Can Mining Provide a Sustainable Source of Livelihood

i

Can Mining Provide a Sustainable Source of Livelihood? A Study in the Mining Regions of Kendujhar District, Odisha, India

Amarendra Das

Centre of Advanced Study in Economics

Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004, Odisha, India

Email:[email protected]

March 2013

Project Grant Amount: (75,000/-) Seventy five thousand rupees only

Duration of the Project August 2012 to March 2013

Funding Agency: Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

ii

….to the people of mining regions…..

iii

Table of Contents List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………..v

Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………viii

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………….x

Chapter 1........................................................................................................ 1

Introduction .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Motivation of the Study ................................................ 1

1.2. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 3

1. 3 Chapter Outline .................................................................................... 3

Chapter 2........................................................................................................ 5

Methodology Data and Study Area .................................................................. 5

2.1 Methodology ........................................................................................... 5

2.2 Study Area ............................................................................................. 8

2.3 Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 8

Chapter 3...................................................................................................... 10

Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile ...................................................... 10

3.1 Demographic Composition .................................................................... 10

3.2 Education Profile .................................................................................. 11

3.3 Housing Condition ............................................................................... 13

3.4 Land Holding........................................................................................ 15

3.5 Other Household Assets ....................................................................... 16

3.6 Occupation and Income ........................................................................ 17

3.7 Profile of Surveyed Business Establishments ........................................ 20

Chapter 4...................................................................................................... 24

Benefits and Costs of Mining ......................................................................... 24

4.1 Benefits of Mining ................................................................................ 24

4.1.1 Direct and Indirect Jobs ................................................................. 25

4.1.2 Direct and Indirect Income due to Mining ...................................... 25

4.1.3 Changes in Economic and Social Environment ............................... 26

4.2 Costs of Mining .................................................................................... 27

iv

4.2.1 Mining and Displacement ............................................................... 27

4.2.1 Economic, Environmental and Social Cost of Mining....................... 30

Chapter 5...................................................................................................... 34

Life after Mining Suspension ......................................................................... 34

5.1 Economic Changes after Mining Suspension......................................... 34

5.2 Environmental Changes after mining Suspension ................................. 34

5.3 Social Changes ..................................................................................... 39

5.4 Effect on Business ................................................................................ 39

Chapter 6...................................................................................................... 44

Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................. 44

Annexure ...................................................................................................... 47

Annexure AQ.1 ............................................................................................. 62

Household Survey Questionnaire .................................................................. 62

Annexure AQ.2 ............................................................................................. 74

Questionnaire for Business Units .................................................................. 74

v

List of Tables

Sl. No Table Title Page No

Table 1.1 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Table 3.12

Total Number of Mining Leases issued by the Government and the Number of working Mines During the period from 1990-01 to 2011-12 List of Suspended Mines in Odisha Village-wise Number of Households Surveyed Sample Business Units in Different Market locations Age Group wise Distribution of Population in the Surveyed Villages Number of Individuals residing in a Family Education Attainment of Male and Female Population above Six Years Age Group Wise Education Attainment of Population above Six Years Old Housing Condition of the Surveyed Households Average House Plot Size of the Surveyed Households Land Holding of Surveyed Households Asset Holding of Surveyed Households Current Principal Occupation of the Male and Female Population in the working Age Group ( 15 to 60) Education and Present Income of Individuals in the Working Age Group (15 to 60) Type of Business Establishments Surveyed Ownership of Business Establishments

3

6

7

7

10

11

12

13

14

15

15

16

18

19

20

21

vi


Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 3.16 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table4.6 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6

Registration of Business Units Age Group of Business Owners Education Profile of Business Owners Social Category of Business Owners Benefits Received by the Households from Mining Operation Number of Individuals per Households Directly or Indirectly got Employment Due to Mining Monthly Income received by Households Directly or Indirectly from Mining Activities Social Changes Due to Mining Activities As Opined by Surveyed Households Land Acquisition by Mining Firms and Households’ Satisfaction over Compensation Economic, Environmental and Social Cost of Mining Activities Economic Consequences of Mining Suspension Change in Income of Individuals of Surveyed Households after Mining Suspension Occupation of Individuals in the working age group (15-60) Before Mining Suspension and Change in Income after Mining Suspension Change in Environmental and Social Indicators After the Suspension of Mining Projects Year of Establishment of Business Units Residence of Business Owners in Surveyed Region

21

22

22

23

24

25

25

26

29

31

34

35

36

38

40

40

vii


Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table A2.1 Table: A2.2 Table A2.3

Effect of Mining Suspension on Business Owners Change in Employment Before and After Mining Suspension in the Business Establishments Daily Business Transaction of Business Units Before and After Mining Suspension Mining Scenario in Odisha Suspended Mines in Joda Mining Circle, Odisha Mines wise Inspection Report

41

42

43

47

47

50

viii

Preface

Starting from late 2008 many print and electronic media reported the rampant illegal mining activities in the mineral rich states like Odisha, Karnataka, Goa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. As per the media reports illegal mining activities were witnessed in many forms: many mining firms extracted minerals beyond the demarcated area for which they got the lease, extracted minerals in the forest land without renewing the lease, in order to reduce the burden of royalty payment mining firms underreported the mineral extraction and so on. In order to verify the veracity of the reporting of illegal mining various governments appointed several committees and commissions. For example, in order to ascertain this fact the government of Karnataka asked the Lokayukta to investigate the irregularities in the mining of iron ore for the period covering from 01/01/2000 to 22/07/2006 on 12th March 2007. The Lokayukta submitted its report on 27th July, 2011 and pointed out a loss of around 16,000 crore to the public exchequer due to illegal extraction of minerals.

Following this, the Government of India appointed a Commission headed by Justice M. B. Shah on 22ndNovember 2010 for the purpose of making inquiry of illegal mining of iron ore and manganese ore in contravention of the provisions of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980), the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) or other rules or licences or guidelines issued thereunder referred to as illegal mining. The Shah Commission submitted its report on Goa on 15th March 2012 and continuing its investigations on Odisha. The Commission pegged the loss suffered to the exchequer due to illegal exports and non-payment of royalty on excess production in Goa to over Rs 5,500 crore. In case of Odisha in a complaint filed by Sr. Inspector of Mines, Joda before the Judicial First Class Magistrate, Barbil, it was stated that a quantity of about 40,24,400 MTof iron ore and 610 MT of manganese ore had been removed from outside the leased areas. The iron and manganese ores had been illegally extracted and transported from this area since the year 2004 onwards. In the complaint before the Magistrate, the value of iron ore was estimated as Rs.1776,37,01,600/–(Seventeen Hundred Seventy Six Crores Thirty Seven Lacs One Thousand Six Hundred) of iron ore and Rs.59,08,460/– (Fifty Nine Lacs Eight Thousand Four Hundred and Sixty) of manganese ore.

ix

Taking up this issue, the Supreme Court of India clamped a ban on the mines that were running without renewing the lease or on deemed extension of mining lease. Consequently, a number of mining firms were forced to suspend mineral extraction. The suspension of mining operation had severe impact on the employment of local people. Thousands of people lost job who were employed directly in the mines, mineral transportation and indirectly in the business activities that had flourished due to mining boom. The post mining suspension scenario generates the big question whether mining can provide a sustainable source of livelihood. In this context the present study examines the impact of mining on the employment, generation, income creation, and the impacts on environment, and society during its boom and suspension. By undertaking a study of 200 households and 200 business units in the mining district of Kendujhar in Odisha State the study compares the economic, environmental and social consequences of mining activities during the boom period and suspension. We arrive at the conclusion that mining activity although generates employment and income, affects environment severely and damages the social fabric. Without the proper arrangements for alternative livelihood sources, mining activities leaves the local communities dependent upon only mining operation. In such a scenario we conclude that mining activities generates short term spike in income and employment generation and may not generate sustainable source of livelihood in the long run.

I would like to thank Santa for helping me in data collection. I would also like to thank Mr Barun Apat who helped me to locate the household and overall logistics in the survey region. Special thanks are due to the surveyed households and business units who spared their invaluable time for providing the necessary information. Last but not the least, I would like to Ministry of Finance for providing the grant for carrying out this study.

x

Executive Summary

1. From 2008 onwards, government of Odisha, along with Goa and

Karnataka clamped ban on a number of illegal mining operations. As a

result of which the number of working mines in Odisha fell drastically

from 399 in 1990-1 to 78 in 2010-11. In percentage terms it fell from 63

percentage of total leases issued to 13 per cent in 2010-11.

2. In order to study the effect of mining suspension on the income,

employment, business activities, environmental quality and society 200

households and 200 business units were surveyed in Joda mining circle

of Kendujhar district of Odisha

3. The surveyed 200 households constituted a population of 976 out of

which 502 were male and 474 were female. 52.2% of the total population

above six years old is illiterate. While 43.3% of the male population is

illiterate around 62% of the female population is illiterate.

4. A large majority of the surveyed households (90%) have semi-pucca

housing, 9 per cent have pucca housing and only 1% households have

cutcha housing. Only 9 out of 200 households (4.5 per cent) reported to

have agricultural land and only one household reported to have non-

agricultural land. Out of 200 households only 42 (21 per cent) have

electricity connection.

5. A large proportion (58.3 per cent) of the individuals in the working age

group was unemployed. Around 29 per cent of the individuals are

employed in Grade D regular jobs in mining related jobs in private sector

followed by 7 per cent work as casual industrial worker and 3 per cent

have their own small business. Agricultural activity is not a source of

employment for the surveyed households.

xi

6. Due to lack of higher education very few people are able to get high paid

jobs. More importantly, due to lack of financial resources the surveyed

households were not in a position to take benefit of profitable activities

like sub-contracting in mining operations, transporting of minerals etc.

7. 89 per cent of the surveyed households reported to have got some or

other jobs directly in the mining firms or indirectly in some related

activities. 2.5 per cent households reported to have benefitted indirectly

by taking up business. 50 per cent of the households reported that one

individual from each family was directly engaged in mining activities.

8. 85 per cent of the respondents viewed that mining activities had a severe

dent on the number of domestic animals. Mining activities have ruined

the forest and other grazing lands. Moreover, due to plying of large

number of iron ore loaded trucks air and water have become polluted

and it poses severe risk on the life of domestic animals.

9. 71 per cent of the respondents believed that mining activities have

deteriorated the local environmental quality. More than 90 per cent of the

households view that forest has declined, wildlife has dwindled, air

pollution has become severe, ground water and surface water have got

polluted, noise pollution has become unbearable and traffic congestion

has multiplied due to mining operations in the region. Runoff water from

mining and pollutants generated from mining have worsened the soil

quality and affected agriculture badly.

10. Seven out of 10 households observed that due to mining operations

immigration has increased substantially to the locality. Mining activities

have also increased the alcohol consumption by leaps and bounds. Some

respondents (14 per cent) opined that mining activities have increased the

flesh trading in the locality.

xii

11. 95 per cent of the households replied that suspension of mining

operations had negative economic consequences on the region. 154 out of

200 surveyed households (77 per cent) lost job due to mining suspension.

12. Majority of the households (62 per cent) felt that there was no

improvement in the overall environmental quality in the region. However,

38 per cent of the households felt that there was improvement in the

environmental quality in the region after the suspension of mining. A large

proportion (87 per cent) of households viewed that there was no change in

the forest regeneration. Similarly, majority of the (56 per cent) households

reported that wildlife population has declined even after the suspension of

mining. Relatively large proportion of households viewed that there was

improvement in the air quality, water quality. Similarly, a large proportion

of households felt that noise pollution and traffic congestion has declined

after the suspension of mining operation.

13. In spite of all such positive environmental and social changes most of the

surveyed households (196 out of 200) were unhappy over the mining

suspension. People have developed dependency syndrome on the mining

activities in absence of other opportunities. Now that their agricultural

land has been spoiled, natural forest has been degraded water bodies have

been polluted, people cannot find any other source of livelihood but

mining.

14. A large proportion of business units were set up in the period 2001-

2010. All most all (97 per cent) business owners however reported that

their business declined substantially after mining suspension. Similarly, a

very large proportion of the surveyed business owners replied that a

number of business units have been closed after mining suspension.

xiii

15. Thus we conclude that, in the present institutional set up mining has not

been able to provide a sustainable source of livelihood to the local

communities. In such a context we suggest that a systematic policy

should be developed for the capacity building of the local communities

and the development of social and economic infrastructure in the mining

region. A fixed proportion of the mineral revenue generated by the

government and the mining firms should go to the Panchati Raj

Institutions (PRIs) for the development of local region.

1 Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background and Motivation of the Study

The benefits of mining operation to the local region remain under serious

controversy. The pro-mining arguments are that mining operation provides

employment opportunities directly and generates indirect employment

opportunities in the local areas. There are equal concerns that mining

operation causes involuntary displacements of local people and very often the

displaced households are not adequately compensated for their direct and

indirect, economic and social losses. People in the mining areas also become

victims of environmental degradation. Virgin forests, and even animal and

birds sanctuaries are cleared for paving the way to mining operations. Clearing

of forest not only endangers the life of animals and birds, but also endangers

the livelihood of forest dependent households. Extraction of minerals from deep

ground disturbs the groundwater flow and causes pollution. Similarly, the

drainage of untreated polluted water pumped from mines pollutes the surface

water bodies. Transportation of minerals raises massive dust and pollutes air.

Pollution of air, water, soil and noise brings a number of health problems to the

local households. Therefore, after accounting for all the economic,

environmental, social and health costs of mining the net benefits of mining for

the local people would be meager or probably negative. Nevertheless, mining

projects are cleared with the argument of national interest.

It has been observed that the natural resource rich areas are the most

backward regions of the country. In most cases minerals are endowed in the

forest areas predominantly inhabited by the tribal households. In absence of

adequate compensatory mechanism for the losses of tribal households caused

2 Introduction

by mineral extraction, they are pushed into impoverishment. The mining

operation degrades the land, water and overall living conditions of tribal people.

Neither the mining company nor the government takes up any special attempt

to build up the capacity of tribal people. In such a scenario the tribal

households, at best, work as casual unskilled laborers in the mines. If at all

the households who surrendered the land to the mining firms got any job

compensation, the job benefit is not transferred to the next generations.

Impacts or costs of mining are likely to soar once the ore is depleted, when the

major costs of restoration and very lengthy treatment of wastes (acid rock

drainage, etc.) start to be tackled. Once the ore is depleted mining proponents

tend to lose interest, especially in mine suspension and restoration. What will

be the source of livelihood for the local households after the suspension of

mines? Where agricultural land is spoiled, forest is cleared, skill is not

upgraded, and no other economic opportunities are available what will the

people do after the suspension of the mines? Against this backdrop the

proposed study seeks to examine the question whether mining can be a source

of sustainable livelihood for the local people?

For answering this question the ideal situation would be to examine the

economic, environmental and social conditions after the mining closure.

Nevertheless, the present study follows a different approach.

From 2008 onwards, government of Odisha, along with Goa and Karnataka

clamped ban on illegal mining operations. Table 1.1 shows the number of

mining leases and the number of working leases. The number of working mines

fell drastically from 399 in 1990-1 to 78 in 2010-11. In percentage terms it fell

from 63 percentage of total leases issued to 13 per cent in 2010-11. As a result

of mining suspension many people lost jobs and income. The suspension of

mining operations provides an opportunity to answer the question what will

people in the mining areas do after the mining closure. In order to examine the

sustainability of income from mining regions we try to examine the economic,

3 Introduction

environmental and social consequences during mining operation and after

suspension.

Table 1: Total Number of Mining Leases issued by the Government and the

Number of working Mines During the period from 1990-01 to 2011-12

Total Leases Working Leases Percentage Working

Year Nos Area in ,000 heactres

Area in ,000 heactres Nos

Area ,000 Hectares

1990-91 629.00 124.22 399.00 93.36 63.434% 75.157%

2000-01 613.00 112.47 335.00 82.96 54.649% 73.762%

2003-04 607.00 101.95 339.00 73.91 55.848% 72.496%

2004-05 594.00 99.08 331.00 72.20 55.724% 72.870%

2005-06 571.00 86.42 335.00 59.08 58.669% 68.364%

2006-07 602.00 97.02 370.00 74.44 61.462% 76.726%

2007-08 586.00 94.70 374.00 68.15 63.823% 71.964%

2008-09 596.00 96.63 376.00 74.02 63.087% 76.609%

2009-10 597.00 95.96 330.00 70.52 55.276% 73.491%

2010-11 600.00 96.57 78.00 26.62 13.000% 27.568%

2011-12 600.00 98.44 128.00 64.46 21.333% 65.480%

Source: Government of Odisha (2013) Economic Survey of Odisha 2012-13

1.2. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To assess the economic, environmental and social impact of mining

operation on the local region

2. To assess the economic, environmental and social impact of mining

suspension on the local region

1. 3 Chapter Outline

The rest of the report is organized as follows: Chapter 2 describes the methods

adopted in the study to answer the research questions and depicts the study

area. Chapter 3 provides the demographic, social and economic status of the

surveyed households and basic information related to the surveyed business

4 Introduction

units. Chapter 4 provides the answer to first objective by describing the

benefits and costs of mining operation. Chapter 5 provides answer to the

second objective by narrating the impact of mining on income, employment,

local environment and social order. Chapter 6 provides the summary of the

findings and concludes with some policy recommendations.

5 Chapter 2

Chapter 2

Methodology Data and Study Area

2.1 Methodology

The study was conducted in the Kendujhar district of Odisha. Kendujhar

district has the maximum endowment of minerals in the state as well as

maximum mines are operating in the district. As per the Economic Survey of

Odisha, for the year 2012-13 about 51 percent of coal has been extracted in

Angul district and the rest from Jharsuguda, Sundargarh and Sambalpur

districts. Iron ore extraction is mostly confined to Keonjhar district which

accounts for 68.4 percent of total extraction, followed by Sundargarh (27

percent). Most bauxite mining takes place in Koraput district.

Kendujhar district also witnessed maximum cases of illegal mining. Table 2.1

provides the number of mines suspended due to reporting of illegal mining. Out

of the 264 suspended mines in Odisha 81 were in Joda mining circle and 7

were in Kendujhar circle; both of which fall under Kendujhar district. Thus

Kendujhar district alone had 34 percentage share in the total number of

suspended mines of Odisha. The detailed list on the status of all mines in

Odisha, list of illegal mines and inspection report of the Indian Bureau of

Mines are provided in annexure (Please see A2.1, A2.2, and A2.3). Keeping in

view of the massive number of illegal mining reported in the print and

electronic media and following the directives from the apex court of the

country, government of Odisha has clamped ban on mineral extraction since

2009.

6 Methodology Data and Study Area

Table 2.1 List of Suspended Mines in Odisha

Sl No Circle Name Lessee Percentage Share

1 BARIPADA 20 7.6%

2 BERHAMPUR 0 0.0%

3 BHAWANIPATNA 28 10.6%

4 BOLANGIR 17 6.4%

5 CUTTACK 9 3.4%

6 JAJPUR ROAD 4 1.5%

7 JODA 81 30.7%

8 KEONJHAR 7 2.7%

9 KOIRA 42 15.9%

10 KORAPUT 20 7.6%

11 PHULBANI 0 0.0%

12 ROURKELA 20 7.6%

13 SAMBALPUR 13 4.9%

14 TALCHER 3 1.1%

Total 264 100.0%

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LS

In order to study the effect of mining suspension on the income, employment,

business activities, environmental quality and society a survey was conducted

in Joda mining circle. Table 2.2 provides the list of villages surveyed in Joda

region. 200 households residing near mining operation were surveyed in 5

villages namely Kumar Joda, Banspani, Khuntapani, Jurudi and Shading

coming under three Panchayats namely Joda Municipality, Jolahari and Barbil.

All surveyed villages fall under Barbil Block of Kendujhar district.

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Details.aspx?CID=1&SID=LS&LID=1















Table 2.2

Village-wise Number of Households Surveyed

Unit Name Total

District Kendujhar 1

Block Barbil 1

Panchayats Joda Municipality Jolahari Barbil 3

Villages Kumar Joda Banspani Khuntapani Jurudi Shading 5

No. HHs

Surveyed

46 51 27 29 47 200

Percentage

share

23.0% 25.5% 13.5% 14.5% 23.5% 100%

For examining the impact of mining closure we also surveyed 200 business

units in the mining region and adjacent to the surveyed villages. Table 2.3

provides the list of business units surveyed in different market locations

coming under Barbil Block.

Table 2.3

Sample Business Units in Different Market locations

Business Locations Number of Business Units Percentage Share

Banspani 3 1.5

Barbil 49 24.5

Joda 32 16.0

Jurudi 88 44.0

Kumar Joda 28 14.0

Total 200 100.0

Data was collected from the 200 surveyed households and 200 business units

with a well designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Please see Annexure AQ.1

and AQ.2 for the detailed questionnaire for households and business units


respectively. Information relating to socio-economic condition, livelihood

sources before and during the mining operation and after the mining

suspension was collected. Information on environmental and social

consequences of mining suspension and before suspension were collected.

Data were collected by a team of 5 post graduate students in economics who

were trained very well before going for data collection.

2.2 Study Area

The survey area i.e. Barbil in Kendujhar district is about 270 Kms distance in

the northwest direction from the capital city of Odisha Bhubaneswar. Figure 1

highlights the study area map.

2.3 Data Analysis

Data were entered in Microsoft Access software and latter taken to SPSS for the

necessary analysis. Necessary data analysis was carried out in SPSS after the

necessary cleaning and validation.


Stu

Data Analysis

For understanding the impact of mining suspension on the local community

200 households were surveyed in five villages out of which three (Kumar Joda,

Banspani and Khuntapani) come under Joda Municipality, one (Jurudi) come

under Jolahari Panchayat and one (Shading) come under Barbil Panchayat in

theBarbil Block of Kendujhar district (see table 1).

Figure 1

Study Area

Map

10 Chapter 3

Chapter 3

Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Demographic Composition

The surveyed 200 households constituted a population of 976 out of which 502

were male and 474 were female. This implies somewhat equal sex ratio (944

female for 1000 males) in the village as compared than the national average of

943 as per 2011 census. Table3.1 shows the distribution of population in

Table 3.1 Age Group wise Distribution of Population in the Surveyed Villages

Age

Group Male Female Total

0 - 5

Number of Individuals 83 71 154

% within Age Group 53.9% 46.1% 100.0%

% within Particular Gender 16.5% 15.0% 15.8%

6 - 14


% within Age Group 49.6% 50.4% 100.0%


15 - 30


% within Age Group 47.8% 52.2% 100.0%


30 - 60


% within Age Group 56.0% 44.0% 100.0%


61 and

Above


% within Age Group 52.9% 47.1% 100.0%


Total Number of Individuals 502 474 976

% within Age Group 51.4% 48.6% 100.0%


11 Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

different age group. 72% of the sample population is below 30 years age. Out of

this around 16% are below 5 years old, 40% are below 14 years and 32% of the

total population is in the most productive age group i.e. 15 to 30. Overall, 53%

of the total population is male and rest 47% is female. If we observe the gender

balance across different age groups, we find somewhat greater sex imbalance in

the age group of 30-60 (44% female and 56% male) followed by the age group of

zero to five (46% female and 54% male).

Table 3.2 shows the average family size (number of individuals reside in one

household) of the surveyed households. A large proportion of households

(22.5%) have four members followed by five (19%) and 6 members (16%).

Table 3.2

Number of Individuals residing in a Family

Number of

Members Number of Households Percentage of Households

1 2 1.0

2 19 9.5

3 29 14.5

4 45 22.5

5 38 19.0

6 32 16.0

7 20 10.0

8 7 3.5

9 2 1.0

10 and above 6 3

Total 200 100.0

3.2 Education Profile

Out of the total 976 population 793 are above six years only. We have analysed

the education attainment of these 793 individuals (see table 3.3). 52.2% of the

total population above six years old is illiterate. A larger percentage of female

population is illiterate as compared to their male counterparts. We observe a


19 percentage point gap between the male and female literacy. While 43.3% of

the male population is illiterate around 62% of the female population is

illiterate. 26 percentage of the total population has attained primary level of

education, 10% Middle English level of education, 10% secondary level, one per

cent intermediate level and only 0.6% have availed university level education.

We observe the presence of disparity between male and female at each level of

education. At each level of education females are adversely placed against their

male counterpart.

Table 3.3

Education Attainment of Male and Female Population above Six Years

Male Female Total

Edu

cati

on

Level

Illiterate Number of Individuals 177 237 414

% Within Particular Gender 43.3% 61.7% 52.2%

Primary Number of Individuals 117 90 207


Middle English Number of Individuals 48 30 78


Secondary Number of Individuals 57 21 78


Intermediate Number of Individuals 7 4 11


University Number of Individuals 3 2 5


Total Number of Individuals 409 384 793


Table 3.4 further examines the education attainment of the surveyed

population across different age group. Although there has been significant

improvement in the education attainment across generations, total literacy is

yet to be achieved among the young generation. More than 70 per cent of the

population above 30 years is illiterate. In the age group 15 to 30 around 56% of

the population is illiterate and in the age group 6 to 14 around 19.3% of the

children are illiterate. This is a matter of serious concern in the context of

India’s attempt to achieve 100 per cent enrolment of children in the schools.


After more than a decade of the launch of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA), around

19.5% of the children in the school going age have not attained education.

Table3.4

Age Group Wise Education Attainment of Population above Six Years Old

Age Group Total

6 - 14 15 - 30 30 - 60 61 and

Above

Edu

cati

on

Level

Illiterate Number of Individuals 40 176 186 12 414

% Within Age Group 19.3% 56.4% 72.4% 70.6% 52.2%

Primary Number of Individuals 137 37 29 4 207

% Within Age Group 66.2% 11.9% 11.3% 23.5% 26.1%

Middle

English

Number of Individuals 26 39 13 0 78

% Within Age Group 12.6% 12.5% 5.1% 0.0% 9.8%

Secondary Number of Individuals 4 48 25 1 78

% Within Age Group 1.9% 15.4% 9.7% 5.9% 9.8%

Intermediate Number of Individuals 0 9 2 0 11

% Within Age Group 0.0% 2.9% 0.8% 0.0% 1.4%

University Number of Individuals 0 3 2 0 5

% Within Age Group 0.0% 1.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.6%

Total Number of Individuals 207 312 257 17 793

% Within Age Group 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

3.3 Housing Condition

Out of 200 surveyed households a large majority (164 or 82 per cent) of the

household members resides in their own house and rest 18 per cent resides

either in rented house or other’s house. It is noteworthy that a large number of

people had immigrated to this region for finding employment either directly in

the mining activities or undertaking business activities. Table 3.5 provides the

summary picture of the housing condition of the surveyed households. A large

proportion of the households have Asbestos Sheet roofs, Mud or clay walls and

clay floors. Keeping in view the material of wall, floor and roof we have

classified the housing condition as cutcha, semi-pucca and pucca. The houses


with concrete roof, brick or stone wall and concrete or finished floorings have

been categorized as finished housing. If any one of them (wall, roof and floor) is

made with primary material then it is categorized as semi-pucca and if all floor,

wall and roof are made of primary materials such as mud, thatched etc are

categorized as cutcha housing. A large majority of the surveyed households

(90%) have semi-pucca housing, 9 per cent have pucca housing and only 1%

households have cutcha housing.

Table 3.5

Housing Condition of the Surveyed Households

Roof Material

No of HH

Per cent

Floor Material

No of HH

Per cent

Wall Material No of HH

Per cent

Thatch/Palm Leaf/grass

1 .5 Mud/Clay/ Earth

149 74.5 Mud 141 70.5

Plastic/Polythene Sheeting

1 .5 Dung 24 12.0 Stone With Mud 1 .5

Asbestos Sheets

72 36.0 Brick 2 1.0 Un-burnt Brick 5 2.5

RCC/RBC/Cement/Concrete

2 1.0 Stone 1 .5 Cement Concrete 9 4.5

Tiles 124 62.0 Cement 24 12.0 Burnt Brick 33 16.5

Total 200 100.0 Total 200 100.0 Cement 10 5.0

GI/Metal/Asbestos Sheets

1 .5

Overall Housing Condition Total 200 100.0

Cutcha 2 1.0

Pucca 18 9.0

Semi-Pucca 180 90.0

Total 200 100.0

Out of 164 households that are residing in their own houses 9 households

have other houses where they do not reside (see table 3.6) and rented out. A

large majority of households (57 per cent) reside on house plots less than 5

decimals followed by 5.1 to 10 decimals (14.5 per cent), and 10.1 to 20

decimals (8 per cent). Only 5 households have house plots larger than 20.1

decimal.


Table3.6: Average House Plot Size of the Surveyed Households

House Residing in Other Own Houses

House Plot Size Number of

Households

Percent of

Households

Number of

Households

Percent of

Households

0.1 to 5 Decimal 114 57.0 3 1.5

5.1 to 10 Decimal 29 14.5 4 2

10.1 to 20 Decimal 16 8.0 0 0

20.1 Decimal & above 5 2.5 2 1

Total 164 82.0 9 4.5

No Houses 36 18.0 191 95..5

Total 200 100 200 100

3.4 Land Holding

Most of the surveyed households reported to be landless. Only 9 out of 200

households (4.5 per cent) reported to have agricultural land and only one

household reported to have non-agricultural land (see table 3.7). Although

under-reporting cannot be ruled out, during our survey we observed that most

of the land in the survey locality were forest lands and not suitable for

cultivation. This could be the reason behind very few households reported to

have their own agricultural land. There is no irrigation facility available in the

locality. Therefore most of the people depend upon monsoon rains for

agriculture activities.

Table 3.7

Land Holding of Surveyed Households

Size of Land Holding Agricultural Land Non Agricultural Land

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

0.1 to 10 Decimals 2 1.0 1 0.5

10.1 to 20 Decimals 2 1.0

20.1 to 30 Decimals 3 1.5

40.1 Decimals and

above 2 1.0

Total 9 4.5

No Land 191 95.5 199 99.5

Total 200 100 200 100


3.5 Other Household Assets

Table 3.8 Asset Holding of Surveyed Households

Assets Number of HH Possess

Percent of HH Possess

Electricity connection 42 21

Cable Connection 20 10

Fan 27 13.5

Radio 5 2.5

Black and White TV 5 2.5

Colour TV 17 8.5

Mobile Phone 58 29

Fixed Telephone 0

Computer 3 1.5

Refrigerator 5 2.5

Pressure Cooker 14 7

Chair 67 33.5

Bed 49 24.5

Mattress 17 8.5

Wrist Watch 52 26

Bi Cycle 16 8

Motor Cycle 11 5.5

Cow 1 0.5

Goat 5 2.5

Hen 23 11.5

In order to have a better understanding of the economic condition of the

surveyed households we gathered information on possession of other

household assets (see table 3.8). Out of 200 households only 42 (21 per cent)

have electricity connection. Around 11 per cent households have either a

colour television (TV) or Black and White TV; of them around 10 per cent

households have cable connection. 29 per cent of the households possess at

least one mobile phone. Fixed land line telephone is not available in any

households. Only three households possess personnel computer. Eight per

cent households have bi-cycle and other 5.5 per cent have motor cycle. The

survey area being a forest area, we were expecting that many households

would be keeping domestic animals like cows and goats. Contrary to our


presumption only one household reported to have cows, 5 households reported

to have goats and another 23 households reported to have hens. Degradation

of forest and grazing land is the reason behind many households not keeping

any domestic animals.

3.6 Occupation and Income

Table 3.9 shows the principal occupation profile of the individuals in the

working age group (15 to 60 years old) in the surveyed region. There were 569

individuals in the working age group of which 293 (51 per cent) were male and

276 (49 per cent) were females. A large proportion (58.3 per cent) of the

individuals in the working age group was unemployed. Around 29 per cent of

the individuals are employed in Grade D regular jobs in mining related jobs in

private sector followed by 7 per cent work as casual industrial worker and 3

per cent have their own small business. Agricultural activity is not a source of

employment for the surveyed households. The total percentage of employment

conceals the employment disparity among male and female individuals. A very

large proportion of females is unemployed and does the unpaid household

chores. Only 9.4 per cent of the female population is engaged in grade D

regular jobs in private mining sector followed by 2.5 per cent of female

population employed as casual worker in mining related activities. Out of 293

males who are in the working age group 32 per cent of them are unemployed,

47 per cent work as Group D regular employees in the private mining sector,

11 per cent as casual worker in the private mining sector and 5 per cent have

their own small business. Only one per cent males work as agricultural

labourers. It needs to be mentioned here that mining operations have damaged

most of the agricultural land and agriculture is no longer a profitable activity

for the local inhabitants. Due to lack of higher education very few people are

able to get high paid jobs. More importantly, due to lack of financial resources

the surveyed households were not in a position to take benefit of profitable


activities like sub-contracting in mining operations, transporting of minerals

etc. Due to low education most of the people are engaged in low paying jobs.

Table 3.9

Current Principal Occupation of the Male and Female Population in the

working Age Group ( 15 to 60)

Nature of Employment Male Female Total

Unemployed Persons 95 237 332

Column% 32.4% 85.9% 58.3%

REGULAR (GRADE-B) JOB

IN PUBLIC SECTOR

Persons 1 0 1

Column% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2%

REGULAR (GRADE-D) JOB

IN PUBLIC SECTOR

Persons 2 1 3

Column% 0.7% 0.4% 0.5%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-B)

IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Persons 1 0 1

Column% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-C)

IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Persons 9 0 9

Column% 3.1% 0.0% 1.6%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-D)

IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Persons 137 26 163

Column% 46.8% 9.4% 28.6%

CASUAL INDUSTRIAL

WORKER

Persons 31 7 38

Column% 10.6% 2.5% 6.7%

CASUAL AGRICULTURAL

WORKER

Persons 3 1 4

Column% 1.0% 0.4% 0.7%

OWN MEDIUM BUSINESS Persons 0 1 1

Column% 0.0% 0.4% 0.2%

OWN SMALL BUSINESS Persons 14 3 17

Column% 4.8% 1.1% 3.0%

Total Persons 293 276 569

Column% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 3.10 shows the relationship between level of education and income of the

surveyed individuals in the working age group. Of the 569 individuals who are

in the working age group a large proportion (362 individuals or 64 per cent) of

them are illiterate. As expected, a large proportion (58 per cent) of the illiterates

do not earn anything, 37.6 per cent earn a monthly income up to Rs 5, 000,


4.4 per cent earn between Rs 5,000 to Rs 10, 000. Out of the 66 individuals

with primary level of education 54.5 per cent do not earn anything, 41 per cent

earn a monthly income up to Rs 5,000, 4.5 per cent earn between Rs 5, 000 to

10, 000. We observe that relatively higher proportion of individuals with

secondary education earn between Rs 5, 000 to 10, 000. Among the surveyed

households there were 73 individuals with secondary education; out of which

11 per cent earned between Rs 5, 000 to Rs 10, 000, 27 per cent earned up to

Rs 5, 000 and about 60 percent individuals earned nothing. There are very few

individuals (only 5 among 569) who have attended university level of education.

Thus, out of total 569 individuals, 58 per cent did not earn anything, 36 per

cent earned a monthly income up to Rs 5, 000, 5 per cent between Rs 5, 000 to

Rs 10, 000 and rest one per cent earned above Rs 10, 000.

Table 3.10

Education and Present Income of Individuals in the Working Age Group (15 to 60)

Education Level

No Income Up to

5, 000 5001 to 10, 000

10, 001 and above

Total

Illiterate Persons 210 136 16 0 362

Column % 58.0% 37.6% 4.4% 0.0% 100.0%

Primary Persons 36 27 3 0 66

Column % 54.5% 40.9% 4.5% 0.0% 100.0%

Middle English

Persons 31 19 2 0 52

Column % 59.6% 36.5% 3.8% 0.0% 100.0%

Secondary Persons 44 20 8 1 73

Column % 60.3% 27.4% 11.0% 1.4% 100.0%

Intermediary Persons 8 3 0 0 11

Column % 72.7% 27.3% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

University Persons 2 1 1 1 5

Column % 40.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 100.0%

Total Persons 331 206 30 2 569

Column % 58.2% 36.2% 5.3% 0.4% 100.0%


3.7 Profile of Surveyed Business Establishments

Table 3.11 provides a summary of the type of business establishments

surveyed. We observed that in our survey area there were a number of vehicle

repairing workshops. This is well understood from the fact that a large number

of trucks and other heavy vehicles are engaged in transporting minerals from

mines to steel plants or Paradeep port for exporting them. In order to meet the

servicing requirements of these heavy vehicles a large number of workshops

have come up over the years. This was followed by a number of grocery shops.

We have also surveyed a number of other shops like betel shops, small hotels

and restaurants, fruits and vegetable shops, mobile vendors and so on.

Table 3.11

Type of Business Establishments Surveyed

Business Activity Number of Business

Units Per cent Share

Hotel/Restaurants 16 8.0

Betel Shop 19 9.5

Hair Dressing 10 5.0

Grocery 26 13.0

Vehicle Workshop 26 13.0

Stationery 15 7.5

Vegetables/Fruit 5 2.5

Liquor 1 .5

Clinic 3 1.5

Tailor 1 .5

Foot Wear 3 1.5

Book Store 1 .5

Mobile 6 3.0

Cloth Store 3 1.5

Electronic Shop 4 2.0

Tea Stall 4 2.0

Transport 3 1.5

Chicken Centre 3 1.5

Other 51 25.5

Total 200 100.0


Table 3.12 provides the summary of the ownership of the business

establishments. 44.5 per cent of the business establishment are run on the

own house of the business owner. However 55.5 per cent of the business units

are run on rented buildings of others.

Most of the business units are small units therefore a large proportion of them

were not registered (see table 3.13). Only 31.5 per cent of the business units

were registered with the government agency. 98 per cent of the business units

are run by the owner by him/herself.

Table 3.13

Registration of Business Units

Number of Business Units Per cent Share

Is the Business Unit Registered?

Yes 63 31.5

No 137 68.5

Total 200 100.0

Who Runs Business

Run By Self 196 98.0

Run by Others 4 2.0

200 100.0

Table 3.12

Ownership of Business Establishments

Number of Business Units Per cent of Business Units

Does the Business Owner Own the Building?

Yes 89 44.5

No 111 55.5

Total 200 100.0

Whose Building the Business is Running in

Own Building 89 44.5

Rented 110 55.0

Govt. Building 1 .5

Total 200 100.0


Table 3.14 provides the age profile of the business owners. A large proportion of

the business owners (40 percent) are in the age group of 31 to 45 years

followed by the age group of 15 to 30 years (30.5 per cent). 22 per cent of the

surveyed business owners belong to age group of 46 to 60 years and about 7.5

per cent are above the age of 61 years old.

Table 3.14

Age Group of Business Owners

Age Group

(in years) Number of Individuals Percentage

15 - 30 61 30.5

31 - 45 80 40.0

46 - 60 44 22.0

61 - 75 11 5.5

76 and Above 4 2.0

Total 200 100.0

Unlike the profile of members of household (most of whom are illiterate), all

business owners are literate and a large proportion of them (39 per cent) have

attained secondary level of education followed by primary education (22.5 per

cent). Business definitely needs some level of education. Moreover, businesses

like vehicle repairing workshops need specialized training. Table 3.15 provides

the education profile of the surveyed business owners. A sizeable proportion of

business owners have also attained higher level of education: intermediary

(12.5 per cent), and University (14.5 per cent).

Table 3.15

Education Profile of Business Owners

Education Level Number of Business

Owners

Per cent of Business

Owners

Primary 45 22.5

Elementary 23 11.5

Secondary 78 39.0

Intermediary 25 12.5

University 29 14.5

Total 200 100.0


Table 3.16 provides the summary of social profile of the surveyed business

owners. 47 per cent of the surveyed business owners belong to general social

category. Only one per cent belongs to Socially and Economically Backward

Communities (SEBC), 18 per cent Other Backward Caste (OBC), 6 per cent

Scheduled Caste (SC), 9.5 per cent Scheduled Tribe (ST) and 18.8 per cent

belong to religious minority communities.

Table 3.16

Social Category of Business Owners

Category

General 94 47.0

SEBC 2 1.0

OBC 36 18.0

SC 12 6.0

ST 19 9.5

Muslim 37 18.5

Total 200 100.0

Note

SEBC: Socially and Economically Backward Community

OBC: Other Backward Caste; SC: Scheduled Caste, ST: Scheduled Tribe

24 Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Benefits and Costs of Mining

Mining activities generate numerous direct and indirect economic benefits as

well as environmental and social costs. In this chapter we’ll discuss about all

the economic opportunities generated due to mining operation and the

environmental and social costs due to mining operations in the surveyed

region.

4.1 Benefits of Mining

At the outset we’ll discuss about the direct and economic benefits received by

the surveyed households due to mining operation. Nine out of ten households

strongly agree that mining activities have benefitted them in several ways.

Table 4.1 shows the benefits received by households from mining operation. 89

per cent of the surveyed households reported to have got some or other jobs

directly in the mining firms or indirectly in some related activities. 2.5 per cent

households reported to have benefitted indirectly by taking up business. A few

other households also benefitted from transport services, contractor activities

and different other ways.

Table 4.1

Benefits Received by the Households from Mining Operation

Number of Households Percent of HHS

Job 178 89.0

Business 5 2.5

Transport 2 1.0

Contractor 1 .5

Other 4 2.0

Nothing 10 5.0

Total 200 100.0

25 Benefits and Costs of Mining

4.1.1 Direct and Indirect Jobs

Table 4.2 shows the number of individuals per household who got employment

directly or indirectly due to mining operation. 50 per cent of the households

reported that one individual from each family was directly engaged in mining

activities. In case of 12.5 per cent of households 2 persons were directly

engaged in mining operation and in case of 2 per cent households 3 persons

were directly engaged in mining activities. 50 per cent of the surveyed

households also reported that at least one individual from their family was

engaged indirectly due to mining operation.

Table 4.2

Number of Individuals per Households Directly or Indirectly got

Employment Due to Mining

Number of

individuals

benefitted in

a family

Direct employment Indirect Employment

Number of

Households

Percent of

Households

Number of

Households

Percent of

Households

0 71 35.5 99 49.5

1 100 50.0 94 47.0

2 25 12.5 7 3.5

3 4 2.0 - -

Total 200 100.0 200 100.0

4.1.2 Direct and Indirect Income due to Mining

Table 4.3

Monthly Income received by Households Directly or Indirectly from

Mining Activities

Income range

Direct Income Indirect Income

Number of

HHs

Percent of

HHs

Number of

HHs Percent of HHs

No Income 71 35.5 99 49.5

Up to 5000 86 43.0 88 44.0

5001 to 10000 38 19.0 11 5.5

10001 and above 5 2.5 2 1.0

Total 200 100.0 200 100.0


Table 4.3 shows the monthly income received by households either directly or

indirectly from mining activities. Out of the 65 per cent households that are

directly engaged in the mining activities 43 per cent of the households received

a monthly income below Rs 5,000, 19 per cent of the households in the range

of Rs 5, 000 to 10, 000, and rest 2.5 per cent households more than 10, 000.

Similarly, out of the 50 per cent households that were indirectly engaged due to

mining operation 44 per cent earned a monthly income below Rs 5,000, 5.5 per

cent households earned between 5, 000 to 10, 000 and only one per cent above

10, 000.

4.1.3 Changes in Economic and Social Environment

Table 4.4

Social Changes Due to Mining Activities As Opined by Surveyed

Households

Number of Households Per cent of

Households

Business Increased 5 2.5

Easier to Earn 9 4.5

Health Facilities Improved 7 3.5

Better Transport and

Communication 26 13

Road, School 19 9.5

Urbanization 4 2.0

No Social Change 130 65.0

Total 200 100.0

Mining projects are presumed to transform the economic and social

environment in the region. We investigated this issue by asking the perception

of households on the impact of mining activities on the local economic and

social environment. A large majority (65 per cent) of the households reported

that there were no remarkable positive changes in the economic and social


environment due to mining operation in the locality. Of the rest 35 per cent

households who perceived some positive changes around 13 per cent believed

that mining projects have improved the transport and communication facility

in the locality, around 10 per cent households believed that better road and

schooling facilities were available in the locality due to mining projects. Other

households also opined that mining projects led to urbanization of the locality,

there were better income opportunities, business transaction increased, health

facilities improved and so on.

4.2 Costs of Mining

4.2.1 Mining and Displacement

Mining causes very often displacement of local communities or leads to

involuntary acquisition of private land. In this context we enquired whether the

surveyed households were displaced due to mining operations or surrendered

land to the mining firms; if yes whether they received adequate compensation

or not? Table 4.5 provides a summary picture of the land acquisition by mining

firms and the satisfaction of households over the compensation received. Only

eight households reported to have been displaced due to mining operation. Of

these 8 households 5 were satisfied over the compensation received from

mining firms and rest 3 were unhappy. Three households received cash

compensation, another three households received job compensation and 2

households received land compensation. Households, that got land and job

compensation from the mining firms, expressed satisfaction. Only 3

households reported to have surrendered land to the mining firms. Of them

only household received cash compensation and two did not receive any

compensation. All three households who surrendered private land to mining

firms expressed dissatisfaction of compensation. Only two households reported

that mining firms had acquired common property resources for mining

purpose. However, from the discussion with the people in the locality it

emerged that mining operation in the locality is running on the forest lands.


However, since mining operation has been running since six decade ago, people

are not very much aware of the land acquisition details. Mining firms have not

made direct or indirect compensation for the acquisition of common property

resources. For understanding the indirect compensation by the mining firms

we asked the households if mining firms have made any provision of public

utilities like school, hospital etc. All households replied in negative.


Table4.5

Land Acquisition by Mining Firms and Households’ Satisfaction over Compensation

Household

Head’s opinion

Displaced Households

Households Surrendered Own Land

Acquisition of Common Property

No of HHs

HHs Satisfact

ion

HHs Surrende

red Land

HHs Compens

ated

HHs Satisfaction

Opinion of Household

Compensation to

HHs

Other Public

Facilities made

Yes 8 (4)

5 (2.5)

3 (1.5)

1 (0.5)

0 2 (1)

NO 192 (96)

3 (1.5)

197 (98.5)

2 (1)

3 (1.5)

198 (99)

2 (1)

2 (1)

Missing Case

192 (96)

197 (98.5)

197 (98.5)

198 (99)

198 (99)

Total 200 (100)

200 (100)

200 (100)

200 (100

200 (100)

200 (100)

200 (100)

200 (100)

What should be the nature of compensation?

Land for Land

2 (1)

-

Job for Land

3 (1.5)

-

Cash for land

3 (1.5)

1 (.5)

Missing Case

192 (96)

199 (99.5)

Total 200 (100)

200 (100)

Note: Values in the parentheses are column percentages.


4.2.1 Economic, Environmental and Social Cost of Mining

Economic Cost

In order to understand the consequences of mining on the local economy,

environment and society we asked a number of questions to each household to

know their opinions (see table 4.6). Around 46 per cent of the households

opined that mining activities have severely damaged the agricultural

productivity. Although 53 per cent households opined that there was no effect,

we need to interpret this result along with the fact that majority of the

households do not have agricultural land. Therefore, such households would

not be in a proper position to assess the impact of mining on agriculture. 85

per cent of the respondents viewed that mining activities had a severe dent on

the number of domestic animals. Mining activities have ruined the forest and

other grazing lands. Moreover, due to plying of large number of iron ore loaded

trucks air and water have become polluted and it poses severe risk on the life

of domestic animals. Most of the households view that mining operations have

not damaged any public places such as temples, public buildings etc.

Environmental Cost

Apart from the direct economic costs on the local communities mining activities

causes severe damages to the local environmental quality and social life. 71 per

cent of the respondents believed that mining activities have deteriorated the

local environmental quality. More than 90 per cent of the households view that

forest has declined, wildlife has dwindled, air pollution has become severe,

ground water and surface water have got polluted, noise pollution has become

unbearable and traffic congestion has multiplied due to mining operations in

the region. Runoff water from mining and pollutants generated from mining

have worsened the soil quality and affected agriculture badly. Unlike coal

mining, since most of the iron ore mining operations are open caste in nature it

does not cause severe land subsidence problem in the locality. Only 4.5 per


cent of the respondents opined that mining activities have caused land

subsidence in the locality.

Table4.6

Economic, Environmental and Social Cost of Mining Activities

Indicators No effect Declined/

Deteriorated

Improved No Opinion

Economic Cost

Agriculture Productivity

105 (52.5)

90 (45.5)

5 (2.5)

Number of Domestic Animal

19 (9.5)

170 (85)

11 (5.5)

Damage of Public Place 198 (99)

2 (1)

Environmental cost

Environmental Quality 57

(28.5)

142

(71)

1

(0.5)

Forest 12 (6)

187 (93.5)

1 (0.5)

Wildlife 7 (3.5)

193 (96.5)

Biodiversity 58 (29)

140 (70)

1 (0.5)

Air Quality (2.5)

194 (97)

Ground Water 8 (4)

191 (95.5)

1 (0.5)

Surface Water 4 (2)

195 (97.5)

1 (0.5)

Soil Quality 59 (29.5)

139 (69.5)

2 (1)

Noise Pollution 5 (2.5)

195 (97.5)

Land Subsidence 186 (93)

9 (4.5)

5 (2.5)

Traffic Congestion 2

(1)

197

(98.5)

1

(0.5)

Social Cost

Social Order 134 (67)

44 (22)

20 (10)

Social Network 165 (82.5)

15 (7.5)

20 (10)

Immigration 59 137 4


Table4.6

Economic, Environmental and Social Cost of Mining Activities

Indicators No effect Declined/ Deteriorated

Improved No Opinion

(29.5) (68.5) (2)

Out-migration 137 (68.5)

60 (30)

3 (1.5)

Local Culture 134 (67.5)

61 (30.5)

5 (2.5)

Sex work activities 98

(49)

28

(14)

74

(37)

Alcohol Consumption 7

(3.5)

192

(96)

1

(0.5)

Theft Activities 127

(63.5)

71

(35.5)

2

(1)

Source: Own Field Survey

Note: values in the parentheses are row percentages.

Social Cost

It is very hard to quantify and observe the social change. All social changes

take places in a slow and steady manner. Therefore it goes unnoticed in the

eyes of common people. Nevertheless, we asked a few questions to the surveyed

households to ascertain the social changes in the locality. Seven out of 10

households observed that due to mining operations immigration has increased

substantially to the locality. People have migrated from other districts of

Odisha and other neighboring states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and West

Bengal to this place to get some job opportunity either directly in the mines or

take up business like transport, vehicle repairing workshops and so on. A

major fall out of the immigration is the skyrocketing rise in the general prices.

Mining activities have also increased the alcohol consumption by leaps and

bounds. Almost all households expressed concern that alcoholism is a major

social problem in the locality. During our survey we also observed many of the

respondents and their family members were drunk even in the morning hours.

Apart from country liquor and foreign liquors, traditional alcohols like Handia

(a drink prepared from the formatted rice) are most popular among the poor


tribal households. During any social gathering such as wedding and festivals

serving some form of alcohol has become a common practice among the local

communities. This has eroded the social tranquility. Some respondents (14 per

cent) opined that mining activities have increased the flesh trading in the

locality. Nevertheless, many people were reluctant to answer this question.

Some respondents (35.5 per cent) also viewed that due to immigration of

unknown outsiders to the locality theft activities has increased.

34 Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Life after Mining Suspension

5.1 Economic Changes after Mining Suspension

Suspension of mining is presumed to affect negatively the economic activities

and positively affect the environmental and social condition. In this context we

asked several questions to the surveyed households (see table 5.1). 95 per cent

of the households replied that suspension of mining operations had negative

economic consequences on the region. Only 4 per cent households opined that

it had no effect.

Table 5.1

Economic Consequences of Mining Suspension

How was the Household Affected due to mining Suspension?

Number of Households % of Households

No Response 3 1.5

Positively 0 0

Negatively 189 94.5

No Effect 8 4.0

Total 200 100.0

Has any member of the Household Lost jobs?

No Response 2 1.0

Yes 154 77.0

No 44 22.0

Total 200 100.0

What type of Job Lost by the members of Household?

No Response 46 23.0

Regular 88 44.0

Casual 66 33.0

Total 200 100.0

Another one per cent households could not opine anything. 154 out of 200

surveyed households (77 per cent) lost job due to mining suspension. Of these

77 per cent households 44 per cent households reported that they lost regular

35 Life after Mining Suspension

job and another 33 per cent reported to have lost casual jobs due to mining

suspension.

For confirming the opinion of household head on the impact of mining

suspension on the income and occupation of family members we had gathered

the information on the income of individual members during the mining

operation and after the suspension. Out of 976 individuals of 200 households

118 individuals’ (12 per cent) income had fallen and 138 individuals’ (14 per

cent) income had risen after the mining suspension (see table 5.2). This could

be explained by three observations. One, some mines in the region are still

operating. Second, some of the mines that are suspended were still running

violating the government’s order of suspension. It was evident from the fact

that during our survey we observed that trucks movement started in the night

in the mining areas that were suspended by the government. Third, the

individuals who were in a regular position job in the mining firms might be

getting their salary in spite of the mining suspensions. The mining firms and

the local people were in belief that the suspension is temporary and may be

lifted after the necessary legal hurdles are overcome.

Table 5.2

Change in Income of Individuals of Surveyed Households after Mining

Suspension

Income Trend of Individuals Number of

Individuals

Percent of

individuals

No Income 720 73.8

Income Fell after to Mine Suspension 118 12.1

Income rose after Mining Suspension 138 14.1

Total 976 100.0


Table 5.3

Occupation of Individuals in the working age group (15-60) Before Mining Suspension and Change in Income after Mining Suspension

Job Category No Income

Income Fell

after to Mine

Suspension

Income

rose after Mining

Suspension

Total

Unemployed

Number of Individuals

312 0 65 377

Column % 96.3% 0.0% 48.5% 66.3%

REGULAR (GRADE-

A) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR


0 1 0 1

Column % 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.2%

REGULAR (GRADE-D) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR


1 0 0 1

Column % 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-B) IN

PRIVATE SECTOR


0 1 0 1

Column % 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.2%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-C) IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Number of

Individuals 1 12 2 15

Column % 0.3% 10.8% 1.5% 2.6%

REGULAR JOB (GRADE-D) IN

PRIVATE SECTOR


9 84 58 151

Column % 2.8% 75.7% 43.3% 26.5%

CASUAL INDUSTRIAL WORKER

Number of


Column % 0.0% 9.0% 6.0% 3.2%

CASUAL AGRICULTURAL

WORKER


1 0 0 1

Column % 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

OWN MEDIUM

BUSINESS

Number of

Individuals 0 0 1 1

Column % 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.2%

OWN SMALL BUSINESS


0 3 0 3

Column % 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 0.5%

Total

Number of


Column % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


In order to better understand which category of job holders have been most

affected due to suspension of mining operation table 5.3 provides the

association between the Occupation of individuals in the working age group

before mining suspension and change in income after mining suspension. We

can observe that a larger proportion of people who were doing regular job

(Grade C and D) or casual job in private sector (in mining sector) during the

mining operation witnessed a fall in income. A large proportion of individuals

who witnessed rise in income after mining suspension were unemployed during

mining operation. We can infer from this that the people who have got jobs

after the mining suspension have witnessed a rise in income. But a very large

proportion of individuals who were engaged in mining related jobs witnessed a

fall in the income after the mining suspension of mining operation.

5.2 Environmental Changes after mining Suspension

We presumed that suspension of mining operation would improve the

environmental quality by reducing air pollution, noise pollution. Table 5.4

provides a summary picture of the environmental and social changes witnessed

after the mining suspension. Majority of the households (62 per cent) felt that

there was no improvement in the overall environmental quality in the region.

However, 38 per cent of the households felt that there was improvement in the

environmental quality in the region after the suspension of mining. A large

proportion (87 per cent) of households viewed that there was no change in the

forest regeneration. Similarly, majority of the (56 per cent) households reported

that wildlife population has declined even after the suspension of mining.

Relatively large proportion of households viewed that there was improvement in

the air quality, water quality. Similarly, a large proportion of households felt

that noise pollution and traffic congestion has declined after the suspension of

mining operation. Many respondents narrated that during the peak years of

mining there used to be a very long line of iron ore loaded trucks. This has

gone down substantially and it has reduced noise pollution, air pollution and

water pollution. Nevertheless, a large majority of the households felt that there

was no change in the soil quality.


Table 5.4 Change in Environmental and Social Indicators After the Suspension of

Mining Projects

Indicators Improved/

Increased

Deteriorated/

Declined

No Change No

Response

Environmental Indicators

Improvement in the Environment Quality

76 (38)

124 (62)

Forest Regeneration 27 (13.5)

173 (86.5)

Wildlife population 15

(7.5)

115

(57.5)

70

(35.0)

Biodiversity 45

(22.5)

7

(3.5)

142

(71)

6

(3)

Air Quality 100

(50)

66

(33)

34

(17)

Water Quality 95

(47.5)

75

(37.5)

30

(15)

Surface Water 98

(49)

73

(36.5)

29

(14.5)

Soil Quality 21

(10.5)

55

(27.5)

124

(62.5)

Noise Pollution 20 (10)

96 (48)

84 (42)

Traffic Congestion 14 (7)

100 (50)

86 (43)

Social Indicators

Social Order 3 (1.5)

34 (17)

163 (81.5)

Immigration 59

(29.5)

141

(70.5)

Outmigration 140

(70)

60

(30)

Sex Worker Activities 94

(47)

30

(18)

70

(35)

Alcoholism 3

(1.5)

105

(52.5)

92

(46)

Theft Activities 181

(90.5)

19

(9.5)

Note: Values in the parentheses are row percentages


Mining operation has completely spoiled the soil quality making the land unfit

for agriculture. There is a thick layer of iron ore slurry on the soil everywhere

due to running of silt from mountain like iron ore heaps.

5.3 Social Changes

Due to mining suspension immigration to the region has declined and

outmigration has increased substantially. Now the land of opportunity has

turned into a land of depression. People are migrating to cities and outside the

state in search of jobs. Sex workers activities, alcoholism and theft activities

have declined substantially.

In spite of all such positive environmental and social changes most of the

surveyed households (196 out of 200) were unhappy over the mining

suspension. People have developed dependency syndrome on the mining

activities in absence of other opportunities. Now that their agricultural land

has been spoiled, natural forest has been degraded water bodies have been

polluted, people cannot find any other source of livelihood but mining.

5.4 Effect on Business

Apart from examining the effect of mining suspension on the households we

have also examined the effect on business activities also. For this purpose 200

business units were surveyed in study region. Out of 200 business units

surveyed 193 respondents (96.5 per cent) were males and 7 were (3.5 per cent)

females. However out of the 7 female respondents only 3 of them owned the

business.

Table 5.5 shows the year of establishment of business units. We observe that

the number of business units grew steadily starting from 1950s. However, a

large proportion of business units were set up in the period 2001-2010. This

was the period of mining boom in the region. Due to rise in Chinese demand for

iron ore mining activities flourished during this decade. Along with the rise in


mineral extraction and export people moved to this locality for setting up

different business. However, due to fall in Chinese demand for iron ore and

suspension of mining due to Supreme Court order and government order many

business units were shut down.

Table 5.5

Year of Establishment of Business Units

Year of

Establishment Number of Business Units Percentage Share

1950 to 1970 13 6.5

1970 to 1990 22 11

1991 to 2000 48 24

2001 to 2010 109 54.5

2011 to 2012 8 4

Total 200 100

Table 5.6 shows the residence of surveyed business owners. Although a large

proportion (71.5 per cent) of business owners were from local area many

business owners (18.5 per cent) came from other states and other districts of

the state (7.5 per cent) to take a pie from the growing economic activities driven

by mining boom.

Table 5.6

Residence of Business Owners in Surveyed Region

Residence Number of Business

Owners Per cent share

Local 143 71.5

Regional 5 2.5

From Other District 15 7.5

From Other State 37 18.5

Total 200 100.0

Our main objective was to find out the number of business units closed due to

mining suspension. However, it was not possible for us as it was not be feasible

to gather information from the closed business units. In such a context we

asked the existing business units a few question. The summary of which is


presented in table 5.7. The effect of mining suspension can be observed from

the number of workers worked in the existing business units. We presumed

that during peak mining days there would be more workers to meet the high

demand. Therefore we asked the existing business owners whether more

workers worked in their business units before mining suspension. Around 30

per cent of the business units reported in affirmative. This could be due to

small size of business units. All most all (97 per cent) business owners however

reported that their business declined substantially after mining suspension.

Similarly, a very large proportion of the surveyed business owners replied that

a number of business units have been closed after mining suspension. Al

respondents unequivocally credited the fall in business to the mining

suspension.

Table 5.7

Effect of Mining Suspension on Business Owners

Did more workers work before mining Suspension?

Number of Business Units Per cent share

Yes 59 29.5

No 141 70.5

Total 200 100.0

Did Business Decline after Mining Suspension?

Yes 194 97

No 6 3

Did any other Shops close after mining suspension?

Yes 184 92.0

No 8 4.0

Don’t Know 8 4.0

Is Mining Suspension Responsible for fall in Business?

Yes 198 99.0

No 2 1.0

Total 200 100.0

In order to assess the impact of mining suspension on employment in business

and assess the overall impact on business we asked each business owner


about the number of workers worked in their business unit before and after

mining suspension. Table 5.8 provides the summary picture of the change in

employment before and after mining suspension. 3 per cent of the surveyed

businessmen replied that they had more than 11 workers in their business

unit before mining suspension. However, after mining suspension only one per

cent business units have more than 11 workers. 4.5 per cent of the business

units had 6 to 10 workers before mining suspension and only 1.5 per cent

business units employed more than 6 to 10 workers after mining suspension.

47.5 per cent of business units had 2 to 5 workers in the unit and after mining

suspension only 40 per cent business units had 2 to 5 workers. During peak

mining years only 45 per cent business units had one worker but after mining

suspension this percentage has gone up to 57.5 per cent. This means that after

mining suspension a large proportion of business units retrenched the workers

they had employed during high mining activity days; due to mining

suspension.

Table 5.8

Change in Employment Before and After Mining Suspension in the

Business Establishments

Persons

Employed

After Mining Suspension Before Mining Suspension

Number of

Business

Units

Per cent

Share

Number of

Business Units Per cent Share

1 115 57.5 90 45.0

2-5 80 40 95 47.5

6-10 3 1.5 9 4.5

11 and

above 2 1 6 3

Total 200 100.0 200 100.0

We also asked the surveyed business owners about the business transaction

before and after mining suspension. Table 5.9 provides a summary of the daily

business transaction of business units before and after mining suspension.


The negative effect of mining on business activities is obvious from the fact that

before mining suspension around 65 per cent of business units had daily

transaction of more than Rs 1000. However, after mining suspension only 31

per cent of the business units reported to have daily transaction more than Rs

1000. It is noteworthy that 12 per cent of the surveyed business units reported

to have daily transaction of more than Rs 10, 000 before mining suspension.

However after mining suspension only 4.5 per cent of business units had daily

transaction more than Rs 10, 000. Similarly there was a 10 per cent decline of

business units that had daily transaction between Rs 5, 000 to 10, 000 after

mining suspension.

Table 5.9

Daily Business Transaction of Business Units Before and After Mining

Suspension

Transaction Range

in Rupee

Transaction Before

Mining Suspension

Transaction After Mining

Suspension

Number of

Business

Unit

Per cent

Share

Number of

Business Unit Per cent Share

1 to 1000 75 35.5 139 69.0

1001 to 5000 75 37.5 46 23.0

5001 to 10000 26 13.0 6 3.0

10001 and above 24 12.0 9 4.5

Total 200 100 200 100

44 Chapter 6

Chapter 6

Summary and Conclusion

The prime goal of this study was to answer the question whether mining can

provide a sustainable source of livelihood. In order to answer this question we

did a survey of households residing in the vicinity of mines. Although we did

not have the scope to examine the economic, environmental and social effect

after the permanent closure of mines, mining suspension due to government

order provided an opportunity to address the same question. In this context we

surveyed 200 households and 200 business units in the Joda mining circle of

mineral rich Kendujhar district of Odisha to see the benefits and costs of

mining and the economic, environmental and social implications of mining

suspension.

We observed that mining operation provided a lot of employment opportunity to

the local communities. However, due to low education profile, local

communities received low skilled or unskilled jobs which were low paying in

nature. Mining operations had serious impact on the air quality, and degraded

forest, polluted soil and spoiled the agricultural lands. Mining operation also

reduced the wild-lives and due to deterioration of common property resources

such as grazing lands villagers stopped keeping domestic animals. Due to

acquisition of agricultural land and contamination of soil villagers stopped

doing agriculture. Gradually local communities became completely reliant,

directly or indirectly, on the mining firms for employment and income. During

mining booms the mineral rich hinterlands became the land of opportunities

and attracted people from other districts of the state and neighbouring states

for taking up business activities directly or indirectly related to mining

activities. Due to influx of outsiders to the mineral hinterlands the social

45 Summary and Conclusion

tranquility of the local region was eroded and anti-social activities like

alcoholism, theft and flesh trade activities grew enormously.

Mining suspensions had severe impact on the employment, business and

income of the local inhabitants. Many people lost their jobs and migrated

outside the state and region in search of income and employment. Many

business units were also closed. Many truck owners lost job who were engaged

in transporting the minerals. Due to low paying jobs local people could not

generate enough surpluses to improve their capital position. As a result of

which rents generated from mining flew outside leaving meager benefits in the

local region. This is evident from the fact that a large proportion of the

surveyed households had cutcha housing and very few households had any

fixed capitals like agricultural land, domestic animals. Mining firms did not

make serious attempt to build up the capacity of local people through

education and training. In such a scenario the local people remained

dependent on mining activities and some of them got involved in illegal mining

activities.

Suspension of mining operation however had some positive impacts on the

local environment. Air and noise pollution in the region has declined

substantially. However, forest has not regenerated after mining suspension.

Similarly, the quality of agricultural lands has been spoiled making it difficult

for the local communities to start agriculture again. Mining suspension has

also reduced alcoholism, theft and flesh trade activities in the locality.

In such a context we conclude that mining activities bring short term boom to

the locality and does not benefit much to them. Due to low education and

capital possession of the local inhabitants a large part of the benefits flows

outside the region. For example state government gets mineral revenue and

mining firm owners, many of whom are outsiders, get profits from mineral

extraction. Short term mining boom although provides low paying employment

46 Summary and Conclusion

and income opportunities to the local inhabitants, it is not able to bring an

economic transformation to the locality. In absence proper education and

capacity building of the local people they become dependent upon the mining

operation and fall victim due to over dependency. Mining firms focus upon

their profit maximization and pay blind’s attention for the development of

mining region the local people. Thus we conclude that, in the present

institutional set up mining has not been able to provide a sustainable source of

livelihood to the local communities.

In such a context we suggest that a systematic policy should be developed for

the capacity building of the local communities and the development of social

and economic infrastructure in the mining region. A fixed proportion of the

mineral revenue generated by the government and the mining firms should go

to the Panchati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for the development of local region.

47 Annexure

Annexure

Table A2.1 Mining Scenario in Odisha

Working 100

Temp. Working for Dispatch 5

Suspended 264

Temp. Discontinued 143

Lapse 10

Surrendered 0

Determined 41

RML Not Filled 38

Total 601

http://www.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/DefaultNew.aspx?GL=home

Table: A2.2 Suspended Mines in Joda Mining Circle, Odisha

Sl No Lessee Name Location Mineral

1 Arjun Ladha Balagunda Iron & Manganese

2 B. K. Mohanty Parsala Quartz & Quartzite

3 B.C. Deb Inganijharan Iron & Manganese

4 B.D. Patnaik Kalaparbat Iron Ore

5 B.K. Mohanty Uliburu Iron & Manganese

6 Bhanja Minerals Pvt. Ltd. Inganijharan Iron & Manganese

7 Bhanja Minerals Pvt. Ltd. Deojhar Iron Ore

8 BPMEL THAKURANI Iron & Manganese

9 BPMEL Roida-Bhadrasahi Iron & Manganese

10 BPMEL Dalki - KS Group Manganese

11 D.C. Jain Dalpahar Block B1 Iron Ore

12 D.C. Jain Dalpahar Block B3 Iron Ore

13 D.C. Jain Dalpahar Block C Iron Ore

14 D.C. Jain DalpaharBIock A Iron & Manganese

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LW

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LTWD

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LS

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LTD

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LL

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LSD

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LD

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=LRNF

https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Lessee_Licensee.aspx?UT=11&STS=TOT

48 Annexure



15 D.C. Jain Dalpahar Block B2 Iron & Manganese

16 D.R. Patnaik Thakurani Iron & Manganese

17 D.R. Patnaik Murgabeda Iron Ore

18 Dr. S. Pradhan Baitaraini Iron Ore

19 Dr. S. Pradhan Balita Iron Ore

20 Dr. S. Pradhan Inganijharan Iron & Manganese

21 Essel Mining and Industries Ltd.

Unchbali Iron & Manganese


JillingLangalota Iron Ore


Kasia Iron , Dolomite & Limestone

24 Ferro Alloys Corporation Limited

Katasahi Manganese

25 H.G.Pandya and Others Jajang Iron & Manganese

26 K.C. Pradhan Paredipada Iron & Manganese

27 K.C. Pradhan Horromotto Iron & Manganese

28 K.C. Pradhan Lakraghat Iron Ore

29 K.J.S. Ahluwalia Nuagaon Iron Ore

30 K.J.S. Ahluwalia Panduliposi Iron & Manganese

31 K.N. Ram Co. Roida - II Iron Ore

32 Kalinga Mining Corpn. Jurudi Iron Ore



35 Kalinga Mining Corpn. Jurudi Manganese

36 Kalinga Mining Corpn. Jurudi Manganese

37 Kaypee Enterprises Thakurani Iron Ore

38 Kushaleswar Minerals Kalaparbat Iron & Manganese

39 M.R. Das Bhalubeda Iron Ore

40 M.R. Das Deojhar Iron Ore

41 Mala Roy Others Jalhuri Iron & Manganese

49 Annexure



42 Mid East Int. Steel Ltd. Roida - I, Sidhamath Iron Ore

43 Mineral Trading Syndicate Bhalubeda Iron Ore

44 Narayani Sons Surguturia Iron Ore

45 O.M.C. Ltd. Khandbandh Iron Ore

46 O.M.C. Ltd. Sekradihi Iron Ore

47 O.M.C. Ltd. Balda-Palsa-Jajang Iron Ore

48 O.M.C. Ltd. Banspani Iron Ore

49 O.M.C. Ltd. Unchabali, Balda, Nayagarh Iron Ore

50 O.M.C. Ltd. Dalki Iron & Manganese

51 O.M.C. Ltd. Tiringpahar Iron Ore

52 O.M.C. Ltd. Parelipada Manganese

53 O.M.C. Ltd. Roida-Sidhamath Manganese

54 O.M.C. Ltd. Dubna Manganese

55 O.M.D.Co. BELKUNDI Iron & Manganese

56 O.M.D.Co. Bhadrasahi Iron & Manganese

57 O.M.D.Co. Bagiaburu M-Block Iron Ore

58 Patnaik Minerals Pvt. Ltd Jaribahal Iron Ore

59 Patnaik Minerals Pvt. Ltd Jaribahal - Palsa Manganese

60 R.B. Das Kundrupani, Baitarani RF Iron & Manganese

61 R.P. Sao Chormalda Manganese

62 R.P. Sao Guali Iron Ore

63 Raju V. J. G.L. Chouda Chauthia Quartz & Quartzite

64 Rungta Sons P Ltd. Bandhabeda Iron Ore

65 S. N. Paul Kolha-Rudukela Manganese

66 S.C. Padhi Gurubeda Iron Ore

67 S.C. Padhi Banspani Iron & Manganese

68 S.D. Sharma Raika Iron & Manganese

69 S.N. DasMohapatra Katasahi-Kolha-Rudkela Manganese

70 S.N. Mohanty Raruanguda Quartz & Quartzite

71 S.N. Mohanty Khuntapani Iron Ore

50 Annexure



72 SAIL Bolani Iron & Manganese

73 Sarda Mines P Ltd. Thakurani Block-B Iron Ore

74 SERAJUDDIN AND CO. Gurda Manganese

75 T.B.Lal Jajang Iron Ore

76 T.B.Lal Kasia-Kolha-Barapada Iron Ore

77 Tarini Minerals P Ltd. Deojhar Iron Ore

78 Tarini Minerals P Ltd. Jurudi Iron & Manganese

79 TATA Steel Ltd. Khandbandh Iron & Manganese

80 TATA Steel Ltd. Manmora Manganese

81 TATA Steel Ltd. Guruda Manganese

Source: Government of Odisha, Department of Steel and Mines https://i3ms.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/Circle_Wise_Details.aspx?CID=7&SID=LS&LID=1

Table A2.3 Mines wise Inspection Report

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner

Name of the Inspecting Officer with Designation

Date of Inspection

Date of Violation cum Showcause Notice

Date

of Suspension Order

Date

of Revocation Order

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Sundergarh

Iron Patabeda Iron Mine,FM

M/s M.G. Mohanty

Shri J R Choudhury,DCOM & Shri B L

Gurjar,ACOM

08.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

2 Sundergarh

Iron Patabeda Iron Mine,FM

M/s MGM Minerals Ltd.


Gurjar,ACOM

08.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

3 Keonjhar

Iron Thakurani Iron Mine,FM

M/s KayPee Enterprises

Shri M Biswas,RCOM & Shri MK Somani , SMG

08.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

4 Keonjhar

Iron

Thakurani iron Mine, Keonjhar District ,FM

M/s BPME Ltd


08.12.09

NA 17.09.2010

17.09.2010

51 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection


Date of Suspension Order

Date of Revocation Order

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5 Keonjhar

Iron Nuagaon Iron Ore Mine ,FM

Shri KJS Ahluwalia


09.12.09

NA 10.12.2009

15.01.2010

6 Sundergarh

Manganese

Kanther Koira Manganese Mine, OTFM

M/s Rungta Mines Ltd.

Shri J R Choudhury,DCOM & Shri B L Gurjar,ACOM

09.12.09

NA 10.12.2009

15.02.2010

7 Sundergarh

Iron Koira Iron Mine,FM

M/s Essel Mining Industries

Ltd.


Gurjar,ACOM

09.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

8 Sundergarh

Iron & Mn

Nuagaon Iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s SN Mohanty


09.12.2009

10.12.2009

NA NA

9 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Jhilling Langalota Iron & Manganese Mine,FM

M/s Essel Mining & Industries Ltd.


10.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

10 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Jajang iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s H.G. Pandya & Others


10.12.09

NA 16.12.2009

29.03.2010

11 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Jajang iron & Manganese Mine,FM

M/s Rungta Mines Ltd.


10.12.09

NA NA NA

12 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Joruri Iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s Kalinga Mining Corporation Ltd.


10.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

13 Sundergarh

Iron & Mn

Gonua Iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

Shri P.K. Ahluwalia


11.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

14 Keonjhar

Iron

& Dolomite

Kasia Iron & Dolomite Mines,FM

M/s Essel

Mining & Industries Ltd.

Shri M

Biswas,RCOM & Shri MK Somani , SMG

11.12.09

NA NA NA

15 Sundergarh

Iron & Mn

Gonua Iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s Zenith Mining Pvt. Ltd.


11.12.09

NA 16.12.2009

08.04.2010

16 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Bhadrasahi Iron & Manganese Mine,FM

M/s OMDC Ltd.


11.12.09

NA 17.12.2009

26.03.2010

17 Sundergar

Iron & Mn

Raikela Iron &

M/s National

Shri J R Choudhury,DCO

12.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

52 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

h Manganese Mine,OTFM

Enterprises Ltd.

M & Shri B L Gurjar,ACOM

18 Sundergarh

Iron & Mn

Teherai Sonua Iron & Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s Tarini Minerals


12.12.09

NA 16.12.2009

19 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Thakurani

Iron & Manganese Mine,FM

M/s Sarda Mines Pvt. Ltd.

Shri M

Biswas,RCOM & Shri MK Somani , SMG

12.12.09

NA 17.12.2009

22.12.2009

20 Keonjhar

Iron Bolani Iron Ore Mine,FM

M/s SAIL


13.12.2009

16.12.2009

NA NA

21 Keonjhar

Iron

Bagiaburu Iron ore Mines,OTFM

M/s OMDC Ltd.


13.12.09

NA NA NA

22 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Siljora Kalimati Iron & Mn Mine,OTFM

M/s M L Rungta


13.12.09

NA NA NA

23 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Jaribahal Iron & Manganese Mine,FM

M/s Patnaik Minerals Pvt. Ltd.


13.12.09

16.12.09 05.04.2010

10.03.2011

24 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

BALDA BLOCK Iron & Mn Mines,FM

M/s Serajuddin & Co

Shri A Nandi,DCOM & Shri M K Somani ,SMG Team No-1

03.08.2010

26.08.2010

NA NA

25 Keonjhar

Iron

BALDA PALSA JAJANG Iron Ore Mines,OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd


03.08.2010

24.08.2010

25.04.2011

26 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

InganijharanIron & Mn, OTFM

Shri B C DEB

Shri A

Nandi,DCOM & Shri M K Somani ,SMG Team No-1

04.08.2010

26.08.2010

NA NA

27 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

INGANIJHARAN Iron & Mn, OTFM

M/s Bhanja Minerals


04.08.2010

26.08.2010

NA NA

28 Keonjhar

Iron KHONDBOND Iron ore Mines,FM

M/s TATA STEEL LTD

Shri A Nandi,DCOM & Shri M K Somani ,SMG Team No-

05.08.2010

26.08.2010

NA NA

53 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1

29 Keonjhar

Iron KHONDBOND Iron Ore Mines, FM

M/s OMC Ltd


05.08.2010

NA 25.08.2010

30 Keonjhar

Iron UNCHABALI Iron Ore Mines

Smt Indrani Pattnaik

Shri A


06.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

31 Keonjhar

Iron BANSPANI Iron ore Mines,FM

M/s OMC Ltd


06.08.2010

13.09.2010

NA NA

32 Keonjhar

Iron

GURUBEDA Iron ore Mines,OTFM

S C Padhee


07.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

33 Keonjhar

Iron

JAJANG Iron Mines,OTFM

T B LAL & CO


07.08.2010

NA 26.08.2010

34 Keonjhar

Iron JODA EAST Iron mines,FM

M/s TATA STEEL LTD


08.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

35 Keonjhar

Iron

BAITARANI Iron ore Mine , OTFM

Dr Sarojini Pradhan


08.08.2010

13.09.2010

NA NA

36 Keonj

har Iron

KALAPARBAT,Iron Ore

Mines,OTF

M

Late B D

Pattanaik

Shri A Nandi,DCOM &

Shri M K Somani

,SMG Team No-1

09.08.

2010 NA

30.08

.2010

37 Keonjhar

Iron ORAGHAT Iron Ore Mines,FM

M/s Rungta Sons


09.08.2010

Nil NA NA

38 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

JURUDI Iron & Mn ,FM

M/s TARINI MINERALS


10.08.2010

01.09.2010

12.11.10

NA

54 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

39 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

INGANIJHARAN Iron & Mn , OTFM

Dr Sarojini Pradhan


10.08.2010

31.08.2010

NA

40 Keonj

har Iron

CHAMAKPUR Iron

Mines,OTFM

K C

PRADHAN

Shri A Nandi,DCOM & Shri M K Somani

,SMG Team No-1

11.08.

2010

01.09.20

10 NA NA

41 Keonjhar

Iron SGBK Iron Mines, OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd

Shri A


12.08.2010

Nil Nil NA

42 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

DUBUNA SAKRADIHI,Iron & Mn,OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd


12.08.2010

02.09.2010

25.04.2011

43 Keonjhar

Iron

JORURI (12.69) Iron Mines,OTFM

M/s Kalinga Mining Corporation


13.08.2010

01.09.2010

44 Keonjhar

Iron

JORURI (27.17) Iron Mines,OTFM

M/s Kalinga Mining Corporation


13.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

45 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

BANSPANI Iron & Mn Mines,OTFM

SHRI S C PADHEE

Shri G C Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No- 2

08.08.2010

03.09.2010

19.10.10

10.03.2011.

46 Keonjhar

Iron

JORURI Iron Mines,OTF

M (54.754)

M/S KALINGA MINING CORPORA

TION

Shri G C Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No-

2

08.08.2010

NA 24.08.2010

17.02.2011

47 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

UNCHABALI Iron & Mn ,OTFM

M/S ESSEL MINING & INDUSTRIES


09.08.2010

03.09.2010

NA NA

48 Keonjhar

Manganese

JODA WEST Manganese Mibnes, OTFM

M/S TISCO LTD


09.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

49 Sundargar

Iron & Mn

ORAGHAT Iron & Mn,

S A HALIM

Shri G C Meena,DCOM,

10.08.2010

NA 25.08.2010

11.03.2011

55 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

h OTFM Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No- 2

50 Keonjhar

Manganese

KATASAI KOLHO Manganese Mines,OTFM

S N PAUL


10.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

51 Sundargar

h

Iron & Mn

SANINDPUR , Iron & Mn Mines,

OTFM

M/S NATIONAL ENTERPRI

SES

Shri G C Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar,

ACOM Team No- 2

11.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

52 Sundargarh

Iron & Mn

SANINDPUR Iron & Mn Mine, FM

M/S RUNGTA SONS PVT LTD


11.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

53 Sundargarh

Iron GONUA Iron mines, OTFM

M G MOHANTY


12.08.2010

Nil NA NA

54

Sund

argarh

Iron & Mn

GONUA

iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

P MOHANTY

Shri G C Meena,DCOM,

Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No- 2

12.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

55 Sundargarh

Iron & Mn

GONUA Iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

K C PRADHAN


13.08.2010

Nil 26.08.2010

11.03.2011

56 Sundargarh

Iron

PATABEDA Iron Mines,OTFM

M G MOHANTY


13.08.2010

06.09.2010

NA NA

57 Keonjhar

Manganese

BAMEBARI Manganese Mines, OTFM

M/S TISCO LTD

Shri G C

Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No- 2

14.08.2010

13.09.2010

NA NA

58 Keonjhar

Manganese

MONMORA Manganese Mines, OTFM

M/S TISCO LTD


14.08.2010

13.09.2010

NA NA

59 Keonjhar

Manganese

TIRINGPAHAR manganese Mines,

M/S TISCO LTD

Shri G C Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No-

14.08.2010

07.09.2010

NA NA

56 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

OTFM 2

60 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

KATASAI Iron & Mn mines,OTFM



16.08.2010

07.09.2010

NA NA

61 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

KATASAI

Iron & Mn mines,OTFM

M/S FACOR

Shri G C

Meena,DCOM, Shri B L Gurjar, ACOM Team No- 2

16.08.2010

NA 27.08.2010

25.04.2011

62 Sundargarh

Manganese

KOLMONG Manganese Mines, OTFM



16.08.2010

07.09.2010

NA NA

63 Sundargarh

Manganese

MALDA Manganese Mines, OTFM

M/S TISCO LTD


17.08.2010

Nil 30.08.2010

18.11.2010

64 Keonjhar

Iron Roida-I Iron Ore Mines, FM

M/s MESCO

Shri K N Kalode, DCOM & Shri S Chakraborty,AMG, Team-3

02.08.2010

NA 24.08.2010

22.10.2010

65 Keonjhar

Iron Roida-II, Iron Ore Mines,FM

M/s K N Ram & co


02.08.2010

16.09.10 NA NA

66 Keonjhar

Iron Katamati Iron Ore Mines, FM

M/s TATA STEEL LTD


03.08.2010

17.09.10 NA NA

67 Keonjhar

Iron Deojhar Iron Ore Mines, FM

M/s TARINI MINERALS (P) Ltd


03.08.2010

NA 25.08.2010

11.11.2010

68 Keonjhar

Iron

Murgabeda

Iron ore Mines, FM

M/s D R Pattanaik

Shri K N Kalode,

DCOM & Shri S Chakraborty,AMG, Team-3

04.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

69 Keonjhar

Iron Balita Iron Ore Mines , FM

Dr Sarojini Pradhan


04.08.2010

NA 26.08.2010

70 Keonjhar

Iron Guali iron ore Mines, FM

R P SAO


05.08.2010

NA 27.08.2010

08.11.2010

71 Keonjhar

Iron Kasia Barpada

T B LAL & CO

Shri K N Kalode, DCOM & Shri S

05.08.2010

20.09.2010

NA NA

57 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Iron Mnes, OTFM

Chakraborty,AMG, Team-3

72 Keonjhar

Iron

Bhadrasai Iron Mines,OTFM

OMDC


06.08.2010

NA NA NA

73 Keonj

har

Iron

& Mn

Uliburu

Iron & Mn Mines, FM

M/s B K

Mohanty

Shri K N Kalode, DCOM & Shri S

Chakraborty,AMG, Team-3

06.08.

2010 20.09.10 NA NA

74 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Barpada Kasia Iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd


07.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

75 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Serenda Bhadrasai Iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd


07.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

76 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Balagunda Iron & MN ,OTFM

Arjun Lodha


08.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

77 Sundargarh

Iron & Mn

Kundrapani Iron & Mn Mines,OTFM

R B Das


08.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

78 Sundargarh

Iron & Mn

Belkundi Iron & Mn ore mine,OTFM

M/s OMDC Ltd


09.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

79 Keonjhar

Manganese

Dalki Manganese Mine,OTFM

M/s BPME


09.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

80 Sundargar

h

Iron Nadidih Iron ore

Mines,FM

M/s Bonai Industries

Shri K N Kalode, DCOM & Shri S Chakraborty,AM

G, Team-3

10.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

81 Sundargarh

Iron & Mn

Nadidih Iron mines,FM

M/s Feegrade & Co Ltd


10.08.2010

NA NA NA

82 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Bhadrasai Iron & Mn ore mine, FM

M/s BPME


11.08.2010

20.09.10 NA NA

83 Keonjhar

Iron & Mn

Roida C Iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

M/s OMC Ltd


11.08.2010

NA 02.09.10

58 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

84 Sudargarh

Iron Kurmitra, Iron Ore mines,FM

M/s OMC Ltd

Shri S Sapkal,Sr ACOM& ShriD Dash ,JMG Team No-4

08.08.2010

NA 24.08.2010

01.12.2010

85 Sudargarh

Iron Rantha iron ore Mines, FM

M/s OMC Ltd


08.08.2010

NA NA NA

86 Sudargarh

Manganese

Bhutuda Manganese Mines,

OTFM

M/a AXL Exploration (P) Ltd

Shri S Sapkal,Sr ACOM& ShriD Dash ,JMG

Team No-4

09.08.2010

NA NA NA

87 Sudargarh

Manganese

Mahulsukha Manganese mine, OTFM

M/s AMTC


09.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

88 Sudargarh

Iron Raikela. Iron Mines, OTFM

M/s Penguin Trading (P) Ltd


10.08.2010

NA 25.08.2010

29.09.2010

89 Sudargarh

Iron Raikela Iron ore Mine,OTFM

Shri P Mohanty


10.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

90 Sudargarh

Iron

Tantra Raikela Bandhal Iron ore Mine, FM

M/s JSPL


11.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

91 Sudargarh

Iron & Mn

Tantra Iron & Mn Mines, OTFM

M/s Korps Resources (P) Ltd


11.08.2010

NA NA NA

92 Sudargarh

Iron Raikela Iron ore Mine , FM

M/s Geetarani Mohanty


12.08.2010

07.09.10 NA NA

93 Suda

rgarh

Mang

anese

Sarkunda,

Mn MinesOTFM

M/s

Freegrade Ltd

Shri S Sapkal,Sr ACOM& ShriD

Dash ,JMG Team No-4

12.08.

2010 NA NA NA

94 Sudargarh

Iron & Mn

Kanthar Koira, Iron & Mn mines,OTFM

Shri B S Mishra


13.08.2010

NA 26.08.2010

17.03.2011

95 Sudargarh

Iron & Mn

Teherai, Iron & Mn mines , FM

M/s B I Co Ltd


13.08.2010

NA 31.08.2010

09.09.2010

96 Sudargarh

Manganese

Patmunda Manganese

M/s OMM (P) Ltd


14.08.2010

07.09.2010

NA NA

59 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mine, OTFM Dash ,JMG Team No-4

97 Sudargarh

Manganese

Khejurdihi, Manganese MinesOTFM

Late Matadin Sarda


14.08.2010

NA NA NA

98 Suda

rgarh

Mang

anese

Mandajoda, Manganese

Mine , B manual

Late

Matadin Sarda


Dash ,JMG Team No-4

14.08.

2010 NA

31.08

.2010

99 Sudargarh

Manganese

Orahuri Manganese mines, OTFM

M/s OMM (P) Ltd


16.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

100 Sudargarh

Manganese

Bandhal Manganese mine, OTFM

M/s Kanakdhara Mining & Minerals (P) Ltd


16.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

101 Sudargarh

Iron & Mn

Narayanposi Iron & Mn mines, OTFM

M/s AMTC


17.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

102 Sudargarh

Manganese

Nuagaon,Mn mines OTFM

Shri S D Sharma


17.08.2010

NA NA NA

103 Sudargarh

Iron, Mn & Bauxite

KJST (Jaldi) Irn, Mn & Bauxite Mine, OTFM

Shri P Mohanty


18.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA

104 Sudargarh

Manganese

Bhanjakusum Manganese mine, OTFM

M/s OMM (P) Ltd


18.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA

105 Suda

rgarh

Iron

& Mn

Raikela Bahamba ,Iron & Mn

Mines OTFM

Shri C P

Sharma


Dash ,JMG Team No-4

19.08.

2010 NA NA NA

106 Sudargarh

Iron Barsua Iron Mines , FM

M/s SAIL


19.08.2010

NA 01.09.2010

NA

107 Sudargarh

Iron

Bhanjapalli , Iron Ore Mines,OTFM

Shri J N Patnaik


20.08.2010

NA 01.09.2010

17.03.2011

108 Sudargarh

Iron Koira Bhanjapalli,Iron Mines

M/s OMC Ltd

Shri S Sapkal,Sr ACOM& ShriD Dash ,JMG

20.08.2010

NA NA NA

60 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

OTFM Team No-4

109 Sudargarh

Iron Kalta Iron ore Mines, FM

M/s SAIL


21.08.2010

01.09.2010

NA NA

110 Jajpu

r

Chro

mite

JINDAL KALIAPANI,

Chromite Mine,FM

M/S JINDAL

STAINLESS LTD.

Shri K S Yadev, DCOM & Shri S

Chakraborty, AMG

16.11.

2010 03.12.10 NA NA

111 Jajpur

Chromite

ISPAT KALIAPANI,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S BALASORE ALLOYS LTD

Shri K S Yadev, DCOM & Shri S Chakraborty, AMG

16.11.2010

03.12.10 NA NA

112 Jajpur

Chromite

SUKINDA,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S IMFA LTD

Shri K S Yadev, DCOM & Shri Raja Singh, AMG

17.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

113 Jajpur

Chromite

MAHAGIRI ,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S IMFA LTD


17.11.2010

02.12.10 NA NA

114 Jajpu

r

Chro

mite

OSTAPAL

,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S

FACOR LTD

Shri K S Yadev,

DCOM & Shri Raja Singh, AMG

18.11.

2010 09.12.10 NA NA

115 Jajpur

Chromite

CHINGUDIPAL ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S IMFA LTD


18.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

116 JAJPUR

Chromite

SARUABIL ,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S MISRILAL MINES (P) Ltd.


19.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

117 JAJPUR

Chromite

SOUTH KALIAPANI ,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S OMC LTD


20.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

118 JAJPUR

Chromite

KALIAPANI ,Chromite Mine, OTFM

M/S OMC LTD


20.11.2010

NA 03.12.2010

119 JAJPUR

Chromite

SUKINDA (BHIMTANAGAR) ,Chromite Mine,FM

M/S TISCO LTD


21.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

120 DHENKANAL

Chromite

KATHPAL ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S FACOR LTD


22.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

121 DHENKANAL

Chromite

KATHPAL ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S OMC LTD


22.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

122 JAJPUR

Chromite

TAILANGI,Chromite

M/S IDCOL

Shri K S Yadev, DCOM & Shri

23.11.2010

10.12.10 NA NA

61 Annexure

Sl. No.

District

Mineral

Name of the Mine

Owner


Date of Inspection




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mine,OTFM Raja Singh, AMG

123 JAJPUR

Chromite

KAMARDA ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S B.C.MOHANTY & SONS (P) LTD


23.11.2010

NA 020.12.2010

11.02.2011

124 JAJP

UR

Chro

mite

SUKRANGI

,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S OMC

LTD

Shri K S Yadev,

DCOM & Shri Raja Singh, AMG

24.11.

2010 10.12.10 NA NA

125 JAJPUR

Chromite

KALARANGI ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S OMC LTD


24.11.2010

10.12.10 NA NA

126

KEONJHAR

Chromite

BANGUR (36.612 ha) ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S ICCL (M/S IMFA)


25.11.2010

10.12.10 NA NA

127 KEONJHAR

Chromite

BOULA ,Chromite Mine,OTFM

M/S FACOR LTD


26.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

128

KEO

NJHAR

Chro

mite

BANGUR ,Chromite

Mine,OTFM

M/S OMC

LTD

Shri K S Yadev, DCOM & Shri

Raja Singh, AMG

27.11.

2010 09.12.10 NA NA

129

KEONJHAR

Chromite

NUASAHI ,Chromite Mine, FM

M/S IMFA LTD


28.11.2010

09.12.10 NA NA

Government of Odisha (2013)

62 Annexure AQ.1

Annexure AQ.1

Household Survey Questionnaire

Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of

Mining and after its’ Closure in Odisha

IDENTIFICATION

District : __________________________

Tehsil/Block :__________________________

Panchayat : __________________________

Village/Town : __________________________

Name of the Family Head : __________________________

Name of the Respondent : __________________________

Respondent is male or female : __________________________

INTRODUCTION AND INFORMED CONSENT

Namaste. My Name is____________________and I am working with (Name of organization). We are conducting a survey

of the households living in mining areas in order to examine the economic, environmental and social benefits and costs of

mining projects during its operation and after closure. We would very much appreciate the participation of your household

in this survey. I would like to ask you some questions about your household. The survey usually takes about 20 minutes to

complete. Whatever information you provide will be used for research purpose only and kept strictly confidential.

Participation in this survey is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any questions. However, we hope that you will

participate in this survey since your participation is important.

At this time, do you want to ask me anything about the survey?

ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS RESPONDENT’S CONCERNS.

May I begin the interview now?

Signature of interviewer: _______________________. Date:________________

RECORD TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF INTERVIEW Hours

RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED……………...1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED…2

BEGIN INTERVIEW END

63 Household Survey Questionnaire

BLOCK-1: HOUSEHOLD DETAILS LINE

NO.

FAMILY MEMBERS RELATI

ONSHIP

TO

HEAD

OF

FAMILY

SEX RESID

ENCE

AGE MARITA

L

STATUS

EDUCATIO

N

(1)

Please give me the names of your family

members, starting with the head of the

family.

(2)

What is

the

relations

hip

(Name)

to the

head of

househol

d? (A)

(3)

Is

(Name)

male or

female?

(4)

Does

(Name)

usually

live

here?

(5)

How old

is

(Name)?

(B)

(6)

IF AGE

10 OR

OLDER

What is

the current

marital

status of

(Name)?

( C )

(7)

IF AGE 5

OR

OLDER

What is the

level of

education

(Name) has

attended?

(D)

(8)

01

M F

1 2

Yes

No

1 2

IN

YEARS

STANDARD

02

1 2 1 2

03

1 2 1 2

04

1 2 1 2

05

1 2 1 2

06

1 2 1 2

07

1 2 1 2

08

1 2 1 2

09

1 2 1 2

10

1 2 1 2

11

1 2 1 2

12

1 2 1 2

13

1 2 1 2

14

1 2 1 2

15

1 2 1 2


(A) CODES FOR Q.3 RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF

HOUSEHOLD

(B)CODES FOR Q.7 AGE

00=AGE LESS THAN ONE

YEAR

95=AGE 95 YEARS OR

MORE

(D) CODES FOR Q.9:

EDUCATION STANDARD

01=HEAD

02=WIFE OR HUSBAND

03=SON OR DAUGHTER

04=SON-IN-LAW OR

DAUGHTER-IN-LAW

05=GRANDCHILD

06=PARENT

07=PARENT-IN-LAW

08=BROTHER OR SISTER

09=BROTHER-IN-LAW

OR SISTER IN LAW

10=NIECE/NEPHEW

11=OTHER RELATIVE

12=ADOPTED/FOSTER/

STEP CHILD

13=DOMESTIC SERVANT

14=OTHER NOT RELATED

98=DON’T KNOW

00=LESS THAN ONE

YEAR COMPLETED

98=DON’T KNOW

(C)CODES FOR Q.8

MARITAL STATUS

1=CURRENTLY MARRIED

2= WIDOWED

3=DIVORCED

4=SEPARATED

5=DESERTED

6=NEVER MARRIED

98=DON’T KNOW

Present

Principal

Occupation

Present

Principal

Income

Present

Secondary

occupation

Present

Secondary

Income

Principal

Occupation

during

mining

Principal

Income

during

mining

Secondary

Occupation

during

mining

Secondary

Income

during

mining

(1)

Please give me the names of

your family members,

starting with the head of the

family.

(2)

IF AGE 10

OR OLDER

What is the

current

principal

occupation of

the (Name)?

(3)

How

much

income

does the

Name

earn from

current

principal

occupatio

n

(4)

What is the

secondary

occupation of

the name?

(5)

How

much

income

does the

Name

earn from

secondary

occupatio

n?

(6)

What was

the

principal

occupation

of the name

during the

working of

mines?

(7)

How much

income did

the name

earn from

his

principal

occupation

during the

working of

mines?

(8)

What was

the

secondary

occupation

of the name

during the

working of

mines?

(9)

How much

income did

the name

earn from

secondary

occupation

during the

working of

mines?

(10)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

0

CODES FOR OCCUPATION

11=REGULAR (GRADE-A) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR

12=REGULAR (GRADE-B) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR

13=REGULAR (GRADE-C) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR

14=REGULAR (GRADE-D) JOB IN PUBLIC SECTOR

15=REGULAR JOB (GRADE-A) IN PRIVATE SECTOR

16=REGULAR JOB (GRADE-B) IN PRIVATE SECTOR

17=REGULAR JOB (GRADE-C) IN PRIVATE SECTOR

18=REGULAR JOB (GRADE-D) IN PRIVATE SECTOR

19=CASUAL INDUSTRIAL WORKER

20=CASUAL AGRICULTURAL WORKER

21=OWN LARGE BUSINESS

22=OWN MEDIUM BUSINESS

23=OWN SMALL BUSINESS

24=FARMING IN OWN LAND

25= SHARE CROPPERS

26=Unemployed

27=Student


BLOCK-2 HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

No. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

201

Do you own the house now you are living

in?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

205

202

What is the area of this house plot?

LOCAL UNIT …………………………..

(SPECIFY)

CONVERT INTO SQUARE FEET

203

Do you have any other houses?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

206

204

What is the size of that house plot?

1. LOCAL UNIT …………………………..

(SPECIFY)


2. LOCAL UNIT

…………………………..

(SPECIFY)


206

205

If not, whose home are you living in?

Rented……………………………………11

Friends/Relatives…………………….…..12

Refugee Camp……………………………13

Other…………………………………….96

(SPECIFY)

206

MAIN MATERIAL OF THE FLOOR.

RECORD OBSERVATION

NATURAL FLOOR

MUD/CLAY/EARTH…………………....11

SAND……………………………………12

DUNG……………………………………13

RUDIMENTARY FLOOR

RAW WOOD PLANKS…………………21

PALM/BAMBOO……………………….22

BRICK…………………………………...23

STONE…………………………………..24

FINISHED FLOOR

PARQUET OR POLISHED WOOD…….31

VINYL OR ASPHALT………………….32

CERAMIC TILES………………………..33

CEMENT…………………………………34

CARPET………………………………….35

POLISHED STONE/MARBLE/

GRANITE……………………………36

OTHER____________________________.....96

(SPECIFY)


NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

207

MAIN MATERIAL OF THE ROOF.

RECORD OBSERVATION

NATURAL ROOFING

NO ROOF…………………………...…..11

THATCH/PALM LEAF/

REEDGRASS…………………………..12

MUD……………………………………13

SOD/MUD AND GRASS MIXTURE....14

PLASTIC/POLYTHENE SHEETING….15

RUDIMENTARY ROOFING

RUSTIC MAT………………………….21

PALM/BAMBOO……………………...22

RAW WOOD PLANKS/TIMBER……. 23

UNBURNT BRICK…………………… 24

LOOSELY PACKED STONE………….25

FINISHED ROOFING

METAL/GI………………………………31

WOOD…………………………………..32

CALAMINE/CEMENT FIBER…………33

ASBESTOS SHEETS…………………...34

RCC/RBC/CEMENT/CONCRETE……..35

ROOFING SHINGLES…………………36

TILES……………………………………...37

SLATE…………………………………..38

BURNT BRICK………………………....39

OTHER_________________________ ..96

(SPECIFY)

208

MAIN MATERIAL OF EXTERIOR WALLS

RECORD OBSERVATION

NATURA WALLS

NO WALLS………………………………….11

CANE/PALM/TRUNKS/BAMBOO………...12

MUD…………………………………………13

GRASS/REEDS/THATCH………………….14

RUDIMENTARY WALLS

BAMBOO WITH MUD ……………………21

STONE WITH MUD……………………….22

PLY WOOD………………………………...23

CARDBOARD……………………………...24

UNBURNT BRICK………………………..25

RAW WOOD/REUSED WOOD…………...26

FINISHED WALLS

CEMENT/CONCRETE………………..........31

STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT……………32

BURNT BRICKS……………………………33

CEMENT……………………………………34

WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES………………35

GI/METAL/ASBESTOS SHEETS…………..36

OTHER _______________________..................96

(SPECIFY)

209

Does your family have agricultural land?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

211

210

How much agricultural land does your family have?

LOCAL UNIT …………………………..

(SPECIFY)

CONVERT INTO ACRES

211

Does your family have other non-cultivable land?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

213

212

How much other non-cultivable land does your family

have?

ACRES



213 Does your family have followings?

Electricity?

A mattress?

A pressure cooker?

A chair?

A cot or bed?

A cable?

An electric fan?

A radio or transistor?

A black and white television?

A colour television?

A sewing machine?

A mobile phone?

Any other type of telephone?

A computer?

A refrigerator?

A watch or clock?

A bicycle?

A motorcycle or scooter?

An animal-drawn cart?

A car?

A water pump?

A thresher?

A tractor?

Yes No

ELECTRICITY……………………… 1 2

MATTRESS……………………………1 2

PRESSURE COOKER………………...1 2

CHAIR………………………………… 1 2

COT OR BED………………………… 1 2

CABLE……………………………….. 1 2

ELECTRIC FAN………………………1 2

RADIO OR TRANSITOR……………. 1 2

BLACK AND WHITE TELEVISION . 1 2

COLOUR TELEVISION…………….. 1 2

SEWING MACHINE……………….. 1 2

MOBILE PHONE…………………… 1 2

NY OTHER TYPE OF TELEPHONE.. 1 2

COMPUTER…………………………. 1 2

REFRIGERATOR……………………. 1 2

WATCH OR CLOCK……………….. 1 2

BICYCLE……………………………. 1 2

MOTORCYCLE OR SCOOTER…….. 1 2

ANIMAL-DRAWN CART…………… 1 2

CAR…………………………………… 1 2

WATER PUMP………………………. 1 2

THRESHER………………………….. 1 2

TRACTOR……………………………. 1 2

214

Does your family have following animals?

Cow, bulls or buffaloes?

Horses, donkeys or mules?

Goats?

Sheep

Chickens or ducks

Yes No

COW, BULLS OR BUFFALOES……. 1 2

HORSES, DONKEYS OR MULES…...1 2

GOATS………………………………...1 2

SHEEP…………………………………1 2

CHICKENS OR DUCKS……………...1 2

Block 3: Costs accrued to the household due to mining operation

3.1: Economic Costs NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

301 Have you been displaced from anywhere

to this place due to mining related

projects?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

304

302 Were you compensated adequately for

the displacement?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

303 What compensation did you receive? Land for land………………………11

Job Compensation………………..12

Cash Compensation……………….13

Other (specify)………………………(96)

304 Have you surrendered your land to any

mining firm?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

310

305 Type of land surrendered? Agricultural land irrigated………………11

Agricultural land un-irrigated………….12

Fallow land……………………………..13

Homestead land………………………14

Other (specify)…………………………96


NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP 306

How much land you have surrendered?

(In local unit and acre)

Agricultural land irrigated………………

Agricultural land un-irrigated………….

Fallow land…………………………….

Homestead land………………………

Other (specify)…………………………

Total…………………………………

307

Have you got compensation for your

land?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

308

What kind of compensation did you

receive?

Land for land………………………11

Job Compensation………………..12

Cash Compensation……………….13

Other (specify)………………………(96)

309

Are you satisfied with the

compensation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

Indifferent…………………….3

310 Has any mining firm acquired any

common property resources (like

grazing land, pond, village forest) to

which you had access earlier?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

313

311 Did you receive any compensation for

the acquisition of CPR by the mining

firm?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

312 Has the company made any other

provision to offset the loss of common

property?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

313 Has mining operation affected your

agriculture productivity?

No effect..……………………..11

Declined……………………….12

Increased………………………13

314 Has the number of domestic animals

fallen due to mining operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

315 Did the mining operation damage any

public places?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

318

316 What public places did the mining

operation damage?

Temple…………………………11

School…………………………..12

Hospital…………………………13

Club House……………………..14

Other community Hall…………..15

317 Did the mining firm reconstruct the

same facility

Yes………………………………….1

Better facility……………………….2

No……………………………………3

318 Did the mining firm damage public

utilities in the locality (like water,

electricity)?

Drinking Water………………………11

Electricity ……………………………12

Other..(specify)………………………13


3.2 Environmental Cost NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

319 Has the overall environmental quality in the

locality changed due to mining operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

320 Has the mining operation caused degradation

of forest?

Deteriorated……………………11

Not changed……………………12

Improved………………………13

321 Has the mining operation caused loss of

animals and birds?




322 Has the mining operation caused loss of

biodiversity in the locality?




323 Has the air quality in the locality changed in

the locality due to mining operation?




324 Has the ground water quality changed in the

locality due to mining operation?




325 Has the surface water quality changed in the





326 Has the land quality changed in the locality

due to mining operation?




327 Has the noise pollution increased in the





328 Has the mining operation caused land

subsidence in the locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

329 Has the mining operation increased traffic

congestion?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

3.3:Social Cost NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

330 Has the mining operation in the locality

changed the social order?




331 Has mining operation caused

displacement/relocation of your household?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

332

Do you feel that due to displacement your

social network (e.g. your relationship with

your neighbours, relatives etc.) has been

affected?




333 Has the mining caused in-migration to this

locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

334 Has the mining operation caused out-migration

from this locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

335 Do you feel that the mining operation had

some impact on the local culture?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2



336 Do you think that the sex workers

activity has increased in the locality due

to mining operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

337 Do you feel that alcoholism has

increased in the locality due to mining

operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

338 Do you feel that a theft activity has

increased in the locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

339 Any other social problem that has arisen

due to mining projects?

Specify………………………………

……………………………………..

Block 4: Benefits Accrued to Households due to Mining Operation

4.1Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits from Mining NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

401 Has mining operation benefited your

household

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

402

What benefit you received from mining

operation?

Job………………………………11

Business…………………………12

Transport………………………..13

Contractor……………………….14

High value of land……………….15

Other…………………………….96

403 How many members of your family were

directly engaged in mining related activities

404 How much income you used to derive from

direct activities?

405 How many members of your family were

indirectly engaged in mining related

activities

406 How much monthly income you used to

receive from indirect activities?

407 Do you feel any improvement in

environmental condition of the locality due

to mining operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

408 What kind of positive changes in the

environment has taken place due to mining?

Specify…………………………….

409 Do you feel any positive changes in the local

community life due to mining operation?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

410 What kind of positive social changes have

taken place due to mining activities?

……………………………………

………………………………………..

411 Has the public facilities like health,

education, drinking water facility improved

due to mining operation?





Block 5: Cost and Benefits after mining Suspension 5.1 Economic Changes

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP 501 Are you affected due to mining

closure?

Positively…………………….11

Negatively……………………12

No effect……………………..13

505

502 Have you lost job due to mining

closure?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

504

503 What type of job you have lost? Regular………………………..11

Casual…………………………12

Contractual……………………13

504 Are you affected in any other manner

due to mining closure?

……………………………………………

505 How do u benefit due to mining

closure?

Specify………………………………………...…

……………………………………

5.2 Environmental Changes after mining Closure

NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP 506 Has the overall environmental quality in

the locality improved due to closure of

mining

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

507 Has the forest started regenerating due to

closure of mining activities?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

508 Has the population of animals and bird

increased due to mining closure?



No Change……………………13

509 Has the biodiversity increased due to

mining closure



No Change……………………13

510 Has the air quality in the locality

improved due to closure of mining?




511 Has the ground water quality improved





512 Has the surface water quality improved





513 Has the land quality improved due to

mining closure?




514 Has the noise pollution declined due to

mining closure?




515 Has the traffic congestion declined due to

mining closure?





5.3 Social Changes after mining closure NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP

516 Do you feel better due to closure of the

mining?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

517 Has the mining closure in the locality

changed the social order?




518 Has the mining closure caused in-

migration to this locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

519

Has the mining operation caused out-

migration from this locality?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

520 Do you think that the sex workers

activity has declined due to mining

closure?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

Increase………………………3

521 Do you feel that alcoholism has declined


Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

Increased……………………..3

522 Do you feel that a theft activity has

increased in the locality due to mining

closure?

Yes ……………………………1

No……………………………..2

Declined………………………3

RECORD TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW HOURS

Thank you very much for sparing your valuable time and sharing the information with us. Namaste.


INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS

TO BE FILLEDAFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW

COMMENT ABOUT RESPONDENT

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

ANY OTHER COMMENTS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

SUPERVISOR’S OBSERVATIONS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

NAME OF

SUPERVISOR:__________________________DATE:________________________

74 Annexure AQ.2

Annexure AQ.2

Questionnaire for Business Units

Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of

Mining and after its Closure in Odisha

IDENTIFICATION

District : __________________________

Tehsil/Block : __________________________

Panchayat : __________________________

Village/Town : __________________________

Name of the Shop Owner : __________________________

Name of the Respondent : __________________________

Respondent is male/female : __________________________

INTRODUCTION AND INFORMED CONSENT

Namaste. My Name is____________________and I am working with (Name of organization). We are

conducting a survey of the business enterprises in mining areas in order to examine the economic, environmental

and social benefits and costs of mining projects during its operation and after closure. We would very much

appreciate the participation of your household in this survey. I would like to ask you some questions about your

household. The survey usually takes about 20 minutes to complete. Whatever information you provide will be

used for research purpose only and kept strictly confidential.

Participation in this survey is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any questions. However, we hope that

you will participate in this survey since your participation is important.

At this time, do you want to ask me anything about the survey?

ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS RESPONDENT’S CONCERNS.

May I begin the interview now?

Signature of interviewer: _______________________. Date:________________

RECORD TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF INTERVIEW Hours

RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED……………...1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED…2

BEGIN INTERVIEW END

75 Questionnaire for Business Units


101

Do you own the building of this shop?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

102

Whose building is this?

Rented………………………………11

Govt building……………………….12

Relatives……………………………13

Friend………………………………14

103

Is the business owner a male or female?

Male……………………………1

Female………………………….2

104

What is the age of the owner of business

Years

105

What level of education has the person attended?

Years of Schooling

Technical………………../Genral………………

106

Which social category does he belong to?

General………………………….1

SEBC……………………………2

OBC…………………………….3

SC………………………………4

ST……………………………….5

Do not know…………………….98

107

Is your business enterprise registered one?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

108

Is the business run by him/her-self or employed

workers?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

109

How many workers are working in his shop at present?

110

Did more workers work earlier? Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

111

How many total workers work together?

112

What business is the person running?

Hotel………………………….11

Pan shop………………………12

Hair dressing………………….13

Grocery………………………14

Vehicle Workshop…………….15

Beauty parlour…………………16

Stationery………………………17

Vegetables/fruits……………..18

Liquor ……………………….19

Other……………….(specify)..96

113

Are you a local inhabitant?

Local…………………………………..11

Regional……………………………….12

From other District…………………….13

From other state……………………….14

114

In which year did u start business here?

Year



115

What was your average daily transaction during

the mining operation in the locality?

Rs………………………………..

116

What is your current average daily

transaction?

Rs………………………………….

117

Has your business declined?

Declined……………………………

Increased…………………………….

118 Have any other shop owners closed their

business due to closure of mining activities in

the locality?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

Don’t know……………………………98

119 Do you blame closure of mining for the

decline of your business?

Yes…………………………………….1

No…………………………………….2

RECORD TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW HOURS

Thank you very much for sparing your valuable time and sharing the information with us. Namaste.


INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS

TO BE FILLEDAFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW

COMMENT ABOUT RESPONDENT

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

ANY OTHER COMMENTS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

SUPERVISOR’S OBSERVATIONS

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

NAME OF

SUPERVISOR:__________________________DATE:________________________

Can Mining Provide a Sustainable Source of Livelihood

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Transcript of Can Mining Provide a Sustainable Source of Livelihood