Submitted to:

Ms. Fozia

Submitted by:

Faiza Butt

Sonia Tauhid

Zainab Fatima

BBA (8)

Project Management

Project on Eiffel Tower

Department of Management sciences

Lahore college for Women University

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Project on Eiffel Tower

TABLE OF CONTENT

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Subserial

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Contents Page #

1 HISTORY OF EIFFEL TOWER 31.1 Introduction 41.2 Description Of The Eiffel Tower 41.4 The Tallest 4

2 WHY WE SELECT THIS PROJECT 43 PLAN OF REPORT 44 PROJECT INITIATION 6

4.1 Planning 64.2 design contest 64.3 project manager 64.4 engineering firm 74.5 Designing 7

4.5.1

Material 7

4.5.2

Wind considerations 7

4.5.3

Accommodation 8

4.5.4

Engraved names 8

4.5.5

Maintenance 8

4.5.6

Aesthetic considerations 8

5 PROJECT PLANNING 85.1 project cost 85.2 project schedule 95.3 performance 9

5.3.1

Money Machine 9

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5.3.2

Groundbreaking 9

6 PROJECT EXECUTION 106.1 Joint Venture 106.2 Construction 10

7 PROJECT TERMINATION 117.1 Inauguration And The 1889 Exposition 11

8 CONCLUSION 138.1 Current Status 138.2 Future Directions 138.3 Findings 13

9 REFERENCES 15

1) HISTORY OF EIFFEL TOWER

As the French government was planning theCentennial Expositon of 1889, a fair tocelebrate the French Revolution, a known bridgeengineer, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, was asked todesign and build a structure that would suit theoccasion. His finished tower got both praise andcriticism and a lot of amazement. After theCentennial Exposition, of 1889 ended, Eiffelknew that he had to find new profitable ways tosave his tower. He directed changes to preparefor a meteorological station in 1890, a military telegraphstation in 1903, and a laboratory for studying aerodynamics in1909. Even further changes were made for the expostitions of1900, 1925, and 1937. An extra height of 66 feet (20 meters) was

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add on to the tower of television transmissions. The public firmhad managed the Eiffel Tower for many years, until 1981 when thegovernment of the city of Paris took over its management. Thetower went through a reconstruction and renovation in 1981 to1983 in preparation of its 100th anniversary in 1989. Therenovation cost around 40 milliion dollars. The paint wasstripped off down to the girders, removed the extra unnecessaryweight of structures on the upper levels, and built new andlighter in weight facilities for visitors.

1.1) Introduction

Vital Statistics:Location: Paris, FranceCompletion Date: 1889Cost: $1.5 millionHeight: 986 feetMaterials: Wrought ironEngineer(s): Gustave Eiffel

The most famous landmark in the world is the Eiffel Tower. Itdominates the skyline of Paris and is a very important landmarkof building construction history. The Eiffel Tower was built forthe World Exhibition in 1889, held in celebration of the FrenchRevolution in 1789.Today, there is no such aversion anymore among the Parisians, andone could not imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower, in fact ithas become the symbol of the City of Light.

1.2) Description Of The Eiffel Tower

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Nothing like it had ever been built like theEiffel Tower. It is a 984-foot (300-meter) towerof wrought iron and open-lattice. The EiffelTower was the tallest structure in the worlduntil the Chrusler Building was finished in NewYork City in 1930. Otis Elevator Company haddesigned glass-walled elevators, which climbedthe legs of the tower to get to the first andsecond platforms. From the second floor to thethird platform, which is near the top, four

balanced elevators go up and down in the area. If you looked on aclear day, from the top platform, the view stretches for 50 miles(80 kilometers). On the first level are three-glass-confinedstructures, there are two level. Tey both contain one restaurant:Le Parisien on the lower level and La Belle France on the upperlevel. The thrd part is teh Salle (hall) Gustave Eiffel, wherethere is space for business, conferences, expositions, culturalevents, and social meetings. There is a a souvenir shop and asnack bar located on the smaller second floor. Even from thislevel, it is very possible that an excellent view of Paris can beseen without having to go to the top.

1.3) The Tallest

Inaugurated March 31, 1889, the Eiffel Tower would be the talleststructure in the world until the completion of the ChryslerBuilding in 1930.

2) WHY WE SELECT THIS PROJECT

There are definitely other monuments in world that deserved justas much attention as the Eiffel Tower, or probably even more.However, we choose the Eiffel Tower because its appearancecontrasts and its construction involve somehow more recentknowledge (better understood) than the construction of some other

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monuments, such as cathedrals. Actually, up to this day, thearchitecture of cathedrals is still not perfectly understood butits architecture is easily and perfectly understood.

Also, We have chosen Eiffel Tower because it is the highestbuilding of Paris (325 m) and material about the project easilyavailable and we are impressed by the quality of data which isavailable from websites.

3) PLAN OF REPORT

The design of the Eiffel Tower was made Gustave Eiffel therefore

the name of Eiffel tower named after the engineer Gustave

Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. The

construction was only meant to last for the duration of the

Exposition, but it still stands today, despite all protests from

contemporary artists who feared the construction would be the

advent of structures without 'individuality' and despite the many

people who feared that this huge 'object' would not fit into the

architecture of Paris.

 Eiffel founded and developed a company specializing in metal

structural work.  tower is composed of puddling iron, not steel

as many of today's buildings. Total 7,300 metric tons of puddling

iron, which were the precursor to construction steel, was used.

Like most materials, the tower undergoes thermal expansion. 

Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphical

methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific

mathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower shows a

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basically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials,

the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind

forces. It cost eight million francs (US$1.5 Million 1890

dollars, US$58 Million 2011 dollars). Using the price of gold as

a metric, a sum partially funded by the French government.

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French

government and the City of Paris. Eiffel & Company, his

engineering firm, agreed to contribute 1.3 million of the tower’s

estimated $1.6 million construction cost.

All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located at

Levallois-Perret on the outskirts of Paris. Each of the 18,000

pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed and

calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeter

and then put together forming new pieces around five meters each.

A team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaduct

projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site

assembling this gigantic erector set.

This project to build a national monument was terminated

successfully through extinction. The main structural work was

completed at the end of March 1889. Sunday March 31st 1889 at

1:30 p.m., Gustave Eiffel showed some of the famous personalities

of the day around what was then the tallest tower in the world.

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was

to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the

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City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the

original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be

easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for

communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry

of the permit.

4) PROJECT INITIATION

4.1) PLANNING

In 1885, French officials began planning the Great Exposition of1889, a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the FrenchRevolution. They wanted to build some kind of monument that wouldbe as glorious as France itself.

The French decided to top it by constructing a 1,000-foot-talltower right in the heart of Paris. Now all they had to do wasfind somebody who could design and build it.

4.2) DESIGN CONTEST

On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design contest:French engineers and architects were invited to “study thepossibility of erecting on the Champ de Mars an iron tower with abase of 125 meters square and 300 meters high.”

Whatever the contestants decided to propose, their designs had tomeet two other criteria:

1) The structure had to be self-financing- it had to attractenough ticket-buying visitors to the exposition to pay for itsown construction; and

2) It had to be a temporary structure that could be torn downeasily at the end of the Exposition.

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By the time the contest was announced, Alexandre-GustaveEiffel [wiki] – a 53-year-old structural engineer alreadyconsidered France’s “master builder in metal” had the job sewnup. Weeks earlier, he had met with French minister EdouardLockroy and presented plans for a wrought iron tower he was readyto build. Eiffel had already commissioned 5,329 mechanicaldrawings representing the 18,038 different components that wouldbe used. Lockroy was so impressed that he rigged the contest soonly Eiffel’s design would win.

Eiffel tower consists of three levels and Gustave Eiffel engravedon the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineersand other notable people.

4.3) PROJECT MANAGER

The name of the project manager of the single most visited paidmonument in the world known as Eiffel Tower is 'Gustave Eiffel'.

4.4) ENGINEERING FIRMThe tower was built by the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel,Eiffel et Cie, a company well established in metallicconstruction projects. This firm underwent many transformationsin the following years, but it still survives today, still underthe name Eiffel, and it still specializes in complex steelconstruction work and engineering. Eiffel didn't design the tower all by himself, however. Otherpeople in his firm who worked extensively on the tower includedengineers Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin; Tower architectStephen Sauvestre; Jean Compagnon, who handled construction ofthe superstructure; and Adolphe Salles, who worked on thephysical plant of the tower. The patents covering the tower werefiled jointly by Eiffel, Nouguier, and Koechlin (the latter twoeventually sold their rights to Eiffel in exchange for apercentage of the revenue generated by the tower).

4.5) DESIGNING

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4.5.1) Material

The puddle iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300tonnes, while the entire structure, including non-metalcomponents, is approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration ofthe economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structurewere melted down it would fill the 125-metre-square base to adepth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metalto be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Depending on the ambienttemperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun byup to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal onthe side facing the sun.

4.5.2) Wind considerations

At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by itsdaring shape. Eiffel was criticized for the design and accused oftrying to create something artistic, or inartistic according tothe viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and hisengineers, however, as experienced bridge builders, understoodthe importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going tobuild the tallest structure in the world they had to be certainit would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in thenewspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designingthe Tower? It was wind resistance.

Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphicalmethods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specificmathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower shows abasically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials,the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to windforces. Several mathematical explanations have been proposed overthe years for the success of the design; the most recent isdescribed as a nonlinear integral equation based oncounterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower withthe tension between the construction elements at that point.

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4.5.3) Accommodation

When built, the first level contained two restaurants: an "Anglo-American Bar", and a 250 seat theatre. A 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in)promenade ran around the outside.

On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an officeand a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figarode la Tour, was produced. There was also a pâtisserie.

On the third level were laboratories for various experiments anda small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertainguests. This is now open to the public, complete with perioddecorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.

4.5.4) Engraved names

Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of Frenchscientists, engineers and other notable people. This engravingwas painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century butrestored in 1986–1987

4.5.5) Maintenance

Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes ofpaint every seven years to protect it from rust. The height ofthe Eiffel Tower varies by 15 cm due to temperature.

4.5.6) Aesthetic considerations

In order to enhance the impression of height, three separatecolours of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on thebottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of thepaint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade ofbronze. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hostinga poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting.

The only non-structural elements are the four decorativegrillwork arches, which served to reassure visitors that the

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structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearbyarchitecture.

5) PROJECT PLANNING

5.1) PROJECT COST

It cost eight million francs (US$1.5 Million 1890 dollars, US$58Million 2011 dollars). Using the price of gold as a metric, a sumpartially funded by the French government. The balance of thecost was paid with the admission proceeds going to Eiffel’sconstruction company.

5.2) PROJECT SCHEDULE

The construction work took 2 years, 2 months and 5 days.

January 28,1887

The first digging work started

July 1, 1887 The assembly of the supports began December 7,1887

The joining of the major girders up to the firstlevel was completed.

March 15,1888

Foundations were completed

April 1,1888

The first floor was finished 1st April 1888.

August 14,1888

The second floor was finished

March 31,1889

The assembly was completed once and for all, withthe top

March 31,1889

Inauguration and the Exposition

5.3) PERFORMANCE

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5.3.1) Money Machine

Unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed tomake money from the very beginning. If you wanted to take theelevator or the stairs to the first story, you had to pay 2francs; going all the way to the top cost 5 francs (Sundays werecheaper). That was just the beginning; restaurants, cafes, andshops were planned for the first story; a post office, telegraphoffice, bakery, and printing press were planned for the secondstory. In all, the tower was designed to accommodate up to 10,416paying customers at a time.

5.3.2)Groundbreaking

Construction began on January 26, with not a moment to spare.With barely two years left to build the tower in time for openingof the Exposition, Eiffel would have to build the tower morequickly than any similar structure had been built before. TheWashington Monument, just over half the Eiffel Tower’s size, hadtaken 36 years to complete.

To accomplish his task, Eiffel devised some incredibly ingenioustechniques:

Unlike other massive engineering projects of the day, he hadnearly all of the parts used in the tower prefabricated off-site in his workshops. This meant that when they arrived atthe tower, the parts could quickly be riveted into placewith a minimum of fuss.

The rivet holes themselves were predrilled to a tolerance ofone-tenth of one millimeter, making it possible for thetwenty riveting teams to drive an average of 1,650 rivets aday.

None of the girders used in the tower was permitted to weighmore than three tons. This made it possible to use smallercranes to lift everything into place.

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As Joseph Harris writes in The Tallest Tower:

Eiffel had learned that using small components was faster and safer, even if his methoddid require more riveting, for cranes could be smaller and more mobile. The chances ofaccidents were reduced, and if one did occur the consequences were less serious. Use ofbigger girders would have slowed the entire operation and required more expensiveand complicated construction methods.

Thanks to these and other safety measures, the Eiffel Tower – the world’s tallestconstruction site – was also one of the safest. Of the hundreds of people who worked onthe tower, only one, a riveter’s assistant named Dussardin, fell to his death

On completion, the tower was 300 meters high. During the 20thcentury, successive sets of antennae were added to the top of thestructure for radio and TV transmission purposes. By 1994, thetower had reached 317 meters, then in 2008 a new set of antennaincreased it to 325 metres. The Eiffel Tower is now 6 metreshigher than its former ‘rival’, the Chrysler Building, due to itsnew antennae.

6) PROJECT EXECUTION

6.1) JOINT VENTURE

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the Frenchgovernment and the City of Paris. Eiffel & Company, hisengineering firm, agreed to contribute 1.3 million of the tower’sestimated $1.6 million construction cost. In exchange, Eiffelwould receive all revenues generated by the tower during theexposition…and for 20 years afterward. (The government agreed toleave the tower up after the Exposition.) Afterward, fullownership reverted to the City of Paris. They could tear it downif they wanted.

6.2) CONSTRUCTION

All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located atLevallois-Perret on the outskirts of Paris. Each of the 18,000

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pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed andcalculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeterand then put together forming new pieces around five meters each.A team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaductprojects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on siteassembling this gigantic erector set.

First the pieces were assembled in the factory using bolts, laterto be replaced one by one with thermally assembled rivets, whichcontracted during cooling thus ensuring a very tight fit. A teamof four men was needed for each rivet assembled: one to heat itup, another to hold it in place, a third to shape the head and afourth to beat it with a sledgehammer. Only a third of the2,500,000 rivets used in the construction of the Tower wereinserted directly on site.

Each corner edgerests on its ownsupporting block;applying to it apressure of 3 to 4kilograms per squarecentimeter, and eachblock is joined tothe others by walls.On the Seine side ofthe construction, thebuilders usedwatertight metalcaissons and injectedcompressed air, so that they were able to work below the level ofthe water.

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The assembly of the first level was achieved by the use of twelvetemporary wooden scaffolds, 30 metres high, and four largerscaffolds of 40 meters each.

"Sand boxes" and hydraulic jacks - replaced after use bypermanent wedges - allowed the metal girders to be positioned toan accuracy of one millimeter.

On December 7, 1887, the joining of the major girders up to thefirst level was completed. The pieces were hauled up by steamcranes, which themselves climbed up the Tower as they went alongusing the runners to be used for the Tower's lifts.

Considering the rudimentary means available at that period, thiscould be considered record speed. The assembly of the Tower was amarvel of precision, as all chroniclers of the period agree. Theconstruction work began in January 1887 and was finished on March31, 1889. On the narrow platform at the top, Eiffel received hisdecoration from the Legion of Honor.

7) PROJECT TERMINATION

7.1) INAUGURATION AND THE 1889 EXPOSITION

This project to build a national monument was terminatedsuccessfully through extinction. The main structural work wascompleted at the end of March 1889. Sunday March 31st 1889 at1:30 p.m., Gustave Eiffel showed some of the famous personalitiesof the day around what was then the tallest tower in the world.

Since the lifts were not yet inoperation, the ascent was made byfoot, and took over an hour, Eiffelfrequently stopping to makeexplanations of various features.Most of the party chose to stop atthe lower levels, but a few,

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completed the climb. At 2:35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolor, tothe accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired from the lower level.There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts andthe fitting out of the facilities for visitors, and the tower wasnot opened to the public until nine days after the opening of theExposition on 6 May, and even then the lifts had not beencompleted.

The tower was an immediate success with the public, and lengthyqueues formed to make the ascent. Tickets cost 2 francs for thefirst level, 3 for the second and 5 for the top, with half-priceadmission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there hadbeen nearly two million visitors.

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it wasto be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to theCity of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of theoriginal contest rules for designing a tower was that it could beeasily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable forcommunication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiryof the permit.

8) CONCLUSION

8.1) Current Status

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Over 200 million people have visited the Eiffel Tower sinceits inception, with the 200,000,000th visitor visiting thismonument on November 28, 2010.

Eiffel Tower has also attracted reckless persons who enjoydoing dangerous things from across the globe. It has beenscaled by mountaineers, used as a platform for bungeejumping and parachuting and some have even gone to theextent of using it as a platform for cycling androllerblading stunts.

The tower's romantic appeal seems to attract depressed andsuicidal individuals almost as well as it attracts touristsand young lovers. Nearly four hundred people have jumpedfrom the tower, or fallen (sometimes it's hard to tell thedifference). Current safety equipment in place makes itimpossible to accidentally fall from the tower, so onlydeliberate and very determined suicides still manage to killthemselves with a fall from the Eiffel Tower.

8.2) Future Directions

Eiffel Tower will last for at least two or three hundred moreyears. Simulated precipitation, temperature, and extreme windconditions are projected to have little effect, and even doublingthe weight of the tower, though causing it to “move,” will stillleave it safely standing. The rising temperatures caused byglobal warming may pose problems for the structural integrity ofthe tower in the future due to the expansion of iron uponheating, but for now, experts conclude that the Eiffel Tower ishere to stay.

8.3) Findings

With 5300 blueprints and his detailed note, Eiffel's planning laid a base for the project

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Managing stakeholders – Published response to the community of artists and architects Team work – Bringing along the designers, engineers and workers to get the work done Eiffel Tower Today – Completion of the project within the determined budget Time management – Completion of the project within the giventight schedule by dividing it into the phasesThe Eiffel Tower is repainted every seven years -- with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Since it was unveiled at the Paris World's Fair in 1889, more than 167 million people have visited the Eiffel Tower. The names of 72 French scientists and other famous individuals are permanently affixed to the sides of the tower in 60-centimeter letters just beneath the first platform, with 18 names per side. Counting from the ground, there are 347 steps to the first level, 674 steps to the second level, and 1,710 steps to thesmall platform on the top of the tower. On a clear day, it is possible to see 42 miles in every direction from the top of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower is twice as tall as the Washington Monumentand weighs 70,000 tons less!

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9) REFERENCES:

http://www.eiffel-tower.com/

http://www.eiffel-tower.com/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower#Design_of_the_towerhttp://www.yalescientific.org/2011/05/secrets-of-the-eiffel-tower/http://www.atkielski.com/main/EiffelTowerFAQ.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/eiffel_tower.htmlhttp://www.managementcanvas.iimindore.in/icanvas/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:management-lessons-from-gustave-eiffel&catid=44:other-areas&Itemid=61

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http://www.school-trip.com/france/eiffel/eiffel.html

http://www.frenchmoments.com/Eiffel_Tower.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-the-eiffel-tower-paris.htmlhttp://www.wikihow.com/Draw-the-Eiffel-Tower

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