DOI: 10.2478/raft-2020-0031

COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Mohanad ABDULHAMID AL-Hikma University, Iraq

moh1hamid@yahoo.com

Otieno AMONDI University of Nairobi, Kenya

researcher12018@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT This paper describes automobile collision avoidance system by

using of an ultrasonic sensor for a vehicle. We utilize the electronic systems application embedded in car that is anticipated to minimize the disaster of car accident. This paper is concentrating on developing a model of rear end car collision avoidance system that detects the gap among motors moving in the identical lane, inside the identical direction and alert the driver each time she or he is in danger range by using a microcontroller. The gap is measured via an ultrasonic sensor used to experience the obstacle beforehand.

KEYWORDS: collision avoidance system, ultrasonic sensor, microcontroller

1. IntroductionThe enterprise approach for

automobile safety structures has been evolving over the last two decades. To begin with, character passive devices and functions including seatbelts, airbags, knee bolsters, crush zones, and so on, were developed for saving lives and minimizing accidents while a twist of fate happens. Later, safety measure which include enhancing visibility, headlights, windshield wipers, tire traction, etc., have been deployed to lessen the chance of entering into an twist of fate. Now, we are on the stage of actively warding off accidents as well as providing most protection to the car occupants and even pedestrians. The systems which can be below severe improvement consist of collision avoidance systems (Megha & Srivani, 2016; Nyamati,

Chaudhuri & Jayavel, 2017). In this paper, we deal with advanced thoughts which include pre-crash sensing, an ultrasonic sensor is used to experience the item in front of the vehicle and gives the signal to the microcontroller unit. Based totally on the signal received from the ultrasonic sensor, the microcontroller unit is sending a signal to the braking unit for applying the brake automatically.

A vehicle or vehicle accident is a street traffic incident which typically involves one avenue vehicle being in collision with, either another car, or every other road user, or a desk bound street side object, and this may result in death, damage and/or belongings harm (Joukhadar, Issa & Kalaji, 2018; Sanjana, Wahid, Habib & Rumel, 2018).

© 2017. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.

259

Land Forces Academy Review Vol. XXV, No 3(99), 2020

Itmonetaras a rehandledresearchhassle (

Thalternatihassle bhome version present motive rather tprotectiproduceremedy lively sadvanceautomobmonths

2.Th

Atmegato receiunit andsend the

’s far a famry, physicalesult of card significanh must be cHang, Han,his study ive solutioby means oanti-collisithat wou

automobileforce in danthan puttingon gadget

ers, the perthe probl

safety gadged later tbile despiteof making

1. Central he micro

a 328P. Theive the echd the bit 1 e 10µs trigg

mous truth l and psychr accidents

ntly. Diversarried out t, Chen & Zh

is devoteon for thiof developiion warni

uld be inste fashions nger zone. Cg apart inbdevelopme

rson shall lem by gr

get model tto be fitte their versi. The scope

Figure

Control Moocontroller

e interrupt pho pulse fropin of regis

ger pulse.

that the sohological cris needs to se studies ao conquer thang, 2018)ed to stris recognizing low vaing machtalled on and alert

Consequentbuilt energeent to the find ways rowing hothat could ted to stron and twee of the pap

e no. 1: Blo(Source: M

odule used

pin one is usom the senster is used

cio isis be

and this ). rive zed

alue ine the the tly, etic car to

me be

reet lve per

enimsybeberesim

deanof Thpro

thamisyThthe

ck diagramMegha & Sri

is sed

nsor d to

whfal

beFigAt

ntails desimplementing

stem that efore it hits e written sponds in

mplemented

2. SysteThe

esigned in thnd software f constructhe softwaogramming

The resat is ticrocontrollstem and

he block die different u

of control sivani, 2016)

The exhen there illing edge.

This ecause it isgure no. 2tmega 328P

igning, pg a vehicle

is able toan obstaclto make

real timusing a toy

em Design collision his paper coparts. The

tion of thare part g part of the search conthe poweler, obstacl

the motoiagram in Funits.

system )

xternal inteis a change

microcontr cheap and2 shows t

P.

programmincollision av

o stop the le. A progra

sure the me. The wy car.

warning onsists of h

e hardware he paper deals wipaper.

nsists of fiver supplyle sensor, or driver Figure no.

errupt is ae in the ris

oller is d locally avthe pinout

ng and voidance

vehicle am is to

vehicle work is

system hardware

consists circuit.

ith the

ve units y, the warning system.

1 shows

activated sing and

chosen vailable.

of the

260

2.Th

followin 9 H D

2. Driver Che driver ng compone9v battery H-bridgeDC Motor

(Sou

Circuit circuit con

ents:

Figure no. 2urce: Joukh

nsists of

Figure n(Source: M

2: Atmega 3hadar, Issa &

the the0.0H-dioallsuin

no. 3: DriveMegha & Sri

328P pinou& Kalaji, 20

The DCe toy car08ms.The t-bridge becodes. The lowed for fficient to Figure no.

er system ivani, 2016)

t 018)

C Motor is r that dratip 122 is ucause it ha

maximumtip122 is

drive the m3 shows the

)

already incaws a curused to de

as its own m collector

5A. Thumotor. The e driver circ

cluded in rrent of sign the internal current

us, it is diagram

cuit.

261

2.3. To m

Thground,ground in the mconnectecho pinThe opfollows

pulse automatwave);

W T

stays hi

Thproporticalculat

D

Obstacle Smake a succ

he sensor h echo and are connec

microcontroted to pin1n is connec

peration of : Send a shoon the

tically send

Wait for theTime the lgh.

he length ional to disted using th

Distance in c

Sensing Uniessful obsta

Figure (Sourc

has four pinstrigger pul

ted to the roller. The tr of PORT

cted to pin 3the sensin

rt, but longtrigger p

ds eight 4

e echo line tlength of t

of the pulstance. The e following

centimeters

it acle sensing u

no. 4: Blocke: Nyamati

s that is VClse. VCC a

respective prigger pulse D while 3 of PORT ng unit is

g enough 10pin (mod

40KHz squ

to go high; the pulse t

lse is direcrange is th

g formula:

= µs/58

unit, the blo

k diagram oi, Chaudhur

CC, and pins e is the D. as

0µs dule uare

that

ctly hen

LiThwacoouThbriis mithereswineresof 2VIf bede

ock diagram

of ultrasonicri & Jayavel

2.4. WaThe cau

ght Emittinhe LED is arning and

onnecting anutput pin thhe LED is ightness and

about 2Vicrocontrolle port is asistor is reith the LEecessity to sistor value

f the port is V, we need we anticipa

e 20mA, thetermined as

R=(

shown in Fi

c sensor l, 2017)

arning Systeution devic

ng Diode (Lutilized as

d comes n LED to thru a seriesconsumingd the voltag

V. But thler output at logic onquired to b

ED. Hence,calculate

e. Hence, if5V, to havto drop 3V

ate the currehe resistans:

(5v-2v)/10m

igure no. 4 i

em ce used incLED) and as pinnacle with the the microcos resistor o

g 20mA forge drop acrohe voltage is about 5Vne. As a rbe linked i, there maa current

f the outputve a voltage

V across the ent thru the

nce value

mA=150Ω

is used.

cludes a a buzzer. distance aid of

ontroller of 220Ω. r regular oss LED

at the V when result, a in series ay be a limiting

t voltage e drop of

resistor. e LED to may be

262

The buzzer is used for the low level distance warning. It is connected directly to the microcontroller output pin.

2.5. Software Design The software should be able to

acquire data from the sensor, analyze the data and send the data to the peripheral devices. The software should be integrated into the microcontroller. The language used to program the microcontroller is C++. The program is written in AVR Studio.

2.5.1. Programming Environment The programmer of choice is

AVRISPmkII. This programmer is easy to use and very effective. Figure no. 5 shows the AVRISPmkII. This is the programmer that is used to load the program file to the microcontroller. Figure no. 6 shows the pinout of AVRISPmkII. The AVRISPmkII pins are connected to the corresponding pins in the ATMEGA328P microcontroller.

Figure no. 5: AVRISP mkII programmer (Source: Nyamati, Chaudhuri & Jayavel, 2017)

Figure no. 6: AVRISPmkII pin out (Source: Megha & Srivani, 2016)

2.6. Final Design The schematic of the circuit in Figure

no. 7 is constructed on a breadboard and tested to meet the design specifications.

Once it is verified as working on the breadboard, a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout shown in Figure no. 8 is designed using PCB design software called Proteus.

263

F

Fi

igure no. 7:(So

igure no. 8: (So

: Schematic ource: Auth

Componenource: Auth

of the systehor)

t view of PChor)

em

CB

264

3.3.

Thusing ageneratoThe sigthe incowill recthat com5V. The

3.Ta

<= 100c

<=50cm

<=20cm

. Results 1. Simulati Sensor

he ultrasonia digital osor as shognal generaoming squarceive. The mes into thee waves ent

2. Observatable no. 1 s

cm

m

m

ion of the O

ic sensor isscilloscope own in Fiator simulare wave tha

incoming e microconttering the tr

Fig

tion hows the ob

Distance

Obstacle

s simulated and a sig

igure no. ator simulaat the echo p

square watroller is aborigger pin a

gure no. 9: S(So

bservations

by nal 9.

ates pin ave out and

ecAthigfregowabesimFinfreles

System scheource: Auth

that are ma

LE

Bu

M

ho pin are t the begingh, the moequency is oes ON sarning. As e increasedmulating lonally the mequency simss than 20 c

ematic diagrors)

ade after the

ED lit

uzzer went O

otor stoppe

observed inning, whenotor rotated

increased simulating the frequend, the bow level motor stopmulating th

cm.

ram

e circuit mo

Observat

ON

d and chang

in the osciln the frequd clockwise

slowly, ththe top

ncy is contbuzzer go

distance wps rotating he distance

unted on th

TabObse

tion

ged directio

lloscope. uency is e as the he LED distance inued to es ON warning. at high

e that is

he PCB.

ble no. 1 ervations

on

265

4. ConclusionA rear end anti-collision warning

system was constructed and mounted on a very simple and easily understandable model constructed to demonstrate the system and it was found functional. The sensor was able to read distances that are at shorter range accurately. The system was not real time because there were incidences were the microcontroller didn’t

receive any feedback. This is due to noise from the environment. A distance sensor that detects objects at long distances is needed to apply on a real vehicle. Hence, if the right materials are collected, it is possible to enhance its features so that it can be used in vehicles. This model is also a good tool to use for demonstration for anti-collision warning system research.

REFERENCES

Hang, P., Han, Y., Chen, X., & Zhang, B. (2018). Design of an active collision avoidance system for 4WIS-4WID electric vehicle. IFAC PapersOnLine, Vol. 51, Issue 31, 771-777.

Joukhadar, A., Issa, H., & Kalaji, Y. (2018). Design and implementation of auto cardriving system with collision avoidance. Cogent Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 1-16.

Megha, G., & Srivani, P. (2016). Collision avoidance in vehicles. International Journal of Advances in Electronics and Computer Science, Special Issue, 139-140.

Nyamati, V., Chaudhuri, T., & Jayavel, K. (2017). Intelligent collision avoidance and safety warning system for car driving. International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (IEEE), India, 791-796.

Sanjana, T., Wahid, F., Habib, M., & Rumel, A. (2018). Design of an automatic forward and back collision avoidance system for automobiles. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Vol.3, No.1, 205-212.

266