv) is plotted against (1/(Ts+460)) to determine the

values of E and Cm for each of seventeen water qualities

considered. These plots are shown in Appendix M, the values

of these are tabulated in Table VI-2. Results indicate that

both the constant C5 and activation energy E are dependent

on water quality.

As expected the presence of suspended solids appears to

make the activation energy, E smaller. Since the formation

of nuclei from precipitated ions is an energy consuming

process, and suspended solids can serve as nuclei for

precipitation, thus its presence make the activation energy

smaller.

In general, higher pH has a tendency to increase E.

This is probably because usually a solution with higher pH

has a lower solubility product, result in higher degree of

supersaturation, thus more energy is required for the

formation of nuclei from precipitated ions.

The presence of additional additive(s) such as HEDP,

AMP, polyacrylate, polyphosphate and orthophosphate, also

71

has a tendency lower E, since they provide more

heterogeneous nucleation. The results also indicate that the

value of E has an effect on the value of Cz. A higher or

lower value of E will result in higher or lower C=,

respectively. Thus, the constant C, is also dependent on

water quality. There is a considerable variation of the

activation energy E ranging froM 2.09E5 to 1.44E4

Btu/lbmol. No particular pattern is noted with respect to pH

or the type of additive used. It is therefore appears that

for the present, the individual values of CS and E should be

used with the specific additive combinations for which they

were derived.

With the functions determined above, the model equation

for a deposition rate function Od in equation (6-1) can now

be used to calculate the deposition rate for each water

quality in this study.

In Figure VI-2. the experimentally obtained logarithm

of the deposition rate is plotted against the results

calculated by the model equation (6-1). The standard

deviation of the ratio (experimental values over the model

values) is 1:36%.

REMOVAL RATE

The time constant (0c) in the exponential equation Rf =

Rf* (1-exp(-0/0c)) is the time required for Rf to reach a

value of 63% of the value of Rf*. In three time constant the

fouling resistance is 95% of the asymptotic fouling

resistance.

e = ec , Rf = .63 Rf*

6 = 30c , Rf = .95 Rf*

The time constant 6c was predicted from experimental

data by the regression equation (5-11) as described in

Appendix I. The experimentally obtained $c can now be used

to determine a functional relationship as given in equation

(3-13):

@c =Cm T kf

(3-13)

72

The HTRI model is based on the assumption that the _

characterizing function of the deposit structure Y is an

increasing function with flow velocity, thus

Y a V4' with a>0 (6-7)

However, the HTRI model and other studies to date have not

quantified the effect of temperature on the removal process.

As the temperature within the deposit increases, the

strength of the deposit should be affected and thereby also

the removal rate of the deposit. Thus in the present

analysis it is assumed that Y is a function of both surface

temperature and velocity according to the relation:

Y a V* Ts* (6-8)

Ctid : ft2 °F / Btu

In Ocl, Predicted by Model Equation

Fig. VI-2. Error Plot of 4d

74

Shear stress not velocity is the more fundamental parameter

in removal rate. For the HTRI test sections with water

flowing at 1150F, the fluid wall shear stress T is related

to velocity by the equation:

(lbf/ft-12) = 1.1159 x 10-.7 V"7° (6-9)

where V = ft/sec.

The calculation of shear stress for the HTRI test

section is described in appendix D. Hence, the removal rate

function $c can be expressed as,:

Oc = Ca. T Tsb with a = (a/1.75)-1 (6-10)

The quantities of CA, a and b for each additive combination

are obtained from the experimental data by multiple linear

regression analysis. The plots of time constant as a

function of surface temperature and velocity are shown for

each water quality in Appendix M. The coefficient CA

includes the proportionality constant relationship in

equation (6-8) and the quantities of Cmkf (which are assumed

constant for each water quality) in equation (2-14). The

values of these removal rate terms ( Cm, 'a' or in terms of

a and 'b') are tabulated in Table (VI-2). CA, a and b appear

to be also dependent upon water quality. The results

tabulated in table (VI-2) indicate that the values of 'a'

for all water qualities are greater than 0, indicating that

the scale strength factor is an increasing function with

velocity. The values of b are either positive or negative.

75

This parameter b will be discussed later in this section. In

most cases, the presence of additional additives, such as

HEDP, polyacrylate, AMP, zinc chromate, poly and

orthophosphate or lower the pH will decrease the value of CA

and a, and thus a.

In figure VI-3, the experimental value inOc is plotted

against the results calculated by the model equation (6-11).

The standard deviation of the ratio (experimental values

over the model values) is 197..

Rf -TIME CURVE AND ASYMPTOTIC FOULING RESISTANCE, Rf*

With the correlations shown above, the _fouling

resistance-time curve for any of the water qualities upon

which the correlations are based may be constructed. The

deposition rate is

Od = Cz Fv exp E (6-1)Rg (Ts+460)

and the removal rate is

0, = [ 1 ] Rf (6-11)C4 i°(Tsb

Eqs.(6-1) and (6-11) may be substituted into Eq.(2-2) and

the result is integrated to give

Rf = C3 C4 Fv TO( Tst. exp[- E 3 [1 -exp[- 6 ]]Rg(Ts+460) C4 '04 Ts

(6-12)

When time becomes large, Eq.6-12 becomes

Rf* = Cz C4 T4X Tsb Fv exp(-E/Rg (Ts+460)) (6-13)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

2

ec : hours

4

In(Ge), Predicted by Model Equation

Fig. VI-3. Error Plot of Oc

6

77

With all the functional relationships numerically determined

from experimental data, equation (6-13) is now a predictive

model equation for the asymptotic fouling resistance for

each water quality.

In Eqs.6-12 and 6-13, Fv may be obtained from equation

(6-14), (in terms of shear stress)

Fv = exp(-4.6 T -67) (6-14)

The values of the parameters C3, C.', g, b and E may be

obtained from Table VI-2. The use of these parameters are

limited to wall shear stress .08 i 1 i .43 lbf/ft° and

surface temperature 130 1 Is i 160°F and are unique for each

water quality indicated. It has not yet been possible to

develop correlations, so that a single set of parameter will

apply to all water qualities. In figure VI-4, the

experimentally obtained of asymptotic fouling resistance is

plotted against the values determined from the model

equation (6-13). The standard deviation of the ratio

(experimental values over the model values) is 42%.

Table VI-3 presents the comparison of experimental

values and values obtained from the model equation for

deposition rate Od, time constant ec and asymptotic fouling

resistance.

CONDITIONS SHOWING INSIGNIFICANT FOULING:

There were combinations of additive, flow conditions

and surface temperature that for which virtually no fouling

occurred over the duration of the tests. Table (VI-1)

5

Rf* : f t2 hr ° F / Btu

7 9

In(Rf*), Predicted by Model EquationFig. VI-4. Error Plot of Rf*

11

79

indicates that for some runs, the value of Rf* is less then

.0001 ft° hr oF/Eitu which is considered to be negligible.

The conditions of these runs may be used to show those

additive combinations and conditions for which a threshold

value of Rf* = .0001 fta hr OF /Btu will not be exceeded. In

the operation of heat exchangers, it is desirable to operate

with low velocity, high surface temperature, and high pH.

Table (VI-4) presents threshold values of pH, velocity

(shear stress) and surface temperature in the test section

for several additive combinations. The shear stress shown in

this table are calculated from Eq.6-9 for the HTRI test

section with water flowing at 1150F.

In this table the basis of determining the threshold is

the expectation that the asymptotic fouling resistance would

be equal or less than 0.0001 fta hr 0F/8tu. Other bases for

establishing a threshold may be used, such as .0002 or .0003

ft° hr oF/Htu.

As an example of the use of table VI-4, consider the

water used in this study containing 20 ppm CrOm, 4 ppm Zn, 3

ppm HEDP. The fouling resistance would not expected to be

greater than .0001 ft° hr 0F/Btu if these conditions are

maintained: pH lower than 8, velocity in HTRI test section

greater than 5.5 ft/sec or shear stress greater than .220

lbf/ft° and the heater surface temperature less than 1600F.

In term of operating conditions, the best additive in

table VI-4 is the combination 20 ppm chromate, 4 ppm zinc,

and 3 ppm HEDP.

TAKE: VI-2

Constants to be used in equations (6-6),(6-11),(6-13)

(Rq 2 1.907 Itu/lboole °II)

130 z( Ts 2( 160°F

.08 =a7( .43 lbf/ffl

222.2222222222221122222====22211222212222.222.2222222 s_=___ iZZ__az__ Itmassataz-zsz===ammenss

1: WATER: ADDITIVES (ppm) : C3 1 E C4 I a or_ I b

1: I ft2ovatilltu/lbool hr1: 1 1:

1: 1 140 Cr04,111n I 2 7.0 2.11E+16 5.88E+04 2.3550E+04 0.0812 1 -0.9536 I -1.6362 11

11 2 :20 Cr04,41n,200 SS 1 1,3 7.5 1 1.10E+00 1 1.44E+04 -3.1853E-26 0.3894 1 -0.7775 12.3320 11

11 3 :20 Cr04i41n,200 SS 1,3 8.0 1 3.69E+03 1 2.36E+04 1 2.6390E+05 1.8973 1 0.0842 1 -1.4308 :1

4 120 Cr04,4in 8.0 1 1.13E+60 1.03E+05 1.8723E+57 1.2763 I -0.2707 -25.1063 ::

5 120 Cr04,043 HEDP 1 1,4 8.5 1 1.18E+39 1.21E+05 9.4562E+16 1 1.5170 1 -0.1331 1 -7.0900 I:

6 :20 Cr04,41n,3 NEDF 1,4 8.0 9.70E+68 2.09E+05 1 2.0282E-16 1 0.4770 i -0.7270 1 7.7692 1:

7 :20 Cr04,41n,3 PA 1 1,5 6.5 3.05E+20 6.90E+04 1 7.2991E+14 2.0042 0.1910 1 -5.9876 1:

8 120 Cr04,41143 PA 1 1,5 7.5 1 2.72E+30 9.62E+04 i 5.4018E-12 I 0.1971 1 -0.0874 i 6.2300 1:

9.:20 Cr04,01,3 PP,5.5 OP 1 1,7 6.0 1 1.85E+10 4.15E+04 9.2255E+08 1 1.5509 1 -0.1138 1 -3.0791 1:

:1 10 120 Cr04,41n,2.5FA,2.5AMF, 1:

I ,2.5FP,5.50F 1,5,6,7 6.0 1 7.47E+07 3.28E+04 1 2.9468E+03 1 0.9868 -0.4361 1 4.8024 11

11 11 120 Cr04,41n,2.514,2.5AMP,II I

,2.5141,5.50F 1,5,6,7 6.5 1 4.09E+10 4.34E+04 6.5345E+04 2.6900 1 0.5371 I -0.7813 1:

:1 12 12.5141,2.5AMF,2.5PF,5.50, 5,6,7 7.0 7.74E+01 1.09E+04 2.0413E-35 0.1875 1 -0.4929 16.5026 ::

1: 13 12.5FA,2.5AMF,2.5FP,5.50F 5,6,7 7.5 4.71E+11 4.57E+04 1.6007E+08 1.4623 -0.1644 -2.6425 11

1: 14 14.511,5.50F 1 0 6.5 1.18E+15 5.53E+04 4.9960E+08 2.5386 1 0.4506 1 -2.7085 ::

11 15 14.5PP,5.50F 1 8 7.0 3.37E+24 7.92E+04 i 1.6180E+30 1.1477 1 -0.3442 -13.2104 ::

:1 16 14.511,5.50P,2.5 NEDP 1 8,4 7.0 4.06E+14 5.24E+04 1 4.2352E+03 0.6101 1 -0.6114 -1.0887 1:

11 17 14.511,5.50F,2.5 HEDP 8,4 6.5 7.38E+04 . 2.65E+04 1.2238E -03 0.0681 1 -0.9611: 1.8721 1:

2 2 222Z

Note: t)

1: 18-22 Cr04, 3-5 In

2: 36-44 Cr04, 6-10 in

3: 200 SS (Suspended Solids)

4: 2-3 NEP (Hydroxyethylidene-1, diphosphonate)

5:

6:

7:

8:

2-3 Polyacrylate

2-3 MP (Aoinomethylenephosphonate)

2-3 Polyphosphate, 5-6 Orthoposphate

4-5 Polyphosphate, 5-6 Orthoposphate

Table VI-3

Comparisons of Experimental Values vs

Model Equations for 4d' 44E, and Rf*

i

WATER RUN 1

I I I

Id

exp't

Id

predict.

by eqn.6-1

RATIO

1 8c

exp't

-8c

predict.

by 6-11

2

RATIO

22..22

(RfOE+4 (Rf1)E+4

exp't predict.

by 6-13

m

RATIO

1 129 1.2414E-05 4.6392E-06 2.6759 24.65 23.03 1.0702 3.06 1.07 2.8638

130 9.9811E-06 1.3429E-05 0.7433 63.62 68.49 0.9289 6.35 9.20 0.6904

131 1.7905E-06 1.1390E-06 1.5720 89.92 91.30 0.9849 1.61 1.04 1.5482

132 1.5147E-06 28.75 0.00 0.44

133 2.2264E-06 4.4481E-06 0.5005 89.83 79.64 1.1279 2.00 3.54 0.5646

2 140 5.3037E-07 5.8261E-07 0.9103 90.52 85.64 1.0570 1 0.48 0.50 0.9620

141 1 1.6906E-06 1.4046E-06 1.2036 1 166.80 141.51 1.1787 I 2.82 1.99 1.4188

142 3.7200E-06 3.3864E-06 1.0985 348.92 316.39 1.1028 12.98 10.71 1.2115

143 1 1.0722E-06 45.41 1 0.10 0.49 0.2054

144 1.2094E-06 2.5851E-06 0.4678 1 115.76 101.53 1.1402 1 1.40 2.62 0.5334

145 2.0282E-06 1.9084E-06 1.0628 27.61 26.41 1.0455 0.56 0.50 1.1112

3 1 146 1.5861E-06 1.4263E-06 1.1120 187.88 188.84 0.9949 2.98 2.69 1.1064

147 3.5265E-06 3.5713E-06 0.9874 1 171.84 173.52 0.9903 6.06 6.20 0.9779

148 2.2399E-06 2.0857E-06 1.0739 200.90 202.78 0.9907 1 4.50 4.23 1.0640

4 149 1.9156E-05 1.9211E-05 0.9971 23.70 23.70 1.0000 1 4.54 4.55 0.9971

150 4.3183E-06 3.4395E-06 1.2555 129.68 151.78 0.8544 1 5.60 5.22 1.0727

151 1.0630E-05 8.2922E-06 1.2819 172.82 202.26 0.8544 18.37 16.77 1.0953

5 1 152 6.9576E-05 6.9791E-05 0.9969 16.27 16.27 1.0001 11.32 11.35 0.9970

153 1 3.7963E-05 3.1247E-05 1.2149 27.29 28.65 0.9526 1 10.36 8.95 1.1573

154 7.9478E-05 7.2728E-05 1.0928 1 31.43 32.85 0.9567 24.98 23.89 1.0454

6 161 1 1.5844E-05 1.5887E-05 0.9973 1 80.60 80.60 1.0000 1 12.77 12.80 0.9973

162 1 2.4303E-06 1.9664E-06 1.2359 1 81.06 77.20 1.0499 1 1.97 1.52 1.2976

163 1 6.6868E-06 3.6004E-06 1.8573 1 175.27 158.95 1.1027 1 11.72 5.72 2.0480

7 1 168 1 9.4160E-06 3.6824E-06 2.5571 1 38.87 43.88 0.8859 1 3.66 1.62 2.2652

1 169 1 1.4224E-05 2.1404E-05 0.6646 1 30.16 31.39 0.9608 1 4.29 6.72 0.6385

170 1 1.7523E-07 1 164.46 1 0.00 0.29

171 1 2.4978E-06 1.5933E-06 1.5677 1 68.46 78.14 0.8761 I 1.71 1.25 1.3734

172 1 1.6078E-06 1.0185E-06 1.5786 I 101.38 118.49 0.8556 1 1.63 1.21 1.3506

8 1 176 1 4.0398E-07 3.3165E-07 1.2181 1 170.80 165.98 1.0290 1 0.69 0.55 1.2534

177 1 6.7916E-06 6.1605E-06 1.1024 1 603.46 594.68 1.0148 1 40.80 36.63 1.1137

178 1 1.9441E-06 1.6182E-06 1.2014 1 783.40 711.24 1.1015 1 15.23 11.51 1.3233

1=2

Si.

Table VI-3 (con't)

Comparisons of Experimental Values vs

Model Equations for i)d, 4(2' and FT*

82

WATER 1 RUN

# # exp't predict.

by eqn.6-1

RATIO exp't

-Oc

predict.

by 6-11

RATIO

(RfI)E+4 (Rft)E+4

exp't predict.

by 6-13

RATIO

9 206 1 2.6844E-06 2.5230E-06 1.0640 147.52 166.19 0.8877 3.96 4.19 0.9444

207 6.1714E-06 5.5611E-06 1.1097 184.56 181.90 1.0146 11.39 10.12 1.1260

208 1.2460E-05 1.3888E-05 0.8972 202.72 205.97 0.9842 25.26 28.60 0.8831

209 4.2786E-07 322.55 0.30 1.38 0.2174

210 3.0916E-06 2.2700E-06 1.3619 1 285.29 252.15 1.1314 8.82 5.72 1.5410

211 2.4346E-06 2.4869E-06 0.9790 1 354.47 392.10 0:9040 8.63 9.75 0.8850

10 215 1.3071E-06 1.2186E-06 1.0726 61.97 74.02 0.8372 0.81 0.90 0.8980

216 3.8537E-06 2.8363E-06 1.3587 107.43 97.58 1.1009 4.14 2.77 1.4958

217 6.3563E-06 7.1386E-06 0.8904 164.09 154.20 1.0641 1 10.43 11.01 0.9475

218 1 4.9902E-07 6.0674E-07 0.8225 1 79.38 0.48

221 1 6.8779E-07 1 79.26 1 0.10 0.55 0.1834

222 1 1.6091E-06 1.5304E-06 1.0514 1 123.67 105.07 1.1770 1 1.99 1.61 1.2376

223 1 3.5047E-06 3.6896E-06 0.9499 1 141.81 166.88 0.8498 1 4.97 6.16 0.8072

224 1 3.3308E-07 6.3477E-07 0.5247 1 78.94 0.50

1 225 1 1.6731E-06 1.5852E-06 1.0554 1 106.55 1.69

226 1 3.4261E-06 3.6896E-06 0.9286 1 166.88 6.16

11 1 227 1 3.5409E-07 5.1060E-07 0.6935 1 833.13 844.68 0.9863 1 2.95 4.36 0.6800

1 230 1 1.7470E-06 1.1251E-06 1.5528 1 361.19 368.09 0.9812 1 6.31 4.14 1.5237

231 1 7.9208E-06 7.0283E-06 1.1270 1 306.66 302.81 1.0127 1 24.29 21.28 1.1413

12 1 236 1 9.9584E-07 1 73.61 1 0.20 0.73 0.2740

237 1 2.3658E-06 2.3178E-06 1.0207 1 92.99 100.13 0.9287 2.20 2.32 0.9479

238 1 5.7387E-06 5.9332E-06 0.9672 1 187.50 190.11 0.9863 1 10.76 11.28 0.9539

239 1 2.6031E-06 2.6516E-06 0.9817 1 5.57 0.15

240 1 2.5114E-06 1.5986E-06 1.5710 1 21.90 17.87 1.2255 1 0.55 0.29 1.8966

241 1 4.1100E-06 3.6248E-06 1.1339 1 30.90 26.12 1.1829 1 1.27 0.95 1.3413

13 1 242 1 2.0305E-06 2.0675E-06 0.9821 1 645.17 621.04 1.0389 1 13.10 12.84 1.0203

243 1 2.2300E-06 2.1101E-06 1.0568 1 362.72 398.90 0.9093 1 8.09 8.42 0.9611

244 1 4.3786E-06 5.0873E-06 0.8607 1 503.13 474.89 1.0595 1 22.03 24.16 0.9119

1 245 1 2.3564E-06 1.7255E-06 1.3656 1 286.45 295.21 0.9703 1 6.75 5.09 1.3252

246 1 5.8630E-06 4.4194E-06 1.3266 1 318.78 323.30 0.9860 1 18.69 14.29 1.3081

1 247 1 1.1355E-05 1.0029E-05 1.1322 1 347.33 391.45 0.8873 1 39.44 39.26 1.0046

211 s s X 21222==

83Table VI-3 (can't)

Comparisons of Experimental Values vs

Model Equations for +d' oc, and Rf*

WATER 1 RUN 1

II t

fd

exp't

fd

predict.

by eqn.6-1

RATIO

ilc

exp't

8c

predict.

by 6-11

RATIO

2

1 (Rft)E+4 (Rft)E+4

1 exp't predict.

by 6-13

RATIO

14 254 1.8438E-06 1.9222E-06 0.9592 1 360.13 376.80 0.9557 6.64 7.24 0.9168

255 5.8885E-06 5.1625E-06 1.1406 275.96 271.70 1.0157 16.25 14.03 1.1585

256 1.4112E-05 1.2016E-05 1.1744 166.88 170.91 0.9764 23.55 20.54 1.1468

257 1 6.0345E-07 7.0079E-07 0.8611 479.67 3.36

259 4.2620E-06 3.6430E-06 1.1699 219.38 227.79 0.9631 1 9.35 8.30 1.1267

270 1 5.7694E-06 5.5510E-06 1.0394 267.12 14.83

274 1.1979E-05 1.2446E-05 0.9624 166.40 20.71

15 260 1 4.7427E-05 2.5335E-05 1.8720 18.07 15.92 1.1347 8.57 4.03 2.1242

261 6.7918E-05 6.1080E-05 1.1120 1 18.11 19.96 0.9075 12.30 12.19 1.0091

262 7.1490E-05 1.4726E-04 0.4855 27.92 28.75 0.9712 19.96 42.34 0.4715

264 2.5064E-06 2.3292E-06 1.0761 278.88 310.50 0.8982 6.99 7.23 0.9665

265 5.2362E-06 5.6154E-06 0.9325 498.07 447.32 1.1135 26.08 25.12 1.0383

16 1 285 1 2.8314E-06 2.1492E-06 1.3174 1 53.33 52.31 1.0195 1.51 1.12 1.3431

286 1 4.4021E-06 6.2424E-06 0.7052 111.31 100.32 1.1095 1 4.90 6.26 0.7824

287 5.4256E-05 4.6712E-05 1.1615 1 86.46 81.37 1.0626 1 46.91 38.01 1.2342

289 1 4.2342E-05 4.6712E-05 0.9064 1 84.36 81.37 1.0368 35.72 38.01 0.9398

295 1 1.4680E-05 1.4608E-05 1.0049 1 75.34 88.11 0.8551 11.06 12.87 0.8593

17 1 278 1 1.2115E-05 1.1418E-05 1.0611 1 189.19 194.12 0.9746 1 22.92 22.16 1.0341

279 1 1.1240E-05 1.1027E-05 1.0193 180.02 191.86 0.9383 1 20.24 21.16 0.9567

280 1.1096E-05 1.1027E-05 1.0062 199.62 191.86 1.0405 1 22.15 21.16 1.0469

281 1 4.6794E-06 4.0987E-06 1.1417 131.64 147.79 0.8907 1 6.16 6.06 1.0169

282 1 1.3087E-06 1.4720E-06 0.8890 1 44.32 45.40 0.9762 1 0.58 0.67 0.8678

296 1 2.0520E-06 1.1945E-06 1.7179 1 32.32 31.42 1.0287 1 0.34 0.38 0.9060

298 1 7.1208E-06 6.6945E-06 1.0637 1 178.21 161.45 1.1038 1 12.69 10.81 1.1741

!STD (n): 0.3965 1 0.1844 1 0.4414

!AVERAGE: 1.0957 1 0.9720 1 1.0634

. I

IX DEVIATION: 36.1911 18.97%1 41.51%1

222=2 2 2

84

Table VI-4

Threshold Values for Various Additives

= = =

. Threshold Value For Fouling'

! :

ADDITIVES :VELOCITY: SHEAR STR !SURFACE :

.

. p H : ft/sec 1 lbf/ft**2 ! TEMP. :

. . .'

.

: Eq.(6-10) : F '

: Low Magnesium Water

:NONE : =<7.0 : =>3.0 : =>.076 1 =<160 1

1

.

. :

.

.

120 Cr04, 4Zn 1 =<7.2 : =>5.5 : =>.220 : =<160 !

. . . . .

:40 Cr04, 8Zn : =<7.0 : =>5.5 : =>.220 : =<145 :

:20 Cr04, 4Zn, 200 SS : =<7.5 ! =>5.5 : =>.220 I =<145 :

1

1 High Magnesium Water ! ! ! !

!

.

.

.

,

.

.

,:

!

.

, ..

. ..

:20 Cr04, 4Zn : =<7.5 : =>5.5 I =>.220 : =<160 1

.. .

. . . . .

:20 Cr04, 4Zn, 3PA 1 =<7.5 : =>8.0 : =>.425 : =<130 1

. . ,

. . 8 . .

:20 Cr04, 4Zn, 3HEDP : =<8.0 ! =>5.5 : =>.220 : =<160 1

1 ! : :

:20 Cr04, 4Zn, 3HEDP, 3PA! * * * *

:20 Cr04,4Zn,2.5PP,5.50P : =<6.5 I =>8.0 : =>.425 =<130 :

. . .

. . . . .

:20 Cr04, 4Zn, 2.5PA, : =<7.0 1 =>8.0 I =>.425 : =<130 :

. ' . .: 2.5 AMP,2.5PP,5.50P : ' .

.

. . , . .

i 1 i .I

. * ,

. *.

.:2.5PP, 5.50P : * : * .

.

.

1

.

.

:2.5PA,2.5AMP,2.5PP,5.50P: =<7.0 : =>5.5 : =>.220 I =<145 :

:4.5PP, 5.50P : =<6.5 : =>5.5 1 =>.220 : =<130 :

. , . . .

. . . .

:4.5PP, 5.50P, 2.5 HEDP ! =<6.5 : =>5.5 : =>.220 : =<130 :

* Not found in ranges investigated (asymptotic foulingresistance was always greater than .0001 hr ft F/8TU)

85

SCALE STRENGTH

From the HTRI model,

ec = Y (2-14)Cm r kf

Assuming constant thermal conductivity of the deposit kf,

the time constant ec is proportional to the ratio of the

deposit strength Y to the fluid shear, T.

ec a Y

or

Y a (Oc) I

Since Y a v.. Tsb , (6-8)

(0c)i or Y relates the sensitivity of deposits to

velocity and surface temperature.

Plots of (0c)i, which is proportional to the scale

strength Y, surface temperature and velocity for each water

quality are shown in Appendix M. All figures indicate that

strength of deposit Y is an increasing function of flow

velocity. This indicates that for the same deposit, higher

velocity tends to produce a deposit of higher strength.

Effect of surface temperature on the scale strength can

also be postulated. Some deposits appear to breakdown at

higher temperature. That is, as surface temperature

increases, the deposit may easily slough off after it

reaches a certain thickness. The scale strength of this kind

of deposit is a decreasing function of surface temperature

and the value of b is less than 0. (in equation 6-8). For

this kind of deposit, the deposit growth could be much

86

easier controlled by fluid shear (even low shear stress will

probably have good effect on removal of deposit). On the

other hand when b>0, solid encrutations may result as

surface temperature increases. It can be concluded from the

scale strength and deposit analysis, that even if the

deposits have similar composition, their strengths are

different as different additives are added or a different pH

is used. Thus the water quality appears to strongly

influence, the strength of the deposit and thus the fouling

process.

87

VII. APPLICATION OF RESULTS AND EXAMPLES

THE USE OF THRESHOLD VALUES

The threshold values given in table (VI-4) may be used

to select additives combinations along with the velocity

(shear stress) and surface temperature of heater surface so

that the fouling resistance is not expected to exceed the

low value of .0001 ft2 hr of /Btu

THE USE OF CORRELATIONAL EQUATIONS

The correlation equations developed may be applied in

several ways. In summary, these equations are:

a. The time constant, Oc

Oc = C4 1°(Tsb (7-1)

b. The velocity (shear stress) Function, Fv

Fv = exp(-4.6 T "v7) (7-2)

c. The Fouling Resistance, Rf as a Function of Time

Rf =C5 Fv ec [exp(- E )][1-exp(-0/0c)] (7-3)Rg(Ts+460)

d. The Asymptotic Fouling Resistance, Rf*

Rf* = C3 Fv Oc [exp[-Rg(Ts+460)

where: Oc : hours: lbf/ft2

Ts : of

C5 : ft2 0F/BtuC4 : hoursE : Btu/lbmolRg : 1.987 Btu/lbmol oRRf,Rf* : ft= hr of /Btu

(7-4)

Again, values of C5, C4, a, b and E may be obtained from

Table VI-2, Which are unique for each of the 17 water

88

qualities investigated in this work. They are limited to

surface temperature 130 i Is 1 160 OF, and wall shear stress

.08 i 1 i .43 lbf/ft2

Development of Threshold Curves

For a given additive, equations 7-1, 7-2, and 7-4

may be used to develop threshold curves as a function

of velocity and surface temperature. These curves may

be used to obtain the conditions required

(velocity/wall shear stress and surface temperature) to

maintain a desired value of Rf*. Figures VI-5(a-q) are

threshold curves for the 17 water qualities

investigated (water #1 to water #17 in Table VI-2) for

the threshold values of Rf* of .0001, .0002 and .0003

ft2 hr oF/Eitu. Other desired values of Rf* may be used

as basis of the threshold values.

Development of Charts to predict Rf*

The same equations 7-1, 7-2 and 7-4, may also be

used to construct plots of Rf* as a function of

velocity (or surface temperature) with surface

temperature (or velocity) held constant at various

values. Figures VI-6(a-q) are the plots of Rf* as a

function of velocity at three different surface

temperatures (130, 145 and 160°F) for the 17 water

qualities studied. These plots can be used to predict

the fouling that might occur in a heat exchanger under

certain conditions (velocity/shear stress and surface

temperature).

12

11-1

10 -1

9 -

8 -

7 -

6 -

a -4 -

3 -,

2 -

1 -

0 ,

WATER # : 1

Rf-.0001

Rf.0002

Rf..0003

100

12

11 -

10

9 -

8-7

6-6-4

4 -

3 -

2-1 -

r

1201

140 160

Surface Temperahre ('F)

[is. VI-58 Curves of Coutut bysptotiebelly os Grid of Veloeity vs

Surface ',operators

WA1ER # ; 2

180 200

0 r

Rf....0001

R1...0002

Rf.0003

100 120i I I I

140 160 180

Surface Temperature (°F)

!is. VI-51) Curves of Contact Isysptotic

/alias os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Tesperatere

200

89

continue...

14

13

12-'11

10

9-4

a-7-6-

4-3-2-1-0

WATER # ; 3

Rf.0001

Rf...0002

Rf -.0003

100

14

13 -

12

11 -4

10

9 -*

a -

7 -.

6 -

4

3 -4

2 "4

0

120 140 160 160

Solace Temperature

fig. TI -Sc Carves of Contest Asymptotic

Tulin os Grid of Velocity vs

Striae* Tesperatere

WATER # : 4

200

Rf.0001

Rf...0002

Rf.0003

110 130 160

Surface Temperature (4F)

fig. VI-Sd Carves of Cosstast Isysptotic

[alias os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Tesperatore

170 190

90

continue...

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

6

7

6

6

4

3

2

1

0

WA .9 # 6

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

a

120 140 160

Suffix* larponiture (PF)/4, 71-Se Cortes of Contort leysptetic

koalas of arid of Velocity to

Striae() feaperatore

WATER # s 6

180

140 150 160

Scorfince 74rripsookure (°F)

fig. 71-5f Coma of Coastast loyeptotic

ballot ot Grid of Velocity VV

Sorface Tesperators

170 160

continue...

14WATER 0 : 7

13 -

12 -

11

10

9 -0-

k7

6 -6-4

3-2-

0

110

24

22 -

20 -

19-

16 -

14 -

12 -

10-

130 180

Surface Times mituns (IF)

fig. VI-51 Curves of Coutut Isysptotic

/any os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface fesperatere

WATER # : 8

M.0001

W4002

Rf -.0003

170

92

190

6 -4

4-2-O

Rf.0001

Rf....0002R/...0003

100 120 140 160

Surfxs Temperature (pF)

fib. TI-Si Curves of Coastast Isysptotic

/alias os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface iesperatare

180

continue...

7

WATER 0 : 9

6

6

Rfr.. 0001

RI ..0002

Rf -.0003

80 100 120 140 160 180

Surface Temperature en

fig. VI-Si Curves of Contest Asymptotic

foellsg os Grid of Velocity vs

Serface Temperature

WATER 0 : 10

0

90I I I I t

110 130 160

Surface Temperature (°F)

fib. VI-53 Carves of Cosstast Asymptotic

follisg la Arid of Velocity vs

Surface Tesperatere

v I

170I I

190 210

93

continue...

22

20-

19 -1

16 -/

14

12 -/

10

a-6-4-

2-0

WATER # : 11

Rf.0001

190002M0003

100

14

13-+

12

It10

9a7 -

6 "1

a -

4

3

2

1 "

0

120 140 160

Surface Torpoindhune (IF)

fig. 11-5k Curves of Cosstast Isysptotic

foslisg os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Tesperature

WATER # : 12

190 200

Rf.0001

Rf.0002

Rf -.0003

120 140 160

Surface Tomponlhans (0F)

Fig. 11-51 Carves of Cosstast Isysptotic

Foully os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Tesperatere

190 200

94

continue...

16WATER # : 13

14 Ftf..0001

12 -

13-4Rf.0002

11 -

10 -4

9 -8 -4

7

6-6-4

3 -4

2 -I

0 I I I I

80 100 120 140

19

18 -417

16-4

16 -4

14 -13 -12

re 11

1 0

9 -48 -47 -4

6 -45 -4

4 -4

3 -4

2

1 -4

0

120

Surface Temperature ( F)

fig. II-52 Carves of Coastaat isroptotic

[maim oc Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Imperatore

WATER # 14

160 180

I I

140 160

Surface Temperature (°F)

fig. II -Ss Carves of Coastaat Isloptotic

Podia' os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Imperatore

180

continue...

95

12

11 -

109-a

7 -

6

5-4

3-r

210

Surface Tempengure (°F)

[is. VI-So Carves of Coutut Isysptotic

follig of Grid of Velocity vs

Serfage Tesperstare

WATER # : 16

90 110r

130I

150

Surface TernpenAure (°F)

fib. VI-Sp Caves of Coutut isyaptotic

[maim os Grid of Velocity vs

Surface Temperature

I I

170 190

continue...

96

9-e7 -

654

3-21-'

0

WATER # 17

Rf...0001

Rf.0002Rf...001:13

90 110 130 150 170 190 210

Surface Temperature (0F)

!is. II-541 Carves of Coestaat Isysptotie

/albs os Grid of Velocity vs

Striae* Tesperattre

97

98

Development of Fouling Resistance Time Curves

Eqs.7-1 to 7-3 may be used to develop the fouling

resistance-time curves. The coefficient CzFvelc [exp(-

E/Rg(Ts+460))) in Eq.7-3 is equal to Rf*. Thus Eq.7-3

may be written in terms of Rf*,

Rf = Rf* (1-exp(-0/0c))

Once the time constant Oc and asymptotic fouling

resistance Rf* are determined from Eqs.7-1 and 7-4

respectively, the time required for the fouling to

reach a certain fraction of the asymptotic fouling

resistance can easily be determined. As mentioned

previously, the time constant is the time required for

Rf to reach a value of 637 of the value of Rf*. In

three time constant the fouling resistance is 95% of

the asymptotic fouling resistance.

0 = Ac Rf = .63 Rf*

= 3 ec , Rf = .45 Rf*

APPLICATION TO OTHER GEOMETRIES

The results obtained in this study may be applied to

flow in other geometries. Since the velocity used is the

velocity in the HTRI test section, the more fundamental

approach would be to use the wall fluid shear stress in

other geometries. The corresponding shear stresses in other

geometries should be used for comparable deposition

behavior. Figures VI-5(a-q) are threshold curves for the 17

99

water qualities investigated, each for the threshold values

of Rf* of .0001, .0002 and .0003 ft2 hr 0F/Htu. Other

desired value of Rf* may be used as a basis of the threshold

value.

0

N

18

17 -4

16-'15 -4

14

13

12

11 -t0 -9-8-7

6 - 146°F5 -4 -*3 -2 -- 130°F

1

0

1

WATER # ; 1

100

3 5

Vsk>cny (Vsec)

fig. VI-la Carves of Cosstast Surface ?superstore

oa Grid of Asymptotic loons*

lesistasce vs Velocity

7 9

fig. VI -Sb Ceres of Contest Surface iesperatare

oc Grid of Asymptotic fouling

lelistaace vs Velocity

12

11 -

160°F10

9-A

8-3 146°F

6-I.c

5 -ft

I

0

.0

01

4 -I

3

2 -`

1 -

26

24 -

22

20 -1

18 -

16

14 -4

12

10-

8

4

2

0

1

WAlER # 3

3 5

Velocity (/t /sec)

fig. 11-10 Corm of Coutut Surface %operators

ol Grid of Asymptotic foelisg

Resistance vs Velocity

7

WAlER dr : 4

9

148°F

130°F

I I

3 5

Velocity (ft /Mc)

7 9

Aid. II-6d Curves of Contest Surface Temperature

os Grid of Asymptotic loons(

Resistssce vs Velocity

101

continue...

0

N

WATER I : 535

30

25-4

20

15

10--

5

0

1600F

145°F

130°F

3 5

Velocity (k /ow)

fig. VI-6e Curves of Contest ham Tesperatsre

os Grid of Isysptotic

lesistasce vs Velocity

7

WAlER # : 6

9

18

17160oF16 -

15 -IA -13

12

11

1 0 -

7 -8 -5 -

3 -2 -

1 4 5 °F

130 °F

102

3 5

Velocity (ft /eisc)

fig. VI-If Curves of Cosstast Surface Tesperatsre

os Grid of Imptotic hong

lesistasce vs Velocity

7 9

continue...

0

C4

10

9

0 -

7 -4

6

5-4

3

2 -

1 -

0

WATER # : 7

3 5

Velocity (fk/sec)

Fig. VI-6g Curves of Constant Surface Tesperature

on Grid of Isymptotic fooling

Resistance vs Velocity

WATER # : 8

7 9

400 145°F

100 -

0-130°F

160

3 5 7 9

Velocity (fl /roc)

Fig. VI-6! Curves of Constant Surface Temperature

on Grid of Isyiptotic fooling

Resistance vs Velocity

103

continue...

40

35

30-(0

iJb.

25

0 20.c

N

15

10

WATER 0 : 9

50

16

15 - 1613°F

14-4

13

12-11

10

9-8

7

is --

5

4 -4

3-2 -4

1 -

3 5 7

)4142city (ft /sec)

Fig. TI-6i Curves of Coasted Surface Tesperature

os Grid of loyoptotic holism

Resistalice vs Velocity

WATER # : 10

9

146°F

130°F

1 3 5 7 9

Velocity (k /ow)

Fig. TI-6j Curves of Coestut Surface Temperature

oa Grid of Isylptotic lollies

Resistisce vs Velocity

104

continue...

zeWATER 11

26

24

22

20

18

16

0 14 -4

r1 12

0, 10

8

6

4 -4

20

160°F

14EPF

130°F

1 3 5

15

14

13

12 -'

11

10-9-4

8

7

VeSocily (ft/sec)

fig. VI-It Carves of Contest Surface Temperature

°a Grid of Isylptotic folliag

Resistaace vs Velocity

WATER 12

9

7

6

5 -4

4

3 -4

2 -4

1

0

160°F

146°F

3 5

Velocity (ft/sec)

fig. VI-11 Curves of Contest Surface Yeaperatere

os Grid of isyaptotic Foglia*

Resistaace vs Velocity

7 9

105

continue...

0

tr

60WATER 0 : 13

50 -1

40 -4

30

20

10-

0

24

160°F

130°F

3

Velocity (ft/mac)

7

flu. VI-le Curves of Coastatt Surface fesperatore

os Grid of isysptstic !minim

lesistaace vs Velocity

WATER # : 14

9

22 -

20 -

18

16-

14

12

10-4

ea*

146°F

6-

4 130'F

2

0

3 a 7

Velocity (ft /ow)

fig. VI-6s Curves of Cosstast Surface Tesperatore

os Grid of isyiptotic bong

teoistaace vs Velocity

9

continue...

106

0

O

0

I

60

50

WATER 0 : 15

40

30

20

10-4

0

60

50

40

145°F

133°F

3 5 7 9

Velocity (fifeemc)

fig. 1I-6o Curves of Coestast Surface ?aspirators

om Grid of Isysptotic ?alias

Assistasce vs Velocity

WATER 0 : 16

30

20

10-4

0

160°F

146°F

130°F ss.

3 5 7 9

Velocity (ft /sec)

fig. VI -6p Carves of Contain Surface Tesperatire

oc Grid of Asymptotic foaling

lesistatce vs Velocity

continue...

107

40

36

30

26-"

20

15

10

5

0

WATER # ; 17

160°F

145F

130°F

3 5

Vsloc Ity (ft /sec)

Fig. 1I-61 Cleves of Coldest Sadao %operators

oa Grid of Isyaptotic

Resistatce vs Velocity

7 9

1.08

109

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

The use of threshold values

Consider water flowing in a 1 in I.D. tube at 1000F

with a wall surface temperature of 1450F. The high hardness

water contains the additive 2.5 ppm PP, 5.5 ppm OP, 2.5 ppm

AMP and 2.5 ppm PA. The pH is 7.0 (water no.12 in Table VI-

2). From Table VI-4, the wall shear stress should be greater

than .220 lbf/ft2, so that the fouling resistance would not

be greater than .0001 ft0 hr 0F/Btu after a long duration of

operation.

At a bulk temperature of 1000F for water:

f = 61.9 lbm/ft5

p = 4.6 x 10-4 ibm /ft sec

Determine velocity required to give wall shear stress of .22

lbf/ft2. Use Eq. 5-34:

.22 = (.0395) E(4.6)(10-m)72' (61.9)" p''5(32.17) (1/12)25

From which

V = 7.0 ft/sec

Determination of the Velocity-Surface Temperature Curve fora given value of Rf*

Water is flowing in a 0.75 inch I.D. smooth tube, at a

bulk temperature of 1000F. For both water No.1 (Table VI-2)

determine the relationship between velocity and surface

temperature so that the asymptotic fouling resistance would

not be expected to be greater than 0.0005 hr ft2 oF/Htu

110

Using Eq. 5-34 determine relationship between velocity

and shear stress.

At 1000F

P = 61.9 lbm/ft5

V = 4.60 x 10-4

T = .0395 [(4.60)(10-4)]-25 (61.9)-75 V1-75(32.17)(.75/12)-2'

T = (7.937)(10-5)V2--75

and V = 15.86 T-571

For water No.1 (Table VI-2)

a = -.954

b = -1.636

Cm = 2.11E+16 ft2 of /Btu

= 2.355E+04 hr

E = 58,800 Btu/lbmol

Solution

By Eq.7-1 to 7-4

Oc = (2.355E+04) T--"P64 Ts --L.856

Substituting velocity in place of shear stress as calculated

above:

Oc = (2.355E+04) [7.937E-03 V2-.75]--*"5 Ts-1-454

= (2.375E+06)V-1 -67° Ts-1 -656

Fv = exp(-4.6 T--57)

and replacing T with velocity

Fv = exp(-4.6 [7.937E-03)W-75]-57)

= exp(-.292 V)

Substituting these results into Eq.7-4 with Rf* = .0005 hr

of /Btu

111

.0005 = (2.11E+16)(exp(-.292V)(2.375E+06)V-"*.7° Ts-"66

exp-[ 58,8001.987 (Ts+460)

To obtain V as a function of Ts this equation must be solved

by trial and error. The equation is rearranged to express V

as a function of Ts and V and solved by the method of

successive substitution. The results are as follows for

several different surface temperatures.

TsOF V ft/sec

130 2.0140 2.7150 3.6160 4.6

Determination of Time Constant, Asymptotic FoulingResistance, and Fouling Resistance as a function of time.

Water with a composition equivalent to that of No.16 in

Table VI-2, at an average bulk temperature of 1000F flowing

in a .75 inch I.D. smooth tube. The velocity is 6 ft/sec,

and the average surface temperature is 1600F. Determine Oc,

Rf* and Rf as a function of time.

For water No.16:

a = -.611

b = -1.089

C3 = 4.06E+14 ft 0F/Btu

C4 = 4.235E03 hr

E = 52,400 Btu/lbmol

Properties of water at 1000F bulk temperature

P = 61.9 lbm/ft

V = (4.60)(10-4) ibm /ft /sec

Solution

From Eq.5-34

T = .0395 [(4.6)(10-4)] =5 (61.9)-.7° (6)"7°(32.17)(.75/12)."

= .182 lbf/ft=

By Eq.7-1

Oc = (4.235E+03)(.182)-ail (160)-'

= 47.7 hr

By Eq.7-2

Fv = exp(-4.6 (.182)"")

= .175

By Eq.7-4

52,400Rf* = (4.06E+14)(.175)(47.7) exp

(1.987)(160+460)1

= 1.1418E-3 hr ft= oF/Eitu

By Eq.7-3, the fouling resistance as a function of time is

given by

Rf = (1.1418E-3) [ 1-exp(-0/$9c) ]

The results are tabulated below:

0/ ec Time,hr Rf,hr ft= oF/Htu x

0 0.2 9.5.4 19.1.6 28.6

1 47.71.5 71.62 95.43 1434 191 (85 239 (106 286 (12m m

02.13.85.17.28.99.910.8

days) 11.2days) 11.3days) 11.4

11.4

112

113

VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY

Zinc-chromate is the most common treatment used in the

past and is an effective corrosion inhibitor, but because of

its toxicity to the environment, it is being replaced by

phosphate inhibitors. In this study, both inhibitors were

tested with different additive combinations. The results

show that they could be used without significant fouling as

long as suitable flow conditions were maintained. However

some were found to be considerably more effective than

others. The pH, velocity (shear stress), and heater surface

temperature significantly influence the fouling

characteristics of the various additive combinations that

have been studied. High velocity (8 ft/sec), low surface

temperature (1300F) and low pH (6.0 to 7.0) are conditions

at which virtually no deposition occurred for any of the

additive combinations.

The water with no inhibitor deposited calcium carbonate

at pH of 8.6 but not at a pH of 7.0. The fouling

characteristics of water containing high magnesium hardness

with 20 ppm CrO4 and 4 ppm Zn is not significantly different

from the water which contained virtually no magnesium

hardness. With this additive combination, it was determined

that at a pH level of 7.2 to 7.5, there was minimum fouling

if velocity is maintained greater than 5.5 ft/sec and

surface temperature less than 1600F. For water with 40 ppm

114

Cr04, 8 ppm Zn, fouling occurred at pH of 7.0, but fouling

could be minimized at this pH level when velocity is

maintained greater than 5.5 ft/sec and surface temperature

maintained lower than 1450F. With zinc-chromate inhibitor,

the deposit was mainly zinc silicate.

The presence of suspended solid in water containing 20

ppm Cr04 and 4 ppm Zn appears to slightly increase the

tendency for fouling. At pH 7.5, fouling could be minimized

if velocity is greater than 5.5 ft/sec and surface

temperature lower than 1450F. No interaction was apparent

between the zinc silicate deposit and aluminum silicate

suspended solids.

For water containing 20 ppm Cr04, 4 ppm Zn and 3 ppm

polyacrylate, at pH of 6.5 deposition occurred at surface

temperature of 1600F and all velocities investigated.

Periodic sloughing off the deposit occurred during the runs

and the curves are virtually identical at all velocities. In

all cases when fouling resistance reached about .0003 to

.0004 ft hr oF/Eltu, the deposit is removed followed by a

sudden drop in fouling resistance to a value near zero. At

pH of 7.5, insignificant fouling would be expected as long

as velocity is greater than 8 ft/sec and surface temperature

is 1300F or lower. The deposit with this additive

combination was zinc and calcium silicate. The presence of

polyacrylate appears to increase the the amount of calcium

in the deposit relative to zinc.

115

For water with the additive of 20 ppm Cram, 4 ppm Zn,

and 3 ppm.HEDP, insignificant fouling could be expected at

pH of 8.0, velocity above 5.5 ft/sec and surface temperature

is 160°F or lower. The presence of HEDP appeared to have a

beneficial effect in terms of extending the pH and surface

temperature threshold and permitting to use of velocities

less than 8 ft/sec. With this additiv'es combination, the

major constituents of the deposit are calcium and zinc

phosphate with a minimum amount of silica present. The

presence of organic phosphate (HEDP) appears to favor the

deposition of phosphates rather than silicates.

When 20 ppm CrOm, 4 ppm Zn, 3 ppm HEDP and 3 ppm

polyacrylate were added into the water, significant fouling

occurred at pH of 6.5, surface temperature of 1600F and at

all velocities investigated. In all cases when a fouling

resistance reached a value of .0008 to .0009 ft2 hr OF /Btu,

sloughing of the deposit occurred and a sudden drop of

fouling was noted. Velocity appeared not to be a significant

parameter.

With the water containing 20 ppm CrOm, 4 ppm Zn, 2.5

ppm polyphosphate and 5.5 ppm orthophosphate insignificant

fouling would be expected at pH of 6.5, velocity of 8 ft/sec

and surface temperature of 1300F. In the pH range of 6.0 -

6.5, the addition of 2.5 ppm polyacrylate and 2.5 ppm AMP to

this water caused reduction in the fouling tendency.

For the water containing 20 ppm CrOm, 4 ppm Zn, 2.5 ppm

polyphosphate, 5.5 ppm orthophosphate, 2.5 ppm polyacrylate

116

and 2.5 ppm AMP, insignificant fouling could be expected at

pH of 7.0_or lower, velocity greater than 8 ft/sec, and

surface temperature lower than 1300F. The absence of zinc

chromate in this water resulted in less fouling, and

insignificant fouling could be expected at the same pH, but

at velocity greater than 5.5 ft/sec and surface temperature

lower than 1450F.

For zinc chromate inhibitors, the best additive

composition was 20 ppm CrO4, 4 ppm Zn, and 3 ppm HEDP.

The effect of discontinuing the addition of 2.5 ppm

polyacrylate and 2.5 ppm AMP in water containing 2.5 ppm

polyphosphate and 5.5 ppm orthophosphate was negligible and

the fouling rate behaves in much the same manner as when

polyacrylate and AMP were added to the water.

The effect of reducing pH 7.5 to 6.5 in water

containing 2.5 ppm polyphosphate and 5.5 ppm orthophosphate

resulted in a significant reduction in the fouling

resistance but not to the value of zero fouling resistance,

which indicates that this pH reduction caused the removal of

only some of the deposit.

For the additive combination of 2.5 ppm polyphosphate

and 2.5 ppm orthophosphate, little fouling was observed up

to pH of 7.5. However at pH of 8.0, extensive fouling

occurred and the deposit was removed periodically.

For water with 4.5 ppm polyphosphate and 5.5 ppm

orthophosphate, significant fouling occurred in the pH range

6.5 - 7.0 with greater fouling at the higher pH. For water

117

containing phosphate inhibitors at this level, insignificant

fouling could be expected at pH less than 6.5, velocity

greater than 5.5 ft/sec, and surface temperature lower than

1300F. When 3 ppm HEDP is added in addition to these

phosphate additives, at surface temperature of 1600F, the

presence of HEDP has no significant effect on the fouling

characteristics of water containing no HEDP. However at low

surface temperature (1300F), the presence of HEDP reduces

the fouling rate by about one half. When HEDP is present, a

longer time is taken to reach the asymptotic fouling

resistance.

Fouling of phosphate inhibitors was investigated on

four different heater surface materials: stainless steel,

carbon steel, 90/10 copper-nickel, and admiralty. No

significant difference was observed in the fouling rate on

these surfaces. The only difference noted was that during

the initial part of the tests, carbon steel always showed a

slightly greater initial deposition rate; but after this

initial period, the rate of fouling was virtually the same

as that on the other material surfaces.

The correlation of fouling data for seventeen different

water qualities using the HTRI model has provided parameters

which are specific for each water quality.

From this correlation, the asymptotic fouling

resistance as well as the fouling resistance-ime curve may

be predicted using the corresponding parameters for each

water quality. The correlation equation obtained for time

118

constant may used as a basis for determining the time

required for the fouling resistance reach a certain fraction

of the asymptotic fouling resistance.

Threshold curves developed for the seventeen different

water qualities may be used to select velocity/shear stress

and surface temperature of heater surface for each of those

water qualities, so that the fouling resistance is not

expected to be greater than some desired threshold value of

Rf*

Scale strength was found to be a strong function of not

only velocity/shear stress, but also surface temperature.

The results of this study can be applied to other

geometries, such as flow inside tubes, where the wall shear

stresses for flow inside tubes can be matched to those in

the annular test sections in which the tests were conducted.

In this study, under closely controlled conditions, the

fouling resistance obtained was in the absence of airborne

suspended solids, process leaks, biofouling, and corrosion.

Under field conditions, these factors may be contribute to

the fouling as well, Thus in the field the fouling

resistance may possibly have a higher value than that

obtained in the laboratory.

CONCLUSIONS

THE FOLLOWING SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED:

1. Velocity / shear stress, surface temperature and pH

significantly influence the fouling characteristics of

119

cooling tower water containing various additive

combinations.

2. It is possible to minimize fouling resulting from the

addition of corrosion inhibitors by maintaining certain

values of the controlling parameters.

3. Zinc chromate and phosphate inhibitors were tested with

different additives. Some were found to be considerably

more effective than others. Almost all could be use

successfully as long as the controlling parameters were

maintained at appropriate values.

4. High velocity (8 ft/sec), low surface temperature

(1300F) and low pH (6.0 - 7.0) are conditions at which

virtually no fouling occurs for any of the additive

combinations investigated.

5. For the zinc chromate inhibitor, the best additive

composition was 20 ppm Cr04, 4 ppm Zn, 3 ppm HEDP. It

could be expected to give Rf* < .0001 ft2 oF/Htu at V>=

5.5 ft/sec, TS =< 1600F, pH =< 8.0.

6. For the phosphate inhibitors at 4.5 ppm PP and 5.5 ppm

OP, Rf* < .0001 ft2 hr °F /Btu could be expected at V =>

3.0 ft/sec, TS =< 130 OF, pH =< 6.5.

7. Virtually no effect of the material of the heater

surface was observed with the exception of carbon steel

which exhibited slightly higher fouling rate at the

120

onset of a test, but the rate of fouling soon

approached to that for other materials.

8. The H.T.R.I. (Heat Transfer Research, Inc.)

deposition/removal fouling model correlates the fouling

data for 17 different water qualities. Thus, given

surface temperature (Ts) and shear stress (1), then

time constant (0c), asymptotic fouling resistance (Rf*)

and fouling resistance as a function of time (Rf=f(0))

may be calculated for a specific water quality.

121

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4. Charaklis, W.G. "Microbial Fouling". Proceedings of anInternational Conference on Fouling of HeatTransfer Equipment. E.F.C. Somerscales and J.G.Knudsen editors. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., NewYork, p. 251 (1981).

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15. Knudsen J.G., Santoso, E., Du-qi, Xu "The Effect ofZinc Chromate Corrosion Inhibitors on the FoulingCharacteristics of Cooling Tower Water". AICHESymposium Series, Vol. 80, No. 236 (1984).

16. Knudsen J.G., Santoso, E., Du-qi, Xu "The Effect ofCorrosion Inhibitors on the FoulingCharacteristics of Cooling Tower Water". Paperno.134, presented at Corrosion 85, NationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers, Boston, Mass.,March 1985.

17. Knudsen J.G., Santoso, E., Breske, T.C., Chenoweth,J.M., Donohue, J.A. "The Effect of CorrosionInhibitors on the Fouling Characteristics ofCooling Tower Water". paper presented at the 8thInternational Heat Transfer Conference, SanFrancisco, August 1986.

18. Knudsen J.G., Santoso, E., Breske, T.C., Donohue, J.M.,Chenoweth, J.M. "Fouling Characteristics ofCooling Tower Water Containing Phosphate CorrosionInhibitors". paper presented at 2nd ASME JSMEThermal Engineering Joint Conference, Honolulu,March 1987.

123

19. Lee, S.H., Knudsen, J.G. "Scaling Characteristics ofCooling Tower Water". ASHRAE Transactions, Vol.85,Part 2, No.2528, pp. 281-302 (1979).

20. Morse, R.W., Knudsen, J.G. "Effect of Alkalinity on theScaling of Simulated Cooling Tower Water". Vol.55, pp. 272-278 (1977).

21. Nathan, C.C., Donohue, J.M. "Causes and Prevention ofWater-Side Fouling in Industrial Heat ExchangeEquipment". paper for presentation at HeatTransfer Research, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, July(1974).

22. Puchorius, P.R. "Controlling Deposits in Cooling WaterSystems Material Performance". Vol. 11, No. 11,pp. 19-22, November (1972).

23. Reitzer, B.J. "Rate of Scale Formation in Tubular HeatExchangers". Industrial and Engineering ChemistryProcess Design and Development, Vol. 3, pp. 345-348 (1964).

24. Story, M.K. "Surface Temperature Effects on FoulingCharacteristics of Cooling Tower Water". AICHESymposium Series No. 174, Vol. 74, pp. 25-29(1978).

25. Suitor, J.W., Marner, W. J., Ritter, R. B. "The Historyand Status of Research in Fouling of HeatExchangers in Cooling Water Service". Presented atthe 16th National Heat Transfer Conference, August1976.

26. Taborek, J., Aoki, T., Ritter, R.B., Palen, J. W.,Knudsen, J.G. "Fouling The major UnresolvedProblem in Heat Transfer". Chemical EngineeringProgress, Vol. 68, pp. 59-67, February (1972), andVol. 68, pp. 69-78, July (1972).

27. Watkinson, A.P. and Epstein, N. "Fouling in a Gas OilHeat Exchanger". Chemical Engineering SymposiumSeries, Vol. 65, (1969).

28. Watkinson, A.P., Martinez, 0. "Scaling of HeatExchangers by Calcium Carbonate". ASME Journal ofHeat Transfer, Vol. 97, pp. 504-508 (1975).

APPENDICES

124

APPENDIX A

NOMENCLATURE

A Surface area, ft2

AA Area of flow in an annulus, ft2

AH Area of heated cross-section, ft2

b Exponent in eq.6-11

C1 -C, Constants

Foulant concentration, lbmole/ft3

Cp Heat capacity of water, Btu/lbm'oF

d Tube diameter, in

dl Outside diameter of an annuli, in

dm Inner diameter of an annuli, in

DIGLAS Inside diameter of glass tube, in

DROD Outside diameter of heater rod, in

E Energy of deposition, Btu/blmol

f Local friction coefficient, lbf/ft2

Fv Velocity dependent

g= = 32.17 lbm ft/lbf sect

h Convective heat transfer coefficient

K,Km..K4 Proportionality constants

k

K

Km

kf

L

M

m

n

0

Thermal conductivity of rod material, Btu/hr ft of

Fouling deposition rate, ft2 of /Btu

Constant in fouling removal rate term, hr-1

Thermal conductivity fouling deposit, Btu/hr ft0F

Length of heated section of rod, in

Mass flow rate, lbm/hr

Empirical constant

Exponent on water quality function

Rate of power supply, Btu/hr

125

126

Omv Power transducer reading, millivolts

r2 Correlation coefficient

R Heat transfer resistance, ft2 hr OF /Btu

Re Reynolds number

Rf Fouling resistance, ft2 hr OF /Btu

Rfi Fouling resistance of it' point, ft2 hr OF /Btu

(Rf), Final fouling resistance, ft2hr OF /Btu

Rf* Asymptotic fouling resistance, ft2 hr 0F/Btu

Rg Universal gas constant, Btu/lbmol oR

SS Sum of squares deviations

Temperature, OF

Tb Local bulk water temperature, OF

Tc Wall thermocouple temperature, OF

Tin Inlet bulk water temperature, °F

Tmv Temperature, millivolts

Is Temperature of fouling deposit surface, OF

Tw Wall temperature, OF

U Overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr ft°

Fluid velocity, ft/sec

W Mass flow rate, lbm/hr

WF Volumetric flowrate, gpm

Wmv Flow transducer, millivolts

xf Instantaneous fouling deposit thickness, in

x/k Thermal resistance of tube wall, ft2 hr 0F/Btu

Variables defined in section V

127

SUBSCRIPTS

avg Average value

c Clean condition

f Fouled condition

i Inside of tube

o Outside of tube

my Millivolts reading

GREEK LETTER

a Exponent in eq.6-11

0 Time, hr

ec Time constant, hr

Od Time at beginning of test when the fouling rate isessentially zero, hr.

Oi Time at its point, hr

p Viscosity, lbm/ft sec

P Density, lbm/ft

T Fluid shear stress at wall, lbg/ft2

Od Deposition rate, ft OF /Btu

Or Removal rate, Ft OF /Btu

Y Deposit strength factor

n Water quality function

128

APPENDIX B

CALIBRATION EQUATIONS

129

WATTMETER. TRANSDUCER

0 = 341.3 x Omv

where:

0 = heater power consumption, Btu/hr

Omv = wattmeter transducer reading, millivolts

(8-1)

THERMOCOUPLES: CHROMEL - CONSTANTANT (TYPE E)

T = 32.583 ( Tcm+5.02 Tcm,<-1.0 (8-2)

T = 38.529 ( Tcm,+4.72 )""d"" Tcm,k-1.0

where:

= temperature, OF

Tcm, = thermocouple output, millivolt

ROTAMETERS

WF = Flowcal (Wmv-4) (B-3)

where:

WF = volumetric flowrate, gpm

Flowcal = Constant, characteristics of flow transducer

Wmv = millivolt reading of flow transducer

130

APPENDIX C

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

131

Sample of the circulating water was analyzed daily for

total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), sulfate (904),

chloride (C1), silica (Si), and chromate (Cr04), zinc (Zn),

suspended solids (SS), orthophosphate (OP), polyphosphate

(PP), HEDP, AMP when they were added. Samples were also

taken at the beginning and at the end of each run.

Analysis for TH, CaH, Cl, and M-ilk were carried out

using analysis kits provided by Chemax, Inc. Industrial

Chemistry. Cr04, Zn, OP, PP, HEDP and AMP were analyzed

using chemical test kits and equipment from Hach Chemical

Company.

Suspended solids was analyzed using the procedure

outlined in Standard Method(1).

CHEMAX DROP TEST PROCEDURES

The procedures for each test are basically identical.

Initially, the titration bottle is filled with the sample to

the mark (10m1). After appropriate amount of reagents are

added, the solution is then titrated drop wise with titrant

solution to an endpoint, noticed by a specific color change.

TOTAL HARDNESS TEST

The reagents used are:

Reagent 1 : ammonium chloride-amonium hydroxide buffer

Reagent 2 : calmagite solution (0.2%)

Reagent 3 : EDTA solution (0.5%)

Five drops of reagent 1 and three drops of reagent 2 are

added to the 10 ml sample. If hardness is present, the

132

solution turns from lavender to red. This solution is then

titrated with reagent 3 using microburet until the last

trace of violet has disappeared, and the solution turns

blue.

TH (ppm CaC0m) = 150 (ml of reagent 3 used)

CALCIUM HARDNESS TEST

The reagents used are:

Reagent 1 : potassium hydroxide solution (8N)

Reagent 2 : Calver 2 indicator

Reagent 3 : EDTA solution (0.5%)

Two drops of reagent 1 and one capsule pillow of reagent are

added to the 10 ml sample. If calcium is present, the

solution turns to red. The solution is then titrated with

reagent 3 using microburet until the last trace of violet

has disappeared, and the solution turns to blue

CaH (ppm CaC0z) = 150 (ml of reagent 3 used)

Magnesium hardness, MgH (ppm CaC0z) is the difference

between total and calcium hardness.

CHLORIDE TEST

The reagents used are:

Reagent 1 : potassium chromate solution (5%)

Reagent 2 : silver nitrate solution

Two drops of reagent 1 are added to the 10 ml sample. The

solution is then titrated dropwise with reagent 2 until the

red-orange methylene end point is reached. One drop of

reagent 2 used is equivalent to 5 ppm as NaCL

133

M ALKALINITY TEST

The reagents used are:

Reagent 1 : mixed bromo-cresiel green and methyl red

solution (0.1%)

Reagent 2 : sulfuric acid (0.0503N)

One drop of reagent 1 is added to the 10 ml sample, if

alkalinity is present, the solution will turn to blush-

green. The solution is then titrated dropwise until the

color turns to red.

M-alk (ppm CaC0) = 5 (number of drops of reagent2

used)

HACH PROCEDURE

The chemical reagents used for the silica, sulfate,

zinc, chromate, phosphates and phosphonates tests are

supplied by Hach Chemical Company. Most of them are in the

powder from, packaged in individual pre-measured

polyethylene capsules called "powder pillow", which each

capsule contains the exact amount of reagent for each test.

The test were carried out using colorimeter model DRA 6418

and its manual procedures for the test was used.

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS - SOLID DETERMINATION PROCEDURE"'

The gravimetric analysis is based on determination of

constituents of material which involves weighing,

filtration, evaporation and combustion.

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS TEST

The sequence procedures and drying are:

134

1. The prewashed and dried filter from desiccator is

transferred with a tweezer to balance and the weight is

measured. The filter is then placed in a filtration

appartus and the suction is applied.

2. 50 ml sample is poured through the filter. Distilled

water is used to rinse first the sample container, then

the filter holder and finally the filter.

3. The filter is then removed with a tweezer and dried for

1 hour at 1030C using an aluminium desk to hold the

filter in drying oven. Finally the filter is cooled in

the desiccator before it is reweight.

SS(mg/1) = [weight from(3)mg weight from(1)mg]x 100050

135

APPENDIX D

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

136

FOULING RESISTANCE CALCULATION

The following procedure illustrates the calculation of

fouling resistance for a particular location of a

thermocouple (location A) in heater rod number 216, during

the run 117 in test section 1.

Specification of heater rod can be found in Table

III-1. For heater rod #216:

Rod outside diameter = DROD = 0.4223 in

Heated section length = L = 3.85 in

Glass rod inner diameter = DIGLAS = 0.75 in

CLEAN CONDITION

Determination of hi /vi

Raw data from datalogger output:

(Tin) = -1.21 my 0m, = 5.13 my

(Tc)m, = 0.68 my Wm, = 8.35 my

Conversion of data to appropriate units for (Tin),,, (Tc)m,,

and WF from appendix B:

Tin = 32.583 (5.02-1.21)°- = 115.950F

Tc = 38.529 (4.72+0.68)0-°" ° = 168.940F

WF = 0.544 (8.35-4.0) = 2.37 gpm

Q = 341.3 x 5.13 = 1751 Btu/hr

Annular flow area

AA = n x 1 ( (DIGLAS)2 - (DROD)' )

4 144

= n x 1 ( (0.75)2 (0.4223)2 )

4 144

= 2.095x10-3 ft2

V = WF7.4805 x 60 x AA

2.377.4805 x 60 x 2.095x10-2

= 2.52 ft/sec

where 7.4805 is the dividing factor to convert gallons to

ft'5

Local Bulk Temperature

Rod heated area:

AH = n (DROD/12) ( L/12)

= n (0.4223/12) (3.85/12)

= 3.5471x10-2 ft2

From eq. (5-3)

Tb = 0 + Tin (5-3)8.0208 (e)(Cp)(WF)

1751 + 115.958.0208 (62.37)(1)(2.37)

= 117.430F

Local Surface Temperature

From eq. (5-4)

Ts.= Tc - 0 /AHk/x

= 168.94 - (1751 / 3.5471x10-2)6414

= 161.240F

Local Film Coefficient

From eq. (5-5)

h. = 0 /AHTs. Tb

(5-4)

(5-5)

137

1751 / 3.5471.43 x 10-2( 161.24 117.43 )

= 1127 Btu/hr ft2oF

and

K = hV=m

= 1127 / (2.52)

= 477 Btuhr ft2 (ft/sec).:3

where

(5-6)

.7 if V > 4 ft/sec

.93 otherwise

The average value of K, Kavg, is found by repeating the

above procedure for each of the 10 scans at the beginning of

the run, and using eq. (5-7). The result is given below

10Kavg = 1 E (hi/Vim)

10

= 463 Btuhr ft2 °F (ft/sec)-

FOULED CONDITION

DETERMINATION OF Rf

(Data collected on July 12, 1983 at 2.00 am.)

Raw Data

(Tin)m, = -1.17mv Om, = 5.04 my

(Tc)m, = 1.05mv Wm, = 8.25 my

Conversion of data to appropriate units from appendix B

Tin = 32.583 (5.02-1.17)°- = 117.110F

Tc = 38.529 (4.72+1.05) D-274'5 = 179.040F

(5-7)

138

WF = -.544 (8.25-4.0) = 2.31 gpm

v = WF / (7.4805x6OxAA)

= 2.31 / (7.4805x60x2.095x10-2)

= 2.46 ft/sec

0 = 341.3x5.04 = 1720 Btu/hr

Local Bulk Temperature

From eq. (5-3)

Tb 1720 + 117.118.0208 (62.37) (1) (2.31)

= 118.600F

Local Film Coefficient

h = Kavg vm

= (463) (2.46)-93

= 1069 Btu/hr ft2 of

Local Surface Temperature

From eq. (5-9)

Ts = 1720 / (3.5471x10-2) + 118.601069

= 163.960F

Local Fouling Resistance

From eq. (5-10)

Rf = (179.04 - 163.96) - 1

(1720 / 3.5471x10-2) 6414

= 1.55x10-4 ft2 hr ofBtu

(5-8)

139

140

ERROR ESTIMATION

CLEAN CONDITION

0/AH = 1751 / 3.5471x10-2 = 49364 Btu/hr ft2 OF

from eq.(5-12)

d0 = .005 = 9.7466x10-45.13

from eq.(5-11)

d(Q /AH) = 9.7466x10-4 + .0005 + .005(0/AH) .422 3.85

= 3.4582x10-2

from eq. (5-13)

dTin = (.949)(.005) = 1.2454x10-2Tin (-1.21+5.02)

dTc = (.8765)(.005) = 8.1157x10-4Tc (.68 + 4.72 )

form eq. (5-17)

dWF = .005 = 1.1494x10-2WF (8.35-4)

and eq. (5-16) and (5-15)

Zm = 8.0208 (62.37)(1)

= 500.3

Z. = 17511751+500.3 (115.95)(2.37)

= 0.01258

Thus, from eq. (5-14)

dTb = .01258 1 9.7466x10-4 +1.1494x10 -3+ 500.3(2.37)(115.95)Tb L 1751

(1.2454x10-2) 1

J

= 1.2569x10-2

141

From eq. (5-19)

Zm =.(6414) (168.94) - 49364

= 1.0342x106

and from eq. (5-18)

dTs. = 49364 [(6414)(168.94)(8.1157x10-4)+3.4582x10- +

Ts. 1.0342x106 49364

50 16414 -I

= 1.3875x10-

from eq. (5-20)

dh =3.4582x10-3+161.24(1.3875x10-)+(117.43)(1.2569x10-)h. (161.24-117.43) (161.24-117.43)

= 1.1934x10-

Fouled Condition

Q/AH = 1720 / 3.5471x10-2

= 48490 Btu/hr ftz of

from eq. (5-12)

dO = .005 = 9.9206x10-45.04

from eq. (5-11)

d(0/AH) = 9.9206x10-1 + .0005 + .005(Q/AH) .422 3.85

= 3.4756x10-3

from eq. (5-13)

dTin = (.949)(.005) = 1.2325x10-3Tin

and

dTc

(-1.17+5.02)

= (.8765)(.005) = 7.5953x10*Tc (1.05+4.72)

from eq. (5-17)

142

dWF = .005 = 1.1765x10-3WF (8.25-4)

and eq. (5-16) and (5-15)

Zm = 8.0208 (62.37)(1)

= 500.3

17201720 + 500.3 (117.11) (2.31)

= .01255

from eq. (5-14)

dTb = .01255 [ 9.9206x10-4 + 1.1765x10-3 + 500.3(2.31)Tb

(117.11) (1.2325x10-3)1720

From eq. (5-23)

dh = 1.1934x10-h

and from eq. (5-22)

Z4 = 48490 + (1069)(118.60)

= 1.7532x10°

From eq. (5-21)

dTs = 48490 3.4756x10-3 + 1.1934x10-7 +Is 1.7532x10°

(1069) (118.60) (1.2443x10-3)48490

= 5.1618x10-11

Finally, from eq. (5-25)

Z5 = (6414) (179.04 - 163.96 ) 48490

= 48233

and eq. (5-24)

143

rdRf = 6414 1(179.04) (7.5953x10-.4)+(163.96)(5.1618x10-3)Rf 48233 L

+ (179.04-163.96)+ 48490 ( 50 )

6414 6414

.1454

The maximum error of fouling resistance is = 14.54 %

SHEAR STRESS CALCULATION

Shear stress applied to HTRI test section at bulk temperture

of 1150F.

dm = DIGLAS

= .750 in

c12. = DROD

= .420 in

61.66 lbm/ft3

from eq. (5-30)

dimakl= (.7503-.4202) = .383 inln(.7503/.4202)

and eq. (5-29)

4rH = (.7502-.3332)/.750 = .306 in

from eq. (5-28)

Re = (.306)(V)(61.66) = (3.987)(103) V(12)(1.42/3600)

f = (.076) ((3.987)(103) V ]--35

= (9.564)(10-3) V--33

from eq. (5-32)

12 = (9.564)(10-3) V--2e. (61.66)(V2)(2) (32.2)

= (9.157)(10-3) V-'

38S/14=A6 cc-TA (c-OT)(9TT'T) = (c4k/kCII) '1

cc-TA (=-0T)(9TT.T) =

222.--zOGL. (=OZt7.-222.) (OZ1./OGL') cc-TA (c-OT)(LGT.6) -=

(22_G) .ba pue

ti7T

145

APPENDIX E

SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

146

A summary of runs 117 through 301 in run sequence is

shown in table E-1. This table indicates the run duration,

the run conditions (velocity, surface temperature and pH),

and additives.

The results for the final fouling resistance are shown

in the series of figures E-1 through E-18. These are

pictorial representation of all 185 runs grouped according

to the cooling water with the same additives in each figure.

Temperature-velocity matrices are shown at various levels

and the pH levels are indicated on the left. Not all cells

in the matrices were tested. Those cells that contain a

number in the lower part of the cell indicate that a test

was run and this number is the run number. The numbers in

the centers of the cells indicate the value of the final

fouling resistance, (Rf)p, (ft oF/Htu)x104, at the

completion of a test. When a cell is divided in half (or

third) by a broken line, contains two (or three) sets of

numbers, these are duplicate runs. When the symbol "#" is an

indication that the fouling resistance was still increasing

at a significant rate when the run was terminated. The

asterisk (*) indicates that the deposit removal occurred

during a run. In this case, the (Rf)p value reported is the

highest value observed during the test.

The symbols CS, Ad, and C-N refer to Carbon Steel,

Admiralty and 90/10 copper/nickel. If non of these symbols

appear, the material used is stainless steel.

Another notations used in the appendix is given below:

147

Run no : number of test run

** : acid leak during run

*** : wall thermocouple failed during run

148

TABLE: E -1 Summary of Runs

: RUN :DURATION: VELOCITY: SURFACE : pH SURFACE :

No. ! (hr) (ft/sec): TEMP.(F) :MATERIAL:

No Additives (Fig. E-1)

117 : 210118 : 285

2.5 164 8.6 SS2.6 156 6.5 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn (Fig. E-2)

119 148 2.5 161 6.8 SS120 590 5.5 156 6.7 SS121 351 3.0 161 6.7 SS122 124 5.5 156 7.2 SS123 369 5.4 156 7.8 SS124 493 3.2 160 7.8 SS125 : 266 8.1 159 7.8 SS

36-44 ppm Cr04, 6-10 ppm Zn (Fig. E-3)

126 183 5.5 156 6.5 SS127 178 3.0 159 6.5 SS128 179 3.0 130 6.5 SS129 155 5.8 158 7.0 SS130 155 3.0 159 7.0 SS131 369 3.1 129 7.0 SS132 221 5.6 143 7.0 SS133 145 3.0 145 7.0 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 200 ppm SS (Fig. E -4)

134 336 8.0 165 6.5 SS135 336 5.5 164 6.5 SS136 312 2.9 163 6.5 SS137 432 7.9 160 7.0 SS138 432 5.4 161 7.0 SS139 432 3.0 160 7.0 SS140 456 8.1 159 7.5 SS141 456 5.6 159 7.5 SS142 480 3.1 159 7.5 SS143 192 5.6 145 7.5 SS144 240 3.1 145 7.5 SS145 240 3.1 130 7.5 SS146 336 5.7 145 8.0 SS147 336 3.0 144 8.0 SS148 336 3.2 130 8.0 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3 -4 ppm Zn (Fig. E-5)

149 376 8.0 157 7.5 SS150 376 5.5 159 7.5 SS151 376 3.0 159 7.5 SS

RUNNo.

TABLE: E-1 (cont.)

:DURATION: VELOCITY:(hr) i (ft/sec):

Summary of

SURFACE 1

TEMP.(F)

Runs

pH :SURFACE:MATERIAL:

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm HEDP (Fig. E-6)

152 233 8.0 159 7.5 SS153 233 5.4 159 7.5 SS154 1 233 3.0 159 7.5 SS155 77 8.0 160 6.0 SS156 77 5.5 159 6.0 SS157 1 77 3.0 159 6.0 SS158 1 114 8.0 160 6.5 SS159 1 114 5.5 159 6.5 SS160 1 114 3.0 159 6.5 SS161 186 8.0 160 7.0 SS162 186 5.5 159 7.0 SS163 186 3.0 158 7.0 1 SS

18 -22ppm Cr04,3-4ppm Zn,2-4ppm HEDP,2-4ppm PA (Fig.E-7)

164 317 8.1 158 6.5 SS165 1 317 5.6 158 6.5 SS166 1 317 3.0 159 6.5 SS

18 -22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm PA (Fig. E-8)

167 339 8.0 155 6.5 SS168 339 7.9 157 6.5 SS169 1 214 2.9 157 6.5 SS170 1 242 8.0 126 6.5 SS171 242 5.7 140 6.5 SS172 1 242 3.0 126 6.5 SS173 166 8.1 131 7.0 SS174 t 166 5.7 146 7.0 SS175 1 166 3.0 131 7.0 SS176 319 7.9 129 7.5 SS177 319 5.4 144 7.5 SS178 1 319 3.0 128 7.5 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn (Fig. E-9)

179 t 295 7.9 158 7.5 SS180 1 295 5.6 158 7.5 SS181 1 295 3.1 158 7.5 SS182 1 65 7.9 158 8.0 SS183 65 5.7 158 8.0 SS184 S 65 2.9 159 8.0 SS185 1 265 8.1 158 8.2 SS186 1 265 2.5 159 8.2 SS187 1 265 3.1 158 8.2 SS

149

150

TABLE: E-1 (cont.) Summary of Runs

RUN :DURATION: VELOCITY: SURFACE 1 pH SURFACENo. : (hr) : (ft/sec): TEMP.(F) : :MATERIAL!

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm HEDP (Fig. E-10)

188 92 8.0 158.80 7.0 SS189 92 5.5 1 158.30 7.0 SS190 92 3.0 159.20 7.0 SS191 96 8.0 1 158.60 7.5 SS192 96 5.6 158.80 7.5 SS193 t 96 3.0 159.30 7.5 SS194 163 7.9 158.70 8.0 SS195 1 163 5.4 159.90 8.0 SS196 163 3.0 1 158.60 8.0 SS197 310 8.1 159.60 7.0 SS198 310 5.7 158.60 7.0 SS199 310 3.0 160.20 7.0 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn (Fig. E-9)

200 362 8.0 160 6.5 SS201 362 5.5 160 6.5 SS202 362 3.1 158 6.5 SS

18-22ppm Cr04,3-4ppm Zn,2-4ppm HEDP,2-4ppm PA (Fig. E-7)

203 265 8.0 158 7.5 SS204 265 5.5 158 7.5 SS205 265 3.0 158 7.5 SS

18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm PP (Fig. E-11)

206 435 8.0 160 6.0 SS207 435 5.6 160 6.0 SS208 1 435 3.0 159 6.0 SS209 l 350 8.0 129 6.0 SS210 I 350 5.6 143 6.0 SS211 1 350 3.0 129 6.0 SS212 I 329 7.9 130 6.5 SS213 S 329 5.6 145 6.5 SS214 329 3.0 130 6.5 SS

151

RUNNo.

18-22

TABLE: E-1 (cont.) Summary of Runs

:DURATION: VELOCITY: SURFACE I pH(hr) (ft/sec): TEMP.(F)

ppm Cr04, 3-4 ppm Zn, 2.5 ppm PA, 2.52.5 ppm PP, 2.5 ppm OP (Fig E-12)

:SURFACE:MATERIAL:

ppm AMP,

215 1 352 8.0 159 6.0 SS216 1 352 5.5 160 6.0 SS217 : 352 3.0 160 6.0 SS218 : 114 8.1 144 6.0 SS219 : 114 5.6 144 6.0 SS220 : 114 3.0 144 6.0 SS221 1 228 7.9 146 6.0 SS222 : 228 5.5 146 6.0 SS223 1 228 3.0 146 6.0 SS224 : 405 8.0 145 6.0 SS225 : 405 5.4 145 6.0 SS226 1 405 3.0 145 6.0 SS227 : 498 8.0 145 6.5 SS228 : 430 2.5 143 6.5 SS229 : 498 3.1 145 6.5 SS230 : 242 3.0 129 6.5 SS231 : 242 2.9 159 6.5 SS232 1 242 3.1 144 6.5 SS233 1 285 8.0 130 7.0 SS234 : 285 5.6 130 7.0 SS235 : 285 3.0 130 7.0 SS

2.5ppm PA,2.5ppm AMP,2.5ppm PP,and 5ppm OP (Fig. E-13)

236 : 309 8.1 160 7.0 SS237 : 309 5.6 160 7.0 SS238 : 309 3.0 161 7.0 SS239 I 161 3.0 130 7.0 SS240 : 161 5.5 144 7.0 SS241 : 161 3.1 143 7.0 SS242 : 116 3.0 131 7.5 SS243 I 116 5.6 145 7.5 SS244 : 116 3.0 145 7.5 SS245 : 276 7.5 SS246 : 276 7.5 SS247 : 276 7.5 SS

2-3 ppm PP and 2-3 ppm OP (Fig. E-14)

245 1 114 8.0 156 7.5 SS245 1 104 6.5 SS246 1 114 5.5 157 7.5 SS246 : 104 6.5 SS247 1 114 3.0 156 7.5 SS247 I 104 6.5 SS

: RUN: No.

:DURATION::

TABLE: E-1 (cont.)

VELOCITY:(hr) I (ft/sec):

2-3 ppm PP and 2-3

Summary of

SURFACE :

TEMP.(F)

ppm OP (Fig.

Runs

pH

E-15)

SURFACE :

:MATERIAL:

248 255 8.0 160 6.5 SS249 255 5.5 160 6.5 SS250 255 3.0 160 6.5 SS248 150 8.0 160 7.4 SS249 150 5.5 160 7.4 SS250 150 3.0 160 7.4 SS

251 191 5.5 160 7.9 SS252 191 5.5 160 7.9 Ad253 191 3.0 160 7.9 C/N

4-5 ppm PP and 5 -6 ppm OP (Fig. E-16)

254 243 8.0 158 6.6 SS255 243 5.4 159 6.6 SS256 243 3.0 159 6.6 SS257 219 8.0 144 6.5 SS258 219 5.5 129 6.5 SS259 219 3.0 143 6.5 SS260 189 8.2 158 7.0 SS261 189 5.6 160 7.0 SS262 189 3.1 160 7.0 SS263 143 8.1 128 6.9 SS264 143 5.5 128 6.9 SS265 143 3.0 130 6.9 SS

266 24 8.0 161 6.4 SS

267 24 5.6 158 6.4 SS268 24 3.1 158 6.4 SS269 91 8.0 158 6.6 SS270 91 5.4 160 6.6 SS271 91 3.0 159 6.6 SS272 142 8.3 158 6.5 SS273 142 5.6 157 6.5 Ad

274 142 2.9 159 6.5 C/N

4-5 ppm PP and 5-6 ppm OP (Fig. E-17)

275 : 137 3.0 158 6.5 SS

276 I 137 3.0 161 6.5 Ad277 : 137 3.0 159 6.5 C/N

152

TABLE: E-1 (cont.) Summary of Runs

RUN :DURATION: VELOCITY: SURFACE : pH :SURFACE :

No. : (hr) 1 (ft/sec): TEMP.(F) :MATERIAL:

4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP, 2-4 ppm HEDP (Fig. E-18)

278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301

.'

.'

: .

.'

.'

.'

.'

,'

.'

.'

,'

.'

.'

.'

,'

i'

.'

.'

i'

.'

.'

.'

.'

.'

212212212118118118194194194178178178196196196276276276227227227181181181

3.03.03.02.85.63.13.05.63.03.05.63.08.08.23.18.18.03.08.08.13.03.02.93.0

160160159130129130130130132160161160160144145144144144145145145160160160

6.56.56.56.56.56.57.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.06.56.56.56.06.06.0

:

:

:

1

:

:

:

:

:

SSAd

C/NSSAd

C/NSSAd

C/NSSAd

C/NSSAd

C/NSSCS

C/NSSCS

C/NSSCSAd

:Additives:

:Cr04 chromate as Na2 Cr04:Zn zinc as ZnSO4:AMP aminomethylene phosphonate (Monsanto 2000):HEDP 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, diphosphonic acid (Monsanto:PA polyacrylate (Goodrich K732):PP polyphosphate as Na2P207

:Surface Materials:

:Ad admiralty brass:C/N 90/10 coppernickel:CS carbon steel:SS stainless steel

153

154

FIGURES E-1 through E-18.MATRIX CHARTS SHOWING RESULTS FOR RUN SERIES

FIGURE E-1 (Russ 117-118)No WNW.,

FIGURE E-2 (Rees 119-125)Addithres: 19-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zs

FIGURE E-3 (Rees 126.133)Additives: 39.44 ppm C:04,9-10ipm Zs

FIGURE E -4 (Rees 134-148)Additives: 18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zs with 206 ppm Suspended Solids

FIGURE E-5 (Rees 149-151)Additives: 18-22 ppm 004, 3-5ppas Zs

FIGURE E-6 (Rees 152-163)Additives: 18-22 ppm C:04, 3-5ppm Zee, 2-4 ppm HEDP

FIGURE E-7 (Roes 164-166 sad 200-202)Additives: 19-22 ppm C:04, 3-5 ppm Zs, 2-4 ppm H EDP, 2-4 ppm PA

FIGURE E-11 (Rees 197-178)Additives: 18-22 ppm Cr04, 3- 5ppees Zee, 2.4 ppm PA

FIGURE E-9 (Rees 179-187 and 203-20S)Additives: 18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-3ppm Zs

FIGURE E-10 (Rees 188-199)Additives: 18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zs, 2-4 ppil EDP

FIGURE E-11 (Rues 206-214)Additives: 18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zs, 2-4 ppm PP

FIGURE E-12 (Rees 215-235)Additives: 19-22 ppm Cr04, 3- 5ppen Zs, 2.5 ppm PA, 2.5 ppm AMP, 2.S ppm PP, 2.5 ppm OP

FIGURE E-13 (Rums 239-247s)Additives: 2.S ppm PA, 2.5 ppm AMP, 2.5 ppm PP, S ppm OP

FIGURE E-14 (Russ 245bic247bac)Additives: 2.5 ppm PP, 5-7 ppm OP

FIGURE E-1S (Rees 2488-253)

155

Additives: 2-3 ppm PP, 2-3 ppm OP

FIGURE E-16 (Runs 254-274)

Additives: 4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP

FIGURE E-17 (Runs 275-277)

Additives: 4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP

FIGURE E-18 (Runs 271-301)

Additives: 4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP, 2-4 ppm HEDP

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-1 (Runs 111-1111)No Inhibitor

156

continue...

pH 7.8

pH 7-2

Arv 251.3

4.623

24#24

130 145

3.0

5.5

8.0

1.0122

pH 8-8

130 145 160

12121

191.0130 145 160

TEMPERATURE, F

0.8

FIGURE E-2 (Runs 119425)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zn

5.5

8.0 4

5.5

3.0 Or

3.929

1.4 1.8 9.3pH 7.0 131 33 130

130. 145 160

0.4126

pH 6.0.4

1281.4

127 3.0

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-3 (Runs 126-133)36-44 ppm Cr04, 6-10Fum Zn

5.5

continue...

157

pH 8.0

pH 7.5

pH 7.0

Air 5.5

3.30 4.548 47130 145 160

3.0

0.540

42.2 5.5

0.7 f.4145 44130 145

3.0

1.0137

ArAliPr5.5Air 3.8139

pH 6.5

130 145 160

36

8.0

8.0

350.3

1

1.4

130 145 160TEMPERATURE F

8.0

5.5 ('c.

3.0 (fj

FIGURE E-4 (Runs 134-148)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3 -5 ppm Zn with 200 ppm Suspended Solids

continue...

158

pH 7.5

pH 7.5

pH

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-5 (Runs 149-151)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zn

.0

pH 6.5

pH 6.

1541 30 1 45 160

8.0 boa

5.5 FS

""\3.0

4\'0`"

170,.1 2. 1-

52 8.0

*1 2.35

22*3.0

5.5

170 F1 1.4

61

1.762

130 145

7.263 3.0

5.5

170F0.5

8 8.0

0.259

0.260

1 30 I45 160

5

5.5

170 F0Ar0

56

0.257

I30 I45 I60TEMPERATURE, F

8.0 boo

.1 5.5 <<`"

3.0 0C>

FIGURE E-6 (Runs 152-163) continue...18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm HEDP

159

130 145 160TEMPERATURE F

FIGURE E-7 (Runs 164-166 and 200-202)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3- 5ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm HEDP, 2-4 ppm PA

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-8 (Runs 167-178)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm PA

continue...

160

130 145 160TEMPERATURE) F

FIGURE E-9 (Runs 179-187 and 203-205)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5ppm Zn

continue..

161

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-10 (Runs 188-199)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3-5 ppm Zn, 2-4 ppnHEDP

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

162

FIGURE E-11 (Runs 206-214) continue...18-22 ppm Cr04, 3- 5ppm Zn, 2-4 ppm PP

pH 7.0

pH 6.

PH 6.0

0.9233

345.0Alr

5.59.1 4.

235130 145

3.0

1.427 8.0

AV"3.5 6 18.1

30 29232 231130 145 160

-7/6.3/0.918 '221/224

"IP

4.6y3.3/ 7.7 620 /223/226 17

130 45 160TEMPERATURE, F

5.5

6.1#15

1

8.0 etc.k

16 5.5 '3.0

FIGURE E-12 (Runs 215-235)18-22 ppm Cr04, 3 -5ppm In, 2.5 ppm PA, 2.5 ppm AMP, 2.5 ppm PP, 2.5 ppm OP

pH 7.5

pH 7.0

7.845a

11.046a

2.0* 19 16.0*42 44 247a130 145 160

37

1.9239

1.4241 38

9.2

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

38

5.5

0.2

8.0

c°1'

8.0 c,

2.5 5.5I

os-1/41

3.0 OC>4.,"

FIGURE E-13 (Runs 236-247a)2.5 ppm PA, 2.5 ppm AMP, 2.5 ppm PP, 5 ppm OP

163

continue...

pH 7.5

pH 5.5

7.8

pH

7.5

6.5

130 145 160TEMPERATURE? F

FIGURE E-14 (Runs 245b &c- 247b&c)2.5 ppm PP, 5-7 ppm OP

c°

8.0 tc.

l5.5

<1/41

3.0 CP

130 145

At*, or*3.3/17:7

v 2'Ad 5.5

24.6

253N 3.0

48b

1.0

* *49b 5.5

**SOb

130 145 1603.0

8.0

.e 49a

0248a

0.3

0.150a

130 145 160TEMPERATURE, F

FIGURE E-15 (Runs 2411a-253)2-3 ppm PP, 2-3 ppm OP

continue...

164

7.0

6.5

6.5

3.0Ai 60

.te*10.1

es r 8.0

APIIIVAli5.5ASTAIA73.0

130 145 160

1

.**1.0 3.2/1.8 42.4

57 54 289 272

0.5 9.5/**/10./ Ad258 55 70 /273

4.4 / 4sy**:28.1259 258/271/2fZN

30 145 "1"--16011

TEMPERATURE) F

8.0 zc'co

FIGURE E-16 (Runs 254-274)4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP

130 145 '--.160TEMPERATURE) F

FIGURE E-17 (Runs 275-277)4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP

continue...

165

7.0

pH

6.5

6.0

145/

4.0/15.1/0 /Ad3 94 91 9

2*.3 10.8JP

a65 8841. .1 4, aft / arit Arie / 04.8 4.9 a. 18. 7. a.

84 /2 8- 95 /292 287/289130 1 5

0.5d

3.0

or0.3 /1.4/CS

Arga 1/ xr * *1.4 2.5 8.5 3/ 3- 14.d Ad -N281 2 3 N

95 78, 279/280130 145 "f"----160.1

3.0

3.

5.5

8.0

5.5

5.84* ale

5.1A.5.8 "d99 3001301

130 145 1604TEMPERATURE 1 F

FIGURE E-18 (Runs 278-301)4-5 ppm PP, 5-6 ppm OP, 2.4 ppm HEDP

166

167

APPENDIX F

FOULING RESISTANCE (Rf) VS TIME - PLOTS

Beginning with run 173, these symbols are used on pH,

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218

APPENDIX 6

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229

APPENDIX H

DEPOSIT COMPOSITION

1,1,11011 I lADIITIVES I)

123

4

i

12

125

1. 129

IS 13011

SI,11. 139

149

s:

:I 151

50

152

153SI11 154

1: 161

162

16311 164

1

166

1 6:111

1610101 177

178

182SO0. 183

1841: 1

18611 0711 225f.11 226

228

22911 231

23211 23711 238II 24411 245

I: 246

II 247

251252 9,12

II 253 9,12

II 260 10,12

261 10,12

:1 262 1 10,1211 263 10,1211 264 10,12

II 265 1 10,12

1: 270 10,12': 271 10,12

11 272 10,12

273 1 10,1211 274 10,12

11 275 10,12

1: 276 1 10,1211 277 1 10,1211 278 6,12,10:: 279 6,12,101: 290 6,12,10

1: 287 1 6,12,101: 288 1 6,12,10

:1 290 6,12,10

1: 291 6,12,10 6 3 4

11 293 6,12,10 4 6 4

11 294 : 61210 3 S 4

:1 295 6:12:10 4 6 4iSSIS8888288U 222222 WS* 222222222 2881112 222222222222 882282 2222222222 2/12SMESUOUS8811228811USURSIMISSUUSIXSUMS

aaa

TABLE: H-1

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DEPOSIT COMPOSITIONS

Na 11, Al

as as as

Na28 1110 A1203

1,2 xx 5

1,2 xx 3

1,2 5

4,5

4,5

1,2,3

1,2 5 1

1,2 3 1

1,2 7 2

1,2,6 x x

1,2,6 x x

1,2,6 x x

1,2,6 x x

1,2,6 x x

1,2,6 x

1,2,6,7 1 1

1,2,6,7 2 6

1,2,6,7 1 5

1,2,7 3 9

1,2,7 1 6

1,2,7 2 12

1,2 1 5

1,2 3 4

1,2 12 4

1,2 7 2

1,2 15 1

1,2,7,8,9,10 6 23

1,2,7,1,1,10 7 20

1,2,7,8,9,10 4 2 21

1,2,7,8,9,10 5 2 18

1,2,7,8,9,10 12 1 1

1,2,7,8,9,10 12 3

7,8,9,10 10 1 1

7,8,9,10 7 2 1

7,8,9,10 3 3 3

7,8,9,10 4 3 1

7,1,9,10 4 4 1

7,8 9,10 1 1 1

9,1f 7

7

1 9 1

2 6 3

2 4 3

1 3 3

3 5 4

3 6 4

3 5 4

5 5 4

4 5 4

6 4 15 4 14

5 4 96 5 5

7 5

6 3 5

5 5 4

5 3 4

5 5 4

2 3 11

2 3 12

2 3 3

230

Si

as

Si203

6570

6046

41

57

43$5

4721

2026

x

x

x

715

12

2328

3548

54

6067

63

17

17

16

15

2

53

3

82

3

2

15

1319

5

54

6

7

7

67

7

1187

7

16

7

11

8

7

6

7

( 1 et )

S Cl

as as

S03 Cl-

1 xx

1

1

1

1 9

1

1

1

1 1

2 3

1 2

8 3

xx xx

xx xx

xx xx

xx xx

xx xx

xx xx

xx xx

2 2

3 1

1

1 1

1

1

21

1

2 1

2

2 1

2 1

3

5

5

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

5

4

3

3

33

3

6

6

5

3

3

4

3

K

asK20

xx

xx

xx

xx

2

1

Ca

asCa0

4

5

3

1

1

9

4

9

11

14

x

x

x

2927

27

2925

30

66

3

6

2

19

1117

18

292734

37

41

41

41

54414840384249

34

32

33

3233

2519

252129

20303230

21

24

4333

33

3333

Cr

as

Cr203

xx

2

2

1

SOMS8841228811.

Fe Co Zs

as as as

Fe203 Coo ZnO

1 25

2 20

2 30

5 49

9 47

3 27

3 28

1 323 17

3 36

3 35

2 31

x

x

x

3 16

4 10

2 12

16 5

4 177 14

2 38

2 31

3 18

xx 21

1 18

6 3

5 3

6 1 2

6 3

1 91 1 8

1 8

1 4

1 1

1 2

2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 3

2 1 3

5 1 3

5 1 2

4 3 3

2 1 3

2 1 4

3 1 3

2 1 22 1 3

2 1 3

7 1 1

6 1 1

2 1

3

1

42

1 1

1

1

6 1

1 1 1

Pas

P205

1

1

1111

21

x

x

x

x

3931

38

1

xx

xx

xx

xx

26

29

23

264340

42

44

37

45

45

36

27

2824

39

34

31

40

4040

40

39

3838

34

39

383841

39

40

3938

34

33

3740

Ni

as

Ni0

1

Ti 11

as 1:

TiO2 11

1111.1

:I111111..

11....

..

..

11

11

I'

1i

1I....1111... .

....

1!

11

2 II

1111111/11.,........11

..

..

..

..

111111....

::110 1

..

..

11..

11

11

It

I.....,...

1:

11

1111

1111....

1:1111............

1111

If11

:1

11

I:

11

:1

111111

11

II..

11

II

1) 1: 18-22 ppm chromate 6: 2- 4 ppe HEIP

2: 3- 5 ppm zinc 7: 2- 4 ppm polyacrylate

3: 200 ppm suspended solids 8: 2- 4 ppm AMP

4: 36-44 ppm chromate 9: 2- 4 ppm polyphosphate

5: 6-10 pps zinc 10: 5- 7 ppm orthophosphate

11: 2- 3 ppm orthopyphosphahosphate

12: 4- 5 ppm pod te

x: Present detected, assent mot determined

xx: Present im small mood l (.51 1

231

APPENDIX I

NONLINEAR REGRESSION

The regression equation given earlier was

Rf = R1*(1-exp(-(0-0d)/61c (5-11)

and the sum of squares of the difference between Rfi and Rf*is:

SS = E (Rfi-Rf*(1-exp(-0i-8d)/0c))) (5-12)

In the analysis of the data, a fixed value for Od was

used to find the values for Rf* and 8c which minimize SS,

the partial derivatives SSS/SRf* and SSS/Sec were set equal

to zero.

SSS =0= -2 E [Rfi-Rf*(1-exp(8i-Od)/8c))][1-exp(-(0i-8d)/fic)]SRf*

or

E Rfi(1-exp(-8i-8d)/8c))-Rf* E (1-exp(-(8i-8d)/0c))== = 0

and

SSS=2 E [Rfi-Rf*(1-exp(-(0i-Od)/8c)))(Rf* (0-0d) expSec oac2

(-(8i-Od)/Oc)]

or

E Rfi (8i-8d)exp (-(81-09d)/8c)-Rf* E(Oi-8d)1.1

(exp(-(0i-8d)/8c))

(1-exp(-(9i-8d)/03c)) = 0 ( 1-2)

232

233

Using an initial guess for 8c, equation (I-1) was

solved for Rf*. Then the values of ec and Rf* were

substituted into equation (I-2), and the sign of the left

side of equation (I-2) was noted. The above procedure was

repeated for new guesses for ec until one guess value of ec

was found, that made equation (I-2) negative and another

guess of ec was found, and that made equation (I-2)

positive.

Regula Falsi method was used to converge the value of

ec within .01 hours. This calculation procedure was carried

out by FORTRAN computer program run on IBM PC written by the

author.

The correlation coefficient, r=, was calculated using

equation:

r=

where:

rs

E (Rfi Rf = - SS1-1

f l -E (Rfi - Rf )=L1

Rf = ( E Rfi) /n

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259

APPENDIX J

COOLING TOWER WATER QUALITY

Total hardness : ppm CaCO3

Calcium hardness : ppm CaCO

Sulfate : ppm SO4

Chromium : ppm Cr04

Zinc : ppm Zn

HEDP : ppm PO4

Silica : ppm Si02

.o

7.0

4.0

0

2

0 0 z 0

2.5

2.0

0.

1.5

1.0

I 111 10

11111111111111i

I

011111111111111111111 11111111111111111111 1111111111111

.......o11.41111111111111111 r11.11111

10011111rill

1111111111111111111111 IIII

1.1 .=mill 111

26

180

120

$O

JULY 1113

JULY 1113

40

20

0

260

I-<LL-1

3Ii

0CC

Xa0

2.5

2.0

1.5

.0

100

-4- "111"111 11.11.91107

.111111111"thiql1/11P11"1

WATER QUALITY AUGUST19611E3 Ca HARDNESS

CHROMATE

O Mg HARDNESS

0 SULFATE

A ZINC "

I II

PUN I If

k 1111[1111A °111111111i

GOO

600

400

20

9.

4.

7.

8.

AUGUST 1983

111111111111111d111111 11111111

III I 1111111111111111111111111111111111111H

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111

1,11111111 II kiliiiititt11041110111

II"11111M2=11111111111051111.1.1111.15

25

60

40

AUGUST 1983

.2

0

261

wI-<LL

COCO

COwz0

0

-2.5

100

80

80

I I. 111111

NAN .0011Ndillion

400

20

i ' 1 I.. .

.

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omm.... .

111111. liqh4r1all Immi WIWINOMMWWWWWiiiiimaginnwidAggigaimigigiwfilwawwitAA0

9.0

2.0 8.0

1.5 7.0

.0 6.0

1 5 1

SEPTEMBER 1983 2016 2

40

a20

-4

300

111

111

30SEPTEMBER 1983

0.2

0.1

262

I- < 60 LL _a

CO

CO

a tu a. 0 ". 400

100

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200

$0

40

O

0

2 p 0

2 2 >-

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2.0

1.5

1.0

S.

11.0

8.0

7.0

OCTOBER 1863

I

10 16 OCTOBER 1989

20 26 30

2.0

1.0

263

us

I'

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11

. :

.

: ,

.11111100000,

:. .: 411.,

.

.

oluimmilimmillilloilibli.1000011101101,110., ,, i

II 1 1 -111.11,11ii.0......,,,...._

III 11111111111

I ollomilimillimiliimmil11111 ii ""1110011111illiiiiiii iiiimilli

111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111

1011111

111111111111111111111111

1111111111

.,. 010i011

iliiiiligil

a

0I-

1000

800

eoo

400

200

2.5 41.0

2.0

1.6

1.0

7.

41.0

111111111111111111111WATER QUALITY JANUARY 1984a Ca HARDNESS

CHROMATE

O Mg HARDNESS

0 SILICA

0 SULFATE

0 TOTAL HARDNESS

0 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

A ZINC11 I

RUN 134 !

1 RUN

VON1

:001111'IubliowlamoillinkulAwnOwi6wwwwWINIENNNOMMENINNUM wormywanilibmemmummummINNOINI

".12-V0t110===utlttuilinim

lluf lum

um 14

10 16 20 26 30JANUARY 1984

0 CONDUCTIVITY

A CORROSION RATE

0 PH

Rua o,gUa 14PUI 14

30

20

10

6 10 16JANUARY 1984

20 26

2.0

1.030

a

265

1400.111

1218.00

1010.00

900.00

600.00

4011.00

2110.01

.001

O Trial HardnessCalcium Hardness

O Sulfate3 Total Suspended Solids

4-- RUN 140,141.142 1 RUN 143,144,145 RUN 146.147.148--a

13

0 Silica0 Magnesium Hardness0 ChromiumA Zinc

21

70.00 d---Run 140.141.142 1--Run 143.144,145---a0- Run 146,147,148*

1LN

7.11

6.11

5.00RUN 140

4---- RUN 1411111 142

4.011

3.11

2.1111 -

O re4 cowman 177 0011o/00.

cceeosiali UTE (lEY)

NUN 143RUN 144RUN 145

ROB 146ION 147 --ItNOM 146

d 21

FEBRUARY 1984

266

100.00

90.00

80.11

78.80

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

28.88

111.01

.110

14N.110

0 SilicaMagnesium Hardness

0 ChromiumZioc

CITotal Hardee..

1214.00n Calcium Maass*

0 Sulfate

a Racal Smspeaged Solid.

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

200.00

.00

9.00

8.08

7.80

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

Rum 146an 147-4Rua 148

11

Q PHcortavcrivin poso(01)CORROSION RATE (MPY)

RUN 146RUN 147-4RUN 148

21 31

11 16 21 26 31

MARCH 1984

267

1400.00

1200.00

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

200.00

.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.011

0 Total Hardness

et Calcium HardnessgHmaaealue HardnessSulfate

Run 149,150,151 152,153,154 rRun 155,156,1574

5.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0 ChromiumAl zinctT HOP

Run 149,150,151 a 1--Run 152,153,154 lean 155,156,157.4.

CI FRCONDUCTIVITY (WINO/CN)CORROSION RATE (*T)

RUN 1491RINI 150

RUN 151

RUN 152RUN 153RUN 154

RUN 1550018 156.0RUN 157

APRIL 1984

268

1400.00

1200.00

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

O Total HardnessA Calcium Hardness0 Magnesium Hardness*Sulfate

200.00 Rua

155155.11-Run 158,159,160-11Run 161,162,163-1

.00157

1

50.00 -

40.00 -

Rum 164,165166 1,..Run 167,168,1694

-

11 16 21 31

12 ChromiumZinc

0 HEDP

Run

30.00 -015655op-Rua 158,159,160.0.-Rua 161,162,1634

20.00

157

Run 164,165,166Nun

p167-1168169

10.00 -

9.00 -

8.00 0 PHconucrum oisiogio

0 CORROSION RATE (MPY)

5.00 -RUN 155 RUN 158 RUN 161

RUN 1561 RUM 159-11---RUN 162RUN 157 RUN 160 RUN 163

3.00 -

2.00 -

1.001 11

RUN 164RUN 165

RUN 166

16 21 26 31

MAY 1984

269

14011.011 -

1200.00

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

200.00

0 Total HeroismCalcium Hardness

0 Magnesium Hardness<> Sulfate

.00

56.00

40.00

Rue 167,168,169

4 11

Chromiuei Zinc

0----Run 170,171,172 9-Run 173,174,175-9

21

30.00 Rua 167,168,1691 Run 170,171,172

20.011

10.00

.00

Run1-173-9174175

9.00 -

8.00 -

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00 -

2.00 -

1.00

11 16 21 26

GPMA CONDUCTIVITY (MMNO/CM)<>CORROSION RATE (MPT)

RUN 167RUN 168RUN 169

RUN 170RUN 171RUN 172

RUN 173RUN 174-*RUN 175

6 11 16 21 26

JUNE 1984

270

Average Cooling Tower Water Quality

Rum #: 173-175 176-178 179-181 182-184 185-187 188-190 191-193 194-196 197-199 200-202 203-205 206-208 209-211* 212-214 I

!Total Hardness I 792 746.7 777.2 741.2 755.6 745 848.7 815 889.5 735.9 881.9 850.8 1107 1122 I

I(as Ca003, ppm) I (60.4) (57.9) (90.1) (67.9) (81.3) (35) (53.6) (59.7) (114.4) (58.8) (109.8) (128.3) (54.2) (104.2) 1

!Ca Hardness I 494 498.9 531.5 482.5 497.5 500 610 585 580.5 485.9 625 627.7 715.4 744.4 I

!(as Ca003, ppm) ! (51.9) (41.6) (75.8) (38.8) (44.4) (5) (54.3) (41) (71.9) (44.1) (100.0) (84.0) (35.1) (73.3) !

Ut Hardness I 289 247.8 246 258.7 258.1 245 238.7 230 308.5 250 256.9 223.1 391.4 377.9 I

!(as CAC03, ppm) I (24.4) (19.9) (39.2) (98.1) (73.3) (36.05) (31.2) (29) (73) (48.8) (94.1) (88.7) (36.3) (47.5) !

!Sulfate 868 922.9 928 803.3 855 866.7 982.5 910 963 899.1 907.5 959.2 1030 1064 !

I(as 904, ppm) I (121.9) (94.3) (118.2) (70.9) (114.4) (32.1) (83.4) (89.9) (127.9) (89.5) (119.0) (168.3) (107.0) (161.9) I

!Chromate 18.96 20.69 17.99 18.17 19.36 19.18 18.35 19.1 19.13 18.95 18.5 18.79 19.12 18.62 I

!(as Cx04, ppm) ! (2.98) (5.12) (3.65) (2.91) (2.24) (.36) (1.13) (3.13) (2.32) (1.55) (1.63) (1.65) (2.68) (2.21) !

!Zinc 3.79 4.14 3.61 3.63 3.89 3.84 3.67 3.81 3.83 3.79 3.70 3.76 3.83 3.69 !

!(as 2n, ppm) I (.59) (1.02) (.74) (.58) (.43) (.07) (.23) (.62) (.46) (.30) (.32) (.33) (.535) (.44) 1

THEM 3.62 5.35 2.38 3.81 4.06

!(as PO4,ppm) ! (1.07) (1.55) (.48) (.48) (1.46)

!Poly-PO4,unfltr !2.64 2.96 2.11 I

!(as PO4, ppm) I(1.77) (.79) (.64)

!Po1y-PO4, fltr I2.41 2.94 2.18 I

I(as PO4, ppm) I(.72) (.77) (.86) !

1Ortho-PO4,unfltrl .79 .55 1.61 1.75 6.24 7.43 6.21

I(as PO4, ppm) I (.20) (.23) (.30) (1.86) (1.30) (1.36) !

!Ortho-PO4, fltr I .91 .64 1.73 6.87 7.85 5.38 !

!(as PO4, ppm) 1(.12) (.35) (1.22) (.85) (.27) 1

1Inorg-PO4,unfltr! 1.12 .87 2.1 9.37 10.38 8.52 !

I(as 1104, ppm) I (.21) (.27) (1.82) (2.12) (1.90) I

lInotg-PO4, fltr ! .88 2.02 9.13 10.7 7.27

I(as PO4, ppm) 1(.18) (.30) (1.82) (1.84) (1.09) I

!Total-PO4,unfltr! 1.43 1.22 2.36 9.20 10.57

I(as PO4, ppm) !(.11) (.075) (2.98) (1.15)

!Total-PO4, fltr I 1.27 2.29 9.28 10.7

I(as PO4, ppm) I(.10) (.18) (1.64) (1.84)

NOTE : * START USIIC MICRO BURET FOR HAREMS ANALYSIS

NUNBEILS IN PAREHRIESIS ARE ammo ELNIATIONS

Average Cooling Tower Water Quality

I Run 1: 1 215-217 218-220 221-223 224-226 227-229 230-232 233-235 236-238 239-241 242-244 245-247 245-247 245-247 1I I(a) (b) (c) II I

!Mud liminess I 1019 1012 1066 1122 1165 1187 1213 1315 1287 1328 1438 1296 1125 I1(as 08003, pp,) ! (61.6) (52.3) (42.3) (73.5) (44.5) (104) (89.3) (120) (156) (99.2) (59.0) (46.9) (48.5) II II!Ca !larders I 667 633 705 755 785 791 830 903 902 971 1066 940 845 I1(as W03, ppm) I (41.9) (62.5) (31.1) (52.3) (49.3) (38.1) (60.0) (94.8) (171) (54.7) (45.7) (57.9) (46.4) 11 ItIt liminess I 352 380 361 367 380 396 393 412 386 357 374 356 280.3 I1(as Ca003, ppm) 1 (27.6) (18.8) (38.2) (38.1) (41.4) (80.1) (44.6) (48.5) (56.0) (78.4) (46.9) (13.0) (15.2) 1t II!Sulfate I 947 910 1019 1065 1096 1238 1167 1189 1142 1220 1364 1267 980 I1(as SD4, ppm) 1 (85.6) (66.8) (38.3) (110) (84.3) (178) (135) (143) (181) (51.0) (102) (47.1) (66.8) II 1

IICIzamsta I 18.7 19.0 17.7 18.8 18.5 18.5 18.8I1(as (06, -. - __ __ __ __04, ppm) I (2.04) (2.08) (2.62) (3.15) (2.29) (1.99) (3.71)II 1tIn= 1 3.75 3.79 3.55 3.76 3.71 3.69 3.75 _ - - - - - I1(as 2n, pps) 1 (0.41) (0.42) (0.32) (0.63) (0.46) (0.40) (0.74)1I ItIPbly-Nmehste I 2.56 2.71 2.29 2.72 2.90 1.99 2.43 2.31 2.60 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.30 I1(as PO4, ppm) 1 (0.52) (0.42) (0.50) (0.37) (0.65) (0.47) (0.81) (0.25) (0.35) (0.20) (0.07) 1I II

10e12m-Phospbsts 1 7.14 6.67 7.57 .7.44 7.50 7.16 6.49 4.92 4.88 4.25 5.03 3.90 9.50 I1(as PO4, pp) 1 (1.10) (1.47) (0.54) (0.72) (0.68) (0.54) (0.88) (0.25) (0.27) (0.16) (0.39) II IIIAN P ! 2.57 2.44 2.95 3.12 2.68 2.01 2.94 3.49 3.61 3.71 4.09 I

1(as PO4, ppa) I (0.44) (0.54) (0.81) (1.18) (1.25) (1.23) (1.68) (1.18) (1.15) (1.09) (0.10) 1I II

1831.1.0 I 28.8 28.0 28.5 30.6 34.4 30.0 33.0 36.0 38.0 33.0 36.0 30.0 34.0 I1(as $102, ppm) I (2.76) (1.25) (2.12) (0.5) 1I I

I

'PH I 6.00 6.00 6.03 6.05 6.47 6.46 7.02 7.00 7.03 7.50 7.42 7.48 6.48 I1 I (0.05) (0.00) (0.04) (0.13) (0.07) (0.05) (0.08) (0.02) (0.02) (0.10) (0.10) (0.02) (0.08) II I

I

tint : NUMBS DI PARMIHISIS ABE SMEARD !SWIM=

273

Average Cooling Tower Water Quality

RunIll TotalI Hard.

Average as CaCO3Std. Div 1 pp.-

1

248-249-250A:Average 1 946.40Std. Dev. 1 131.20

:

248-249-25081Average 11,003.50Std. Dev. 1 120.20

1

251-252-253 1Average 11,006:00Std. Div. 1 47.00

1

254-255-256 1

Average :1,039.70Std. Dev. 1 48.90

1

257-258-259 :

\Average 11,123.75td. Dev. 1 87.50

I

260-261-262 1Average 11,150.40Std. Dev. : 70.40

1

263-264-265 1

Average 11,297.40Std. Dev. 1 146.30

1

266-267-268 1Average 1 781.50Std. Dev. 1 453.30

- 1

269-270-271 1

Average 11,115.00Std. Div. 1 106.70

1 - -

272-273-274 1

0,,_rage :1,198.50Std. Dev. 1 140.30

1

I

:

:

.'

1

1

1

.

.

I

I

I

.

I

:

:

1

.

.

1

1

I

.

.

:

:

1

.

.

:

1

1

..

1

1

1

.

8

:

1

1

1

1

1

-1..

I

1

Ca I

Hard. I

as CaCO3

PPR :

I

.

.

645.10 1

104.80 I

1

.

.

720.00 I

135.40 I

:

I

685.70 1

42.20 1

1

.

.

1

34.70 1

1

.

.

74.1.25 1

56.00 1

1

:

747.00 1

47.00 1

:

:

850.50 1

89.50 1

1

.

.

511.50 1

295.00 1:

.

.

747.50 1

48.20 1

:

.

.

745.50 I

50.50 1

Mg

Hard.

as CaCO3

ppm

301.6039.90

283.5053.10

320.7038.40

389.1022.10

382.5048.24

403.5032.90

447.0039.40

270.00158.70

367.5058.60

453.00102.50

1 Sulfate!I as :

1 SO4 1

: ppm 1

I 1

1 1

1 865.70 1

1 120.70 1

t 1

.

1 858.00 1

I 108.50 1

1 1

i

I 1

1 800.00 1

1 91.10 1

1 :

a: .

1 856.60 1

1 69.20 1

1 1

1.

11,076.60 r1 185.50 1

: : 1

. .

11,070.00 1

1 0.00 1

1 1

1 1

11,136.70 1

1 0.00 1

1

::1

1 N/A 1

1 N/A 11 1

. .

.

11,005.00 1

1 0.00 1

1 1

11,090.00 1

1 115.30 1

Poly I

Phospt 1

as PO4 1

ppm :

!

.

1.97 1

0.00 I

:

.

.

2.28 r0.58 1

1

I

i

1.69 1

0.95 :

:

.

.

4.29 1

1.28 1

:

.

.

4.66 1

0.59 1

I

.

.

3.88 1

0.58 1

:

.

.

4.62 1

1.13 1

1

.

3.58 1

0.00 1

1

.

.

3.18 1

1.00 1

1

:

3.82 1

1.30 1

OrthoPhosptas PO4

12130

3.450.00

2.880.28

1.51'0.37

3.130.41

5.390.71

3.880.98

4.480.77

6.080.00

5.571.60

8.233.10

1

:

1

1

:

.

1

1

1

1

.

.

1

1

I

I

8

I

I

I

.

1

1

:

.

1

1

.

1

1

:

.

I

1

1

.

1

1

:

1

1

:

.

.

1

1

Silicaas

Si02

pp.

38.000.00

36.000.00

30.800.00

650.60 30.60

0.00

33.500.00

26.200.00

28.750.65

19.700.00

27.803.01

36.003.50

:

I

:

1

.

.

1

1

:

1

1

1

1

I

1

:

.

.

1

1

1

.

1

1

;

1

1

1

1

I

:

.

.

1

1

1

1

1

1

.

I

:

P H

6.460.52

7.430.0:

7.850.12

6.600.23

6.490.04

6.980.06

6.860.26

6.400.05

6.600.15

6.200.9G

274

OSU Water Analysis Worksheet

RUN $ DATE 1 TOTAL CA Mg SULFATE POLY ORTHO 11018 PH HEDP SILICA CHLORIDE 11

HARI HARI HARD SO4 PO4 PO4 PO4

11 9-17 1 910.50 747.00 223.30 4.75 6.50 11.25 6.53 4.34 11

11 9-18 1 1,147.50 750.00 397.50 1,150.00 5.50 6.00 11.50 6.50 2.71 31.00"..

:: 1 9-19 1 1,192.50 795.00 397.50 1,200.00 4.80 6.20 11.00 6.40 2.44 .,..

.. 9-20 1 1,177.50 772.50 405.00 5.60 6.40 12.00 6.50 3.80 32.50 30.00 11

11 278 1 9-23 1 1,207.50 780.00 427.50 1,200.00 7.25 5.70 13.00 6.60 3.25 29.50.,"

11 279 9-24 1 1,215.00 780.00 435.00 5.70 6.80 12.50 6.50 2.17,...

If 280 1 9-23 1 1,200.00 172.50 427.50 1,250.00 5.75 6.75 12.50 6.35 3.25 29.501111

11 1 If

11AVERAM 1 1,158.64 771.00 387.64 1,200.00 5.62 6.34 11.96 6.51 3.14 30.63 30.00 11

11STD DEV 1 79.55 15.85 68.51 35.36 0.77 0.37 0.69 0.06 0.71 1.24 0.00 11

szszurssmassn sseasleauszazzszza3zaszzass-......szsassmossirsassessaineassszszetasszazzumssim-zz--2---== I

11 281 : 9-26 1 1,215.00 802.50 412.30 6.50 7.00 13.50 6.45 2.71 35.00 1:

11 282 1 9-27 1 1,215.00 780.00 435.00 1,200.00 4.50 6.75 11.25 6.48 2.17 30.00

:1 283 1 9-30 1 1,215.00 795.00 420.00 1,350.00 5.50 6.25 11.75 6.44 3.80 31.50

11 11

..AVERAGE 1,215.00 792.50 422.50 1,275.00 5.50 6.67 12.17 6.46 2.89 30.75 35.00 :1

11STD DEV 1 0.00 9.35 9.35 75.00 0.82 0.31 0.96 0.02 0.68 0.75 0.00 11

1;szassasassassz sitawassasssassuussmassaszszzanssuaszsmasawasszsasszsassasszassmassassessusszazzasasssall11 1 10-1 1 1,192.50 802.50 390.00 1,100.00 4.90 5.60 10.50 6.95 3.26 35.00 45.00 11

11 1 10-2 1 1,185.00 787.50 397.50 5.25 5.25 10.50 7.00 2.44 11

11 1 10-3 1 1,207.50 817.50 390.00 1,250.00 5.10 6.40 11.50 7.00 1.90 31.00

11 1 10-4 1 1,177.54 787.50 390.00 3.90 4.60 8.50 7.00 1.361111

' 284 : 10-5 1 4.50 2.1111

. 285 1 10-7 1 1,230.00 795.00 435.00 1,230.00 4.75 4.75 9.50 7.00 2.44 32.50

11 286 1 10-8 1,245.00 802.50 442.50 442.50 5.50 5.00 10.50 7.00 2.70 28.00 11

11

11AVERA6E 1,206.25 798.75 407.50 1,010.63 4.90 5.16 10.17 6.99 2.32 31.63 45.00 11

11STD DEV 1 24.27 10.38 22.36 333.67 0.51 0.62 0.94 0.02 0.56 2.53 0.00 11

1; sszszazzszazas szat=sasassass-srassausszsawaszazzsmassasssassesassmesszasszaciessamsmazzazza=wszassl11 1 10-9 1 1,072.50 697.50 375.00 6.75 5.00 11.75 7.00 2.70 31.00

11 1 10-10 1 1,162.50 757.50 405.00 1,150.00 5.65 4.85 10.50 7.00 4.90 50.00 11

11 287 1 10-11 1 1,237.50 832.50 405.00 7.00 6.00 13.00 2.40 33.00

:1 288 : 10-14 1 1,275.00 847.50 427.50 4.50 4.00 8.50 6.97 2.70 34.50

11 289 1 10-15 1,320.00 885.00 435.00 1,200.00 8.50 5.50 14.00 7.00 8.101111

;;AVERAGE 1 1,213.50 804.00 409.50 1,175.00 6.48 5.07 11.55 6.99 4.16 32.83 50.00 1:

11STD DEV 1 87.39 67.48 21.00 25.00 1.34 0.67 1.93 0.01 2.16 1.43 0.00 11

11=zsz==pes szassx=xxaszsmszzaszatssassrassigassimsszmzszsza10-17 1 997.50 652.50 345.00 2.50 3.25 5.75 7.25 1.17 32.50 55.00 11

11 1 10-18 1 1,200.00 810.00 390.00 1,150.00 5.95 4.55 10.50 7.00 3.25 11

11 1 10-21 1 1,337.00 930.00 457.00 1,250.00 4.45 5.05 9.50 7.05 4.34 36.00 1111

10-22 1 1,402.50 931.50 40.00 6.50 6.00 12.50 7.00 2.71 33.00 1:

1: 290 1 10-23 1 1,492.50 960.00 532.50 1,300.00 4.60 6.40 11.00 7.00 3.00 29.00

11 291 1 10-24 1 997.50 675.00 322.50 5.50 5.50 11.00 7.00 2.71 55.00 11

11 292 1 10-25 1 1,200.00 817.50 382.50 1,400.00 4.65 4.10 8.75 7.00 2.71 28.00 11

11AVERA6E 1 1,232.43 826.07 413.50 1,275.00 4.88 4.98 9.86 7.04 2.84 31.38 48.33 11

STD DEV 1 177.27 116.15 68.86 90.14 1.20 1.02 2.01 0.09 0.87 3.15 9.43 11

zzassrassassassassuszszazz-zzazzazaseasszatasszsm-mmazszsmszszzast-2==--sass-...uss1

275

:UN 8 I

1

: 1 - - - :

IIII 1

11II 1

IIII 1

11 II 1

11II 1

11 293 1

II 294 1

II 295 1

1:

1:AVERAGE

1:STD DEV

DATE 1

1

1 OSU Water Analysis Worksheet

TOTAL CA Ng SULFATE POLY ORTHO IRONS

HARD HARD HARD SO4 PO4 PO4 PO4

PH HEDP SILICA CHLORIDE 1:

1:

11-10-28

10-29

10-30 1

10-31 1

11-1

II -4 1

11-5 1

11-6 1

1t335.00

1,260.00

1,350.00

1,297.50

1,320.00

1,380.00

1,447.00

1,470.00

847.50

810.00

862.50

862.50

915.00

967.9

982.50

990.00

487.50

450.00

457.50

433.00

405.00

412.50

465.00

450.00

1,400.00

1,250.00

1,450.00

4.75

7.75

3.25

3.75

4.75

4.85

4.60

6.50

4.75

4.00

3.25

3.75

4.10

3.75

4.50

4.75

9.50

11.75

6.50

7.50

8.85

8.60

9.10

11.25

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

6.90

7.00

7.00

7.00

9.20

10.85

4.07

3.80

3.25

4.10

2.71

4.10

35.00

32.50

30.00

35.00

32.50

35.00 II

11

11

1:

40.00 11...,

I:

11

1

1

1,357.44

67.31

904.69

64.40

445.31

25.42

1,366.67

84.98

5.03

1.36

4.11

0.50

9.13

1.64

6.99

0.03

5.26

2.82

33.00

1.87

11

37.50 11

2.50 11

: ; zszszszszasszz 1 szzszszsaszszszzasszz=zasszsasszasszszzassasszszszszszszsasszszszszszszszszsz==as..--zsza 1 ;11II 11-7 1,230.00 810.00 420.00 1,200.00 5.50 7.00 12.50 6.50 3.80 11

IIII 11-8 1,222.50 832.50 390.00 6.00 5.75 11.75 6.50 2.71 38.00 40.00 II

..

.. 1 11-9 5.25 1:

II IIII 11-10.... 11-11 1,320.00 915.00 405.00 1,350.00 4.00

4.40

4.50 8.50 6.60 1.63

..

1:

11 1 11-12 1 1,350.00' 960.00 390.00 4.70 4.80 9.50 6.50 5.43 40.00 11

11 296 1 11-13 1 1,432.00 945.00 487.00 1,400.00 5.95 5.05 11.00 6.50 5.43 Ii

11 297 , 11-14 1 1,500.00 1,035.00 465.00 4.85 5.10 9.95 6.50 2.17 38.00 40.00 11

II 298 1 11-15 1 1,470.00 1,035.00 435.00 1,450.00 3.90 5.30 9.20 6.50 2.17..,.

11 11

AVERAGE 1 1,360.64 933.21 427.43 1,350.00 4.99 5.24 10.34 6.51 3.33 38.67 40.00 :1

STD DEV 1 103.09 82.14 34.60 93.54 0.80 0.74 1.34 0.03 1.46 .0.94 0.00 If

1 zszaszszszliss-raszszszszszszsmszszszass .... zzszszsu-szszals -1,-;;rizz-azzzszszsz11 1 11-18 1 1,035.00 711.00 324.00 900.00 1.60 7.20 8.80 6.00 2.70 26.00 44.00 :I

11 1 11-19 1 1,037.50 726.50 311.00 930.00 1.20 9.20 10.40 6.00 1.00 27.00 35.00 11

11 299 1 11.20 1 1,140.00 802.50 337.50 2.25 7.00 9.25 6.00 2.70

11 300 : 11-21 1 1,147.50 787.50 360.00 1,000.00 1.80 6.25 8.05 6.00 0.54 31.00

11 301 11-22 1 1,042.50 712.50 330.00 8.00 16.00 6.00 0.54 37.00 :1

11 1:

1:AVERABE 1 1,080.50 748.00 332.50 950.00 1.71 7.53 10.50 6.00 1.50 28.00 38.67 11

1:STD DEV 1 51.75 39.04 16.26 40.82 0.38 1.00 2.85 0.00 1.00 2.16 3.86 11

zzzszzazzszszszs ; sans - assess ssiZZZSZIMS12121311.31111ZSMIZZ zusszszzass===zzzs=s sz 11

276

APPENDIX K

SYSTEM FLOWRATES

500

400

300

0co

200

100

500

277

10 JULY 1963 20 26

400

Ip300

20

11

i1111111I

iL31111 0.,:J:JVA?1

SYSTEM FLOW RATES - AI

30

eibk.10Plillt25 010 16

AUGUST 1963

20

20

CC

4

1-.

3

40

500

400

300

hi

200

100

0

0I-CC041,1

50

RUN

SYSTEM FLOW RATES SEPTEMBER 1983

.

I1

...

11

RUN

00

Oi I

1

1.

IIII

122

SLOWDOWN

CITY

EVAPORATION

III

i.

i1

twilit

WATER

I

jviillo'F ill 1

'PPM

I 1

11111111

A FORTIFY

INHIBITOR

1.q111r.

11.

Pitlagif

SOLUTION

l'

i L.,

RUN

il,t 4

it

Iiioi

'

VII

t.41...m.nrwhow1111

I

*11PuAi RUN 125120

IIIIII1111111111lMllIlllUN 12

111111111111111111111111111110111M

400

300

20

10

1 10 15 20SEPTEMBER 1983

26

20

10

0

I. .,

IIMIP11116*111i

1

RUNRUN

'.

125124

N.s

'SYSTEM FLOW RATES - OCTOBER 1983 ; 1

RUN

RUN

I

132

133.----I

-3I0 SLOWDOWN A FORTIFY SOLUTION

ii

0 CITY

I

.1

I

'.41111i

WATER

0

\

1

EVAPORATION

1

III

JP

POWER DOWN

II

INHIBITO

Ilt

I il

11

111

I

I

I

lir

el

I

Ig

II

I

I

' 9iO4

RUN

lialApo

I.

. .

I ie. I

I

Ill

IN

RUN-1131

RUN 129UIIRUN 130

I1 5 10 15 20

OCTOBER 198325

20

10

278

Iii,.111111iffilf1111111111111111111111111111111111111

SYSTEM FLOW RATESNOVEMBER 1983, DECEMBER 1983

0 SLOWDOWN

0 CITY WATER

0 EVAPORATION

4NOVEMBER 1983

40

30

2

100

A FORTIFY SOLUTION

INHIBITOR

0 SUSPENDED SOLIDS

. 31022 27DECEMBER 1983

- RUNIRUN

RUN

1

1.

134135136

.

O

°0

SLOWDOWN

CITY

EVAPORATION

WATER

RUN

I

1371.50

1

INHIBITOR

A FORTIFY

0 SUSPENDEDSOLUTION

SOLIDS

:'":'I

AlRUN

I

I

It?142

?

.

.i.d; ,ii..

.

.

UNRUN

"

:,. oito

,

ki,

.

1 5 10 15

JANUARY 198420 30

0

279

Fortify Solsticefore s

4---- Rue 140.141.142 .--Sos 143.144.143--1

rteaumeT 1994

['Fortify Solutionlehibiter2s-Or040 Isti Solids

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

31

ISLOI -O Rwsperstioe

ou..+...City Vow

MOMSump food

1---11ye 140.141.142-----ss los 143,144.145 46 RIM 146.147.141.1

IFESSUARY 1904

O SveyorsticoQ fat, literO Sloriew0 Sump hod

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

31 COO

prettify Solstice

87A-Cr04 Inhibitor1031

ass 149,130.151 Roe 152,153,154 --1r155-0156157

1211.66 -

UM

21.11

1

APRIL 1304

irectify Soletioe2e-Ct04 lektitot1161211112 Pelyecryleterellecrylets

SUMaveporstioeCity *AarBlew....sump Food

osolous

MA am155 156136 "x'159157 160

ass 161,1112.16.3--.

11

MAY 13114

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

MI I

Ise67

Aso 161,162.163 164.1401,11111 IM 9169

a 11

MAY 1311421

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

COLN

506.88

486.96

300.00

200.00

100.96

.00

1

EvaporationCity WaterSloodounSump Food

JUNE 1904

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

121488

160.68

08.811

68.68

48.08

MU

gFortify SolotioaEa.404 InhibitorFolyscrylate

7-/Roo

tos 167.168.169 Rum 170.171,172173

/--174"173

.9811 1 21

JUNE 1904

SYSTEM FLOW RATES

TABLE :

Average Flow-Rates /liters /day)

_= 2......========I RUN I :AVG I EVAPORA- 1 CITY BLOW I FORTIFY 1 INHIBI1 1 :STD DEV 1 TION 1 WATER DOWN 1 SOLUTION TOR11 1

1: 248-249-250 AV8 1 195.8 1 319.8 170.1 1 45.0 3.11 STD DEV 1 63.3 1 65.0 32.1 1 15.0 1 0.211 251-252-253 AVG 188.3 1 309.5 179.8 I 55.8 3.61 11 1 STD DEV 42.5 1 45.3 7.6 1 5.4 1 0.711 254-255-256 AVG 181.9 1 288.8 174.9 1 65.1 1 2.81 I1 1 STD DEV 30.1 1 36.7 4.6 1 6.7 1 0.611 257 -258 -259 AVG 180.8 1 286.0 184.4 1 76.1 1 3.11 11 1 STD DEV 4.6 1 27.0 21.4 1 10.4 1 0.31: 260-261-262 AVG 165.1 1 249.2 176.9 1 89.4 1 3.3

STD DEV 1 22.0 : 35.1 3.2 1 12.2 1 0.1

11 263-264-265 AV6 171.8 1 256.8 174.9 1 76.2 1 3.91: STD DEV : 32.3 52.2 13.5 I 25.3 I 1.011 266-267-268 AVG 158.0 : 283.0 180.1 1 91.1 1 3.21: STD DEV 1 22.1 : 17.1 .0 I .0 .0

1: 269-270-271 AVG 158.4 1 269.2 181.4 1 68.3 1 2.0O

11

1 STD DEV 1 55.7 1 54.7 0.7 1 1.3 1 0.21: 272-273-274 AVG 220.5 1 328.9 179.4 1 68.4 I 2.51: STD DEV 1 31.5 1 33.8 3.1 1 0.7 1 0.411 275-276-277 AVG 152.9 1 252.5 178.7 1 75.5 1 2.9

STD DEV 1 10.7 1 16.9 5.7 : 9.3 1 0.611 278-279-280 AVG 161.6 260.0 183.8 1 82.0 1 3.3

STD DEV 1 4.2 : 4.1 1.4 1 0.9 1 0.311 281-282-283 AV8 169.6 269.0 183.6 1 81.5 1 2.7

STD DEV 5.6 1 5.5 1.2 1 0.7 1 0.2If 284-285-286 AVG 163.9 1 261.4 182.3 1 81.8 1 3.0

STD DEV 1 9.0 : 9.6 2.8 1 1.2 I 0.41: 287-288-289 AVG 1 182.5 1 280.8 173.9 1 83.2 1 3.3

STD DEV 1 6.4 1 40.2 13.4 1 4.2 1 0.3290-291-292 AVG 1 176.5 1 243.2 171.8 I 99.0 1 2.3

STD DEV 5.2 1 23.0 19.9 1 11.5 I 0.811 293-294-295 AV6 193.8 1 281.2 180.4 1 91.2 1 2.4

STD DEV 1 21.5 1 20.4 3.5 1 4.6 0.611 296-297-A8 AVG 245.9 1 327.0 178.3 1 95.6 1 2.2

STD DEV 1 48.8 1 53.2 3.4 1 12.1 1 0.6:: 299-300-301 AV8 1 192.0 1 290.8 173.9 1 73.9 1 2.3

STD DEV 1 46.7 1 41.3 7.3 1 8.0 1 1.7=-Maznamsms= ===== sum= =a 5=2

283

TABLE :

Average Flow-Rates (liters/day)

1 RUN # : 1

1 1

215-217 218-220 221-223 224-226 227-229 230-232 233-235 236-238 239-241 242-244 245-247

(a)

245-247

(b)

245-247 1

(c) i

1 1 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 1

1 1 -11 Evaporation 1 120 115 118 170 191 204 201 198 187 193 199 195 201 1

1 1 (41) (5.8) (28) (67) (13) (29) (14) -(11) (21) (5.8) (7.2) (8.9) (2.9) 1

1 11

1 City *ter 1 201 198 218 274 292 296 298 293 269 273 284 288 299 1

1 1 (63) (46) (35) (70) (54) (43) (29) (21) (30) (5.5) (21) (38) (9.8) I

I I i1 Blow Down 1 179 167 182 173 179 180 176 171 173 171 171 174 171 1

1 1 (19) (13) (10) (9.4) (6.1) (4.3) (7.3) (18) (2.6) (3.5) (14) (13) (.7) 1

1 11

1 Fortify Solution 1 90.0 76.6 74.5 67.3 70.1 80.4 70.6 72.4 88 88 82.5 77.5 70.5 1

1 1 (36) (21) (7.7) (24) (26) (17) (15) (25) (12) (3.2) (7.4) (12) (7.9) 1

1 1 1

1 Inhibitor 1 4.4 3.8 3.6 4.8 4.5 4.7 5.3 1

1 Solution I 1 (.8) (.9) (.7) (1.5) (1.2) (1.4) (1.3) 1

I 1 I

1 Inhibitor 1 3.2 3.3 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 :

t Solution II 1 (1.0) (.5) (.8) (.4) (.6) (.3) (.6) (.3) (.3) (.2) (.3) 1

1 1 1

1 Inhibitor 1 3.3 2.9 1

1 Solution III 1 (.3) (.05) 1

1 1 1

awe: NUMBERS DI PARINI:HMS ARE STAMM Eig/IATIMIS

(*) CRI/114112SPHA3E =ED 111 I SYSTEM

manta scurriau : ZJIC - CHROMATE

DUMB* sowrum II : me, KLYAMIATE, BIYEIDSPHATEMTh= SOLUITCH III : POLYPHOSPHATE

TABLE :

Average Flow-Rates (liters/day)

1 RUN # : 1 173-175 176-178 179-181 182-184 185-187 188-190 191-193 194-196 197-199 200-202 203-205 206-208 209-211 212-214 1

1 -1 1

1 Evaporation 1 218.1 229.3 189.7 219.8 214.6 219.4 166.8 188.3 166.1 172.8 157.5 136.5 166.7 93.29 1

1 1 (45.9) (25.6) (49.3) (27.6) (13.0) (23.9) (107.0) (40.4) (37.9) (25.7) (43.7) (55.5) (66.5) (49.9) 1

1 City Water 1 328.3 311.2 294.5 337.9 312.8 292.2 255.6 285.9 253.0 274.5 245.0 240.2 272.9 168.9 1

1 1 (47.6) (38.8) (57.5) (42.1) (18.6) (27.4) (61.9) (44.6) (53.3) (29.7) (56.5) (38.1) (72.2) (62.1) 1

1 Blow Down 1 160.7 156.7 168.5 187.7 169.5 180.7 174.3 177.6 167.8 172.6 165 174.0 176.4 170.8 1

1 1 (12.6) (25.7) (25.6) (6.5) (6.5) (3.0) (2.7) (4.02) (6.3) (10.6) (40.5) (6.0) (7.0) (14.1) 1

1 Fortyfy Solution 1 43.0 59.4 59.4 64.7 66.1 102.2 79.4 75.1 74.5 63.8 72.5 62.6 62.3 87.1 1

1 1 (21.6) (14.5) (24.5) (30.8) (17.9) (5.3) (54.2) (9.8) (30.6) (33.7) (28.0) (41.9) (29.8) (53.3) 1

1 Zinc-Chromate 1 5.5 5.8 4.3 4.9 5.3 5.5 4.7 5.2 5.03 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.2 1

1 1 (1.3) (3.6) (1.4) (.90) (.61) (.56) (.17) (.60) (.94) (.83) (.98) (.88) (1.0) (2.3) 1

HIEP 1.8 1.4 1.23 1.95 1

1 1 (.32) (.36) (.35) (1.0) 1

1 Polyacrylate 1 1.99 2.56

I (.81) (.36)

1 HEDE4Polyacrylatel 1.92

1 (.86)

1 Foly-phosphate 1 2.8 2.8 2.9 1

1 1 (2.6) (.42) (.46) 1

NNE: RISERS IN Beirmans ARE SWORD EIVIATIGIS

286

APPENDIX L

SUMMARY OF RUN STATISTICS

NNE

TOT SUCTION

RATR 800 OMR

117

2

214

STUTINS DAR 7/ 5/43

ION TIN, 01118) 10

NIT VITRUSIC8 MAN 810.0,f.

MARI TOLOCITT(PPS) 2.416 .134

ISAT ULM (810/0/10 rT) 44447. 103.7

MAST SOLE TINIPOATIIII (V) 114.1 .43

813111140mnamoin(T)

LOCATION A 142.4 2.68

LOCATION 8 143.0 1.61

LOCATION 0 147.4 2.87

114

TINT RCM= 2

1811111 DOD MOM= 179

STARING OATS 4/ 5/43

SOU TINS (DAIS) 7

SOO STATISTICS NOIN surarrr.

WARM TULOCITT(111) 2.444 .261

11841 rum 011U/W4/40 391 27447. 114.2

NATO SOLE 111112410111 (T) 111.1

802140 IMPERATUNS (r)

LOCATIONS 141.3 4.44

Mt' 41^.10

usAvirm sq. .mwar. Aga

ot.eg 4'31'71

MAY TIOIL swim's

TAP STATISTIZI 0040 Mont.rATIR 911.0CZTY419111 3.811 .016RUT PLUS IIITV/14/10 F71 4481T. 934

0061 TINOTRATIOR 114.2 .41

1101ACI TINPRATUR DTI

LOCATION 5 08.8 1.71

123

MT IMMO 1

MAU WO NORM 214

RAM= DM 0/18/83

ON TINE (DAIS) 17

ION !CIRRI= NRAN 810.0111.

NAM vsLocrrrtr,6) 3.417 .137

RAT 11,02 (PTO /WO RI 44344. 107.6

NATO SOLIE TIONNATOR4 (1) 117.7 .37

RATA= TINTININITIR (r)

LOCATION A 113.7 .75

LOCATION 0 136.1 .82

SON 114

TUT SIMI= 2

RATON NOD NOONAN 179

11211I/0 OATS 7/14/43

NON TINS (DAIS) 13

ON STATISTICS MOAN ST0.011.

RIR TILOCITT(R8) 2.557 ./11

RAT ROI (810/11/10 /T) 37004. 141.0

TAM PULL roussiumas MI 117.8 .63

00111910 TRIPUILARINS

LOCATION 8 158.4 2.34

Nil

MST SOCRON

181210 SOD NORIO

120

1

214

STASI= OATS $111/83

ION TINS (DAIS) u'

80011124111171C11 MAN STILOW.

TAM VOLOCI11(111) 5.542 .131

RAT ROI (010/111/103 IT) 44543. 117.1

WARS 80L1 ISMORATONS (PI 117.4 .34

OMAR IIMPINASONS (t)

LOCATION A 133.4 .11

LOCATION 0 134.4 .88

NON 122

1241 ACTIONS 1

NIASOR NOD MOM 211

nue= OATS 9/ 5/43

ON TINS (OATS) 4

ON STATUTICS NUN 419.240.

NAIR vuocierom) 5.445 .223

RAT RAI (810/118/80 IV) 44474. 92.2

MASS POLL INNONDATOOS (In 117.1 .24

=M 1111111111A7011 (V)

LOCATION A 153.4 1.11

LOCATION 0 154.4 1.22

BUM it&

110? 2222TOM

MITATTE AGO MU0122

AAAAA TMS OAT,

MIN TIM 'tarsi

its

2/116/112

22

Rum 92ATIITIG1 NIAN

uOTtA 9110CI77(11111) 3.19?

MOAT FLUX (liTU/NM10 Fr) 41444.

oaten lull TENRCRATORC 138.1

suovAog 7(401447u411 (F)

LOCATION 9 114.1 7.24

287

RUN 125LRum 126

TEST SECTION 1 TEST SECTION 1

BEATER ROD NUMBER 215 HEATER 300 NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 9/26/83STARTING DATE 10/ 9/83

RUN TIME (DAYS) 12 RUN TINE (OATS)

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. Rum STATISTICS MEAN 5ToOEllWATER VELOCITY(FPS) 8.109 .129 ------WArERWETOCITY(Fry) 5.487 .arr-----

BEAT FLUX (BTU/RR/so FT) 118357. 488.7 MEAT-FIWIRTUTHR/sfa FT) 54449. 142.3

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.2 .43 WAY . R SULK ItRPARATuRA (F) 115.

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (r)suRFACE-TERFERATuRE (71

LOCATION A 150.6 .65 LOCATION A 1555 .7S

LOCATION D 159.4 .66

RUN 127

TEST SECTION 2

NEATER ROD NURSER' 2111

STARTING GATE 10/ 9/83

RUN TIME (OATS)

RUN STATISTICS MEAN ..TIOOEV

itfr6-5E1-0CrITUFM3) 5-.5111 .152

HEAT FLUX (eTu/NR/Scl FT) 49545. 117.1

WATER BULK TEN EmATU E 118.3 .5)

SURFACE-THRPEAKTURE (F)

LOCATION El 163.1 2.23

RUN 129

TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 10/18/83

RUN TIME (DAYS) 7

RUN STATISTICS

WATER VELOCITY(PPS)

BEAT FLUX (BTU/RR/SO PT)

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A

LOCATIONS

MEAN STD.DEV.

5.790 .103

84001. 111.5

117.9 .44

154.1

161.8

RON 131

TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROD NUMBER 216

STARTING DATE 10/19/83

RUN TINE (DAYS) 16

.63

.70

RUN STATISTICS NEAR STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(PPS) 3.055 .080

HEAT FLUX (STU/SR/SG PT) 14837. 49.6

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.0 .47

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (P)

LOCATION A ' 129.1 .56

RUN

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER

STARTING DATE

RUN TIRE (DAYS)

128

3

216

10/ 9/83

8

RUN STATISTICS

WATER VELOCITY(PPS)

BEAT FLUX (320/83/93 FT)

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A

MEAN STD.DEV.

3.007 .081

14806. 27.7

117.4 .53

129.6 .61

RUN 130

TEST SECTION 2

BEATER ROD NUMBER 179

STARTING DATE 10/18/83

RUN TINE (DAYS) 7

RUN STATISTICS MIAS STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 2.990 .144

HEAT FLUX (BTU/ER/92 FT) 45079. 68.6

WATER BOLE TEMPERATURE (F) 118.0 .45

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION B 158.9 1.89

RUN 132

TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 10/25/83

RUN TIME (DAYS) 10

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(PPS) 5.615 .106

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HA/so PT) 48258. 96.6

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.2 .44

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION D 143.2 .52

288

RUN 133

TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROD NUMBER 210

STARTING DATE 10/26/83

RUN TIME (DAYS) 7

RON STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 2.963 .137

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SQ PT) 28413. 74.2

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.2 .49

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 143.9 1.23

LOCATION 13 144.6 1.26

289RUN 134

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 12/22/83

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STO.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 8.009 .192

HEAT FLUX (ETU/HO/SO FT) 109071. 333.6

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.8 .80

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 164.9 1.12

RUN 138RUN 135

TEST SECTION 3

TEST SECTION 2HEATER ROO HUNGER 216

HEATER ROD NUMBER 210STARTING DATE 12/23/83

STARTING DATE 12/22/83RUN TIME (DAYS) 13

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 2.648 .080

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.490 .228HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 59388. 79.4

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 66116. 153.0WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (f) 118.3 .89

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.7 .80SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)LOCATION A 163.3 1.55

LOCATION A 164.4 1.42

RUN 138RUN 137

TEST SECTION 2TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 210HEATER ROO NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE I/ 5/84STARTING DATE 1/ 5/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 16RUN TIME (DAYS) 18

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.403 .138MATER VELOCITV(FPS) 7.883 .456

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 77389. 255.1HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 96290. 182.8

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.1 .38WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.9 .88

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 160.5 .83LOCATION A 180.3 1.90

RUN 139RUN 140

TEST SECTION 3TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 216HEATER ROO NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 1/ 5/84STARTING DATE 1/23/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 16RUN TIME (DAYS) 19

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 3.021 .048WATER VELOCITV(PPS) 8.123 .138

HEAT FLUX (OTU/HR/SQ FT) 57492. 897.1HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 100387. 171.4

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.5 .38WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.0 .40

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 189.8 .81LOCATION A 159.4 .82

290RUN 141

RUN 142TEST SECTION 2

TEST SECTION 3HEATER ROD NUMBER 210

STARTING DATE 1/23/84HEATER ROD NUMBER 216

STARTING DATE 1/23/84RUN TIME (DAYS) 19

RUN TIME (DAYS) 20

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.581 .128WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 3.064 .030

HEAT FLUX (8TU/HR/SQ FT) 75707. 108.6HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SO FT) 59636. 184.7

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.1 .43WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.6 .39

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.9 .79SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.9 .411

RUN 143 RUN 144

TEST SECTION 1 TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROO NUMBER 215 HEATER ROD NUMBER 210

STARTING DATE 2/12/84 STARTING DATE 2/11/64

RUN TIME (DAYS) 8 RUN TIME (DAYS) 10

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 5.590 .088 WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 3.058 .086

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/S0 FT) 47225. 80.4 HEAT FLUX (11TU/HR/SQ FT) 28771. 82.3

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.7 .50 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.8 .40

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 145.3 .62 LOCATION A 144.7 .86

RUN 145 RUN 148

TEST SECTION 3 TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 218 HEATER ROD NUMBER 215

STARTING DATE 2/11/84 STARTING DATE 2/21/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 10 RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 3.131 .028 WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.742 .171

HEAT FLUX (8TU/HR/SQ FT) 17999. 43.7 HEAT FLUX (8TU/HR/SQ FT) 47184. 101.2

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.5 .49 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.6 .48

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 130.0 .48 LOCATION A 144.7 .81

RUN 147 RUN 148

TEST SECTION 2 TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROD NUMBER 210 HEATER ROD NUMBER 218

STARTING DATE 2/21/84 STARTING DATE 2/21/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14 RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STO.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(PPS) 2.998 .046 WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 3.189 .052

HEAT FLUX (6TU/HR/SQ FT) 33143. 127.8 HEAT FLUX (BTU/MR/SG FT) 17961. 62.2

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.8 .48 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.5 .48

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 143.8 .69 LOCATION A 129.9 .48

291

RUN 149

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER 221

STARTING DATE 4/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) lb

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER vELOCITV(EPS) 7.993 .094

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SO FT) 118818. 344.2

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.4 .42

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 157.1 1.50

RUN

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER

STARTING DATE

RUN TIME (DAYS)

RUN STATISTICS

WATER VELOCITV(FPS)

HEAT FLUX (BTU/FIR/Sp FT)

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A

RUN

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER

STARTING DATE

RUN TIME (DAYS)

151

3

216

4/ 4/84

16

MEAN STD.DEV.

3.008 .079

59889. 261.3

116.8 .42

158.6

153

2

222

4/20/84

11

1.27

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 5.425 .089

HEAT FLUX (BTU/MR/SO FT) 62893. 127.4

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.3 .49

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.4 .66

RUN 150

TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROD NUMBER 222

STARTING DATE 4/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 16

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 5.522 .108

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SO FT) 58665. 116.9

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.0 .45

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.6 1.12

RUN 152

TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 221

STARTING DATE 4/20/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 11

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 7.966 .124

HEAT FLUX (87))/HR/SO FT) 125464. 377.4

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.6 .50

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.8 .77

RUN 154

TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROD NUMBER 216

STARTING DATE 4/20/64

RUN TIME (DAYS)

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 2.966 .033

HEAT FLUx (8TU/HR/SO FT) 62068. 183.4

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 117.0 .50

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.4 .63

RUN 155 RUN 156

TEST SECTION TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROD NUMBER 221 HEATER ROD NUMBER 222

STARTING DATE 4/30/84 STARTING DATE 4/30/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 4 RUN TIME (DAYS) 4

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STO.DEv.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 7.976 .124 WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 5.461 .066

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SO FT) 129592. 429.4 HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SO FT) 63010. 134.8

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.4 .43 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.2 .49

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.9 .67 LOCATION A 159.2 .69

RUN

TEST SECTION

157

3

RUN 158

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER 216HEATER ROD NUMBER 221

STARTING DATE 4/30/84STARTING DATE 5/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 4RUN TIME (DAYS) 5

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 2.995 .036WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 8.055 .110

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/SCI FT) 53909. 217.9HEAT FLUX (BTU/FIR/SO FT) 129113. 146.8

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.6 .44WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.6 .41

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.7 .55LOCATION A 159.6 .39

RUN 159 RUN 160

TEST SECTION 2 TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROD NUMBER 222 HEATER ROD MAIM& 216

STARTING DATE 5/ 4/84 STARTING DATE 5/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 5 RUN TIME (DAYS) 5

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER vELOCITV(FPS) 5.481 .047 WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 2.971 .025

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/SCI FT) 62982. 103.7 HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR/S0 FT) 53500. 218.8

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.4 .42 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.8 .40

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.2 .48 LOCATION A 158.9 .39

RUN 16) RUN 162

TEST SECTION TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROD NUMBER 22) HEATER ROD NUMBER 222

STARTING DATE 5/ 8/84 STARTING DATE 5/ 8/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 9 RUN TIME (DAYS) 9

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV. RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 7.982 .151 WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.487 .062

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR /SQ FT) 128633. 302.2 HEAT FLUX (BTU/MR/SO FT) 62928. 81.0

MATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 118.4 9.12 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.4 .45

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.8 ,. .79 LOCATION A 159.2 .80

RUN 163

TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROD NUMBER 216

STARTING DATE 5/ 8/84

RUN TIME (DAYS)

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER VELOCITV(FPS) 2.998 .031

HEAT FLUX (87u/HR/S0 FT) 53321. 181.4

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.8 .43

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.4 .65

RUN 164

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER 221

STARTING DATE 5/17/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN STD.DEV.

WATER vELOCITV(FPS) 8.061 .113

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/SQ FT) 97967. 198.1

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 115.9 .48

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 157.9 .69

292

RUN 165

TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROD NUMBER 222

STARTING DATE 5/17/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 5.567

HEAT FLUX (BTU/HR/SO FT) 73121.

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.1

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 158.4

RUN 167

TEST SECTION 1

HEATER ROD NUMBER 221

STARTING DATE 6/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 15

RUN STATISTICS MEAN

STD.DEV.

.100

140.0

.48

.73

STD.DEV.

RUN 166

TEST SECTION 3

HEATER ROO NUMBER 216

STARTING DATE 5/17/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 14

RUN STATISTICS MEAN

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 2.979

HEAT FLUX (8TU /HR /SQ FT) 56738.

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 116.5

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 159.2

RUN 168

TEST SECTION 2

HEATER ROO NUMBER 222

STARTING DATE 6/ 4/84

RUN TIME (DAYS) 15

RUN STATISTICS MEAN

STO.DEv.

.035

242.0

.47

.64

STO.DEV.

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 8.017 .072 WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 7.945 .098

HEAT FLux (8Tu/HR/S13 FT) 97793. 361.1 HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR/S0 FT) 99615. 200.5

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 113.1 3.84 WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 113.1 3.84

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F) SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 155.3 3.71 LOCATION A 157.2 3.40

RUN

TEST SECTION

HEATER ROD NUMBER

STARTING DATE

RUN TIME (DAYS)

169

3

216

6/ 4/84

10

RUN STATISTICS MEAN

WATER VELOCITY(FPS) 2.939

HEAT FLUX (BTU /HR/S0 FT) 52145.

WATER BULK TEMPERATURE (F) 114.3

SURFACE TEMPERATURE (F)

LOCATION A 157.3

STO.DEV.

.037

175.1

3.87

3.79

293

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TOTAL NUN TIME s 162.70 Am/

TIIROINATIES AT 04107$06100102

POO NOS NURSER o 211, ON TEST UNCTION 1

O WN STATISTICS.

mINAWIEN MDR rrammas OBVIATION

FAX (101/711 WINI 116.13 0.7113

1411112.7rIPATUSI

SITE A 11.73 0.4673

SITS 0.00 0.0000SITS 0.00 0.0000

SIR 0.00 0.0000

14.32 1.3304

99.34 0.4262

7.927 0.0402

1001 146 Tommummalt. AT 09,07.07110.01

TOTAL OWN TINS s 192.44 homes

P OO ROO MANOR s 220, ON TEST SIMON 3

N MI STATISTICS.

MAIN STONIOND 011VUITION

I!" tr114:nve 116.24 0.7124

OM A 134.46 0.71240.00 0.0040

111111 0.00 0.4400

slit

amercormanws0.00 0.0000

01.11 1.3349

"'",1;W (0, 4t 33.30 0.213

1.13 0.0334

N UN 1911 TONNINATED AT 091 tOs les 49.19

TOT/A. OWN TINS . 310.19 Mare

/ ON WOO MINNOW s ISE, ON TEST SUCTION I 2.....NMI STATISTICS.

STMIDOND OEVUSTIOIS

'WC=rim,*111.01MTRIMINOTIAIS

116.00 0.6627

SITE A 1SS. 29 0.7041

SITS 0.00 0.0600

SITE 0.00 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

orezirr.orpuous117.6. 1.3166

"." cragf;iii» 76.97 0.1632

vajligt 2.700 0.1273

298N UN 1113 TIONINATIS AT 00:07147.06147

TOTAL OWN T2NE s 102.74 More

POO ROO WOW I 412 ON TEST SECTION011111100100.

N UN STATISTICS.

MINI gramme VIVIATTO

BSI :111111rITIOU

1

2.419=11119411A11.1111 1

116.34 0.7122

SITS A 1

.

139.90 0.9131

11111f

0.00 *Akeum 0.00 0.0000

4/711 I 0.0 0.0000

4.1141111WIMAR111 I

01.31 1.3119

41.1411501Mli11 72.72 0.1327

941.114q,

I

0.6611 0.0656

SAN 197 MOINAN0110 AT 09.20.10,63,37

70714. Mum TAU 310.112 hours

/OA NOS NUMMI I 221 OM TEST S1CTION 1 1

*51 STATISTICS.

142/112011171IN7 FRAN STI01/10 ISVtATIO.

1111/117609911,0111,11 116.69 i 0.66011

111011.1411KPIPIATUIVI

SITS 139.60 0.4610SITS 0.00 0.0000

SITS 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0. 0040

57.64 1.3209

"1" 447;, 101.23 0.3177

S.091 0.0093

RUN 199 TIONINATES AT 008201110.1111.02

TOTAL NUN TINE I 310.67 Mors

POO ASS NUMMI s 210., ON MST SECTION 3

OWN STATISTICS.

STAMAIND OBVIATION

1111LIC.Terrn" 117.20 0.6406

SUIPAlgeTZPSNATIMS

SITS A 160.20 0.790)

SITS 0.00 0.0000

5171 0.00 0.00000:71 0.00 0.0000

.411111:41proSNATUNI57.45 1.3192

14671St./ 14Z;1/ / 10.63 0.2236

2.9116 0.0546

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TOTAL NUN TIM 142.22 RAN,Il

PM OM NUMMI 221 ON TOOT SECTION

.00OamemOUOmmom..0.1wamme..DOMOIMMONONON

RUN STATISTICS.

ACASURIMENT KAN STANDARD DIVIATIGN

DULX21ATuRE0

3uNFILIRWIRATMS

11..77 .1002

SITS A 130.30 1.4242

SITE 0.00

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

41611147WMATIMI06.44 2.4081

MIATAlignii;j1/. 101.24 0.3500

( 3.26 0.50.0

mOmmisOmeme.00momownwmwom 44

RUN :74 TiamrmATOO AT 0211111 :,54.21

TOTAL RUN TIME 142.311 hours

SUN :73

4464.011 1140000140110100.00000,000

TOTAL AuM TIME I. 142.22 homes

rum: AAAAA AT 0711081:122.27

ROA PSI aunts I 117 ON TROT SECTION 2

mmolibmemamedlaaa.maa.m.O.DONNOOma. WOOmme

AUN STATISTICS.

MAN ! STANDARD prvrArr2N

MILK 7121170./.12 114.31

71.0022.17021.011221

WTI A 0.00

SITE 0.00

SITE 0.00 NJo.)

SITS 117.11 2.0542

ANO111:4110OIMI1AM07.40 2.51./11

WIATaVutit474). 110.1.0

4.49:7.) 2.452

RIM 071

707M.. RUM TIME I 127.34 AMA

POR ROO WJIMI I 221

TERN:/ATE) AT 04116104111,17

ON TOY WICK , 1

VOA ROO 1111/12112 124 ON TEST SECTION ....o

melybersaallia0001 011101Masime

RUN STATISTIC,.

mIASIAIMOITT NOM i 270/0)012 2211111:11

U.1. ;11:11.44A71.as. a. 40..

121117401 71.1141.12

SITE 1$9.: 2.1.::

SITS 0.00

SITE 0.00

SITE O 0.00 0.0000

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RINI 276

2.5027

2.2417

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SITE

SITE

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177.770.000.000.20

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1.1142

1.720.4

1:02

0. :4110,2

04110010.11.0010

RUM 277 ramming AT 09,141,05.341.111

TOTAL RUN TIME s 127.27 hours TOTAL RUN TIME 127.2. 600,11

PM NOS AMOCO 117 ON TINT SECTION It 2

.11.........0000111101.00000000m400.0a0

.211 STATIST22i,

712111.111211707 MEAfl 1'4,4.40 011WAT:7.

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3511 0.00 .1.0402

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"1",:et4a44), 30.31 0.1007

3.144 0.1176

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1741111.011011747

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22222222222222222XX222222222222222222222222.2222222222222X2 22222:22222222222222222222222222222222=2222222222 22222 X22

RUN 1 278 TERMINATED AT 09.25.08.54.56 RUN 1 279 TERMINATED AT 09.25.08.56.27

TOTAL RUN TINE 212.38 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 212.38 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 221 ON TEST SECTION : 1 FOR ROD NUMBER : 117 ON TEST SECTION : 2

2....22222

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT

2.22222122222222822 22222222..2..22..2 822222224222222222222 22222 222222222242221112

MEAN 1 STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(Btu/(hr1ftA2))

VELOCITY(fps)

116.98 0.3713

159.99 1.1018

0.00 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

82.20 1.8275

42.39 0.1939

2.960 0.0723

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT

BULK TE MPER ATURE

MEAN 1 STANDARD DEVIATION

(deg F) 117.24 i 0.3704

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A 159.24 1 1.2333

SITE 0.00 1 0.0000

SITE 0.00 1 0.0000

SITE 160.35 1 1.2627

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 82.19 1 1.8242

HEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(litu/(hrlftA2)) 51.09 1 0.1129

VELOCITY(fps) 2.964 1 0.0909

2222.22222222222282222222.282222222222222222122222=12222222 22122222222222222222222222222112122222722222222222222.2222222

RUN 1 280 TERMINATED AT 09.25.08.57.58 RUN 0 281 TERMINATED AT 09.30.24.11

TOTAL RUN TIME : 212.38 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 118.04 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 124 ON TEST SECTION : 3 FOR ROD NUMBER : 221 ON TEST SECTION : 1

ZISSZlillr.:ZZSZSVIZZSIZSZZ31111ZZS2317311111111LIMIZZZZSZBILILIZZIMSS ZiSSASAIIZZIIIIIBUSSIMIZIMMISIORMSSZSZUSIMUSSZZIISMS

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT

BULK TEMPERATURE

1

1

MEAN 1 STANDARD DEVIATION

(deg F) 1 117.14 0.3699

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(deg F)

1

SITE A 1 159.03 0.5355

SITE i 0.00 0.0000

SITE 1 0.00 0.0000

SITE 1 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 1

(deg F) 82.19 1.8262

HEAT FLUX (10 " -3) 1

(Dtu/(hrtftA2)) 1 47.16 0.1704

VELOCITY 1

(fps) 1 2.994 0.0275

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (10" -3)

(Btu/(hrlft42))

VELOCITY

(fps)

1 MEAN

116.46

130.48

0.00

0.00

0.00

85.81

12.65

2.833

1 STANDARD DEVIATION

1 0.4643

0.8645

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

1.4773

1 0.1335

1 0.1391

SSISIZZIMMISIM1.223:22SZZ2811222====22118======= 22222 :as

313iftx:=222 2222222 =2711.11zzitaX2i2Zia-ZICUS ZassiX=Ziaa

RUN 1 282 TERMINATED AT 09.30.09.25.43 RUN 1 283 TERMINATED AT 09.30.09.27.14

TOTAL RUN TIME : 118.06 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 118.08 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 117 ON TEST SECTION : 2 FOR ROD NUMBER : 124 ON TEST SECTION s 3

Szzi=7.222ZZSMUS SMUSX*2XXSZSU MaZ2Z31332 XXX9112XSUIMMIXVIZZXIMUU222SUUSIMUSIES:211ZUS ZZZZZZ SinaSSUass

RUN STATISTICS: RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT 1 MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

NEAT FLUX (10"-3)

(Btu/(hr1ft"2))

VELOCITY

(fps)

116.51 0.4611

129.14 I 0.4789

0.00 0.0000

130.89 0.4905

128.78 0.4767

85.80 I 1.4735

27.72 1 0.1276

5.581 0.1500

MEASUREMENT

BULK

(deg FMPIERN)

TEIURE

BEAN

116.52

I STANDARD DEVIATION

1 0.4594

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A 129.78 I 0.4018

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 15.81 1.4762

NEAT FLUX (10 " -3)

(Btu/(hrIft"2)) 15.10 I 0.0554

VELOCITY(fps) 3.059 I 0.0430

ISMIIIISIM*1122ZSZSWASZSZIIIMMISWIZSMILTW a a ms aasmss sss ssmsszs saasssass:z:zssassmszssssss -sss

RUN 0 284 TERMINATED AT 10.08.12.08.08 RUN 1 285 TERMINATED AT 10.08.12.09.39

TOTAL RUN TIME : 193.65 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 193.67 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 221 ON TEST SECTION s 1 FOR ROD NUMBER : 117 ON TEST SECTION : 2

;SISSZIRSZZSISSMSSMINIZIWZRIBMIliii22112Z1M11121.2233.11122 ..7.2221111111:111ZIMISMBILIMMI.1=ZSITSZIZSZICAISSXXIMILSZSIMISZ

RUN STATISTICS: RUN STATISTICS:

IMMURENENT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (10" -3)

(8tu/(hrlft"2))

VELOCITY(fps)

116.06 I 0.6986

130.81 1 0.6876

0.00 I 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

I0.00 1 0.0000

83.68 2.4575

14.08 1 0.0601

3.016 0.0390

MEASUREMENT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(do, F) 116.14 I 0.6953

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SITE A NA 0.6920

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000I

SITE 130.24 0.6917

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 83.66 2.4610

NEAT FLUX (10 " -3)

(Itu/(hr1ft"2)) 31.21 I 0.0623

VELOCITY(fps) 5.570 I 0.0774

IZMIZZIMUZ*S2222112X22U2STXX2SX28=2:2=271Z*ViTASSAMS222222 Zielit ZS

314

RUN i 286 TERMINATED AT 10.08.12.11.10 RUN I 287 TERMINATED AT 10.15.23.31.05

TOTAL RUN TINE : 193.69 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 177.72 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 124 ON TEST SECTION 3 FOR ROD NUMBER : 221 ON TEST SECTION : 1

= 222222 8112X8SMZSMIMMMUKSBUSUSS8==========.213228M iSiZZE,SZ8Sitir=2:282112USSIMISSWASsiZZ2SIMMOUSIMBURiaaRt

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F) 116.12 0.6989

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A 131.56 0.7168

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 83.67 2.4620

HEAT FLUX (10" -3)

(Btu/(hreftA2)) 15.14 0.0744

VELOCITY(fps) 2.983 0.0337

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

116.31 i 0.7746BULK TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (10" -3)

(Btu/(hrtftA2))

VELOCITY(fps)

160.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.4637

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

78.351

1.2532

42.85 I 0.0843

2.983 R 0.0781

INISRS2=222822=8122221WMASSIMMWMCWZMWESSUMWASSZ822.1 SiZ7181131=====.222ZZUVZSZSBSSMOSSZSXSOUZZLIMMBIZZ2XXX

RUN 0 288 TERMINATED AT 10.15.23.32.37 RUN A 289 TERMINATED AT 10.15.23.34.08

TOTAL RUN TIME : 177.74 hours TOTAL RUN TIME : 177.76 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 117 ON TEST SECTION : 2 FOR ROD NUMBER : 124 ON TEST SECTION : 3

SIZZ3Z22111111ZaZZaIlitIZSZSZ582881111111WW1111-SZWISISSIWZZ aitZMALSZainiftaSZTAIIIIIISZEILZSWILMMIBItailtaliSSIIISZSZZIMBZ

RUN STATISTICS: RUN STATISTICS:I I

MEASUREMENT MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION_....--------_-----------....-----_-_-------_____----_____

MEASUREMENT

I I

i MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F)

I

116.6 0.7698

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(dog F)

SITE A I 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 1.1969

SITE I 160.90 1.2575

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 78.34 0.3280

(EAT FLUI99.01 0.1476

VELOCITY

(fps) I 5.562 0.0000

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F) 116.32 0.7620

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A 160.07 0.6833

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 78.34 1.2532

HEAT 111u/((11;;112))42.01 0.1300

VELOCITY(fps) 3.009 0.0352

313

X22:=228Z211=======i2ZIMUMV=SZ22**2.12i2g2==igiiiag ZSUSSZ2iii22222212SZEZZMigiSSUSMSZVISOSSLAISSIaiSSOiiiiiii

RUN D 290 TERMINATED AT 10.25.13.14.28 RUN 1 291 TERMINATED AT 10.25.13.15.59

TOTAL RUN TIME : 195.6 hours TOTAL RUN TINE 195.61 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 221 ON TEST SECTION s 1 FOR ROD NUMBER s 117 ON TEST SECTION : 2

azzszleszsmsmataszzmuespnmesszsitssancessamszzawszamumsmas: iSSZWZMIZIMMIIIMINSESSWAMM2SOSISSMSSIZSMIMISZSMISSIMUSS

RUN STATISTICS: RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT

BULK TEMPERATURE

I

I MEAN

I

I STANDARD DEVIATION

(deg F) 115.15 1.1054

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F) I

SITE A 159.07 1.2332

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 i 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE I

(deg F) 75.791

2.0163

HEAT FLUX (10A-3) I

(Btu/(hrIftA2)1 76.69 I 2.0436

VELOCITY I

(fps) 7.977 i 0.1070

MEASUREMENT____----___-_-____----_______-_------____

BULK TEMPERATURE

I

I MEAN

I

I STANDARD DEVIATION_______ ----__

(deg Fl 115.31 1.1193

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A i 0.00 0.0000

SITE I 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 3 144.49 1.6616

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

(deg F) I 75.79 2.0136

NEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(Itu/(hrlftA2)1 I 94.88 2.4318

VELOCITY

(fps) . 8.251 0.1387

211====.22.81122211121192SZIMSZUZZ282 SOSSMitiltiii2222 Siii2SUUMS222222Z2SUSZZIMISISSWESSSESZZigniiii=111====

RUN 1 292 TERMINATED AT 10.25.13.17.30 RUN I 293 TERMINATED AT 11.06.10.02.31

TOTAL RUN TINE : 195.63 hours TOTAL RUN TINE : 276.06 hours

FOR ROD NUMBER : 124 ON TEST SECTION : 3 FOR ROD NUMBER 1 221 ON TEST SECTION : 1

SZZEMIIIIIIISSZIMBICSIMMUSSZUSISZMIMMLUSZRZSZSIMSS suss ssassasss:ss sssos sssassssass sssssasssssaa:nsasszsss

RUN STATISTICS: RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BILK TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (104-3)

(8tu/(hrIftA21)

VELOCITY

(fps)

115.13

145.01

0.10

0.00

0.00

75.79

27.60

3.128

1.1242

3.0183

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

2.0142

2.3984

0.0593

MEASUREMENT MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

BULK TEMPERATURE(deg F) 114.9 1.1913

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

SITE A 144.58 1.7123

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(del F) 77.75 2.3123

HEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(Ito/(hrIftA2)) 61.52 1.9322

VELOCITY(fps) 8.137 0.0849

316

RUN I 294 TERMINATES AT 11.06.10.04.02 RUN I 295 TERNINATED AT 11.06.10.05.33

TOTAL RIM TINE t 276.08 bars

FOR ROO PUNIER ; 124 ON TEST SECTION : 3

TOTAL RUN TINE t 276.07 Moors

FOR 101 MIER o 96 ON TEST SECTION 2

82118112121112332111811=8,21181110/ZSBISIBIZilitfl,

RUN STATISTICS:

KASSIENBIT SEAN STANDARD IEVIATION

MLII TEMPERATURE(ds, F) 1 115.03 1.1948

SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1

Wes F) 1

SITE A1

0.00 0.0010

SITE I 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 1 144.49 1.7591

ANSIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 77.74 1.8121

NEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(lts/IhrtftA2)) 74.11 2.3116

VELOCITY

Ups) 1 1.109 0.1076

11311111111111111111122811112111,41IMUSIOCIPIMMIL

UMW

RUN STATISTICS:

NEASUREMBff NEAN I STANIAR. IEVIATION

IRK TENPERATURE(ds, F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

(IN F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AISIENT TEMPERATURE

TIN F)

NEAT FLOM (10A-3)

ISts/(kriftA2))

VELOCITYIf,A) 1

115.1 I 1.1969

144.09 : 1.9340

0.00 1 0.0000

0.00 I 0.0000

0.00 t 0.0100

77.75 I 1.1137

30.12 1 1.1560

3.151 i 0.0439

RIM t 296 TERMINATES AT 11.15.09.15.09 RUN I 297 TERMINATES AT 11.15.09.16.40

TOTAL RUN TIME : 227.49 heirs

FOR ROS NUNIER s 221 ON TEST OECTION 1 1 FOR ROI NUNIER t 96 ON TEST SECTION t 2

TOTAL RUN TINE : 227.48 hours

RUN STATISTICS:

NEASUPBEIIT I

i.

IULK TESPERATURE I

(deg F)1

SURFACEdeg

TF)

EMPERATVIE I

(

SITE A I

SITE I

SITE1

SITE I

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

(deg F)

NEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(Itu/(hrtftA2))

VELOCITY(fps) 1

DEAN STANIAR, DEVIATION

114.61 1.6601

146.44 1.5249

0.00 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

0.00 0.0000

72.28 3.6396

64.52 1.1954

7.961 0.1142

ABS

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT I SEAN 1 STANDARD IEVIATION

ILK TEMPERATURE(des FI 114.71 1 1.6615

SURFACE

deg

TEWERATIME

( F)

SITE A 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

I I

SITE 0.00 1 0.0000

SITE 146.71 1 1.6396

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(del F) 72.27 3.6425

NEAT FLUX (10A-3)

(Its/(hrtftA2)) 75.36 1 1.2611

VELOCITY(fps) 8.065 I 0.1091

317

IlaWISZUZIOSSIASISIWZMUSSIIMSZSCSIMICRIMISILIMIZOLIMISZS

RUN I 298 TERMINATED AT 11.15.09.10.11 RUN I 299 TERMINATED AT 11.23.09.45.33

TOTAL RUN TINE : 227.49 hours TOTAL RUN TIME 1 180.67 hours

FOR ROD MONIER : 124 ON TEST SECTION 3 FOR ROD NOSIER : 221 ON TEST SECTION : 1

samsasasasas satam SISSIIMMSWIttailIMMSZMISMISMIWAIRMICZWIll*S7111111

RIM STATISTICS: RIM STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT I MEAN f STANDARD DEVIATION

SW TEMPERATURE(dog F)

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(dog F)

SITE A

SITE

SITE

SITE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F)

HEAT FLUX (10 " -3)

(Itu/(hrIft42))

VELOCITY(fps)

114.88

145.52

0.00

0.00

0.00

n.2e

31.58

3.033

1.6693

1.8462

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

3.6455

0.6736

0.0477

NEASURENENT SEAN STANDARD DEVIATION

MILK TEMPERATURE(dog F) 116.02 I 1.0986

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(do, F)

SITE A 160.19 f 1.4070

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(dog F) 70.64 2.3324

NEAT FLUX (10 " -3)

(Itu/(hrlft"2)) 41.41 N 0.0771

T YVELOCI

(fps) 2.914 I 0.0744

massaszesszisassassassamssassansassasssasaassassassasmaassss

RUN I 300 TERMINATED AT 11.23.09.47.08

TOTAL MM TINE : 180.67 hours

FOR ROD DRIER s 96 ON TEST SECTION o 2

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASUREMENT MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION

MLR TEMPERATURE(dog F) 115.93 1.1258

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(dog F)

SITE A 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

SITE 161.37 5.1341

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

(deg F) 70.64 2.3352

HEAT FLUX (`10 " -3)

(Itu/(hrtft"2)) 37.17 0.0600

VELOCITY(fps) 2.914 0.3033

RUN I 301 TERMINATES AT 11.23.09.48.41

TOTAL RUN TIME 1 180.67 hours

FOR ROD NURSER : 124 ON TEST SECTION : 3

MIMMR*OUSUMBOUSIMZUM ........ .a

RUN STATISTICS:

MEASIIRENBIT I MEAN I STANDARD DEVIATION

SULK TEMPERATURE(dog F) 116.1 1.0972

SURFACE TEMPERATURE(deg F)

SITE A 158.62 1.2600

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 I 0.0000

SITE 0.00 0.0000

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(deg F) 70.65 2.3285

MEAT

FLUX (10"-3145.55 0.1326

VELOCITYIfos) 3.065 I 0.0455

318

APPENDIX M

PLOTS OF CORRELATIONAL CURVES

Figs.M-1(a-h) Correlational of -1n0d vs Velocity at a

constant surface temperature for 8 sets of different

water qualities.

Figs.M-2(a-q) Correlation of ln(ed /Fv) vs [1/(Ts+460)][10]

for the 17 different water qualities observed in Table

VI-2.

Figs.M-3(a-q) Curves of Constant Velocity on Grid of Time

Constant vs Surface Temperature for the 17 different

water qualities observed in Table VI-2.

Figs.M-4(a-q) Curves of Constant Velocity on Grid of (Time

constant x Shear Stress) vs Surface Temperature for the

17 different water qualities observed in Table VI-2.

319

PLOTS OF CORRELATIONAL CURVES

Figs.M-1(a-h) Correlational of -InOd vs Velocity at a

constant surface temperature for B sets of different

water qualities.

If

16

15

14-

13

12 -

11

10

9

C6=10.673

Cr.394

R2 =.983

I I I

2 4 6

Ili. 11- la Velocity (ft/sec)

16

16 -

14

13

12 --,

11

10

1

6 10

C6=11 268

C7= 390

R2=.988

9 i

2N. i lb

1

41

6

Velocity (ft/eec)

i

320

I I

8 10

continue...

16

15

14 -

13

12 -4

10 -

C6=10.346

C7..308

R2=.998

9

2

- I d

4 6

Velocity (ftteec)

321

8 10continue...

16

15 -

14

13

12-

11 -

10 -4

C6.10.992

C7=.316

R2..996

216

21

fig. I - le

I I I

4 6

Velocity (ft /sec)

1 1

8 10

9 r

2

11g. I - If

C6=11.818

C7= 370

R2..982

0 228

r

41 r

6

Velocity (ft /see)

1

322

I I

8 10continue...

16

15 -

14 -..

13 -

12 -

10 -

C6=9.904

C7=.406

R2=.993

9

2

Fig. II-11

4

T

6

Velocity (ft/sec)

8 10

323

324

PLOTS OF CORRELATIONAL CURVES

Figs.M-2(a-q) Correlation of ln(ed /Fv) vs [1/(Ts+460)](10]

for the 17 different water qualities observed in Table

VI-2.

14

325

Water 40 : 1

13-.

12 -

11 -

2

10-

9 -

8 -

7-

8

13

1.61 1.83

lig. I - 21

1.65

(1/(79+410))S10^3

Water 41 : 2

1.67 1.71

12.9 -t2.8 - C =1 1773

12.7 E3

ir =7 2223E3

12.8 -12.5 R2=.863

12.4 -12.3

12.2 -12.1 -4

12 -0t 11.911.8 - 01

11.711.6 -0 0 140

11.50 142

11.40 141

11.3 -11.2 -11.1 --

11

1.61 1.63 1.86 1.87

fig. 1 - 2b

[1/(15+480)]010"3

I I

1.89 1.71

continue...

12.5

Water 46 : 3

12.4 -C.1=3.68W3E3

12.3 - E'g .1.11898E412.2 - ng

12.1 - R2=.981

12-11.9 -

11

14

13-

12 -4

11 --

10-

i9

7

0146

1.64 1.86 1.88

lit. I - lc [1/(7S+480)]*10'"3

Water M : 4

1.7

C3

=1 1285E60

Rg=9.2182E4

R =.99995

6

1.58fit I - 2d

150151

9

1.59 1.6

[1/(TS+460)?1Cr3

326

1.62

continue...

9

Water a : 5

8.8 - C3=1 1796E39

8.6 - u =6.0934E4Ag

8.4 -

8 2 - R2 =.994.

a-7.8

7.6 -

7.4 -

7.2 -

7 -

6.8

6.6 -

6.4 -*

6.2 -*

6

1.58 1.59 1.8

fig. I - 2. [1/(1s+440].10'3

12

11.5 -

11 -

10.5

1t1

l-c 9.5 -0

Water a t 6

1.81 1.62

C3=9.7787E68

RE -1.05267E5

R2-.998

7.5

1.58HU. I - 2f

1.59 1.6

[1/(75+460]010-3

327

1 .62

continue...

anuT4uo3

8Z

r-oi.[(oet+si)/i]

gal eat

-

*9'

9L ID 9L 0

6

r- S'6

01

TO

9'11

£66"c H Z - 8

739Z78'7= E a

sti 0E3EZCZ= 0

1C t

El = * J,941pm

r-oi4(cr9p+si.)/t]

69't Lat gal 1

n -

l 19'1

991 0

9

L 9

6

6910 -

It

98*-- Z

H - LI

ZLI 8

4 7390ICE= £3 - £1 OZUSWE= D

L t # Ja4Wm

Irt

z

12.6

12.4 -

12.2-12

11.8 -

11.6 -I

11.4 -

11.2 -

11 -

10.8-10.6 -

10.4 -

10.2 -10-9.8 -9.6 -9.4

Water a 9

C3=1 8486E10

R= 2.0903E4

8

R2=.972

0 210

a 207

fig. I - 21

12

1.83 1.65

[1/(TS+4430)?10's3

1.87

Water a :10

1.69 1.71

11.9-11.8 C

3=7.467E6

11.7 - =1 6504E4R11.6 8

11.6 - a 223R2=.952

11.4 a222

11.3

11.2

11.1 -611

104 _ 13217

10.8 -10.7 13215,216

10.6 -10.510.4 -10.3 -10.2 -*10.1 -

10

1.81fig. I -

1

1.63 1.66

[1/(TS+460)?10-3

329

continue...

13

12.8 -

12.6 -

12.4 -

12.2 -

12

11.8 -

\ 11.6 -43.

11.4

11.2 -

11 -

10.8 -

10.6 -

10.4 - 0 231

10.2 *

10

Water * :11

C3=4 0884E10

=2.1838E48

R2=.753

0 2270229

02

0 230

1.81

/11. 1 - 21

12.512.4 -12.3 -12.212.1

12

11.9 -11.8 -411.7

a). 11.6

4 11.5c 11.4 *

11.3 -11.2

11.1

11 37, 23810.9 -10.8-10.7

1.63 1.85

[1/(7S+460)].10-3

1.67

Water * :12

1.69 1.71

C3 =77.4374

=9 5189E3Ro

R2 =.995

10,6 -10.5

0 241

239

1 .61

lit. d - 21

1 r r r 1 1

1.63 1.66 1.67

[1/(75+480)]*10-3

1 .69 1 .71

continue...

330

13

Water * :13

C =4.708E1112.6 - 0.2.2996E4

12 -4R2=.981

11.6 -

9.5 -

9

1.61

12

11.a -

11.6 -

11.4 -

11.2 -

11-A

10.8 -

10.6-

10.4 -

10.2 -

10-

9.8 -

9.6 -

242

fig. 1 - 22

1.83 1.85 1.87

(1/(TS+460)14,10"1

Water * :14

1.89 1.71

=1.1793E15

R =2.7841E4g

R2=.948

CI254

9.41.81

fig. 1 - 2i

259

1.83

[1/(15+460)1010-3

1.65

331

continue...

,it

4c

7

14

332

Water it :15

R

C3=3.3705E24

E13 - =3.9831E4Q

12 -

11 -'

10-t

9 -.

0 282

8-r

R2=.932

261

7 0 260-t

I I I I I I I I

1.63 1 .65 1.67

[1/(75+460]1'10"Z

Water # :16

1 .69 1.71

1.61 1.83 1 .65 1 .87

Iip. I - tp[1/(T5 +460)]10"3

continue...

1 .71

1

13

12.5 -

12 -

11.5 -

11 -*

10.5 -

10-

9.5 --

333

Water 40 :17

9 I I r r

1.81 1.63 1.e5 1.67

fig. I - 2q [1/os+40:01 o-.3

1.691

1.71

334

PLOTS OF CORRELATIONAL CURVES

Figs.M-3(a-q) Curves of Constant Velocity on Grid of Time

Constant vs Surface Temperature for the 17 different

water qualities observed in Table VI-2.

110

100 -

00 -

e0-

70

050 -

40 -

30 -

20 -

10

0

250

240 -

230-220 -

310 -e

200 -

190 -

1110

11110 -

n150 -

140 -3 130

1 120 -3C 110 -

loono

Water I: 1

5.5 Rise

110 130

rig. U - Ulisefor.a Tompemilmrs ()

Mater I: 2

150

Vie. - 3c Sur/.c. homponsture

170

170

I

00Water 1: 3

500 -

400 -

300 -

100

0

120

rig. I - 3b

140 1110 IMO

%Asp Temp-Mr. en

Water I: 4

Won

10-

110

lig. I - 34130 150

Unlace Forosnekore en

170

200150-ISO-110

-ISO

-ISOISO-ISO-140-130-120110 -100 -00-00 -70 -GO -50 -4030 -20 -10 -0

110

fig. -3

Mater 1: 5

200100ISO -170 -100 -ISO

-170 -120 -110-100

-nO 70 -

so -r 50-rC 30 -

20-100

110

130

5hso44.4 14/144444404 rnMater 1: 7

150 170

Pig. I -3g

130 150

Suttees Ionyedstore

170

200

240 -

220 -

200200-

ISO-

ISO-

140 -

NO -

I 100 -

1 SO -

00

40 -

20-

3.5

Mater 1: 6

Infig. I -3f Sreasse Tomoonobro CF)

Water 1:

ISO 170

7-

0

3.3 11/44411 West

110

lit. I - 31

130 150

suttee. Iimperobins170

eater I: 9

rig. I - 31Sofia Tagroorolvto rn

Water 1: 11

0.11 -

0.11

0.7

0.0 -

0 13 F 0.5,rpba3CA

11 Ruse

11.3 11/ssc

'10

tic. I St

130

!aloes Tompowetwoo rn

ISO 170

Ii

II

Iir

I;

300

WO -

SOO -

240 -

220 -

200 -

100 -

ISO -

10 -120 -

100 ,

SO -

. 40 -

20 -

III. I - SJ Surface Impesoluto en

Water 1:12

-,--,rig. r - 31 Susloca Tonipeolaws tfl

Water 1: 14

110

120

110

tic h130

Sur4464 T0.0.00. en

later 1:11

100 -

110 -

SO -

70 -

SO -

00 -

40 -

170

1

100

700

000

500

400

300

100

aaq

Mater 1: 13

130

Swims rn

Water 1: 15

fit. I $o

130

&MIKA lemperuf (.1)

I

4

tic 1130 150

w

no

200 -

ISO -

NO -

140 -

ISO -

100 -

S O -

S O -

Water 1: 17

130

balms TompsrsIurs en

170

340

PLOTS OF CORRELATIONAL CURVES

Figs.M-4(a-q) Curves of Constant Velocity on Grid of (Time

constant x Shear Stress) vs Surface Temperature for the

17 different water qualities observed in Table VI-2.

Water 01

341

60

Fib. I - 44

Surface Temperature (0F)

Water la

50 --.

40

30 -,

20

10-

o

110

Fig. I - 4bSurface Temperature (OF)

170

continue...

l,

$

140

130 -,

120 -

110 -

I00 -

90 -*

so

Water #3

342

70-,

60 -

50 -

40 -

30 -

20 -

10 '',

0

8 ft /sec

5.5 ft /sec

3 ft /sec

110

fig. I 4c

26

24 -

22 -,

20 -,

18 -n+I 16-

1 .&-II .1. 14 -

u.0

CP '" 12 -*L.0 10 -

8-6 -I

4 -

2-0

110

fig. I - 4d

1 t

130I

Surface Temperature (°F)

Water 04

150I

170

8 ft /sec

5.5 ft/sec

3 ft/sec

r130

Surface Temperature (°F)

150 170

continue...

4,

$

Water #6343

111. I -4,

30

28

28

24 -4

22 -

N 20 -4J

I .4

jj--.

6+i 0

,-* 18 -4

S...4

1 4 *Lt 12

10

Surface Temperature (IF)

Water #8

8

8-,4

2-0

110

fig. I -4f

I

130

Surface Temperature (F)

1

150 170

continue...

.80Water 07

70 -4

80-1

50

40

30

20 -6

10 -

0

8 ft/eec

5.5 ft /Mc

3 ft /see

110

Iii. I -41

130

Surface Temperature (oF)

Water 08

150 170

Hu I - lbSurface Temperature F)

344

continue...

N

1"

N

180

150 -

140 -

130 -

120 -

110

100 -

90

80

70

80

60

40 -30 -20 -10

0

Water #9

8.0 ft/sac

5.5 ft/sec

3.0 ft/sec

110

fig. I - 41

130

Surface Temperature (°F)

Water #10

160 170

fig. I 4iSurface Temperature (0F)

345

continue...

GOO

Water #11

346

400 '

200

100 -"4

0

80

8 ft/eec

5.6 ft /eac

3 ft /oec

110

rig. Il 6

i

1301

Surface Temperature (°F)

Water #12

r150

t

170

50

20

10

0-110

rig. I - 41

8.0 ft/esc

3.0 ft ime130

Surface Temperature (F)

150 170

continue...

L.c

240

220

200

ISO

180

140 -4

120 -

100

80 -

80

40

20 '4

0

Water #13347

8 Vow

5.5 ft /sec

3 ft /Me

1

110

320

300 -

280 -

280 -4

240

220

fig. I 48

1

130

Surface Temperature (°F)

Water #14

I

160I

170

N.4 200

J 4-\ 180 -*"4"

$ .".0 180

L 140.0

120

100 -

80 -4

60-'40 -4

20

0

8 ft/eec

6.6 ft/sec

3 ft /ese

110

fig. I - 4s

I

130

Surface Temperature ('F)

1

150 170

continue.

200190 -180 -170 -4160 -160 1140 -4

a130 -4

I -4' 120-110-i

,,,.XI 100 -

90 -L 80C

70 -60 -450 -440 -430 -,20 -410 -0-

110

2019 -18 -17 -16-16-14 -13 -12 -44

11 -10 -10 -/II -47 -6 -6 -4 -43 -2-1 -40

Water #16348

Iii. I - 44

130 160

Surface Temperature (IF)

Water #16

170

8 ft/sec

6.5 ft/eso

3 ft/sec

110

Fig. 1 - 4p

r130

Surface Temperature (F)

160 170

continue...

1.

$

18

17 -

US -

lb -n4J4- 1414-.0.-4 13 -

S.t 12

It -

10 -

9 -4

8

Water #17

110

fig. I 49

1

1301

Surface Temperature (OF)

1

1601

170

349