A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies Spain 2009 - SEPE

AA PPrroossppeeccttiivvee SSttuuddyy ooff RReenneewwaabbllee

EEnneerrggiieess

SSppaaiinn 22000099

WORK TEAM from the National Public Employment Service Occupational Observatory: • Carmen Linares Albert. Alicante P. D. • Inmaculada Estellés Llopis. Alicante P. D. • Paloma Fariñas Gutiérrez. Cadiz P. D. • Carmen Solsona Monzonís. Castellon P. D. • Mª Luz Gallén Matas. Cuenca P. D. • José Montalvo Garrido. Cuenca P. D. • Ángel Blas Blasco Sánchez. Guadalajara P. D. • Visitación Villacorta Gago. León P. D. • Juan Carlos Magarzo García. Murcia P.D. • Elena Cuevas Riaño. Toledo P. D. • José Mª Ruiz Marañón. Biscay P.D. • Ramón Martínez Sáez de Guinoa. Saragossa P. D. • Francisca Santamaría Ibáñez. Central Services • Mª Carmen Álvarez López. Central Services • Pilar Carolina González García. Central Services Coordination: Ramón Martínez Sáez de Guinoa Published by: National Public Employment Service. © General Subdirectorate for Statistics and Information Management Organization and Planning Department Occupational Observatory Prospective Studies Official Publication No.: 794-10-113-X

TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss

Foreword................................................................................................................ 5

1. Introduction and Objectives of the Study ......................................................... 6

1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 7

1.2. Objectives of the Study............................................................................. 8

2. Methodology .................................................................................................... 9

3. The Renewable Energy Sector ...................................................................... 13

3.1. Features of the Spanish Renewable Energy Sector ............................... 14

3.2. Socio-Economic and Employment Prospects for the Sector .................. 16

3.3. Impact of Renewable Energy on GDP.................................................... 18

4. The Renewable Energy Sector Job Market ................................................... 28

4.1. The Spanish Job Market ......................................................................... 30

4.2. Companies and Social Security Registration of Workers in

Renewable Energy Related Activities ...................................................... 35

4.3. Trends in and Prospects for Employment in the Sector.......................... 38

5. Data Treatment and Analysis......................................................................... 42

5.1. The Experts’ View of the Current Renewable Energy Situation.............. 43

5.2. Employment Needs................................................................................. 62

5.3. Training Needs........................................................................................ 66

6. Information on Occupations ........................................................................... 77

7. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 111

7.1. SWOT Analysis of the Sector ............................................................... 112

7.2. General Conclusions............................................................................. 120

APPENDICES

I. Regulatory Framework................................................................................. 124

II. Press Clippings ............................................................................................ 131

III. Job Market Tables ....................................................................................... 143

IV. Glossary of Terms........................................................................................ 152

V. Sources of Information................................................................................. 160

VI. List of Experts .............................................................................................. 162

A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies

5

FFoorreewwoorrdd

The importance of the renewable energy sector, with its great potential for growth and for generating employment, led the National Public Employment Service to sponsor this prospective study by the Occupational Observatory entitled “A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies in Spain”.

The study is of great interest, from both a technical and an informational point of view, as it includes a broad range of data on various aspects of this sector, such as the current job market, the socio-economic and employment situations, and the national and regional trends in and prospects for employment. It also presents the current stage of development of renewable energies in this country, which will undoubtedly influence the new energy model and, in turn, have an impact on the occupations and training available to professionals in this sector.

The information presented is up to date and is backed up by a number of agents and experts from the sector who, through interviews, surveys and meetings, have offered their opinions on the current renewable energy situation and their view of its future. The study aims to provide knowledge that will be useful to all the organizations, bodies, government departments, employers’ organizations, trade unions and agents who are involved in developing policies for human resources, growth and improving competitiveness.

This study is available for consultation and circulation on the National Public Employment Service web site, http://www.redtrabaja.es.

Finally, the National Public Employment Service would like to thank all those who have participated directly or indirectly in this study so that it could achieve its objectives and serve as a reference for future prospective studies of sectors that are in the process of being developed or restructured in the short or medium term.

Sub-Director General for Statistics and Information Federico Muñiz Alonso

February 2010

11..-- IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn aannddOObbjjeeccttiivveess ooff tthhee

SSttuuddyy


7

1.1. Introduction

The development of renewable energy is both a reality and an investment in the future, since renewable sources of energy are involved in the projects behind the new structural model of economic production. The impact on our society of the economic crisis has been so great that we are considering changing our model into one that reflects a sustainable economic system that is more respectful of the environment, uses clean sources of energy and has a much more efficient and highly skilled production system than the current one. The production of energy from renewable sources plays an important part in the new economic model that is under consideration. For this reason, major objectives for growth in the sector and investment in all types of renewable resources have been planned and institutional support, in the form of regulations and credit, should permit them to be developed and implemented throughout the country. This is a great challenge, since the prospects for increasing employment in this sector in the next few years make it necessary to understand what types of energy will be developed, what impact they will have on the country, what type of employment they will create and what training will be required.

Having arrived at this point, we now understand the need to carry out a prospective study -- by which we mean a study that will permit us to anticipate the future -- that offers up to date information on the differences between and the characteristics of the different areas of the country and, starting from an analysis of the conditions in the renewable energy sector in recent years, looks at two essential points: whether we can consider this sector to be a source of employment, bearing in mind the role that it has come to play with regard to other sectors, and whether current vocational training will be sufficient to satisfy the training needs of the jobs that will be created as a result of the new guidelines. It also seeks to identify the occupations and jobs for which there will be a greater need, to analyze the skills involved in them, the amount of specialization required and the training needs, which must be related to company requirements.

The recent trends in the sector are compared to the current situation and to the opinions of experts and companies, with the aim of revising some of the forecasts for development and job creation that were made before the onset of the crisis. Also, a chapter has been included that analyzes the economic indicators that permit us to view the evolution of the economic framework of which the sector is going to be part. An analysis of the structure of the job market and the trends in the electricity production sector permits us to classify the renewable energies so as to determine whether they can be a source of job creation and to find the occupations in the sector that have the greatest possibilities of growth. This chapter goes on to present the expectations for job creation as viewed by the different economic actors. The quantitative and qualitative information has been compared with that obtained from surveys of companies and the opinions of experts. Their contributions and clarifications were very important as they made it possible to identify the most interesting points: the prospects for development, the basic conditions needed for this to occur, the occupations that will create employment and the areas of knowledge that will be needed in order to put the new professional skills into practice. The development of the energy sector is therefore linked to job creation, a need for professional qualifications, the application of advanced technologies, the development and implementation of R&D+i (research and development plus innovation), the preservation of the environment, the search for new, cleaner resources, the manufacture of parts for the industries in the energy sector, all of which will lead to the implementation of research programmes and the appearance of new sources of employment. The quantitative and qualitative information and the press clippings that appear in the study were all collected between October and December 2009.

SPEE Occupational Observatory

8

1.2. Objectives of the Study

The development of renewable energy in Spain in recent years and especially the hope that this sector will be one of the investments in the future that will create a new structural model of economic production have motivated this study of the employment and training needs of the sector.

The National Energy Plan has set the growth objectives for all renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar power and biomass. Significant investment in and institutional support for the sector have also been planned in the form of regulations and credit, which permits us to predict that there will be a good chance of increased employment in this sector in the next few years and an increase in the rate of creation of new companies and expansion of the existing ones. It is important to note that the employment created around renewable energy is skilled employment. This study aims, on the one hand, to discover the occupations that make up this sector, as well as those that are related to them, and to identify the occupations that are emerging as a result of the actions that are being taken, the job descriptions and the new professional skills that require training and, on the other hand, to anticipate the growth in employment that will come out of the jobs that will be created in the next few years.

The scope of this study is national and covers a specific socio-economic area: the renewable energy sector that is included in the official CNAE-09 classification as the “supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning” (division 35). Within this division, this study focuses specifically on thermal, solar, wind, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy. The 2009 National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-09) includes the following sub-divisions:

3518 Production of electricity from wind power

3519 Production of electricity from other sources Therefore, the planned objectives of this study are the following:

• TO GET TO KNOW the trends in this sector of activity in:

• Employment

• Productivity

• Change factors

• The productive system

• New technologies

• TO ANALYZE the job market trends.

• TO PRESENT the prospects for employment in the different activities in this sector.

• TO LIST the occupations that will create employment.

• TO DISCOVER the skills required by companies and list the training needs by occupation.

22..-- MMeetthhooddoollooggyy


10

This prospective study, which should be understood as being a method of making predictions and anticipating the future, was carried out in the following stages:

• Initial planning and selecting the team to carry out the study.

• Creating the methodology. • Setting up the activities and the times at which they would be carried out.

• Formulating the communications strategies with experts, companies and training reference centres.

• Setting the scope of the study: the activities to be included. • Documentation: obtaining the data bases needed, compiling the existing regulations and

selecting the indicators needed. • Designing the questionnaires and interview scripts, planning and organizing meetings

with experts, social and economic agents, national training centres, organizations and institutions related to renewable energy.

• Analyzing the quantitative data.

• Analyzing the qualitative data.

• Determining the employment and training needs, creating the professional profiles (job descriptions) and listing the skills needed and the training actions required.

• Validating the document.

• Designing and publishing the document.

The study focuses on analyzing the situation in the renewable energy sector and the changes that have taken place in it in recent years.

Since the economic activities mentioned above were to be included in the study, it was considered to be important to set up a series of criteria for determining the scope of the study and the provinces in which these activities have greater importance so as to be able to appreciate their size nationwide.

Starting with wage earners who were registered with Social Security, first of all, three basic points were considered:

1.- The location of the economic activities that were the object of the study by province and by the total for the whole country. To do this, we first determined the relationship between the number of wage earners employed in this activity in each province and those employed in these activities nationwide; and then the relationship between the total number of wage earners in each province and the total for the country. This was an attempt to discover the specific weight of these activities in each province and of each province in relation to the total for the whole country. • No. of wage earners registered in this activity by province / Total no. of wage earners in this activity in Spain = A • No. of wage earners in the province / No. of wage earners registered in Spain = B

2. The second criterion used was to relate the quotients found in the two formulas shown above in order to establish an index of specialized employment for each province as compared to the total for the country as a whole. In this way, the provinces with the highest degree of specialization in the activities studied were selected, with the aim of selecting the provinces with the greatest amount of employment in the activity on two levels: by province and nationwide.


11

• Divide the quotients obtained from the previous formulae: A / B • If the result is >1, the province has greater specialization in this activity.

3.- Thirdly, the formulae described below were applied, with the aim of discovering the relative weight in each province of the activities studied as compared to the total number of people in employment in that province. • Subtract one quotient from the other and multiply by the total of wage earners registered in the province. • (A – B) x total no. of wage earners registered in the province

Finally, the information was presented in the form of a series of maps. The actual frequency (people in employment by activity and province) was compared to the theoretical frequency (the weight of the activity and the province in relation to the total). The results were displayed in table format, which permitted us to transfer the results to a map and to see clearly which provinces have more workers in a particular activity.

In this case, the activities were selected according to their potential for creating employment and the existence of a strong relationship with the new structure for economic production that this country wishes to develop as one of the future responses to the impact of the economic crisis that we are now passing through.

To view the sector from the current social, economic, technological and regulatory perspective, various sources were analyzed: statistics, previous studies and reports, articles and information supplied by experts from the sector, companies and training reference centres.

The main sources of documentary information used, both qualitative and quantitative, were:

• Statistical sources: the National Statistics Institute (Spanish initials, INE), the General Treasury of the Social Security, the National Public Employment Service (Spanish initials, SPEE), the annual reports of the Bank of Spain and the BBVA, the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (Spanish initials, IDAE), the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Spanish initials, MITYC) and La Caixa savings bank.

• Statistics from the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade on the structure of production and the annual balance sheet of the National Energy Commission.

• Regional and national studies of renewable energies carried out by the Trade Union Work, Environmental and Health Institute (Spanish initials, ISTAS) and by Deloitte Corporate Finance.

• Articles on the environment and renewable energy in the journal "Cuadernos de Mercado de Trabajo" (Job Market Notebooks) published by the SPEE Occupational Observatory, and specialized journals from the different Autonomous Communities.

• Economic and employment forecasts produced by the Savings Bank Foundation (Spanish initials, FUNCAS), the HISPALINK report and La Caixa.

• The list of existing training courses from the Qualifications Institute (Spanish initials, INCUAL), the Continuing Training Institute (Spanish acronym, FORCEM) and the Autonomous Communities.

• Information on renewable energy from the Technical Days held in Leon and Valladolid at which a variety of experts were consulted, meetings with key informants from Navarre, Madrid and Toledo and interviews with experts from the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-Leon, the Valencian Community, Madrid, Murcia and the Basque Country.


12

• IDAE: Questionnaires administered to companies and bodies in the sector.

General information was obtained from the National Statistics Institute on the main economic and employment indicators, as well as statistics on energy consumption.

Disaggregated data was obtained from the General Treasury of the Social Security on worker registration by contribution scheme, which was considered to be the most reliable indicator of current employment rates.

The core of the study was information on the job market (hiring, registered unemployment and job offers) taken from the National Public Employment Service (Spanish initials, SPEE) data bases. This information served to show the geographical distribution of the sector and to set the criteria for selecting the occupations that could have possibilities of generating employment and training needs.

Information on the country’s main macroeconomic magnitudes was obtained from the Bank of Spain and the BBVA, which made it possible to place the renewable energy sector in the general productive framework. Also, reports from FUNCAS, EROSKI, Deloitte and HISPALINK gave insight into a number of economic and employment forecasts.

The analysis of the sector job market related data (supplied by INE, SPEE and Social Security) was designed to show the behaviour of employment in recent years and took into account the trends found during the phase of economic expansion and the current phase of recession.

One of the focuses of the study was worker job descriptions or profiles, as the unit of analysis was the occupation. The job descriptions and the related skills and employment and training needs were drawn up from the information obtained from in-depth interviews, meetings with experts and the questionnaires administered to companies.

The Qualifications Institute provided data on the existing training on offer, as well as the information needed to create the occupational record cards and define the competencies and areas of training for each occupation.

33..-- TThhee RReenneewwaabblleeEEnneerrggyy SSeeccttoorr


14

3.1. Features of the Spanish Renewable Energy Sector As has been said above, this prospective study focuses on an analysis of renewable energy because this is considered to be a strategic sector, not only from a national perspective but also from a European one, as concern for the environment is increasing.

The growth of this sector in recent years, the leading role that it has played in comparison to other sectors of economic activity and the fact that it has become a source of significant job creation have all been taken into account.

But what are the renewable energies?

Renewable sources of energy are those that come from energy sources such as the sun, water, wind and vegetable or animal biomass. They do not use conventional fossil fuels but resources that can be renewed without limit (hence their name), they have less impact on the environment than other energies and make less of a contribution to pollution. This study includes the following sources of renewable energy: Solar thermal power. This consists of using the energy of the sun to produce heat, steam or hot air. The most widely used applications of this technology are domestic water heating (Spanish initials, ACS), underfloor heating and preheating water for industrial processes. This energy can also be used in conventional power stations.

Using solar panels to heat water for industrial use, swimming pools or, more commonly, for domestic hot water is a technique that can be used by households, the service sector and industry.

Solar Photovoltaic Power. This type of energy is obtained by directly transforming the energy of the sun into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels. The photovoltaic panels capture the light of the sun to generate electricity. This is an attractive source of power for homes and many other types of facility that are not served by power lines.

Wind Power. Here, the kinetic energy of the wind is turned into electricity, although it can also be used for mechanical devices (e.g., water pumps). Traditionally it has been used for small facilities, sometimes in combination with photovoltaic energy.

Recently, there has been a spectacular increase in its use and numerous wind farms have been installed for large-scale electricity production. Currently it can be said that it has become the most competitive source of energy in places where the wind speed is over 6 metres per second. Seven years ago, only 8 MW of wind power had been installed in Spain but now over 450 MW are in operation, especially in the Autonomous Communities of Galicia, Andalusia, Navarre, the Canary Islands and Aragon, although there are plans to install wind farms in many other areas. One of the advantages of this source of power is that it is an abundant, renewable and clean resource that helps to reduce greenhouse gases.


15

Biomass. The term “biomass” includes a variety of sources of energy that range from simply burning wood for heating to thermal power stations that produce electricity from forest, agricultural and animal waste, from biogas from waste dumps, mud from water treatment plants and biofuels and even from what are called energy crops. There is an enormous potential for energy produced from biomass, as long as it is encouraged by the public authorities, because electricity companies are not very interested in its development.

Mini-hydropower. Hydroelectric power of less than 10 Megawatts is considered to be a renewable energy. It can have some environmental impact on the headwaters of rivers but if a good location is chosen the impact is much less than that of a conventional hydroelectric plant. There are currently some 1,500 MW of hydropower installed in Spain and it is hoped to double this amount by simply enlarging some of the existing plants or refurbishing those that have fallen into disuse. Hydroelectric power is obtained from the kinetic energy generated by flowing water falling from a height. Biogas. This is the generation of electrical energy from the gas that is produced by waste dumps or from purines (for example, waste from pig farms). The renewable energy sector is a young sector that has been in existence for some sixteen years and where one out of three companies was founded in the last decade. In Spain, the renewable sources of energy that have seen the greatest growth have been solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and wind power. The majority of companies are involved in installation, with those that carry out maintenance operations accounting for 20%, those that sell equipment 14% and 13% producing energy.

Distribution of Hiring in the Sector by Province

SOURCE: Original creation, based on SPEE hiring data.

486 a 674 (7)359 a 486 (7)221 a 359 (8)82 a 221 (8)

1 a 82 (8)

Act. energética y agua


16

It is Spain’s increasing and excessive energy dependence (in recent years about 80% of consumption), the pressing need for environmental conservation and the impact of the current economic crisis (considered to be worse for this country because of its deficient productive system) that are stimulating the need to offer support to this type of energy.

In this specific case, division 35, the activity of producing the supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, makes the greatest contribution to wage-earning employment in Andalusia, Extremadura, Navarre, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Asturias.

This country has allied with the European Union in guaranteeing the quality and security of the energy supply while respecting the environment. The renewable energy sector is also considered to be of fundamental importance for economic and social development, so that it must become a factor of innovation that promotes technological change, with all its consequences: entrepreneurial innovation, the development of an innovative industrial sector, technological development, etc.

From this perspective, it is to be hoped that new installations will come on line and the sector will then expand. This requires substantial development in the equipment goods production sector, which is linked to it. No less important are the expectations of job creation in the activities of installation, operation and maintenance of facilities, where we have seen that more employment is generated than in the activities related to conventional sources of energy. The same situation applies to biomass production and harvesting.

3.2. Socio-Economic and Employment Prospects for the Sector

At the present time, this sector is becoming increasingly active, which implies that jobs are being created, as has been happening for years. In the specific case of renewable energy, wind power is now generating activity and employment in areas such as research and development, construction, education and energy production.

According to the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs (Spanish initials, MARM), between 2007 and 2013, if environmental activity continues to grow in construction and in the exploitation of new infrastructure, it is forecast that the creation of activity in the environmental sector will occur in the following emerging areas:

• Climate change: public environmental management, monitoring, controlling and reducing pollution and managing renewable energies.

• Environmental technologies in the R&D+i sector: public environmental management, the managing renewable energies, environmental civil engineering work, services and technical support and environmental research.

• Energy efficiency and renewable energy: public environmental management, monitoring, controlling and reducing pollution, managing renewable energies, environmental training and awareness, environmental civil engineering work, services and technical support, environmental research and environmental legislation.

The development of renewable energies, as well as helping to mitigate the effects of climate change, offers new possibilities for job creation.

In spite of still producing only a small proportion of the total energy generated in this country, renewable sources of energy are developing at a great rate. They will be helped over the next twelve years by the growing support offered by the authorities, public opinion and investors.


17

The productive processes related to renewable energy can be sub-divided into two large groups of activities, which, in turn, play a determining role in generating a number of types of employment:

• Operation and maintenance. This includes the work of controlling and managing power generation facilities, which provides stable jobs throughout the useful life of the plant.

• Construction and installation. This area covers the implementation of every single energy plant. The employment that is created in this group of activities is employment by the job or service involved in bringing a new plant on line, so that it will grow or shrink according to whether the number of renewable energy producing facilities continues to increase or decrease.

As shown by statistics from the Spanish Electricity Network, there has been a high rate of growth in renewable energy. Between 2007 and 2008, renewable energy grew by 20.1%, while non-renewable energy increased by 12.2%. The biggest relative increase among the former was for solar energy, although it must be said that it was not the most significant. Wind power, which had a higher rate of development in quantitative terms, grew by 15.3%, a much higher percentage than for non-renewable sources of energy.

Structure and Growth of Energy Purchased (GWh) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % 08/07

Renewable 23,386 28,143 30,782 35,798 42,991 20.1 Hydroelectric 4,596 3,652 4,001 3,980 4,416 10.9 Wind 15,753 20,520 22,736 27,221 31,393 15.3 Other renewables 3,038 3,970 4,045 4,597 7,183 56.02 Biomass 1,639 2,120 2,194 2,272 2,437 7.2 Industrial waste 725 783 786 854 771 -9.7 Urban waste 657 1,028 966 997 1,163 16.6 Solar 17 39 99 473 2,812 494.1 Non-renewable 22,482 21,824 19,236 20,767 23,308 12.2 Residual heat 201 293 262 254 233 -8.4 Coal 716 693 748 735 651 -11.4 Diesel/Fuel oil 3,280 2,481 1,808 2,626 2,856 8.8 Refinery gas 592 310 294 299 308 3.0 Natural gas 17,692 18,047 16,124 16,853 19,260 14.3

Total 45,868 49,967 50,017 56,565 66,298 17.2 Source: Spanish Electricity Network (Spanish initials, REE) According to the forecasts from the Economic Situation and Statistics Office of the Savings Bank Foundation (Spanish initials, FUNCAS), which were updated on 13 July 2009, it should be borne in mind that most of the plans, forecasts and considerations related to increasing renewable energy were made while the economy was expanding, whereas we are now immersed in a crisis that has hit our productive system hard. For these reasons, it is necessary first of all to think about these very ambitious expectations and also to emphasize that this crisis has made those responsible for policy and the economy invest in a new productive model in general and the ultimate development of renewable energies in particular.

An analysis of the changes in the economic situation is leading people to think that the crisis has touched bottom. In the second quarter of 2009, the fall in economic activity was less drastic than in the previous two quarters, which does not mean that the economy is going to recover quickly but rather that the rate of recession is losing momentum.


18

The forecast for progressively less severe inter-annual decreases has been maintained since the fourth quarter of 2009, which means lower inter-quarter decreases starting in the second quarter of this year and a return to positive growth starting in the second quarter of 2010.

Points to note in the Spanish economy:

• The decline in the industrial sector is slowing down. The latest results for the industrial production index have continued to show more moderate decreases in activity. The 2009 forecast for the first of these indicators has been revised down by one tenth of a point, to -18.3%, whereas the 2010 forecast has improved by half a percentage point, to -5.9%.

• The forecasts for inflation have remained steady. The advance results for June’s inflation rate confirm the expected trend toward less serious decreases in the general consumer price index up to July. According to the expected outline for the quarterly consensus, in the fourth quarter of 2009 we will return to positive figures, which will continue to increase throughout 2010, although still at record lows. The average rates for this year and next have not changed: they remain at -0.1% and 1.6% respectively.

• The prospects for employment remain unchanged. The labour market indicators have been somewhat better than forecast and confirm the trend toward a substantial slowing down in the job destruction rate. From the figures corrected for seasonal effects, the drop in the number of people registered with the Social Security in the second quarter of the year was half the figure for the previous quarter. The increase in registered unemployment has been considerably less than that seen in the previous quarter.

• In the short term, the slow recovery in employment is continuing. There has continued to be no change in the fall in employment expected by the consensus in 2009 and 2010. The forecast unemployment rate for this year also continues to be around 19%, while the expected rate for 2011 will improve, as it is possible, in the opinion of the analysts, that net employment will be created. From the forecasts for growth in GDP and employment, there will be a slight increase in productivity in 2009 and 2010, plus a rise in unit labour costs over these two years. This last result means that there will be a slight improvement with regard to the expected growth in labour costs in the June survey.

• The foreign trade imbalance is improving but the budget imbalance is worsening. The figures for the balance of payments published by the previous panel consolidate a trend that had already been observable for several quarters. The foreign trade imbalance has continued to decrease as a result of the obvious drop in national demand and in the first four months of this year the trade deficit fell to half of what it was a year ago.

• The prospects for the international situation continue to improve. The evaluation of the current international situation continues to be unanimously unfavourable but, following the trend found in previous surveys, there continues to be a progressive shift in opinion in the forecast for the next six months from the general opinion that things will get worse to two options: either that it will stay the same or that it will improve, which is the majority opinion. None of the panellists now thinks that the situation is going to get worse. The consensus opinion is, therefore, that the global crisis has touched bottom.

3.3. Impact of Renewable Energy on Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The contribution of the renewable energy sector to GDP is a total 7,315 million euros, 0.67% of Spain’s GDP in 2008, which means that it has a significant impact on the Spanish economy. Between 2005 and 2008, the years analyzed in a study made by Deloitte for the Renewable Energy Producers’ Association (Spanish initials, APPA), the sector grew by 55% in GDP terms. In the last year of the study, 2008, the GDP growth was 37%. The renewable technologies that


19

contributed most to GDP in 2008 were wind power with 51.99%, photovoltaic power with 21.67%, biomass with15.07% and mini-hydroelectric power with 7.21%.

The main engines of growth in the sector’s contribution to GDP will be, in the short term (2010), an increase in installed wind power to meet the objective of 20,155 MW and an increase in the use of biofuels to meet the objective of 5.83% of consumption and, in the long term, the application of European Directive 2009/28/CE on promoting the use of energy produced from renewable sources, which sets an objective for Spain of 20% in 2020.

Productivity and Employment

In terms of employment, the growth in this sector in recent years has increased its impact every year, reaching a figure of 120,722 people in 2008, of whom 75,466 had direct employment and 45,257 had induced jobs.

According to the Deloitte study mentioned above, renewable energy is a very labour intensive sector; in other words, it generates more employment by unit of GDP created than the average for the energy sector. Also, Spanish workers in the renewable energy sector have, on average, higher productivity (31%) than workers in the economy as a whole.

The generation of electricity from renewable energy sources could also replace production using fossil fuels, which would permit Spain to reduce imports of this type by significant levels. In 2008, using renewable energy sources led to a decrease of 40,700 GWh in the electricity produced from fossil fuels, or 13.4% of all the electricity generated in Spain. In terms of energy dependence, the renewable energy sector has made it possible to reduce oil imports by more than 10 million tonnes (toes or tonnes of oil equivalent), a saving of 2,725 million euros.

The fact that renewable sources of energy, as well as producing clean energy, lead to savings for the system, has just been admitted. The MITYC Decision of 19 November (published in the Official State Gazette (Spanish initials, BOE) of 24 November 2009) recognized that the new megawatts assigned to wind power and solar thermoelectric power will lead to savings of 2,500 million euros by 2013.

The allowances received by renewable energies compensate in part for the costs that are avoided by other technologies that do not include their external costs, with the result that renewable energy is not at a competitive disadvantage and can be expanded. If conventional technologies included all their external costs, renewable energy would have the advantage when competing in the free market. If we compare the benefits derived from not emitting CO2 and avoiding imports of fossil fuels with the allowance received, the balance is always positive. In 2008, the difference between the benefits generated by renewable energy and the allowances received by the producers was 619 million euros.


20

Trends for the Activity: Economy, Employment, Consumption, CPI and Forecasts

Consumption of Primary Energy by Source Between the months of January and August 2009, the consumption of primary energy produced from renewable energy sources reached 8.7% of total primary energy consumption, with 1.80% from hydroelectric power, 2.10% from wind power and 2.80% from biomass.

9.85% of final energy consumption during those months was produced from renewable sources. In the case of electricity, during this period, 28.9% of the electricity produced in Spain came from renewable sources.

Natural gas23%

Nuclear11%

Oil48%

Coal9%Renewable

energy9%

Primary Energy Consumption (ktoe) Type of Energy January-August 2009 Structure (%):

Non-Renewable Energy Sources 80,207 91.38 • Coal 7,830 8.92 • Oil 42,650 48.59 • Natural Gas 20,417 23.26 • Nuclear 9,310 10.61

Renewable Energy Sources 7,566 8.62 • Hydroelectric 1,578 1.80 • Other Renewable Energy Sources 5,988 6.82 - Wind 1,854 2.11 - Biomass 2,437 2.78 - Biogas. 128 0.15 - Solid urban waste 427 0.49 - Biofuels (*) 645 0.73 - Geothermal 4,5 0.01 - Solar 456 0.52

Photovoltaic 338 0.39 Thermoelectric 7,8 0.01 Thermal 110 0.13

(*) % Biofuels (biodiesel & bioethanol) calculated from the total for automotive fuels.

Distribution of Final Energy Consumption by Source of Production

Renewable energy10%

Non-renewable energy90%

Source: IDAE Economic Situation Newsletter 2008


21

According to the latest available data, in 2008, primary energy consumption in Spain rose to 142,075 ktoe, 3.1% less than the previous year. This decrease confirms the downward trend that began in 2005. By energy source, natural gas consumption increased by 10.1%, pushed by the demand for electrical generation, both from cogeneration and the new combined cycle power plants. Because of this, natural gas returned to its growth rate of previous years. Other sources that showed increased growth in 2008 were nuclear power, due to the greater availability of power stations, and renewable energy sources, so that production rose by 7% and 9% respectively. These three sources partially helped to compensate for the decrease in production from petroleum products (-3.9%) and coal (-31.6%), which fell more obviously.

Primary Energy Consumption in Spain by Source (2000-2008) 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Wind 403 1,821 2,012 2,387.0 2,735Hydroelectric 2,165 1,347 1,715 1,984.0 1,747Mini-hydroelectric 370 335 485 358.0 254Solar thermal 31 62 73 93.0 135Solar photovoltaic 0 4 15 42.0 216Biomass 3,445 4,120 3,911 3,729.0 4,153Biogas 84 234 240 234.0 229Biofuels 72 259 171 386.0 601Solid urban waste 228 379 580 732.0 770Geothermal 8 8 8 8.0 8Mixed installations 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0Total 6,806.1 8,569.2 9,210.4 9,953.0 10,848

Source: IDAE In 2008, the consumption of energy from renewable sources was 10,848 ktoe, which confirms the growth trend begun in previous years, especially since 2005. Because of this increase, in 2008 renewable sources formed 7.6% of primary energy demand, an increase of 12% over the previous year. Wind power, solar power and biofuels were the main contributors to this growth with increases of 14.6%, 15.4% and 55.7% respectively. However, it was biomass that was the most important renewable resource, as it accounted for some 50% of the primary energy produced from renewable energy sources.

Consumption of Primary Energy by Source 2008

Source: IDAE

Hydroelectric1.41%

Wind 1.92%

Biomass & SUW3.63%

Biofuels 0.42%Solar 0,25%

Geothermal 0.01%

Electricity Balance0,66%

Natural Gas

Renewables

Nuclear

Coal

Oil 47.30%

9.67%

10.68%

7.54%

24.15%


22

The growing contribution of renewable energy and natural gas to meeting primary energy demand and the implementation of policies to make final energy consumption more efficient have contributed positively to improving the efficiency of the energy system, as is shown by the downward trend in primary energy consumption.

Changes in Primary Energy Consumption and Contributions of

Renewable Energies and Natural Gas

Source: MITYC / IDAE

The changes in the data on the previous graph (a decrease in consumption and an increase in renewable energy) have contributed positively to the development of the gas and electricity infrastructure included in the Electricity and Gas Sector Plan for 2002-2012 and its Revision for 2005-2011. In the Gas and Electricity Sector Plan for 2008-2016, investment of more than 19,000 million euros was approved for new electricity and gas infrastructure, which will make it possible for more widespread use, not only of natural gas but especially of renewable energy, which are expected to double their coverage of primary energy demand, reaching 15.8% in 2016.

A comparison of the structure of energy demand in Europe makes it possible to point out the most important differences between Spain and the EU-27. In Spain there is a greater dependence on oil and its derivatives, which fill almost half of all the demand, especially from the transport sector, while in the EU-27 it is less than 40%, as nuclear energy plays a greater part. The greater importance of oil in Spain’s energy supply, which is covered mainly by imports, goes a long way to explaining Spain’s high energy dependence, which is over 80%.

Change in Primary Energy Consumption

Contribution of RE and PE

Contribution of NG/PE

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

1998 1999 2000 2001200220032004200520062007 2008 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


23

Prospects for 2010

The international economy has now left behind the worst moments of the most serious recession in many years, which made it necessary to take measures that would be unthinkable in another situation. The economic indicators are now offering a glimpse of the end of the global crisis but the question of how to get out of it still raises great doubts.

In general, the prospects of the major countries, both developed and emerging, are for growth in 2010, with greater guarantees for the emerging countries as they suffered less from the crisis in 2009. The developed economies are beginning to reap the benefits of the revival of foreign trade. Consumer and company confidence are starting to rally and companies now believe that they can start making moderate investments.

But not all the data are optimistic; there are also other less hopeful areas. The most noteworthy of these is high unemployment, which is a burden for any recovery that may be taking a tenuous hold of internal demand. The number of unemployed people is continuing to grow, but should stabilize during 2010. Within the normal, cyclical movement of an economy, unemployment is a phenomenon that lags behind; in other words, it does not improve until the recovery is well established.

The other problem is related to the aid coming out of economic and monetary policies. Although this aid has helped to slow down economic deterioration, when it is taken away too soon it can cause a relapse into recession and when it continues it can destabilize public finances and feed a new liquidity bubble, bringing us back to where we started from. Some central banks have begun to raise their reference rates and in 2010 it should become clear what governments will do to remove aid and stimulate activity.

The recovery of the financial sector, which started in the second quarter of 2009, anticipated the improvement in real activity by several months but the strong rise in the stock market indexes does not yet match the figures for the gross national product and so far no easy credit is flowing into the private sector.

The recovery is still fragile due to the dependence on public stimuli and the low levels of consumption by companies and families. Growth is definitely beginning to be positive but we continue to have doubts when we survey the panorama.

Source: La Caixa Report. 2008 For equipment goods, gross fixed capital formation showed an inter-quarter rise of 7.9% for the first time in six consecutive quarters. Investment in transportation grew significantly and investment in metal products and machinery also rose. Gross capital formation for construction slowed down as well. For investment in construction, in November the fall in cement consumption slowed down to 9.3% compared to the previous twelve months. The registration of goods vehicles improved, as the annual decrease slowed down to 0.6%, helped by the 2000E Plan.

Forecast Changes since the Same Period Last Year Year on Year 2009

Macroeconomic variables

2008 2009 2010 I II III IV Household consumption -0.6 -4.9 -0.2 -5.4 -6,0 -5.1 -3.2 Civil service consumption 5.5 5,0 1.4 6.4 5.2 4,9 3,3 Gross fixed capital formation -4.4 -15.3 -5.8 -15.1 -17.2 -16.2 -12.3 Equipment assets -1.8 -23.2 -7.5 -24.4 -28.9 -24.3 -15.0 Construction -5.5 -11.6 -7,0 -11.3 -11.8 -11.5 -11.7 National demand (contrib. to GDP growth) -0.5 -6.1 -1.3 -6.2 -7.4 -6.5 -4.3 Export of goods and services -1.0 -12.3 2.4 -16.9 -15.1 -11.1 -6.2 Import of goods and services -4.9 -17.8 -1.4 -22.6 -22.0 -17.0 -9.7 Gross Domestic Product 0.9 -3.6 -0.4 -3.2 -4.2 -4.0 -3.1


24

The growth forecast for the fourth quarter of 2009 has improved. The available economic indicators show that there is a continuing trend toward increasing moderation in the recession. Consumption and investment are showing signs of improvement and of slowing down the deterioration of the economy. The fourth quarter forecast for the inter-annual decrease in GDP has improved from 3.4% to 3.1%. This would mean that the annual decrease in GDP for 2009 would fall by one tenth to 3.6%. However, company results continue to worsen. According to data from the Central Bank, in the third quarter of 2009 there was contraction in all sectors, although at a slower rate. Personnel costs decreased by 1.1% in the same period due to a drop in employment.

Financial income decreased and financial expenses also fell, but less. Atypical results also fell due to lower profits.

The fall in retail sales continued to slow down in October. Car registration rose 37.3% in November, largely due to the government’s sponsoring of the Renove Plan. The consumer confidence index stabilized in October and November at a higher level than that for the first half of the year and for 2008, but it was still below its historic average.

In recent years, promoting renewable energy has been one of the priorities of the Spanish government’s energy policy and it will continue to be a priority in the future. Renewable energy offers a unique opportunity for the world to have accessible, safe and clean sources of energy.

Inter-Annual and Quarterly Rate Variations in GDP (millions) 2008 2009

2007 2008 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

GDP 7.0 4.2 6.0 5.0 4.3 1.8 -1.7Agriculture 7.3 2.6 9.6 9.9 3.0 -10.6 -1.5Energy 3.6 17.9 16.8 22.2 22.2 10.6 2.1Industry 6.3 3.3 5.8 4.2 3.6 -0.2 -8.5Construction 8.6 0.4 6.7 2.4 -0.6 -6.7 -7.4Services 7.3 2.6 8.7 8.7 8.0 6.5 2.7

Data corrected for seasonal and calendar effects

The figures from the Spanish Electricity Network (Spanish initials, REE) show that the growth in demand for electricity, including all its variations, has increased in parallel with the growth in GDP, which was affected by the fall in production. This point should be emphasized since an increase in the production of any type of energy is directly related to economic growth. As economic growth becomes stronger, the demand for energy production will rise and, therefore, the consumption of energy produced from renewable sources will grow.

Growth in Demand on the Peninsula and in GDP Demand (GWh) % Demand GDP 2004 235,999 4.5 3.3 2005 246,183 4.3 3.6 2006 253,245 3.0 3.9 2007 261,536 3.2 3.7 2008 263,530 0.8 1.2

Source: Spanish Electricity Network (Spanish initials, REE)

As shown in the following graph, the rate of development of renewable energy has been very significant since 2004. In 2008, it grew more than other types of energy. This point should be emphasized because increased European and Spanish investment in this type of energy is paving the way for a promising future for this sector, especially as far as employment is concerned.


25

Changes in Energy Purchased under the Special Scheme, by Technology (GWh)

(2004-2008 and 2007-2008)

20.1

10.9

15.3

7.2

-9.7

16.6

12.2

-8.4

-11.4

8.8

3

14.3

17.2

83.8

-3.9

48.7

6.3

77

3.7

15.9

-9.1

-12.9

-48

8.9

44.5

99.3

Renewables

Hydroelectric

Wind

Biomass

Solid industrial waste

Solid urban waste

Solar

Non-renewable

Residual heat

Coal

Diesel oil/fuel oil

Refinery gas

Natural gas

Total

% 08/04

% 08/07

Source: Spanish Electricity Network (Spanish initials, REE) Original creation.

In addition, EUROSTAT monitored the changes in renewable energy consumption (by percentage) as compared to total energy consumption between 1997 and 2007 and made a forecast for 2010. It compared the EU-27 as a whole with the different member countries and with the world leaders.

The indicator in the following graph is the ratio between the electricity produced from renewable energies and gross national electricity consumption (in the case of the EU, the sum of the national consumption of the member states). The data for renewable energy include hydroelectric, wind, solar and geothermal power and biomass. The total includes consumption from all sources, including imports but excluding energy exports.

In the case of Spain, the consumption of energy produced from renewable sources has had more irregular growth (between 12.8% and 21.7%). The forecast for 2010 is almost 30%, as opposed to 21% for the EU as a whole. In the short term, it is forecast that in Spain the importance of this type of energy will solidify. This will contribute to more sustainable employment in the sector, since for some time renewable energy has been considered to be one of the possible and obvious sources of employment.

16.441,2 494,1


26

% Growth of Renewable Energy Consumption (*)

13.1 13.4 13.4 13.8 14.4 12.9 12.9 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.6

19.7 18.6

12.815.7

20.7

13.8

21.718.5

15.017.7

20.0

21

29,4

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010

EU 27 Spain

Source: EUROSTAT 2010 consumption forecast.

The Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (Spanish initials, IDAE) took part in an EU project financed by the ALTENER programme (a European programme to promote the use of renewable energy), which hopes to estimate the impact of renewable energy on employment and economic growth. The initial results make it possible to quantify the effects on employment that result from the penetration of the various renewable technologies in European Union countries, including both direct employment generated by the renewable energy Industries and employment in other industries or economic sectors that supply them. The possible loss of jobs in traditional energy sectors has also been calculated.

Estimated Growth in Job Creation (Europe and Spain) European Union-15 Spain Technology 2010 2020 2010 2020

Solar thermal 7,390 14,311 2,264 3,866Solar photovoltaic -1,769 10,231 849 2,694Solar thermoelectric 649 621 649 621Wind power 12,854 28,627 7,701 8,480Mini-hydroelectric -995 7,977 1,732 3,125Biofuels 70,168 120,285 3,007 6,103Biogas 27,582 37,271 340 728Biomass 128,395 165,860 7,446 11,536Biofuel production 416,538 515,364 20,982 47,245TOTAL 660,812 900,546 44,970 84,398

Source: IDAE. The methodology used makes it possible to estimate not only the direct jobs created in the industry, which we could call “renewable energies”, but also those that are created in other industries or economic sectors that supply it, the possible loss of jobs in the traditional energy sector and the effect on imports and exports of renewable technologies in the countries of the European Union.


27

Of the estimated 84,000 jobs created or to be created between 1995-2020, in Spain more than half are due to direct employment and 47,000 to the increase in the production of biofuels. The loss of jobs in traditional sectors (some 3,000 in the period 1995-2020) is amply compensated for by the creation of new jobs as a result of the penetration of renewable energy. The results of this research project make it possible to confirm the results of previous studies and to conclude that renewable energy will make an effective contribution to the creation of employment, as the European Commission has repeatedly asserted in various working documents and, especially, in its White Paper on Renewable Energy.

44..-- TThhee RReenneewwaabblleeEEnneerrggyy SSeeccttoorr JJoobb

MMaarrkkeett


29

What we are calling the renewable energy sector is not really one economic activity but is related to several economic activities, such as manufacturing parts, building and installing systems, producing the energy itself, distributing, transporting and marketing energy, etc. This makes it difficult to specifically analyze this sector since the National Classification of Economic Activities, or CNAE-09, does not provide for a four digit classification scheme that would make it possible to see the more significant variables that make up the job market: the employed and unemployed population; company structure and worker Social Security registration; hiring and registered unemployment.

The CNAE-09 scheme only provides two digits for the classification of economic activities so that, with this breakdown, the existing information is not enough to be able to paint a picture of the renewable energy job market, since these jobs represent a tiny proportion of these economic activities as a whole and would not show up properly.

Unusually, it has been possible to obtain the distribution of the number of companies and of workers registered with Social Security belonging to the different four digit categories for the economic activity called the supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (CNAE 35) and this information is presented below.

However, the lack of information from governmental sources has been compensated for in this study by the results of the surveys administered to a broad sample of companies that are involved, either wholly or partially, in the various processes of producing energy from renewable sources.

As was stated above, since there was no specific quantitative information on the renewable energy sector, job market information for the activity Supply of electrical energy, gas, steam and air conditioning has been included, because the production of energy from renewable sources and distributing, transporting and marketing electricity are included in this activity (CNAE 35).

The information obtained is perfectly valid when the focus of the analysis is on the job market, since, if we understand the activity Manufacturing and distributing electrical energy, we can have an overall view of the energy job market, in which renewable energy is included.


30

4.1. The Spanish Job Market By looking at the changes in the number of registrations, contracts and unemployed workers in Spain, we can see that there was a drop in the first two and a notable rise in the number of unemployed last year.

The main employment indicators show clearly negative behaviour when the changes are compared to the situation observed in the previous year.

According to the Survey of the Active Population (Spanish initials, EPA), therefore, the number of those working started to fall two years ago, in contrast to the rise seen in previous periods. The level of unemployment estimated by the Survey showed an inverse correlation and rose very quickly, reaching 60%, while the total active population did not fall. As a result, the unemployment rate was 17.93%, whereas the previous year it had been 11.33%.

The number of those registered with Social Security also fell, and did so in almost all the schemes.

The slump in registered hiring was even greater, especially in contracts given to foreigners, even though in previous years the trend had been one of almost continuous increase.

For its part, the number of people registering for unemployment with the Public Employment Services also rose considerably, in line with the average unemployment shown in the Survey.

As far as the changes in the figures for the renewable energy sector are concerned, it can be seen that there was also a decrease in the number of contracts signed, although the increase in unemployment was more limited than in other sectors.

Basic Figures on the Spanish Job Market and Changes between November 2008 and 2009

Active population (thousands) 22.993.5 0.21

Employed (thousands) 18.870.2 -7.25Unemployed EPA (thousands) 4.123.3 58.66

Activity rate 59.81 Est. unemployment rate 17.93 6.60Registered with Soc.Sec. 17.791.900 -5.55General scheme 13.418.700 -6.55Self-employed scheme 3.188.000 -5.22Contracts (year) 14.191.915 -18.93Contracts for foreigners 2.999.628 -21.87Registered unemployment 3.709.447 41.29

Source: INE. Figures from EPA (Q3 2009). SPEE - cumulative contracts. Registered unemployment on 31 Nov 2009

Changes in Registration, Hiring and Registered Unemployment 2004-2009 (*)

16,775,25318,202,077 18,728,004

17,506,124

14,191,915

2,013,286 1,966,166 2,017,363 2,625,3683,709,447

18,156,183 18,770,259 19,195,75418,305,613 17,791,900

04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09

Hired Unemployed Registered

Source: TGSS and SPEE

Changes in Hiring and Unemployment. CNAE 35 2004-2009

5,840 6,1916,684 6,741

5,077

2,213 2,295 2,1432,725 2,567

04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09

Hired Unemployed

Source: SPEE.


31

In the last five years, all economic sectors have experienced a slump in hiring, except for agriculture, which has grown by just 0.98%. The most significant decreases were in industry and construction. On the other hand, these two sectors, especially construction, have been losing their importance by percentage distribution as compared with other sectors, especially agriculture and services.

Last year’s inter-annual variation showed even more clearly the seriousness of the situation. There was a steeper downturn in hiring in all sectors, except for agriculture, which showed a slight rise, of 1.68%.

The drop in hiring has affected most sectors, although unequally. This has been obvious especially since the second quarter of 2007 and was even more marked in 2009.

The following activities have been those most affected:

- Real estate activities - Extractive Industries - Manufacturing industries - Construction - Trade - Financial activities - Administrative activities - Transport and storage

Distribution of Hiring by Economic Sector 2009

Agriculture13%

Industry6%

Construction12%

Services69%

Changes in Hiring by Economic Sector

(2004-2009)

04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09

Agriculture IndustryConstruction Services

Source: SPEE

In contrast, last year some sectors experienced an increase in hiring:

- Scientific and technical professional activities - Civil service - Agriculture and stock breeding

Healthcare, the social services and education saw hiring fall in 2009 even though it had been rising in recent years.

In the specific case of the Supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, there has been a considerable decrease in hiring: -24.68% last year and -13.07% since 2004.

The figures for CNAE 35, the activity that is the object of this study, show that the number of those actively employed in this activity has grown, possibly because it can offer more stability than other activities, as is shown by the timid increase in employment -- although we must remember that we are in a period of recession. Unemployment has mainly affected wage earners. The figures for those registered with Social Security show a notable increase in the number of self-employed workers. It is possible that the registration schemes have undergone a “replacement effect” and that many wage earners changed to being self-employed as a way to remain employed.


32

Another point about this activity that should be emphasized is the low number of foreigners. This is relatively stable employment, where the jobs are done for the most part by Spanish workers, and it has not suffered as much from the impact of the crisis as other activities. However, although employment has been maintained with great difficulty, the downturn in hiring is a fact. Unemployment in this industry is due mainly to the drop in demand for energy from companies, the slowing down of their business or the closure of many companies, which has led to expansion plans becoming less ambitious, in the hope of better times to come.

Data on Hiring and Registered Unemployment for CNAE 35

Cantabria was the Autonomous Community in which hiring decreased most in relative terms in the past year. Going from higher to lower decreases, Galicia came next, followed by Navarre and Madrid, all with more than 30% reductions in hiring. The other communities fall in between the Canary Islands with -7.63% and Murcia with -27.32%. In absolute numbers, Madrid, Catalonia and Castilla-La Mancha are the Communities where hiring has fallen most. Only Aragon, Ceuta and Melilla have had positive results, although the importance of these two is almost symbolic, as the actual increase in the number of contracts was seven and twenty-three respectively.

Growth in Hiring by Autonomous Community

43.8

40.0

14.4

-7.6

-8.8

-10.0

-14.9

-15.5

-17.4

-18.3

-19.9

-20.9

-21.4

-22.3

-27.3

-32.9

-34.1

-34.6

-98.0

21.1

40.0

-33.2

-39.2

-43.0

16.7

-8.7

96.4

-4.9

11.2

-23.9

-31.3

-22.7

12.8

32.5

29.0

18.2

-98.7

279.9

Melilla

Ceuta

Aragon

Canary Islands

Andalusia

Asturias

Castilla-L. Mancha

Valencian C.

Extremadura

Castilla-Leon

Balearic Islands

Basque Country

La Rioja

Catalonia

Murcia

Madrid

Navarre

Galicia

Cantabria% change 04-09

% change previous year


33

Over the last five years, there has been less of a fall in hiring: -13.07%. The drop was greatest when the economy was deteriorating as a result of the direct impact of the crisis. However, in Autonomous Communities like Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Navarre, Extremadura, Galicia, Melilla, the Balearic Islands, Asturias and Murcia, over a broader timeframe the balance was positive.

In 2009, the figures for registered unemployment were favourable, since they fell by 5.8%. Taking into account the last five years, the Communities of Cantabria, Madrid, Murcia, La Rioja, the Basque Country, Balearic Islands, Castilla-Leon and Extremadura had positive results on this indicator, unlike Melilla, Ceuta, Aragon, the Canary Islands, Andalusia, Asturias and Castilla-La Mancha where the number of unemployed rose during the same period (2004 to 2009). In contrast, Catalonia, the Valencian Community, Navarre and Galicia, which had negative results, saw their unemployment figures reduced last year.

Between 2008 and 2009, hiring was characterized by a greater number of contracts being given to labourers (manufacturing industry labourers, electricity production plant operators), occupations related to administrative tasks (secretaries, clerks and administrative employees in general, administrative assistants with or without customer service duties); transport and warehouse personnel and electricity production sales personnel.

Changes in Registered Unemployment by Autonomous Community

32.4

28.7

16.1

3.6

2.6

-2.4

-3.9

-6.7

-12.1

-12.9

-21.6

-22.4

-26.1

-30.4

-33.3

-36.6

-38.1

-66.7

60.0

28.6

36.3

91.5

94.4

71.8

27.7

110.3

-26.3

-17.1

-34.2

-27.5

-36.7

70.0

-37.1

-64.8

52.9

-0.5

-75.0

Melilla

Ceuta

Aragon

Canary Islands

Andalusia

Asturias

Castilla-La Mancha

Valencian C.

Extremadura

Castilla-Leon

Balearic Islands

Basque Country

La Rioja

Catalonia

Murcia

Madrid

Navarre

Galicia

Cantabria% change 04-09

% change previousyear


34

CONTRACTS

25 Occupations Hired Most, by Activity CNAE 35 2008-2009

% change

previous year

% change 04-09

Labourers in manufacturing industries 534 -47.29 -61.47Electricity production plant operators 480 -4.38 321.05Shorthand and typists (administrative employees in general) 232 -36.44 -55.81Lorry drivers 188 43.51 26.17Secretaries and similar administrative posts 185 -14.35 172.06Electrical technicians 171 24.82 -3.39Car and van drivers 152 11.76 -0.65Electrical equipment mechanics and repairmen 145 -55.93 -22.04Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and fitters 132 -51.65 -65.98Other advanced engineers (except agricultural) 131 -32.12 254.05Transport workers and loaders 127 0.00 -15.33Administrative assistants with no customer service 114 3.64 280.00Other graduate engineers (not in agriculture and forestry) 109 -20.44 220.59Sales representatives and sales technicians 102 -4.67 18.60Administrative assistants with customer service 99 7.61 450.00Graduate electrical engineers 87 -6.45 -17.92Construction electricians and similar jobs 87 -45.96 -55.61Chemical production facility operators 75 19.05 581.82Machine tool fitters and operators 75 -33.04 7.400.00Plumbers and pipefitters 70 20.69 29.63Advanced level company organization professionals 67 31.37 235.00Welders and cutters 63 -4.55 -18.18Electricity engineers 61 -39.60 -50.00Mechanical technicians 54 -11.48 100.00Shop assistants and window dressers 51 6.25 96.15

Source: SPEE. Figures for contracts from 1 October 2004 to 30 September 2009

When studying the renewable energy job market, we find another difficulty when we try to define the occupations in the sector. The information available from the National Public Employment Service on contracts registered by occupation only corresponds to the Primary Occupation Group classification level so that it is impossible to know either the number of people hired or the specific occupations in the renewable energy sector, since they are included in primary groups that include occupations common to a variety of activities.

The occupations that were hired most often are directly related with renewable energies. On the one hand are the occupations that require skilled workers who have had vocational training, such as electricity production operators, maintenance and repair mechanics, electricians, machine tool operators, pipefitters and welders, and, on the other hand, those for people with diplomas, normally university graduates, who hold managerial and intermediate positions, such as advanced level company organization professionals and engineers with a undergraduate or post-graduate degree.

One point to note is that in the last five years there has been an increase in the hiring of machine tool operators, chemical production operators, electrical production plant operators, administrative personnel, transport personnel, advanced level company organization professionals, undergraduate and post-graduate engineers and pipefitters, while the number of maintenance mechanics, manufacturing industry labourers, electricians, welders, electrical technicians and warehouse personnel has fallen.


35

4.2. Companies and Social Security Registration of Workers in Renewable Energy Related Activities

This section discusses the distribution of companies and workers registered with the Social Security who belong to the economic activities related to producing electricity from renewable resources and distributing, transporting and marketing electricity. The activities and the codes for them are the following:

CNAE Code CNAE 2009 3512 Transportation of electricity 3513 Distribution of electricity 3514 Marketing of electricity 3518 Production of electricity from wind power

3519(*) Production of electricity from other sources (*) includes all other renewable energy systems

Economic and Company Structure of the Sector

In September 2009, there were in Spain 1,082 companies contributing to Social Security for the above activities. 16.45% of these were involved in transporting electricity (sub-sector 3512), 32.99% in distributing it (sub-sector 3513) and 1.94% in marketing it (sub-sector 3514).

The remaining 48.62% belonged to companies in sub-sectors 3518 and 3519, in which 526 companies are registered. It should be mentioned that the companies in sub-sector 3518, Production of electricity using wind power, are 14.5% of the total, while 34.57% are in Production of electricity from other sources.

Renewable energy companies therefore have a sizeable presence in this activity. This situation is due to the development of these companies during the last decade.

Distribution of Companies Registered with Social Security 2008

Electricity marketing

2%

Prod. electricity from wind

power14%

Other types production

35%

Electricity transporting

16%

Electricity distribution

33%

Source: General Treasury of the Social Security

Madrid is the province with the greatest number of companies registered in related activities, both for wind power and other types of power, since most large companies have their headquarters in the capital or in nearby towns. Other provinces with a large number of companies in the wind power sector are Corunna, Soria, Saragossa, Alava, Burgos, Valencia and Pamplona.

The presence of companies related with other renewable energies is notable in the provinces of Madrid, Seville, Valencia, Barcelona, Valladolid, Jaen, Badajoz and Saragossa.


36

Registered Workers

The following are the characteristics of workers in these activities who contribute to the General Social Security Scheme:

− There is a predominance of men in this activity. A higher percentage of women is found in the Marketing of electricity than in the other activities.

− The average age is higher for workers in the Transport, distribution and marketing of electricity, while in the Production of electricity from wind power and from other sources there is a higher proportion of people aged between 25 and 35.

− There are more indefinite contracts by percentage in the Transport, distribution and marketing of electricity than in the Production of electricity from wind power and from other sources. Among those registered, it is this last sub-sector that has the highest proportion of temporary contracts.

− For this activity as a whole, 96.58% of the workers have indefinite contracts.

Registration by Activity and Sex (%)

83.78 83.8972.27

81.63 78.97

16.22 16.1127.73

18.37 21.03

3512 3513 3514 3518 3519

Men Women

Registration by Activity and Sex (%)

27.35

16.58

31.09

37.8

35.49

23.36

22.42

36.13

22.3

28.97

32.8

37.89

25.21

33.4

23.93

15.18

21.95

5.88

3.46

6.57

1,15

1,3

1.68

3,03

5,04

3512

3513

3514

3518

3519

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 >=55

Source: Treasury of the Social Security 2008. With regard to the nationality of the workers in the sector, only 1.12% are foreigners and there are more of them in the Production of electricity from renewable sources, which is different from wind power. Slightly more than half of these foreign workers come from countries that do not belong to the European Union, except in the wind power sub-sector, where there is a greater number of workers from European Union countries.

Registration by Activity and Nationality Registration from EU and Rest of the World

99,4 97,74

0,6 0,48 0,85 2,26 6,8

93,299,1599,52

3512 3513 3514 3518 3519

Spanish Foreign

12

50

0

34

54

21

37

1

19

89

3512 3513 3514 3518 3519

EU Non-EU

Source: General Treasury of the Social Security 2008.


37

− 2.42% of the workers registered in the renewable energy sector belong to the Special Scheme for Self-Employed Workers.

− The highest proportion of self-employed workers (19.82%) is in the activity Production of electricity from other sources, while Production of electricity from wind power has only 2.19%.

Self-Employed Workers Registered (%)

0.33 0.49

11.02

2.19

19.92

3512 3513 3514 3518 3519

Source.- General Treasury of the Social Security 2008 There is an uneven distribution by province of workers registered in the activities related to the production of electricity from renewable resources (CNAE 3518 and 3519), as can be seen in the following maps:

CNAE 3518 Production of electricity from wind power

CNAE 3519 Production of electricity from other sources

Provinces with the largest number of registered workers

- Corunna - Navarre - Leon - Madrid - Valencia - Biscay - Seville

Provinces with the largest number of registered workers

- Madrid - Barcelona - Teruel - Seville - Valencia - Ciudad Real - Jaen

Source: National Public Employment Service. (2008). Occupational Observatory

The provinces with the largest number of workers in the activity Production of electricity from wind power (CNAE 3518) that have the highest percentage of self-employed workers are Valladolid, Murcia, Granada, Albacete. Avila, La Rioja, Madrid and Valencia.

25.52 – 1.43 1.42 – 0.29 0.28 – 0.08 0.07 - 0.04 0.03 – 0.00

CNAE 3518

15.32 – 2.40 2.39 - 1,14 1.13 - 0.72 0.71 - 0.23 0.22 – 0.00

CNAE 3519


38

Among the provinces with the largest number of workers registered in the activity Production of electricity from other sources (CNAE 3519), more self-employed workers are found in Alicante, Badajoz, Valencia, Zamora, Saragossa, Cuenca, Malaga and Ciudad Real.

The foreign workers registered in the activity Production of electricity using wind power are concentrated in the provinces of Almeria, Madrid and Avila, while those registered in Production of electricity from other renewable sources are mainly to be found in the Balearic Islands, Almeria, Malaga, La Rioja, Alicante, Barcelona, Toledo and Valencia.

4.3. Employment Trends and Prospects for the Sector

The estimates for Spain in 2020 show a significant rise in the consumption of energy produced from renewable sources and that the demand for energy will grow by somewhere in between 1% per annum, the amount stipulated by the 2007, 2012 and 2020 Spanish Climate Change and Clean Energy Strategy, which was approved in 2007, and 2% per annum, an amount that is very close to the figure set by the 2007-2016 Electricity and Gas Sector Plan.

This means that the forecasts for 2020, which were calculated using two scenarios of growth in the demand for energy, the first of which uses an increase of 2% and the second an increase of 1%, predict that the direct employment generated for that year could be 270,788 and 228,435 jobs, respectively. If we add to this related indirect work, which could reach similar figures, we are looking at a significant source of employment.

To reach the objectives set for energy, it is indispensable to promote R&D+i in this area. For this reason, the government is stimulating technological innovation. The 6th National Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation Plan for 2008-2011 presents a structure that seeks specific, concrete objectives, including those for energy.

Following the EU’s belief that technological innovation is one of the most effective tools for fighting climate change, in Spain, the R&D+i strategy for energy focuses above all on renewable energy and new technologies for transforming energy. In comparison with the EU, Spain is making a greater effort in the area of wind power and solar thermal energy and is the leader in both these fields.

The implementation of the Renewable Energy Plan is producing and will produce a variety of socioeconomic benefits. Among them is the improvement and modernization of industry, the generation of employment and a contribution to regional development.

The potential for job creation in this sector has been clearly emphasized in the European Commission’s white paper “Energy for the Future: Sources of Renewable Energy”, which was published recently.

This trend is also becoming established all over the world. According to a report from the European Commission’s Directorate General for Energy on the impact of renewable energy on growth and employment, the number of people employed in renewable energy is 1.4 million. In the entire world, the figure is around 2.3 million and it will multiply by 10, to 20 million, by 2030, if the International Labour Organization’s forecasts are correct: “The promotion of sustainable environmental development will require an investment of 630,000 million dollars, or 437,000 million euros, which will lead to the creation of 20 million jobs”.

One important feature of this employment is its foreseeable stability, since it is thought that renewable energies will really be the energy sources of the future, in the sense that, for environmental and economic reasons, they will tend to replace the current energy model.

This employment will need to be developed in conjunction with specific technical and vocational training, in order to meet the needs for solar energy installations particularly, but also those of other areas that are as diverse as the activities related with renewable energy. Future generations are possibly going to have a new area of training and will work in those jobs.


39

In general, the environmental market demands two types of professional. On the one hand, there are the occupations that are common to any kind of economic activity, such as administrative employees and occupations related to construction. This type of occupation reflects the horizontal axis of the environmental sector. On the other hand, there are the technicians and scientists: graduate engineers, graduate architects and scientific professionals, which are the professions most often found in the energy market. This wide range of occupations, which employ people in the different activities in the sector, highlights the multi-disciplinary nature of the environment.

Administrative occupations are well represented as they can be found in all the sectors, since companies, associations and government departments need administrative support to carry out their activities. Therefore, a source of job creation can be found for this professional group in this sector.

There is also a common need in almost all the related activities for people who work in the protection and supervision of the facilities. This is because any company needs supervisory personnel for their installations, so that this is another source of employment in this sector’s job market.

Construction is the largest sub-section of the environmental sector. This is due mainly to the transversal nature of the occupations related to this activity: construction workers work on jobs of any kind. The legislation that is going to be created will increasingly include measures to promote the environment in general and the use of renewable energy sources in particular. This will lead to training needs in many occupations in the sector to bring them into line with current legislation.

The productive processes related to renewable energy can be sub-divided into two large groups of activity, which, in turn, play a determining role in generating varying types of employment:

Operations and maintenance, to do the work of controlling and managing power

generation facilities, which provides stable jobs throughout the useful life of the plant.

Construction and installation, which includes the other jobs needed to bring any power plant on line. The employment created in this latter group of activities depends on the implementation of new plants, so that the number of jobs will only remain stable or grow while more renewable energy is being installed.

The energy plans consider that, by continuing to invest in renewable energy, in 2030 the energy system will have created 600,000 new jobs in Spain, for an added contribution to GDP of 296,000 million euros. 350,000 million euros will also be saved on imports and the country’s dependence on foreign energy – which is 80% today -- will decrease by up to 20 points.

These figures come from the studies made by large companies that have invested in renewable energy, such as Iberdrola and Acciona, which see a good business opportunity in the plans for sustainable energy. To show that the figures mentioned above are not utopian, the defenders of the renewable energy business point to studies, labelled "reference studies", that list the great advances already made in Spain.

The Trade Union Work, Environment and Health Institute (Spanish initials, ISTAS) of the Comisiones Obreras trade union also agrees that renewable energy has a great potential for generating employment. It states that the development of this type of energy is a very important mechanism for reducing the harmful effects of climate change and that renewable energy will create a significant number of new jobs, if the government meets its commitments.

The activities related to wind power and solar photovoltaic power are those that have produced most of the employment generated by the use of alternative energy sources (66.87%). Wind power, which is the more prevalent in this country, accounts for 36.97% and solar photovoltaic power 29.9%.


40

Employment Forecast for 2020 with a 2% Annual Growth in Energy Demand

Type of energy Direct

Employment in RE (*)

Jobs in C & I (**)

Jobs in O & M (***)

Wind power 49,427 46,462 2,966 Mini-hydroelectric 27,936 23,456 4,470 Solar thermal 8,170 7,435 735 Thermoelectric solar 13,642 13,097 546 Solar photovoltaic 41,859 39,766 2,093 Biomass 101,705 63,057 38,648 Biofuels 24,807 16,125 8,683 Biogas 3,241 3,079 162 TOTAL 270,788 212,486 58,302

Source: ISTAS 2007. “Renewable Energy and employment generation in Spain: present and future”. * Renewable Energy ** Construction and Installation *** Operations and Maintenance

Renewable energy is a young, expanding sector that has been in existence for some sixteen years and where one out of three companies was founded since the year 2000. It should also be noted that two out of every three companies has increased its staff in the last five years and one out of every five has done this to a noticeable degree.

Half of the companies in the sector work only with renewable energy sources; the other half have other production activities related to manufacturing, installation and engineering or are in plumbing, climate control or heating. 65% of these companies dedicate more than 50% of their activities to the energy sector. Solar thermal, photovoltaic and wind power are the focus of the great majority of companies. The sector that has created the largest number of jobs is wind power (37%).

As far as the number of workers in these companies is concerned, the size of those companies that are in renewable energy is conspicuously higher than the average for Spanish companies, since 60% of the companies in this sector have more than 10 workers and 17% have more than 50, whereas the national averages are 15% and 2% respectively.

In the area of hiring, the jobs in the renewable energy sector are more stable than in other activities, as 15% of workers have temporary contracts, while for all companies the figure is 30%, in other words, double the number. 82% of the contracts in renewable energy are indefinite and 1.8% are training contracts or practical work experience contracts.

Companies in the renewable energy sector employ highly skilled workers. Half of them are technicians, either with advanced diplomas (32%) or intermediate level diplomas (18%). In the small companies with fewer than ten workers, the number of those with advanced level diplomas is even higher (38%).

The companies are spread out over the different Autonomous Communities but are concentrated to a great extent in the traditional industrial areas.

A variety of social agents and institutions have evaluated the forecasts for employment generation by the renewable energy sector.

The Trade Union Work, Environment and Health Institute (Spanish initials, ISTAS) considers that the growth estimate of 2% justifies describing the renewable energy sector as a source of employment.

If this objective is met, the number of jobs generated by conventional sources will be multiplied by five. The sector has already generated 20,000 direct jobs and 75,000 indirect ones in recent years. In 2001, the year in which the consumption of energy produced from renewable sources was 6.5% of the total energy consumption in Spain, more than 8,000 new projects that used renewable energy were implemented and 938 million euros were invested in them.


41

The objective for 2020 is for 20% of the final energy produced in Spain to be energy produced from renewable sources and for 10% of the fuel used for transport to be replaced by biofuels.

Following the ISTAS analysis, if we keep in mind the fact that renewable energy related companies form 0.2 of Spanish GDP and are among the few that are involved in the whole industrial cycle from manufacturing to maintenance, including R&D programmes, the renewable energy sector is growing considerably and it can increase employment, in spite of the current economic situation.

According to the IDAE, Spain has almost 700 companies operating in this sector. More than 52% of these companies have fewer than 25 employees and only 3.8% over 500. The average size of the companies is small, partly because renewable energy use projects are decentralized and scattered, since they are located where the resources are to be found. More than 400 of these companies focus on project development and 370 on equipment installation, although it is normal for the companies to be involved in various fields at the same time, such as technical service and support, maintenance, etc.

Some 290 firms also work abroad, mainly in Latin America, the European Union, especially Portugal, and North Africa. By technological area, most companies are in wind power, with 310, followed by solar photovoltaic power, with 285, and low temperature solar thermal power, with 283. Geothermal power has the smallest number of companies, 41.

Most of these companies are located in Madrid (154) and Catalonia (132), with Andalusia coming third among the Autonomous Communities with 69 companies.

For the Association of Alternative Energy Producers (Spanish initials, APPA), the factor that set off this development was the decisive investment made by some promoters, almost all of them independent, who believed in the possibilities of this technology, as well as the need to contribute to improving the environment.

Employment in the renewable energy sector includes a wide range of occupations. Many professionals in other sectors who have the appropriate training, courses and master’s degrees can opt to work in a sector with ample growth and high job stability. Also, the new jobs related to renewable energy will mainly be created in the production areas, in other words, in rural areas where, up to now, there were few possibilities of finding industry. Even at this time of serious economic crisis, renewable energy is generating employment all over Europe.

The sector is currently generating almost 200,000 jobs in Spain, of which 89,000 are direct and 99,000 indirect, according to the report presented by Luis Serrano, a member of Al Gore’s Climate Change Platform.

55..-- DDaattaa TTrreeaattmmeennttaanndd

AAnnaallyyssiiss


43

5.1. The Experts’ View of the Current Renewable Energy Situation

Quantitative Data

The quantitative data gathered from 152 companies in the renewable energy sector was provided by their management and technical personnel: plant managers, engineers and project managers, and by their upper management: managing directors, technical directors, company administrators and sales managers.

These are companies that are involved mainly in R&D+i, installing and maintaining facilities, manufacturing parts and equipment for installations and marketing renewable energy sources.

The majority of companies in all the renewable energy activities are small or medium sized businesses with between one and nine workers, which corresponds to the average profile for companies in this sector. According to the experts, the reduced size of renewable energy companies is one of the points that limits the expectations for development in this activity, as well as others such as financing, economic aid from the government, vocational and occupational training, etc., since this type of company finds great difficulty in developing.

The perception that those surveyed have of the growth of employment in recent years is contradictory, although in general a positive result can be deduced. 37% think that employment has increased and 27% think that it has remained the same. In contrast, 35% think that employment has fallen.

Changes in Employment in Recent Years

37%

35%

27%

1%

Increased

Decreased

Stayed same

No reply

The results reflect the perception of the economic crisis. Many companies, especially small companies, have found it difficult to keep their staff on or to create employment. The impact of the crisis on companies is obvious and this sector is not an exception.

Most companies questioned intend to increase employment in the areas of installing and maintaining new plants, for which they will need to hire skilled technicians and workers. Therefore, their expectations are to increase the number of staff in positions related to facility operations and to hire university graduates with intermediate level diplomas and specialized workers.

Other areas in which they hope to increase the number of staff are logistics, facilities management and R&D+i departments. A preoccupation with the impact of this activity on the environment will motivate the hiring of technicians who have specialized in this field.

The companies, especially the large ones, have more faith in doing their own personnel selection than in having the Public Employment Services or the university job exchanges do it, although this preference is not restricted to activities in the renewable energy field but is shared by companies in other economic activities.


44

Sources of Worker Hiring

49.6%

18.7% 18.7%

Own selection process University job exchanges Public Employment Services

Source: SPEE. Original creation from company survey. At this point, we should stop and think about how the Public Employment Services’ work as intermediaries in the job market is viewed. It is possible for companies to look for the workers that they need where they believe that they are going to find those best suited to their needs. It is possible that the employment services’ management of vacancies does not match their expectations for a variety of reasons: they do not send them people with the requirements requested; the waiting time is too long; the process is not carried out with the speed they need, etc. The final selection always falls to the company, but this does not prevent them from demanding that the employment services improve how they manage the selection process.

The employment that is created in the future will depend above all on the investment that is made by both companies and the authorities. Public policies and government financing for the sector should be emphasized.

Priorities for Job Creation

23%

13%

12%

12%

10%

8%

8%

5%

5%

4%

4%

3%

1. Investment

2. Diversification of products and services

3. Public policies

4. Government financing

5. Introduction of new technologies

6. Products marketing

7. Restructuring the activity

8. Forming associations

9. Increasing exports

10. Improving processes

11. Development and/or industrial estates

12. Other

Source: SPEE. Original creation from company survey. To create employment, the companies surveyed believed that it is a priority to take into account two important factors: to diversity products or services and to introduce new technologies. They also expressed their preoccupation with other factors on which job creation depends: the amount of marketing done, increasing exports and the need to restructure the sector and create new industrial estates and facilities so as to modernize it.


45

In general, their forecast of growth was positive. 45% of the companies surveyed hopes to increase its staff in the medium term, 42% to increase it in the short term and 33% to keep the same number of personnel.

In the short and medium term, most companies are thinking of hiring workers for the following occupations:

• Photovoltaic system assemblers • Solar thermal system assemblers and installers • Solar panel assemblers • Facility design technicians • Solar thermal energy installers • Biomass technicians

However, the companies have experienced difficulties in finding workers who meet their expectations, either because they cannot find people with experience or with a knowledge of renewable energy related jobs. The experts surveyed insisted that occupational vocational training and regulated training do not exist and noted that the lack of training makes it necessary to set up a training plan that includes both professional and occupational, regulated and university training.

The main areas with training needs are assembly and installation (27%) and management, marketing and sales techniques and languages.

The activities of the majority of companies are focused on maintenance, installation and assembly tasks and on the areas that have to do with company management and product sales.

Areas with Training Needs

27%

14%

19%

7%

1%

5%

4%

20%

2%

Assembly and installation

Languages

Management and marketing techniques

Maintenance

Regulations and legislation

New technologies

Risk prevention

Unclassified

Other

Source: SPEE. Original creation from company survey. The growing value of foreign language training is important since this is a sector that is very foreign oriented, especially the big companies. Although the training needs listed by the companies places little emphasis to new technologies and workplace risk prevention, it should be noted that these are also values that are on the increase. In contrast, the profile for the smaller companies showed that they focus their training efforts on the main areas in which they work and do not pay enough attention to those that are based on innovation, even though these will be essential when the time comes to organize their future.

The companies also emphasized the appearance of new occupations, especially in solar thermal energy, such as operator, installer and maintenance technician, and biomass, biogas and photovoltaic installer. The occupation of geothermal driller was also mentioned.

The processes for which these occupations are emerging have to do with manufacturing and producing equipment and, basically, with installing and maintaining renewable energy plants. On the other hand, sales and product promotion processes and R&D+i were also mentioned.


46

Renewable Energy Related Occupations Activity Occupation

Biomass

• Design and installation technician • Plant management technician • Installer-maintenance technician • Application developer

Wind power

• Wind resource analysis consultant • Maintenance and operations technician • Research and development engineer • Project manager

Geothermal

• Geothermal driller • Energy manager • Geothermal energy installer • Urban and building energy auditor • Energy technician

Solar photovoltaic

• Financial adviser • Installer • Foreign trade technician • Computerized management technician • Photovoltaic plant manager • Draughtsman • Account manager • Distributed management and energy efficiency technician

Thermoelectric solar • Thermoelectric plant operator • Thermoelectric plant designer

Solar thermal • Installation maintenance technician • Control technician • Facilities manager

Source: SPEE. Original creation from company survey.

In conclusion, the average profile of a renewable energy company is that of a small company that is worried by the impact on employment of the crisis and has difficulties in maintaining its staff but is moderately optimistic about the future of the sector and the expectations of creating employment. It bases this view on a series of conditions for hiring more people that focus on financing, government support, modernizing the sector and looking abroad.

These companies prefer to select and train their own personnel, especially the large companies. The small and medium sized companies rely on outside agents to carry out these duties on their behalf. They place great importance on training, focusing their needs on the positions related to installation, maintenance and facilities management. They also emphasize the need for language training and training in areas related to the expansion of their activities, such as product marketing.


47

Qualitative Data

This section presents the data provided by experts and informants from the Autonomous Communities in which the qualitative research was carried out.

In 2005, Spain became the world leader in installing solar panels on new buildings and second, after Israel, in installing solar hot water systems.

Internationally, Spain, as a country, is among the five biggest investors in renewable energies and its photovoltaic market was the one that grew most in 2007. Two of the three major photovoltaic stations in the world are in Spain.

This country has also been a pioneer in developing wind power. The Autonomous Communities of Navarre, Castilla-Leon, Aragon and Andalusia offer clear examples. Although the amount of wind power that has been installed is considerable, it must be emphasized that it is very poorly implemented and unequally distributed among the regions of the country. Let us take this one example: the electrical power from renewable sources installed in Navarre is 20 times that installed in Murcia, 10 times that in Valencia, 7 times that in the Basque Country and La Rioja and 5 times that in Madrid.

It is also important to consider the efforts to promote renewable energies that have been made by nine Autonomous Communities: Madrid, Catalonia, Navarre, the Basque Country, the Valencian Community, Andalusia, Castilla-Leon, La Rioja and Murcia.

Among the Communities that generate electricity from wind power, solar power, by burning solid urban waste or from mini-hydroelectric plants or biomass – the natural waste from forests and agriculture – Navarre stands out, especially for wind and mini-hydroelectric power. If we take into account the population and the area of the Foral Community of Navarre, it definitely comes out as the leader.

After Navarre come Andalusia, Castilla-Leon and Catalonia. The latter is noteworthy for the energy it produces from solid urban waste and hydroelectric power.

At the other end of the scale, the Communities that have the least amount of renewable energy installed in absolute terms are Valencia and Murcia.

Source: Greenpeace. The Basque Country also figures among the Communities that use biomass and mini-hydroelectric power to generate electricity, although its position would be improved if its capacity were calculated in proportion to its population and area. Madrid, on the other hand, is in the middle and although the small amount of installed power is acceptable in relation to its area, it is very low in relation to the size of its population. If the population factor is added, La Rioja comes in second place behind Navarre and also comes in second place if we take area into account.

In this country, the most important renewable sources of energy are mini-hydroelectric power and wind power. Mini-hydrolectric power accounts for 53% of the power installed in these nine electricity generating Communities, while wind power accounts for 36%. The minimal implementation of solar energy is striking, as it only supplies 0.9% of the power generated from renewable sources. Solid urban waste stands at 4% and biomass consumption at 7%.

For the renewable energies that generate heat, Andalusia, Castilla-Leon and Catalonia stand out for their use of biomass, and Andalusia, Madrid and Valencia for solar collectors. Madrid alone has


48

39,000 m2. The worst absolute ratings go to La Rioja, for both biomass and solar collectors, and to the Basque Country for solar collectors.

According to the information provided by the experts, the following are the most important features found in the Autonomous Communities:

Andalusia has optimal conditions on the coast near Cadiz for generating onshore and offshore wind power. It would be necessary however to combine the more profitable areas with other less profitable ones in order to avoid concentrating this one energy source in one area and its therefore being rejected.

Andalusia, the Levant and the Meseta are the areas where photovoltaic energy installations are concentrated. Andalusia has great potential for both photovoltaic and solar thermal power. Also, its geographical location has favoured the development of wind power.

The areas with the largest installed photovoltaic capacity are those with the most solar radiation: Andalusia, Murcia, Castilla-La Mancha and Extremadura. According to the solar radiation map, Andalusia has great potential for developing solar photovoltaic energy.

The energy most in demand is solar power, but for the companies involved to be competitive they need to receive aid. In the meantime, solar panels are being imported from China, while Andalusia exports technology and imports raw materials, components and power.

Skilled workers no longer employed by the shipyard and automotive sectors could find new jobs in the renewable energy sector. It is however necessary to be cautious when training workers in renewable energy so as not to create false expectations.

There is a lack of qualified personnel to carry out energy and environmental audits, so that architects and engineers will need to be trained in this specialization. The job of Energy Manager is going to be outlined in the Law on Sustainability.

The Autonomous Community of Andalusia hopes that in 2013, 18% of the energy produced there will come from renewable sources and that 105,000 jobs will be created because of this.

Andalusia is a leader in renewable energy research and production, which is generating employment even in the current economic situation. 20% of national energy consumption is in Andalusia.

The renewable energies have applications in industry, in the home and in rural areas.

When solar photovoltaic energy matures, it will have more applications in the home and especially in the countryside, which is not served by the grid.

The geographical distribution of the renewable energies depends on the resources available:

• Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy can be found all over Andalusia.

• The future of biomass is in Jaen and Cordoba because of the olive groves.

• Wind power is found mostly in Cadiz and Jaen. It has been developed to a lesser extent in Malaga, Cordoba and Almeria.

• 80 % of the energy produced in Andalusia from renewable sources comes from wind power.

Aragon stands out because it produces twice the amount of energy from renewable sources as Spain as a whole. More than 70% of Aragon’s renewable resources are used to generate electricity, mainly hydroelectric and wind power; the other 30% is divided between the direct exploitation of these resources in homes (for example, solar thermal power for domestic hot water and heating that uses biomass) and its use in cogeneration plants.

In Aragon, the experts noted that the government is investing in the use of local, renewable resources and lowering the Community’s dependence on supplies from outside. They considered


49

that there are excellent renewable resources available and advised continuing to increase the amount of electricity generated by wind power and from biomass, hydroelectric and solar power.

Great importance is placed on natural gas in the regional energy structure -- mainly to supply the residential, commercial, service and industrial sectors but also for future cogeneration plants -- and on the forecasts for the operation of combined cycle plants. The incorporation of other technologies that have not yet been implemented in Aragon is also being considered, such as biomass gasification, obtaining and using hydrogen and solar thermoelectric power.

According to the CIRCE Foundation (University of Saragossa Renewable Energy Research Centre) data base, there are 150 companies in the renewable energy sector in the Autonomous Community of Aragon. Solar energy is the technological sector with the largest number of companies and most of these companies are involved in installing domestic hot water systems. Maintenance companies are also well represented in solar thermal energy because the installations are older.

Next comes a group of companies whose activities are not restricted to the renewable energy field and are classified as “Other”, such as engineering companies, consultancies, parts manufacturers, etc. These companies are very diverse and 21% of the total are in various technologies or have "Varied sources”.

It is noticeable that only a small percentage of companies are in wind power, given the amount of installed power using this technology in Aragon. This activity is concentrated in a very small number of companies specifically working in this sector that produce wind power technology and/or development and a larger number of companies that own the wind farms that are not included in the database because their registered addresses are outside Aragon.

Both in the wind power and hydroelectric power areas, more than one third of the companies are parts manufacturers. Wind power is the only sector of activity in which the electrical generation companies are represented.

Castilla-Leon. If we look at the map of the Spanish electricity grid, this is one of the areas that has a well developed transmission line network into which renewable energies can be incorporated.

Wind power and solar thermal power dominate the installed capacity that uses renewable energy sources. Thermal biomass consumes the equivalent of 60,000 people. Biofuels and pellets also have a notable presence, as do solar thermal and photovoltaic power.

The short and medium term future prospects for renewable energies are:

• Wind power: Castilla-Leon hopes to take fourth place in Spain because of its access to the national grid and to have 10,000 MW of installed power in the medium term.

• Mini-hydroelectric power: The best sites are already taken, obtaining permits is complicated, the ecologists are against the impact of this type of installation and investment goes into wind and photovoltaic power. This source of power could however grow by 10% in the next 10 years.

• Photovoltaic power: With 330 MW, Castilla-Leon takes fourth place in Spain but it is not known how far it can expand. In Spain there are 3,500 MW of installed power, which could rise to 8,000 MW.

• Bioenergy: The Castilla-Leon Bioenergy Plan seeks to multiply the production of biomass in the area by eight by 2020 and to be able to produce 38% of the total electricity generated. In 2009 it was producing 5%.

In the Boecillo Technology Park (Valladolid), research, development and innovation (R&D+i) activities are taking place on biodiesel, biomass, biocarbons and biofuels and promoting renewable energies.

• Solar thermoelectric power: There is none in Castilla-Leon.


50

• Solar thermal power: There are no prospects for this on new buildings because of the crisis in construction.

• Geothermal power: There are no projects or prospects for this.

The following are the Autonomous Community government’s plans for renewable energies:

• To increase access to high quality energy, which means guaranteeing a constant supply, contributing to economic development by producing the cheapest energy possible, increasing activity in this field and generating employment.

• To care for the environment, meet European regulations, coordinate with the other Autonomous Communities through the central government and create a law to bring stability to the sector since the next two or three years are essential for changing the paradigm of the energy model.

• To play a role in training the technicians needed. The University of Leon has a master’s in renewable energies and, through the Santa Barbara Foundation, is teaching vocational training courses that are in line with the needs of companies.

Among other things, Castilla-Leon can supply experience in financial advice, wind measurement, wind farm development, parts manufacturing and wind farm production and promotion.

Castilla-La Mancha occupies a privileged position worldwide as a producer of energy from renewable sources, especially wind and photovoltaic power. At the present time, it can be said that Castilla-La Mancha is on its way to positive growth in the technologies of cogeneration, wind power and solar photovoltaic power.

The large number of wind farms and solar farms in the Community of Castilla-La Mancha and their continuing development are the main reason for this green energy fuelled progress. It also seems that their growth is going to continue for a number of years to come.

Investing in a mixture of energies is the best way to avoid energy dependence, but the relative weight that any energy source should have is the responsibility of each country’s energy policy.

Catalonia is known for the development of renewable energies, especially wind and photovoltaic power. It currently produces 448 MW of wind power, 349 MW more are under construction and another 1,100 MW have been authorized. The aim of the Autonomous Community government is to have 3,500 MW installed by 2015. As far as solar photovoltaic power is concerned, there are 161 MW in operation, which is more than the 100 MW forecast for 2015. The future projections for this type of energy are extensive and are being supported by legislative developments, although sometimes these conflict with the legislation that is being prepared by the central government.

In 2050, of all the electricity produced in Catalonia, in the province of Barcelona the cheapest will be produced by geothermal and onshore wind power; in Girona, it will be produced by wave and offshore wind power, with photovoltaic power integrated into buildings, solar photovoltaic farms and solar thermal power; and in Tarragona, it will be produced from geothermal, onshore wind and solar thermal power.

The Valencian Community is also investing in the development of renewable energies. It is particularly notable because there is a flourishing wind turbine production industry that could be considered to be emerging, but it is lacking in other sectors. Wind power is the energy that has the greatest future possibility in this Community and its energy plans lean in this direction. However, the public authorities are aware of the need to support other energy options, such as biomass and photovoltaic power.


51

The aim is to bolster the relative weight of renewable energies and to decrease that of nuclear energy, which, up to now, has been the most important option. Future investment will focus on the use of gas as a source of domestic energy and photovoltaic power for heating.

Murcia has great potential for developing renewable energies, especially solar thermoelectric power and marine biomass. Wind power has little presence as yet. Whether renewable energies take off in the Region of Murcia depends on the energy policy decisions taken.

Solar photovoltaic power has produced strong growth in employment but since September 2008 legislation has forced the number of installations to be reduced so that a number of companies closed and employment fell. The establishment of quotas limits the development of this technology. In addition, the solar panel and solar cell manufacturing market is in the hands of China, so that prices are controlled, which has an effect on the installation of this technology.

The prospects for solar photovoltaic energy point to the number of installations and jobs being retained or increasing slightly. State aid is needed to reactivate this technology, which is expensive, mainly so that it can be connected to the grid, not for domestic installations.

SOLTEC is one of the outstanding companies in this field as it is very competitive and installs photovoltaic facilities in the region and in Europe. It should also be mentioned that eight companies in the region have formed a company, SOL NUEVE INICIATIVAS ENERGÉTICAS S.A., to take on large scale projects in the region, in Spain and abroad.

Solar thermal power has been increasing moderately. Because of the application of the Technical Building Code in 2007, it was thought that there would be an increase, especially in installing this type of domestic hot water system in buildings, but, due to the recession in construction, no progress has been made. This is a sector that is made up of very small companies. However, an increase in activity is forecast once construction recovers because it is expected that the output of this type of energy, which offers possibilities of sustainability, respect for the environment and an increase in competitiveness in Europe, will rise because of the intense, permanent solar radiation available in this region.

Solar thermoelectric power has scarcely been implemented in the region of Murcia but it may gain in importance in the future even though it requires a great deal of water to operate. Its technological level is very high, mainly in the area of equipment manufacture. It has good prospects for development in this region and in Spain in general. The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade has authorized the production of 2,300 MW in the entire country but most of this has gone to the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha and Extremadura.

Very little biomass has been implemented to date in the Region of Murcia but it is forecast that activity will increase and be very profitable, as long as rational use is made of agricultural and forest waste.

Forecasts point to a high level of growth in activity and employment since biomass requires considerable manpower; it can also result in the reactivation of the agricultural sector with the growing of energy crops.

Wind power has been the energy source least implemented in this region. The possibilities for its development in Murcia are very limited because this area does not reach the minimum wind speed needed to obtain sufficient profitability. In addition, there is no suitable infrastructure in place for transporting the electricity produced.

For the time being, the region has no plans to install offshore wind farms although this is being proposed for other parts of Spain.

In Murcia and the Spanish Mediterranean coast in general, there is a high potential for obtaining energy from marine biomass by producing and harvesting marine algae but at the present time there are no companies with production plants manufacturing algae for this purpose.


52

The majority of companies in this region use imported installations and equipment, mainly from Germany. These are beginning to be manufactured in Spain but are still only a small proportion of the total (90% imports vs. 10% own manufacture).

Navarre is one of the Autonomous Communities that has made progress in the use of renewable energies, especially wind power. After a phase when this type of energy gets off the ground and comes into use, it is necessary to achieve what can be called “energy efficiency”. To do this, plans have begun to be made to apply this type of energy to civil service departments, local bodies and neighbourhood associations. Navarre has 3,000 jobs linked to renewable energy, especially in the field of wind power production.

Wind power has reached a considerable level of development. In some Autonomous Communities, such as Navarre, it has even reached saturation point. Because of this, “repowering” is the future for activities related to this type of energy.

In Navarre, forestry use is one of the most important types of use and therefore the future prospects for biomass are positive. Pellets for biomass boilers are being exported to other countries. However, in this country, it is still expensive to exploit this type of technology and to use chips produced from forestry. The development of this type of technology would create local employment, especially in mountain areas where there is forestry.

In the Basque Country, activities related to wind power are almost a saturated sector as where it was possible to create large wind farms this is already been done and, therefore, in the medium term no increase is forecast. The production of turbines is a stable sector that will continue to produce them for the rest of Spain, Europe and America but will not generate new jobs.

In the next five years, only mini wind farms (with only five smaller turbines) will be developed, which will generate some employment in assembly work.

The Mugarri Plan, which establishes the bases for the development of this sector in the Autonomous Community, states that 60% of Alava should be an exclusion zone where no large wind or solar farms may be implemented. Instead, it proposes that these installations should be located in accessible areas that can be reused and where there is less impact, such as on medium height hills with average slopes, on low hills in rougher areas, in industrial areas and areas near to the main electricity power lines and in areas where there is both demand and consumption.

It also mentions the use of other sources of renewable energy, such as biomass and geothermal and solar power. It is hoped to triple the amount of wind power generated; the province of Alava hopes to have 35% of its power come from renewable sources.

The activity related to solar photovoltaic and solar thermoelectric energy is going to reduce the amount of assembly work, which has depended very much on subsidies and the construction industry (there are no panel or boiler manufacturers). Since the subsidies have been reduced and construction is in crisis, this activity could be transferred to other types of energy and lead to a possible loss of employment. In the medium and long term, a better future is seen for renewable energies depending on the price of oil, subsidies and the progress of the construction industry. In the long term, these must increase.

Biomass is the renewable energy with the greatest future. Between 20% and 30% of the companies in the renewable energy sector could go to biomass of various types, using forestry waste produced by the clearing of hillsides, the production of sawdust pellets from forestry sawmills and, in the future, from agricultural crops. The boilers are imported from Europe, mainly from Austria and Germany, and are assembled in the Basque Country. This source of energy has a great potential for creating employment, basically in occupations like forestry worker, agricultural labourer or, les frequently, boiler assembler-installer. The plants themselves operate with few workers.


53

Biodiesel was very important a short time ago when concessions were obtained for large power stations in the Bay of Biscay; some of these power plants never came on line and others now operate at minimum capacity. This is a source of energy that depends greatly on subsidies since 70% of the fuel consumed is imported from countries that subsidize production.

The mini-hydroelectric plant market (installations with less than 10 MW of power) grew when small dams and mini-hydro plants were built. Now the market is very stable. Hydroelectric turbines and mini turbines are manufactured in Euskadi.

In the renewable energy sector, photovoltaic panels are mainly imported from China and boilers from Europe and other parts of Spain. Imported biofuels are cheaper than those manufactured in this country. Mini turbines are exported for installation in mini-hydropower plants and turbines for large scale hydroelectric plants. Wind turbines are exported to countries all over the world and have a very stable market. Biomass boiler assembly could be exported to some parts of Europe.

In this sector, industrial production needs to receive aid. If the allowances were increased, investment would increase and so would production and the creation of employment.

The Basque energy strategy has focused on a policy of energy savings, energy diversification, through the use of cleaner energies like natural gas, the reduction of energy dependence by promoting the use of local resources, basically renewable ones, and the configuration of a Basque energy system that is geographically balanced, well interconnected, competitive, secure, designed with environmental criteria and can create wealth.

The Future of the Sector, according to the Experts Interviewed

The experts noted that we are approaching what they have called a third industrial revolution, which must result from the convergence between ICTs (information and communications technologies) and the technologies related to sustainable development, the environment and energy production.

Building up the energy sector involves several factors: creating employment, training skilled personnel, applying advanced technologies, developing and implementing R&D+I, conserving the environment, finding new, cleaner resources, manufacturing the parts used in energy sector industries. All of these will lead to the appearance of new sources of employment and the implementation of research programmes, according to the journal STAFF. Leaders in Renewables Energy.

The strong upward surge in oil prices between 2006 and 2008, which was temporarily halted by the economic problems of the markets, has made present day society invest more in renewable energies. In recent years, Spanish society has changed its position on the environment. In previous decades, the environment took second place behind the needs of industry but that outlook has now changed. Companies have realized that making profits is not incompatible with caring for the environment. Also, in some cases, new business niches have been carved out. For this reason, an increasing number of companies are using their resources to develop techniques, products and services that bear a green label.

Governments are also promoting a variety of regional, national and international programmes to stimulate and support the development of production methods and alternatives to traditional fuels. Their main motive is to reduce the emissions of harmful gases that are produced by non-renewable sources of energy.

Generating electricity using non-polluting processes is one of the sectors with a future as its potential as a source of new jobs, many of them in rural areas, is particularly encouraging. However, the experts emphasized that this is an immature sector, subject to more than a few contradictions and, for this reason, it is necessary and imperative to change its direction.

Up to now, the country’s dependence on third countries for electricity production has prevented Spain from freeing itself from the systemic upheavals that have hurt its economic progress. The goal of both its regional and national governments, therefore, is to lessen this dependence. But it is


54

necessary to unify the criteria, to get rid of doubts among the producers and to keep in mind the fact that energy producing companies, the big companies whose main business is renewable energy, and the small and medium size businesses that have a more limited scope of action and are the ones that are suffering most from the impact of the economic crisis do not share the same point of view.

However, when we speak of renewable energy, one point that must be emphasized first and foremost is that the development that has taken place in this country has been disorganized and has resulted in the following situation:

• Not all the sources of energy have developed equally. Wind power is the most extensive, followed by photovoltaic power. Biomass and thermal, offshore and mini-hydroelectric power, on the other hand, are not used as much, for a variety of reasons.

• Varying rates of expansion can be found among the renewable sources of energy. First of all, there are regions that have decided to favour massive implementation, especially of wind power, and have managed to reach saturation point. Secondly, there are the Communities that are managing to implement this type of energy, but still have some way to go. Finally, there are others that have only just begun and have the possibility of expanding and diversifying the types of energy that they are going to produce and use.

• As a result of the above, saturation has led to environmental problems. New challenges are being faced, such as replacing materials, researching how to solve the problems brought on by the development of this type of energy, determining the needs of the sector and the possible solutions and deciding how to reorganize the sector and make it more cohesive so that it can be developed successfully.

The power production companies have been able to resist the collapse of the economy and the fall in energy demand by focusing their attention on managing the quotas for energy produced from renewable sources and on managing the power and integrating it into the national grid. The big renewable energy companies are focusing on increasing their international presence and on researching such aspects as storage and plant management.

It has been the small and medium size companies that have suffered most from the economic downturn. Most of the companies in this sector that have had difficulty staying in business have been small or medium sized (Spanish acronym, PYMES) and their challenges have been to resolve their financing difficulties, to gain access to training for their employees and to manage their job vacancies and hiring in such a way as to be able to find the staff that they need.

Among the alternatives for renewable energy development is the wind, a form of energy that can be produced in large quantities in Spain, without any need to rely on foreign countries, some of which have unstable political situations that could have an effect on future energy supplies.

The technology associated with wind power is advancing. Subsidies are being given to a new wind turbine prototype that has a vertical axis instead of a horizontal one, which is still in the project phase.

Offshore wind power also has great future potential. Spain has been a pioneer in the development of wind power, with the Autonomous Communities of Navarre, Castilla-Leon, Aragon and Andalusia serving as clear examples. A considerable


55

amount of wind power has been installed in this country but there is still a future for offshore installations, which are now in the planning phase.

At the present time, there is considerable interest in other types of energy. The solar model has become an excellent alternative due to Spain's privileged geographical location. Also, the general public supports its use because of the numerous advantages that it offers compared to conventional power: it is free, inexhaustible and, above all, not harmful for the environment.

The impact of renewable energy on this country has been evident, since it adds to the advantages of conventional energy. It is now possible to produce electricity or hot water in isolated or inaccessible places, which avoids transport costs and provides plants that do not produce any noise or filth and have a useful life of more than 20 years. Even so, there is still a long way to go to be able to take advantage of all its potential in a more effective way.

The solar option is not uniform as it can be used in two different ways. One way is intended for self-consumption (which includes all solar thermal power and isolated photovoltaic power), while the other, which is simply called photovoltaic, is design to be connected to the grid so that the electrical power generated can be sold.

With this in mind, Spain is sponsoring energy plans that include specific programmes for subsidies, technical regulations, training for installation companies and information for users. It is also progressively including the installation of this type of technology on public buildings.

Along with other measures, the government hopes to make a positive impact on local industries that have seen their importance rise exponentially in recent years, with a special emphasis on rural areas, where a significant number of jobs have been created.

It also intends to give support to and increase the current production of biomass, with a target of 2020. The project will include a series of measures designed to ensure that by that year wood is being used as a source of direct energy, using “green” woody material and especially the sub-products of unused woodland.

Biomass is nothing other than taking advantage of the resources provided by woods and hillsides to produce green energy. In other words, adapting the work done in rural environments since time immemorial to fit the modern times. Selecting this alternative also means a considerable reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels and of nuclear energy, both of which are harmful for the environment.

Spain’s existing woodlands can in this way become a source of income for rural areas. Using forest waste to generate clean power could create numerous jobs in the next few years. This means an excellent opportunity for many small and medium size businesses to make sustainable development the basis for their business. Another positive aspect is the use and exploitation of the waste products produced by nature, which will help clean up these areas and reduce the risk of forest fires.

All the experts agreed that the storage and management of the energy produced is a great challenge that, once it is solved, will allow these energies to finally take off and make a definite impact on employment.

Biomass in particular will lead to the creation of local employment, which will in turn bring about regional policies, induce people to settle in largely uninhabited areas and make these areas attract population. To do this, legislation must be developed that makes it easier for small and medium sized companies to have access to the process and decreases the costs that exist today.

Solid waste is one of the great preoccupations of all local authorities, since it requires large areas of land for its treatment and produces unpleasant odours in the areas where waste dumps are


56

located. One of the ways to make use of solid waste is biomethanation, a process by which clean biogas is generated.

As far as management is concerned, Spain is a pioneer and a leader in managing and controlling the production of renewable energy installations. Electricity cannot be stored in great quantities so that is necessary to control the electrical system; in other words, to have a constant balance between the electricity generated and energy demand.

The Spanish Electricity Network (Spanish initials, REE) is responsible for guaranteeing that demand is always covered. This work is done at its control centre, where, on the one hand, it predicts demand and controls the variations in it and, on the other, it sends instructions to the power stations to generate more or less power.

The operation of wind and solar power generation is particularly complex. Among other things, this is because it is difficult to know in advance just when the weather conditions will permit the generation of electricity. The REE has therefore created the Special Scheme Control Centre (Spanish initials, CECRE) with the aim of maximizing the integration of electricity generated under the Special Scheme. Wind power needs special attention for it to be safely integrated into the electrical grid.

Wind power has two particular problems. For one thing, it is a source that offers no guarantees that it will provide power to the grid, since it must have an additional reserve of power produced by other technologies in order to be able to cope when the forecast wind power production is not available. Also, at times, it presents a risk to the safety of the electricity supply, as wind turbines can easily become disconnected when there are voltage dips, which occur when there is a short circuit in the system. In addition, wind power is only generated when the wind blows, and it is therefore difficult to manage as the power is not necessarily produced when consumption needs arise.

When discussing the future of the renewable energy field, the experts gave the impression that the future can indeed be described as promising. It is certain that the crisis has affected the development and implementation of these systems and has slowed down the initial burst of projects that are in the design or research phase, partly because of the difficulty of obtaining financing for new projects. However, one irrefutable point should be noted: fossils fuels are finite and, despite nuclear energy, renewable energy is the alternative that has great prospects in the short and medium term. There are possibilities in the international market and all countries are involved in promoting renewable energy. The use of clean energy sources is increasingly sought after, in the first place, because of the oil crisis and, secondly, because of climate change. In addition, the emerging countries are going to need more power.

The experts stated that the level of development in the renewable energy sector is basically going to depend on the following factors:

1. The new National Energy Plan and the allocation of allowances, energy production quotas, etc. established in it.

2. A positive outcome to the credit crisis, on which many projects now depend.

3. The organization of the sector. National and Autonomous Community legislation must be coordinated and be coherent for all types of energy technology, so as not to have the contradictions that so often occur today. It must also be remembered that renewable energy production varies from one Autonomous Community to another. For example, in Navarre, 90% of production comes from wind power and 80% of production within this field comes from manufacturing parts. In Catalonia, there is national legislation but its direct application is managed by the Autonomous Community and is mostly directed to low temperature solar thermal power.

4. Giving greater impetus to biomass. This is a topic that is still pending but is beginning to take off. There are boiler manufacturers in this country but biomass needs a large growing area and it can depend on financing plans that are somewhat risky. Not only is production profitable but


57

it can also meet other objectives such as cleaning up wooded areas. Also, the logistics can be used by agricultural associations that are seeking to use their waste products to produce energy. It is therefore important to put the two sides, the logistics managers and the parties involved, in contact with each other.

The future of the renewable energy sector is particularly promising for biomass related projects, although there are certain weaknesses that need to be confronted, such as the need for large areas of land, the logistics and its incipient status in this country. Planning the future of this sector starts with solving the storage problem. If this problem is solved, the viability of the sector is assured.

There are a number of factors that make expanding the efficient use of this source of energy viable, as a step in the direction of making massive use of renewable energy sources. It could be considered that their use would close the ideal energy cycle: design, production, maintenance, reconversion and efficient use.

Among the factors that could help this process are the following:

• The current low price of energy. • The increase in public aid. • European and Spanish legislative support. • The necessary reorganization of the sector. • The development and expansion of renewable energies in a cohesive, balanced manner

based on one comprehensive vision.

However, there are obstacles that stand in the way of a real boom:

• A lack of stable, non-contradictory legislation. • A lack of incentives for profitability, which must be an important starting point for the use of

renewable energies. Companies are still reluctant to develop new projects due to the costs. • The differing regional organization and legislation, which in many cases lead to conflict

between the different Autonomous Communities and the State and do not encourage the carrying out of development projects.

• The complexity of the processes for getting access to aid and to the available legislation, which tends to be prolix and complicated. Not complying with the formalities continues to be a serious hindrance to the process.

• A lack of assimilation of and adaptation to the concept of energy efficiency on the part of small companies.

• A lack of energy self-management, due to the fact that this concept has not yet taken root in the economic fabric of this country.

As far as the future of the renewable sources of energy is concerned, the following points were emphasized:

• Wind power has arrived at a notable stage of development. In some Autonomous Communities, it has even reached saturation point, as in Navarre. In this case, the future of this type of energy is in “repowering", innovative designs for new plants and finding the balance with the use of other types of energy.

• In general, DISTRIBUTED GENERATION is the future of renewable energy, being as close as possible to consumers, homes, hospitals, training centres, industrial parks, etc. It is a question of helping the consumer.

• COGENERATION, using the heat produced for power generation and consumption has been up to now a process that has only helped energy production.


58

• Existing legislation obliges us to use the energy that is produced and therefore energy efficiency projects are more viable when they are close to the public: in hospitals, sports clubs, training centres, etc.

Almost all the technology needed to produce this type of energy is imported. Photovoltaic panels are mostly imported from China. As mentioned above, boilers are imported from Europe. And imported biofuels are cheaper than those manufactured in this country.

In contrast, mini turbines for mini-hydroelectric plants and turbines for large scale hydroelectric plants are exported. Wind turbines are exported all over the world and have a very stable market. Biomass boiler assembly can also be exported to some places in Europe.

This is a sector that needs aid for industrial production. If the allowances were increased, investment, production and job creation would all increase. Much depends on the price of oil and the current price means that more aid is needed.

The future of renewable energy has a part to play in developing the building sector. An attempt is therefore being made to make buildings self-sufficient; in the short term, small scale alternative energy is going to be found in homes, rather than in industry. So that this can happen, allowances are needed so that research and the technology can continue to mature. Incentives are needed so that the costs can be brought down. There is no doubt that renewable energy is going to take hold in the home. It will move from industrial scale installations to small installations that fit user consumption.

Legislation should focus on the objective of promoting grid parity. Because of the new Building Code, new and refurbished buildings will have to use renewable energy when the construction sector recovers. New buildings will preferably use solar and wind power to solve the problems of daily usage, such as electrifying homes that are not on the grid, providing these homes with domestic hot water (included here are homes, hotels, residences, sports facilities, etc.), pumping water using solar photovoltaic power, heating by means of underfloor heating supplied from solar thermal panels and photovoltaic power connected to mains electricity.

By focusing on the use of renewable energy linked to construction, a new concept has arisen: using energy could bring stability to the sector since it would create new jobs, although it is certain that most of these would come from adapting jobs that already exist, but the important thing is the new concept of work and its relationship to other sectors, especially building, installing and maintaining the equipment associated with renewable energy.

One of the points that was raised when talking of the future of renewable energy is the possibility of using this type of energy in daily life: in homes, streets and parks, in transportation and urban environments, in treating the waste generated by the public, etc. This is definitely a question of developing the concept of ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

Energy efficiency is the relationship between the amount of energy consumed and the final products and services obtained. It can be optimized by implementing a variety of measures and making investments that are applicable to the technology, to its management and to the cultural habits of the community. Individuals and organizations that are direct energy consumers may want to save energy to reduce their energy costs and to promote economic, political and environmental sustainability. Industrial and commercial users may want to increase their efficiency and maximize their profits. Energy saving and the environmental effects of generating electricity are two of today’s concerns.

The development of renewable energy and its great potential for use in Spain have been made possible by the experience built up by companies in the wind power business, which is also the activity that is creating the most employment: in assembly, electricity, logistics, construction and supply.

As we have said above, supplying and storing power are the Achilles heel of any type of energy. The location of the company is the most important factor when incorporating the power produced


59

into the national grid; a poor location increases production costs and leads to a need to solve the problem of storage.

On the other hand, the impact of the crisis on the sector and specifically on the activities related to wind power has made the big companies look for a way to expand overseas, which has led to one company exporting equipment to the USA. However, the crisis has also brought about an increase in labour force adjustment plans.

Wind power has a number of stages of development, although it should be said that these same stages apply to any kind of power:

When the experts in the sector were questioned, they expressed a number of different points of view about the development of this type of energy. On the one hand, the big companies insisted on the importance of there being a consensus between the European and Spanish plans for future development and those of the various Autonomous Communities. These companies claimed that there were differences between the plans and that the legislation that already exists in these regions is not sufficiently developed and, at times, not the most suitable. These circumstances have led the big companies that are the leaders in the field and have a significant international presence to freeze or reduce their plans for development in Spain and to invest abroad.

Until recently, some big companies were building wind farms and operating them themselves, but now they are building them for third parties, such as the projects that Spanish companies are developing in the United States, Morocco, etc.

Similarly, for some time now, many companies have been concentrating on building plants and leaving their operation to third parties. As was mentioned above, these companies saw that there was a solid international market with stable legislation and possibilities of development and went for it, since they felt that the Spanish market was indecisive.

DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT

AASSSSEEMMBBLLYY

OOPPEERRAATTIIOONN

RREEPPOOWWEERRIINNGG

R&D Developing plans

Design

Manufacture Assembly

Infrastructure

Operations management Plant operation Maintenance

Dismantling Repowering Covalidation

Jobs:

• Post-graduate engineers • Undergraduate engineers • Design experts

Forecast:

Maintaining employment levels.

Type of Company: Most companies subcontract this work out to smaller companies and consultants.

Jobs:

• Post-graduate engineers • Undergraduate engineers • Equipment managers • Machine operators • Installers • Assemblers

Forecast:

Critical mass of possible sackings or hiring by type of energy.

Type of Company: Mostly done by the company.

Jobs:

• Undergraduate engineers • Equipment managers • Machine operators • Maintenance technicians

Forecast:

Jobs maintained in wind power. Increase in employment in other types.

Type of Company: Mostly done by the company but some subcontracting.

Jobs:

• Post-graduate and undergraduate engineers • Equipment managers • Machine operators • Assemblers

Forecast:

Increase in employment in wind photovoltaic.

Type of Company: Mostly done by the company. Mostly big companies.


60

However, this view does not coincide with the needs of the small and medium businesses in the sector. They are more concerned with having access to financing and solving the problems of finding suitable personnel with qualifications and experience so that they can minimize their costs and remain in business.

The following points can be made about the future of renewable energy in this country, taking the different sources one at a time:

• Wind power has serious financing problems. If these are solved, some areas of the country where there is saturation could go on to the “repowering” phase, although it should be noted that this phase is as yet unregulated. In the near future, business is going to be generated by the processes of change and the updating of a large number of installations, parts manufacture, installation, assembly and recycling in other emerging countries and the scrapping of obsolete parts. Businesses that need less power, such as farms, factories, etc., can also set up their own production plans for self-consumption.

• Photovoltaic power has good possibilities for development, if the problems of “allowances” and the high cost of setting up installations are solved. The companies interviewed believed that when this type of installation is profitable, it will develop considerably.

• Thermal power has strong links to the construction sector and therefore is virtually at a standstill. Despite this, the experts agreed that it has good future prospects due to the legislation that is appearing regulating the use of this type of energy for all new buildings, and especially the legislation related to the development of the concept of energy efficiency.

• Geothermal power is also linked to construction and, like the previous source of power, is affected by the same circumstances. One of the great problems with this type of energy is that, as well as being geographically limited, the production areas are located far from the electricity pylons, which increases costs significantly. Once again the solution is to store the power but this is a problem that is still in the research phase.

• High temperature thermal power also has considerable potential.

• Biomass can be developed and create employment in the short and medium term but it is necessary to take into account the fact that the raw material is limited. This means that the possibilities of development are also limited, if significant. This type of energy is linked to specific geographical areas: those with agriculture, stock breeding and forestry.

• Biodiesel has possibilities for development and the experts signal that this is an energy source with a great future. The raw materials needed to manufacture it come from abroad, which is a limiting factor for its development. This type of energy is currently in the research and development phase so that it has not yet being exploited as standard practice.

• Tidal power is currently in the R&D phase. It has future possibilities but for the time being they are limited.

According to the big companies, renewable energy has a future and will be developed when the problem of the amount of power generated has been solved. Currently, regulation needs to be planned as the amount of power available in Spain is greater than national demand (the excess is mainly sold to France, Morocco and Portugal.)

The company experts surveyed expressed the following opinions on the future of renewable energy sources:

• The public authorities must develop a legislative framework based on European Community legislation that redirects and organizes the sector and sets the bases for developing and implementing renewable energy in this country.

• The government is asked to provide the financial resources needed so as to stimulate the production and use of renewable energy.

• It is necessary to consider the environmental impact of such installations more carefully.


61

• Safeguarding the installations and recycling the materials are becoming increasingly important. For the latter, activities such as converting useless materials into scrap, selling installations to third countries and reconditioning processes for new plants are starting to appear.

• They considered that it would be beneficial to have agreements between companies on the use of installations and also with occupational training centres so that the machinery could be used for practical work experience.

• It is predicted that the new 2011-2020 Renewable Energy Plan (Spanish initials, PER) could generate a great number of jobs.

• There should not be any competition between the Autonomous Communities a priori but there are two areas in which there could be some, since they are political: the electric power transmission grid – entry points from power producing farms – and distribution quotas.


62

5.2. Employment Needs The view of the experts is influenced by the fact that it is wind power that has developed most in this country over the last decade. They also noted, however, that their opinion on employment needs could apply to any of the different types of renewable energy.

Energy consumption has increased considerably in this country. Power is cheaper and therefore more profitable. The production of energy from all sources, including renewable ones, grew until 2004. The great development of renewable energy, especially wind power, was due to a number of different factors, including the existence of legislation that favoured its use and the fact that the sector was receiving the financial aid needed to make it take off.

As far as jobs are concerned, the structure of all power plants, no matter what their source of energy, is very similar. On a wind farm, in a thermoelectric or a biomass plant, etc, the following are the standard jobs:

Plant manager

Production manager

Maintenance manager

Production machinery operators

Maintenance technicians

Mechanics and electricians The experts estimated that, in the complete life cycle of a wind farm, some 200 people would be involved in its assembly and 25 in running it. This tends to be local employment (especially for plant maintenance, start up and production), although the crisis has meant that the number of people coming in from other areas looking for work has increased. In general, companies prefer workers who live in the local area since geographical mobility is very limited in this country.

As far as being able to count on workers from the area around the plant is concerned, it must be said that those with intermediate level and advanced diplomas generally come from outside, while the operators and technicians, who tend to have advanced level vocational training, must at times be found outside because of a lack of qualified local personnel.

Because workers who fit the job description for these different plants cannot always be found, most often the more technical and specialized personnel (those with intermediate or advanced level diplomas, and technicians with advanced level vocational training) consider moving to be a requirement for finding work as they receive higher wages. Maintenance personnel, however, are not always prepared to move, so that companies prefer to train people from the area.

Companies need professionals with degrees and the requirements that they most often ask for, in addition to experience, are a good grasp of English, a knowledge of software and a positive attitude to working in renewable energy. Specific training is given by the company.

The jobs that are going to generate the most employment are related to operation and maintenance. However, the working conditions on a electricity producing farm are very hard and the professionals who work there cannot remain there for an indefinite period of time. They need either to find another niche or to retrain for a different job.

The location of plants outside this country leads to the exporting of technological jobs, mainly those related to design and exploitation, but as these are occupations employing only a small number of people, they do not have a great prospect of growth. The jobs related to installation also do not


63

generate direct employment in Spain as the materials are imported from the producing countries and the manpower comes from the area where the plant is built.

It is hoped that both promoting low temperature solar thermal energy in various Autonomous Communities and integrating renewable energies into the grid will have a significant effect on employment.

Other significant information on future employment is:

• Operations and maintenance are the key jobs of the future, since profitability depends on there being as few stoppages as possible.

• Most of the jobs will not be newly created ones; it will be normal for there to be retraining from other, existing jobs.

• The creation of a social network for economic cooperation could generate new employment.

• It is necessary to organize clearer company management.

• In agriculture and stock breeding, employment could be generated in processes such as biomethanation.

• In construction, jobs could be created by using renewable energy for heating water and photovoltaic power (electricians, energy managers etc.).

• Supply related activities, in which consumption plays a large part, will determine the development of certification companies and the creation of occupations such as energy efficiency technician and building technician. This could also be a considerable employment niche.

• Industrial engineers with postgraduate training in a specific area of renewable energy will be needed.

The future prospects for biomass are also positive. In some Communities, like Navarre, forestry use is one of the most important land uses. Pellets for biomass boilers are being produced and being exported to other countries (This system is widely used in the north of Europe.). However, in this country, it is still expensive to implement this type of technology and to use chips from forestry. Employment will mainly be created locally, especially in mountainous areas where there is forestry, and it will mainly focus on the following jobs:

Forestry machine operators.

Loggers.

Collectors of waste from tree felling.

Chip producers.

Chip boiler manufacturing machinery operators.

Forestry clean-up and maintenance personnel.

Chip production plant operators.

Drivers One of the connections between renewable energy and construction is energy efficiency. The creation of new materials, such as thermo-clay, is encouraging the use of renewable energy in the home and in the energy efficiency plans of neighbourhood associations.

The training needs generated by the application of energy efficiency to construction will call for the training of installers and maintenance personnel. A new concept has arisen: building energy certification. This is a legal requirement that will now have to be met by all new buildings and will affect existing buildings two years from now. Almost 30% of primary energy consumption comes


64

from buildings and therefore European regulations have tried to influence the energy consumption of buildings by creating a similar rating system to the one already used for electrical appliances.

Energy efficiency will generate both many new jobs and retraining from existing ones. Training in this new content will therefore need to be given to quantity surveyors, site managers, architects and engineers. These occupations will include new professional skills, and new training needs will arise, such as “domotics", or home automation, the characteristics of new construction materials, etc. Jobs for graduate highway engineers as MOBILITY MANAGERS, to plan city transport use and make it profitable, are also appearing. All these jobs (auditors, managers, etc.) are closely related to social awareness. It is important for these people to understand the type of energy that they are going to manage and therefore it is advisable to train technicians who have professional experience of this type of energy, preferably in the field of construction.

Future employment will have the following characteristics:

• In general, candidates will have a diploma that fits the position and they will be given specific

training by the company.

• There will be a considerable amount of retraining.

• The candidate’s positive attitude to working in the sector and in that particular type of plant will be particularly valued.

• In the case of university degrees, importance will be given to the degree and whether the person has a master’s or has taken courses that are related to the vacancy on offer.

• Considerable importance will be given to a knowledge of English.

• Outward-lookingness (being open to foreign ideas) will be sought after, especially for those with post-graduate degrees who are involved in the design and R&D phases.

• An intermediate level or, more often, an advanced level vocational training diploma, especially in electricity and electro-mechanics, will be required for assembly, start-up and maintenance positions. Generally, these positions are not difficult to fill at the present time but it is important to note that the candidates do not perfectly fit the profiles put out by the companies.

• For the construction of the infrastructure linked to plant assembly, the works management team usually comes from within the company and the development is subcontracted out, although there are companies that have their own development department.

• Supplementary services such as water supply, resource management and environmental management tends to be subcontracted out.

The structure of overseas work is the following:

• Plant development and assembly. This is a job that has already been created and will see some expansion in the future, although its future is limited since it depends on the project in hand. It tends to be done by Spanish technicians.

• Exploitation and maintenance. This tends to be local and frequently is subcontracted out to outside companies.

With regard to the type of company, ancillary companies are in demand. 85% of them are small, and 61% of the jobs are concentrated in 12 companies. Navarre has 3,000 jobs linked to renewable energy, especially in the field of wind power production.

The future of employment depends on finding suitable professionals. Most of the jobs that will be created will involve retraining from already existing jobs.

The experts agreed that there are very few professional technicians who understand electricity and mechanics and in wind power this type of training is very important. In addition, it is more profitable


65

to train people for new jobs than to create jobs, as previous knowledge can be enhanced by additional training. At the advanced level, the retraining can be done in the last two years of study.

Jobs are currently being created but is important to note that there are two different types available. In the south, in Morocco, the technology comes from outside, from England and Germany, and this does not generate employment for Spain. On the other hand, more can be done in the north and the exploitation is different so that there would be a greater need for installation and maintenance. This would be a process of reinvestment, reconverting installations and maintaining them, which would require more manpower. Training is therefore essential.

5.3. Training Needs The experts think that renewable energy is developing more rapidly than the capacity for training and that the government is not keeping step. In addition to a lack of standardized, regulated training, the demand for training is increasing in line with the prospects of the sector. Their hope is that training courses in renewable energy will be standardized.

Examples do however exist of universities and specialized training centres that are moving in this direction. The University of Cadiz intends to create an undergraduate or master’s degree in renewable energy. In 2010, it will present a plan for a renewable energy International Excellence Campus (Spanish initials, CEI) in Almeria. Juan Carlos I University is also moving in this direction and is working on setting up a diploma that is in line with the parameters of the Bologna Plan. The qualities that companies most often find lacking in applicants for vacancies are the following:

• In general, there is an excessively commercial view of the renewable energy sector. The government and companies sell its virtues and predict great developments but, in the opinion of the experts, there is no parallel effort to structure a training plan that could respond to the demand for training and employment in every aspect of renewable energy.

• The big companies tend to do their own training and retrain those that they hire so that they fit the job description. It is a different question for small and medium sized companies; they need to use outside centres as their structure does not permit them to have their own training department.

• There is also an obvious need to include the relationship between production and training in the training plan for the sector. The government, companies and training centres must increase their level of involvement and their relationship with all that is being developed.

• For industry, it is necessary to have a knowledge of each kind of energy. Training is mainly given to personnel who already have mechanical or electromechanical vocational training and a great deal of training is concerned with installation, start-up and plant maintenance.

• Engineers with undergraduate or post-graduate degrees are trained in plant support. Training is also given in English, in project development, in prevention and in environmental care. This type of training is designed for plant managers and project managers.


66

• When giving training in renewable energy that matches the needs of construction, it is important to include all the aspects of solar thermal installation in new buildings. It is also important for this technology to advance because, even though some advances have been made, countries like Germany, Denmark, Italy and Greece are ahead of us. However, the number of installation companies in this country has declined, mainly due to their strong dependence on the construction industry. The one area that continues to operate with relative normality is installation maintenance, an important aspect to keep in mind when training workers.

• In general, it should be noted that the training needed by technicians, except for assemblers, is advanced level vocational training, although companies that subcontract their work out due to a lack of professionals tend to hire less qualified personnel who have had regulated training, which they then top up with occupational training.

• Those who have had vocational training lack some knowledge, especially of English, although it must be admitted that they have a good knowledge of mechanics, electricity and electro-mechanics.

• Those who have vocational training diplomas are prepared to adapt to new jobs in renewable energy, although there is resistance to geographical mobility, since the wages are not high and they have problems settling in new places.

• In the selection process for jobs in plant assembly and operations, companies have established protocols and training routes that are automatically applied. This means that training is “ad hoc” as it responds to the interests of each company and includes the technical and management training needed to do the job.

• In technical positions that require a university degree, the candidates lack experience with the latest technologies. In general, they have acquired a good level of knowledge from their training but little professional experience or practical work experience.

• This forces companies to increase their efforts to retrain personnel for the job.

• Because of this, two questions were emphasized: firstly, cooperation agreements between companies (especially in relation to repowering) and secondly, offering transverse modules that teach attitudes to work, which is one of the skills notably lacking in young people.

• It is important to forge alliances between the government, companies and training centres to increase the effectiveness of the development of these types of energy.

• An effort must be made to offer specific training, since the training now given is mainly general and not very dynamic.

• .It is considered to be important to create places where the national and Autonomous Community public employment services, training centres and companies can meet to make training and the management of the training courses on offer easier.

• It is recommended that training centres should be able to adapt to technological change. This has clear financial implications as equipping them tends to be costly.

• One of the areas on which the training effort needs to be focused is software, especially to train technicians with higher level diplomas.

• Training in facility control is also important as there is a trend away from mechanical installations to control systems.

Renewable Energy Training Courses

Training is a basic tool for improving the skills of workers. It increases the possibilities of finding work and of constantly adapting their skills and competencies to the demands of the labour market, which at this time is clearly banking on the development of renewable energy.

In the field of renewable energy, the training courses that are described in this section are related


67

to Certificates of Professionalism and vocational training for employment courses.

It should be remembered, first of all, that in the field of occupational training the term “profession” normally includes a great variety of occupations. For a profession to have a deontological code, or system of duties, obligations and rights, it is necessary first to delimit the field of activity and then identify and define the processes, skills, attitudes, aptitudes and abilities needed to exercise this profession. We are currently at this point in the field of renewable energy.

It is also important to note that a whole series of professionals, technicians and skilled personnel work in occupations that are on the borderline with renewable energy, including electricians, maintenance technicians, plant assembly experts, draughtsmen, developers and machine operators, and in a long list of occupations that will adapt to the new technologies, materials, tools, requirements and work processes.

Renewable energy is an emerging sector that must be filled before the end of the third decade of this century. This means that it will not be enough to retrain professionals from associated activities; it will also be necessary to make an effort to train professionals in this specific field.

One of the guiding principles of the draft Law on a Sustainable Economy is promoting clean energy, reducing emissions and treating waste effectively with the aim of stimulating the sustainability of Spain’s economy. This will generate the impetus needed to facilitate and develop economic activities that are linked to renewable energy sources, which will lead to new jobs in the sector.

The National Catalogue of Professional Qualifications (Spanish initials, CNCP) is providing the job descriptions for the skilled jobs that the sector is and will be demanding. The new courses leading to vocational training diplomas and certificates of professionalism will make it possible for a large number of workers who are offering or have offered their services in borderline activities to take part in the accreditation process. These include technicians, operators and plant, ducting, and electricity installers, maintenance workers and repairmen and transport workers, etc.

The professional profiles or job descriptions needed are therefore being identified by the CNCP so that entrepreneurs and workers can find efficient, high quality professionals and activities through the different training courses offered in this sector. Certificates of Professionalism The national civil service determines the diplomas and certificates of professionalism for the vocational training courses listed in the National Catalogue of Professional Qualifications. The conditions and content of each certificate of professionalism are updated and published in the information section of redtrabaj@, the new Public Employment Service web site.

Royal Decree 34/2008 of 18 January regulated the Certificates of Professionalism. It defined them as being the official instrument by which the Labour Department accredits the professional qualifications listed in the National Catalogue of Professional Qualifications. The department gives accreditation for an employment activity that has significance for employment and ensures that the training needed is acquired, within the framework of the vocational training for employment sub-system that is regulated by Royal Decree 395/2007 of 23 March. A certificate of professionalism specifies a professional profile, or job description, which is understood to be a set of professional skills, or competencies, identifiable in the productive system and recognized in and valued by the labour market.

The regulations governing the certificates of professionalism for the ENERGY AND WATER professional family, to which renewable energy belongs, are the following:

• Royal Decree 1381/2008 of 1 August establishing two certificates of professionalism in the energy and water professional family, to which renewable energy belongs, that are included in the National Repertory of Certificates of Professionalism.


68

• Royal Decree 1967/2008 of 28 November establishing four certificates of professionalism in the energy and water professional family, to which renewable energy belongs, that are included in the National Repertory of Certificates of Professionalism.

The training courses that correspond to one certificate of professionalism are designed for solar and wind power plant assemblers, operators and installers. There are also certificates of professionalism to train wind power plant management and maintenance supervisors and technicians. Plant management is one of the areas in most demand by companies in the short term. The large number of wind farms installed all over the country means that there is a need to have trained personnel to manage them who can get the maximum benefit out of the facility.

Training in assembling, installing and maintaining solar thermal installations or piped solar power is becoming increasingly important as this type of power is expanding and has a promising future. Companies are looking for professionals who have a knowledge of how to alter existing installations and assemble and maintain solar thermal installations.

One common feature of the certificates of professionalism that is highly valued by companies is a knowledge of electrical or electromechanical maintenance work. Companies are increasingly seeking professionals with this knowledge and emphasize the importance of its appearing in the profile of personnel who are applying to work with them.

Vocational Training for Employment Courses Royal Decree 395/2007 of 23 March regulated the vocational training for employment sub-system, which consists of a set of instruments and actions that are designed to promote and offer training that meets the needs of companies and employed and unemployed workers and contributes to the development of a knowledge based economy.

The vocational training for employment sub-system includes the following training initiatives:

a) On-demand training includes both in-company training actions and individual leaves of absence for training that are financed wholly or partially from public funds and meet the specific needs for training requested by companies and their workers.

b) Training courses on offer include training plans intended mainly for employed workers and training actions intended mainly for unemployed workers with the aim of offering them training that will enable them to become skilled workers and have access to employment.

c) Training alternating with employment (also known as alternance training) is made up of the training actions taught as part of training contracts and public employment/training programmes that permit workers to combine training with practical, on-the-job work experience.

d) Training support and mentoring actions make it possible to improve the efficiency of the vocational training for employment sub-system.

Two new vocational training diplomas have been designed or are being finalized for the energy and water sector. They could be complemented by two new intermediate level diplomas, one related to solar installations and the other to water management. In both cases the preliminary studies have not yet begun.

One of the two new diplomas is for Advanced technician in energy efficiency and solar thermal power, which was published in Royal Decree 117/2008 of 11 July. The training lasts for two years and the course was implemented in the 2009/2010 academic year.

Its objective is to provide professionals with the knowledge needed to configure solar thermal installations and manage their assembly and maintenance. To do this, they must know how to do the following:


69

1. Determine the energy performance of the thermal installations and lighting in buildings.

2. Create proposals for improving the efficiency of thermal installations and lighting by incorporating energy saving systems.

3. Apply the procedures and programmes that audit and give energy certification to buildings.

4. Draw up reports on the thermal behaviour of buildings.

5. Evaluate water consumption in buildings and propose alternatives that will lead to savings and efficient use and carry out the basic workplace risk prevention activities required by Royal Decree 39/1997 of 17 January.

The other diploma is for Advanced technician in wind power and solar photovoltaic power. It is designed for new professionals who will assemble, operate and maintain wind farms. These new professionals will also specialize in:

6. Developing plans for low power solar photovoltaic installations.

7. Supervising and maintaining photovoltaic power plants.

8. Supervising the assembly and maintenance of electrical substations. Also, like the diploma, the trainees will be able to carry out the basic workplace risk prevention activities required by Royal Decree 39/1997 of 17 January.

The training courses currently on offer are mainly intended to teach basic courses in wind, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy and for specializing in aspects of installing and maintaining renewable energy installations (wind, solar, photovoltaic and solar thermal power).

However, it has been noted that there is little training offered in the areas on which companies are focusing their interests for the future. These areas include energy efficiency, climate control, cogeneration and heat pumps. Although there are courses of this type, the rise in the demand for this type of energy makes it necessary to increase the number of courses available.

The same can be said of managing the operations and maintenance of renewable energy plants. There are courses intended for wind farm specialists but there are none for other types of energy, the ones that are going to develop most. The companies also observed that there are no specialists in these areas and demanded training in solar power, biomass and biofuels.

The number of courses in management through software is negligible. There is also little training in areas related to energy efficiency and renewable energy, especially solar thermal power, in building construction. Companies are focusing their attention on these areas of training with an eye to the future.

It is necessary to remember that the experts place a great deal of importance on the relationship between companies, the government and training centres when designing and setting the content of the training, with the aim of keeping the training courses on offer as up to date as possible.

The professional training for employment offered for the Energy and Water: Renewable Energy Professional Family is as follows:

Specialized Vocational Training Courses Offered in Spain Energy saving/climate control: cogeneration, heat pumps and r-ratings

Redefinition and operation of solar photovoltaic installations

Energy saving: renewable energy sources Solar power systems

Building energy assessment WinCC SCADA monitoring systems

Communications: field bus, profibus DP+PA Assistant solar thermal power installation technician


70

Communications: point to point Renewable energy system technician

Communications: local area network, Ethernet Sustainable, environmentally friendly energy technician

Design, calculation and execution of solar photovoltaic installations Photovoltaic and wind installation technician

Design, calculation and execution of geothermal installations Micromaster variable speed drive, power/frequency

Design, calculation and execution of solar photovoltaic installations

Energy saving climate control: cogeneration, heat pumps and r-ratings

Design, calculation and execution of solar thermal installations Energy saving. Renewable energy sources

Industrial energy efficiency Building energy assessment

Wind power and wind turbines Communications: field bus, profibus DP+PA

Solar photovoltaic power Communications: point to point

Solar photovoltaic power specialist Communications: local area network, Ethernet

Solar thermal power Design, calculation and execution of solar photovoltaic installations

Alternative energy specialist Design, calculation and execution of geothermal installation projects

Thermal installation maintenance management (using Prisma software)

Design, calculation and execution of solar photovoltaic installation projects

Managing wind power installation maintenance Design, calculation and execution of solar thermal installation projects

Managing and operating wind farms Industrial energy efficiency

Hydrogen and fuel cells Wind power and wind turbines

Installation and maintenance of thermal installations in buildings Solar photovoltaic power

Solar thermal and photovoltaic system installation Solar photovoltaic power specialist

Renewable energy installations for buildings Solar thermal power

Solar power installations Alternative energy specialist

Solar photovoltaic power installations Managing thermal installation maintenance (using Prisma software)

Solar thermal power installations in buildings Managing wind power installation maintenance

Renewable energy installations in buildings Managing and operating wind farms

Solar photovoltaic power system and low power wind power installer Hydrogen and fuel cells

Level I photovoltaic and print power installer Installation and maintenance of thermal installations in buildings


71

Level II photovoltaic and wind power installer Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy system installation

Solar thermal power installer Renewable energy installations in buildings

Solar thermal energy system installer Solar photovoltaic insulation maintenance

Low power solar photovoltaic and wind system installer Wind turbine electrical and electronic maintenance

Photovoltaic and wind system installer Wind turbine mechanical maintenance

Low power solar photovoltaic and wind system installer

Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance

Solar panel installer Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance

Photovoltaic and wind system installer Solar photovoltaic, thermal installation and wind farm assembly and maintenance

Solar thermal and photovoltaic power installer and maintenance person Wind farm MT and AT operator/maintenance person

Solar thermal energy system installer Solar thermal energy system operator

Photovoltaic and wind system installer Solar photovoltaic installation organization and planning

Solar photovoltaic installation maintenance Solar installation organization and planning

Wind turbine electrical and electronic maintenance Solar thermal installation organization and planning

Wind turbine mechanical maintenance Wind farm planning and design

Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance Renewable energy regulations and aid

Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance

Solar photovoltaic installation reassessment and operation

Solar photovoltaic, thermal installation and wind farm assembly and maintenance Solar energy systems

Wind farm MT and AT operator/maintenance person WinCC SCADA monitoring systems

Solar thermal energy system operator Assistant solar thermal energy installation technician

Solar photovoltaic organization and planning Renewable energy systems technician

Solar installation organization and planning Sustainable, environmentally friendly energy technician

Solar thermal installation organization and planning Photovoltaic and wind installation technician

Wind farm planning and design Micromaster variable speed drive, power/frequency

Renewable energy regulations and aid

Source: SPEE. Redtrabaj@.


72

With regard to renewable energy occupational training, we should highlight the training given at CENIFER, the National Reference Centre for this specialization, which is located in Imarcoain, Pamplona. The specialized training offered there is of a high level. The main focus is on wind power but solar thermal and photovoltaic power are also included. The specialities taught have to do with aspects such as organizing and planning installations, executing them and operations and maintenance. Other specializations are in photovoltaic and solar thermal installation management and energy assessment.

Another centre that deserves mention is the SEPECAM National Training Centre (Spanish acronym, CNFO) in Guadalajara. This centre in the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha teaches courses related to solar thermal and photovoltaic installation, assembly and maintenance and designing, calculating and executing biomass projects.

National Centre Courses Complete certificate of professionalism: solar thermal installation organization and planning

Building energy assessment, solar thermal installation projects

Design, calculation and execution of solar thermal installation projects

Design, calculation and execution of photovoltaic installation projects

Wind turbine electrical and electronic maintenance

Wind turbine mechanical maintenance

Wind farm management and operation

Wind power installation maintenance management

Wind farm MT and AT operator/maintenance person

Hydrogen and fuel cells

Navarre CNFO, IMARCOAIN

Design, calculation and execution of geothermal installations

Solar thermal station assembly and maintenance Guadalajara CNFO SEPECAM, GUADALAJARA Solar photovoltaic station assembly and maintenance

Source: SPEE. Occupational training courses.


73

Masters’ Degrees and Postgraduate Training The training in renewable energy offered on masters’ degrees and postgraduate courses is increasing. Its growth has to do with the importance that this sector is acquiring and the forecasts for growth. The courses are designed for post-graduate engineers, architects and people with related intermediate level university diplomas who have two years of professional experience.

To date, university training in renewable energy does not exist as such at the public universities. In some study plans, generally those linked to industrial engineering diplomas, some specific courses were offered that were related to this branch of knowledge. However, the incorporation of the Bologna Plan, the increasing interest in the topic of energy in society and the lack of training specialities at the university have opened the door to the incorporation of new study plans that respond to the needs of this sector.

Energy engineering has now been included among the undergraduate and master’s degrees on offer and is justified by the socioeconomic relevance that energy has acquired in recent years.

The environment and the jobs related to this sector could lead to a revolution in the labour market as, at one and the same time, they are contributing to healing the economy and strengthening environmental protection. Public awareness, new environmental legislation, prevention and conservation policies and technological development are some of the factors that have permitted this expanding sector to consolidate and the training courses offered to increase.

At this time (February 2010), the Registry of Universities, Centres and Diplomas (Spanish initials, RUCT), the body that reports to the Ministry of Education and is authorized to collect up-to-date information on the Spanish university system in line with the European Higher Education Space, only lists two undergraduate degrees and thirty masters’ degrees in Spanish public universities that have to do with renewable energy, although only twenty-two of these have been verified and the rest are in the process of being verified.

List of Postgraduate Training Courses for University Degrees

POSTGRADUATE COURSES

Degree in Energy Engineering (1) 2009 Catalonia Polytechnic University Barcelona

Degree in Energy Engineering 2009 King Juan Carlos University Madrid

MASTER’S COURSES

University Master’s in Renewable Energy and Energy Sustainability (1) 2009 Santiago de Compostela

University Corunna

University Master’s in Electrical Technical Installations. Energy Efficiency (1) 2009 Miguel Hernández

University in Elche Alicante

University Master’s in Energy Engineering(1) 2009 University of Oviedo Asturias

University Master’s in Renewable Resources and Energy Engineering (1) 2009 University of and

Extremadura Badajoz

University Master’s in Energy Engineering (1) 2009 Catalonia Polytechnic University Barcelona

University Master’s in Electrical Power Systems (1) 2009 University of Castilla-La Mancha

Ciudad Real

University Master’s in Energy Storage and Conversion Materials (1) 2009 University of Cordoba Cordoba

University Master’s in Renewable Energy (1) 2009 University of Jaen Jaen


74

University Master’s in Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Industry (1) 2009 University of Jaen Jaen

University Master’s in Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems 2008 University of Jaen Jaen

University Master’s in Renewable Energy (1) 2009 University of Leon Leon

University Master’s in Forest Systems and Products Research (1) 2009 University of Lleida Lleida

University Master’s in Solar Photovoltaic Power 2008 Madrid Polytechnic University Madrid

University Master’s in Renewable Energy. Fuel cells and hydrogen (1) 2009 Menéndez Pelayo

International University Madrid

University Master’s in Energies and Fuels for the Future (1) 2009 Autonomous University of

Madrid Madrid

University Master’s in Energy Technology and Resources 2008 King Juan Carlos

University Madrid

University Master’s in Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems 2008 University of Malaga Malaga

University Master’s in Renewable Energy (1) 2009 Cartagena Polytechnic University Murcia

University Master’s in Renewable Energy and Electricity Generation (1) 2009 Public University of

Navarre Navarre

University Master’s in Energy and Sustainability (1) 2009 University of Vigo Pontevedra

University Master’s in Electrical Power Systems 2008 University of Seville Seville

University Master’s in Thermal Energy Systems 2008 University of Seville Seville

University Master’s in Solar Photovoltaic Power System Technology 2008 International University of

Andalusia Seville

University Master’s in Building Climate Control and Energy Efficiency Technology (1) 2009 Rovira i Virgili University Tarragona

University Master’s in Energy Technology for Sustainable Development (1) 2009 Valencia Polytechnic

University Valencia

University Master’s in Energy: Generation, Management and Efficient Use (1) 2009 Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid

University Master’s in Sustainable Energy Engineering (1) 2009

University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

Biscay

University Master’s in Integrating Renewable Energy into the Electrical System (1) 2009


Biscay

University Master’s in Research into Energy Efficiency in Industry, Transportation and Building (1) 2009


Biscay

University Master’s in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 2009 Saragossa University Saragossa

Registry of Universities, Centres and Diplomas (RUCT) (1) Degree or master’s degree verified Although it does not appear in the Register, the Jaume I University in Castellon also teaches a master’s in “Energy efficiency and sustainability in industrial installations and buildings”.


75

Among the public and private institutions that offer this type of training are the following:

• APREAM (Andalusian Association of Renewable Energy Producers) offers a master’s in renewable energy.

• EUDE – European School of Management and Business.

• SEAS – Open Higher Education Studies.

• Euroinnova Training.

• Imf Training.

• Clay International Training.

• IUSC. Higher Education Centre.

• University of Castilla-La Mancha.

• Master D.

A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies 76

66..-- IInnffoorrmmaattiioonnoonn

OOccccuuppaattiioonnss


77

CNO 2652 UNDERGRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION 26520016 Undergraduate electrical engineer, general

26520025 Undergraduate industrial electrical engineer

Registration with the Public Employment Services:

The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is high and clearly above the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is very low.

This occupation employs a majority of men, and most are aged between 25 and 45.

Hiring has been falling slowly. Last year it fell by -32.53% and by -43.20% since 2006. The number of under 25s hired has fallen more steeply, as have indefinite contracts.

Unemployment has risen sharply since 2007, with an increase last year of 75.73%.

INDICATORS AND RATES

(*) Workers whose home province is different from that of the workplace.

Hiring Demand Indicators and Rates

Occupation Total Occupation Total Stability (%) 34.74 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 65.26 90.64 - - Rotation 1.08 2.20 - - % Men 84.91 53.03 85.41 50.14 % Women 15.09 46.97 14.59 49.86 % < 25 years of age 10.36 22.50 4.11 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 81.92 59.73 68.00 53.09 % > 45 years of age 7.72 17.77 27.89 35.43 % foreigners 3.21 21.02 2.34 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) 586 1,680,705 - - Mobility rate 25.43 12.04 - -

As of 31 December 2009, 4,000 people were seeking employment in this occupation, of whom 2,752 were unemployed.

In 2009, 2,134 people were hired, out of the cumulative total of 2,306 hired for this occupation.


EMPLOYMENT TRENDS(*)

Hiring and Registered Unemployment

1,055 9341,566

4,060 3,8003,418

2,752

2,306

2006 2007 2008 2009

Registered unemployment Hiring

Hiring by Sex

3,388 3,2152,883

1,958

672 585 535 348

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

417 239376431

1,911

2,8693,181

3,446

197 188 173 156

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45

Indefinite and Temporary Contracts

1,527 1,471 1,371

801

2,5332,329

2,047

1,505

2006 2007 2008 2009

Indefinite Temporary

DISTRIBUTION BY PROVINCE

Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 27 14 Cuenca 6 7 Palencia 2 5 Albacete 44 28 Girona 9 13 Las Palmas 114 33 Alicante 63 31 Granada 36 31 Pontevedra 83 72 Almeria 22 27 Guadalajara 13 6 La Rioja 33 13 Asturias 108 97 Guipuzcoa 45 31 Salamanca 23 7 Avila 7 1 Huelva 35 34 Segovia 4 2 Badajoz 21 31 Huesca 10 16 Seville 127 140 Balearic Is. 19 23 Jaen 48 64 Soria 4 8 Barcelona 171 257 Leon 32 11 SC Tenerife 36 16 Burgos 23 16 Lleida 5 18 Tarragona 36 46 Caceres 3 6 Lugo 20 10 Teruel 1 4 Cadiz 119 77 Madrid 236 380 Toledo 54 20 Cantabria 50 23 Malaga 148 69 Valencia 168 119 Castellon 30 10 Melilla 2 3 Valladolid 78 23 Ceuta 2 Murcia 86 50 Biscay 117 91 Ciudad Real 23 15 Navarre 87 35 Zamora 5 10 Cordoba 78 37 Orense 11 4 Saragossa 128 127 Corunna 100 94 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.


79

INFORMATION FROM THE EXPERTS

• The future of employment involves finding suitably qualified professionals. Most employment

will be created by retraining people from existing jobs.

• Companies need technicians, especially those who meet the following requirements:

- Experience - A good knowledge of English - A knowledge of software - A positive attitude to working in renewable energy

• Specific training will be given by the companies.

• Undergraduate electrical engineers form one of the occupations emphasized by company HR experts as candidates for jobs in renewable energy companies.

• The experts agree that there is a very small number of graduates with a knowledge of electricity and mechanics and that this training is very important in the wind power sector.

• Also, retraining for new jobs, by combining previously acquired knowledge with supplementary training, is more profitable than creating new jobs.

• These are the best candidates for plant management.

• It is considered to be important for renewable energy studies to be included in the last two years of training.

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

• Degree in Electrical Engineering (Bologna Plan)

• Graduate in Industrial Engineering, specializing in electrical engineering (Diploma prior to the

Bologna Plan)


CNO 2654 UNDERGRADUATE MECHANICAL ENGINEERS


CNO OCCUPATION 26540012 Undergraduate mechanical engineer, general 26540021 Undergraduate industrial mechanical engineer

26540067 Undergraduate mechanical engineer (energy techniques)





Hiring has been falling slowly. Last year it fell by -36.11% and by -45.89% since 2006. The number of under 25s hired has fallen more steeply, as have indefinite contracts.

Unemployment has risen sharply since 2007, with an overall increase of 213.32% over the whole period.






In 2009, a total of 2,237 people were hired, out of a cumulative total of 2,374 hired for this occupation.


81

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


1,577 1,402

2,712

4,941

3,7164,2164,387

2,374

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

3,562 3,4653,054

1,963

825 751 662 411

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

550277

522574

1,924

2,9573,401

3,631

206 241 237 173

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


1,656 1,6231,419

897

2,731 2,5932,297

1,477

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 130 53 Cuenca 7 2 Palencia 9 10 Albacete 60 15 Girona 37 22 Las Palmas 144 26 Alicante 118 35 Granada 56 13 Pontevedra 150 64 Almeria 28 24 Guadalajara 15 3 La Rioja 80 28 Asturias 232 122 Guipuzcoa 194 129 Salamanca 44 7 Avila 7 1 Huelva 68 39 Segovia 15 3 Badajoz 23 15 Huesca 13 16 Seville 154 93 Balearic Is. 20 33 Jaen 75 41 Soria 5 2 Barcelona 360 206 Leon 112 56 SC Tenerife 58 12 Burgos 77 30 Lleida 28 14 Tarragona 42 39 Caceres 14 2 Lugo 23 9 Teruel 2 6 Cadiz 129 56 Madrid 459 432 Toledo 25 19 Cantabria 60 28 Malaga 187 47 Valencia 379 105 Castellon 90 10 Melilla 4 1 Valladolid 133 36 Ceuta 2 1 Murcia 135 99 Biscay 203 102 Ciudad Real 46 12 Navarre 145 51 Zamora 38 20 Cordoba 125 42 Orense 21 12 Saragossa 302 94 Corunna 58 35 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.



• The potential employment niche for university graduates, with either intermediate or advanced degrees, is significant. Training and university diplomas that are in line with the Bologna Plan are just starting to appear.

• Up to now, the gap created by the lack of university training has been filled by postgraduate training, of which there is a wide range. This type of training aims to provide companies with the professionals that they need.

• Among the highly valued candidates are those who have an intermediate level diploma in mechanical engineering. The requirements emphasized by the companies are the same for all university graduates; specific training will be provided by the companies.

• Undergraduate mechanical engineers are in demand to design and execute renewable energy installations, as well as to manage, direct and supervise the facility and maintain it.

• The knowledge most in demand by companies is related to managing and installing biomass plants.

• Plant support is a field that is very much in demand, as are project development and environmental prevention and care. These tasks are the responsibility of plant managers and project managers. The training is reinforced by fluency in English.

• In university level technical positions, there are gaps in knowledge, due to a lack of practical experience with the new technologies. In general, graduates have a good level of knowledge but lack work experience or practical on-the-job experience.


• Degree in Mechanical Engineering (Bologna Plan) • Graduate in Industrial Engineering, specializing in mechanical engineering (degree prior to

the Bologna Plan)


83

CNO 2656 UNDERGRADUATE MINING AND MINERALS ENGINEERS


CNO OCCUPATION

26560027 Undergraduate fuels and energy engineer





Hiring has been falling slowly. Last year it fell by -31.01% and by -48.55% since 2006. The number of indefinite contracts, women and young people under the age of 25 has fallen more steeply.

Unemployment has risen extremely sharply since 2007, with an increase of 141.53% over the whole period.





As of 31 December 2009, 1,289 people were seeking employment in this occupation, of whom 884 were unemployed.

In 2009, a total of 558 people were hired, out of a cumulative total of 605 hired for this occupation.


EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


366 322550

884

605

1,1761,060

877

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

960 875705

498

216 185 172 107

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

108407179

512

732

918998

70 63 74 53

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


396 394310

183

780666

567422

2006 2007 2008 2009


DISTRIBUTION BY PROVINCE Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed HiredAlava 7 1 Cuenca - 4 Palencia 4 - Albacete 2 - Girona 4 4 Las Palmas 9 3 Alicante 10 7 Granada 16 10 Pontevedra 9 12 Almeria 7 9 Guadalajara 4 1 La Rioja 2 - Asturias 124 71 Guipuzcoa 6 20 Salamanca 2 - Avila 2 - Huelva 23 15 Segovia 1 2 Badajoz 4 4 Huesca - 10 Seville 20 23 Balearic Is. 2 4 Jaen 51 13 Soria 1 - Barcelona 46 40 Leon 81 37 SC Tenerife 2 3 Burgos 3 10 Lleida 3 10 Tarragona 5 10 Caceres 2 1 Lugo 4 - Teruel 0 2 Cadiz 17 17 Madrid 71 58 Toledo 5 3 Cantabria 81 23 Malaga 10 9 Valencia 31 19 Castellon 6 3 Melilla - 1 Valladolid 4 5 Ceuta - 1 Murcia 34 22 Biscay 86 45 Ciudad Real 15 9 Navarre 2 9 Zamora 1 - Cordoba 33 10 Orense 5 5 Saragossa 12 15 Corunna 15 24

(*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.


85


• This occupation focuses mostly on biomass, the renewable energy related to converting organic material into fuel.

• This source of energy is beginning to strengthen. The production of biofuels is causing great interest in Spain and Europe as a way of lessening external energy dependence.

• It also holds interest as an alternative crop to mitigate the agricultural crisis by taking advantage of the very high demand found currently.

• The knowledge most in demand by companies is related to managing and installing biomass plants.

• Plant support is a field that is very much in demand for this type of engineer. Their training is reinforced by a good grasp of English, as are project development and environmental prevention and care. This type of training is required of plant managers and project managers.

• The training needs to focus on the design and execution of plants that produce fuel from solid waste.

• Among the qualifications required, the following are valued:

- a good knowledge of English. - software as applied to biomass. - work experience.


• Graduate mining engineer, specializing in energy resources, fuels and explosives (degree

prior to the Bologna plan). • Bologna Plan: no diploma in this speciality has been submitted to the RUCT registry for the

verification process.


CNO 2659 OTHER UNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERS (excluding agriculture and forestry)


CNO OCCUPATION 26590026 Undergraduate quality engineer 26590035 Undergraduate research and development engineer 26590044 Undergraduate design engineer 26590053 Undergraduate manufacturing or plant engineer 26590062 Undergraduate installation engineer 26590071 Undergraduate logistical engineer 26590080 Undergraduate maintenance and repair engineer 26590099 Undergraduate materials engineer 26590101 Undergraduate assembly engineer 26590129 Undergraduate process engineer 26590138 Undergraduate planning and production engineer 26590147 Undergraduate product engineer 26590156 Undergraduate project engineer 26590174 Undergraduate safety engineer


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is high and more than double the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is very low, about one quarter of the national total. This occupation employs a majority of men, and most are aged between 25 and 45. Hiring fell by -32.51% last year, after a slight rise, decreasing overall by -12.93% since 2006. The number of women and those under the age of 25 hired has fallen more sharply.

Unemployment has risen progressively since 2007, with an overall increase last year of 79.30% and of 188.94% for the whole period.



Hired Demand Indicators and Rates Occupation Total Occupation Total Stability (%) 31.81 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 68.19 90.64 - - Rotation 1.12 2.20 - - % Men 70.32 53.03 67.99 50.14 % Women 29.68 46.97 32.01 49.86 % < 25 years of age 9.89 22.50 5.02 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 82.48 59.73 74.30 53.09 % > 45 years of age 7.63 17.77 20.68 35.43 % foreigners 5.47 21.02 3.73 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) 1,955 1,680,705 - - Mobility rate 22.79 12.04 - -




87

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


2,785 2,427

4,488

8,047

12,81311,516

9,9328,648

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

7,0537,919 8,434

6,081

2,8793,597

4,379

2,567

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

1.218 8551.9731.568

7.202

10.1909.3738.182

532 575 650 591

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


3,5144,189 4,165

2,751

6,4187,327

5,897

8,648

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 112 84 Cuenca 20 9 Palencia 6 17 Albacete 36 46 Girona 78 91 Las Palmas 200 124 Alicante 528 195 Granada 74 83 Pontevedra 156 198 Almeria 40 56 Guadalajara 23 103 La Rioja 32 40 Asturias 173 255 Guipuzcoa 212 294 Salamanca 43 33 Avila 21 5 Huelva 83 62 Segovia 17 4 Badajoz 32 121 Huesca 39 19 Seville 250 530 Balearic Is. 62 73 Jaen 95 76 Soria 12 15 Barcelona 975 1.208 Leon 68 60 SC Tenerife 46 48 Burgos 55 62 Lleida 25 50 Tarragona 76 109 Caceres 24 38 Lugo 45 62 Teruel 4 31 Cadiz 220 188 Madrid 851 1.968 Toledo 49 38 Cantabria 144 89 Malaga 205 151 Valencia 1.401 486 Castellon 202 66 Melilla 0 1 Valladolid 153 179 Ceuta 0 5 Murcia 147 165 Biscay 231 234 Ciudad Real 26 81 Navarre 84 177 Zamora 17 18 Cordoba 117 109 Orense 26 20 Saragossa 293 246 Corunna 219 208 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.



• The breakdown for this occupation shows a series of areas in which there could be work, all of them related to renewable energy. This occupation could meet the existing demand for R&D, manufacturing, assembling and installing plants, maintenance, repairs and all other aspects of logistics and plant management for the different types of energy.

• The experts surveyed emphasized that employment in the field of renewable energy starts with retraining and that undergraduate engineers will fill the majority of jobs created in the areas of plant management and control.

• Undergraduate engineers can work as plant operation managers, and in the promotion and marketing of the different types of facilities. There are a considerable number of vacancies in the field of building energy management and facilities related to biomass.

• According to the companies, a good knowledge of English, a knowledge of software and experience in plant management or as head of manufacturing or logistics, or as a building energy management technician, etc. are crucial factors.

• In this occupation, and in others that require a university degree, there was agreement that it is necessary to increase the number of training courses offered, especially in regulated training, as specific training tends to be given by the company.


• Graduate industrial engineer, in a variety of specializations (degree prior to the Bologna Plan) • Degree in Engineering in Industrial Design and Product Development (Bologna Plan)

• Degree in Materials Engineering (Bologna Plan) • Degree in Engineering in Industrial Technologies (Bologna Plan)


89

CNO 3023 ELECTRICAL TECHNICIANS This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION 30230013 General electrical technician 30230022 Electrical installation and power line technician 30230134 Electrical control system design technician 30230143 Electrical equipment maintenance technician 30230228 Instrumentation and control technician 30230255 Alternative energy systems technician


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is high and above the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is below the national average.

This occupation employs primarily men, and most are aged between 25 and 45.

Hiring fell by -11.92% last year, after slow growth in previous years, so that the overall increase was 2.86%.

Unemployment rose sharply to 52.07% last year.



Hired Demand Indicators and Rates Occupation Total Occupation Total

Stability (%) 12.23 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 87.77 90.64 - - Rotation 1.58 2.20 - - % Men 94.55 53.03 94.96 50.14 % Women 5.45 46.97 5.04 49.86 % < 25 years of age 18.81 22.50 16.92 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 67.48 59.73 59.68 53.09 % > 45 years of age 11.79 17.77 23.40 35.43 % foreigners 12.04 21.02 11.40 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) 4,478 1,680,705 - - Mobility rate 14.23 12.04 - -




EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


8,325 9,102

18,556

28,219

35,86636,69830,710 31,589

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

29,14534,588 33,702

29,868

1,565 2,110 2,164 1,721

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

8,0585,943

8,1969,590

21,92323,52023,32919,499

3,153 3,779 4,150 3,723

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


4,491 5,432 5,223 3,863

26,219

31,266 30,64327,726

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 150 148 Cuenca 43 29 Palencia 66 64 Albacete 147 152 Girona 331 298 Las Palmas 1,736 1,166 Alicante 1,506 1,002 Granada 602 398 Pontevedra 807 314 Almeria 391 320 Guadalajara 100 214 La Rioja 57 144 Asturias 472 626 Guipuzcoa 365 984 Salamanca 167 143 Avila 101 30 Huelva 381 450 Segovia 43 46 Badajoz 250 261 Huesca 57 71 Seville 1,567 1,345 Balearic Is. 2,114 1,404 Jaen 254 317 Soria 18 31 Barcelona 2,654 5,311 Leon 203 81 SC Tenerife 979 998 Burgos 130 192 Lleida 153 245 Tarragona 504 582 Caceres 169 160 Lugo 191 65 Teruel 50 43 Cadiz 1,342 780 Madrid 2,467 5,531 Toledo 187 167 Cantabria 280 428 Malaga 1,173 886 Valencia 1,675 1,518 Castellon 393 276 Melilla 29 42 Valladolid 288 270 Ceuta 8 17 Murcia 372 780 Biscay 680 1,051 Ciudad Real 125 136 Navarre 263 228 Zamora 52 40 Cordoba 569 289 Orense 103 124 Saragossa 404 541 Corunna 1,051 820 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.


91


• The experts in this sector stated that the demand for technicians for these activities is going

to be considerable. They should have an advanced level vocational training diploma, which will help companies to cover their need for specialized workers.

• Retraining will be needed for positions related to wind, photovoltaic, thermal and biomass installations, etc. Knowledge and prior work experience in the field of electrical engineering is highly valued for all these positions.

• A knowledge of English and of that particular type of energy are among the prerequisites for this type of position. The training can be given in-company or found among the different occupational training options, although the training given in the national vocational training centres should be emphasized.

• The work is going to focus on jobs related to installing, assembling, maintaining and repairing plants. Technicians in this category can also fill the position of building energy management technician.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group: • ENA193_3 Wind farm assembly and maintenance management R.D. 1228/2006 • ENA263_3 Solar photovoltaic installation organization and planning R.D. 1114/2007 • ENA264_3 Solar thermal installation organization and planning R.D. 1114/2007 • ELE384_3 Second and third class high tension power line and

outdoor transformer assembly and maintenance management and supervision R.D. 328/2008

• ELE386_3 Second and third class high tension power line and indoor transformer assembly and maintenance management and supervision R.D. 328/2008

The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses:

• ENAE0408 Managing wind farm assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/208 • ENAE0308 Organizing and planning solar thermal installations R.D. 1967/208

The education system offers the following Vocational Training Diplomas:

• Advanced technician in energy efficiency and solar thermal energy R.D. 1177/2008 • Advanced technician in electro-technical installations R.D. 621/95, R.D. 192/96 • Advanced technician in regulation and automatic control systems R.D. 619/95, R.D. 191/96


CNO 7220 PLUMBERS AND PIPEFITTERS This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION 72200014 Plumber 72200025 General service line trench pipefitter 72200036 Pipefitter, general 72200070 Heating and domestic hot water line installer 72200092 Solar power pipefitter


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is around the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is less than the national average.


Hiring fell by -23.29% last year and -40.06% over the entire period. The number of indefinite contracts has fallen more than temporary ones, as has hiring for the over 45 age group.

Unemployment has risen sharply, doubling since 2008.



Hiring Demand Indicators and Rates Occupation Total Occupation Total





93

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


74,309

29,86134,959

104,674

52,639

66,09367,372

40,381

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

66,316 64,894

51,622

39,499

1,056 1,199 1,017 882

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

24,709

9,842

16,440

23,62324,645

29,16534,23634,406

8,257 8,234 7,034 5,894

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


10,146 9,668 7,113 4,413

57,226 56,425

45,526

35,968

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 293 198 Cuenca 315 157 Palencia 279 105 Albacete 1,111 379 Girona 675 273 Las Palmas 2,691 735 Alicante 7,091 1,803 Granada 3,307 1,038 Pontevedra 2,284 1,212 Almeria 2,078 524 Guadalajara 534 203 La Rioja 630 316 Asturias 2,020 834 Guipuzcoa 657 345 Salamanca 552 209 Avila 316 89 Huelva 1,246 500 Segovia 223 69 Badajoz 1,804 607 Huesca 410 206 Seville 6,239 2,833 Balearic Is. 2,855 1,342 Jaen 876 837 Soria 102 59 Barcelona 5,812 2,302 Leon 737 323 SC Tenerife 2,421 645 Burgos 465 243 Lleida 535 204 Tarragona 867 419 Caceres 989 280 Lugo 509 215 Teruel 224 74 Cadiz 4,759 1,807 Madrid 12,839 4,907 Toledo 1,679 604 Cantabria 1,253 421 Malaga 5,079 2,014 Valencia 8,471 2,574 Castellon 2,386 382 Melilla 156 51 Valladolid 986 463 Ceuta 149 72 Murcia 4,209 1,804 Biscay 1,660 915 Ciudad Real 1,295 657 Navarre 734 554 Zamora 341 124 Cordoba 2,975 1,046 Orense 469 196 Saragossa 1,905 1,029 Corunna 2,182 1,107




• Because of the new Building Code, new and refurbished buildings will have to use renewable

energy. New buildings will preferably use solar and wind power, mainly to provide electricity and domestic hot water for homes not connected to the national grid, and to pump water using solar photovoltaic power, to heat the house with under-floor heating fed by solar thermal panels and to have photovoltaic power connected to the grid.

• One of the sources generating employment in the future can be in renewable energy as related to construction. The potential of this as a source of new jobs, many in rural areas, is enormous.

• The development of the concept of energy efficiency also constitutes a future source of employment. This consists mainly in retraining people from traditional jobs in new content that has to do with installing this type of energy in homes.

• Plumbers and pipefitters can have jobs related to solar thermal installations and the installation of this equipment in homes. There is important work to be done in the use of alternative forms of energy since this will bring the concept of energy efficiency to the attention of the public in familiar surroundings.

• The training of this type of professional includes a knowledge of how to install, assemble and maintain this kind of equipment in homes and of the new materials available.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group:

• ENA190_2 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1228/2006 • ENA261_2 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1114/2007 • IMA368_2 Heating installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 182/2008

The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses:

• ENAE0418 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/208 • ENAE0208 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/208

The education system offers the following Vocational Training Diplomas:

• Cooling, climate control and heating installation assembly and maintenance technician R.D. 2046/95, R.D. 115/97


95

CNO 7229 OTHER TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FINISHING WORKERS

This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations::

CNO OCCUPATION

72990016 Solar energy panel assemblers


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is slightly less than the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is higher than the national average.


Hiring fell by -5.49% last year, as the growth rate slowed down, with an overall increase of 49.40% since 2006. The rate for those aged between 25 and 45 has fallen more steeply.

Unemployment is gradually increasing. The overall rise was 674.22% for the entire period and grew by 51.04% last year.



Hired Demand Indicators and Rates Occupation Total Occupation Total





EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


5,090

993 1,524

7,688

19,60819,147

12,388

18,532

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

11,881

18,394 18,934 18,063

507 753 674 469

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

2,708 2,3693,1383,669

12,75413,28412,605

7,891

1,7892,873 3,186 3,409

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


1,341 1,947 1,942 1,499

11,047

17,200 17,666 17,033

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 16 128 Cuenca 64 33 Palencia 23 17 Albacete 220 92 Girona 25 318 Las Palmas 82 198 Alicante 531 697 Granada 299 220 Pontevedra 71 111 Almeria 185 259 Guadalajara 30 149 La Rioja 37 73 Asturias 59 384 Guipuzcoa 20 143 Salamanca 137 55 Avila 10 32 Huelva 76 108 Segovia 20 41 Badajoz 257 570 Huesca 2 57 Seville 728 938 Balearic Is. 30 368 Jaen 97 179 Soria 10 22 Barcelona 334 3,081 Leon 52 137 SC Tenerife 183 354 Burgos 26 71 Lleida 23 341 Tarragona 65 464 Caceres 151 102 Lugo 17 28 Teruel 14 33 Cadiz 313 373 Madrid 476 3.932 Toledo 163 273 Cantabria 19 139 Malaga 263 535 Valencia 570 984 Castellon 131 348 Melilla - 1 Valladolid 77 137 Ceuta 1 8 Murcia 248 585 Biscay 52 309 Ciudad Real 920 175 Navarre 81 199 Zamora 60 34 Cordoba 163 120 Orense 18 26 Saragossa 178 402 Corunna 61 146 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.


97


• The new regulations for the new and refurbished homes sector have reserved a significant

place for the use of new materials and installations that use renewable energy, preferably solar and wind power, with the aim of having homes that are supplied with and consume much cleaner power.

• The prospects for job creation in this occupation are good. Two constants that are present in employment linked to alternative sources of energy are repeated once more: retraining from existing jobs and the fact that the jobs have to do with the nearby surroundings.

• These jobs go to people who have second level or advanced vocational training, experience in construction and a knowledge of how to use the techniques and materials typical of this activity.

• The training needs are based on acquiring a knowledge of the materials and of how to install electrical, hot water and heating equipment that will make homes fit the concept of energy efficiency.

• This training should be based on the building phase, especially the use of new materials and construction techniques but importance should also be placed on building a relationship between the builders and the installers of equipment that uses alternative forms of energy.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group: • ENA190_2 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D.1228/2006 • ENA261_2 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D.1114/2007 • IMA368_2 Heating installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 182/2008

The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses: • ENAE0418 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/2008 • ENAE0208 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/2008


CNO 7621 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION 76210011 Industrial manufacturing electrician 76210084 General maintenance and repair electrician 76210169 Motor, dynamo and transformer maintenance and repair technician

76210178 Control equipment, measurement and precision equipment maintenance and repair electrician

76210196 Power station maintenance and repair electrician 76210208 Apparatus, panel and electrical equipment tester 76210235 Photovoltaic and wind power system installer 76210271 Solar thermal power system installer


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is higher than the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is less than the national average.


Hiring fell by -26.12% last year and by -49.91% during the entire period. The number of indefinite contracts has fallen more steeply than temporary ones, and there is a continuing decrease in the number of men hired.

Unemployment has risen sharply since 2008, with an annual increase of 48.11%, and a total of 267.15% since 2006.




Stability (%) 14.28 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 85.72 90.64 - - Rotation 1.23 2.20 - - % Men 96.40 53.03 96.80 50.14 % Women 3.60 46.97 3.20 49.86 % < 25 years of age 23.82 22.50 25.32 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 59.74 59.73 54.75 53.09 % > 45 years of age 16.44 17.77 19.93 35.43 % foreigners 12.75 21.02 13.26 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) 3.252 1.680.705 - - Mobility rate 14.79 12.04 - -




99

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


41,595

16,780 18,759

61,607

30,013

37,76843,836

22,175

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

42,41136,585

29,043

21,377

1,425 1,183 970 798

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

14,718

5,281

8,75612,129

13,66017,550

21,26724,267

4,851 4,372 3,707 3,234

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


7,825 6,808 5,068 3,167

36,01130,960

24,94519,008

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 296 162 Cuenca 146 60 Palencia 203 42 Albacete 669 117 Girona 902 207 Las Palmas 2,034 533 Alicante 3,094 570 Granada 1,930 451 Pontevedra 1,499 638 Almeria 920 194 Guadalajara 288 86 La Rioja 208 104 Asturias 1,446 587 Guipuzcoa 477 190 Salamanca 428 100 Avila 165 28 Huelva 735 614 Segovia 89 27 Badajoz 1,167 229 Huesca 225 62 Seville 2,894 1,275 Balearic Is. 2,089 707 Jaen 483 377 Soria 40 19 Barcelona 6,407 1,950 Leon 493 223 SC Tenerife 1,378 306 Burgos 313 91 Lleida 321 103 Tarragona 1,252 536 Caceres 763 123 Lugo 291 136 Teruel 108 46 Cadiz 2,524 1,418 Madrid 7,598 3,244 Toledo 771 121 Cantabria 666 222 Malaga 2,035 581 Valencia 3,954 1,386 Castellon 743 189 Melilla 134 62 Valladolid 538 170 Ceuta 119 79 Murcia 2,118 565 Biscay 960 657 Ciudad Real 617 326 Navarre 486 233 Zamora 120 57 Cordoba 1,653 501 Orense 211 55 Saragossa 1,146 226 Corunna 1,461 1,066 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.



• The use of renewable energy sources to generate electricity makes a decisive contribution to meeting the objectives for energy resource savings, environmental protection and reducing dependency on foreign fuels. The growth and prospects for the sector permit us to expect a considerable amount of job creation, since these people will be responsible for maintaining and repairing wind, solar and biomass facilities and renewable energy based electrical equipment installations in buildings, etc.

• Among the training needs mentioned by the experts are the requirement for intermediate or advanced vocational training in electricity, and especially work experience on installations. The experts emphasized that companies are in favour of “custom-tailored” training.

• The aspects of training that are most in demand are a basic knowledge of the type of renewable energy with which the individual is going to work, preventive and corrective maintenance action protocols, environmental impact and workplace hygiene and safety.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group: • ENA190_2 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1228/2006 • ENA261_2 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1114/2007 • ELE257_2 Low tension electrical installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1115/2007 • ELE380_2 Assembly and maintenance of second and third class high

tension power lines and transformers R.D. 328/2008 The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses: • ENAE0108 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 131/2008 • ENAE0208 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/2008 The education system offer the following Vocational Training Diplomas: • Electrical and automatic installation technician R.D. 177/2008 • Machinery and power line installation and maintenance technician R.D. 2045/1995,

R.D. 1150/1997


101

CNO 8060 EQUIPMENT MANAGERS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION INSTALLATIONS OR SIMILAR


CNO OCCUPATION

80600015 Equipment manager in energy production and distribution installations





Hiring fell by -6.36% last year, after a slight increase. By sex and age, the number of women and under 25s hired has fallen more steeply, and indefinite contracts have declined more than temporary ones.

Unemployment is rising almost constantly, with an increase of 106.06% over last year.




Stability (%) 39.43 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 60.57 90.64 - - Rotation 1.05 2.20 - - % Men 81.72 53.03 89.34 50.14 % Women 18.28 46.97 10.66 49.86 % < 25 years of age 6.79 22.50 0.51 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 76.50 59.73 52.28 53.09 % > 45 years of age 16.71 17.77 47.21 35.43 % foreigners 6.27 21.02 5.08 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) - - - - Mobility rate - - - -

As of 31 December 2009, 197 people were seeking employment in this occupation, of whom 136 were unemployed.

In 2009, a total of 366 people were hired, out of a cumulative total of 383 hired for this occupation.


EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


6653 40

136

409328318

383

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

288 302353

313

30 2656 70

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

30 263416

297305264

226

62 48 70 60

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


138161

192

151

180 167

217 232

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed HiredAlava 2 2 Cuenca 2 1 Palencia 1 2 Albacete 2 2 Girona 2 2 Las Palmas 0 1 Alicante 4 1 Granada 2 4 Pontevedra 2 1 Almeria 2 4 Guadalajara 1 1 La Rioja 2 4 Asturias 3 6 Guipuzcoa 1 - Salamanca 4 1 Avila 1 - Huelva 0 7 Segovia 0 1 Badajoz 0 10 Huesca 1 8 Seville 7 9 Balearic Is. 0 5 Jaen 2 14 Soria - 2 Barcelona 14 50 Leon - 3 SC Tenerife 8 11 Burgos 1 3 Lleida 1 1 Tarragona 1 12 Caceres 1 - Lugo 19 121 Teruel 0 - Cadiz 7 3 Madrid 3 4 Toledo - 7 Cantabria 2 1 Malaga - Valencia 8 11 Castellon 3 - Melilla 4 12 Valladolid 3 2 Ceuta 1 - Murcia 3 3 Biscay 2 16 Ciudad Real 2 4 Navarre - - Zamora - 1 Cordoba 0 5 Orense 2 1 Saragossa 5 18 Corunna 7 6 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number as of 31 December 2009.


103


• To date, most of the employment created in the field of renewable energy has been related to wind power and, to a lesser extent, in solar, thermal and photovoltaic energy. In the future, employment will be created in wind power and the development and expansion of other forms of energy, especially biomass, which is one of the energy sources with the greatest potential for development.

• The companies in the sector are looking for candidates to fill their job vacancies as alternative energy installation equipment managers but they are aware that there is a shortage of suitable personnel either due to a lack of knowledge of this field or because these people are working in a different type of installation.

• The negative impact of the crisis on employment has made a large potential group of workers who could occupy these jobs available to the companies. In general, they have a knowledge of and work experience in electricity production plants and would therefore only need a period of retraining.

• The training is designed for undergraduate engineers or people who have had advanced level vocational training and are experienced in the sector. The training includes acquiring a knowledge of power production facilities that use renewable sources of energy, a good knowledge in English, plant management and environmental impact.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group: • ENA190_2 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1228/2006 • ENA261_2 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1114/2007 • ELE380_2 Second and third class high tension power line and

transformer assembly and maintenance R.D. 328/2008

The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses: • ENAE0108 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 131/208 • ENAE0208 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/208 The education system offers the following Vocational Training Diplomas: • Electrical and automatic installation technician R.D. 177/2008 • Electromechanical equipment and power line installation and maintenance R.D. 2045/95,

R.D. 1150/97


CNO 8161 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION PLANT OPERATORS This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION 81610053 Solar photovoltaic power station operator 81610064 Wind power plant operator 81610075 Electricity system control centre operator 81610086 Power station instrumentation and control maintenance operator 81610105 Electricity distribution centre and grid network operator 81610116 Electrical substation operator


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is higher than the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is low and is not even half of the national average.


Hiring fell by -38.77% last year, dropping sharply after a period of moderate increase. Temporary contracts have fallen slightly more than indefinite ones, as has the hiring of young people under the age of 25.

Unemployment is rising constantly, with a total increase since 2006 of 232.03%.




Stability (%) 15.59 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 84.41 90.64 - - Rotation 1.16 2.20 - - % Men 93.80 53.03 87.64 50.14 % Women 6.20 46.97 12.36 49.86 % < 25 years of age 20.26 22.50 11.47 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 62.62 59.73 45.99 53.09 % > 45 years of age 17.12 17.77 42.54 35.43 % foreigners 8.00 21.02 7.70 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) - - - - Mobility rate - - - -




105

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


768 8221,842 2,550

7,2486,2686,307

4,438

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

5,596 5,7456,863

4,163

711 523 385 275

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

1.742

899

1.8741.720

2.851

4.425

3.7583.834

731 790 949688

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


854 801 1,071692

5,453 5,4676,177

3,746

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemplo

yed Hired Unemployed Hired

Alava 12 14 Cuenca 8 26 Palencia 23 12 Albacete 105 88 Girona 8 21 Las Palmas 36 82 Alicante 75 41 Granada 154 74 Pontevedra 54 19 Almeria 20 43 Guadalajara 10 21 La Rioja 371 10 Asturias 43 134 Guipuzcoa 8 20 Salamanca 24 26 Avila 7 3 Huelva 16 150 Segovia 2 8 Badajoz 15 192 Huesca 8 48 Seville 107 178 Balearic Is. 24 19 Jaen 22 60 Soria 9 29 Barcelona 99 449 Leon 41 35 SC Tenerife 49 243 Burgos 15 65 Lleida 12 51 Tarragona 47 134 Caceres 58 42 Lugo 49 38 Teruel 13 4 Cadiz 93 503 Madrid 221 426 Toledo 32 46 Cantabria 8 3 Malaga 66 114 Valencia 100 113 Castellon 28 38 Melilla - - Valladolid 14 35 Ceuta 0 2 Murcia 44 54 Biscay 36 56 Ciudad Real 25 320 Navarre 36 116 Zamora 13 27 Cordoba 54 38 Orense 20 29 Saragossa 59 35 Corunna 157 101 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.



• The prospects for employment in this occupation are good as they are based on the potential development of the sector, which is expected to be significant. This occupation involves work in alternative energy production plants but it can also involve wind farms, photovoltaic installations, power stations, distribution centres, etc. Basically, the work revolves around renewable energy production equipment and the delivery of this power to the grid.

• The qualities valued in applicants are having an intermediate or advanced level vocational training diploma, a knowledge of electricity and mechanics and some knowledge of English. Previous experience working in this type of installations that is also highly valued.

• The training needed is to acquire a specific knowledge of this type of plant and the alternative energy that it uses. The training is normally taught in company after the selection process has been completed.

• Hygiene and safety, a knowledge of the equipment and basic maintenance are other topics taught.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group: • ENA190_2 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1228/2006 • ENA261_2 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1114/2007 • ELE257_2 Low tension electrical installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1115/2007

ELE380_2 Second and third class high tension power line and transformer assembly and maintenance R.D. 328/2008

• ELE256_1 Supplementary electrical network assembly operations R.D. 328/2008 The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses: • ENAE0108 Solar photovoltaic installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 131/2008 • ENAE0208 Solar thermal installation assembly and maintenance R.D. 1967/2008 • ELEE0108 Supplementary electrical network assembly operations R.D. 1214/2009 The education system offers the following Vocational Training Diplomas: • Electrical and automatic installation technician R.D. 177/2008 • Electromechanical equipment and power line installation and maintenance

R.D. 2045/1995, R.D. 1150/1997


107

CNO 8329 CHEMICAL PRODUCT MANUFACTURING MACHINE OPERATORS This Primary Occupational Group includes the following renewable energy related occupations:

CNO OCCUPATION

83290118 Biogas processing plant operator


The percentage of indefinite contracts (% stability) is slightly higher than the average for the country as a whole.

The number of foreigners is low; close to half of the national average.


Hiring has not changed significantly, although there was a slight drop last year of -8.70%. Among women and young people under the age of 25 there was a greater decrease. The number of indefinite contracts also fell, by -48.28% in 2009.

Unemployment rose sharply in 2008, with a total increase of 148.41% since 2006.




Stability (%) 11.30 9.36 - - Temporary contracts (%) 88.70 90.64 - - Rotation 1.64 2.20 - - % Men 73.26 53.03 79.44 50.14 % Women 26.74 46.97 20.56 49.86 % < 25 years of age 22.62 22.50 4.97 11.48 % 25-45 years of age 64.15 59.73 57.11 53.09 % > 45 years of age 13.22 17.77 37.93 35.43 % foreigners 9.24 21.02 8.78 14.11 No. of non-locals hired (*) 332 1,680,705 - - Mobility rate 10.86 12.04 - -




EMPLOYMENT TRENDS


1,068 1,124

2,1042,653

3,3553,4203,018 3,063

2006 2007 2008 2009


Hiring by Sex

2,439 2,444 2,387 2,244

579976 968 819

2006 2007 2008 2009

Men Women

Hiring by Age Group

877693

875981

2.0032.1232.1221.874

267 317 357 367

2006 2007 2008 2009

< 25 25-45 > 45


748 579 669346

2,270

2,841 2,686 2,717

2006 2007 2008 2009



Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Unemployed Hired Alava 6 467 Cuenca 4 4 Palencia 15 3 Albacete 45 10 Girona 31 66 Las Palmas 31 2 Alicante 115 141 Granada 39 85 Pontevedra 87 25 Almeria 21 6 Guadalajara 13 16 La Rioja 6 204 Asturias 16 11 Guipuzcoa 20 47 Salamanca 9 2 Avila 1 - Huelva 8 6 Segovia 17 - Badajoz 4 3 Huesca 22 16 Seville 83 39 Balearic Is. 6 8 Jaen 30 5 Soria 2 1 Barcelona 694 768 Leon 20 1 SC Tenerife 11 11 Burgos 17 13 Lleida 10 8 Tarragona 51 57 Caceres 4 2 Lugo 5 1 Teruel 9 6 Cadiz 28 7 Madrid 182 204 Toledo 25 18 Cantabria 17 127 Malaga 36 12 Valencia 481 105 Castellon 55 83 Melilla - - Valladolid 20 16 Ceuta 1 - Murcia 68 19 Biscay 63 232 Ciudad Real 18 9 Navarre 9 63 Zamora 1 3 Cordoba 67 51 Orense 15 2 Saragossa 56 66 Corunna 59 12 (*) For hiring, the cumulative total for the year was used; for the unemployed, the number on 31 December 2009.


109


• Spain can take advantage of the enormous potential of its economic system to use agro-industrial biogas as a source of energy.

• However, in spite of auguring a promising future, biogas is still being used as an “environmental solution” and an industry that transforms biomass into biofuel has not yet been implemented.

• .Castilla-Leon, Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, Aragon and Catalonia are the Communities that generate most agro-industrial biogas.

• As a result, this occupation, which may have a promising future for employment, will depend on the extent to which this activity develops. The experts still maintain their expectations for training, however. This forecast is based on the fact that there are no qualified professionals to be found in this activity. Employment will be local and could help to consolidate the presence of population in relatively uninhabited areas.

• The training needs of biogas extraction plant operators noted by the experts are the following:

- Biomass as a source of energy. - Biomass conversion processes. - Extracting biogas. - Biogas production plants. - Biogas plant operation, control and usage operations.


According to the National Qualification Institute’s National Catalogue, the following professional qualifications (with the Royal Decree governing them) apply to this occupational group): • QUI110_2 Energy installation and supplementary service operations R.D.1087/2005 The National Public Employment Service also includes the following Certificates of Professionalism among its training courses: • QUIE0208 Energy installation and supplementary service operations R.D.1970/2008

The education system offers the following Vocational Training Diplomas: • Chemical plant technician R.D. 178/2008


77..CCoonncclluussiioonnss


111

7.1. SWOT Analysis of the Renewable Energy Sector Wind Power

Strengths Opportunities

• Clean energy with a very low environmental impact and a zero cost raw material, the wind.

• Creation of direct and indirect jobs, mainly in areas close to wind farms.

• Because of distributed generation, the benefits of power generation are shared among the population through land leases, taxes and permits, thereby stimulating depressed areas.

• Investment in R&D to improve the technology and make it fit the different locations.

• Sufficient technological maturity to be competitive with conventional energy sources.

• The costs and current level of knowledge of the requirements of wind farms make the risks of development and investment low and therefore these are attractive projects.

• Creation of new jobs in the engineering sector and the industrial sector to manufacture parts and wind turbines, and in construction and equipment assembly.

• Increase in energy independence and lower prices for transporting electricity because wind farms are located near consumption points.

• Creation of new electrical infrastructure.

• Generation of R&D activities for new technological developments to improve wind power’s fit with other systems, such as interacting with pumping or generating hydrogen for storage or hybrid generation systems using solar, hydroelectric, biomass or hydrogen power.

Weaknesses Threats

• Lack of certainty when forecasting electricity production, making it difficult to manage.

• Need for transmission line networks to carry the power generated.

• Premature aging of the technology, brought on by its rapid growth.

• Areas with large amounts of resources, a low environmental impact and adequate infrastructure to carry the power are starting to become scarce.

• Existing sector totally oriented to sales to the grid; no evaluation of the alternatives of hooking up to other sectors or systems.

• Policy changes leading to modifications in the regulations governing the conditions for wind farm connection and operation.

• Lengthy procedures to obtain building permits and wind farm operating permits.

• Installing an excessive number of wind turbines could cause them to be rejected by society.

• Difficulties in meeting the requirements and needs of the national grid, if these should be tightened up.


Solar Thermal Energy


• Solar energy is an abundant resource in wide areas of Aragon, and of Spain in general.

• Solar thermal energy is a free, inexhaustible and environmentally friendly source of power.

• Solar thermal installations help to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

• Solar thermal installations for heating domestic hot water (DHW) and/or swimming pools in blocks of flats and medium to large size tertiary buildings produces acceptable profitability.

• The solar thermal sector is benefiting from the experience gained by manufacturers and installers and the degree of technological maturity of some applications.

• There is a strong growth trend in solar thermal energy in the European Union.

• Spanish solar thermal power has the greatest potential in Europe.

• Public aid is available for investments in solar thermal installations.

• The development of solar thermal systems for cooling could lead to the development of combined DHW/heating/cooling systems.

• Reflecting the emissions associated with conventional sources of energy in energy prices would lead to improved profitability for solar thermal installations.

• The Technical Building Code and the Thermal Installations in Buildings Regulation (Spanish initials, RITE) will promote more development in solar thermal power in the next few years.

Weaknesses Threats

• Solar thermal installations for DHW are not cost-effective for single family dwellings.

• It is not possible to do without a conventional heating system as back-up.

• Heating installations of this type are not particularly advisable for technical and financial reasons.

• Solar-powered absorption cooling machines are in the first stage of commercial development.

• The cost of a solar thermal installation is higher than a conventional one.

• Current electricity and fossil fuel prices limit the profitability of solar thermal installations.

• There are few companies exclusively dedicated to the business of solar thermal energy.

• Nationwide, there is a low production index for solar thermal collectors and a low level of mechanization in their manufacture.

• Some aid programmes are not sufficiently stable.

• There is a lack of greater tax incentives for individuals.

• Solar thermal system installers and maintenance personnel lack training.


113

Solar Photovoltaic Energy


• Excellent climate and geographical location.

• Using the sun as a source of energy shows respect for the environment.

• This is a local source of power and therefore reduces dependence on foreign energy sources.

• It helps to balance out the regions as it is normally installed in rural areas.

• Capacity for production and export.

• R&D groups, although small, that have international prestige.

• The current regulatory framework favours photovoltaic installations.

• Positive perception among the public of solar photovoltaic energy.

• Excellent position for reducing greenhouse gas effect emissions.

• Strong growth trend in the solar energy sector in general and photovoltaic energy in particular, both in Spain and in the European Union.

• Spain has the highest solar potential in Europe.

• Current Spanish regulations provide financial allowances for generating power from renewable resources, with attractive amounts for photovoltaic kWhs.

• Reflecting the emissions associated with conventional sources of energy in energy prices would lead to improved profitability for solar installations.

• Possibility of incorporation in buildings much greater even than that promised by the Technical Building Code.

• Ability to generate employment.

Weaknesses Threats

• No national manufacturers of polysilicate with the capacity to supply module manufacturers.

• Lengthy, complicated bureaucratic procedures.

• Meagre R&D+i budget.

• Lack or scarcity of qualified R&D personnel.

• Little integration between R&D and production.

• Little publicity on the advantages of photovoltaic electricity generation.

• Low economic viability of isolated installations.

• Uncertain regulatory future.

• Excessive number of applications for connection points and permits.

• Restrictions on photovoltaic installations for environmental and bureaucratic reasons.

• Some aid programmes for autonomous photovoltaic installations are not sufficiently stable.

• Need for Autonomous Community tax incentives for individuals.

• Lack of personnel qualified to assemble large scale production plants.


Solar Thermoelectric Energy


• Abundant direction radiation in this country.

• Solar energy is a free, inexhaustible and environmentally friendly source of power.

• This is a local source of power and therefore reduces dependence on foreign energy sources.

• Solar thermal installations help to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

• Spanish R&D groups have international prestige.

• Spain is the European leader in solar concentration technologies.

• Support for implementing demonstration projects.

• Permits the large scale production of electricity.

• Ability to manage production.

• Reflecting the emissions associated with conventional sources of energy in energy prices would lead to improved profitability for solar installations.

Weaknesses Threats

• Meagre R&D+i budget.

• With exceptions, there are no data on available levels of direct radiation.

• Doubts about the basic technical aspects, such as storage, workflow, etc.

• Lack of companies specializing in manufacturing essential parts.

• Low production capacity among manufacturers. Low level of marketing.

• Large supply of water needed.

• Lack of specific legislation.

• Lack of precision when evaluating early projects, leading to increased costs.

• Need for aid for investment in initial projects.

• Uncertainty over possible suppliers and prices.

• Uncertainty about financial institutions.

• Current price and rate allowances limited to 500 MW.

• Lengthy, difficult bureaucratic processes for this type of project.


115

Electricity from Biomass


• Extremely high stocks currently not being used.

• Considered to be a clean source of energy (good image).

• Independent of prices of other sources of energy, which are currently rising.

• Existence of managers experienced in managing biomass and waste.

• Demonstrated feasibility from plants operating in Spain and especially from model plants in Europe.

• Existence of turnkey technologies and installations from European companies.

• Great governmental support (strong pressure to meet the 2010 objectives for electricity generation from biomass and subsequent plans).

• High cost opportunity due to rising prices of other fuels used to generate electricity.

• Possibility for the first companies to manage and distribute biomass to position themselves in the market.

• Possibility for the first protagonists in this sector to be the Spanish leaders in know-how.

• Possibility of cogeneration and increasing energy saving in companies.

• Rising price of electricity is making thermoelectric generation using biomass increasingly attractive.

• Existence of allowances for electricity generation.

• Promising future of support for electricity generation using biomass.

Weaknesses Threats

• Need to store biomass. Adequate geographical distribution.

• Low energy density by unit of volume and high humidity (complicates storage).

• Lack of experience with installations with large-scale logistical needs.

• Few experienced engineers or companies in Spain.

• Lack of a market chain.

• Incipient internal problems with dirt and operations.

• Lack of technology for electrical power of less than 5 MWe.

• High cost of installations (especially if less than 5 MWe).

• Low electrical yield.

• The more productive energy crops consume a lot of water.

• Climate change could change conditions and lessen the productivity of biomass from agriculture, forestry and energy crops.

• Price increases, if demand from other sectors or consumption for thermal power generation soars.

• Difficulties in connecting to the grid.

• Support policies just being developed and with possible uncertainty in the medium term.

• Increases in the limitations placed on emissions by increasingly strict environmental policies.

• Interference in agriculture and forestry because of environmental policies that could decrease the amount of biomass that can be harvested.


Thermal Biomass


• Low price compared to conventional sources of fuel.

• Greater possibility of payback from high quality thermal biomass than other large scale applications (generating electricity, composting. etc.).

• Good image as an energy source.

• Existence of managers with experience in biomass and waste.

• Less complex installations than thermoelectric plants.

• Existence of thermal generators (burner/boilers) ranging from tens of kW to tens of MW.

• Simple, replicable installations (not one-off plants).

• Great government support for the biomass thermal generation sector, with a stable future.

• Increasing price of other fuels used for electricity generation.

• Simple to adapt coal fired installations to biomass.

• Possibility for companies specializing in boiler manufacture, installation and biomass distribution to position themselves in the market.



• Existence of financial aid for installing biomass boilers to generate heat.

• Regulation of coal fired boilers, which will disappear from domestic heating in the medium term.

Weaknesses Threats

• Geographical dispersion and need to harvest (except for small installations).

• Biomass is seasonal and therefore needs to be stored.

• Lack of a supply chain or market.

• Lack of pellet suppliers (important for domestic heating).

• Spanish technology in the early stages in the domestic sector.

• Possible future competition for this resource from other uses.

• High demand for pellets from Central European countries that could reduce supplies or increase costs.

• High demand for boilers in Central Europe, limiting availability.

• Lack of regulations on biomass installations in buildings.

• Increase in environmental and emission requirements.


117

Biofuels


• High quality products comparable to fossil fuels.

• All current production is sold or mixed in Spain or exported to third countries.

• Possibility of selling sub-products.

• Few changes needed to engines in order to use biofuels.

• Production of biofuels with first generation processes is now fully available.

• Great interest in Spain and Europe as a way to lessen dependence on foreign energy.

• Prices of diesel and petrol rising.

• Agricultural sector in crisis with less aid. Could redirect its efforts.

• Very high demand due to enormous number of vehicles on the road.

• Prior existence of a system using fossil fuels (only needs to be expanded to use the new fuels).



• Trend towards future increases in biofuel quotas.

• Long-term forecast of fossil fuel reserves running out.

Weaknesses Threats

• Agricultural products with a high oil content (sunflower seeds, rapeseed, etc.) or with a high sugar or starch content (cereals, beets, etc.) are current sources of biodiesel and bioethanol.

• Limited production of isobutane for ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether), an “anti-knock” additive mixed into petrol that is produced from bioethanol.

• Lack of petrol stations distributing 100% pure biofuels.

• Lack of commercial processes capable of transforming dry biomass into biofuels (second and third generation processes).

• Possible future competition for this resource from other uses.

• Current interference with agricultural products for human and animal consumption, which could increase the price.

• Export restrictions on the main raw material producers.

• Advantageous taxes or subsidies in other countries.

• Delay in second and third generation commercial plants becoming available.

• Delay in penetrating the vehicle market due to strong inertia on the part of manufacturers.

• Medium term uncertainty of biofuels being exempt from taxes.

• Future regulations limiting the use of imported raw materials to produce biofuels.

• Impression that biofuels will have an impact of on the price of basic human food products, leading to a poor image.


Hydroelectric Energy


• Extensive hydroelectric use of the country’s large watersheds.

• Possibility of storage and regulation in the form of potential energy.

• High yield compared to fossil fuel technologies.

• Supported by public aid to investment.

• Advanced technology for implementing hybrid systems and taking advantage of weak (low voltage) electricity distribution networks.

• Possibility of the government promoting publicly owned hydroelectric infrastructure.

• Possibility of using an ecological flow of water in existing dams and cofferdams that are not yet exploited.

• Existence of potentially recoverable abandoned installations.

• Hydraulic infrastructure ready for hydroelectric use.

• Existence of allowances for producing hydroelectricity.

• Integration of hydroelectric flow systems into the irrigation infrastructure.

• Use of mini-hydropower to supply population centres far from other power sources.

• Diversification of agricultural activities by making hybrid use of the land and its water, solar and wind resources.

• Incorporation of both hydroelectric and solar energy into hydroelectric plants.

Weaknesses Threats

• Low level of innovation.

• No new short term developments.

• Generates practically no employment in the areas where implemented.

• Long time needed for paperwork and promotion.

• Uncertainty that rate support under the Special Scheme will be maintained.

• Current technologies exclusively aimed at generating electricity and supplying it to the grid.

• Little knowledge of how to integrate resources and technologies.

• Obvious dependence on the seasons and a high degree of uncertainty.

• Environmental impact of installations. No real legislation has been developed clearly supporting this type of renewable energy.

• Increased environmental requirements from society lessening the potential for mini-hydroelectric use.

• Regulations are out of date. Need to update and speed up administrative processes.

• Compulsory environmental impact study for all mini-hydropower installations.

• Excessive pressure from certain environmental groups against construction permits and other types of local council permit.


119

7.2. General Conclusions

• The Status of the Sector

o The sector has good prospects for development. The objective for 2020 is to make the production of energy from renewable sources 20% of the final energy produced in Spain and to replace 10% of the fuel used for transport with biofuels.

o The renewable energy sector has suffered less from the impact of the economic crisis.

o The crisis has most seriously affected the manufacture of equipment related to this type of energy.

o The renewable energy sector is young and expanding; its average age is 16 and a third of the companies in it were founded since 2000.

o Renewable energy is a young, expanding sector that has been in existence for some sixteen years and where one out of three companies was founded since the year 2000.

o Two out of every three companies has increased its staff in the last five years and one out of every five has done this to a noticeable degree.

o The companies in Spain are on average small or medium sized businesses with less than 25 employees and focus their activities on project planning, installation or equipment maintenance.

o Spanish companies have a presence abroad, especially in Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, South America and the United States.

o By technological area, the largest number of companies are in wind power, followed by solar photovoltaic and low temperature solar thermal power. Geothermal power has the smallest number of companies.

o The majority of companies is located in Madrid and Catalonia, with Andalusia in third place.


• The Job Market

o Renewable energy companies employ highly skilled workers. Half are technicians, either with advanced diplomas (32%) or intermediate level diplomas (18%). In small companies with fewer than 10 workers, the number of advanced diplomas is even higher (38%).

o With regard to the type of hiring, jobs in the renewable energy sector are more stable than those in the rest of the economy, since in this sector 15% of contracts are temporary while for all companies it is 30%.

o Indefinite contracts constitute 82% of the jobs in the renewable energy sector.

o The number of active people and the number of employed people has increased.

o Unemployment has been greater among wage earners.

o The Social Security figures show an appreciable increase in the number of self employed workers registered.

o Another notable aspect of this activity is the low number of foreigners.

o This activity has a degree of stability; mainly Spanish nationals work in this sector and it has not suffered as much from the impact of the crisis as other activities.

o The increase in registered unemployment has mainly occurred among companies manufacturing parts and equipment for alternative energy installations.

o The fall in the demand for energy from companies is due to their business slowing down or to the closure of many companies, which has led to expansion plans becoming less ambitious, in the hope of better times to come.

o In this sector, the average contributor to Social Security has the following characteristics: he is male, predominantly young, and has had advanced vocational training or holds a university degree.

o Lower level professionals are selected from the area around the installations, which helps rural employment in geographical areas with a sparse population.


121

• The Future of Employment

o There are possibilities of creating direct and indirect employment. Official forecasts talk of tripling existing employment, although the development of the crisis obliges them to be cautious about making this kind of statement.

o Employment in the renewable energy sector includes a wide range of occupations.

o In Europe, and in Spain particularly, the continuing growth of this sector offers great opportunities for job creation.

o Even at this time of serious economic crisis, renewable energy is generating employment all over Europe.

o Many professionals from other sectors who have had suitable training (courses or master’s degrees) could opt to work in a sector that offers ample growth and stable employment.

o The new jobs related to renewable energy will mainly be created in the production areas and in rural areas that previously offered very few industrial possibilities.

o Job creation will focus on three types of renewable energy: wind power, solar photovoltaic power and biomass.

o The jobs will mainly be skilled and permanent.

o Most of the employment will not be in new occupations but will be adaptations of existing jobs.

• The jobs offering employment:

o Plant manager o Production manager o Maintenance manager o Production machine operators o Maintenance technicians o Mechanics and electro-mechanics

o General maintenance and repair mechanics

o Electrical mechanics and installers

o Maintenance electro-mechanics

o Machine tool operators

o Pipefitters

o Graduate and postgraduate industrial engineers

Note: Direct jobs are shown as bolded text.


• Training needs

o There is little training on offer for either occupational or regulated training.

o In general, the training courses for technicians, except for assemblers, are in advanced level vocational training.

o Companies have difficulty finding suitable personnel so that they tend to hire personnel with lower qualifications who have had regulated training.

o The sector wants to have a training plan that meets its employment needs and offers training in renewable energy.

o At the present time, big companies tend to train and retrain those that they hire so that they fit the job description. Small and medium sized companies turn to outside centres as their structure does not permit them to have their own training department.

o The government, companies and training centres need to increase their involvement and the relations between them in order to develop a training structure.

o Training is given in installation, start-up and plant maintenance to those who have had vocational training in mechanics or electromechanics.

o Training is given to undergraduate and postgraduate engineers in plant support, and also greater fluency in English.

o Undergraduate and postgraduate engineers are given training in languages (fluency in English), plant support, project development and environmental prevention and care. This training is for plant managers and project managers

o Knowledge of mechanics, electricity and electromechanics gained from study are accepted as being good, but there is a serious lack of knowledge of English.


123

AAPPPPEENNDDIICCEESS


125

APPENDIX I. GENERAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Spain’s national legislation lags behind European legislation. The environmental policies developed by the European Union are intended to correct specific environmental problems and to include resolutions that affect various areas or are incorporated in other policies.

Originally, European environmental policy was based on article 174 of the Treaty on European Union. Its aim was to guarantee sustainable development for the European model of society. It tries to protect the quality of the air and water and to manage waste and activities that have harmful effects, both in the member states and in wider international arenas.

The objectives included in these programmes and strategies have been included in a wide variety of legislation governing specific areas such as water, forests, renewable energy, waste management, marine systems, non-renewable resources, etc.

In the last three decades, European regulations have been applied to the fields related to water, forests, research, land, marine systems, waste, and environmental systems.

Special emphasis has been placed on regulatory and budgetary support for energy, especially renewable sources of energy, in a search for energy efficiency and its promotion. The legal developments made in the field of renewable energy have led to significant financial support for local, regional and national plans.

Community policies on employment have also been marked by a series of important resolutions in which sustainable development has increasingly become a central objective. The bases of the European Employment Strategy were laid down in the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997, which proposed that the protection of the environment should be taken into account when developing all other policies and objectives.

The Extraordinary European Council on Employment held in Luxembourg in 1997, which set up the guidelines for the employment policy of the member states in 1998, had four basic pillars:

To improve employability. To develop entrepreneurship. To encourage adaptability among employees. To strengthen equal opportunities.

The aim of the Lisbon Strategy, which was set in motion in 2000, was to make Europe the most competitive and dynamic knowledge society in the world by 2010. In order to apply this, the following actions were included:

To incorporate environmental responsibility into companies. To draw up a European Sustainable Development Strategy and apply it to the

community at the local, autonomous community and national level. To incorporate environmental principles into the civil service departments.

The 2002 review of the Lisbon Strategy signalled an advance in the areas of modernization and the organization of work. However, it showed that the results obtained were not completely satisfactory as there were significant differences in productivity and growth between Europe and its economic partners.

Because of this, the European Council decided to re-launch the Lisbon Strategy in 2005 through an association for growth and employment. The aim of this association continued to revolve around sustainable development.

In Spain, government support for the long series of legal resolutions developed by the EU has continued to be strengthened and refined. Spain’s legislation has always been defined in terms that follow the lines of European Union policy. For this reason, significant developments have been


126

made in this area and it is hoped that in the near future the relative importance of government support for the productive sectors is going to increase considerably.

This situation is undoubtedly encouraged by a number of factors, including growing closer to Europe, to companies and to public awareness of the fact that something must change before environmental management can be improved. However, in the field of renewable energy, legislative development in Spain has been slow and gradual. The government increased its support because of the negative impact of the current economic crisis and because it became convinced that to change the productive model it was necessary to consider the vital importance of renewable energy. This is a sector in which Spain has developed its own technology and can compete with other leading countries.

The incorporation of environmental considerations into the different sectors has advanced at varying speeds:

In industry, it is generally more advanced and legislation has existed for 30 years, as the economic advantages were discovered early on.

Agriculture is a sector that is difficult to modify in a short time.

Tourism, for its part, is a highly fragmented and diversified sector that must respond to numerous economic interests, and other types of interest, before the effects of the change can be seen.

In the transport sector, awareness of environmental problems is growing and advances are being made in vehicle emissions, fuel quality and technology, but the overall increase in the number of vehicles on the road is negating the advances.

The construction sector is definitely headed toward environmental integration. The legal bases needed to enforce the use of renewable energy are being created in order to make it possible to have buildings that are more environmentally friendly and make more effective use of energy.

Although the environment is considered part of the problem and of the solution for the energy sector and the fact that potentially effective instruments for change do exist, there is a lack of incentive to advance toward a focus on greater sustainability. In the last two sectors mentioned above, transport and construction, progress has been made on individual topics but it has been shown to be more difficult to tackle structural problems. In practice, it is difficult to change habits and ways of thinking.

These guidelines are dealing with the need to strengthen the synergies between the environment and growth through future programmes of cooperation, since investment in the environment can contribute to the economy in different ways. It can guarantee the long-term sustainability of economic growth, reduce the environmental costs to the economy and promote innovation and the creation of employment.

The Sixth Environmental Action Programme “Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Choice” aims to define the priorities and objectives up to and after 2010 and to define the measures that must be adopted in order to contribute to applying the European Union strategy on sustainable development.

This programme consists of four priority areas in environmental affairs:

Climate change Nature and biodiversity Resource management The environment and health

These will undoubtedly be the strategies that will trace the line of development of new community environmental legislation and prevention plans for the European Union. These will have a direct repercussion on the creation of environmental employment. This repercussion will have two action


127

lines: one, to reinforce existing environmental employment and, two, to create new sources of environmental employment that will meet the demand from the environmental sector and the new needs to prioritize new environmental areas up to 2010, such as, for example, climate change.

Table 1. Evolution of European Environmental Policy Year Relevant Policy

1973 First Environmental Action Programme (1973-1976).

1977 Second Environmental Action Programme (1977-1981).

1982 Third Environmental Action Programme (1982-1986).

1987 Fourth Environmental Action Programme (1987-1992). The Treaty of Rome included environmental policy in the Single European Act, an action that led to the first legal and political support for a common environmental policy.

1992 Treaty of European Union (Maastricht).

1993 Fifth Environmental Action Programme (1993-2000). The Treaty of Maastricht granted the rank of Community policy to the work of defending the environment.

1994 Official founding of the European Environmental Agency (EEA; Spanish initials, AEMA).

1997 Approval of the Treaty of Amsterdam, which enshrines the integration of environmental needs into Community policies.

1998 The Cardiff Process: integration of the environment into socioeconomic policy.

1999

Signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam, environmental policy among the key political objectives of the European Union. European Council in Cologne: report on integrating environmental concerns into other policies with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

2001 Council of Europe in Gothenburg: European Sustainable Development Strategy (Spanish initials, ECDS).

2002 Fifth Environmental Action Programme, COM (2001) 31 final and the Johannesburg Summit, which linked EU and United Nations policies on sustainable development.

Source: Ministry of the Environment (Spanish initials, MMA). 2005.


128

Table 2. European Environmental Legislation Field of Action European Legislation

WATER Framework Directive 2000/60 on water policy.

FORESTS Regulation 2152/2003/CE approving the Community Forest Monitoring System. It focuses on protection against atmospheric pollution and fire prevention.

ENERGY

Decision 1230/2003/CE. Pluri-annual Energy Action Programme “Intelligent Energy for Europe” (2003-2006) to improve energy efficiency and promote renewable energy sources. This programme gives financial support to local, regional and national initiatives in the areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Energy for the Future: Renewable Energy Sources, a white paper on renewable energy setting up a Community Strategy and Action Plan (1997-2010). It establishes the objective of reaching a minimum penetration of 12% for renewable energy sources by 2010 in EU countries. Directive 2001/77/CE promoting electricity generated from renewable sources of energy in the interior electricity market.

RESEARCH

Decision 1513/2002/CE Sixth European Community Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration. It is designed to contribute to the creation of the European Research and Innovation Area (2002-2006).

SOIL Commission Communication of 16 April 2002 “Toward a Thematic Strategy For Soil Protection”, which sets the bases for creating a soil protection strategy.

MARINE SYSTEMS Commission Communication of 2 October 2003 “Toward a Strategy to Protect and Conserve the Marine Environment”, which tries to address the lack of an integrated policy on marine environmental protection.

PESTICIDES Commission Communication of 1 July 2002 “Toward a Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides”.

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Commission Communication of 27 February 2001, White Paper on the Strategy for Future Chemicals Policy.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Directive 2004/12/CE on packaging and packaging waste; the amendments to the Directive focus mainly on reviewing the objectives for identification and recycling.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

SCALE (Science, Children, Awareness, Legal Instrument, Evaluation) European Environmental Strategy of 11 June 2003: to reduce the impact of environmental factors on people’s health. Commission Communication of 9 June 2004, “European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 to reduce diseases caused by a polluted environment”.

WASTE

Commission Communication of 17 May 2003 “Toward a Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste”. European Directive 2004/2005/CE on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage states that companies should assume the costs of ecological damage caused by their activities.

Source: Ministry of the Environment (Spanish initials, MMA) Data for 2005.


129

Table 3. Legislation Affecting the Renewable Energy Plan (PER)

Spanish Legislation on Renewable Energy

• Royal Legislative Decree 1/2008 of 11 January approving the revised text of the Law on Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Projects.

• Order ITC/3860/2007 of 28 December revising electricity rates as of 1 January 2008.

• Royal Decree 1028/2007 of 20 July establishing the administrative procedure for processing applications for permits for electricity generation facilities in this country.

• Royal Decree 661/2007 of 25 May regulating the activity of producing electrical power under the special scheme.

• Royal Decree 314/2006 of 17 March approving the Technical Building Code.

• Royal Decree 436/2004 of 12 March establishing the methodology for updating and systematizing the legislative and economic system of electric energy production under the special scheme.

• Directorate General for Energy Policy and Mining Decision of 31 May 2001 establishing the model contract and model invoice for solar photovoltaic facilitates connected to the low tension grid.

• Royal Decree 1955/2000 of 1 December regulating the activities of transporting, distributing, marketing and supplying electricity and the permit procedures for electrical energy installations.

• Royal Decree 1663/2000 of 29 September on connecting photovoltaic installations to the low tension grid.

• Royal Decree 2818/1998 of 23 December on the production of electricity by installations using renewable energy resources or sources, waste and cogeneration.

• Law 54/1997of 27 November on the Electricity Sector.

Source: Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (Spanish initials, IDAE).


130

APPENDIX II. PRESS CLIPPINGS

Renewable Energy in Spain: the Current Situation and Forecasts

The Use of Renewable Energy - Renewable energy has had a spectacular development in Spain. By September 2009, 29% of the demand for electricity was supplied by renewable sources (hydroelectric, solar and wind power, etc.). This success is due to the 1997 Law on the Electricity Sector, which has permitted those who develop renewable energy to be guaranteed a minimum remuneration for the electricity that they produce. However, development is slowing down because the government did not have any other choice but to call a halt so as not to inflate the tariff deficit further. The original mistake was made in the June 2007 regulations, when the government upheld high allowances but not very ambitious goals for photovoltaic power. In addition, the investment boom was encouraged by reduction in costs and the arrival of money from the construction sector. The government decided to put an end to this situation and took measures that have slowed down the sector. Therefore, with the new photovoltaic regulations of October 2008, quotas were set for new photovoltaic plants (500 MW a year in land and buildings) to avoid speculation, which led to a stoppage in this sector. Fear then spread to wind power and solar thermoelectric power.

- Renewable energy is beginning to be viewed as being a serious competitor to traditional electricity companies (coal or gas fired and combined cycle plants and nuclear energy) since they are fighting over a diminishing market in which, during one year of crisis, the consumption of electricity has fallen by more than 5%.

- The use of renewable sources of energy to generate electricity makes it possible to avoid using fuels that emit CO2 and other polluting gases (with the exception of biomass). This makes a contribution to reaching the objectives of saving energy resources, protecting the environment, reducing dependence on foreign supplies of fuel and diversifying the power generation mix.

- Introducing renewable energy into electricity generation requires an optimum combination

of renewable and non-renewable sources in order to resolve the dichotomy between the contribution that renewable energy makes to achieving the objectives of sustainability, the safety of the energy system and the higher costs incurred by the electricity sector due to the additional costs of transport, distribution and storage network technologies.

- Energy is the most important transversal element when defining the model of economic development for a country or region, and managing and administering it are key to making it competitive. In addition, energy has a strategic character when balancing the centres of global power. In parallel, protecting the climate requires that our economies become more sustainable and reduce their dependency on carbon fuels.

- Banking on ‘green’ energy has a very high cost. Reducing the price of the raw material has been offset by an increase in the other costs for the system. While transporting and distribution have only increased slightly, the total has soared because of paying back the inherited deficit (a 1,468 million repayment of capital, plus interest) and the 4,772 million worth of allowances paid out under the special scheme.

- Renewable energy is an alternative energy that, as well as being clean, makes it possible to make huge reductions in the demand for crude oil and coal. As a result, this also leads to reductions in fossil fuels.

- If there were no clean energy resources, fossil fuel prices would be considerably higher than they are because, being the only energy alternative, market pressure would push the prices even higher.

- The European Union will promote self-sustainable energy by reducing dependence on foreign resources. This was decided by the 27 EU leaders during the First Spanish Meeting of Climate Change Leaders in mid January 2010.


131

- Producing one kW of ‘green’ energy is between two and ten times more expensive than conventional generation. It is also necessary to consume all the production of this type of installation and an objective has been set to reach a quota of producing 40% of electricity with renewable technologies by the beginning of 2020.

- The extra costs produced by using renewable energy are reflected in the compensation, which takes the form of regulated tariffs or an allowance on the market price, received for generating electricity from renewable sources.

- According to the president of the Photovoltaic Companies’ Association, it is the current tariff system, which is based on the ‘windfall profits’ received annually by the big electricity companies, that is one of the basic factors behind or one of the main causes of the deficit.

- Reinhard Haas, vice-director of the Institute of Power Systems and Energy Economics of the Vienna University of Technology, has stated that the large increase in the production of renewable energy in the world in the last 10 years has been marred by an increase in power consumption that is much greater than the growth in renewable energy. The next five years are essential: if we are not able to contain the increase in demand, admitted this expert, nuclear energy will inevitably peak.

- The scarcity of local energy resources (Spain’s level of primary energy self-sufficiency is 22%, in comparison to 50% for the European Union) and the fact that we are an energy island leave us faced with a serious challenge in terms of guaranteeing supply. This means that safeguarding supplies must be a national policy of the first order and include the following priority action lines: energy saving and efficiency, developing renewable energy and other local energy resources, diversifying our sources of energy and the countries supplying them and increasing energy interconnections with the surrounding countries.

Applications for Renewable Energy Installations in 2009

- For wind power, there are plans to install around 11,000 MW in Spain. New applications form 70% of those that have been installed in Spain in almost two decades.

- Applications have been submitted for 4,400 MW of solar thermal energy, which is 20 times the amount installed in Spain up to now and eight times the 2010 goal of the Ministry of Industry’s renewable energy plan.

- The 2005-2010 Renewable Energy Plan plans for the installation of 500 MW of solar thermal power but, in a rush to ensure that they collects the aid, applications for registration with the Ministry of Industry multiplied this number by nine, to 4,330 megawatts.

- The Ministry of Industry has given a green light to the pre-registration (which is indispensable if companies are to collect the allowances reimbursing them for production using renewable sources) of 89 projects with a total of 1,998 MW of power. Broken down by source, 1,633 MW are produced by wind power, 150 MW by solar thermal power, 84 MW by cogeneration, 55 MW by biomass, 34 MW by biogas and 42 MW by hydroelectric power. These are installations for which the investment has been finalized and that can already supply power to the electricity system.

SPEE Occupational Observatory 132

The Renewable Energy Situation in 2009

- Global investment in renewable energy has fallen dramatically this year, due to the fact that the economic crisis has limited government and private funds for new projects.

- In mid December 2009, 338 renewable energy installations with a total of 9,050 MW, of which 6,389 MW are produced by wind farms, were registered with the Ministry of Industry.

- On 18 December, the Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Miguel Sebastián, notified the Competition Commission of the Bill for a Royal Decree on Aid to Coal that the executive wishes to approve in the near future. The bill seeks to guarantee “the safety of supply” and “to continue increasing the amount of renewable energy”.

- The Ministry of Industry prequalified [sic] 300 initiatives for more than 9,000 MW of power for the next four years.

- The national energy business has sunk under the crisis. There is less demand (a fall of 5.2% up to September, according to sources from the Spanish National Electricity Network) from the installed power of 90,000 MW, of which 21,900 MW are produced by wind power and other clean technologies, and there is an excess of coal.

- Some forecasts believe that demand will not recover until 2012.

- The spectacular growth in green energy and the drop in demand have caused a reduction in the market for conventional energy.

- On 23 October, production from renewable sources covered 50% of the demand for electricity for the first time.

- ACS invoiced €139.1 million from its clean energy business between January and September, 21% more than in 2008.

- The central government approved a finance plan for local councils that includes the possibility of funds being allocated to “energy efficiency and renewable energy” projects.

- At the end of 2009, the Ministry of Industry published the pre-allocation register for renewable energy installations. 226 new installations were added to the 112 already registered in November, giving a total of 9,050 MW. Thus ended a process started by the Ministry in May to slow down and organize the overwhelming growth in the renewable energy sector. The 32,005 MW of power at the end of 2009 will increase by stages over the next four years to 42,341 megawatts.

- Electricity consumption in Spain dropped in 2009 by 4.3% to 255,721 million kWh due to decreased economic activity, according to the advance statistics published by Unesa, the Spanish electricity industry association. This is the third consecutive drop in annual consumption since the 0.2% decrease recorded in 2008, which contrasts with the annual growth of between 2.7 and 7.1% recorded throughout the rest of the decade.

- Increased production under the special scheme (renewable energy and cogeneration) has grown by 15.3% to 92,819 million kWh, mainly due to wind power and cogeneration.


133

Renewable Energy 2010-2014

- In December, the Ministry of Industry prequalified 300 initiatives for more than 9,000 MW of power for the next four years.

- The Citi financial group has forecast that the decrease in the demand for electricity and in electricity rates will slow down this year. Although these will not grow significantly, they will not fall below the low point reached in 2009.

- . A number of firms are more optimistic about renewable energy companies in the medium and long-term. They also predict that this will be the arena in which more corporate movement will be seen throughout the year.

- in the midst of the crisis, the renewable energy sector has shown itself to be one of the possible engines of employment in the country. This is shown by the forecast that one million jobs will be generated in the next 10 years, according to the Renewable Energy Forum.

- Adecco Engineering & Technical, a recruitment company, forecasts that renewable energy engineers will be the most sought after professionals in 2010. Renewable energy engineers must have training in industrial engineering (at either the undergraduate or postgraduate level), fluency in English, which is highly valued, 3 to 5 years’ experience working in the sector and a knowledge of technical documentation and regulations, which again is highly valued. In the case of aptitudes, they must demonstrate organization and planning, be clearly result oriented, be able to tolerate stress and be available to travel.

- The Spanish government wishes to take advantage of its EU presidency to boost interconnections, which are necessary not only to improve the guarantees of supply but also to encourage the development of renewable energy.

Spain’s Renewable Energy Regulations

- Royal Decree 6/2009 of 30 April opened up the pre-allocation register, which is compulsory for photovoltaic energy, to all technologies. This system limits the power that can be installed, so that those who have a permit from this register are in possession of a valuable commodity. There are those who have paid up to €1,000,000 per megawatt, which has brought speculation to photovoltaic

power. There is a threat that this speculation will spread to the rest of the renewable energy sector.

- The Ministry of Industry has announced new legislation, which will probably be less generous, but it has not specified when, how or how much. This has created uncertainty and projects have been frozen.


134

- It is necessary to be included in the Ministry’s register to take advantage of the allowances listed in Royal Decree 661/2007.

- The regulatory framework has changed three times in under two years.

- The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade has approved the registration of 53 renewable energy installations in the register, a prerequisite to their being able to collect the allowances that they will receive for production.

- Each Autonomous Community is putting out tenders for renewable energy quotas at its own expense, showing a clear lack of coordination with the central government and its energy planning.


135

The Generation of Employment - Greenpeace calculates that if all electricity came from renewable sources at least 170,000 jobs could be generated in Spain.

- The Energy Technology Institute (Spanish initials, ITE) is promoting the profession of

renewable energy engineer, one of the activities that will be in the ‘greatest demand’ this year, according to a forum organized by the institute.

Renewable Energy Issues - There is a need for a stable framework of development in the next five years that includes the Autonomous Communities and companies.

- In Spain, renewable energy faces the challenge that the government will establish a long-lasting regulatory framework for the sector. Another challenge for growth is how to promote technological improvements in installations to get greater efficiency and open up markets.

- Royal Decree-Law 6/2009, published in May 2009, created a pre-registration mechanism for renewable energy with the intention of holding back the bubble that was forming in this field. However, in practice, pre-registration was a fiasco and created more chaos than it was intended to solve when hundreds of projects were registered because of the perception that the subsidies were going to be cut back once pre-registration closed

- The small size of most companies in the renewable energy sector places them in a ‘vulnerable’ position, which ‘makes it difficult for them to compete’.

- Iberdrola and Gas Natural, the leading electricity producers in the country, raised their voices in unison to ask for a change in the system of incentives for renewable energy.

- The president of the Renewable Energy Producers’ Association (Spanish initials, APPA), José María González Vélez, said that it was necessary to triple investment so that Spain could produce 20% of final energy consumption from renewable sources in 2020. He was of the opinion that the renewable sector has an ‘irreversible’ future and that, if the political will to make these investments really exists, the future ‘is great’. ‘It will be one of the engines of employment that will help us to get out of the crisis.’

- The Renewable Energy Producers’ Association thinks that it is necessary to triple investment to reach 20% of final consumption by 2020.

- in Spain, subsidies for renewable energy have increased by 170% since 2004 and reached 4,772 million euros in 2009. These subsidies, which contribute to the so called tariff deficit (-17,000 million) are part of an unequal system that must become more efficient financially.

- The state owes the electricity producers some 15,000 million euros due to the previous tariff system, which obliged them to sell electricity at a rate that was below the real cost of generation and access to the grid.


135

Investment - Smurfit Kappa Nervión has announced that it will invest 25 million euros to set up a forestry biomass renewable energy plant and to improve the gas treatment at its plant in Irureta (Biscay).

- The Australian ocean energy company, BioPower Systems, will develop wave power projects with the Spanish company Elecnor.

- ACS invested 763 million euros in promoting renewable energy generation in the first nine months of the year, an increase of 27% over the same period in 2008. Of this amount, 484 million were invested in solar thermal assets

and the remaining 279 million in developing wind farms.

- According to the president of UNESA, electricity demand will not recover the levels seen before the crisis for four or five years. In spite of this, the total level of investment will be maintained at some 6,000 million euros per annum, since investment in distribution will increase.

- The solar photovoltaic plant development group OPDE has raised 100 million euros to finance two 22 MW installations in Tordesillas (Valladolid) and Valtierra (Navarre).

The Internationalization of Renewable Energy Companies - Iberdrola Renovables, the biggest wind power generation company in Europe and the second largest in the United States, has just signed a contract with the American agency M-S-R Public Power to sell it the production of its Big Horn II wind farm in Washington for the next 25 years. Iberdrola has strengthened its presence in the USA, to more than 30% of its installed power, or 3,459 MW, at the end of September. The company, which has a presence in 20 states, is operating 34 wind farms.

- Iberdrola Renovables has also signed the biggest renewable energy sales contract in its history with the American company Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to build a wind farm in Cayuga Ridge (Illinois).

- Fersa, a renewable energy company, is continuing its international expansion programme. It is now present in nine countries through direct or indirect participation in other companies and has its sights set on two markets with the greatest possibilities of growth in the renewable energy sector, the United States and Brazil. It has just taken off in a new foreign market, Turkey.

- The president of CIERVAL commented on the opportunities for investment offered by Morocco to renewable energy companies from Valencia.

- Although the project still has a long way to go, analysts have positively evaluated the fact that the British government has awarded Iberdrola Renovables and the Swedish company Vattenfall the contract for the construction of a 7,700 MW offshore wind farm in the north sea.


136

The Renewable Energy Plan 2010-2020 - The European Parliament has approved a Directive obliging the 27 member countries to adopt the so-called ‘triple twenty’ objective for 2020: to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, to increase energy efficiency by 20% and for 20% of the energy in the European Union to come from renewable sources.

- The new and binding Renewable Energy Directive establishes action plans for a series of technologies, among them bioenergy (biofuels and biomass) and solar thermal, photovoltaic, mini-hydroelectric , ocean and wind power. It also expresses and need to support specific scientific research projects that will permit these systems to be developed.

- Spain intends to increase its installed green power to around 35,000 MW in 2010. This should be doubled in the next decade in order to meet the European objective for 2020 of 20% of final energy consumption being renewable.

- The new 2011-2020 Renewable Energy Plan that is being drafted by the government will include mechanisms for reviewing the objectives depending on the improvements made in costs and the efficiency of each technology. The new law would include mechanisms to incorporate and promote technological improvements with the aim of their reaching end consumers.

.

Types of Renewable Energy

Wind Power - The Wind Energy Association (Spanish initials, AEE) considers that the new pre-registration of allocated renewable power created by the Ministry of Industry has ‘paralyzed’ the sector and is creating an ‘extremely serious situation’. The AEE thinks that the creation of the register could lead to a loss of employment in the sector and relocation.

- Electria Wind will promote its mini-wind power business in Spain with three factories. The company has a plan to expand its plant in Valladolid and to develop another assembly plant, with the capacity to produce another hundred wind turbines a year, and a blade factory.

- 12% of energy consumption in this country is supplied by wind power and there have been times when 40% of the total of electricity has been provided by wind farms. In the future, if the current rate of implementation continues, wind power could produce 20% of total electricity consumption.

- Technicians from the department of wind energy of the National Renewable Energy Centre (Spanish initials, CENER) are coordinating a European project to train a network of ITN (Initial Training Network) centres in a joint programme to train researchers. The project, which is called WAUDIT (Wind Resource Assessment Audit and Standardization), is part of the Marie Curie actions of the PEOPLE programme of the European Commission’s seventh Framework Programme (FP7). This initiative, which will last for four years and has four million euros in funding, has as its main objective the training of researchers in the field of wind energy.

- The wind power sector will lose another 3,000 jobs in 2010, if the Ministry of Industry allows 2,100 MW to be installed each year, as it did between 2004 and 2008, and there could be relocation said the president of the Wind Energy Association (Spanish initials AEE) yesterday.


137

Solar Thermal Power - This is a sector that could make Spain a ‘world leader’.

- The Asociación Protermosolar stated that the changes in the regulations on renewable energy that the Ministry of Industry wishes to make will endanger the investment already made. The association said that, if the law prevents the objective of 500 MW in 2010 from being reached, it will ‘endanger the investment made in 35 solar thermal plants that are already under construction’. The Association considers that this change puts some 10,000 million euros of investment at risk and some 300,000 equivalent jobs. This would be a repeat of what happened to photovoltaic energy, the first renewable energy source to suffer the fever and the first to suffer cutbacks.

- Solar thermoelectric energy is already showing great maturity and beginning to provide electricity at night. Up to now, the great drawback of renewable sources of energy has been that the production of electricity is instantaneous. But the Andasol-1 solar thermoelectric plant in Aldeire (Granada) has become the first installation with a parabolic trough that stores the heat produced by the sun so that it can be used when the sky is cloudy or simply when it is night.

- A solar thermoelectric plant run by Acciona and another of the same type run by ACS have managed to get into the pre-allocation register for renewable energy established by the Ministry of Industry to control the renewable power entering the system.

Photovoltaic Power - In 2007, there were 558 MW installed and in 2008, there were 2,984. In 2006, 39 million euros in allowances were collected and in 2008 987 million. To slow down this increase, the Ministry of Industry introduced a new regulation reducing the allowances and setting annual installation quotas, which have seriously affected the sector.

- In 2008, solar photovoltaic power generated more than 250 million euros in investment to improve the electricity distribution network.

- The Spanish photovoltaic sector grew uncontrollably in 2008, to the point where almost half the world market was concentrated in that year. But the inertia of this development has put us in the vanguard of world technology, with a notable presence in the main international markets.

- In 2008, the companies producing solar photovoltaic power contributed some 375 million euros to local authorities in taxes alone and generated 3.5% of national electricity production.

Biogas - Because of its industrial, economic and social characteristics, Spain is a country in which agro-industrial biogas “is considered to be a very significant source of renewable energy from the perspectives of strategy and sustainability”.

- The Spanish Biogas Association (Spanish initials, Aebig) today asked that the renewable energy plan for the period 2011-2020 to be drawn up by the Ministry of Industry consider biogas to be a renewable energy and not merely an ‘environmental solution’ or a ‘sub-product’.


138

Biomass - In Spain, the development of energy produced from biomass could reduce forest fires by between 50% and 70%, avoid the emission of eight million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually and create 12,600 stable jobs, according to the president of the Biomass Section of the Renewable Energy Producers’ Association (Spanish initials, APPA).

- In 2009, a total of 84 MW were approved for biomass.

- In Spain, 462 MW of power are currently produced from biomass, an amount that meets 35% of the objective set by the PER (Renewable Energy Plan). - Ence will invest 80 million euros in the construction of the biggest biomass energy plant in Spain, which will be located in San Juan del Puerto (Huelva) and will create some 400 jobs.

Renewable Energy in the Autonomous Communities

The Status of Renewable Energy Sources in the Autonomous Communities - Each Community has approved its own projects without fitting them into a national policy for the whole electricity system.

- To prevent the communities from flooding the market with green megawatts, the ministry is considering introducing a quota system that fits the energy needs of the country and the possibilities of each region.

- The Autonomous Communities that generate agro-industrial biogas are Castilla-León with 15,700, Andalusia with 1,000, Castilla-La Mancha with 952, Aragon with 858 and Catalonia with 767 tons of cubic metres annually.

Andalusia

- In February 2009, the Junta published an order regulating the programme of incentives for sustainable energy development in Andalusia. This programme has sponsored 8,679 renewable energy installation projects for an investment of 80 million euros and granted 27 million euros in incentives.

- Andalusia leads the national production of electricity from biomass with a total of 15 plants that produce 164 MW, 44% of the national total.

- Among the objectives of the Andalusia Energy Sustainability Plan is for Andalusia to have 256 MW of power produced from biomass in 2013.

- The work done on the Almeria Solar Platform (Spanish initials, PSA) during the last 25 years has placed the Community ‘in the forefront’ of solar energy research.

- The company Torresol Energy has received a bank loan for 540 million euros to construct two solar thermal plants in San José del Valle (Cadiz). Torresol already has a similar plant in Fuentes de Andalucía (Seville) and another in Guadix (Granada). It is also constructing another four plants in Extremadura. However, the company’s business is not limited to Spain as it has projects in the initial phase in the USA and in the study phase in Abu Dhabi.


139

Aragon - The Environmental Councillor of the Government of Aragon and the President of Los Monegros county have signed a cooperation agreement for a total of 3.6 million euros. This money will be allocated to the actions included in the Pilot Plan for Sustainable Development in the Rural Environment, which will benefit all the municipalities in the area.

Asturias - in 2009, the Principality allocated nine million euros in aid to promote renewable energy and states that this line of subsidies will continue in 2010.

- The European project’s main wind power laboratory will be installed on the coast of Asturias.

- The National Renewable Energy Centre estimates that 13.09 gigawatts of wind power could be installed in the local seas and under profitable conditions. Only the installations in the province of Castellon are bigger.

Canary Islands - The Canary Island government has assigned 170 MW of wind power to 11 projects in Tenerife.

- The Technological and Renewable Energy Institute (Spanish initials, ITER), a body that belongs to the Tenerife Island Council and the Australian company PETRATHERM will explore, research and develop geothermal projects in the Canary Islands.

Cantabria - The government of Cantabria will support the development of renewable energy, as shown by the Cantabria Wind Power Plan and the investment in offshore energy, which could be a success. It is also asking for cooperation from companies to develop the business and create jobs.

- The government of Cantabria and Gas Natural will promote deep water offshore wind farms and are studying setting up a company to implement this technology on the Spanish coast.

Castilla-Leon - The government of Castilla-Leon is taking part in European energy projects. The Regional Energy Body (Spanish initials, EREN) is part of the European Biogas Regions project, which is co financed by the European “Intelligent Energy for Europe” Programme, which is made up of a consortium of nine European partners and public, regional, local and private organizations.

- Castilla-Leon has 20% of the wind power installed in Spain: 3,365 MW in 149 farms in the nine provinces.

- This region has one quarter of the national potential for agro-industrial biogas (2,140 million cubic metres per annum, out of the estimated 8,000 available in the whole of Spain).

- The electricity company Iberdrola Renovables is constructing 12 wind farms in Castilla-Leon. When they come on line, they will add 380 megawatts of power and create 1,000 new jobs.


141

Castilla-La Mancha - Approval has been given to start building the National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Experimentation Centre (Spanish initials, CNETHPC). It has already received 26.8 million euros from the Ministry of Industry and Innovation (Spanish acronym, MICINN) and the cost of construction and operation until 2021 will be 130 million euros. The centre will become a Singular Scientific-Technological Facility (Spanish initials, ICTS) and will be located in Puertollano (Ciudad Real).

- Silicio Solar’s new manufacturing plant in Puertollano, which produces silicon ingots and wafers for photovoltaic use, went into operation with 156 of the 800 workers originally planned for.

- In Guadalajara, Iberdrola Renovables has generated 100 jobs over three years in its Alto Tajo clean energy area, which is made up of three installations: the wind farm complex, the Maranchón energy classroom and the Corduente forestry biomass plant.

Catalonia - From its headquarters in Barcelona, InnoEnergy, the innovation platform of the renewable energy sector created by the EIT (European Technology Institute) will promote four projects in Catalonia that focus on wind, photovoltaic, solar thermoelectric and ocean power.

The wind power project is an offshore platform that the Catalonia Energy Research Institute (Catalan initials, IREC), which has links to the Generalitat and the central government, plans to construct on the coast of Tarragona. The project will continue to be the property of

IREC, although it will also have the support of InnoEnergy. Local partners who wish to participate in the initiative are being sought as well.

The second project focuses on developing new solar photovoltaic and solar thermoelectric energy technologies with the aim of reducing costs and increasing efficiency. The third is based on ocean technology demonstration plants using tidal and wave power. Finally, InnoEnergy will increase the reliability of wind turbines to reduce the cost of wind power.

Valencian Community - According to the Infrastructure and Transport Department, last year, the province of Castellon produced a total of 9,129 GWh of electricity, 58% more than all the electricity consumed in the province. Production in this province has increased by more than 30% in just three years.

- The Valencia Export Institute (Spanish initials, IVEX) is promoting the internationalization of renewable energy in the U.S. market.

- The new 2010 Local Fund for “energy efficiency and renewable energy” will allocate 543 million euros to the Valencian Community.

- Iberdrola Renovables is going to install a Renewable Operations Centre (Spanish CORE) in Valencia for the real-time telecontrol, management and maintenance of all its renewable energy generation facilities.


141

Extremadura

- The president of the Extremadura Forestry and Environmental Companies’ Association (Spanish initials, AEEFOR) emphasized that the Autonomous Community of Extremadura was ‘late’ in launching renewable energies. In his opinion, Extremadura has great potential for wind turbine installations but he also agrees that other types of renewable energy, such as solar photovoltaic, have reached a ‘magnificent’ stage of implementation and development.

Galicia - The Xunta predicts that more than 95% of the electricity consumed in Galicia in 2015 will come from renewable sources.

- The Xunta has allocated 5.6 million euros to promoting renewable energy sources.

Balearic Islands

- The Balearic Islands are trailing behind the country as far as renewable energy production is concerned. 38 MW have been installed, with only Ceuta and Melilla, with 3 MW, coming behind them, according to a report from the National Energy Commission (Spanish initials, CNE).

- Ibiza comes last among the Balearic Islands in renewable energy generation. Only Formentera has reached the objective of 12.1% clean energy in 2010. On Ibiza, 0.03 MW are generated, in contrast to the 236.6 MW that are consumed.

La Rioja - La Rioja has 13 wind farms and 400 wind turbines, for a total installed power of 446.62 MW. This covers the consumption needs of all the households in the Community. No farms were installed in 2009.

- The local group, Sapje, has patented a climate controlled piece of urban furniture (a bench) that provides the user with heating or cooling depending on the outside weather conditions. This product works by solar energy, using solar thermal panels.

Madrid

- Caja Madrid invested 696 millions euros in renewable energy projects in 2009, which, according to the ranking of Infrastructure Journal’s Project Finance, makes it the second institution in the world in the number of “mandated” operations to finance renewable energy and fourth in the amount financed.


142

Murcia - The crisis and the new legislation cut short the development of a sector in the Region that had reached a growth level of 900% in two years. The Region of Murcia, which has a privileged position for obtaining electricity from solar radiation, has seen this sector plummet in just one year. The installation of solar photovoltaic farms fell by 90% in 2009 and the approximately 80 companies involved in this activity have gone from employing 5,000 people to keeping on only 500. The regional government and the employers blame this on restrictive state legislation.

- In March 2009, the German company Novatec inaugurated the world’s first commercial solar thermoelectric power station in Calasparra (Murcia). The plant, which will produce 1.4 MW of power and 2 GWh of electricity per year, uses linear collectors and Fresnel plane mirrors, which produce low cost steam. The German company wants to install another four plants in the region, to reach a production of 90 MW using technology that is manufactured and developed in situ.

Navarre - Navarre is currently a world leader in clean energy production, mainly from wind power. The region covers 65% of its electricity consumption with renewable sources of energy and is working to come close to 100%.

- The Cenifer renewable energy training centre is preparing for a European level training course: renewable energy and energy management assistant. The Imarcoain centre will probably be the only partner from this country in a group made up of five European Union countries.

Basque Country - The Guipuzcoa council will allocate 212,900 euros to the Cidetec technology centre in San Sebastian to promote the development of hydrogen and fuel cells as sources of sustainable energy.

- In December 2009, the General Councils of Alava approved the Mugarri Renewable Energy Plan. Its aim is to have 35% of the energy consumed in the region come from renewable sources. With the installation of a new wind farm in the Montes de Vitoria area, it is hoped to triple the generation of photovoltaic energy.

Ceuta and Melilla - Ceuta and Melilla, which have not yet reached the level of one gigawatt hour, are at the bottom in renewable energy production.


143

APPENDIX III. JOB MARKET TABLES

Hiring and Registered Unemployment by Autonomous Community and Province(*)

CNAE 35: Supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning HIRING REGISTERED

UNEMPLOYMENT Aut. Comm. Province 2008-2009 % var. from

prev. year % var. 04-

09 Sept. 09 % var. from prev. yr.

% var. 04-09

Almeria 91 8.33 51.67 58 34.88 70.59

Cadiz 137 2.24 -63.56 102 10.87 67.21

Cordoba 86 -6.52 45.76 56 -8.20 166.67

Granada 131 -26.40 87.14 76 61.70 245.45

Huelva 39 -2.50 -20.41 34 78.95 161.54

Jaen 131 -9.66 274.29 53 55.88 657.14

Malaga 146 24.79 -63.13 84 -17.65 33.33

Seville 159 -27.40 -72.01 144 15.20 50.00

Andalusia

TOTAL 920 -8.82 -42.96 607 16.06 91.48

Huesca 117 14.71 58.11 27 125.00 170.00

Teruel 31 40.91 -36.73 12 9.09 -50.00

Saragossa 67 4.69 -66.33 51 13.33 41.67Aragon

TOTAL 215 14.36 -33.23 90 32.35 28.57

Las Palmas 90 11.11 -20.35 78 27.87 188.89Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 31 -38.00 -63.95 44 -33.33 41.94Canary Is.

TOTAL 121 -7.63 -39.20 122 -3.94 110.34

Cantabria 7 -97.96 -98.72 14 -6.67 -26.32

Avila 11 -83.58 57.14 11 83.33 10.00

Burgos 114 52.00 34.12 27 -25.00 -52.63

Leon 69 7.81 25.45 23 -48.89 -56.60

Palencia 7 -69.57 -88.14 15 -50.00 -28.57

Salamanca 16 -11.11 6.67 16 -33.33 -52.94

Segovia 4 -50.00 33.33 3 -62.50 0.00

Soria 12 -75.00 -53.85 6 500.00 200.00

Valladolid 40 25.00 -40.30 34 -19.05 -15.00

Zamora 40 -16.67 233.33 9 -40.00 0.00

Castilla-Leon

TOTAL 313 -18.28 -4.86 144 -30.43 -37.12

Albacete 130 -15.58 202.33 56 55.56 124.00

Ciudad Real 111 4.72 141.30 38 -20.83 90.00

Cuenca 56 -58.21 2,700.00 20 150.00 150.00

Guadalajara 133 -6.34 850.00 23 -34.29 187.50

Toledo 79 27.42 172.41 38 -9.52 31.03

Castilla La Mancha

TOTAL 509 -14.88 279.85 175 3.55 94.44

Barcelona 310 -29.86 -33.62 321 16.30 70.74

Girona 34 17.24 36.00 33 -43.10 32.00

Lleida 61 17.31 10.91 28 21.74 86.67

Tarragona 97 -21.14 -4.90 56 -20.00 107.41

Catalonia

TOTAL 502 -22.29 -22.65 438 2.58 71.76

Ceuta 7 40.00 40.00 1 -66.67 -75.00


144

Hiring and Registered Unemployment by Autonomous Community and Province(*) CNAE 35: Supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning

HIRING REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT Aut. Comm. Province

2008-2009 % var. from prev. year

% var. 04-09 Sept. 09 % var. from

prev. yr. % var. 04-

09 Madrid 1,093 -32.94 32.48 192 -38.06 -0.52

Navarre 147 -34.08 28.95 27 -12.90 -34.15

Alicante 41 -52.33 -40.58 68 15.25 6.25

Castellon 50 -18.03 28.21 57 83.87 29.55

Valencia 160 6.67 -4.19 104 18.18 73.33Valencian Comm.

TOTAL 251 -15.49 -8.73 229 28.65 36.31

Badajoz 56 -45.10 -36.36 49 8.89 96.00

Caceres 219 -5.19 321.15 71 -8.97 2.90Extremadura

TOTAL 275 -17.42 96.43 120 -2.44 27.66

Corunna 158 -39.00 24.41 61 -34.41 -72.52

Lugo 20 25.00 185.71 7 -63.16 -76.67

Orense 18 -58.14 12.50 12 -42.86 -64.71

Pontevedra 38 -5.00 -20.83 28 -3.45 33.33

Galicia

TOTAL 234 -34.64 18.18 108 -33.33 -64.82

Balearic Is. 109 -19.85 11.22 52 -36.59 52.94

La Rioja 22 -21.43 -31.25 17 -26.09 70.00

Melilla 23 43.75 21.05 8 700.00 60.00

Alava 25 -57.63 177.78 18 12.50 20.00

Guipuzcoa 23 -25.81 -17.86 23 -36.11 -61.67

Biscay 73 15.87 -40.16 80 -23.08 -31.03Basque Co.

TOTAL 121 -20.92 -23.90 121 -22.44 -36.65

Asturias 63 -10.00 16.67 29 -21.62 -27.50

Murcia 141 -27.32 12.80 73 -12.05 -17.05

TOTAL 5,077 -24.68 -13.07 2,567 -5.80 16.00(*) Unemployment figures for September of each year. Years: 2005 to 2009.

Figures for cumulative contracts from October of one year to September of the following year. From Oct. 2004 to Sept. 2009.


145

Hiring by Activity

Economic Activity 2008-2009 % change, annual

% change, 04-09

Agriculture, stock breeding, forestry and fishing 1,791,666 1.68 0.98

Extractive industries 9,372 -34.45 -49.09

Manufacturing industries 753,668 -33.41 -38.38

Supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 5,077 -24.68 -13.07

Supply of water, drainage, waste management and decontamination 105,852 -20.14 -7.87

Construction 1,678,720 -28.66 -34.77

Motor vehicle and motorcycle wholesale and retail sales and repair 1,285,643 -27.91 -30.23

Transport and storage 477,464 -14.91 -23.82

Hotels and catering 1,515,062 -12.61 -1.27

Information and communications 236,954 -13.37 -11.76

Financial and insurance activities 71,575 -31.18 -24.78

Real estate activities 40,455 -60.97 -74.14

Professional, scientific and technical activities 356,957 1,422.27 2,037.21

Administrative and auxiliary services activities 3,174,073 -31.14 -21.86

Civil service, defence and Social Security 495,885 3.76 6.13

Education 486,260 -2.70 26.00

Health and social services activities 923,394 -3.92 25.69

Artistic, recreational and entertainment activities 467,355 -24.70 -4.77

Other services 289,098 -11.54 -19.42

Household activities, e.g., employers of domestic personnel 26,535 -2.81 7.17

Activities of organizations and bodies outside the country 850 - -

TOTAL 14,191,915 -18.93 -15.40


146

Number of Companies by Activity and Province. Absolute values Prov. / CNAE 3512 (*) 3513 (*) 3514 (*) 3518 (*) 3519 (*) TOTAL

Corunna 7 14 - 10 8 39Alicante - 3 - 1 2 6Alava 6 7 - 8 10 31Albacete 2 6 - - 11 19Almeria 1 3 1 4 11 20Asturias 4 5 - 1 4 14Avila 1 3 1 4 11 20Badajoz 3 14 0 1 12 30Barcelona 13 14 1 3 14 45Burgos 7 4 - 8 5 24Caceres 2 10 - - 11 23Cadiz 5 10 - 3 2 20Cantabria 2 4 - 1 2 9Castellon 1 5 - - 8 14Ceuta - 1 1 1 - 3Ciudad Real 4 5 1 - 10 20Cordoba 4 13 1 1 8 27Cuenca 3 6 1 0 8 18Girona 4 9 - - 2 15Granada - 8 - 2 4 14Guadalajara 2 6 - - 4 12Guipuzcoa 4 7 - - 1 12Huelva - 3 - - 3 6Huesca 4 12 1 6 4 27Balearic Islands 2 6 - - 1 9Jaen 3 7 - - 13 23La Rioja 1 5 - 6 2 14Las Palmas 4 5 - 1 5 15Leon 3 17 - 1 9 30Lleida 6 17 2 1 5 31Lugo 5 3 - 4 4 16Madrid 7 15 3 20 44 89Malaga 3 6 1 6 8 24Melilla - 1 - - 1 2Murcia 2 5 2 3 11 23Navarre 6 6 - 7 6 25Orense 5 7 - - 2 14Palencia 5 5 - - 6 16Pontevedra 4 10 - 1 3 18Salamanca 7 3 - 2 1 13S. C. Tenerife 1 6 - - 2 9Segovia 1 4 1 - 1 7Seville 4 8 - 6 25 43Soria 3 3 - 10 2 18Tarragona 3 4 - 1 3 11Teruel 2 6 - - 6 14Toledo 1 6 - 2 6 15Valencia 4 13 2 7 15 41Valladolid 4 4 - 6 13 27Biscay 4 2 2 2 5 15Zamora 3 5 - 3 9 20Saragossa 6 6 - 9 11 32TOTAL 178 357 21 152 374 1.082

(*) The economic activities related to the marketing of electricity from renewable sources are: 3512 Transportation of electricity 3513 Distribution of electricity 3514 Marketing of electricity 3518 Production of electricity from wind power 3519 Production of electricity from other sources


147

Number of Companies by Activity and Province% Prov. / CNAE 3512 3513 3514 3518 3519 TOTAL

Corunna 0.73 3.94 - 25.72 0.52 4.85Alava 0.29 0.37 0.84 0.17 0.29 0.34Albacete 0.88 0.58 - 2.18 2.81 0.93Alicante 0.35 2.60 - 0.04 1.24 1.84Almeria 2.95 0.80 8.40 0.21 0.19 1.15Asturias 3.02 2.99 - 0.09 3.19 2.76Avila 0.07 0.44 1.68 0.77 0.33 0.39Badajoz 0.29 0.95 - 0.09 1.38 0.78Barcelona 8.05 7.57 1.68 0.17 13.18 7.44Burgos 0.49 0.73 - 1.41 2.09 0.84Caceres 0.20 1.14 - - 0.76 0.83Cadiz 2.62 0.96 - 0.30 0.14 1.16Cantabria 0.66 1.41 - 0.09 0.43 1.08Castellon 0.71 0.92 - - 0.43 0.77Ceuta - 0.27 5.88 1.50 - 0.32Ciudad Real 3.04 1.28 0.84 - 3.66 1.69Cordoba 2.74 1.18 0.84 1.28 0.48 1.43Cuenca 0.42 0.51 0.84 - 1.28 0.51Girona 1.08 1.05 - - 0.10 0.89Granada 0.15 1.02 - 1.15 1.71 0.91Guadalajara 0.13 1.21 - - 1.33 0.90Guipuzcoa 1.59 0.93 - - 0.05 0.91Huelva - 0.98 - - 2.19 0.80Huesca 0.07 0.50 8.40 0.38 1.95 0.55Balearic Islands 0.84 3.11 - - 0.05 2.17Jaen 0.40 0.82 - - 3.57 0.87La Rioja 0.04 0.57 - 1.50 0.14 0.51Las Palmas 1.21 3.65 - 0.13 0.48 2.64Leon 0.82 2.94 - 13.24 0.57 3.20Lleida 3.66 0.90 10.92 1.88 0.76 1.54Lugo 0.59 0.68 - 0.51 0.19 0.61Madrid 23.98 20.61 15.13 9.10 16.79 20.00Malaga 0.60 1.26 22.69 0.30 1.71 1.18Melilla - 0.01 - - 1.76 0.13Murcia 0.13 1.66 4.20 0.56 0.90 1.23Navarra 0.35 0.81 - 21.66 2.95 2.61Orense 0.70 1.05 - - 0.05 0.81Palencia 0.20 0.25 - - 0.29 0.22Pontevedra 0.40 1.30 - 0.21 0.76 0.99Salamanca 2.43 0.65 - 0.21 0.05 0.91S. C. Tenerife 0.35 2.70 - - 0.10 1.82Segovia 0.07 0.33 2.52 - 0.05 0.24Seville 1.21 4.46 - 2.78 5.52 3.75Soria 0.40 0.34 - 2.01 0.14 0.47Tarragona 13.90 1.17 - 0.17 0.19 3.48Teruel 1.06 0.49 - - 11.56 1.38Toledo 0.70 1.44 - 0.09 0.62 1.12Valencia 8.89 3.73 2.52 3.29 4.09 4.71Valladolid 0.86 1.20 - 0.51 0.76 1.04Biscay 3.15 7.06 12.61 2.86 3.04 5.68Zamora 1.65 0.39 - 1.45 1.62 0.81Saragossa 0.88 2.11 - 2.01 1.57 1.81TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00


148

Self Employed Workers by Province and Activity (total and % of each activity) 3512 3513 3514 3518 3519 TOTAL Prov. / CNAE No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Corunna - - 3 0.42 - - - - 10 47.62 13 0.94 Alva - - - - - - 3 42.86 - - 3 3.66 Albacete - - 4 3.67 1 100 3 5.77 40 40.4 48 15.48 Alicante - - 5 1.05 - - - 28 52.83 33 6.01 Almeria - - 3 2.03 - - 2 28.57 16 80 21 6.09 Asturias - - 1 0.18 - - - - 2 2.9 3 0.38 Ávila - - 4 4.76 1 33.33 1 5.26 12 52.17 18 13.53 Badajoz - - 5 2.84 1 100 - - 14 35 20 8.51 Barcelona 1 0.23 7 0.51 3 60 2 33.33 26 8.58 39 1.83 Burgos - - 1 0.75 - - - - 6 12 7 2.9 Caceres - - 2 0.96 - - - 6 26.09 8 3.31 Cadiz - - 1 0.57 - - 1 16.67 5 62.5 7 2.11 Cantabria 1 2.7 3 1.15 1 100 - - 3 25 8 2.57 Castellon - - 6 3.45 - 1 100 21 70 28 11.48 Ceuta - - - - - - - - - - - Ciudad Real - - 1 0.43 - - - - 12 13.64 13 2.65 Córdoba - - - - - - - - 2 18.18 2 0.49 Cuenca - - - - 1 50 1 100 7 20.59 9 5.92 Girona - - 2 1.04 - - - - 2 50 4 1.56 Granada - 2 1.07 - - 2 6.9 5 12.2 9 3.5 Guadalajara - - 1 0.45 - - 1 100 1 3.45 3 1.16 Guipuzcoa 2 2.25 - - 1 100 - - 2 66.67 5 1.91 Huelva - - - - - - 1 2.13 1 0.44 Huesca - - - - - - 1 10 1 2.33 2 1.27 Balearic Islands - - - - - 2 100 5 83.33 7 1.13 Jaen - - 1 0.67 1 100 1 100 6 7.23 9 3.52 La Rioja - - - - - 1 2.86 3 50 4 2.72 Las Palmas 1 1.54 1 0.15 - 1 25 11 52.38 14 1.85 León - - 4 0.74 - 3 0.96 8 38.1 15 1.64 Lleida 3 1.49 3 1.82 1 7.14 - - 13 44.83 20 4.41 Lugo 1 3.03 1 0.8 - 1 7.69 3 42.86 6 3.37 Madrid - - 4 0.11 - - 6 2.79 53 13.15 63 1.11 Malaga - - 2 0.87 - - 3 30 8 20 13 3.81 Melilla - - - - - - - - - - Murcia - - 3 0.98 - - 1 7.14 45 71.43 49 12.37 Navarra 4 17.39 1 0.67 - - 5 0.98 1 1.56 11 1.48 Orense - - - - - - 1 100 3 60 4 1.71 Palencia 1 8.33 - - - - 2 100 9 60 12 16 Pontevedra - - 7 2.88 - - - - 3 15.79 10 3.46 Salamanca - - 1 0.84 2 100 1 16.67 16 94.12 20 7.22 S.C. Tenerife - - 4 0.81 - - - - 6 75 10 1.91 Segovia - - Seville - - 2 3.23 - - - - 5 83.33 7 9.59 Soria 128 17.44 2 0.25 - - 1 1.54 7 5.3 138 7.95 Tarragona - - 1 1.61 - - - - 2 40 3 2.22 Teruel - - - - - - - - 2 33.33 2 0.2 Toledo - - - - - - - - 3 1.22 3 0.76 Valencia - - 1 0.38 - - - - 17 56.67 18 5.41 Valladolid 2 0.41 - - 1 25 2 2.53 28 24.78 33 2.43 Biscay - - - - - - 3 18.75 19 52.78 22 6.94 Zamora 1 0.58 - - - - - - 8 11.43 9 0.56 Saragossa - - - - - - - - 9 21.43 9 3.8

TOTAL 1 2.17 1 0.26 - - - - 9 20.93 11 2.12


149

Social Security Registration by Activity, Province and Sex Activity 3512 3513 3514 3518 3519 TOTAL

Prov./Sex %M %F Total %M %F Total %M %F Total %M %F Total %M %F Total Corunna 92.5 7.5 40 90.8 9.2 717 - - - 92.2 7.8 602 63.6 36.4 11 1,370Alicante 94.7 5.3 19 87.9 12.1 473 - - - 100 - 1 57.7 42.3 26 519Alava 87.5 12.5 16 91.2 8.8 68 100 - 1 100 - 4 66.7 33.3 6 95Albacete 75 25 48 90.5 9.5 105 - - - 84.3 15.7 51 74.6 25.4 59 263Almeria 87 13 161 89 11 146 - - 10 80 20 5 100 - 4 326Asturias 95.8 4.2 165 95.2 4.8 544 - - - 100 - 2 88.1 11.9 67 778Avila 75 25 4 96.3 3.8 80 100 - 2 77.8 22.2 18 28.6 71.4 7 111Badajoz 100 - 16 87.3 12.7 173 - - - 50 50 2 79.3 20.7 29 220Barcelona 69.1 30.9 440 85.5 14.5 1,377 100 - 2 25 75 4 69.7 30.3 277 2,100Burgos 96.3 3.7 27 88 12 133 - - - 72.7 27.3 33 95.5 4.5 44 237Caceres 100 - 11 92.3 7.7 207 - - - - 81.3 18.8 16 234Cadiz 89.5 10.5 143 88.6 11.4 175 - - - 100 - 7 33.3 66.7 3 328Cantabria 97.2 2.8 36 89.1 10.9 257 - - - 100 - 2 100 - 9 304Castellon 100 - 39 90.5 9.5 168 - - - - 55.6 44.4 9 216Ceuta - 83.7 16.3 49 71.4 28.6 7 100 - 35 - 91Ciudad Real 84.3 15.7 166 92.3 7.7 233 100 - 1 - 89.6 10.4 77 477Cordoba 92.7 7.3 150 90.7 9.3 214 100 - 1 90 10 30 50 50 10 405Cuenca 95.7 4.3 23 97.8 2.2 92 100 - 1 - 66.7 33.3 27 143Girona 88.1 11.9 59 86.4 13.6 191 - - - - 100 - 2 252Granada 87.5 12.5 8 87.6 12.4 186 - - - 96.3 3.7 27 88.9 11.1 36 257Guadalajara 85.7 14.3 7 93.6 6.4 220 - - - - 85.7 14.3 28 255Guipuzcoa 92 8 87 88.2 11.8 169 - - - - 100 - 1 257Huelva - 83.2 16.8 179 - - - - 95.7 4.3 46 225Huesca 100 - 4 87.9 12.1 91 80 20 10 88.9 11.1 9 65.9 34.1 41 155Balearic Islands 71.7 28.3 46 87.1 12.9 566 - - - - 100 - 1 613Jaen 100 - 22 89.3 10.7 149 - - - - 86.7 13.3 75 246La Rioja 50 50 2 92.3 7.7 104 - - - 88.6 11.4 35 100 - 3 144Las Palmas 71.2 28.8 66 89.5 10.5 665 - - - 66.7 33.3 3 60 40 10 744Leon 93.3 6.7 45 94 6 535 - - - 94.2 5.8 310 66.7 33.3 12 902Lleida 95 5 200 82.2 17.8 163 53.8 46.2 13 86.4 13.6 44 75 25 16 436Lugo 68.8 31.3 32 96.8 3.2 124 - - - 83.3 16.7 12 50 50 4 172Madrid 69.6 30.4 1,311 67.8 32.2 3,751 55.6 44.4 18 62.9 37.1 213 73.7 26.3 353 5,646Malaga 100 - 33 87.8 12.2 229 85.2 14.8 27 71.4 28.6 7 72.2 27.8 36 332Melilla - 100 - 1 - - - - 97.3 2.7 37 38Murcia 100 - 7 91.1 8.9 303 100 - 5 84.6 15.4 13 84.2 15.8 19 347Navarre 73.7 26.3 19 89.9 10.1 148 - - - 73 27 507 83.9 16.1 62 736Orense 100 - 38 92.7 7.3 191 - - - - 100 - 1 230Palencia 90.9 9.1 11 100 - 46 - - - - 33.3 66.7 6 63Pontevedra 81.8 18.2 22 89.8 10.2 236 - - - - 100 5 100 - 16 279Salamanca 93.2 6.8 133 94.9 5.1 118 - - - 60 40 5 100 - 1 257Santa Cruz de 78.9 21.1 19 91.9 8.1 492 - - - - 100 - 2 513Tenerife - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Segovia 75 25 4 88.3 11.7 60 33.3 66.7 3 - - - 100 - 1 68Seville 81.8 18.2 66 83.2 16.8 811 - - - 83.1 16.9 65 94 6 116 1,058Soria 95.5 4.5 22 98.4 1.6 61 - - - 72.3 27.7 47 66.7 33.3 3 133Tarragona 90.8 9.2 760 86.4 13.6 213 - - - 75 25 4 75 25 4 981Teruel 93.1 6.9 58 91 9 89 - - - - - - 86 14 243 390Toledo 84.2 15.8 38 89.7 10.3 262 - - - 100 - 2 46.2 53.8 13 315Valencia 95.5 4.5 486 86.6 13.4 678 33.3 66.7 3 61 39 77 70.9 29.1 86 1,330Valladolid 76.6 23.4 47 92.7 7.3 219 - - - 75 25 12 50 50 16 294Biscay 86.6 13.4 172 78.6 21.4 1,285 73.3 26.7 15 56.7 43.3 67 76.6 23.4 64 1,603Zamora 96.7 3.3 90 91.5 8.5 71 - - - 91.2 8.8 34 85.3 14.7 34 229Saragossa 93.8 6.3 48 82 18 384 - - - 91.5 8.5 47 93.9 6.1 33 512TOTAL 83.8 16.2 5,466 83.9 16.1 18,201 72.3 27.7 119 81.6 18.4 2,341 79 21 2,102 28,229


150

Percentage Registered with Social Security by Province and Economic Activity, and by Permanence (Indefinite or Temporary Contract)

Activity 3512 3513 3514 3518 3519 TOTAL Prov./Contract Ind Temp Ind Temp Ind Temp Ind Temp Ind Temp Ind TempCorunna 97.56 2.44 97.02 2.98 97.10 2.90 100.00 97.09 2.91Alicante 100.00 99.79 0.21 50.00 50.00 86.67 13.33 98.86 1.14Alava 100.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 85.71 14.29 97.94 2.06Albacete 100.00 97.22 2.78 62.20 37.80 80.82 19.18 84.57 15.43Almeria 100.00 96.05 3.95 100.00 100.00 66.67 33.33 97.60 2.40Asturias 97.06 2.94 98.91 1.09 100.00 100.00 98.61 1.39Ávila 100.00 100.00 100.00 75.00 25.00 87.50 12.50 94.07 5.93Badajoz 94.12 5.88 95.05 4.95 66.67 33.33 74.36 25.64 91.29 8.71Barcelona 98.88 1.12 98.71 1.29 100.00 100.00 90.82 9.18 97.63 2.37Burgos 96.43 3.57 98.52 1.48 76.74 23.26 97.78 2.22 94.42 5.58Caceres 100.00 93.24 6.76 72.73 27.27 91.76 8.24Cadiz 96.62 3.38 93.58 6.42 77.78 22.22 60.00 40.00 93.98 6.02Cantabria 94.74 5.26 100.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 98.70 1.30Castellon 100.00 97.11 2.89 90.00 10.00 97.30 2.70Ceuta 98.00 2.00 77.78 22.22 100.00 96.81 3.19Ciudad Real 98.81 1.19 93.20 6.80 100.00 65.25 34.75 88.83 11.17Córdoba 93.75 6.25 94.27 5.73 100.00 90.91 9.09 76.92 23.08 93.32 6.68Cuenca 100.00 0.00 98.92 1.08 100.00 84.38 15.63 95.97 4.03Girona 80.82 19.18 97.95 2.05 100.00 0.00 93.33 6.67Granada 100.00 97.89 2.11 100.00 60.00 40.00 90.18 9.82Guadalajara 87.50 12.50 99.55 0.45 93.33 6.67 98.46 1.54Guipuzcoa 100.00 99.41 0.59 100.00 99.61 0.39Huelva 98.90 1.10 97.87 2.13 98.68 1.32Huesca 100.00 93.81 6.19 83.33 16.67 100.00 100.00 95.09 4.91Balearic Islands 100.00 99.47 0.53 100.00 99.51 0.49Jaen 100.00 96.75 3.25 86.21 13.79 93.54 6.46La Rioja 100.00 99.05 0.95 92.11 7.89 60.00 40.00 96.00 4.00Las Palmas 91.67 8.33 98.52 1.48 60.00 40.00 90.91 9.09 97.51 2.49León 86.54 13.46 97.99 2.01 99.68 0.32 85.71 14.29 97.72 2.28Lleida 100.00 95.32 4.68 100.00 100.00 100.00 98.20 1.80Lugo 96.97 3.03 99.20 0.80 75.00 25.00 66.67 33.33 95.56 4.44Madrid 98.57 1.43 99.02 0.98 81.82 18.18 85.54 14.46 94.89 5.11 98.00 2.00Malaga 91.67 8.33 94.63 5.37 100.00 87.50 12.50 61.02 38.98 89.25 10.75Melilla 100.00 97.37 2.63 97.44 2.56Murcia 100.00 99.67 0.33 100.00 86.67 13.33 82.61 17.39 98.02 1.98Navarra 90.48 9.52 95.48 4.52 90.37 9.63 98.41 1.59 92.00 8.00Orense 100.00 94.09 5.91 50.00 50.00 94.65 5.35Palencia 91.67 8.33 93.88 6.12 85.71 14.29 92.65 7.35Pontevedra 95.65 4.35 95.93 4.07 100.00 80.00 20.00 94.90 5.10Salamanca 99.25 0.75 100.00 71.43 28.57 50.00 50.00 98.47 1.53S.C. Tenerife 100.00 98.80 1.20 66.67 33.33 98.65 1.35Segovia 80.00 20.00 98.36 1.64 75.00 25.00 100.00 95.77 4.23Seville 100.00 95.86 4.14 76.47 23.53 95.87 4.13 94.63 5.37Soria 95.65 4.35 95.31 4.69 90.38 9.62 100.00 93.66 6.34Tarragona 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Teruel 100.00 97.80 2.20 98.38 1.62 98.48 1.52Toledo 100.00 97.40 2.60 100.00 92.86 7.14 97.52 2.48Valencia 99.79 0.21 98.55 1.45 100.00 89.53 10.47 78.90 21.10 96.87 3.13Valladolid 100.00 100.00 80.00 20.00 76.19 23.81 97.35 2.65Biscay 99.42 0.58 99.38 0.62 100.00 94.37 5.63 94.12 5.88 98.95 1.05Zamora 100.00 97.26 2.74 82.93 17.07 70.83 29.17 90.87 9.13Saragossa 100.00 98.97 1.03 90.38 9.62 91.67 8.33 97.71 2.29TOTAL 98.34 1.66 98.12 1.88 92.25 7.75 90.98 9.02 88.25 11.75 96.70 3.30


151

Percentage of FOREIGNERS Registered by Province and Activity Prov. / CNAE 3512 3513 3514 3518 3519 TOTAL

Corunna - - - - - -Alava - - - - - -Albacete - - - 9.80 3.39 2.66Alicante - - - - 23.08 1.16Almeria - 0.68 - 60.00 50.00 1.84Asturias - - - - - -Avila - - - 5.56 - 0.90Badajoz 6.25 - - - - 0.45Barcelona 2.95 1.02 - 25.00 17.69 3.67Burgos - 0.75 - - 2.27 0.84Caceres - - - - 6.25 0.43Cadiz - - - - - -Cantabria - - - - - -Castellon - - - - 11.11 0.46Ceuta - - - - - -Ciudad Real 0.60 - - - 11.69 2.10Cordoba - - - - - -Cuenca - - - - 7.41 1.40Girona - 1.05 - - - 0.79Granada - - - - - -Guadalajara - 0.91 - - 7.14 1.57Guipuzcoa 1.15 - - - - 0.39Huelva - - - - - -Huesca - - - - 4.88 1.29Balearic Islands 4.35 - - - 100.00 0.49Jaen - - - - - -La Rioja - - - 2.86 33.33 1.39Las Palmas 1.52 - - - 10.00 0.27Leon - - - - - -Lleida 1.00 - - 25.00 - 2.98Lugo - - - - - -Madrid 0.31 1.68 5.56 6.57 5.38 1.79Malaga - - - 14.29 36.11 4.22Melilla - - - - - -Murcia - 0.33 20.00 - 5.26 0.86Navarre 5.26 - - 2.37 1.61 1.90Orense - - - - - -Palencia - - - - - -Pontevedra - - - - - -Salamanca - - - - - -Santa Cruz Tenerife - 0.20 - - - 0.19Segovia - - - - - -Seville - 0.25 - - 2.59 0.47Soria 4.55 - - 2.13 - 1.50Tarragona 0.39 - - - - 0.31Teruel - - - - 1.65 1.03Toledo - 0.38 - 0.00 15.38 0.95Valencia - 0.15 - 1.30 12.79 0.98Valladolid - - - - - -Biscay 0.58 0.08 - - 3.13 0.25Zamora - - - 2.94 5.88 1.31Saragossa - - - 2.13 12.12 0.98TOTAL 0.57 0.49 1.68 2.26 6.76 1.13


152

APPENDIX IV. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AC–DC: Convertor, or rectifier, that converts alternating current, AC, to direct current, DC.

Acidification–Eutrofization: the effects of acidification on soil systems are shown by a decrease in the growth of woods and, as a final result, their disappearance. In aquatic systems, the results are acid lakes with no wildlife. Eutrofization is an excess of nutrients (nitrification) in aquatic and source systems. It can be caused by an excess of nitrogen, phosphorus or degradable organic substances. The enrichment of aquatic ecosystems with nutrients increases the production of algae and large plants that degrade the quality of the water and reduce the usefulness of the ecosystem.

Active population: people aged 16 or over who supply manpower for the production of good and services or who are available and are attempting to find productive work.

Activity rate: the ratio between the total active population and the total population, expressed as a percentage.

Base load: the continuous demand for electricity that must be met. Normally, the electricity generation stations that cover the base load are those that operate continuously at a constant rate.

Biodiesel: a synthetic, liquid biofuel that is produced from natural lipids, such as new or used vegetable oils or animal fat, by the chemical processes of esterification and trans-esterification. It is used to prepare complete or partial replacements for diesel oil in traditional combustion engines.

Bioethanol: a liquid biofuel produced by fermenting the sugars found in sugar beet, maize, barley, wheat, sugar cane, sorghum and other energy crops. This process produces a high energy alcohol that can be used as a complete or partial replacement for petrol in traditional combustion engines.

BOS: The Balance of System includes all the components in a photovoltaic installation, except for the solar panels; in other words, the batteries, inverters, regulators, etc., which are commonly known as the “rest of the system”.

CAE: Spanish initials for Activity and Establishment Code (Código de Actividad y Establecimiento) a code that identifies an activity governed by the special manufacturing taxes.

Climate change: the damage caused by this phenomenon is based on the models developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and is expressed as the potential for global warming on a long term timeframe of 100 years. It is divided into three groups: gases with an atmospheric life of less than 20 years that are assumed to behave like methane; gases with an atmospheric life of between 20 and 100 years that behave like CO2; and gases with an atmospheric life of more than 100 years that behave like N2O.

DHW (domestic hot water): heated water intended for human consumption.

Dam: a wall built across a river to create a backwater and raise the level of the water.

High temperature collectors: solar thermal collectors whose working temperature is over 400°C.

Low temperature collectors: solar thermal collectors whose working temperature is less than 100°C.

Medium temperature collectors: solar thermal collectors whose working temperature is between 100 and 400°C.

Irrigation or supply channel plant: a power plant installed on existing slopes where there is an irrigation infrastructure or water is supplied for other needs.


153

Run of river plant: a power plant that uses a dam or a water intake on a river to divert some of the water, which is returned to the river after passing through the turbine.

Reservoir plant: a power plant that has an artificial lake or reservoir in which water collects and then passes through the turbine chamber at the foot of the dam according to the need for electricity.

Combined cycle: a power plant that has one power cycle that uses a gas turbine to generate electricity and another that uses a steam turbine. After the gas cycle, the residual heat from the gas is used to heat water, which goes through the steam turbine to generate additional electricity. In this way, better use is made of the primary energy.

Co–combustion: conventional thermal coal or gas fired power stations that can also use biomass or biogas.

Cogeneration: the simultaneous production of heat and electricity using steam turbines, gas turbines and/or internal combustion engines at the same time.

Supplier: a legal entity with access to the transport or distribution networks (and paying the corresponding toll) that sells electricity to consumers. Since the coming into force of Law 17/2007, the term "Last resort supplier" has been added.

Consumer Price Index: (Spanish initials, IPC for Índice de Precios al Consumo). A statistical measure of the evolution of prices for goods and services consumed by the population living in family homes in Spain.

Control and protection systems: all the parts that control start-up, normal operation and shut-off. These are therefore protection devices that prevent the various parts from being damaged if there is a fault.

Cost of diversion: the amount charged for each scheduling period during which actual productions differs more than the permitted limit from forecast production.

CTE: Spanish initials for Technical Building Code (Código Técnico de la Edificación).

DC–AC: Convertor, or inverter, that converts direct current or DC to alternating current or AC.

Distributor: a trading company whose mission is to distribute electricity. In Spain there are different distributors by region. Since 01/01/2009, distributors has been removed from the Special Scheme’s liquidation mechanism.

Economic activity: the different types of productive activities that are grouped according to the 2009 National Classification of Economic Activities, which was approved in Royal Decree 475/2007 of 13 April. It is known as CNAE-2009 for Clasificación Nacional de Actividades Económicas 2009.

Economic sector: the four large groups of productive activities: agriculture, industry, construction and services.

Economic situation: the circumstances that affect the economy at any given moment, due to the coming together of a series of events or factors that favour the expansion, maintenance or stagnation of economic activity.

Ecotoxicity: damage to the quality of the ecosystem, as a result of emissions of toxic substances and heavy metals into the air, water and soil.

EDAR: Spanish initials for waste water treatment plant (Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales).

Efficiency: the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is defined as being the quotient between the electrical power produced and the incidental radiation power (1,000 W/m2 under standard conditions).


154

Electricity market: consists of selling electricity on the free market through a system of offers managed by the market operator or bilateral or term contracts or a combination of all three. In this case, the selling price of electricity is the price in the organized market or the price freely negotiated by the owner of the plant or his representative, with, if appropriate, an allowance, expressed in cents per kilowatt-hour. In general, this is the most appropriate option for large scale power stations, including wind farms.

Electricity market operator: (Spanish initials, OMEL, Operador del Mercado Eléctrico) the body responsible for the financial management of the electricity system and setting the lowest possible price for the energy offers and bids.

Electrolyte: a salt solution that leads to the formation of ions and permits energy to pass through them.

Employed (person): someone aged 16 or over who is employed by someone else or is self-employed.

Employed population: all those people aged 16 or over who are employed by someone else or are working as self-employed in one particular week.

Employment: a generic term for the work activities of a person or the total number of people working. The information is obtained from the log of reports or contracts submitted by the employer or directly from the worker. Although the number of jobs is linked to the number of contracts, there is no one-to-one correspondence. The statistics on contracts are calculated for the month in which they were entered into the computer system and jobs for the month in which work started or they were entered into the system, if this occurs are the real start date.

Employment contract: a bilateral, verbal or written agreement by which a worker undertakes to do a job of work personally and voluntarily for someone else (the employer) in this person’s organization and under his or her direction, in exchange for paid wages.

Energy intensity: the ratio between a country’s total domestic primary energy consumption and the economic activity that exists because of the energy supply (expressed as toe/€). Since energy supply is a real variable that can be measured in tonnes of oil equivalent (toes), it is more appropriate to use gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices as the measure of activity so as to eliminate the effects of inflation.

ESCO: Spanish acronym for energy service companies (Empresas de Servicios Energéticos).

EUROSTAT: the European Community statistics office.

FEDER: Spanish initials for the ERDF or European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional).

Fossil fuels: the extra energy needed over and above the standard values to extract a MJ/Kg or m3 of fossil fuel, as a result of the poor quality of the resources. [Nota del traductor: la definicion no corresponde en absoluto con la palabra definida].

GEI: Spanish initials for greenhouse gases (Gases de Efecto Invernadero), mainly CO2, CH4, NOx and CFCs. CO2 is the major contributor (approximately 76%) but it is not the most harmful. The effect of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) is 15,000 times greater and they contribute 5% to the greenhouse effect. Methane has 25 times the effect of CO2 and its contribution is 30%. The oxides of nitrogen, which are responsible for approximately 65% of the greenhouse effect, are 230 times more harmful than CO2.

Generator: a machine that transforms the mechanical energy produced by a turbine into electricity.

Geothermal energy: energy obtained by using the heat from inside the earth for a variety of applications, such as generating electricity, heating, cooling and producing domestic hot water.


155

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): (in Spanish, Producto Interior Bruto or PIB). The sum of the value of the final goods and services produced in a country in one year.

GWh: a unit of electrical energy equivalent to 1,000,000 Kwh. 1 Kwh is the energy expended by 1 Kw (1,000 watts) in one hour and is equivalent to 3.6 million joules.

GWth: gigawatt thermal. A unit referring to the thermal power obtained from a heat collector or heat producing equipment.

Headpond: a small tank or body of water at the top end of the penstock. Its purpose is to prevent air from entering the penstock.

Heat transfer fluid: a fluid that flows through a collector absorbing its heat and transferring it to a holding tank. Normally, the fluid is a mixture of water and glycol, which acts as an anti-freeze.

Hybridation: the generation of electricity by a power plant, using fuels and/or technologies that use solar thermoelectric power or biomass and biogas, according to the conditions established in Royal Decree 661/2007.

Hydraulic turbine: a rotating machine propelled by the water from the penstock (see below) that converts this energy into the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft. A turbine consists of a wheel with a number of blades, scoops or rotors. The water flows onto them through a movable device that controls the flow of turbined water and changes the power produced.

IEH: Spanish initials for special tax on hydrocarbons (Impuesto Especial sobre Hidrocarburos).

Industrial climate index: obtained from the arithmetic mean of the net balances registered for three indicators in the Industrial Outlook Survey:

- Current state of the order book.

- Expected production trend for the next three months.

- Stocks of finished products (this last indicator changes its sign).

Industrial Production Index (IPI): (in Spanish, Índice de Producción Industrial). A measure of the monthly evolution of productive activities in the various branches of industry; i.e., in the extractive industries, manufacturing and the production and distribution of electricity, water and gas.

Inflation: a sustained and generalized rise in the prices of goods and services as compared to purchasing power.

Inhaled inorganic particles: emissions of SOx (sulphur oxides) and NOx (nitrogen oxides) particles into the air that affect breathing when inhaled.

Inhaled organic particles: emissions of organic substances into the air that affect breathing when inhaled.

Inverter: a DC/AC converter.

Job seeker: a worker, whether unemployed or not, who registers with a Public Employment Service employment office, a placement agency, the European Employment Service or the Register of Overseas Job Seekers in order to find a job.

Kw: an international unit of power equivalent to 1.36 horsepower-hours. In electrical terms, it is the power produced by a one ampere of current flowing through an electrical potential difference of one thousand volts.

kWp: kilowatt peak. A unit indicating the maximum power generated at 1,000 W/m2 of radiation and an outside temperature of 25ºC.


156

kWth: kilowatt thermal. A unit referring to the thermal power obtained from a heat collector or heat producing equipment.

Labour Cost: This is defined as the total cost incurred by the employer by the use of the work factor. It includes wage cost plus other costs.

LCA (lifecycle analysis): a tool used to evaluate the potential impact on the environment of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle. The analysis measures the use of resources (those “entering”, such as energy, raw materials and water) and the environmental emissions (those “exiting” into the air, water and soil) associated with the system that is being evaluated.

MACI: Spanish initials for reciprocating internal combustion engine (Motor Alternativo de Combustión Interna), which used to be known as “explosion engines”. The gases produced by the combustion process push a plunger or piston down inside a cylinder, which causes a drive shaft to rotate, so that rotational movement is produced.

Market price: the price on the organized market (pool price) or the price freely negotiated by the owner of the plant or his representative.

Minerals: the extra energy used to extract one kilo of mineral, as the quality of the mineral deposits decreases. The less mineral extracted, the more expensive the extraction costs. [Nota del traductor: la definicion no corresponde en absoluto con la palabra definida].

Mini hydroelectric plant: a small hydroelectric plant with an installed power of between 100kW and 10MW used to generate electricity using the potential kinetic energy of water.

Mobility: when a worker's home and the workplace for which he or she is hired are not the same.

MW: megawatt. A unit of power equal to 1,000 kW.

MWp: megawatt peak. A unit indicating the maximum power generated at 1,000 W/m2 of radiation and an outside temperature of 25ºC. 1MWp = 1,000 kWp.

MWth: megawatt thermal. A unit referring to the thermal power obtained from a heat collector or heat producing equipment.. 1MWth = 1,000 kWth.

Ordinary Scheme: the legal and financial scheme described in Law 57/1997 and later amendments to it, in which nuclear and thermoelectric power plants that use fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and fuel-oil) are included.

Occupation: a group of professional activities that includes different jobs that have common characteristics, similar regulations, techniques and resources and the same skill level.

Ozone layer: the layer of ozone (O3) in the stratosphere. The damage to it is caused by the increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation that result from emissions into the air of ozone-depleting substances such as hydrocarbons, which contain chloride, fluoride and bromide compounds or CFCs.

Power factor: the relationship between the active power provided by an installation and the reactive power provided or demanded.

Power guarantee: a payment for ensuring the capacity of the electricity generation system and an adequate supply.

Primary energy: energy that is obtained directly from nature (e.g., solar energy, hydropower, wind power or biomass) or after a process of extraction (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, coal, geoenergy or nuclear energy). The typical unit of measurement is a toe (tonne of oil equivalent).

Peak power: power produced under the following conditions: 1,000 W/m2 of radiation, a temperature of 25º C in the cell and 1.5 air mass.


157

Penstock: the pipe through which the water flows under pressure to the turbine. It must withstand high pressure and is generally made of steel or PVC.

PR: Spanish initials for Pay Back (Plazo de Recuperación).

Producer: an individual or legal entity with the job of generating electricity under either the Ordinary Scheme or the Special Scheme.

Productivity: is understood to be the relationship between the amount of a good produced and economic means used to do so.

Productive sector: each of the groups of entrepreneurial and productive activities that have both common and individual characteristics that cause them to be grouped into one particular economic sector.

Professional profile: a job description that defines the skills that a person must have to exercise (work in) a professional activity.

PROFIT: Spanish initials for Technical Research Promotion Programme (Programa de Fomento de la Investigación Técnica).

Protection Diode: a bypass diode that is connected in parallel to a group of solar cells to prevent hot spot heating from occurring. A hot spot is formed when there is a cell in a module is partially or totally shaded. If there are no protection diodes, the faulty cell will consume (dissipate) the current produced by the other cells, thereby producing local overheating

Radiation: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays, waves or particles . As ‘radiation sickness’, the term is also used to denote the damage caused by radioactivity.

RCS: Spanish initials for the residential, commercial and services sector (Sector Residencial, Comercial y Servicios).

Reactive power: the extra demand for energy consumed by certain types of inductive equipment, including motors, transformers and artificial lighting, etc.. The power is needed for the equipment to operate but does not increase its usefulness, so that if consumption is high, there is a decrease in energy efficiency.

REE: Spanish initials for the Spanish Electricity Network (Red Eléctrica de España), the technical operator of the Spanish electricity system.

REEmin: Spanish acronym for minimum equivalent electrical efficiency (Rendimiento Eléctrico Equivalente mínimo). The minimum output of electricity from the fuel used in its production calculated as the total consumption of fuel minus what would have been used to produce the useful heat supplied. Its value is set by Annex 1 of Royal Decree 661/2007 and varies between 30% and 59% depending on the type of fuel.

Registered unemployment: the set of people who are not employed because they cannot find work or those who are registered with the public employment services as job seekers.

Regulated tariff: the electricity delivered to the system through the transport or distribution network. In this case, the selling price of electricity, expressed in cents of a euro per kilowatt-hour, has one set rate for all scheduling periods. In general, this is the most appropriate option for small or medium scale installations and for all solar photovoltaic plants..

Regulatory body: the body responsible for supervising the system and guaranteeing the source that acts are the arbiter for the system by resolving any conflicts that may arise. The regulating body is currently the National Energy Commission.

REPE: Spanish initials for Register of Electricity Producers in the Special Scheme (Registro de Productores de Energía Eléctrica en Régimen Especial).


158

Reversible systems: systems that can operate in reverse so as to recover the excess energy. When applied to hydroelectric plants, this refers to the possibility of turbining and/or pumping the water depending on the needs of the grid and the resources available.

RIPRE: Spanish initials for Register of Production Facilities in the Special Scheme (Registro de Instalaciones de Producción en Régimen Especial).

RSU: Spanish initials for solid urban waste (Residuos Sólidos Urbanos).

Second-generation biocarbons: bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass (agricultural and forest waste, plant species such as eucalyptus and energy crops, such as miscantus, a grass that cannot be used for food) and diesel produced by the gasification of a variety of waste products.

Secondary energy or final energy: refined energy suitable for use in all the applications demanded by society: diesel and petrol, coal and anthracite, piped natural gas, electricity, treated biomass and usable solar heat..

Set temperature: the temperature set as the objective for domestic hot water systems. It is typically 60º C.

Social Security Registration: an administrative action by which the General Treasury of the Social Security recognizes that an individual who is performing an activity that falls within its scope of application for the first time is included in the Social Security System.

Special Scheme: the legal and financial scheme described in Royal Decree 661/2007, in which electricity generation stations that use renewable sources of energy and/or cogeneration are included.

Survey of the Active Population: Spanish initials, EPA, for Encuesta de Población Activa. Quarterly research carried out by sampling the population living in family homes within the national borders. Its purpose is to ascertain the characteristics of this population in relation to the job market.

TEP: Spanish initials for Tonne of Oil Equivalent or TOE (Tonelada Equivalente de Petróleo), a measure of energy equivalent to the heat produced by burning one tonne of crude oil.

Technical system operator: the body responsible for the technical management of the electricity system, including the management of the transmission line network (for power equal to or greater than 220 kV) and international interconnections. This is currently the REE (Spanish Electricity Network) and also, since Law 17/2007 came into force, a subsidiary of the REE.

Thermolysis: (thermal decomposition), a chemical reaction in which a compound separates into at least two other substances when heated.

TMR: Spanish initials for Average or Reference Electricity Tariff (Tarifa eléctrica Media o de Referencia), the tariff set in Royal Decree 1432/2002 of 27 December that no longer exists.

Topographical survey: a graphical representation that meets the requirements of a builder for locating a project and showing the work in situ. The result is a complete map showing the terrain, the relief and any existing buildings or building work.

Trans-esterification: a chemical process that exchanges the alcoxy group of an ester with another alcohol when an acid or base is added to act as a catalyst (ester + alcohol <=> different ester + different alcohol).

Transformer: a machine that receives the energy from a generator and matches it to the characteristics of the transmission line network.

Temporary contract rate: the ratio between the number of wage earners with temporary contracts and the total number of wage earners, expressed as a percentage.


159

Unemployed (person): someone aged 16 or over who is not currently employed by someone else or self-employed but is available to work and is making an effort or taking steps to find work.

Unemployment: a protected situation for those who are able and wish to work but lose their job or have their working day reduced and who may be entitled to financial benefits, either as benefits or an allowance.

Unemployment rate: the ratio between the number of people unemployed and those who are actively employed.

Useful heat: heat that can be used for a particular purpose, for example, the heat produced by cogeneration that is used in the plant itself.

Useful power from a head of water: calculated by multiplying the flow and height that the water drops by the output: P(kW) = Q(m3/seg) x h(m) x g(m/seg2) x η.


160

APPENDIX V. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Organizations

- Photovoltaic Industry Association - Asociación de la Industria Fotovoltaica (ASIF).

- Wind Energy Association - Asociación Empresarial Eólica (AEE).

- Spanish Gas Association - Asociación Española del Gas (SEDIGAS).

- Energy, Environmental and Technological Research Centre - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).

- General Energy Commission - Comisión General de la Energía (CNE).

- European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA).

- Energy Diversification and Savings Institute - Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (IDEA).

- Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade - Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio (MITYC).

- Spanish Sustainability Observatory - Observatorio de la sostenibilidad en España (OSE).

- Spanish Hydrogen Association - Asociación Española del Hidrógeno (AEH).

- International Energy Agency - Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE).

- Renewable Energy Producers’ Association - Asociación de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA).

- Solar Thermal Industry Association - Asociación de la Industria Solar Térmica (ASIT)

- National Renewable Energy Centre - Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER).

- Energy Resource and Consumption Research Centre - Centro de Investigación de Recursos y Consumos Energéticos (CIRCE).

- European Renewable Energy Forum - Foro Europeo de las Energías Renovables (EUFORES).

- European Statistics Office - Oficina Europea de Estadística (EUROSTAT).

- European Wind Energy Association - EWEA.


161

Web Sites

http://www.icnr.es

http://www.finanzas.com

http://www.ecoticias.com

http://www.efe.com

http://www.abc.es

http://www.elpais.com

http://www.nortecastilla.es

http://www.diariodesevilla.es

http://www.lavanguardia.es

http://www.cincodias.com

http://www.elcorreogallego.es

http://www.lasprovincias.es

http://www.ecoticias.com

http://www.elconomista.es

http://www.lne.es

http://www.ideal.es/almeria

http://www.larioja.com

http://www.granadadigital.es

http://www.lacomarcadepuertollano.com

http://www.europapress.es

http://www.publico.es

http://www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/

http://www.empresaexterior.com

http://www.diariodenavarra.es

http://www.levante-emv.com

http://www.eldia.es

http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es


162

APPENDIX VI. EXPERTS CONSULTED

Mariano Barroso Flores, Andalusia Renewable Energy Developers and Producers’ Association

(Asociación de Promotores y Productores de Energías Renovables de Andalucía (APREAN RENOVABLES)).

Alfonso Iribarren. Navarre Renewable Energy Centre (Centro de Energías Renovables de Navarra).

Guillermo Arregui, Renewable Energy and Employment Centre (Centro de Referencia sobre Energías Renovables y Empleo), Navarre.

José Candela, Human Resource Case Studies, Trade Union Work, Environment and Health Institute (Instituto Sindical de Trabajo Ambiente y Salud (ISTAS)), Valencia.

Jaime Domínguez Lobatón, Provincial Delegation of the Innovation, Science and Companies’ Department, Andalusia Regional Government (Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía).

Rafaela María Repullo Milla, Provincial Delegation of the Innovation, Science and Companies’ Department, Andalusia Regional Government (Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía).

Tomás Muruaga Pérez, Provincial Delegation of the Innovation, Science and Companies’ Department, Andalusia Regional Government (Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía).

José María Pérez Gil, Provincial Delegation of the Innovation, Science and Companies’ Department, Andalusia Regional Government (Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía).

Juan Carlos Camas, Gadir Solar.

Manuel Jesús Palma Salgado, Provincial Energy Agency, Cadiz Provincial Council (Agencia Provincial de la Energía, Diputación Provincial de Cádiz).

Francisco Miguel Martín Rivera, University of Cadiz.

José Gabriel Ramiro Leo, Wind Energy Research Professor, University of Cadiz.

Javier Leal Juárez, IGFOTON.

Jordi Ferrardo, NETWORK PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS.

Antonio Gallardo, UNIVERSITAT JAUME I.

Jordi Bisquert, UNIVERSITAT JAUME I.

Alterative Energy Generation - Generación Energía Alternativa (GEA).

Rafa Aldai, Energy Department Technician for the Navarre Environmental Resources Centre Foundation (Fundación Centro de Recursos Ambientales de Navarra (CRANA)).

José Carlos de Prado Berrocal, Grupo ENERPAL.

Cristina Arcaya Sánchez, Navarre Employment Service Employment and Training Observatory.

Guillermo Basañez, Basque Energy Body (Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE)).

Fermín Gil, ACCIONA.

Paz Fernández Mendaza, Navarre Employment Service Iturrondo Training Centre (Centro de formación Iturrondo), Navarre

Amaya Piérola, CENIFER.

Álvaro López, Energética 21 magazine.


163

Félix Martín Albalate, Construction Employment Foundation (Fundación Laboral de la Construcción), Castilla-La Mancha

José Asenjo Fernández, Construction Employment Foundation (Fundación Laboral de la Construcción), Castilla-La Mancha

Higinia García Rodríguez, UGT Workplace Health Secretariat (Secretaría de Salud Laboral de UGT), Castilla-La Mancha

Isabel Colmenero Herreros, contributor, Castilla-La Mancha Energy Agency (Agencia de la Energía Castilla-La Mancha).

Ángel Jiménez, SEPECAM Occupational Observatory (Observatorio Ocupacional SEPECAM). Castilla-La Mancha

Eva Jiménez Rodríguez, Comisiones obreras (CCOO) trade union, Castilla-La Mancha

Mario Fernández González, Castilla-La Mancha Regional Employers’ Confederation (Confederación Regional de Empresarios de Castilla la Mancha (CECAM))

Fernando Selva Guillén, BIOMETAGAS

Juan Toledo Lucas, AREMUR. GRUPO CEASA

José Pablo Delgado Marín, Region of Murcia Energy Management Agency (Agencia de Gestión de la Energía de la Región de Murcia (ARGEM))

Eladio Valcárcel Sánchez, Plant Director of MTORRES, Murcia.

Miguel Moreno, INEA INGENIERÍA, S.L.

Luis Pastor, Professor at the Universidad Juan Carlos l and Director of the Information Engineering School.

José Luis Palomar Galindo, Director of the Qualifications Institute’s Professional Observatory (Observatorio Profesional INCUAL).

Manuel Gari, Environmental Director of the Trade Union Work, Environment and Health Institute (ISTAS), Madrid.

Jordi Ferrando, Electrical Engineer and Entrepreneur. Network Process Control Systems, S.L.

Professor of Physical Sciences and Director of the Master’s in Molecular Nanotechnology, Universitat Jaume l, Castellon.

Director of the Master’s in the Environment and Master’s in Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Industrial Facilities and Buildings, Universitat Jaume l, Castellon.

Juan Toledo Lucas, Managing Director of Grupo CEASA and President of AREMUR, Murcia.

José Pablo Delgado Marín, Coordinator of the Technical Department of ARGEM, Murcia.

Miguel Moreno, Industrial Engineer at INEA Ingeniería, Murcia.

Teodoro Cano Abellán, expert in solar energy, company advisor, Murcia.

Horacio Sánchez Navarro, technician at the Directorate General of Industry, Energy and Mines, Autonomous community of Murcia.

Javier Asín Semberoiz, Managing Director of the Navarre Environmental Resources Foundation (Fundación de Recursos Ambientales de Navarra (CRANA)).

Gregorio Antolín Guiraldo, CARTIF Technological Centre, Boecillo Technological Park (Centro Tecnológico CARTIF. Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo), Valladolid.

Rafael Ayuste Cupido, Head of the Department of Renewable Energy of the Castilla-Leon Regional Energy Body (Ente Regional de la Energía de Castilla-León (EREN)).

Fernando Selva Guillén, Director General of BIOMETAGÁS S.L., Madrid.

Guillermo Basáñez, Renewable Energy Manager for the Basque Energy Body (Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE)) Biscay.


164

Jorge Corrales, Mining Engineer. Director of Institutional Relations (edp renewables) and Director of Studies and Communication for HC energía, Grupo EDP Hidroeléctrica del Cantábrico, Asturias.

José Manuel Fedriani Castro, Participating Companies’ Director for the Free Trade Area Consortium (Consorcio de la Zona Franca), Cadiz.

A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies Spain 2009 - SEPE

Documents

Transcript of A Prospective Study of Renewable Energies Spain 2009 - SEPE