Efficacy of Natural Zeolite and Metakaolin as Partial ...

Research ArticleEfficacy of Natural Zeolite and Metakaolin as PartialAlternatives to Cement in Fresh and Hardened HighStrength Concrete

Iswarya Gowram 1 Beulah M 1 MR Sudhir 1 Mothi Krishna Mohan 2

and Deekshith Jain 3

1Department of Civil Engineering School of Engineering amp Technology Christ (Deemed to Be University)Bangalore 560074 Karnataka India2Department of Science and Humanities Christ (Deemed to Be University) Bangalore 560074 Karnataka India3Department of Construction Technology and Management Bule Hora University POB 144 Oromia Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Deekshith Jain deekshithjainbhueduet

Received 15 September 2021 Revised 1 November 2021 Accepted 18 November 2021 Published 3 December 2021

Academic Editor Kaushik Kumar

Copyright copy 2021 Iswarya Gowram et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Urbanization and industrialization have dramatically increased the manufacture of cement causing substantial pollution of theenvironmente primary global concern related to cementmanufacture has been the management of the large carbon footprintse usages of environmentally friendly cementitious materials in the construction of structures have proved to be a viable optionto deal with this environmental concernerefore it is necessary to further explore the usage of cementitious materials which canreplace cement albeit partially In this direction of research two such cementitious materials namely natural zeolite andmetakaolin have been investigated in this study High-strength concrete M60 with natural zeolite and metakaolin as the partialreplacements for the cement has been prepared in this work Polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer solution has been used toenhance workability e test specimen cast and cured for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days at ambient room temperature has been testedfor compressive strength split tensile strength and flexural strength as per the Indian standards e optimum mix of high-strength concrete thus manufactured has met the Indian standards and the combination of cement +5 natural zeolite +10metakaolin has exhibited the highest compressive split tensile and flexural strengths at 90 days of curing Natural zeolite andmetakaolin when used in smaller proportions have increased the concrete strength and these materials are recommended forpartial replacement of cement

1 Introduction

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction ma-terials in the world Cement water (active components) fineparticles and coarse aggregates (inactive members) are thefundamental ingredients of concrete [1 2] Cement man-ufacture produces a significant amount of carbon dioxideCement can be partially replaced by pozzolanic materials orindustrial wastes to reduce CO2 emissions [3 4] By fillingthe pores and lowering the porosity and permeability of theconcrete without sacrificing the required characteristicsnatural zeolite and metakaolin materials improve the

durability and strength of the concrete By fulfilling currentand future demands the notion of sustainability enhanceshuman well-being and quality without compromising itDue to urbanization population expansion and economicsthe construction sector directly influences the environmentby utilizing cement [5 6] It is necessary to use sustainablebuilding materials or processes to minimize carbon dioxideemission and moderate global warming [7] Because cementis the primary building material in the construction sector itis essential to convert to sustainable methods and materialsowing to the dangerously increasing demand of cement andits significant environmental effect Various admixtures have

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2021 Article ID 4090389 10 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520214090389

been utilized to produce concrete and therefore the concretemay be made more tolerable by substituting cement com-ponents Natural zeolite is a mineral composed of silicateand aluminate constituents Metakaolin is a pozzolanicsubstance that can replace cement in concrete Both met-akaolin and kaolinite are clay minerals that have beendehydroxylated [8 9] e use of these mineral admixtureshas attracted much attention in the last two decades espe-cially in the building sector because they are ecologicallybenign and increase the strength and durability of concretee production and successful use of zeolite [10 11] andmetakaolin [12 13] have been discussed e major inves-tigations for hardened concrete are the split tensile strengthcompressive strength water absorption and modulus ofelasticity e laboratory experiment on high-strengthconcrete for durability and strength by adding zeolite wascarried out by a descriptive-analytical approach [14ndash16]eendurance and mechanical characteristics of concretecontaining zeolite metakaolin and tiny nanobubbles ofwater have been investigated [17 18] e ELM model wasused to investigate the compressive strength of high-strengthconcrete utilizing 324 data records acquired from laboratorytests e ELM model has been trained and verified [19]

A study was performed to assess the effects of magneticwater with different percentages of natural zeolite (NZ) onself-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes [20] Physiochemicalcharacterization of zeolite and appraisal of potential as apozzolanic material in structural concrete were the subjectsof two separate experiments wherein the compressionstrength of the hardened concrete was also evaluated [21]

A study on concrete using natural zeolite as a partialsubstitute for regular Portland cement of 53 grade withcoarse aggregates of 10ndash12mm fine aggregates zeolite andwater was carried out Compressive strength tests wereperformed on 150lowast150lowast150mm cubes for 7 14 and 28 days[22] In this study the physical-mechanical characteristics ofzeolite and cement and the chemical andmineral parametersof fine and coarse aggregates were estimated Compressivestrength density water absorption porosity ultrasonicpulse velocity and freeze-thaw resistance were tested in thelab e results revealed that replacing 10 of the cementwith natural zeolite enhanced porosity and later improvedfreeze-thaw resistance When 10 natural zeolite wassubstituted for 10 cement in the freeze-thaw resistancecalculations the concrete exhibited 33 times greater resis-tance [23] Experiments were conducted on concrete in-corporating natural zeolite as a cement substitute in blendedPortland cement up to 60 by mass e basic physicalparameters fracture mechanics properties mechanicalproperties durability qualities and hydric thermal prop-erties were investigated [24]

An examination of the impact of natural zeolite as anadditive to concrete building from the perspective offreezethaw resistance was undertaken using computersimulations e examination covered two types of con-crete for hygrothermal behavior reference concretewithout any admixtures and zeolite concrete with 40zeolite as cement replacement e mathematical calcu-lations were effectuated using the computer simulation

program HEMOT and the process input parameters wereemployed by the FEM [25] A study was carried out onhigh-strength concrete using a trial combination designedto achieve goal strength of more than 90MPa for a controlmixture after 28 days of curing and a consistent waterbinder ratio of 03 for all the mixes Four distinct mixeseach with a partial replacement of cement with metakaolinof 0 5 10 and 15 were created to test the effect of lowwater to binder ratio on the mechanical and durabilityqualities of concrete mixes containing metakaolin [26 27]e compressive strength and water absorption of cubes ofsize 100mmlowast 100mmlowast 100mm and split tensile test ofcylinders of size 100mmlowast 200mm GWTwater permeabilitytest and water penetration tests were conducted on150mmlowast150mmlowast150mm cubes[28] An experimentalexamination of concrete durability and strength withcement substituted with zeolite [29 30] and metakaolin[31ndash33] was undertaken

A study on concrete mixed with metakaolin and concretemixed with zeolite subjected to compression strength tests for3 7 28 and 90 days was conducted e study used ordinaryPortland cement (OPC) metakaolin (MK) silica fumes (SF)and fly ash as binders in concrete (FA) Polymetric naph-thalene sulphonate was used as a chemical additive in theconcrete [34 35] An examination of the crystallography ofthe binder components was conducted using XRD analysiseWB ratio was determined as 05 after 56 days of curing bySEM EDS and XRD techniques [36] Durability studies withmetakaolin as a substitute of cement were carried out [37 38]A study concluded that the concrete characteristics have beenimproved bymetakaoline study proposed five percent tenpercent and fifteen percent replacements by weight of cement[39ndash41] A study was conducted on the durability of concretewith metakaolin against sulphate attack [42]

11 Significance of Research Concrete is globally consumedin large quantities in construction Cement the principalingredient of concrete needs substantial amounts of energyto manufacture and it releases large amounts of carbondioxide which has detrimental environmental effectserefore research involving supplementary cementingmaterials has continuously proven the benefits of incor-porating cement replacement materials In furtherance tothis research domain in this study naturally occurringzeolite and kaolin (used as metakaolin) have been investi-gated to arrive at recommended quantities of metakaolinand zeolite as partial replacements of cement

2 Experimental Work

21 Raw Materials Naturally occurring zeolite and kaolinwere sourced from the Rajasthan mines in India Zeolite wasput through a filtration process for removal of impuritiesMetakaolin was manufactured from kaolin by a burningprocess similar to cement at a temperature between 600 and850degC in Astrra Chemicals Chennai India Aluminumsilicon and oxygen make up the majority of natural zeolitesey are aluminosilicates which belong to the ldquomolecular

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

sievesrdquo family of microporous solids e frameworkcomprises a tetrahedral assemblage of AlO4 and SiO4 linkedtogether in different configurations with oxygen atomsforming a simple crystal lattice with holes of moleculardiameters through which molecules can pass

Natural zeolite was utilized in a 10 aqueous slurry witha pH of 81 bulk density after 100 drops (gcc) of 060 waterabsorption of 818 G100 g and specific gravity of 21Metakaolin used had a pH (10 percent solids) of 45ndash55 bulkdensity (kglit) of 04ndash05 specific surface area (m2g) of19ndash20 and specific gravity of 26 e cement was of OPC 53grade with a specific gravity of 315 normal consistency of27 initial setting of 78minutes and final setting of528minutese cement soundness test yielded 2mm result

e chemical composition of OPC 53 grade cementnatural zeolite and metakaolin is represented in Table 1

e superplasticizer was a polycarboxylic ether-basedliquid with a pH of about 60 a volumetric mass of 109 kgliterat 200C and an alkali content of less than 15 g Na2Oequivalentliter of admixture Concrete was made with fineaggregates (M sand) that passed through a 475mm IS sieveand coarse aggregates that passed through a 20mm sieveWater with a pH of 7 was utilized

211 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Natural Zeoliteand Metakaolin Figure 1 shows the scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM) of natural zeolite SEM was performedmainly to understand the morphology of the system eheterogeneous nature of the surface was well evidenced by themicrograph e surface exhibited a shapeless rod-like andspherical structure with a high degree of aggregation esystem showed the presence of voids in the natural zeolite

Figure 2 shows the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) of metakaolin e surface exhibited more voidshaving mostly elongated rod-like structures with fewerindependent particles and grains Some were shapeless andothers were in spherical form e processing conditionsmight have driven the crystal growth mainly towards a rod-like morphology

212 XRD Analysis of Natural Zeolite and MetakaolinX-ray diffraction analysis is a material science technique fordetermining the crystallographic structure of a material

Figure 3 shows the XRD graph for natural zeolite eXRD pattern revealed the presence of crystalline compoundsin the final system Sharp and intense peaks with low fullwidth at half maximum unambiguously confirmed thepresence of crystallites with large sizes Some compoundswere not observed and some were observed with less in-tensity which might be due to their low concentration or dueto their amorphous nature e less exposure of millerplanes due to the complexity of the system might be anotherreason for the absence of peaks corresponding to certaincompounds in the pattern e major compounds foundwere quartz alumina and calcium oxide with minor quan-tities of titania ferrite and magnesium oxide e peaks at2θ values around 23deg 27deg 30deg 37deg and 40deg were indexed tothe quartz structure

Figure 4 shows the XRD graph for metakaoline sharppeak points refer to the presence of kaolinite and in 2θ thelower peak points refer to the presence of quartz e sharp

Table 1 e chemical properties of OPC 53 grade cement naturalzeolite and metakaolin

Constituents ()Materials

OPC 53 Natural zeolite MetakaolinSiO2 2125 743 52Al2O3 433 1052 46Fe2O3 185 16 06TiO2 013 mdash 065CaO 643 425 009MgO 181 06 03Na2O 017 mdash 01K2O 071 mdash 003LOI 15 53 1

Figure 1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of natural zeolite

Figure 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of metakaolin

200

500

1000 Natural Zeolite

Cou

nts

30 40 50Position [o2eta] (Copper (Cu))

60 70 80

Figure 3 Natural zeolite XRD graph

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

peaks at 2θ values around 18deg 25deg 28deg 32deg 34deg 36deg and 41degwere indexed to the calcium oxide

22 Test Methods Table 2 shows the mix design details ofmixes computed according to IS 10262-2019 e raw in-gredients were weighed in a computerized balance andbatched according to the optimal mix percentage e rawmaterials such as fine aggregate coarse aggregate cementnatural zeolite and metakaolin were measured and ade-quately mixed A superplasticizer solution dissolved in waterwas then added to themixture until it became homogeneousExtreme caution was taken to avoid concrete bleeding andsegregatione sample preparation was completed by usinga pan mixer

23 Slump Test (IS 456-2000) A slump test was performedaccording to IS 456ndash2000 to assess the workability of freshconcrete

24 Preparation of Concrete Specimen e pan mixer wasused to mix concrete with a variety of different componentse inside surfaces of the chosen mould were lubricatedeproduced homogeneous concrete mixture was put into themould and compacted to prepare the necessary sizedspecimen e concrete specimen was left in the mould for24 hours until it hardened after which it was cured at roomtemperature

25 Compressive Strength e concrete compressivestrength test was carried out following IS 515ndash1959 Ob-servations and results were recorded for 3 7 28 60 and90 days cured specimens

Compressive strength (maximum loadnet area ofconcrete cube) MPa

26 Split Tensile Strength IS 515ndash1959 was used to conduct asplit tensile strength test on concrete Observations andresults were recorded for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days curedspecimens

Split tensile strength (2PπDL) MPa

27 Flexure Strength e concrete beam of size100times100times 500mm was symmetrically supported by twoparallel steel rollers at a distance of 40 cm from the centers ofthe two rollers e load was applied through two rollersmounted at 13rd of the supporting span e load onconcrete was applied without shock and the load was in-creased continuously at a rate of 006 + 004Nmm2 persecond e flexural strength was expressed as the modulusof rupture as per the IS 515-1959 Observations and resultswere recorded for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days cured specimens

Flexure strength (PLbd2) MPa

3 Result and Analysis

31 Slump Test From Figure 5 it was observed that theslump values for fresh concrete mixed with natural zeoliteand metakaolin were in the range of 43mm to 48mm Mix 3had attained the maximum slump value of 48mm

32 Compressive Strength Test From Figure 6 it was beenobserved that the compressive strength values for hardenedconcrete for different mixes for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days werein the range of 30MPa to 72MPa At 90 days mix 3 hadattained the maximum compressive strength value of72MPa

33 SplitTensileStrengthTest From Figure 7 it was observedthat the split tensile strength values for hardened concretefor the different mixes for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days were in therange of 31MPa to 53MPa At 90 days mix 3 had attainedthe maximum split tensile strength value of 53MPa

34 Flexural Strength Test From Figure 8 it was observedthat the flexural strength values for hardened concrete fordifferent mixes for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days were in the rangeof 403MPa to 944MPa At 90 days mix 3 had attained themaximum split tensile strength value of 944MPa

35 Mechanism Analysis

351 XRD Analysis In this research mix 2 and mix 4 wereprepared considering metakaolin concentration extremities(5 and 15) while keeping the natural zeolite concen-tration constant Concrete cubes of size150mmlowast150mmlowast150mm for the two mixes were preparedand cured for 28 days and then the cubes were finelyground e study of XRD was performed on the groundmaterial which had passed through a 90-micron sieve

200

100

200

Metakaolin

Cou

nts


60 70 80

Figure 4 Metakaolin XRD graph

Table 2 Mix design of concrete

Designation Cement Natural zeolite Metakaolin Mix 1 95 5 0Mix 2 90 5 5Mix 3 85 5 10Mix 4 80 5 15


Figure 9 refers to the XRD graph of mix 2 e resultswere well in agreement with the XRF results e peak at2θ13deg was attributed to kaolinite Metakaolin was notobserved in the pattern due to its amorphous nature e

peaks at 2θ values around 21deg 27deg 43deg 52deg and 60deg wereindexed to the quartz structure Peaks around 234deg and 294degwere attributed to gypsum and calcite respectively [43ndash45]e peak corresponding to gypsum was observed to beintense and sharp A less intense peak at 24deg was indexed toferrite structure Peaks at 2θ values around 285deg and 34deg werepointed towards mullite crystal planes

Figure 10 refers to the XRD graph of mix 4 In mix 4the majority of the peaks were found to be sharp andintense which confirmed the presence of crystallinecompounds Some broad peaks with high full width at thehalf maximum supported the presence of amorphouscompounds A dominant peak of natural zeolite at 2θvalue around 7deg was observed in the pattern e peak at11deg was indexed to the (100) miller planes of gypsum epeaks at 17deg 28deg and 34deg were attributed to the crystalplanes corresponding to mullite A sharp peak with agood signal-to-noise ratio was observed at 2θ 21deg whichwas assigned to the (003) miller plane of muscovite Apeak with fairly good intensity at 295deg was indexed tocalcite e peaks around 32deg 3738deg and 6430deg wereassigned to the miller planes of calcium oxide (CaO)Peaks at 27deg 43deg 46deg 55deg and 60deg were attributed to quartzstructures [43ndash46]

48

47

Slum

p Va

lue (

mm

)

46

45

44

43

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4

Slump Value

Mix Design

Figure 5 Graph of slump value for different mixes


30

40

50

60

70

Com

pres

sive S

treng

th (M

Pa)

Mix Design

3 Days Compressive Strength7 Days Compressive Strength28 Days Compressive Strength60 Days Compressive Strength90 Days Compressive Strength

Figure 6 Graph of compressive strength for different mixes


35

40

45

50

55

Split

Ten

sile S

treng

th (M

PA)

Mix Design

3 Days Split Tensile Strength7 Days Split Tensile Strength28 Days Split Tensile Strength60 Days Split Tensile Strength90 Days Split Tensile Strength

Figure 7 Graph of tensile strength for different mixes

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3Mix 4

02

Flex

ural

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

46810

3 Days Flexural Strength7 Days Flexural Strength28 Days Flexural Strength60 Days Flexural Strength90 Days Flexural Strength

Figure 8 Graph of flexural strength for different mixes

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2 eta

1

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

5000

10000Inte

nsity 15000

20000

25000

Figure 9 Mix 2 XRD graph


352 FT-IR Analysis Figures 11 and 12 refer to FT-IRpatterns for mix 2 and mix 4 respectively FT-IR patternsof both the mixes were more or less the same e band at464 cm-1 was attributed to the O-Si-O bending vibrations[47 48] A band with fairly good intensity at 587 cm-1 wasindexed to the vibrations corresponding to the SindashOndashAlbond [49] Another band at 533 cm-1 was due to thevibrations of the Ca-O bond [50] e sharp band at 777cm-1 was assigned to the symmetric stretching vibrationsof the Si-O-Si bond [51] e strong band at 995 cm-1

supports the existence of aluminum in the octahedralposition which confirms the presence of mullite [52] Awell-resolved band around 1430 cm-1 was pointed to-wards the CndashO stretching of the carbonate group eharmonic vibrational mode of C-O was observed as aminor band at 2985 cm-1 [50] Broadband around 3379cm-1 was assigned to the asymmetric stretching mode ofthe hydroxyl group of natural zeolite e results

distinctly confirmed the existence of aluminosilicates andcalcium compounds in the final system

353 ermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Figures 13 and14 refer to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of mix 2and mix 4 respectively ermogravimetry was used tostudy the thermal stability of the prepared systems Boththe mixes exhibited more or less identical decompositionpatterns A minor weight loss observed between 100degC to200degC was due to removing adsorbed and lattice-heldwater Another significant weight loss between 410degC to420degC was attributed to the decomposition of impurities(mainly carbonaceous materials) present in the systemAfter 420degC the compounds were found to be stable up to800degC ere were no noticeable weight losses either dueto the degradation of compounds or the phase changes inthe analysis e analysis proved the ability of the system

9946

4000

Sample Name DescriptionSample 188 By Administrator Date Saturday March 27 20211

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Quality ChecksThe Quality Checks give rise to multiple warnings for the

sample

500

400

Analyst Administrator27 March 2021 1423Date

9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018

27 March 2021 1423PerkinElmer Spectrum IR Version 1072

(cmndash1)

99540 cmndash1 9948T

143145 cmndash1 9991T

Figure 11 Mix 2 FT-IR pattern

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2



to withstand high-temperature conditions which mightbe due to the presence of stable metal oxides to a largeextent

354 SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy Figure 15 refersto the SEM of mix 2 e system revealed a slightly porousnature and the surface exhibited shapeless independentparticles with a high degree of aggregation which might bedue to the presence of natural zeolite However the poredistribution followed a nonuniform pattern e processingconditions might have facilitated the crystal growth towardsspecific shapes and the aggregation process

Figure 16 refers to the SEM of mix 4 Micrographexhibited heterogeneous nature of the surface which con-tains shapeless independent particles and rod-like structureswith a high degree of aggregation Due to the high con-centration of metakaolin bulk porosity may have becomedominant in the system

355 Evidence for the Regression Analysis Results from theregression model are shown below

As shown in equations (1) and (2) the single-factorregression model regresses concrete strength on mix com-binations and curing days individually Equation (3) is a

(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000

Analyst Administrator27 March 2021 1430 27 March 2021 1430

PerkinElmer Spectrum IR Version 1072Date

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0


Quality ChecksThe Quality Checks give rise to multiple warnings forthe sample

337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T

53338 cmndash1 9973T77770 cmndash1 9953T

46408 cmndash1 9958466 cmndash1 9970T

142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG

Main 2021-04-15 1450 User Admin

[1]

Figure 13 Mix 2 thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)

Complex PeakAreaPeaklowast

minus1167 Jg4246 oC

Onset 4091 oCEndWidthHeight 0187 mWmg

4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA


Figure 15 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of mix 2


double factor regression model that shows concrete strengthas a function of concrete mix combination and curing daystaken together

Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)

Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (3)

where Sm is the parameter referring to the strength ofconcrete β0s is the coefficient constant β1 is the coefficientfor concrete mixβ2 is the coefficient of curing durationCt isthe combination of mineral admixtures in concrete (iemixes) Dt is the curing days and εi is the standard error

Concrete mix combinations and curing days are theindependent variables in the models Concrete strength isthe dependent variable e intercepts (β0) are found largerin the single-factor model suggesting that themodel does notadequately explain the strong link between the independentvariables is possibly might be a result of errors in pa-rameters like the water-cement ratio

According to the results of SPSS software for the dif-ferential equations describing concrete strength for singlefactor (curing days or concrete mix combination) anddouble factors (both curing days and concrete mix com-bination) equation (2) has the highest R square value isshows a significantly stronger link among concrete strength

the number of curing days and the concrete mix eanalysis obtained is shown in Table 3

4 Discussion

e use of natural zeolite and metakaolin in concretemanufacturing can help to promote sustainable and envi-ronmentally friendly building practices without sacrificingstrength e use of a carboxylate ether-based super-plasticizer as an admixture can contribute to improvedworkability Mineral admixtures can reduce CO2 emissionswhen cement is partially replaced e recent findingsdemonstrate that employing mineral admixtures like naturalzeolite and metakaolin to make eco-friendly concrete is astep forward in the sustainable building strategy

5 Conclusions

is study arrived at the following conclusions

(i) e optimum concrete mix is mix 3 which contains85 percent cement 5 natural zeolite and 10metakaolin e mix achieved the highest com-pressive strength of 6458MPa after 28 days ofcuring and 72MPa after 90 days of curing thusindicating that it is a high-strength concrete

(ii) Mix 3 had the most significant split tensile strengthof 495MPa after 28 days and 53MPa after 90 daysof curing e maximum flexural strength was

Table 3 Linear regression for the strength of concrete for all mix designs for 3 7 28 60 and 90 days for 5 of natural zeolite with varyingpercentages of metakaolin

Test Model β0 (constant) β1 (days) β2 (combination) R-squared () F-statistic P value

Compression testSFD 3133lowastlowastlowast [1278] 717lowastlowastlowast [971] NA 84 9422 lt005SFC 4691lowastlowastlowast [756] NA 237lowastlowastlowast[105] 6 110 0309

DFDC 6394lowastlowastlowast[910] 0893lowastlowastlowast[1178] 0433lowastlowastlowast[308] 90 7410 lt005

Split tensile testSFD 2855lowastlowastlowast[2295] 0416lowastlowastlowast[1110] NA 87 12325 lt005SFC 38lowastlowastlowast[1068] NA 0125lowastlowastlowast[096] 5 093 0348DFDC 2543lowastlowastlowast[1832] 0416lowastlowastlowast[1375] 0125lowastlowastlowast[326] 92 9982 lt005

Flexural testSFD 3609lowastlowastlowast[1915] 1044lowastlowastlowast[1838] NA 95 33775 lt005SFC 6273lowastlowastlowast[724] NA 0188lowastlowastlowast[059] 2 035 0561DFDC 314lowastlowastlowast[1487] 1044lowastlowastlowast[2265] 0188lowastlowastlowast[322] 97 26180 lt005

SFD is the single-factor curing days SFC is the single-factor concrete mix combination DFDC is the double factor both curing days and concrete mixcombination lowastlowastlowastindicates significant at 005 level and the parenthesis denotes t statistics (t-value)



856MPa after 28 days of curing and 944MPa after90 days of curing for the same mix

(iii) e existence of calcium oxide quartz gypsum andsmall amounts of titania ferrite and magnesiumoxide was verified by XRD analysis ese haveassisted in the improvement of pozzolanic bindingand strength TGA analysis results are consistentwith XRD analysis results in which the former hasindicated that the presence of metal oxides insubstantial amounts in concrete has aided in theimprovement of mechanical characteristics

(iv) Aluminosilicates and calcium compounds wereobserved in concrete using FT-IR ey haveassisted in the development of concrete strength andimproved performance SEM has exposed thepresence of rod-like structures and shapeless in-dependent particles of metakaolin and natural ze-olite is has made the paste structure morecomplex and has increased the voids and the bulkporosity erefore higher percentages of meta-kaolin are likely to affect the strength of concreteadversely

(v) e R square value in the double factormodel can beregarded as an excellent way to estimate concretestrength

Data Availability

All the data models or analyzed during the study are in-cluded in this published article

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ashik and D Gomathi ldquoStrength properties of concreteusing metakaolinrdquo International Journal of Engineering Re-search vol 6 no 11 2017

[2] A T Bakera and M G Alexander ldquoUse of Metakaolin asSupplementary Cementitious Material in Concreterdquo withFocus on Durability Propertiesrdquo RILEM Technical Lettersvol 4 pp 89ndash102 2019

[3] S Samad and A Shah ldquoComparative analysis of flexuralstrength and modulus elasticity of sustainable concrete usingsupplementary cementitious material (scm)rdquo Preprints 2020

[4] L Turanli B Uzal and F Bektas ldquoEffect of large amounts ofnatural pozzolan addition on properties of blended cementsrdquoCement and Concrete Research vol 35 no 6 pp 1106ndash11112005

[5] E Vejmelkova K Dana and T Kulovana ldquoEngineeringproperties of concrete containing natural zeolite as supple-mentary cementitious material strength toughness dura-bility and hygrothermal performancerdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 55 pp 259ndash267 2015

[6] E Vejmelkova T Kulovana M Keppert M Ondracek andR Cerny ldquoNatural zeolite as environmentally friendly sup-plementary cementitious material in concreterdquo Eco-Archi-tecture IV vol 165 2012

[7] H Zhu G Liang Z Zhang Q Wu and J Du ldquoPartial re-placement of metakaolin with thermally treated rice husk ashin metakaolin-based geopolymerrdquo Construction and BuildingMaterials vol 221 pp 527ndash538 2019

[8] C Sgarlata A Formia F Ferrari and C Leonelli ldquoEffect ofthe introduction of reactive fillers and metakaolin in wasteclay-based materials for geopolymerization processesrdquo Mol-ecules vol 26 no 5 2021

[9] A B Shaik and H R Kommineni ldquoExperimental investi-gation on strength and durability properties of concrete usingbauxite residue and metakaolinrdquo Materials Today Proceed-ings vol 33 pp 583ndash586 2020

[10] B B Raggiotti B Belen M J Positieri F Locati J A Murraand S Marfil ldquoZeolite Study of Aptitude as a Natural Poz-zolan Applied to Structural Concreterdquo Revista de LaConstruccion vol 14 no 2 pp 14ndash20 2015

[11] B B Raggiotti B Belen M J Positieri and A OshiroldquoNatural Zeolite a Pozzolan for Structural Concreterdquo Pro-cedia Structural Integrity vol 11 pp 36ndash43 2018

[12] S N Manu and P Dinakar ldquoFresh and mechanical propertiesof high strength self compacting concrete using metakaolinrdquoRILEM Bookseries vol 10 pp 509ndash515 2015

[13] N A M Nasir and M J McCarthy ldquoEffect of Metakaolin onEarly Strength of GGBS Ternary Concreterdquo Applied Me-chanics and Materials vol 584-586 pp 1551ndash1557 2014

[14] J Zhang X Ding Q Wang and X Zheng ldquoHigh-strengthconcrete mixture with calcined zeolite particles for shrinkagereductionrdquo Magazine of Concrete Research ICE Publishingvol 71 no 13 pp 690ndash699 Londan UK 2019

[15] Z Yu W Yang P Zhan and X Liu ldquoStrengths micro-structure and nanomechanical properties of concrete con-taining high volume of zeolite powderrdquo Materials vol 13no 18 2020

[16] N Cang N V Tuan K H Yang and Q T Phung ldquoEffectof zeolite on shrinkage and crack resistance of high-perfor-mance cement-based concreterdquo Materials vol 13 no 172020

[17] P M Zadeh S F Saghravani and G Asadollahfardi ldquoMe-chanical and Durability Properties of Concrete ContainingZeolite Mixed with Meta-kaolin and Micro-nano Bubbles ofWaterrdquo Structural Concrete vol 20 no 1 2019

[18] M J Shannag ldquoHigh strength concrete containing naturalpozzolan and silica fumerdquo Cement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 6 pp 399ndash406 2000

[19] A K Al-Shamiri A Khalil J H Kim T F Yuan andY S Yoon ldquoModeling the compressive strength of high-strength concrete an extreme learning approachrdquo Con-struction and Building Materials vol 203 pp 204ndash2192019

[20] M Hajforoush R Madandoust and M Kazemi ldquoEffects ofsimultaneous utilization of natural zeolite and magnetic wateron engineering properties of self-compacting concreterdquoAsianJournal of Civil Engineering vol 20 no 2 pp 277ndash283 2019

[21] B D Ikotun and S Ekolu ldquoStrength and durability effect ofmodified zeolite additive on concrete propertiesrdquo Construc-tion and Building Materials vol 24 no 5 pp 749ndash757 2010

[22] G Asadollahfardi B Yahyaei A M Salehi and A OvesildquoEffect of Admixtures and Supplementary CementitiousMaterial on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Con-creterdquo Civil Engineering Design vol 2 no 1-2 2020

[23] D Nagrockiene and G Girskas ldquoResearch into the propertiesof concrete modified with natural zeolite additionrdquo Con-struction and Building Materials vol 113 pp 964ndash969 2016


[24] E Vejmelkova K Dana M Cachova M Keppert H Adamand R Cerny ldquoApplication of Zeolite as a Partial Replacementof Cement in Concrete Productionrdquo Applied Mechanics andMaterials vol 621 pp 30ndash34 2014

[25] V Kocı M Jerman J Madera and R Cerny ldquoEffect of zeoliteadmixture on freezethaw resistance of concrete exposed tothe dynamic climatic conditionsrdquo Advanced Materials Re-search vol 982 2014

[26] Z Hashim and R Hamid ldquoEffect of metakaolin on thestrength and pore size distribution of concreterdquo MaterialsScience Forum vol 803 pp 222ndash227 2014

[27] S Supit R Rumbayan and A Ticoalu ldquoInfluence of ultrafinemetakaolin in improving the compressive strength and du-rability properties of concreterdquo Advances in Civil EngineeringMaterials 2021

[28] P Dinakar P K Sahoo and G Sriram ldquoEffect of metakaolincontent on the properties of high strength concreterdquo Inter-national Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials vol 7no 3 pp 215ndash223 2013

[29] G Girskas G Skripkiunas G Sahmenko and A KorjakinsldquoDurability of concrete containing synthetic zeolite fromaluminum fluoride production waste as a supplementarycementitious materialrdquo Construction and Building Materialsvol 117 pp 99ndash106 2016

[30] B Ahmadi and M Shekarchi ldquoUse of natural zeolite as asupplementary cementitious materialrdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 32 no 2 pp 134ndash141 2010

[31] R Kumar N Shafiq A Kumar and A A Jhatial ldquoInvesti-gating embodied carbon mechanical properties and dura-bility of high-performance concrete using ternary andquaternary blends of metakaolin nano-silica and fly ashrdquoEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research Internationalvol 28 no 35 Article ID 49074 2021

[32] E Badogiannis G Kakali and S Tsivilis ldquoMetakaolin assupplementary cementitious materialrdquo Journal of ermalAnalysis and Calorimetry vol 81 no 2 pp 457ndash462 2005

[33] A O Richard ldquoProperties of blended metakaolin and glasssludge waste as binder in concreterdquo in Proceedings of the ICRP2019 - 4th International Conference on Rebuilding PlacePenang Malasiya November 2019

[34] V B V B Shikhare and V B V S Shikhare ldquoCombine effectof metakaolin fly ash and steel fiber on mechanical propertiesof high strength concreterdquo IOSR Journal of Mechanical andCivil Engineering vol 7 no 1 pp 01ndash04 2013 httpsdoiorg1097901684-0710104

[35] K Shuldyakov L Kramar B Trofimov and I IvanovldquoSuperplasticizer Effect on Cement Paste Structure andConcrete Freeze-aw Resistancerdquo Advanced Materials inTechology and Buildingvol 1698 no 1 Article ID 0700112016

[36] H S Kim S H Lee and H Y Moon ldquoStrength Propertiesand Durability Aspects of High Strength Concrete UsingKorean Metakaolinrdquo Construction and Building Materialsvol 21 no 6 pp 1229ndash1237 2007

[37] L A Aday ldquoEffects of reactivity metakaolin on properties ofhigh strength concreterdquo International Journal of Engineeringamp Technology vol 7 no 4 2018

[38] M N Al-Akhras ldquoDurability of metakaolin concrete tosulfate attackrdquo Cement and Concrete Researchvol 36 no 9pp 1727ndash1734 2006

[39] J M Khatib and R M Clay ldquoAbsorption characteristics ofmetakaolin concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34no 1 pp 19ndash29 2004

[40] M Frıas M I S D Rojas and J Cabrera ldquoe effect that thepozzolanic reaction of metakaolin has on the heat evolution inmetakaolin-cement mortarsrdquo Cement and Concrete Researchvol 30 no 2 pp 209ndash216 2000

[41] W Sha and G B Pereira ldquoDifferential scanning calorimetrystudy of ordinary Portland cement paste containing meta-kaolin and theoretical approach of metakaolin activityrdquo Ce-ment and Concrete Composites vol 23 no 6 pp 455ndash4612001

[42] J M Khatib and S Wild ldquoSulphate resistance of metakaolinmortarrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 28 no 1pp 83ndash92 1998

[43] P E Stutzman J W Bullard and F Pan ldquoPhase Analysis ofPortland Cement by Combined Quantitative X-Ray PowderDiffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopyrdquo Journal ofResearch of the National Institute of Standards and Technologyvol 121 no 4 pp 1ndash61 2016

[44] M Gougazeh and J C Buhl ldquoSynthesis and Characterizationof Zeolite A by Hydrothermal Transformation of NaturalJordanian Kaolinrdquo Journal of the Association of Arab Uni-versities for Basic and Applied Sciences vol 15 pp 35ndash422014

[45] P P Nampi P Moothetty F J Berry M Mortimer andG W Krishna ldquoAluminosilicates with varying aluminandashsilicaratios synthesis via a hybrid solndashgel route and structuralcharacterisationrdquo Dalton Transactions vol 39 no 21pp 5101ndash5107 2010

[46] A Linggawati ldquoPreparation and characterization of calciumoxide heterogeneous catalyst derived from anadara granosashell for biodiesel synthesisrdquo in Proceedings of the KnE En-gineering Conference on Science and Engineering for Instru-mentation Environment and Renewable Energypp 1ndash8httpsdoiorg1018502kegv1i1494 UNRI Pekan-baru Indonesia September 2016

[47] J B Zhang S P Li H Q Li and M M He ldquoAcid activationfor pre-desilicated high-alumina fly ashrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 151 pp 64ndash71 2016

[48] Y Liu F Zeng B Sun P Jia and T Ian ldquoStructural char-acterizations of aluminosilicates in two types of fly ashsamples from shanxi province north ChinardquoMinerals vol 9no 6 2019

[49] S Mukherjee and S K Srivastava ldquoMinerals Transformationsin Northeastern Region Coals of India on Heat TreatmentrdquoEnergy amp Fuels vol 20 no 3 2006

[50] M R Galvan J Hernandez L Bantildeos M J Noriega E Marioand G Rodrıguez Characterization of calcium carbonatecalcium oxide and calcium hydroxide as starting point to theimprovement of lime for their use in constructionrdquo Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering vol 21 no 11 pp 625ndash7082009

[51] A Hahn H Vogel S Ando et al ldquoUsing fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy to determine mineral phases in sedi-mentsrdquo Sedimentary Geology vol 371 no 1 pp 27ndash35 2018

[52] A J Fernandez and A Palomo ldquoMid-Infrared SpectroscopicStudies of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Structurerdquo Microporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 86 no 1-3 pp 207ndash214 2005


been utilized to produce concrete and therefore the concretemay be made more tolerable by substituting cement com-ponents Natural zeolite is a mineral composed of silicateand aluminate constituents Metakaolin is a pozzolanicsubstance that can replace cement in concrete Both met-akaolin and kaolinite are clay minerals that have beendehydroxylated [8 9] e use of these mineral admixtureshas attracted much attention in the last two decades espe-cially in the building sector because they are ecologicallybenign and increase the strength and durability of concretee production and successful use of zeolite [10 11] andmetakaolin [12 13] have been discussed e major inves-tigations for hardened concrete are the split tensile strengthcompressive strength water absorption and modulus ofelasticity e laboratory experiment on high-strengthconcrete for durability and strength by adding zeolite wascarried out by a descriptive-analytical approach [14ndash16]eendurance and mechanical characteristics of concretecontaining zeolite metakaolin and tiny nanobubbles ofwater have been investigated [17 18] e ELM model wasused to investigate the compressive strength of high-strengthconcrete utilizing 324 data records acquired from laboratorytests e ELM model has been trained and verified [19]

A study was performed to assess the effects of magneticwater with different percentages of natural zeolite (NZ) onself-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes [20] Physiochemicalcharacterization of zeolite and appraisal of potential as apozzolanic material in structural concrete were the subjectsof two separate experiments wherein the compressionstrength of the hardened concrete was also evaluated [21]

A study on concrete using natural zeolite as a partialsubstitute for regular Portland cement of 53 grade withcoarse aggregates of 10ndash12mm fine aggregates zeolite andwater was carried out Compressive strength tests wereperformed on 150lowast150lowast150mm cubes for 7 14 and 28 days[22] In this study the physical-mechanical characteristics ofzeolite and cement and the chemical andmineral parametersof fine and coarse aggregates were estimated Compressivestrength density water absorption porosity ultrasonicpulse velocity and freeze-thaw resistance were tested in thelab e results revealed that replacing 10 of the cementwith natural zeolite enhanced porosity and later improvedfreeze-thaw resistance When 10 natural zeolite wassubstituted for 10 cement in the freeze-thaw resistancecalculations the concrete exhibited 33 times greater resis-tance [23] Experiments were conducted on concrete in-corporating natural zeolite as a cement substitute in blendedPortland cement up to 60 by mass e basic physicalparameters fracture mechanics properties mechanicalproperties durability qualities and hydric thermal prop-erties were investigated [24]

An examination of the impact of natural zeolite as anadditive to concrete building from the perspective offreezethaw resistance was undertaken using computersimulations e examination covered two types of con-crete for hygrothermal behavior reference concretewithout any admixtures and zeolite concrete with 40zeolite as cement replacement e mathematical calcu-lations were effectuated using the computer simulation

program HEMOT and the process input parameters wereemployed by the FEM [25] A study was carried out onhigh-strength concrete using a trial combination designedto achieve goal strength of more than 90MPa for a controlmixture after 28 days of curing and a consistent waterbinder ratio of 03 for all the mixes Four distinct mixeseach with a partial replacement of cement with metakaolinof 0 5 10 and 15 were created to test the effect of lowwater to binder ratio on the mechanical and durabilityqualities of concrete mixes containing metakaolin [26 27]e compressive strength and water absorption of cubes ofsize 100mmlowast 100mmlowast 100mm and split tensile test ofcylinders of size 100mmlowast 200mm GWTwater permeabilitytest and water penetration tests were conducted on150mmlowast150mmlowast150mm cubes[28] An experimentalexamination of concrete durability and strength withcement substituted with zeolite [29 30] and metakaolin[31ndash33] was undertaken

A study on concrete mixed with metakaolin and concretemixed with zeolite subjected to compression strength tests for3 7 28 and 90 days was conducted e study used ordinaryPortland cement (OPC) metakaolin (MK) silica fumes (SF)and fly ash as binders in concrete (FA) Polymetric naph-thalene sulphonate was used as a chemical additive in theconcrete [34 35] An examination of the crystallography ofthe binder components was conducted using XRD analysiseWB ratio was determined as 05 after 56 days of curing bySEM EDS and XRD techniques [36] Durability studies withmetakaolin as a substitute of cement were carried out [37 38]A study concluded that the concrete characteristics have beenimproved bymetakaoline study proposed five percent tenpercent and fifteen percent replacements by weight of cement[39ndash41] A study was conducted on the durability of concretewith metakaolin against sulphate attack [42]

11 Significance of Research Concrete is globally consumedin large quantities in construction Cement the principalingredient of concrete needs substantial amounts of energyto manufacture and it releases large amounts of carbondioxide which has detrimental environmental effectserefore research involving supplementary cementingmaterials has continuously proven the benefits of incor-porating cement replacement materials In furtherance tothis research domain in this study naturally occurringzeolite and kaolin (used as metakaolin) have been investi-gated to arrive at recommended quantities of metakaolinand zeolite as partial replacements of cement

2 Experimental Work

21 Raw Materials Naturally occurring zeolite and kaolinwere sourced from the Rajasthan mines in India Zeolite wasput through a filtration process for removal of impuritiesMetakaolin was manufactured from kaolin by a burningprocess similar to cement at a temperature between 600 and850degC in Astrra Chemicals Chennai India Aluminumsilicon and oxygen make up the majority of natural zeolitesey are aluminosilicates which belong to the ldquomolecular
















200

500


Cou

nts


60 70 80




















200

100

200

Metakaolin

Cou

nts


60 70 80








48

47

Slum

p Va

lue (

mm

)

46

45

44

43


Slump Value

Mix Design



30

40

50

60

70

Com

pres

sive S

treng

th (M

Pa)

Mix Design




35

40

45

50

55

Split

Ten

sile S

treng

th (M

PA)

Mix Design




02

Flex

ural

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

46810



5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2 eta

1

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

5000

10000Inte

nsity 15000

20000

25000







9946

4000


3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000


sample

500

400


9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018


(cmndash1)


143145 cmndash1 9991T


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2








(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References





































































200

500


Cou

nts


60 70 80




















200

100

200

Metakaolin

Cou

nts


60 70 80








48

47

Slum

p Va

lue (

mm

)

46

45

44

43


Slump Value

Mix Design



30

40

50

60

70

Com

pres

sive S

treng

th (M

Pa)

Mix Design




35

40

45

50

55

Split

Ten

sile S

treng

th (M

PA)

Mix Design




02

Flex

ural

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

46810



5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2 eta

1

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

5000

10000Inte

nsity 15000

20000

25000







9946

4000


3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000


sample

500

400


9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018


(cmndash1)


143145 cmndash1 9991T


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2








(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References








































































200

100

200

Metakaolin

Cou

nts


60 70 80








48

47

Slum

p Va

lue (

mm

)

46

45

44

43


Slump Value

Mix Design



30

40

50

60

70

Com

pres

sive S

treng

th (M

Pa)

Mix Design




35

40

45

50

55

Split

Ten

sile S

treng

th (M

PA)

Mix Design




02

Flex

ural

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

46810



5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2 eta

1

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

5000

10000Inte

nsity 15000

20000

25000







9946

4000


3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000


sample

500

400


9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018


(cmndash1)


143145 cmndash1 9991T


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2








(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References


























































48

47

Slum

p Va

lue (

mm

)

46

45

44

43


Slump Value

Mix Design



30

40

50

60

70

Com

pres

sive S

treng

th (M

Pa)

Mix Design




35

40

45

50

55

Split

Ten

sile S

treng

th (M

PA)

Mix Design




02

Flex

ural

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

46810



5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2 eta

1

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

5000

10000Inte

nsity 15000

20000

25000







9946

4000


3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000


sample

500

400


9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018


(cmndash1)


143145 cmndash1 9991T


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2








(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References



























































9946

4000


3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000


sample

500

400


9950995599609965997099759980T

() 9985

99909995

1000010005100101001510018


(cmndash1)


143145 cmndash1 9991T


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 452 eta

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Inte

nsity

2








(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References




























































(cmndash1)

4000

984

986

988

990

992

T (

)

994

996

998

1000



3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000 50

040

0



337949 cmminus1 9966T

99544cmndash1 9842T



142331 cmndash1 9963T


105

TG (

) 100

95

Onset 4117 oC

90

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

[1] 1ngb-ss4TG


[1]


TG (

)

100 200 300 400 500Temperature (oC)

600 700 800

90

95

100

105


Qnset 4096 oC

minus050005101520253035 uarrexo

DTA

(mW

mg)


minus1167 Jg4246 oC


4392 oC242 oC (37000 )

[1]

[1]

[1] 2ngb-ss4TGDTA





Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References
























































Sm β0 + β1 lowastCt( 1113857 + εi (1)

Sm β0 + β2 lowastDt( 1113857 + εi (2)






4 Discussion


5 Conclusions

















Data Availability




References



























































Data Availability




References























































Efficacy of Natural Zeolite and Metakaolin as Partial ...

Documents

Transcript of Efficacy of Natural Zeolite and Metakaolin as Partial ...