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The first Paratydeidae (Trombidiformes:Paratydeoidea) in Turkey: Scolotydaeus anatolicussp. nov.Güldem Dönel a , Owen D. Seeman b & Salíh Doğan c

a Department of Science Education, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkeyb Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, 4101, Australiac Department of Biology, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey

Available online: 31 May 2012

To cite this article: Güldem Dönel, Owen D. Seeman & Salíh Doğan (2012): The first Paratydeidae (Trombidiformes:Paratydeoidea) in Turkey: Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., International Journal of Acarology, 38:5, 436-444

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International Journal of AcarologyVol. 38, No. 5, June 2012, 436–444

The first Paratydeidae (Trombidiformes: Paratydeoidea) in Turkey: Scolotydaeusanatolicus sp. nov.

Güldem Dönela , Owen D. Seemanb and Salíh Doganc

aDepartment of Science Education, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey (email: guldem-donel80@hotmail.com); bQueenslandMuseum, South Brisbane 4101, Australia (email: owen.seeman@qm.qld.gov.au); cDepartment of Biology, Erzincan University, Erzincan,Turkey (email: salihdogan@erzincan.edu.tr)

(Received 1 December 2011; accepted 21 February 2012)

A new species, Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., collected from a bird’s nest and the decayed bark of a tree, is described andillustrated. This is the first time that the family Paratydeidae has been recorded from Turkey. The morphological developmentof life stages is reviewed and a larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph and adult life stage are likely present in allspecies. Accordingly, previous descriptions are reviewed and their probable life stage is reported. A key to the species ofScolotydaeus is also provided.

Keywords: Anystina; chaetotaxy; new species; development

Introduction

Paratydeids probably represent an early derivative group ofAnystina that have adapted to an edaphic lifestyle throughelongation of the body and the loss or reduction of vari-ous sensory structures that would be of little use in thenarrow channels of soil pores (Seeman and Walter 1999).Their placement in the Anystina is tentative, but is basedon their sickle-like cheliceral digits set into unfused bases,post-cheliceral stigmata and peritremes and paired both-ridial organs (Walter et al. 2009). Although they lack thethumb claw that is present in all other Anystina, they beara resemblance to Stigmocheylidae – which do possess athumb claw – and together they form the Paratydeoidea(Bochkov 2008; Walter et al. 2009).

This family contains seven genera, HexatydeusSoliman, Neotydeus Baker, Paratydeus Baker, SacotydeusTheron, Meyer & Ryke, Scolotydaeus Berlese, TanytydeusTheron, Meyer & Ryke, Walytydeus Kuznetsov, and13 species (Kuznetsov 1973; Seeman and Walter 1999).Delfinado and Baker (1974) synonymized Neotydeus withScolotydaeus, but Seeman and Walter (1999) consideredthis to be an error and reported Neotydeus as a validgenus. Scolotydaeus comprises three species, namely,Scolotydaeus bacillus Berlese, 1910; Scolotydaeus cor-ticicola Flechtmann, 1992; and Scolotydaeus simplexDelfinado & Baker, 1974.

Paratydeid mites have been reported from Brazil,Egypt, South Africa, United States and Australia (Berlese1910; Baker 1949, 1950; Theron et al. 1969; Delfinadoand Baker 1974; Soliman 1974; Flechtmann 1992; Kandeel1992; Kandeel and Hoda 1984; Seeman and Walter 1999).Herein we describe a new species based on specimens col-lected from a bird’s nest and decayed bark. This is the firstrecord from Turkey (Özkan et al. 1988, 1994; Erman et al.2007).

Materials and methods

Methods used for collection, extraction, material preser-vation, preparation and initial drawings of the specimensfollow Dogan (2006). The specimens were subsequentlyremounted in Hoyer’s medium after clearing in Nesbitt’ssolution and measured with the aid of a Nikon Eclipse80i microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Shinjuku, Tokyo,Japan) equipped with differential interference contrastand a drawing tube. Drawings of the adult female andtritonymphal legs were prepared with this equipment. Bodysetal designations follow Kethley (1990) and Judson (1995)and leg setation follows Bochkov (2008). All measure-ments are given in micrometres (µm). Measurements of theholotype female are given first, followed in parentheses bythose of the paratype female; unattainable measurementsare designated with a “–”; measurements for the tritonymphare ranges.

Results

Family Paratydeidae Baker, 1949Type species – Paratydeus alexanderi Baker, 1949

Diagnosis

Elongate body form; reduction of prodorsal shield, prodor-sum with one pair of trichobothria (sci) and two pairs ofsetae (ve, sce); eyes present or absent; anal and genitalshields separated, narrowly or widely; hysterosoma withc1–3, d1, e1, f 1–2, h1–2, ps1–3, ad1–3; adult female with4–10 pairs of g and 4–6 pairs of ag; adult male with ninepairs of g and six pairs of ag; coxae I–II well separatedfrom III–IV; palp with four segments, without tibial claw;rutella absent; legs without trichobothria (Kethley 1982,1990; Seeman and Walter 1999).

ISSN 0164-7954 print/ISSN 1945-3892 online© 2012 Taylor & Francis; printed 31 May 2012http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2012.669527http://www.tandfonline.com

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Remarks

The prodorsum of some species has two pairs of anterolat-eral peg-like setae. These can be overlooked and may bepresent in all Paratydeidae.

Genus Scolotydaeus Berlese, 1910Type species – Scolotydaeus bacillus Berlese, 1910

DiagnosisEyes present or absent; hysterosoma divided transverselyinto three or more sections, at least divided behind setal rowc; prodorsal shield present, crista-like and weakly defined;genital and anal openings separate; solenidia on legs erect(Delfinado and Baker 1974; Seeman and Walter 1999).

Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov.(Figures 1–11)

Diagnosis (adult female)Two pairs of eyes present, anterior pair much larger thanposterior pair; setae f 2 and h2 2 or 3 times longer than f 1

and h1; genital region with eight pairs of genital setae, fourpairs of aggenital setae; leg femora 8-3-3-3, genua 8(1)-4(1)-1-2, tibiae 9(1)-5(1)-4(1)-3 and tarsi 16(2)-8(1)-5-5.

Specimens examined

Holotype female, 40◦27′22′′N, 37◦02′55′′E, 398 m,Erzurum, Uzunoluk, 16 May 2008, from decayed bark.Paratypes: one female, one tritonymph, same dataas holotype. One tritonymph, 40◦20′21′′N, 37◦30′30′′E,619 m, Tokat, Resadiye, Mutluca, 8 April 2010, frombird’s nest. The holotype and two paratype tritonymphsare deposited in the Acarological Collection in theBiology Department, Arts and Sciences Faculty, ErzincanUniversity, Turkey. One paratype female is deposited in theQueensland Museum, South Brisbane, Australia.

Female (Figures 1 and 2; n = 2). Body elongate, 440(450) long, 160 (175) wide.

Dorsum. Idiosoma with dorso-sejugal furrow and trans-verse folds behind setae c and anterior of setae d.Integument finely striated longitudinally except for trans-verse section between h and ps setae. Propodosoma(Figure 1) bearing two pairs of eyes, anterior most obvi-ous and 7–8 in diameter, posterior pair indistinct and 3–4 indiameter; one pair of sensory setae (sci) (bothridia), twopairs of anterolateral subcoxal setae (ep, epI , 2–3 long) andtwo pairs of slender setae (ve, sce). Crista-like prodorsalshield present, smooth, extends approximately 40 behindsci. Peritremes four-chambered from dorsal view, but ter-minal two chambers each divided into two chambers.Hysterosoma elongate with eight pairs of slender setae andtwo pairs of pores (im and ip). Length of setae as follows: ve12 (15); sci 53 (51); sce 30 (22); c1 14 (14); c2 55 (51); d1

15 (15); e1 15 (15); f 1 16 (16); f 2 46 (44); h1 23 (22); h2 40(37); ve–ve 28 (28); sci–sci 7 (5); ve–sci 16 (12); sci–sce 28(27); sce–sce 53 (50); c1–c1 34 (43); c2–c2 104 (112); c1–c2

47 (35); d1–d1 31 (40); c1–d1 86 (80); e1–e1 41 (–); d1–e1

60 (49); f 1–f 1 63 (–); f 2–f 2 96 (83); e1–f 1 59 (64); f 1–h1

65 (63); f 1–h2 70 (73); f 2–h1 53 (55); f 2–h2 44 (43); h1–h1

37 (36); h2–h2 99 (88); h1–h2 31 (31). Setae f 2 and h2 withlarge barb.

Venter. Ventral surface weakly striated. Setae c3 18(23) long, situated between coxae II and III. Pore iaanterolateral of setae c2. Genital openings longitudinal, sur-rounded by eight pairs of genital setae (g1–8), four pairs ofaggenital setae (ag1–4); three pairs of internal genital papil-lae, each with associated eugenital seta (Figure 4). Analopenings situated posteriorly, three pairs of euanal setae(ad1–3), three pairs of paranal setae (ps1–3); one pair ofpores (ih) anterolateral to paranals.

Legs. All tarsi with paired claws and small, claw-likeempodium. Leg I 160 (140); leg II 85 (100); leg III 95 (90);leg IV 110 (110). Phaneres (number of solenidia in paren-theses) on leg segments as follows: coxae 4-3-2-2 (includ-ing coxisternal setae), trochanters 0-1-1-0, femora 8-3-3-3,genua 8(1)-4(1)-1-2, tibiae 9(1)-5(1)-4(1)-3, tarsi 16(2)-8(1)-5-5. Unguinal setae on tarsi II–IV forked. Femora Iand IV divided into a basi and telofemur. All solenidiaerect. Chaetotaxy same as tritonymph.

Gnathosoma. Palp 30 (30) long; four-segmented; tarsiwith eight phaneres (five simple setae, two eupathidia andone solenidion), tibiae with three simple setae, femoro-genua with two simple setae and trochanters without setae.Chelicerae 27 (32) long. Cheliceral bases not fused, mov-able digit hook-like; fixed digit reduced and with strongdorsal seta (Figure 1).

Tritonymph (Figures 3–11; n = 2). Body elongate,390–410 long, 130–140 wide.

Dorsum (Figure 3). Body same as adult female. Length ofsetae as follows: ve 10; sci 46–50; sce 22–24; c1 15–16; c2

45–51; d1 15–16; e1 13–15; f 1 17–18; f 2 40; h1 20–22;h2 30–42; ve–ve 29–33; sci–sci 6–8; ve–sci 15; sci–sce27–33; sce–sce 46–57; c1–c1 46; c2–c2 114; c1–c2 37; d1–d1 39–43; c1–d1 81–95; e1–e1 52–55; d1–e1 41–43; f 1–f 1

40–42; f 2–f 2 90–97; e1–f 1 50–51; f 1–h1 47–49; f 1–h2 62;f 2–h1 40–45; f 2–h2 35–39; h1–h1 34–40; h2–h2 88–96;h1–h2 30–41.

Venter (Figure 4). Ventral surface same as adult femaleexcept: setae c3 23–24 long; genital covers with four pairsof genital setae (g1–4) and three pairs of genital papil-lae (posterior pair smaller); each with associated eugenitalseta, three to four pairs of aggenital setae (ag1–4) surroundgenital area.

Legs. Same as adult female; chaetotaxy given inFigures 5–9. Leg I 135–140; leg II 93; leg III 98–108; legIV 135–140.

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ep

epl

ve

50

sci

sce

Figure 1. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., adult female – prodorsum and chelicera (only left moveable digit shown).

Gnathosoma (Figures 10 and 11). Same as adult female.Palp 30–34 long; chelicerae 35–40 long.

Adult male and other immature stages. Unknown.

EtymologyNamed after the region Anatolia where the mites werefound.

Key to species of Scolotydaeus (adult female)

1. Eyes absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. simplex– Eyes present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Genital region with 10 pairs of genital setae; setae f2and h2 less than twice the length of f 1 and h1 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. bacillus Berlese

– Genital region with eight or nine pairs of genital setae;setae f 2 and h2 more than twice the length of f 1 andh1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Genital region with eight pairs of genital setae;phanere counts: femora 8-3-3-3; genua 8-4-1-2 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. anatolicus sp. nov.

– Genital region with nine pairs of genital setae; phanerecounts: femora 6-3-2-3; genua 8-5-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. corticicola Flechtmann

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g1

g2

g3

g4

Eugenitalsetae

50

g5

g6

g7

g8

ag4

ag3

ag2

ag1

ad1ad2

ad3

ps3

ps2

h2

Figure 2. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., adult female – ventral opisthosoma.

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sce

c1

d1

f1f2

h2

ad2

ps2

ps3ad3

ih

ad1

ag1

c3

ia

ag2

ag3

ag4g4

g3

g2g1

h1

ps1

e1

ip

im

c2

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epepl

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A B

100 µm

A,B

4

Figures 3–4. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., tritonymph – 3. dorsal view of idiosoma; 4. ventral view of idiosoma.

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Figures 5–7. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., tritonymph – 5. leg I; 6. leg II; 7. tarsus I.

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Figures 8–9. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., tritonymph – 8. leg III; 9. leg IV.

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Figures 10–11. Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., tritonymph – 10. subcapitulum; 11. palp.

Table 1. Purported life stages of the species of Paratydeidae and their likely life stages.

SpeciesPairs of genital

papillaePairs of

genital setaePairs of

aggenital setaePurportedlife stage Likely life stage

Hexatydeus aegypticus 2 2 3 Female DN (or TNa)Hexatydeus amabilis 3 2 3 Female TNNeotydeus ardisannaeae 2a 4 4 Female TNa

Paratydeus alexanderi ? 2 2 Female DNSacotydeus lootsi 2 2 2 Female DN

S. lootsi 1 1 1 PN PNScolotydaeus anatolicus 3 7–8 5 Female Female

S. anatolicus 3 4 4 TN TNScolotydaeus bacillus ? 10 6 Female FemaleScolotydaeus corticicola 3 9 6 Female FemaleScolotydaeus simplex ? 4 6 Female Femaleb

Tanytydeus cristatus 2a 4 4–5 Female TNa

T. cristatus 2 2 2–3 DN DNT. cristatus 1 1 0 PN PNT. cristatus 0 0 0 Larva Larva

Tanytydeus neocristatus 2 2 3 Female DNTanytydeus lamington 3 5 5 Female Female

T. lamington 3 3 3 TN TNT. lamington 2 3 3 DN DN

Tanytydeus kakadu 3 6–7 6 Female FemaleWalytydeus tauricus 3 6 4 Female Female

Notes: DN, deutonymph; TN, tritonymph.aThird pair of papillae often hard to see, so assumed to be present but not drawn.bFemale genitalia not explicitly described.

Discussion

A review of previously described species indicates that,as expected, each species has a larva, protonymph,deutonymph, tritonymph and adult stage (Table 1), witheach life stage showing the typical progression of genitalpapillae. Each species also adds genital and aggenital setae,

but this is variable between species. From the data inTable 1, a likely life stage progression for the Paratydeidaeis as follows:

• Larva: 0 papillae, 0–1 pair of g, 0 ag.• Protonymph: 1 pair of papillae, 1 pair of g, 0–1 pair

of ag.

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• Deutonymph: 2 pairs of papillae, 2 pairs of g,2–3 pairs of ag.

• Tritonymph: 3 pairs of papillae, 2–4 pairs of g,3–4 pairs of ag (sometimes 9 ag expressed asymmet-rically)

• Adult female: 3 pairs of papillae, 4–10 pairs of g,4–6 pairs of ag.

• Adult male: 3 pairs of papillae, 9 pairs of g, 6 pairsof ag.

The above developmental series may not split tritonymphsfrom adults perfectly (see S. simplex in Table 1), but we pro-pose that paratydeid tritonymphs have fewer than 10 pairsof g and ag and adult females have 10 or more pairs of gand ag.

Development in the Paratydeidae is poorly under-stood so there are several instances of immature stagesbeing described as adults, as suggested by Walter et al.(2009) (Table 1). For example, the type species, Paratydeusalexanderi, is almost certainly a deutonymph: Baker(1949) reported no genital papillae, but it seems likely thatthese have been overlooked. The “female” of Sacotydeuslootsi Theron, Meyer & Ryke, 1969, is also likely to be adeutonymph. The only seemingly complete series of lifestages for the Paratydeidae exists for Tanytydeus crista-tus Theron, Meyer & Ryke, yet a review of life stages(Table 1) indicates that the adult females for this speciesare tritonymphs.

This confusion of life stages is reflected in the keyof Seeman and Walter (1999): couplet (2) effectively askswhether the mite is a deutonymph or adult, whereas couplet(6) ineffectively splits deutonymphs from adults, leavingtritonymphs somewhere in between. Considering this con-fusion, it seems pertinent to avoid using the number ofgenital papillae and genital setae to define genera until thefamily is subjected to another revision, with examination oftype specimens.

AcknowledgementsWe thank Dr. Andre Bochkov, Zoological Institute of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, for providing the reference and translationof Kuznetsov (1973).

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