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PL INY

NATURAL H IST ORY

LIBRI XXXI I I-XXXV

P L I N Y

NAT URAL H IST ORY

WI T H AN ENGLISH T RANSLAT IONIN T EN VOLU MES

VOLUME IX

LIBRI XXXI I I—XXXV

H . RACKHAM,M.A.

FELLOW OF CHRIST ’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

CAMBR IDGE,MASSACHUSET T S

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON

W I L L I A M H E I N EMA NN LTDMCMLX I

I NT R ODUC T I ON

BO OK XXX I I I

BOOK XXX IV

BOOK XXXV

IND EX O F ART IST S

MUSEOGBAPIÌI IU INDEX

I N DEX OF MINERALS

CONT ENT S

4 1

INT RODUCT ION

BOOKS XXX I I I , XXX IV , and XXXV of Pliny ’sNatura l H ist ory conta in interesting accounts ofminerals and mining and of the history of art .Mr . H . Rackham left when he d i ed a translation

in typescript with a few footnotes . The Latin texthas been prepared by Prof. E . H . \Varm ington , whohas a lso added the cr it ica l notes on this text , manyfootnotes on the translation , and ma rginal helps .Some parts of the transl ation were completelyre-written by h im . The sections on Greek art wereread and criticised by Prof. T . B . L . Webster, towhom thanks are now duly rendered .

The codices cited in the critical notes on the Latintext are as fol lows : B Bambergensis ; cd. Leid .

Voss . V ; cd. Leid. Lips . F ; cd . Ckifi(eiianus)f ; ed. Flor . Rico. R ; cd. Pa r . La t . 6797 d ; cd.

Pa r . 6801 h ; cd . Vind. CCXXX IV a ; cd. T olet.

T.

FLINY

NAT URAL H IST ORY

BOOK XXX I I I

PLIN II NAT URALIS H IST ORIAE

L IBER XXXI I I

I . Metalla nunc ipsaeque opes et rerum pretia dicentur , t ellurem intus exqu irent e cura multiplicimodo , quippe alibi divit iis foditur 1 qu a erent e vitaau rum , a rgentum ,

electrum , a es , a libi delicii s gemma set parie t um lignorumqu e

2 pigmenta , a libi t em erit a t i

ferrum , au ro etiam gra t iu s inter bella caedesqu e .

persequ imu r omnes eius fibras vivimusqu e superexcava t am , mirantes deh…iscere a liquando au t intremescere illam , cen vero non hoc indigna t ione saeraepa rentis exprimi possit . imus in viscera et in sedemanium opes qua erimu s , tamquam parum benignafert i liqu e qua ca lca tu r ;

3 et inter ha ec minimumrem ediorum gra tia scru t amu r , quoto enim cu iqu e

fodiendi cau sa medicina est ? qu amquam et hocsumma sui parte t ribu it ut fruges , la rga facilisqu e in

1ante quippe transferendum au t fodinis vel e fodinis

legendum con i . Mayhoff.2 lignorumque (vel s ignorumque ) Mayhofl pict orum

Detlefsen : digitorumque odd . delicu s parietumdigitorumque gemmas et pigmenta Berg/c.

3 V.l l . caeca tu r, ceca tur , seca tur.

Electrum , properly amber, wa s a word applied t o an al loyof gold a nd s ilver , and a lso t o native a rgentiferous gold ,

be

ca use of t heir resemblance in colour.

PLINY NAT URAL H I ST O RY

BO OK XXXI I I

I . Our topic now will b e meta ls , and the a ctua l Metals .

resources employ ed to pay for commodi tiesresou rces di ligently sought for in th e bowe ls of theea rth in a variety of ways . For in some places theearth is dug into for riches , when li fe demands gold ,silver , silver—gold and copper , and in other placesfor luxu ry . when gems and colours for tintingwalls and beams are demanded , and in other placesfor rash va lour , when the demand is for iron , whichamid wa rfa re and Slaughter is even more prized thangold . We trace out a ll the fibres of the earth , andl ive above the hollows we have made in her , ma rvelling that occa sionally she gapes open or begins totremble— as if forsooth it were not poss ible that thismay be an expression of the indignation of our holyparent ! We penetrate her inner parts and s eek forriches in the abode of the spirits of the departed , as

though the pa rt where we tread upon her were notsufficiently bounteous and fertil e . And amid a ll

thi s the sma ll est obj ect of our searching is for thesake of remedi es for illness , for with what fraction ofmankind is medicine t h e obj ect of this delving ?

Although medicines a lso earth bestows upon us on

her surface , a s she bestows corn , bountiful and

PLINY NATURAL HISTORY

3 omnibus , qu a ecumque prosunt . illa nos peremunt ,

illa nos ad inferos agunt , qu a e occu l t avit a tquedemersit , illa ,

qua e non nascun t ur repente , ut 1 mensad inane evolans repu t e t , qu ae deinde futura sitfini s omnibus sa ecu lis exh au riendi eam , quo usqu e

penet ra t ura ava ritia . quam innocens , quam beata ,immo vero etiam delica ta esset vita , si nihi l a li undequam supra terras concupisceret , brevit erqu e , nisi

2

qu od s ecum est !4 I I . Eru it u r aurum et chrysocolla iuxt a , ut pret iosior videa tur , nomen ex auro custodiens . parumenim era t unam vita e invenisse pest em , nis i in pret ioesset auri etiam san i es . qua e reba t argentum avarit ia ; boni consu lu it interim invenisse minium rubent isqu e terrae excogit a vit usum . h en prodiga ingenia ,

quot modis a uximu s pretia rerum ! a ccessit ars

pictu rae et aurum a rgent umqu e ca e lando ca riu sfecimu s . didicit homo natu ram provoca re . auxere

et a rtem vit iorum inrit ament a ; in pocu lis libidines5 ca e lare iuvit ac per obscenit a t es bibere . abiect a

deinde sunt ha ec ac3

sordere coepere , u t 4 auria rgentique nim ium fuit . mu rrina ex eadem tellureet c rysta llina effodimus , qu ibus pretium facere t ipsafragilita s . hoc a rgumentum opum , ha ec vera luxu

repente u t Mayhoff u t repente a ut repente .

2 V. l . haberetque non nisi .3a c Mayhojff : abs B : et rell .u t Mayhofl : et .

v aoxéMa , gold-solder .

ca rbona te .

See 1 1 1 II .

Or possibly finest agate .

T h is is mala ch ite ,basic copper

BOOK XXX I I I . I . 3—1 1 . 5

generous as she is in all things for our benefit ! Thethings tha t she h as concea led and hidden underground , thos e that do not quickly come to birt h ,a re the thi ngs that destr oy us and drive us to thedepths below ; so that suddenly the mi nd soarsaloft into the void and ponders what finally will b ethe end of draining her dry in a ll the ages , what willb e the point to whi ch ava rice will penet rate . Howinnocent , how bli ssfu l , nay even how luxurious l ifemight be , if it coveted nothi ng from any sour ce bu tthe surface of the earth , and , to speak briefly ,nothing but what li es ready to her handI I . Gold is dug ou t of the ea rt h and in proximi ty to

it gold-solder , whi ch stil l reta ins in Greek a namederived from gold , so as to make it appear morepreciou s . I t wa s not enough to have di scovered onebane to plague life , without s etting value even onthe corrupt hum ours of gold ! Ava rice was s eeki ngfor silver , but counted it a ga in to have di scoveredcinnabar b by the way , and devis ed a use to make ofred ea rt h . Ala s for the prodigali ty of our inventiveness ! In how many ways have we ra is ed the pric esof obj ects The art of pa inting h as come in addi tion ,and we have made gold and si lver dearer by meansof engraving ! Man h as l earnt to cha ll enge natu rein competition ! The enticements of the vi ces haveaugmented even art : it h as plea s ed us to engravescenes of li cence upon our goblets , and to drinkthrough the mids t of obsceniti es . Afterwa rds thes ewere Hung as ide and began to be held of no a ccount ,when there was an excess of gold and silver . Outof the same eart h we dug suppl i es of fiuor-spar °

and crysta l , things which their mere fragi li tyrendered costly . It came to be deemed the proof


riae gloria exist imat a est , habere qu od posset sta timperire totum . nec hoc fuit satis . turba gemmarum

pot am u s et zm aragdis t eximu s ca l ices , ac t emu lent iae

causa tenere Indiam iuva t . aurum iam a ccessio est .6 I I I . u t inamqu e posset e vita in totum abdicari

[ sacrum fame , ut celeberrimi auctores dixere]1

proscissum conviciis ab optimis qu ibu squ e et ad perniciem vita e reper tum , quanto fe liciore aevo , cum resipsae permu t abantur inter sese , s icut et T roianistemporibu s fact it a t um Homero credi convenit ! it aenim , ut opinor , commercia victu s gratia inventa .

2

7 alios coriis boum , a lios ferro capt ivisqu e res3empt i

tasse t radit . quare ,4 quamquam ipse iam mi ra tor

auri ,5 pecore 6a est ima t iones rerum ita fecit , ut c

boum arma aurea permu ta sse Glaucum diceret cumDiomedis a rmis VI I I I boum . ex qu a consuetudinemulta legum ant iqu arum pecore consta t etiamRoma e .

8 IV . Pessimum vitae scelus fecit qui primus induitdigit is , nec hoc quis fecerit traditur . nam de Prome th eo omnia fabulosa a rbit ror , quamquam illiquoque ferreum anu lum dedit ant iqu it as vincu lumqu eid , non gest am en , int ellegi volu it . Midae quidemanu lum , quo circumacto h abent em nemo cerneret ,

1 Seclus it J . Mi dler .2 inventa ed . Pa r . 680 1 invecta rell .res Del lefsen : merum con i . I an : v inum Bergh : rebus

codd . (reru s Bl: rerù Bz

) .4qua re Mayhoff qu à . B

2qu à 8

1om. rell .

5 V. Z . mira tu s au ri .pecore Mayhoff : peo B1

peoBz: et au t om . rell .

T he MSS. here insert a clau se a ccursed by hunger, as

very famou s writ ers have sa id adapt ed from Virgil’

s famous

ph ra se in Aen . I I I . 57 a uri sa cra fames .

’

6

BOOK XXXI I I . I I . 5— 1v . 8

of wea lth , the true glory of luxury , to possess some

thing that might be absolu tely destroyed in a moment .Nor was this enough : we drink out of a crowd ofprecious stones , and s et our cups wi th emera lds , we

take delight in holding India for the pu rpose oftippl ing

,and gold is now a mere accessory . I I I .

And would that it could be entirely banished fromlife

,reviled and abused as it is by a ll the worthi est

people , and only di scovered for the ruin of human

life— how far happier was the period when goodsth emselves were interchanged by barter , as it isagreed we must take it from Homer to have been thecustom even in the days of Troy . That in my vi ewwas the way in which trade was di scovered , to procurethe necessiti es of life . Homer relates how somepeople used to make their purcha s es wi th ox—hides ,others with iron and captives , and consequently , a lthough even Homer himself was already an admirerof gold , he reckoned the value of goods in ca ttl e ,saying tha t Glaucus exchanged gold armour worth1 00 beeves with that of Diomede worth 9 beeves .And as a result of this custom even at Rome a fineunder the old l aws is priced in cattle .

IV . The worst crim e aga inst man ’s life was Goldm…committed by the person who first put gold on hisfingers , though it is not recorded who did this , forI deem the whole story of Prometheu s mythica l ,a lthough antiqu ity a ssigned to him a ls o an iron ring ,and intended this to be understood as a fetter , notan ornament . As for the story of Mida s

’s ring ,which when turned round made its wearer invi sible ,

Homer , I l . VI I . 472 ff.

I l . VI . 234—6 .


9 quis non etiam fabu losiorem fa t ea tur ? manus et

prorsu s sinistra e maximam auctorit a t em conciliavere

auro , non quidem Romana e , qu arum1 in more ferrei

erant ut 2 virtutis bellicae insigne .

De regibus Romanis non facile dixerim . nullum

habet Romuli in Capitoli o sta tua nec praeter Numae

Serviiqu e T u llii a li a ac ne Lucu quidem Bruti . hoc

in T arqu iniis maxime m iror , quorum e Graecia fuit

origo , unde hic anulorum usus venit , quamquam

1 0 etiam nunc Lacedaemone ferreo u t unt ur . sed a

Prisco Tarquini o omnium primo filium , cum in

pra etexta e a r mis occidi sset host em , bull a aurea

dona tum constat , unde mos bullae duravit , ut

eorum , qui equo m eru issent , fili i insigne id h aberent ,ce t er i lorum ; et ideo m iror T a rqu in n eius st a tuam

sine anulo esse . quamquam et de nomine ipso

ambigi video . G ra eci a digit is appellavere , apud nos

prisci ungu lum vocabant , postea et G ra eci et nostri

1 1 symbolum . longo certe tempore ne sena t um quidem

1 romani quorum cd . Pa r . 680 1 .

2u t Ha rdou z

'

n : et .

Sinis tra suggests unlu cky , sinister . ’One of the two first consu ls (509 not a king.

T he wh ite toga with a pu rple border worn by free-bornboys a t Rome until they were decla red t o be of age , between1 4 and 1 6 , and assumed the toga pu ra or viri lis , the wh itewool len cloak of the Roman citizen .

Aa :<n iÀcos , from 5a‘

xr vÀog .

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Romanum h abu isse au reos man ifest um est , siqu idemii s tantum , qu i l egati ad ext eras gentes ituri essent ,anuli publice dabant u r , credo , quoniam it a ext erorum

honora t issim i int ellegebantu r . neque a li is uti mos fuitquam qui ex e a causa publice accepissent , volgoqu e sict riumphabant et , cum corona ex auro Etrusca sust ineret ur a tergo , anulus tamen in digito ferreu s era ta eque t riumph ant is et servi pra e

1 s e coronam sust inent is . s ic t riumphavit de Iugurtha C . Ma riusaureumqu e non ante tertium consu la t um sumpsisse

tradi tur . ii quoque , qui ob lega t ionem acceperant

au reos , in publico tantum u t eban t u r i is , intra domosvero ferreis

,quo argumento etiam nunc sponsa e

muneris vice ferrens anulus m it t it ur , i squ e sinegemma . equ idem nec I liacis temporibu s u llos fuiss eanu los video . nu squ am certe Home rus dicit , cumet codicillos m issit a tos epist u la rum gratia indicet etconditas arcis vestes ac vasa aurea argent eaqu e eteas colliga t as

2 nodi , non anuli , nota . sort iri quoquecontra provoca t iones duces non anu lis t radi t , fabricaeetiam deum fibu las et alia muli ebris cultus , sicut

1 prae se Mayhojf (qu i et forte fortasse cdd . : del .

edd . vet i .2consigna tas con i . Mayhojj

‘.

by the futu re bridegroom it was called anulus

pronubus .

I l . VI . 1 68—9 .

Od. VI I I . 424 , 438-4 1 , 443, 447 .

d I l . VI I . 1 7 1 , 1 75 ; K/\fip0 t lots , ’ were mou lded ou t of c lay,bu t it is not sa id that they were marked with the ch iefs ’ signetrmgs .

Hephaes tus . See I l . XVI I I . 400 II .

BOOK XXXI I I . rv . 1 1 — 1 2

c'

rea r , not even members of the Roman s ena te h adgold rings , inasmuch as rings were bestowed officia llyon men about to go a s envoys to foreign nations ,and on them only , the rea son no doubt being thatthe most highly honoured foreigners were recogniz edin this way . Nor was it the custom for any othersto wea r a gold ring than those on whom one h ad beenofficia lly bestowed for the reason sta ted ; and

customarily Roman genera ls went in triumph without one , and although a Tuscan crown of gold washeld over the victor

’

s head from behind , neverthelesshe wore an iron ring on his finger when going intriumph , j ust the same a s the slave holding thecrown in front of himself. This was the way inwhich Ga ius Ma rius celebrated his triumph overJugurtha , and it is recorded that he did not a ssumea gold ring till hi s third tenure of the consulshi p .

Th os e moreover who h ad been given gold ringsbecause they were going on an embassy only worethem in public

,but in their homes wore iron rings ;

this is the rea son why even now an iron ring and

what is more a ring wi thout any stone in it i s s ent “

a s a gift to a woman when betrothed . Indeed Ido not find that any rings were worn in the Troj anperiod ; at all events Homer nowhere mentionsthem , a lthough he shows that tablets used to besent to and fro in place of letters , and tha t clothesand gold and s ilver vessels were stored away inch est s c

and were tied up with signet—knots , notsea l ed with signet-rings . Also he records the chiefsa s ca sting lots about meeting a challenge from theenemy without using signet-rings 4 ; and he a lso saysthat the god e of handicraft in the origina l periodfrequently made brooche s and other articles of

I I

and in (hr

Republzcan

per i od.

Jan. 1 ,1 04 B .C.

1 03 B OC.

Rings in

PLINY : NATURAL HISTORY

inaures , in primordi o fact it asse , s ine m ent ione

anu lorum . et quisquis primus inst itu it , cunct ant er

id fecit : la evis manibus la t ent ibu sque indu it , cum ,

s i homos securus fu isset , dextra fuerit ost ent andus .

quodsi impedimentum pot u it in eo a liquod int ellegi ,

etiam serioris usus argumentum est 1 maius in laeva

fu isset , qua scutum capitur . est quidem apud

eundem Homerum virorum crinibus a urum inplexum

ideo nescio an prior usus femini s coeperit .

V . Romae ne fuit quidem aurum nisi admodum

exiguum longo tempore . certe cum a Gallis capta

urbe pax emeret ur , non plus quam mille pondo effici

potu ere . nec ignoro MM pondo auri periss e Pompeu

I I I consu ltu e Capitolini I ovis soli o a Camillo ibi

condita , et ideo a plerisque exist imari MM pondo

colla ta . sed quod accessit , ex G a llorum praeda fuit

det ractumque ab i is in parte capt ae urbis delubris

Gallos cum auro pugnare soli tos T orqua tu s indicio

est apparet ergo G a llorum t emplorumqu e tan

t undem nec ampliu s fuisse . quod quidem in

1est odd . (est et B) esset Mayhofl

’.

I l XVI I . 52…

Vi ctor over the Gau ls in 390 B .C .

T . Manliu s obta ined thi s su rname from the gold necklace ,(argues , wh ich he took from a Gau l whom he slew in singlecombat in 360 B .C .

BOOK XXXI I I . IV . 1 2 —V. 1 5

feminine finery like earrings— without mentioningfinger

—rings . And whoever first introduced themdi d so with hesitation , and put them on the left hand ,

which is genera lly hidden by the clothes , wherea sit would have been shown off on the right hand if ithad been an assured di stinction . And i f thi s mightpossibly have been thought to involve some interference with th e use of the right hand , there is theproof of more modern custom ; it wou ld have a ls obeen more inconveni ent to wear it on the left hand ,whi ch holds the shield . Indeed it is a lso sta ted ,

by Homer aga in , tha t men wore gold plaited in the irha ir and cons equently I cannot s ay whether theuse of gold origina ted from women .

V . At Rome for a long time gold was a ctua lly Roman

not to be found at all except in very sma ll amounts .At a ll events when peace h ad to be purchas ed a fterthe capture of the City by t h e Gauls , not more than 390 B.C.

a thou sand pounds'

weight of gold could be produ ced .

I am aware of the fa ct tha t in Pompey’s third consul 52

ship there was lost from the throne of Jupiter of theCapitol two thou sand pounds

’

weight of gold tha th ad been stored there by Camillus ,° wh ich led to a

genera l be lie f tha t 2000 pounds was the amounttha t h ad been a ccumulated . But rea lly the add it iona l sum was pa rt of the booty taken from theGauls , and it h ad been stripped by them from thetemples in the part of the city which they h adcaptu red— the ca se of T orqu a tu s c shows that theGauls were in th e habit of wea ring gold ornamentsin battle ; therefore it appea rs tha t the gold belonging to the Gauls and tha t belonging to the temp le sdi d not amount to more than tha t tota l ; and thisin fact was taken to be t h e meaning conta ined in the

1 3


augurio int e llect um est , cum Capit olinu s duplumreddidisset .

I llud qu oque obiter indicari conveni t— etiam 1 de

anu lis sermonem repet ivimu s a edit uum custodi aeeius conpreh ensum fract a in ore anuli gemma sta timexpirasse et indicium it a ext inct um . ergo vel 2maximeMM tantum pondo , cum capta est Roma , anno CCCLXI I I Ifuere , cum iam capit um liberorum censa essent

CLI I DLXXI I I . in eadem post annos CCCV I I,quod ex

Capitolina e a edis incendio ce t erisqu e omnibus delubrisC . Marius fi liu s Pra eneste det u lera t ,3 xîf 1

4 pondo ,quae sub eo titulo in triumpho t ranst u lit Sulla eta rgenti fi .

5 idem ex re liqua omn i victoria pridiet ranst u lera t au ri pondo xv , a rgenti p . cxv .

VI . Frequ ent ior autem usus anu lorum non anteCn . Flavium Anni filium depreh endit ur . hic namque

publica t is di ebus fast is , quos populus a pau cis

principum cotidi e pe t eba t , tantam gra tiam plebeiadeptu s est— libertino patre a lioqu i genitus et ipsescriba Appi Ca eci , cu iu s hort a t u exceperat eos di esconsultando adsidu e sagaci ingenio promu lgara t que

1etiam B : quoniam rell . : et iam I an : etenim com

'

.

2vel L. C

'. P u.rser z u t .

3 detu lera t , erant coni . Mayhoff.4XI II I I an : XI I I I B : XI I I rell . (t redecim milia cd. Par .

5 W l an : VI .

T he reference has not been expla ined .

I t conta ined a poison , cf. 26 .

By the Gauls in 390 D.C .

Appius Claudius , censor in 31 2 B .C . and bu ilder of theApp ian Way .

1 4

BOOK XXXI I I . v . 1 5—v i . 1 7

augury ,“ when Jupiter the God of the Capitol h adrepa id twofold .

Also , as we began on this topic from the subj ectof rings

,it is suitable incidenta l ly to point out tha t

the officia l in charge of the temple of Jupiter of theCapitol when he was a rrested broke the stone ofhis ring between his teeth and at once expired , soputting an end to any possibil ity of proving thetheft . It follows that there was only lbs .weight of gold a t the outs ide when Rome was capt ured in its 364th year ,° although the census showedthere were a l ready free citizens . From thesame city 307 years later the gold that Gaius Marius 82the younger h ad conveyed to Pa l estrina from theconfl agration of the temple of the Capitol and froma ll th e other shrines amounted to lbs . , whichwith a placard above it to tha t effect was carrieda long in his triumpha l procession by Sulla , as well as 81

lbs . weight of silver . Sulla h ad likewis e on theprevious day ca rri ed in procession lbs . of goldand lbs . of silver as the proceeds of all therest of his victories .VI . It does not appea r that rings were in more More abou t

rin s in thcommon use before the time of Gnaeus Flav1us son Re;

‘iubliw f

of Anniu s . It was he who first publ ished the datesfor lega l proceedings , which it h ad been customary 305-4 a c.

for the genera l public to ascerta in by daily enquiryfrom a few of the leadi ng citiz ens ; and this wonhim such grea t popularity with the commonpeople— h e was also the son of a liberated slave andhimself a cl erk to Appius Caecus ,d a t whose requesthe h ad by dint of natura l shrewdness throughcontinual Observation picked out those days and

published them— tha t he was appointed a curule

1 5

0

PLINY : NAT URAL HISTORY

ut aedilis cu ru lis cre are tu r cum Q . Anicio Prae

nestino , qui paucis ante annis hostis fu isset , prae

teritis C . Poet ilio et Dom it io , quorum pa tres consules

fuerant . addi tum Flavio , ut simul et tribunus plebei

esset , quo facto tanta indignatio exarsit , ut anu los

abiect os i n ant iqu issim is reperia t u r annalibu s . fallit

plerosqu e quod tum et equ est rem ordinem id fecisse

a rbit rant ur ; e t enim adiect um hoc quoque sed et

phaleras posit as propt erque hoc nomen equitum adiec

tum est , anu losqu e depositos a nobilitate in anna l es

relatum est , non a sena t u universo . hoc act um P .

Sempronio L . Sulpicio cos . Flavius vovit a edem

Concordia e , si popu lo reconciliasse t ordines , et , cum

ad id pecunia publice non decernere tu r , ex mu lt a t icia

faenera toribu s condemna t is a edicu lam a cream fecit

in G ra ecost a si , qua e t une supra comitium e rat ,

incidi tqu e in tabella a erea fact am eam a edem

CCI I I I anni s post Capitolinam dedica t am . id a .

2

ccccxxxxvu n a condita urbe ges tum est e t primum

anulorum vestigium ext a t ; promiscui autem usu s

alte rum secundo Punico bello , neque enim a li ter

1propt erqu e hoc Ra ckham : a li i a lia : propt erque .

2 id a . (anno) 0 . F . W. Mi dler : ita .

Probably in the wa r with t he twelve tribes of Et ru ria ,

who were conquered by Fa biu s a t Lake Vad imo, 3 10 B .C .

A platform G reek and , later, any foreign envoys cou ldwa t ch proceedings . I t was la ter pla ced in t he Forum .


pot u isse t t rimodia anu lorum illa Car thaginem ab

Hanniba le mitti . inter Ca epionem quoqu e‘

et Dru

sum ex anulo in auct ione vena l i int im icit iae coepere ,

unde origo socia lis belli et exit ia rerum . ne tune

quidem omnes sena t ores h abu er e . u tpot e cum memo

ria avorum multi prae tu ra quoque funct i in ferreo

consenu erint— sicu t Ca lpurnium et Manilium , qui

legatu s C . Ma rii fuerit Iugur th ino bello , Fenestella

t radit , et multi L . Fufidium illum , ad quem Scaurus

de vita sua scripsi t in Qu int iorum vero familia

aurum ne fem inas quidem habere mos fueri t , nullos

qu e omnino ma ior pa rs gentium hom inumque , etiam

qui sub imperio nostro degunt , hodieque h abea t .

non signat oriens aut Aegyptus etiam nunc litteris

contenta sol is .

Multis hoc modis , ut cetera omnia ,luxuria variavit

gemmas addendo exqu isit i fu lgoris censuque opimo

digit os onerando , sicut dicemu s in gemm arum volu

mine , mox et effigies varias ca elando , ut alibi ars ,

a libi materia esset in pre t io . alia s dein gemma s

viola ri nefas pu t avit ac , ne quis signandi causam in

anu lis esse int ellegeret , solida s indu it . quasdam

T his was aft er the ba t t le of Cannae in 2 1 6 B .C . Livysays 3% pecks , Florus says 2 .

T he so-ca lled Social War, 9 1—88 B .C .

This s t a tement is untrue .

BOOK XXXII I . v.. 2 0 - 2 3

would not have been possible for the three pecksof rings as recorded to have been sent by Hanniba lto Carthage . Also it was from a ring put up forsa l e by auction that the qu a rrel between Ca epio and

Dru sus began which was the prim ary cau se of the warwith the a lli es and the disasters that sprang from it .Not even at that period di d a ll members of thesenate possess gold rings , s eeing that in the memoryof our grandfathers many m en who h ad even heldthe office of praetor wore an iron ring to the end oftheir li ves— for instance , as recorded by Fenestella ,Ca lpurni us and Manili us , the latter having beenli eu tenant-genera l under Ga iu s Marius in the war 1 1 2—1 06 B .C.

with Jugurtha , and , accordi ng to many authorities ,the Lucius Fufidi us to whom Scau ru s dedi cated hisAutobiography— whi l e another piece of evidenceis that in the fami ly of the Qu int ii it was not evencustomary for the women to have a gold ring , and

that the greater part of the races of mankind , and

even of the peopl e who li ve u nder ou r empire and atthe present day , possess no rings at all . The Eastand Egypt do not sea l documents even now

,but

are content wi th a wr itten signatu re .

This fashion like everything els e lu xu ry has diversi Methods of

fied in numerous ways , by addi ng to rings gems of Z ig}…

exquisite brilliance , and by loadi ng the fingers witha wealthy revenu e (a s we sha ll mention in ou r book XXXVI I .

on gems) and then by engraving on them a variety 2 322°

of devices , so that in one case the craftsmanship and

in another the materia l constitu tes the va lu e . Thenaga in wi th other gems luxury h as deemed it sacrilegefor them to undergo violation , and h as caused themto be worn whole , t o prevent anybody

’

s imagining that people ’s finger

-rings were intended for

1 9

PLINY : NATURAL HIST ORY

vero neque ab e a pa rte , qu a digito occu lt antur ,1

a u ro clusit au rumque millis2 lapillorum viliu s fecit .

contra vero multi nulla s adm it t unt gemma s auroqu eipso signant . id C laudii C aesaris principa t u repert um . nec non et servit ia iam ferrum auro cingunta l ia per sese mero auro decorant cuius licent iaeorigo nomine ipso in Samothrace id inst itu t um

declara t .

Singu lis primo digit is ge ri mos fu era t , qui suntminimis proxim i . sic in Numac et Servi T u llii st a t u isvidemus . postea pollici proximo indu ere , etiam in 3

deorum simu lacris , dein iuvit et minimo dare .

G a lliae Brit t anniaequ e medio dicunt u r u sae . hicnunc solus excipitur , ce t eri omnes onerant u r , atqueetiam privatim articuli m inor ibus a l iis . sunt quiuni tantum minimo congeran t , a l ii vero et bu ietantum unum , quo s ignant em s ignent . conditus

ill e , ut res rara e t iniuria u sus indigna , velut esacrario promit ur , u t et unum in minimo digitoh abu isse pret ios ior is in recondito supel lect ili s ostent a t io sit . iam a l ii pondera eorum ost ent ant . alus

plu re5 quam unum ges t are labor est , alii brat t ea s

1 l" . l . quae digito occu lt a tur .

2 mil l is I an : mieis Gronov : v il ibus con i . Urlichs : m il lib .

B1: m il ibu s .

3 in add . Mayhoff.

Or possibly ‘ that finger-rings conta ined a motive forsealing documents , ’ i .a. , t ha t people were ready t o sea l deeds

order t o show off t he engraved s tones .

Slaves wore iron rings , a symbol of captivity.

I .e. they were called Samoth racian rings .

BOOK XXXI I I . V I . 2 3— 2 5

sealing documents ! Some gems indeed luxuryhas left showing in the gold even on the side of thering tha t is hidden by the finger , and has cheapenedthe gold with collars of littl e pebbles . But on thecontrary many people do not a llow any gems in a

signet—ring , and s ea l with the gold its elf ; this wa s afa shion invented when Claudi us Cae sa r was emperor .Moreover even slaves nowadays encircle the ironof their rings with gold (other articles all over themthey decora te with pure gold) , an extravagancethe origin of which is shown by its a ctu al nameto have be en instituted in Samothrace .

It h ad origina lly been the custom to wear ringson one finger only , the one next the little finger ;that is how we see them on the statues of Numa and

Servius Tullius . After wa rds people put them onthe finger next the thumb , even in the ca se of statuesof the gods , and next it pleased them to give thelittl e finger a lso a ring . The Ga l li c Provinces and

the British Islands a re s aid to have used the middl efinger . At the present day this is the only fingerexempted , whil e a ll the others bea r the burden , andeven each finger—j oint h as another sma ll er ring of itsown . Some people put all their rings on their littl efinger only , while others wear only one ring even onthat finger , and use it to s ea l up their s ignet ring ,which is kept stored away as a rarity not deservingthe insult of common use , and is brought out fromits cabinet as from a sanctu ary ; thus even wearinga single ring on the li ttl e finger m ay advertis e thepossession of a costlier piece of apparatu s put awayin store . Some aga in show off the we ight of thei rrings ; others count it hard work to wea r more thanone ; and others consider that fi lling the gold tinsel

2 I

A.D. 41 —5


infercire leviore materi a propter casum t u t ius gem

ma rum sollicitudini pu t ant , alii sub gemmis venema

cludunt , sicut Demosthenes summus G ra eciae orator ,anu losqu e mortis gra tia habent . deniqu e vel

1 plu

rima opum scelera anu lis fiunt . qua e fuit illa vita

priscorum , qualis innocentia , in qua nihi l signaba tur !

nunc cibi quoque ac potus anulo v indi cant ur a rapina .

hoc profecere mancipiorum l egiones , in domo turba

externa ac iam servorum quoque causa nomenclator

adh ibendu s . a li ter apud ant iquos singu li Marcipores

Luciporesve domi norum gentiles omnem vict um in

promiscuo habebant , nec ulla domi a domest icis

custodia opus erat . nunc rapiendae conparantur

epu lae parit erqu e qui rapiant eas , et claves quoqueipsas signa ss e non est sa tis . grava t is sommo au t

mor ient ibu s anuli det rahunt u r , ma iorqu e vita e ratio

circa hoc instrumentum esse coepit , incer tum a quo

tempore . videmu r tamen posse in ext ernis auctori

ta tem eiu s rei int ellegere circa Polycra t en Samityrannum , cui dilect us i ll e anulu s in ma re abiectu s

capt0 rela tus est pisce , ipso circiter ccxxx urbis

1vel Bergia : u t .

Pluta rch , Vi t . Demos th . 29 reports a statement tha tDemosthenes always ca rried a poison in a bra celet on hi s arm ,

and tha t he kil led h imself with it t o avoid fa l ling into t he

hands of Ant ipa t er ofMa cedon, 322 B .C .

1 .e. documents are forged and sealed with faked signetrings .

He wa s put t o dea t h c. 5 1 5 B .C'

. by t he Persian Oroetes .

BOOK XXXI I I . vr. 2 5- 2 7

of the circle with a fighter materia] , in ca s e of theirdropping , is a safer precaution for their anxietyabou t their gems others enclos e poisons underneaththe stones in their rings , a s did Demosthenes ,“ thegrea test orator of Greece , and they wea r the ir ringsas a means of taking their own li ves . Finally , a

very great number of the crimes connected withmoney are ca rr ied out by means of rings .° To thinkwhat life was in the days of old , and what innocenceexisted when nothing was s ealed ! Whereas nowadays even a rticles of food and drink have to beprotected aga inst theft by means of a ring : thi s isthe progress achieved by our legions of slaves— a

foreign rabble in one ’s home , so that an a ttendantto tell people

’

s names now h as to be employed evenin the ca s e of one ’s slaves ! Thi s was not the waywith by

—gone generations , when a single servantfor each master , a member of hi s ma ster

’

s clan ,Marcius

’

s boy or Luciu s’

s boy , took a ll his mea lswith the family in common , nor was there any needof precautions in the home to keep watch on thedomestics . Nowadays we a cquire sumptuous viandsonly to be pilfered and a t the same time a cquirepeople to pilfer them ,

and it is not enough to keepour keys themselves under seal : while we are fa stasleep or on our death—beds , our rings are sli pped off

ou r fingers ; and the more important concerns of ourli fe have begun to centre round that tool , thoughwhen this began is doubtfu l . Sti l l it s eems we can

rea li z e th e importance this articl e possesses abroadin the ca s e of the tyrant of Samos , Polycrates ,who Hung his favourite ring into the sea and h ad itbrought back to him inside a fish which h ad beencaught : Polycrate s himself was pu t to death

2

9


nost ra e annum interfecto . ce lebra t ior quidem usus

cum fa enore coepisse debet . a rgumento est con

sue t udo volgi , ad spons iones e t iamnum 1anulo

exilient e , tracta ab eo tempore , quo nondum erat

a rra ve locior , ut plane adfirmare possimus nummos

ante apud nos , mox anu los coepisse . de numm is

paulo post d ice t u r .

VI I . Anuli dist inxere a lt erum ordinem a plebe ,ut seme ] coeperant esse celebres , s icut tuni ca ab

anu lis sena t um . quamquam et hoc sero , vu lgoqu e

pu rpura la t iore tunica e usos invenimu s etiam prae

cones , sicut pa t rem L . Ae ln St ilonis Pra econini ob

id cognominati . sed anuli plane tertium ordinem

mediumqu e plebei et pa t r ibu s inseru ere ,ac quod

antea milita res equ i nomen dederant , hoc nunc

pecuniae indices t ribuunt . nec pridem id factum .

divo Augu sto decuria s ordinante ma ior pa rs iudicum

in ferreo anulo fu it iiqu e non equites , sed iudi ces

vocabant u r . equ itum nomen subsist eba t in turmis

equorum publicorum . indicum quoque non nisi

qua t t uor decuriae fu ere primo , vixqu e singula milia

in decu riis inventa sunt , nondum provinciis ad hoc

1etiam nunc coni . Mayhoff.

Son of the hera ld .

’

Eques .


munus adm issis , servat umqu e in hodiernum est , nequis e novis civibus in iis iudicare t . decuriae quoqueipsa e pluribus di scret ae nominibu s fuere , t r ibunoruma eris et se lect orum et iudi cum . pra eter bos etiamnum nongent i vocabant ur ex omnibus elect i ad

cust odiendas suffragiorum cist as in com it ii s . etdivisu s hic quoque ordo erat superba u surpa t ione

nom inum , cum a lius s e nongentum , alius select um ,

a l ius t ribunum appellaret .

VI I I . T iberii demum principa t u1 nono anno in

unit a t em venit equ est er ordo , anu lorumque aucto

rit a t i forma const it u t a est C . Asinio Pollione C .

Ant ist io Vetere cos . anno urbis condi t a e DCCLXXV ,

quod m iremur , fu t t ili paeme de causa , cum C . Su lpi

cius Ga lba , iuvenalem famam apud principem popinarum poenis aucupa t us , qu est us esset in senat u , volgoinst itores eius culpa e defendi anu lis hac de causaconst itu t um , ne cui ius esset nisi qu i mgenuu s ipse ,( ingenuo)

2 pa tre , avo paterno H S cccc census fu issetet lege Iulia th ea t ra li in quat t uordecim ordinibu s

sedisset . postea grega tim insigne id adpet i coeptum .

principa tu B principa tu s rell .ingenuu s ipse ingenuo Detlefsen : qu i ingenuu s ipse a ut cu i

mgenuo Ips1 .

Origina l ly it seems officials (tribuni aeraru ) who collectedthe propert y—t ax from Roman citizens (until 1 67 and pa idthe soldiers ou t of a specia l fund . Bu t in the first centu ryB .C . they appea r as an ordo in the state next below the equ i tes .

T iberiu s .

I .e. the gold ring of the Order of Knighthood , whosemembers often practised banking, tax-fa rming and otherbu sinesses .

T he financia l s tanding of an eques .

BOOK XXX I I I . V I I . 3O— V I I I . 32

admitted to this duty ; and the regula tion hassu rvived to the present day that nobody newlyadmitted to citizenship sha l l serve as a j ustice on oneof the panels . The panels themselves also weredistinguished by various designations , as consistingof Tribunes of the Money ,“ Selected Members and

Justices . Moreover beside thes e there were thos estyled the Nine Hundred , s el ected from the wholebody as keepers of the ba llot—boxes a t elections .And th e proud adoption of titles h ad made divisionsin this order a lso , one person styling himself amember of the Nine Hundred , another one of theSelect , another a Tribune .

VI I I . Fina lly in the ninth yea r in office of theEmperor Tiberius the Order of Kn ights was united A.D. 1 4—37.

into a s ingle body ; and in the Consulship of Ga ius A.D-22o

Asiniu s Pollio and Ga ius Ant ist iu s Vetus , in the775th year s ince the foundation of Rome , a regulationwas established authorizing who should wea r rings ;the motive for this , a thing that m ay surpris e us ,wa s virtually the fu til e rea son that Gaius SulpiciusGa lba h ad made a youthful effort to curry favourwith the emperor by enacting penalties for keepingeating-houses and h ad made a complaint in thesenate that peddling tradesmen when cha rged withthat ofi

'

ence commonly protected themselves bymeans of their rings .° Consequently a rul e wasmade that nobody should have this right except onewho was himself a free-born m an whose father andfather ’s father h ad been free—born also , and who h adbeen rated a s the owner of sesterces d and h adbeen entitl ed under the Juli an law as to the theatreto sit in the fourteen front rows of sea ts . Sub

sequently people began to apply in crowds for this

2 7


propter haec discrimina C . princeps decuriam quintam

adiecit , t antumqu e ena tum est fa stus , ut , quae sub

divo Augusto impleri non potu erant , decuriae non

capiant eum ordinem , passimqu e ad ornamenta ea

etiam servitu t e l iberati t ransiliant , quod antea num

quam erat factum , quoni am 1 ferreo anulo et equites

iudicesqu e int ellegebantur . adeoqu e id promiscuum

esse coepit , ut apud Claudi um Caesarem in censura

eius unus ex equ it ibu s Flavius Procu lus CCCC ex ea

causa reos postu laret . ita dum separa tur ordo ab

ingenuis , communicatu s est cum servi t iis . iudicum

autem appella t ione s epa rare eum ordinem primi

omnium inst ituere Gracchi di scordi popu lari t a t e in

cont umeliam senatus , mox debellata auctoritas

nominis vari o sedi t ionum eventu circa publi canos

subst it it et a liquamdiu t ert iae sortis viri publicani

fuere . M . Cicero demum st abilivit equestre nomen

in consu latu suo Ca t ilinianis rebus , ex eo ordine pro

fectum s e celebrans eiu squ e vires peculia ri popu lari

ta te quaerens . ab illo tempore plane hoc terti um

corpus in re p . factum est , coepitqu e adi ci sena tu i

1 quoniam Mayhoff : qm in.

In fact C. Gra cchu s , tribune 1 23—2 B .C .

BOOK XXX I I I . VI I I . 33—34

mark of rank ; and in consequence of thes e di stinotions within the order the Emperor Gaius Caligulaadded a fifth pane l , and so much conce it has thi soccasioned that the panels which under h is latelamented Maj esty Augustus it had not been possibleto fill will not hold that order , and there are frequentcases of men who are actua lly liberated sl aves makinga leap over to these distinctions , a thing tha tpreviously never occurred , since the iron ring was thed is tingu ishing mark even of knights and j udges .And the th ing began to be so common that du ringthe censorship of the Emperor Claudius a member A.D. 48.

of the Order of Knighthood named Flavius Procu lu sla id before him information aga ins t 400 persons onthis ground , so that an order intended to di stingui shthe holder from other men of free birth has beenshared with slaves . It wa s the Gracchi “ who firstinstituted the name of Justices or Judges as thedistinguishing name of that order of knightssedi tiously currying favour with the people in orderto humiliate the senate ; but subsequently theimportance of the title of Knight was swamped bythe Shifting currents of faction , and came down to bea ttached to the fa rmers of publ ic revenues , and forsome th e thes e revenue Officers cons tituted thethird rank in the state . Finally Marcus Cicero ,thanks to the Catilinarian affair , during his consulship 63

put the title of knighthood on a firm footing , boastingthat he h imself sprang from that order , and winningits powerful support by methods of securing popula rity that were entirely his own . From that timeonward the Knighthood defini tely became a thirdelement in the sta te , and the name of the EquestrianOrder came to be added to the formula

‘ The

2 9

36

37

38


popu loqu e Romano et equ est er ordo . qu a de causa

et nunc post populum scr ibit ur , quia novissime

coept us est adici .

IX . Equ it um quidem etiam nomen ipsum sa epe

varia t um est , in iis qu oque , qui id ab equ it a t u t ra

h ebant . ce leres sub Romulo regibu squ e sunt appe l

lati , deinde flexunt es , postea t rossu li , cum oppidum

in T u scis citra Volsinios p . V I I I I sine ullo pedit um

ad ium ento cepissent eius vocabu li , idqu e du ravit

u ltra C . G racchum . Iuniu s certe , qu i ab amicitia

eius G racch anus appellatu s est , scriptum reliqu it his

verbis : Quod ad equ est rem ordinem a t t ine t , antea

t rossulos vocabant , nunc equ ites vocan t ideo , quia

non int e llegunt t rossu los nomen qu id va lea t , mul

t osqu e pudet eo nomine appe llari . et causam , quae

supra indicata est , exponit invitosqu e et iamnum 1

tamen t rossu los vocari .

X . Sunt adhuc a liqu a e non om it t endae in aurodifferentia e . auxilia quippe et externos t orqu ibus

au re is donavere , a t cives non nisi argent eis , pra eter

qu e a rmilla s civibus dedere , qu a s non dabant ext ernis .

XI . I idem , quo magis m iremu r,corona s ex auro

dedere et civibus . quis primus donatu s sit ea , non

1et iamtum con i . Mayhoff.

Bu t in fa ct t h e regu lar order of words wa s senate ,equites , Roman people .

T rossum or T rossu lum ; there a re still rema ins of a towna t T rosso , two m iles from Monte Fiascone in T uscany .

BOOK XXXI I I . VI I I . 34—XI . 38

Senate and People of Rome .

’

Thi s is the rea sonwhy it is even now written after People ,

’

becauseit was the latest addi tion introduced .

IX . Indeed the very name of the Kn ights h asits elf frequently been altered , even in the case ofthose who derived the title from the fa ct of theirserving as cavalry . Under Romulus and the Kingsthey were ca ll ed the Celeres , then the Flexunt esand afterwards the T rossu li , because of their havingwithout any assistance from infantry captured atown of that name in Tuscany nine mil es this s ideof Volsinii ; and the name survived till after thetime of Gaius Gracchus . At all events in thewr itings left by Junius , who owing to his friendshipwith Gaius Gracchus was ca lled G racch anus , thes ewords occur : So far as concerns the EquestrianOrder they were previously ca ll ed the T rossu li ,but are now simply designated the Cava lry , becausepeople do not know wha t the word T rossu li meansand many of them are a shamed of being ca lled bytha t name .

’

He goes on to expla in the rea sonabove indi ca ted ,

and says tha t th ey fi

were even inhis time still ca lled T rossu li , though they did notwish to be .

X . There are some additiona l pa rticu lars in

regard to gold which must not be omitted . Fo rinstance our authorities actua lly bestowed goldnecklaces on fore ign soldi ers , but only awa rdeds ilver ones to Roman citiz ens , and what is morethey gave bracelets to citiz ens , which it was nottheir custom to give to foreigners .X I . But a t the same time , as is even more

surprising , they gave crowns of gold even to citiz ens .Who was th e first person to receive one I have not

3 I

.Vecklaces .

Cr

gold .


inveni equ idem ; quis primus donaverit , a L . Pisone

traditur A . Post um ius dicta tor apud lacum c illum

cast ris Latinorum expugna t is eum , cuius maxime

opera capta essent . hanc coronam ex pra eda is

dedit 1 1 l . ,1 item L . Lentulus consul Servio Cornelio

Merendae Samnitum oppido capto , sed hic quinque

librarum t rium 2 Piso Frugi filium ex privata pecunia

donavit eamque coronam testamento ei praelegavit .

XI I . Deorum honoris causa in sacris nihil aliud

excogit a tum est quam ut au ra t is cornibu s host iae ,

ma iores dum t axa t , immolarentu r . sed in militia

quoque in tantum adolevit haec luxuria , ut M .

Bruti e Ph ilippicis campis epistu la e reperiantur

frem ent is fibu las t ribunicias ex auro geri . ita ,

Hercules ? idem enim tu,Brute

,mu lierum pedibus

aurum gest a t um3 t acu ist i . et nos sceleris argu imu s

illum , qui primu s auro dignit a t em per anu los fecit !

habeant in lacert is iam quidem et viri,quod ex

Da rdan is venit— it aqu e et Dardanium vocaba tur ;

viriolae Celt ice dicuntur , viriae Ce lt iber ice habe

ant feminae in armillis digit isqu e totis , collo , au ribus

spiris ; discurrant catenae circa latera et in secreto

è:)1ed it I I I. (i .e. librarum ) Mayhoff : dedit odd. (dedit

2 t rium add. Ha rdou in coll . Va l . Max. IV.3 . IO.

3ges ta tum B, a i . Colb. : gestari rell .


margarit a rum saccu li e collo dominarum auro pendeant , ut in sommo quoqu e unionum conscient ia

adsit : e t iamne pedibus indue t ur a tque inter stolam

plebemqu e huno medium fem inarum equ est rem

ordinem facie t ? honest ius viri paedagogis id damus ,ba linea sque dives pu erorum forma convertit . 1 iam

vero et Harpocra t en st a tu asqu e Aegypt iorum numinum in digit is viri quoque porta re incipiunt . fuit etalia C laudii pr incipa t u difi

’

erent ia insolens iis , quibusadm issiones 2 l ibera e 3 ius 4 dedissent imaginem

principis ex auro in anulo gerendi , magna crim inumoccasione , qua e omnia sa luta ris exortu s Vespa sianiimpera toris abolevit aequa lit er publicando principem .

de anu lis au re is u suque eorum h act enu s sit dictum .

X I I I . Proximum scelus fuit eius , qui primus exauro denarium signavit , quod et ipsum latet auct oreincerto . populu s Romanus ne argento quidem signa to ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est .libra lis— unde etiam nunc libella dicitu r et dupondius— adpendeba t ur assis ; quare aeris gravis poemadiet a , et adhuc expensa in ra t ionibu s dicunt ur , item

1converrit J . Mu ller .

2adm issiones Mommsen : admissionem odd. p ler . : admis

sionl/il /s B2 .

2 liberae B : l iberti rell .iu s Lip s : eius .

ded isset coni . I an .

I .e. gold ornaments on the sanda l-s t raps .

Sa id t o have been the Egyptian god of silence .

e. comm itted aga inst t he welfa re of mankind . T he

wors t crime was t he introdu ct ion of gold rings , 8 .

‘1 Equa l In value t o 25 silver denarii .T he a s was redu ced in weigh t in the l st Puni c War or

soon after .A piece worth two asses .

BOOK XXXI I I . XI I . 4o—XI I I . 4 2

pearls hang invisible suspended by gold cha ins fromtheir lady owners

’

neck , so that even in the ir sleepthey may reta in the consciousness of pos sess inggems : but are even their feet to be shod with gold ,

“

and sha ll gold create th i s fema l e Orde r of Kn ighthood , interm edi ate between the matron

’

s robe and

the common people ? Much more becomingly do

we m en bestow thi s on our page—boys , and thewealthy show these lads make h as quite transformedthe public baths ! Bu t nowadays even m en are

beginning to wear on their fingers a representationof Harpocra tes and figu res of Egyptian deities .In the time of the Emperor Claudi u s there wa s a lsoanother u nusua l di stinction , belonging to thosewhose rights of free access to the presence h adgiven them the privilege of wearing a gold likenessof the emperor on a ring , this affording a greatopportuni ty for informa tions ; but all of this washowever entirely abolished by the opportune ris eto power of the Emperor Vespa si an , by making theemperor equally access ible to a ll . Le t this suffice

for a di scu ssion of the subj ect of gold rings and the i remployment .X I I I . Next in degree was the crime committed

by the person who first coined a gold denariu s ,° a

crime whi ch itself a lso is hidden and it s author unknown . The Roman nation did not even u se a

stamped silver coinage before the conquest of KingPyrrhus . The as we ighed one pound— hence theterm still in use , li ttl e pound and two pounder f ;this is the reason why a fine is specified in heavybronze ,

’

9 and why in book—keeping outlay is stilldesignated a s

‘ sums weighed out ,’

and l ikewis e

On aes , see XXXIV. I , note .

AD 41 54 .

A.D. 69—79 .

Romancoinage

i n three

metal s .

2 75 B.C .

43

44


inpendia et dependere , quin et militum stipendia ,

hoc est s t ipis pondera , dispensa tores , libripendes , qua

consuetudine in ii s empt ionibus , quae mancipi sunt ,

etiam nunc libra int erponit ur . Servius rex primus

signavit aes . ante a rudi usos Romae Timaeus t radit .

signatum est nota pecudum , unde et pecuni a appel

lata . maximus census cxx assium fuit illo rege , et

ideo haec prima classis .

Argentum signatum anno urbis CCCCLXXXV ,1

Ogu lnio C . Fabio cos . , quinque annis ante primum

Punicum bellum . et placu it denarium pro x l ibri s

acris valere , qu inarium pro v , s estertium pro dupon

dio ac semisse . librale autem pondus a eris inm inu tum

est bello Punico primo , cum inpensis res p . non

sufficeret ,const itu tumqu e ut asses sext ant ario pondere

ferirentur . ita quinque partes lucri fact ae , d issolu

45 tumque a es alienum . nota acris e ius fuit ex altera

parte Ianus geminus , ex altera rostrum navis , in

t rient e vero et quadrante rates . quadrans antea

teruncius vocatus a tribus uncu s . postea Hanniba le

1ccccr.xxxv Cellarius : ccccnxxxxv B : DLXXXV rell.

.e. an as.

BOOK XXXI I I . xm . 42—45

interest as weighed on account and paying asweighing down ,

’

and moreover it explains theterms soldi ers

’ stipend ,’

which means weights ofheaped money ,

’

and the words for accountants and

paym a sters tha t mean weighers and poundweighers ,

’

and owing to this custom in purchases tha tdea l with all l arger personal property , even at thepresent day , an actua l pair of pound —sca l es isintroduced . King Servius was the first to stamp a T radi tiona l

da tes 578design on bronz e ; previously , according to Tima eus , 534at Rome they used raw metal . The design stampedon the metal was an ox or a sheep , pecas , which is theorigin of the term pecunia .

’

The highest a ss essment of one man ’s property in the reign ofServius was

as—pieces , and consequently that amount ofproperty was the standard of the first class of citizens .

Silver was first coined in the 485th yea r of the city , 269—8in the consulsh ip of Quintus Ogu lnius and GaiusFabius , five years before the first Punic War . Itwas decided that the value of a denarius should beten pounds of bronz e , tha t of a half—dena rius fivepounds , tha t of a sesterce two pounds and a half.The weight of a standard pound “ of bronz e washowever reduced during the first Punic War

, whenthe state could not meet its expendi ture , and it wasenacted tha t the as should be struck weighi ng twoounces . This efi

’

ect ed a saving of five sixths , and thenational debt was liquida ted . The design of thisbronze coin was on one side a Janus fa cing bothways and on the other the ram of a battleship ; thethird of an as and the quarter as h ad a ship . Thelatter h ad previously been called a teruncius , asweighing three ounces . Subsequently when thepresence of Hanniba l was being felt , in the dictator 2 1 7


urguent e1 Q . Fabio Maximo dict a tore a sses uncia l es

facti , placu itque denarium XV I assibu s permu t ari ,

qu inarium octonis , s estertium qu a t ernis . ita res p .

dim iditim lucrata est , in milita ri tamen stipendiosemper denarius pro x a ssibus da tus est . motaeargenti fuere bigae atque quadrigae ; inde biga ti

quadriga t iqu e dicti .Mox lege Papiria semunciarn asses facti . Livius

Drusus in t ribuna t u plebei oct avam partem a crisa rgento m iscu it . is , qui nunc victori atus appe lla t ur ,lege Clodia percussus est ; antea enim hic nummus exIllyrico advect u s mercis loco h abeba t ur . est autemsigna tu s Victoria , et inde nomen .

Aureus nummus post annos LI2percu ssu s est

quam a rgent eu s ita , ut scripulum va leret ses t ert ios

vicenos ,3 quod effect um 4 in libra li 5 ra tione sest ertu ,

6

qui t une erat , cccc .

7 postea placu it X xxxx signar i

ex auri l ibris , pau la t imqu e principes inm inuere pondus , et novis issime Nero ad xxxxv .

X IV . Sed a nummo prima origo avarit iae faenoreexcogit a to qu aest uosaque segnit ia ; nec pau la t imexarsit rabie quadam non iam avaritia , sed fames auri ,

1urguente B, cd . Par . 680 1 : u rgu cuta Ma rcum rell

urguente Ma rcum Minucium Brotier .

2LI B : LX I I rell .

3sestert ios v icenos Brot ier : sestert ius v icenus au t sestert iis

vicenis (sestert io B v iciens B 1v incens B2

) .effectum K . C

’. Ba i ley : efiîcit B, cd . Par . 680 1 : efiecit

rell .l ibral i B : libras rell . : Iibram Mayhoff.sestertium Urlichs : sestert iorum Caesa ria s .

erat cd . Pa r . 680 1 : erant rell . : ceco B : D nongent i rell .(sestert ios DCCCC cd . P ar . 680 1 ) va ria editores .

38

BOOK XXX I I I . XI I I . 45—XI V . 48

ship of Qu intus Fabius Maximus , asses of one ounceweight were coined , and it was enacted tha t theexchange-value of the dena rius should be sixteenasses , of the half-denarius eight and of the qua rterdenariu s four ; by this measure the sta te made a

clear ga in of one half. Bu t nevertheless in the payof soldi ers one denariu s h as always been given forten a ss es . The designs on silver were a two—horseand a four-horse chariot , and consequently the coinswere called apa ir 0f horses and afour—ia—lzanal.Next according to a law of Papiriu s a sses 89

weighing ha lf an ounce were struck . Liviu sDrusus when holdi ng the office of tribune of theplebs alloyed the silver with one-e ighth part ofbronze . The coin now named the victory coin wasstruck under the l aw of Clodiu s ; previously a coin c. 1 04

of this name wa s imported from Illyr ia and was lookedon as an article of trade . The design on it was afigure of Victory , which gives it its name .

The first gold coin was s t ruck 51 years la ter than 21 7

the silver coinage , a scruple of gold having the valueof twenty sesterces ; this was done at 400 to th epound of silver , a t the then rating of the sesterce .

I t was afterwards decided to coin denarii a t the ra te 49 B.C.

of 40 from a pound of gold , and the emperors gradu ally reduced the weight of the gold dena riu s , andmost recently Nero brought it down to 45 denarii to A.D. 54—68 .

the pound .

X IV . But from the invention of money came the Eramples of

origina l sou rce of avarice when u sury was devis e of

and a profit able l ife of idl eness ; by rapid stageswha t was no longer mere avarice but a positive

Probably t he tribune of 1 23 B .C . , not h is son who was

tribune in 9 1 B .C .


u tpot e cum Septumu leius , C . Gra cchi familiaris , auro

rependendum caput eius abscisum ad Opim ium

t u lerit plumboque in os addito parricido suo rem p .

etiam circumscripserit ; nec iam Qu irit ium a liqu is ,

sed universo nomine Romano infami rex Mithridates

Aquilio duci capto aurum in os infudit . haec pari t

habendi cupido ! pude t int u ent em nomina ista , qua e

sub inde nova G raeco s ermone excogit antur insperso

a rgent eis vasis auro et incluso , quibus delicns plu ris

veneunt inaurata quam aurea , cum sciamu s inter

dixisse cast ris suis Spart acum , ne quis aurum haberet

au t argentum . tanto plu s fuit animi fugit ivis nos

tris Messa lla orator prodidit Antonium t riumvirum

aureis usum vasis in omn ibus obscenis desideru s ,

pudendo crimine etiam Cleopa t ra e . summa apud

ext eros licent iae fu era t Ph ilippum regem poculo

a u reo pu lvinis subdi to dormire solitum , Hagnonem

T eium , Alexandri Magni pra efectum , aureis clavis

suffigere crepidas : Antonius solus contumelia natu

rae Vilita t em auro fecit . o dignum proscript ione ,

sed Spart aci !

XV . Equ idem miror populum Romanum victis

gentibus in tributo semper a rgentum impera sse , non

Consu l in 1 2 1 B .C .

After the battle of Prot omachium in Asia Minor, 88 B .C .

Leader of a great slave-rising in Ita ly, 73—7 1 B .C .

I .e. by a slave, not by a fel low freeman . An tony wasinfamous for the proscription wh ich he infiicted in 43 B .C .

40


aurum , sicut Car th agini cum Hanniba le vict a e oct in

genta milia , XVI1 pondo annua in qu inqu agint a

annos , nihil auri . nec potest videri paenu ria mundiid evenisse . iam Mida s et Croesus infini t um possederant , i am Cyrus devict a Asia pondo XXI I I I

invenera t pra eter vasa aurumqu e fa ctum et in co

solium ,

2pla t anum , vit em . qu a victoria a rgenti D 3

t a lent orum repor t avi t et cra t erem Sem iram idis ,

cuius pondus xv t alent orum colligeba t . t a lent um

Aegypt ium pondo LXXX patere M.

4 Varro t radit .

iam regnavera t in Colchis Sau laces Aeet ae suboles ,

qui t erram virginem nactus plu rimum auri a rgentiqueeru isse dicit ur in Su anorum gente , et a lioqu i velleribus au reis inclu to regno . et illins aureae camarae ,

argent eae trabes et columna e atque parast a t icaenarrant ur vieto 5 Sesost ri , Aegypti rege t am superbo ,ut proda tur anni s qu ibusqu e sorte reges singu los esubiect is iungere ad currum solitus atque ita t riumphare .

XVI . Et nos fecimus qua e posteri fabulosa arbit rentur . Caesar , qui postea d icta tor fuit , primus inaedili ta t e munere patris funebri omni appara tu

1 XVI I an : AVT odd . (cm . B : a rgenti cd . Par .

2soliu ( i .e. solium ) Mayhofl

’

: solia ac P int ianus : fol ia tam

I an : fol ia B : folia ac rell .3D coni . Wa rmington .

patere M. Det lefsen : capere Gelen : pendere au t haberecon i . Mayhofl : patere odd . (pa t erem cd . Leid .

v ietae cd . Pa r . 680 1 .

Probably the right reading is D 500 .

T he legend was t hat Ph rixus flew there on a ram with a

fleece of gold t o escape from h is stepmother, and married t he

4 2

BOOK XXXI I I . XV . SI—XV I . 53

when conqu ered together with Hann iba l ,pounds weight of silver in yearly insta lments of

pounds spread over 50 years , but no gold . Norcan it be considered that th i s was du e to the world

’

spoverty . Midas and Croesus had already possessedwealth without limit , and Cyrus h ad a lready on con

quering Asia Minor found booty consisting ofpounds weight of gold , besides vessels and articlesmade of gold , including a throne , a plane-tre e and a

vine . And by this victory he carried off

talents of silver and the wine-bowl of Semiramis theweight of which came to 1 5 ta l ents . The Aegypt ian

ta l ent according to Marcus Varro amounts to 80pounds of gold . Sau laces the descendant of Aeeteshad already reigned in Colchi s , who is sa id to havecome on a tract of virgin soil in the country of theSuani and els ewhere and to have dug up from it a grea tquantity of gold and s ilver , hi s realm being moreoverfamous for golden fleeces .

° We are a lso told of hisgold-vaulted ceil ings and silver beams and columnsand pilasters , belonging to Sesostris King of Egyptwhom Sau laces conqu ered , so proud a monarch thathe is reported to have been in the habit every yea rof harnessing to his chariot indi vidua l kings s electedby lot from among his vassa ls and so going intriumpha l process ion .

XVI . We too have done things to be deemedmythica l by thos e who come after us . Caesar , thefuture di ctator , wa s the first person in the office of

202

546- 5 B.C .

aedi l e to us e nothing but silver for the appointments 65 c .c.

of the arena— it was at the funera l games presentedin honour of his father ; and this was the first

daughter of King Aeetes . T he fleece was later ca rried awayby Jason and t he Argonau t s .


h arenae argenteo usus est , ferasqu e etiam argent eis

vasis incessivere tum primum noxii , quod iam etiam 1

in municipiis aemu lantu r . C . Antonius ludos sca enaa rgente a feci t , item L . Murena ; Gaius princeps incirco pegma duxit , in quo fuere argenti pondoCXXI I I I .

2 Claudius successor eius , cum de Brit tanniat riumpharet , inter coronas aureas Vî3 pondo haberequam contu lisset Hispania cit erior , VI I I I 4 quam Galliacoma ta , t itu lis indicavit . hu ius deinde succesor

Nero Pompei theatrum operu it auro in unum di em ,

quo T irida t iArmeniae regi ost enderet . et quota parse a fuit aureae domus ambient is urbem !XVI I . Auri in a erario populi R . fuere Sex . Iulio

L . Aurelio cos . , septem a rmis ante bellum Punicum

tertium , pondo XV I I 5 ccccx,a rgenti XXI I LXX, et in

numerato [ I.—XI] fi

‘

x“

v cccc , Sexto Iu lio L . Marcio cos . ,hoc est belli socialis initio , auri [Xv

—I] fi DCCCXXXI .

C . Caesar primo int roitu urbis civili bello suo exaerario protu lit lat erum aureorum XV , argent eorum

XXX , et in numerato”— cc] nec fuit al i is temporibus

1 iam etiam B : etiam rell . : iam et coni . Mayhojf.

2CXXI I I I B CXXI I I I au t CXXXI I I I rell.

3 W B : VI I rell .V I I I I B : VI I I I rell .

5 I n 5555—56 numeri va rie traduntur .

lac. Detlefsen , Mommsen .

7 V. ll . nummo, numero (add . HS cold . nonnu lli : pondocd. P ar .

A wooden edifice on wheels in two or more stages , wh ichwere raised and lowered , opened and closed , by machinery ;on them performances were given.

So cd . B . T h e number 1 24 or 1 34 of the other odd . is of

cou rse mu ch too small .

So cd . B . T he other MSS. give 7 and 9 . T he h ighernumber is so absu rd tha t perhaps we should omit inter and

BOOK XXX I I I . XVI . 53—XVI I . 56

occasion on which crimina ls made to fight with wildanimals h ad all their equipment made of silver , a

practice nowadays riva l led even in our municipa ltowns . Ga ius Antonius gave plays on a silverstage , and so did Lucius Murena ; and the emperorGa ius Ca ligula brought on a scaffolding “ in the A.D. 37-4 1 .

circus which had on it pounds weight of silver .His successor Claudi us when celebrating a triumpha fter the conqu est of Britain , advertised by placards A.D. 43.

that among the gold coronets there was one havinga weight of 7000 ° pounds contributed by HitherSpa in and one of 9000 ° from Gallia Coma ta . Hisimmedia te successor Nero covered the thea tre of A.D. 54—68 .

Pompey with gold for one day’

s purpose , when he wasto display it to T iridat es King of Armenia . Yet howsma l l was the thea tre in comparison with Nero ’sGolden Pa lace which goes all round the city !XVI I . The gold conta ined in the national

treasury of Rome in the consulship of Sextus Julius 1 56and Lucius Aurelius , s even yea rs before the thirdPunic War , amounted to lbs . , the silver to

lbs . , and in speci e there wassesterces ; in the consulship of Sextus Julius and 9 1 B.C .

Lucius Marcius , that is to say , a t the beginning of thewar with the alli es

,

“ there was lbs . of gold and

lbs . of silver . Gaius Ju lius Caesar , onfirst entering Rome during the civi l war that bea rs 49 B.C.

his name , drew from the treasury gold ingots ,silver ingots , and s esterces in

coin ; at no other periods was the state more wealthy .

t rans late : that there were crowns weigh ing in a l l 7000

pounds cont ributed by H ither Spa in and 9000 pounds fromGa l lia Comata .

’

See n . on 520 .


res p . locuple t ior . int u lit et Aem ilius Paulus Perseo

rege victo e Macedonica pra eda |”

MIVT M| a quo tempore

populu s Romanus t r ibu t um pendere desiit .

XVI I I . Laquea ria , qua e nunc et in pr iva t is domi

bus auro t eguntur , post Carthaginem eversam primo

in Capitoli o inaurata sunt censura L . Mummi inde

t ransiere in cama ras quoque et pa ri etes, qu i ram et

ipsi tamquam va sa inaurant ur , cum va ri e su a a etas

de Ca tu lo exist imaverit , quod tegula s a ereas Capitoli

inau rasset .

X IX . Primos inventores auri , sicut met a llorum

fere omnium , septimo volum ine diximu s . pra ecipuam

gra tiam huic ma t eriae fu isse arbit ror non colore,qui

cla rior in argento est m agisqu e dici s imilis , ideo

m ilit aribu s signi s fam iliarior , quoniam1 longiu s fu lget ,

man ifesto errore eorum , qui colorem siderum pla

cu iss e in auro arbit rant u r , cum in gemma a liisqu e

rebus non sit pra ecipuus . nec pondere au t facili tate

ma t eriae pra e la t um est ceteris m e t a llis , cum ceda t

per u t rumqu e plumbo ,2sed quia rerum uni nihil igne

deperit , tuto3 etiam in incendiis rogisqu e . qu in

immo quo saepius arsit , proficit ad bonit a t em ,

1 V. l . quo nimis : quoniam in i i s coni . Mayhofl’

.

2 plumbo cdcl . : p lumbum con i . K . 0 . Ba i ley .

l'

. ll . tot a , toto .

King ofMa cedonia ,defeated a t Pydna , 1 68 D.C .

I t was not lev ied after 1 67 B .C .

I .e. he was by no means universal ly approved .

T h is is not true .

BOOK XXX I I I . XVI I . 56—XIX. 59

Aem iliu s Paulus a lso a fter the defeat of KingPerseus pa id in to the treasury from the booty wonin Macedon ia 300 milli on s esterces ; and from thatdate onward the Roman na tion left off paying thecitiz ens ’ property—tax .

°

XVI I I . At the present day we see ceilingscovered with gold even in priva te houses , but theywere first gilded in t h e Capitol du ring the censorshipof Lu cius Mumm ius a fter the fall of Carthage .

1 46 B.C.

From ceilings the use of gilding pa ss ed over a lso tovaulted roofs and walls , thes e too being now gildedlike pieces of plate

,whereas a va riety of j udgements

were pa ssed on Ca t u lus by his contemporaries for Between 79havmg gilded the bra ss tilings of the Capitol . and 60 B

XIX . We have a lready sa id in Book VI I who VI I 97

were the people who first d iscovered gold , and P 0pu lari ty

a lmost a ll of the meta ls likewise . I think tha t thechi ef popularity of this substance has been won notby its colour , that of silver being brighter and morelike daylight , which is the rea son why it is in morecommon use for mi litary ensigns because its brilli anceis visible at a greater di stance ; thos e persons whothink tha t it is the colour of starlight in gold tha t h aswon it favour be ing clea rly mistaken because in theca s e of gems and other things with the same tint itdoes not hold an ou tstanding place . Nor is it itsweight or its malleabili ty tha t h as led to its beingpreferred to all the rest of the metals , since in bothqua lities it yields the first pla ce to lead , but becausegold i s the only thing tha t loses no substance by th e 8

53611

a ction of fire , bu t even in conflagra t ions and on Zoldf"es

funeral pyres rece ives no damage . Indeed as a

matter of fact it improves in quality the more oftenit is fired , and fire serves as a test of its goodness .

60

62


auriqu e experimentum ignis est , ut simili colorerubea t ignesca tque et ipsum ; obru ssam vocant .

primum autem boni t a t is a rgumentum quam difficil

lime accendi . prae t erea m irum , prunae1violent is

s imi ligni indom itum pa lea cit issime ardescere atque ,ut purget ur , cum plumbo coqui .Altera causa pret ii maior , quod minimum usus

det erit , cum a rgento , aere , plumbo linea e praeducantu r manusque sordescant decidua materi a . neca li ud laxius dilat a tur au t numerosiu s dividi tur , u tpot e

cuius unciae in sept ingenas qu inquagenas pluresqu e

bra t t eas qu a t ernum utroque digitorum spargant ur .

crassissimae ex iis Praenest inae vocantur , e t iamnum

retinentes 2 nomen Fort unae inaurato fidelissime ibisimulacro . proxima brattea quaest oria appella tur .

Hispania strigil es 3 vocat auri parvolas massas . superomni a solum in massa aut ramento capitu r . cumcetera in m et a llis reperta igni perficiant ur , hocstatim aurum est consumma t amqu e ma t eriam suam

pro t inus habet , cum ita invenit ur . ha ec enim in

vent io eius na tu ralis est ; alia , quam dicemu s , coact a .

super cetera non robigo ull a , non a erugo , non a l iudex ipso , quod consuma t bonit a t em minuatve pondus .iam contra sa lis et aceti sucos , domitores rerum ,

constantia ’1supera t omnia , superque netu r ac

1 pruna cd . deperd. recte ?2 retinente B .

3 V. ll . strigile , striges (B).4const ant iam B .

supera t omnia superque Mayhofl’

superque supera t

omnia B : superque omnia rell .

Cf. Schol . ad T hu c . I I . 1 3 O'

p l,

’

ov xpvo iov.

A variant reading striges gives grooves .

’

03

65

66


t exit ur lanae modo vel s ine lana . tunica aurea triumph asse T a rqu inium Priscum Verriu s docet ; nosvidimus Agrippiu am C laudi principis , edent e eonava li s proe lii spect acu lum , adsident em et indutampa ludamento aureo t ext ili sine alia materia . Attalicis vero iam pridem int exit ur , invento regum Asia e .

XX . Marmor i e t ns , qua e candefieri non possunt ,ovi candido inlinit u r , ligno glutini ratione conposit a ,

1

leucophorum vocant . qu id s it hoc au t qu em admo

dum fia t , su o loco docebimus . a es inau rar i argentovivo au t certe hydrargyro l egitimum era t , de quis , ut

2

dicemus illorum naturam reddent es , excogit at a frausest . namqu e a es crucia t u r in primis 3 accensumqu e

rest ingu it ur sale , a ceto , a lumine , postea exam inat ur ,4

an satis recoct um sit , splendore depreh endent e .

it erumqu e exh a la t u r 5 igni , ut possit , edom it um mixtis pumice et a lumine , a rgento vivo induct as acciperebra t t ea s . a lumen et in purgando vim habet qua lemesse diximus plumbo .

XX I . Aurum invenit ur in nostro orbe , ut om it t amus Indi cum a form icis au t apud Scyth as grypis

1 composito vel re composita con i . l ll ayhofi"

.

2u t cd . Pa r . 680 1 om . rell .primis odd . prunis coni . D ’

Arcy T hompson.

examina t ur K . 0 . Ba iley : exharcna t ur .

exha la tu r cdcl . : exh arena tur Det lefsen : excita tur co

lll ayhojf.

et add . K . 0 . Ba i ley .

Probably Attalu s I of Pergamum , 24 1- 1 97 B .C .

Lit era l ly flu id s ilver . ’See XXXV. 1 83 ff.

I .e. alum pu rifies copper as lead purifies gold .

BOOK XXXI I I . XIX. 62—XXI . 66

into thread and woven into a fabric like wool , evenwithout an addition of wool . Verrius informs usthat T arqu ini u s Priscus celebrated a triumph wearing d ,

a golden tun ic . We have in ou r own times seen the 6

0

1 °

Emperor Claudi us ’s wife Agrippina , a t a show a t

wh ich he was exhi biting a nava l ba ttle , s ea ted athis side wearing a military cloak made entirely ofcloth of gold . For a long period gold h as beenwoven into the fabric called cloth of Attalus ,“ an

invention of Kings ofAsia .

XX . On marble and other materia ls incapableof being ra is ed to a whi te heat gold is la id with whiteof egg ; on wood it is la id with glu e accordi ng to a

formula ; it is ca l led leu cophorum , white-bearing ;wha t this is and how it is made we will expla in in itsproper place . The regular way to gild copper XXXV. 36 .

would be to use natural or at all events artificialquicksilv er ,° concerning which a method of adulteration has been devi s ed , as we sha ll relate in describing 55 1 00 . 1 25 .

the nature of those substances . The copper isfirst subj ected to the violence of fire ; then , whenit is red hot , it is quenched with a mixture of brine ,vinega r

,and alum ,

°and a fterwa rds put to a test , its

brilli ance of colour showing whether it h as beensufficiently heated ; then it is aga in dr i ed in the fire ,so that

,after a thorough poli shing with a mixtu re of

pumice and alum , it is able to take the gold—l eafla id on with quicksilver . Alum h as the same clean 5 60.

s ing property here that we sa id is found in le ad .

“

XXI . Gold in our part of the world— not to speak i rethod s for

of the Indian gold obta ined from ants or the golddug up by griffins in Scythia — is obta ined in three

T h is Indian and Scyt hian gold wa s perh aps got from T ibet .

T he stories a bout it go ba ck t o Herodotu s .

PLINY NATURAL HIST ORY

eru tum , tribus 1 modis : flum inum rament is , ut inTago Hispaniae , Pado Italiae , Hebro T h raciae ,

Pactolo Asiae , Gange Indiae , nec ullum absolut ius

aurum est , ut cursu ipso a t t rituqu e perpoli tum . aliomodo pu t eorum scrobibus effodi tur aut in ruinamont ium quaeritur 2 ; u t raqu e ra tio dica tur .

Aurum qui quaerunt , ante omni a segu llum3 tol

lunt ; ita voca t ur indicium . alveus hic est harenae ,

qua e lava t ur , atque ex eo , quod resedi t , coniect ura

capitur . invenit ur a liquando in summa tellure

prot inu s rara felicitate , ut nuper in Delma t ia principatu Neroni s singu lis d iebus etiam qu inquagenas

libras fundens . cum ita invent um est in summocaespit e , t a lu t ium

4vocant , si et au rosa tellus subest .

ce t ero montes 'Hispania rum , aridi st erilesque et inquibus nihil aliud gigna tu r , huic bono fertil es essecoguntur .

Quod pu t eis foditur , cana licium vocant , a lu canalieu s e , marmoris glareae inhaerens , non illo modo ,quo in oriente 6 sappiro atque T h eba ico a liisque in

gemmi s scint illa t , sed m icans7amplexu

8 marmoris .

vagant ur hi venarum cana l es per l atera pu t eorum ethuc illuc , inde nomine invento , t ellusqu e l igu eiscolumnis suspenditu r . quod effossum est , t unditu r ,

1 tribu s Bergle z apud nos tribu s .

2 qu aeritu r B : qua re rell .V. l . segu t ilum .

‘1 t a lu t ium B : t a lu t at ium rell . a lu t a t ium Ha rdou ina lut ia tum Gronov : an a lut ium (cf. XXXIV,

h oc con i . Wa rmington .

orient is coni . Mayhofl.

7 micans B2: mica s .

amplexu Sa lma s iu s : amplexum .

BOOK XXX I I I . XXI . 66—69

ways : in the detritus of rivers , for instance in theTagus in Spain , the Po in Italy , the Maritza inThrace , the Sa rabat in Asia Minor and the Ganges inIndi a ; and there is no gold that is in a more perfectstate , as it is thoroughly polished by the mere frictionof the current . Another method is by sinking shaftsor it is sought for in the fa llen debris of mountains .Each of thes e methods must be described .

People seeking for gold begin by getting upsegu llum

— that is the name for earth tha t indi catesthe presence of gold . This is a pocket of sand ,

which is washed , and from the sediment left an

estimate of the vein is made . Somet irnes by a ra repiece of luck a pocket is found immedi a tely , on th esurface of the earth , as occurr ed recently in Dalma tiawhen Nero was emperor , one yi eld ing fifty pounds A D 54-68

weight of gold a day . Gold found in th is way in thesurface crust is ca lled ta lu tium if there is a lso auriferous earth undernea th . The otherwis e dry , barrenmounta ins of the Spani sh provinces which producenothing els e whatever are forced into fertili ty inrega rd to this commodi ty .

Gold dug up from shafts is called channelled or Gold—min ing.

trenched gold ; it is found sticking to the grit ofmarble , not in the way in which it gleams in thelapis lazu li of th e Ea s t and the stone of Thebesand in other precious stones , but sparkling in the foldsof the marble . These channels of veins wander toand fro along the sides of the shafts , which gives thegold its name ; and the earth is held up by woodenprops . The substance dug out is crushed , washed ,

Segu llo is still th e miners ’ name for surfa ce ea rth in

au riferou s deposits in Castile .

Apparently some mica ceous granite . In Egypt .


lava t ur , u rit ur , molitu r in farinam ; farinam1 a pila

scudem 2vocant ; a rgentum , quod exit a fornace ,

sudorem . quae e caminoiact a t ur spu rcit ia in omnimetallo scori a appe lla t u r . ha ec in auro tundi tu r

it erumqu e coqu it ur . catini fiunt ex t asconio ; hocest terra alba s imilis argillae , neque enim a li a fla t umignemqu e et ardent em mat eriam t olera t .

Tertia ratio opera vicerit G igantum . cuniculis

per magna spatia actis cavant u r montes lucernarumad lumina eadem mensura vigi liarum est , mu lt isqu e

mensibu s non cernit ur di es .Arrugias id genus vocant . siduntqu e rima e subito

et opprimunt opera tos ,3 ut iam minus t em erarium

videa tur e profundo ma ris petere ma rga ritas a tquepurpu ras . tanto nocent iores fecimu s terras ! relin

quunt ur it aqu e fornices crebri mont ibus sust inendi s .

occursant in utroque genere silices ; hos igne etaceto rumpunt , saepiu s vero , quoni am id cunicu los 4

vapore et fumo st rangu lat , caedunt fract ariis CL libra sferri habent ibu s egeruntqu e um eris noct ibu s ac

di ebus per t enebras proximis t radent es ; lucem

novissimi cernunt . si longior videtur silex , la tus1 molitur (a ut mol litu r) in farinam ; farinam Wa rm ington

mollitu r (B, cd . Par . 680 1 : molitur rell . ) farinam (in farinamcd . F lor . Rico. et u t videtur cd . Pa r .

2a pila scudemMadvig : a .p. cudemDetlefsen : apit ascudem

B : va ria rell . odd. et edd .

V. ll . Operantes , opera rios .

‘ id cunicu los B : in cunicuh s rell .

A given amount of oil is known to last specified time .

Arrugia is sa id t o be the term for a deep mine in Spa int o—day . T he word is probably connected o

’

pv’

ccw, dig.

54

BOOK XXXI I I . XXI . 69—7 1

fired and grou nd to a soft powder . The powde rfrom the mortar is ca l led the scudes and the silverthat comes out from the furnace the sweat thedi rt thrown out of the smelting-furnace in th e ca seof every meta l i s cal led scoria ,

’ slag . In the ca seof gold the scoria i s pounded and fired a s econdtime ; the crucibles for this a re made of t a sconium .

which is a white earth resembling clay . No othe rearth can stand the blast of a ir , th e fire , or theintense hot materia l .The thi rd method will have outdone the achi eve

ments of the Giants . By means of ga lleri es drivenfor long di stances the mountains are mined by thelight of lamps— the spells of work are a lso mea suredby lamps ,a and the miners do not see daylight formany months .The name for this clas s of mines is a rrugiae a l socracks give way suddenly and crush the men whohave been at work , so that it actua l ly seems lessventuresome to try to get pearls and purple-fish esout of the depth of the sea : so much more dangeroushave we made the earth ! Consequently arches arel eft at frequent interva ls to support the weight ofthe mounta in above . In both kinds of min ingmasses of fl int are encountered , which are bursta sunder by means of fire and vinega r , though moreoften , as this method makes the tunnels suffocatingthrough heat and smoke , they are broken to pieceswith crushing—machines carrying 1 50 lbs . of iron ,and the men carry the stuff out on their shoulders ,working night and day , each m an passing them onto the next man in the dark , whil e only those a t theend of the line see daylight . I f the bed of flintseems too long , the miner follows along the side of it

55


sequ itur fossor ambitqu e . et tamen in silice facilior

exis t ima t ur opera ; est namqu e terra ex quodam

a rgillae genere glarea mixta— gangadiam vocant

prope inexpugnab ilis . cuneis eam ferreis adgredi

unt u r et isdem ma lleis nih ilqu e durius pu t ant , nisi

quod inter omnia auri fames durissima est . peracto

opere cervices fornicum ab ultimo caedunt .

1 da t

signum rima , eamqu e2 solus int ellegit in cacumine

eius montis Vigil . hic voce , nutu 3 evocar i iubet

operas parit erqu e ipse devola t . mons fractus cadit

ab ses e longe fragore qui concipi humana mente

non possit , a eque et Hatu incredib il i . spectant vic

tores ru inam na tura e . nec tamen adhuc aurum est

nec sciere esse , cum foderent , t ant aque ad pericu la

et inpendia satis causa e fuit spera re quod cuperent .

Aliu s par labor ac vel ma ioris inpendi i : flum ina ad

lavandam hanc ru inam ingis 4 mont ium obiter duxere

a centesimo plerumque lapide ; corrugos vocant , a

conr iva t ione credo . mill e et hic labores : praeceps

1cadunt B .

2 rima eamque cd . P a r . 680 1 : ru ina eamque B et a l

ru inamque rell . : ru inae eamque Gelen : ru inae rima eamqueDetlefsen .

voce nutu B : voce ictuve cd . T olel . : vocent u tve rellvoce in t u tum Detlefsen .

fortasse ( a ) vel ( ab) iugis .


esse libram entum oport e t , ut rua t verius quam flua t ;it aque a lt iss im is pa rtibu s ducit ur . conva lles et in

t erva lla subst ruct is cana libus iungunt ur . a libi rupes

invia e ca edun t u r sedemqu e t rabibus cava t is praebere

coguntur . qui caedit , funibu s pende t , ut procu l

intuenti species ne ferarum qu idem , sed a lit um fia t .

pendentes maiore ex parte librant et linea s it iner i

praeducun t , qu aqu e insist ent is vest igu s hominis

locus non est , amnes t rahunt ur ab homine .

1 vitium

lavandi est , si flu ens ammis lutum inport et ; id genus

terrae u rium vocant . ergo per silices calculosve

ducunt et u rium evit ant . ad capita deiect u s in

superciliis mont ium piscina e cavant ur ducenos pedes

in quasqu e partes et in a lt it udinem denos . emissaria

in ii s quina pedum quadra torum t ernum fere reliu

quuntur , ut repleto stagno excu ssis opt u rament is

erumpa t torrens tanta vi ut saxa provolva t . a lius

e t iamnum in plano labor . fossa e , per qua s proflu a t ,cavantu r— agogas vocant hac st ernuntur grada

tim ulice . frutex est roris marini s imilis , a sper

au rumqu e ret inens . la tera cluduntur tabulis , ac per

1 t rahunt ur ab h omine B t rah untur ad homines rellt rahunt . omne Ha rdouin .

I .e. t he gold-bea ring débris .

T he ident ifica t ion is doubtful in view of the a llegedresemblan ce to rosemary . Rosema ry may be called rough ,

’

bu t it is not prickly like gorse.

58

BOOK XXX I I I . XXI . 74—76

tasks ; the dip of the fa ll mu st be steep , to cau sea rush ra ther than a flow of water , and consequ entlyit is brought from very high a ltitudes . Gorgesand creva sses are bridged by aqueducts carriedon ma sonry ; a t othe r places impassable rocksare hewn away and compelled to p rovide a positionfor hollowed troughs of timber . The workman

hewing the rock hangs su spended with ropes , so thatspectators vi ewing the operations from a d istanceseem to see not so much a swa rm of strange anima lsas a flight of birds . In the maj ority of ca ses theyhang suspended in this way while taking the levelsand marking out the lines for the route , and riversa re led by man

’

s agency to run where there i s noplace for a man to plant his footsteps . It spoils theoperation of wa shing if the current of t h e streamcarri es mud a long with it : an earthy sed iment ofthis kind is cal led urium. Consequently they guidethe flow over flint stones and pebbles , and avoidurium. At the head of th e waterfa l l on the brow ofthe mounta ins reservoirs are excavated measuring200 ft . e ach way and 1 0 ft . deep . In these thereare l eft five sluices with apertures measuring about ayard each way , in order that when the reservoir isfull the stopping-barr iers may be struck away and

the torrent m ay bu rst out with such violence as tosweep forward the broken rock.

a There is a lso yetanother task to perform on the level ground .

Trenches are excavated for the water to flow through— the Greek name for them means leads and

these , which descend by steps , are floored withgorse — this is a plant resembling rosemary , whichis rough and holds back the gold . The sides are

closed in with planks , and the channels are carried

59

77

78

79


praerupta suspendunt ur canales . i ta proflu ens terrain mare labit ur rupt u sque mons dilu itur , ac longeterras in mare his de causis iam promovit Hispania :in priore genere quae exh aur iunt u r immenso l abore ,ne occupent pu t eos , in hoc rigant ur . aurum arrugia

quaesitum non coqu itur , sed statim suum1 est . in

veniunt ur ita massae , nec non in pu t eis , et denasexcedentes l ibras ; palagas ,

2 alii palacurnas ,3 iidem

quod minutum est ba lucem vocant . u lcx sicca tur ,

u ritur , et cinis eius lava tu r substrato caespit e herboso , ut sidat aurum . vicena milia pondo ad hunc

modum annis singu lis Astu riam atque Ca llaeciam etLu sit aniam praest are quidam prodi derunt , ita ut

plurimum Asturia gignat . neque in ali a t errarum

parte tot saecu li s persevera t ha ec fert ilit as . Italiaeparci vetere interdicto patrum di ximu s a lioqu i nullafecundior m et a llorum quoque erat tellus . ext at l excensoria Vict umu larum ‘1

au rifodinae in Vercellensiagro , qua cavebat ur , ne plus quinque mili a hominumin opere publicani haberent .

XXI I . Aurum faciendi est et iamnum una ra tio exau ripigmento , quod in Syria foditu r pictoribus insumma tellure , auri colore , sed fragile lapidumspecu larium modo . invit avera tqu e spes G a ium prin

1sudum con i . Hermolau s Ba rbarus .

2pa lagas B : pa lacas rell . pa lacras ed . Bas il .

V. ll . psalacu rna s , pa lacranas .

Victumularum B : V. ll . vi ctim v it t im—z (vi ci ) I ct imu

Iorum Hermolaus Ba rba ra s coll . Strab.

See 70 . Yellow sulph ide of a rsenic .

BOOK XXXI I I . XXI . 76-XXI I . 79

on arches over steep pitches . Thu s the earth carri edalong in the stream slides down into the sea and theshattered mountain is wa shed away ; and by thistime the land of Spa in owing to these caus es hasencroached a long way into the sea . The materia ldrawn out at such enormou s labou r in the formerkind of mining so as not to fil l up the shafts is in ;this latter process washed out . The gold obtained bymeans of an a rrugia

a does not have to be melted ,but is pu re gold straight away . In th i s processnuggets are found and also in the shafts , evenweighing more than ten pounds . They are ca lled

palagae or else pa lacu rnae , and also the gold in verysma l l grains ba luce . The gorse is dried and burntand its a sh i s washed on a bed of gra ssy turf so thatthe gold i s deposited on it . According to someaccounts Asturia and Callaecia and Lu sitania producein thi s way lbs . weight of gold a year , Asturiasupplying the largest amount . Nor h as there beenin any other part of the world such a continuousproduction of gold for so many centuries . We havestated that by an old prohibiting decree of thes enate Italy is protected from exploitation ; otherwise no country wou ld have been more productivein metals as well as in crops . There is ext ant aruling of the censors relating to the gold mines ofVictumu lae in the territory of Vercellae which proh ibit ed the farmers of public revenues from havingmore than 5000 men engaged in the work .

XX I I . There is moreover one method of makinggold out of orpiment which is dug up in Syria foruse by painters ; it is found on the surface of th eearth , and is of a gold colour , but is easily broken ,like looking-glass stone . Hopes inspired by it h ad

6 1

FLINY NATURAL HISTORY

cipem avidissim um auri quam ob rem iussit excoqu imagnum pondus et plane fecit aurum excellens , sed

it a parvi ponderis , ut det riment um sent iret propter

avar it iam expert us , quamquam auripigment i l ibra e

X 1 1 1 1 permu t arentur . nec postea t empt a t um ab

ullo est .

XX I I I . Omni auro ines t a rgentum vario pondere ,a li ubi decuma parte ,1 a liubi octava . in uno tantum

Ca lla eciae metallo , quod vocant Albucrarense ,tri

censima s exta portio inveni tur ideo ceteris praest a t .

ubicumqu e quinta a rgenti portio est , electrum

voca t ur ; scobes h ae reperiuntur in cana liensi . fit et

cura electrum a rgento addi to . quod si quintam portio

nem excessit , incudibu s non resist it . vestu st a et

electro auctorita s Homero teste , qui Menclai regiam

auro , el ectro , argento , ebore fulgere t radi t . Miner

vae templum habet Lindos insulae 2 Rhodiorum , in

quo Helena sacravit ca licem ex electro ; adicit

historia , mammae su ae mensura . elect ri natura est

ad lucernarum lumina clariu s argento splendere .

quod est na t ivum ,et venena depreh endi t . namque

discurrunt in ca li cibu s arcus caelest ibu s similes cum

igneo stridore et gemina ratione praedicunt .

1 decuma pa rte B : non rell . (nona cd . Par . La t . 6797

dona alibi nona cd . Pa r .

2 insu la B : in insul a con i . Mayhofl’

.

Properly the word means amber . See 5 l , note .

Od. IV. 7 1 II .

BOOK XXX I I I . XXI I . 79— XX I I I . 8 1

a ttracted the Emperor Ga iu s Ca ligula , who was A.D. 37-41 .

extremely covetous for gold , and who consequentlygave orders for a great weight of it to be smelted ;and as a matter of fact it did produce excellent gold ,but so sma l l a weight of it that he found himself aloser by his experiment that was prompted byavarice , a lthough orpiment sold for 4 dena ri ] a

pound ; and no one afterwards has repeated theexperiment .XXI I I . All gold contains silver in various pro E lectrum.

portions , a tenth part in some ca ses , an eighth inothers . In one mine only , that of Callaecia calledth e Albucrara m ine , the proportion of silver foundis one thirty-s ixth , and consequently this one i s moreva luable than a ll the others . Wherever the proportion of silver is one-fifth , t h e ore is ca lledelectrum gra ins of thi s are found in channelled Cf. 5 68.

gold . An a rtificia l electrum is a lso made by addingsilver to gold . If the proportion of silver exceedsone-fifth , the metal produced offers no resistance onth e anvil . Electrum a lso held a high position in

o ld times , as is evidenced by Homer who representsthe pa lace of Menelaus a s resplendent wi th gold,e lectrum , silver and ivory . There is a temple ofAthena at Lindus of t h e island of Rhodes in whichthere is a goblet made of electrum , dedicat ed byHelen ; history further relate s that it h as the samemea surement as her brea st . A qua lity of electrumis that it shines more brightly than si lver in lamplight . Natura l electrum a lso h as the property ofdetecting poisons ; for semicircles resembl ing rainbows run over the surface in poisoned goblets and

emi t a crackling noise like fire , and so advertise thepresence of poison in a twofold manner .


XX IV . Aurea statua prima omnium nulla inanita te et ant equ am ex aere a liqu a modo fieret , quamvocant holosphyra ton , in templo Ana it idi s posita dicitur quo situ t errarum nomen hoc s ignavimu s ,

numine gentibus il lis sacra tissimo . di rept a e a estAntonii Pa rth icis rebus , scitumqu e narra t ur veteranorum unius Bononia e hospit ali di vi Augusti cena ,cum int erroga t u s

1 esset , sciretne 2 eum , qui primusviolasset id numeri , ocu lis membrisqu e captum exspirasse ; respondit enim cum maxime Augu st um ecru re

3 eius cena re seque illum ess e t otumque sibicensum ex e a rapina . hominum primus et aureamst a t uam et solidam LXX 4 circiter olympiade GorgiasLeont inu s Delphis in templo posu it sibi . tantus eratdocendae artis ora toriae qu aest u s .

XXV . Aurum pluribus modis pollet in rem edi is

volnera t isqu e et infant ibu s adplica tur , ut minusnoceant quae inferant ur veneficia . est et ipsisuperla to

° vis ma lefica , ga l linarum quoque et

pecu ariorum fetu ris . remed ium ablu ere inlitum 7

et spargere eos , quibus mederi velis . t orret ur et cum1 interrogatu s B : int errogaretur rell .2esset sciretne B2 : esset B 1

: essetne (au t essene) verumrell . esset verumne esset I an .

cruore cd . Pa r. 680 1 .

4LXXXX Bergk.

superh t o Gronov.

pecuariorum cd. F lor . Rice . : pecorum rell .7 inl itum Gronov. : inla tum .

V. 83, where Anait ica is sa id t o be a region divided fromCappadocia by t he upper Euphr ates .

500—4 97 B .C . Bu t Gorgias t he sophi st v isited Athensin 427 B .C . and professed rhetoric and phi losophy there insu bsequent yea rs . Probably the right date is the 90th

Olympiad (420—4 1 764


salis gemino pondere , triplici m isyis ac rursu s cum I I

sa l is port ionibus et una lapidis , qu em sebiston vocant .

it a virus trahit rebus una crema t is in fict ili va se ,ipsum purum et incorrupt um . reliquus cin is s erva tus in fict ili olla , ex qu a

1 inlit as 2 lich enas in facielomento eo convenit ablui . fistu las etiam sanat etqua e vocant ur h aemorroides . quodsi t rit us pumexadicia t ur , pu t ria ulcera et t a e t ri odoris em enda t , exmell e vero decoctum cum melanth io inlit um umbilicolenit er solvit a lvum . auro verrucas curari M . Varroa uctor est .XXVI . Chrysocolla umor est in pu t eis , quos

diximu s , per venam auri deflu ens crassescent e limorigoribu s h iberni s usque in du rit iam pum icis . laudat iorem eandem in a erar iis m et a llis et proximam ina egent ariis fieri conpert um est . invenit ur et in

plumbariis vilior etiam 3 auraria . in omnibus autemhis met allis fit et cura multum infra na t uralem illam

inm issis in venam aqu is lenit er b i eme tota usque inIunium mensem , dein siccat is Iunio et Iu lio , ut planeint e llega tur nihil a l iud chrysocolla quam vena pu t ris .

nativa duri t ia maxime di st a t ; uvam vocant . ettamen ill a quoque herba , quam lutum appellant ,t ingu itur . natura est , quae lino lanaeve , ad sucum

1qua B a qua rell . 2 inl itas B2 inl itus .

fortasse tamen .

Lomentum is properly barley-mea l mixed with rice .

See 4 , note .

Or : Another sort is found in lead mines, bu t it is inferiorto the true gold —kind .

’

66

BOOK XXXI I I . XXV . 84—XXV I . 8 7

three t imes its weight of copper pyrites , and aga inwith two portions of sa lt and one of the stone ca lled‘ splittable .

’ Treated in this way it draws poisonout , when the other substances have been burnt upwi th it in an earthenwa re crucibl e whil e it rema inspure and uncorrupted itself. The ash rema ini ngis kept in an ea rthenware jar , and eruptions on theface m ay well be cleansed away by being smearedwith this lotion from the jar . It a lso cures fist u lasand what are ca lled haemorrhoids . With the additionof ground pum icest one it reli eves put r id and fou lsme lling u lcers , wh il e boiled down in honey and git ,and appl ied as a li niment to the navel it acts as a

gentle aperi ent . Accordi ng to Marcus Varr o goldis a cure for warts .XXVI . Gold-solder ° i s a liqui d found in the Gald o

shafts we spoke of, flowing down a long a vein of gold ,

with a sl ime that is solidi fied by the cold of wintereven t o the hardness of pumi cest one . A morehighly spoken of va ri ety of the same meta l h as beena scert ained to be formed in copper mines , and thenext best in silver—mines . A less valuable sort a lsowi th an element of gold i s a lso found in l ead mines .In a ll these mi nes however an a rtificia l va 1i e ty i sproduced that is much inferior to the natural kindreferred to ; the method i s to introduce a gentleflow of water into the vein a ll winter and go on ti l lth e beginning of June and then to dry it off in Juneand July , clearly showing that gold-solder is nothingels e than the putrefaction of a vein of meta l .Natura l gold—solder , known as

‘ grape ,’

di ffe rs verygreatly from the a rtificia l in hardness , and nevert h e

less it a lso takes a dye from the plant ca lled yellowweed . It is of a substance that absorbs moisture ,


bibendum . t unditur in pila , dein tenui cribro cerni

tur , postea moli tu r ac deinde t enu iu s cribra t ur .

qu idqu id non t ransmea t , repet it u r in pila , dein

molitur . pulvis semper in ca t inos digeritu r et ex

aceto macera t u r , ut omnis durit ia solva t ur , ac rursus

t undi tur , dein lava tu r , in conchis sicca tur , tum

t ingu itur alumine schisto et herba supra diet a pin

gitu rqu e , ant equ am pinga t . refert quam bibula

docilisqu e sit . nam nisi rapu it colorem , adduntur et

scyt anum atque t urbistum ; ita vocant medicamenta

sorbere cogent ia .

XXVI I . Cum t inxere pictores , orobit in vocant

e iu squ e duo genera faciunt : elu t am ,

1 quae serva tur

in lomentum , et liquidam globu lis sudore resolu t is .

haec u t raqu e genera in Cypro fiunt . lauda t issima

autem est in Armeni a , s ecunda in Macedoni a , largis

s ima in Hispania ; summa 2 commenda t ionis , ut

colorem in herba seget is l aete virent is quam simil

lime reddat . visumqu e iam est Neronis principis

spectacu lis harenam circi chrysocolla stem i , cum ipse

concolori panno auriga t urus esset . indoct a opificum

turba tribus eam generibus dist ingu it asperam , quae

1 lu team Hermola us Ba rba ras for tasse recte (of. 52 V.l . summae summa est I an .

Cf. XXXV. 1 86.

T hese two substances have not been identified.

Perhaps we shou ld adopt the read ing lu team.

BOOK XXXI I I . XXV I . 87—XXVI I . 90

like flax or wool . It is pounded in a mortar and thenpassed through a fine sieve , and afterwards milledand then sifted aga in with a finer sieve , everythingthat does not pa ss through the sieve being aga intreated in the mortar and then milled aga in . Thepowder is all along separated off into bowls and

steeped in vinega r so as to di ssolve a ll hardness , andthen is pounded aga in and then rinsed in shells andleft to dry . Then it is dyed by means of splittablealum and the plant above mentioned and so givena colour before it serves as a colour itself. It i simportant how absorbent it i s and ready to take thedye ; for if it does not at once ca tch the colou r ,scyt anum and t urbistum must be added as wellthose being the names of two drugs producingabsorption .

XXVI I . When painters have dyed gold-solder ,they call it orobit is , vetch-like , and di stinguish twokinds , the pur ified ,

° which is kept for a cosmetic ,and the liquid , in which the l ittl e balls are made intoa paste wi th a liquid . Both of thes e kinds are

made in Cyprus , but the most hi ghly valued is inArmenia and the second best in Macedonia , whil ethe greatest quantity is produced in Spain , thehighest recommendation in the latter being thequality of reproducing as closely a s possibl e thecolour in a bright green blade of corn . We havebefore now seen at the shows given by the emperorNero the sand of the circus sprinkled with goldsolder when the emperor in person was going togive an exhibition of chariot-driving wearing a coatof tha t colour . The unlearned multitude of artisansd istinguish three va rieties of the substance , therough , which is va lued a t 7 denarii a pound , the

69

A.D. 54-68 .


t axa t u r 1 in l ibra s VI I , mediam qua e X v , a t t r it am ,

quam et h erbaeeam vocant , X I I I . sub linunt autem

harenosam , priusqu am inducan t , atramento et

Parae tonio . ha ec sunt tena cia eius , colore blanda .

Pa ra etonium , quon iam est na tura pingu issimum et

propter levorem t enaciss imum,a tramento aspergit ur ,

ne Pa ra e t onu candor pallorem ch rysocollae adfera t .

lu t eam pu t ant a lu to herba dict am , quam ipsam

ca eru leo sub t rit am pro chrysocolla inducunt , vilis

simo genere a tque fa llacissimo .

XXVI I I . Usus chrysocolla s et in medicina est ad

pu rganda volnera cum cera atque ol eo . eadem per

se a rida sicca t e t 2 cont rah it . da t ur et in angina

or thopnoeave lingenda cum melle . concit at vomi

t ione s , miscet ur et collyru s ad cicatrices ocu lorum ac

viridibu s emplast ris ad dolores m it igandos , cica trices

t rahendas . hanc ch rysocollam medici acesim appel

l ant , qu a e non est orobit is .

XXIX . Chrysocollam et au r ifices sibi vindicant

adglu t inando auro , et inde omnes appella t as s imiliter

virent es d icunt . tempera tur autem Cypria a e rugine

et pu eri inpub is urina addito nitro t er iturqu e Cyprio1 ma t axa tur B iam t axa t ur con i . Mayhoff.2sicca t et B, cd . Pa r . 680 1 et sicca rell .

Pa raetonium ; see XXXV, 30 , 36 .

dxeors , a remedy , hea ling.

Or , ch ild (of either sex) .

BOOK XXXI I I . XXVI I . 90—XX IX . 93

middling , which is 5 denarii , and the cru shed ,a lso

ca l led the gra ss-green kind , 3 denarii . Beforeapply ing the sandy va riety they pu t on a pre limina rycoating of black dye and pure wh ite cha lk “

: theseserve to hold the gold-solder and give a softness ofcolour . As the pure cha lk is of a very u nctu ou sconsistency and extremely tenacious owing to itssmoothness

,it is sprinkled with a coa t of bl ack , to

prevent the extreme whiteness of the cha lk fromimparting a pale hu e to the gold—solder . The ye llowgold—solder is thought to derive its name from theplant yellow-weed , which is its elf often pounded upwith stee l-blue and appli ed for pa inting instead ofgold-solder , making a very inferior and counterfeitkind of colour .XXVI I I . Gold-solder is a lso used in medi cine ,

mixed with wax and olive oil , for cleansing wounds ;likewi s e appli ed dry by itself it dries wounds and

draws them together . I t is also given in ca s es ofqu insy or a sthma , to be taken as an electua ry withhoney . I t a cts as an emetic , and a lso is used a s

an ingredient in salves for sores in the eyes and in

green pla sters for reli eving pa ins , and drawingtogether sca rs . Th i s kind of gold-solder is ca ll edby medi cal men remedi al solder ,

’

and i s not t h esame as orobit is .

XX IX . The goldsmiths also use a specia l goldsolder of their own for soldering gold , and accordingto them it is from this tha t a ll the other substanceswith a s im ila r green colou r take the name . T h e

mixtu re is made wi th Cyprian copper verdigris and

the u rine of a boy who h a s not reached puberty withthe addition of soda thi s is grou nd with a pestl e

Sodium ca rbonate .


aere in cyprus mor t ar iis ; sant ernam vocant nostri .

it a ferum ina t ur aurum , quod a rgentosum vocant .

signum est , si addita sant erna nit escit . e diverso

a e rosum cont rah it s e h ebet a t urqu e et difficu lt er

ferum ina t u r . ad id glu t inum fit auro et septima

argenti pa rte ad supra diet a addit is unaqu e tritis .

94 XXX . Cont exique par est reliqua circa hoc , ut

universa natura e contingat adm ira t io . auro glu t i

num est t a le , argilla ferro , cadmea aeris massis ,

a lumen lammis,resina plumbo et marmori , a t plum

bum nigrum a lbo iungit ur ipsumqu e a lbum sibi oleo ,

item stagnum a eram ent is , stagno a rgentum . pine is

optume lignis aes ferrumqu e funditur , sed et Aegypt io

papyro , pa leis aurum . calx aqua accenditur et

T h racius lapis , idem oleo res t ingu it ur , ignis autem

aceto maxime et visco et ovo . terra minime flagra t ,

carboni vis maior exu sto it erumqu e flagrant i .

95 XXXI . Ab his argenti meta lla dicant ur , qua e

sequens insania est . non nisi in pu t e is reper it u r

nulla ue s e sui nascitu r nu llis ut in auro , lucent ibus

Here zinc oxide . See also XXXIV. 1 00 .

T in .

Or s tannum,an a lloy of silver and lead .

Probably lignite .


scint illis . terra est a lia s rubra ,a l ias 1 cineracea .

excoqu i non potest , nisi cum plumbo nigro aut cumvena plumbi— ga lenam vocant qua e iuxt a a rgentivena s plerumque reperitu r . et eodem opere igniumdiscedit pa rs in plumbum , a rgentum autem inna t a t 2

supe rne , ut oleum aqu is .

Reperit u r in omnibus paene provinciis , sed inHispania pu lch errimum , id qu oque in steri li solo atqueetiam mont ibu s , et ubicumqu e una inventa vena est ,non procu l invenit ur a lia . hoc quidem e t in omnifere ma teria , unde metalla G ra eci vident ur dixisse .

m irum , adhuc per Hispanias ab Hanniba le inchoa t os

dura re pu t eos . su a nomina ab invent oribus habent ,97 ex quis Baebelo appella tu r hodi e , qui CCC pondoHanniba li subm inist ravit in d ies , ad MD pa ssus iamcava to monte , per quod Spatium aqua t ini

3s t ant es

noct ibu s diebusqu e egerunt aqu as lucerna rum men98 sura amnemqu e faeiunt . a rgenti vena in summoreperta crudaria appella t ur . finis ant iqu is fodiendisoleba t ess e alumen invent um ; u ltra nihil quaereba tur . nuper inventa a eris vena infra a lumen nu llamfinem spei fecit : odor ex argenti fodini s inimicu somnibus anima libu s , sed maxime canibu s . auruma rgentumqu e quo mollins , eo pu lch riu s . lineas exargento n igra s pra educi pleriqu e mirant ur .

99 XXX I I . Est et lapis in i is venis , cuius vomica

1 rufa a lia .

2natat B .

2aqua t ini con i . Si ll ig : Accitani con i . Hardou in : I acetani

Pint ianu s : a qu itani .

Stil l so ca lled . I t is lead su lphi de,t he most u sefu l lead

ore. For ga lena in a different sense ,see XXXIV. 1 59 .

T aking p.e‘

r aÀÀa a s (d’Ma ) p. e7

"

à’

ÀÀa one after another ’ .Possibly ca rbon d ioxide , wh ich , since it l ies low,

wouldaffect dogs before men .

74

BOOK XXXI I I . XXXI . 95—XXXI I . 99

The ore is sometimes red , sometimes ash-coloured .

It cannot be sme lted except when combined withlead or with the vein of lead , ca lled ga leri a ,“ l ead ore ,which is usua lly found running near veins of silverore . Also when submitted to the same process offiring ,

part of th e ore precipitates as l ead while thesilver floa t s on the su rface , hke oil on wa ter .Silver is found in a lmost a ll the provinces , but the

fine st is in Spa in , where it , a s well as gold , occurs insterile ground and even in the mounta ins ; and

wherever one ve in is found another is a fterwa rdsfound not far away . This indeed a lso occurs in thecase of a lmost every meta l , and accounts it s eems forthe word ‘ meta ls used by the Greeks . ° It is arema rkable fact tha t the shafts initia ted by Hanniba l 221 -21 9 c.c.

a ll over the Spanish provinces are still in ex i stence ;they are named from the persons who di scoveredthem ; one of these mines , now call ed a fter Baebelo ,

fu rni shed Hann iba l wi th 300 pounds weight of silvera day ,

the tunnelling having been carried a mile anda ha lf into the mounta in . Along the whole of thisdistance watermen are posted who a ll night and dayin spells measured by lante rns ba l e ou t the waterand make a stream . The vein of silver nea rest thesurface is called the raw .

’

In ea rly days theexcava tions used to stop when they found a lum ,

and no further sea rch was made ; but recently thed iscovery of a vein of copper under the alum h as

removed a ll l imit to men’

s hopes . The exhala tionsfrom silver mines are dangerous to a ll anima ls , butspecial ly to dogs . Gold and silver are more bea utifu lthe softer they a re . It su rprises most peopl e tha tsilver traces black lines .XXXI I . There is also a minera l found in thes e Qu icksi lver .


liquoris aet erni argentum vivum appe lla tur . vene

num rerum omni um est perrumpitque vasa perma

nans tabe di ra . omnia ei inna t ant praeter aurum ;

id unum ad s e trahit . ideo et optime purga t , cet eras

eius sordes expuens crebro iacta tu fict ilibu s in vasis .

ita vit iis 1 eiect is 2 ut et ipsum ab auro discedat , in

pelles subact as effunditur , per quas sudoris vice

defluens purum relinqu it aurum . ergo et cum aera

inaurentur , sublitum brat t eis pert inacissime ret inet ,

verum pa llore det egit s implices aut praet enues brat

teas . quapropt er id furtum qu aerent es ovi liquore

candido usum eum adu lt eravere , mox et hydrargyrum ,

3 de quo dicemus suo loco . et ali as argentum

vivum non largum inventu est .

XXXI I I . In isdem argenti met a llis inveni tur , ut

proprie dica t ur ,‘1spumae l apis candidae ni t ent isque ,

non tamen tralucent is ; stimi appellant , ali i stibi ,

alii alabastrum , aliqu i larbasim .

° duo eius genera ,

mas ac femina . magis probant feminam , horridior

1 V.ll . it a v itis, it a u t u s (hu s ) , avit is : ita au tem ns Si lliga lu t is Brot ier : vest ibus Ha rdw in .

2eiect is I an : tect is B : V. ll . abiect is , iniect is , invect is .

hydra rgyrum L . Poins inet de S ivry : hydrargyro .

d icatur Mayh0ff d ica tus B 1: dictus B2

: d icemu s rell .(dieamus cd . Par .

larbasim B : tu rbasim roll . : larbason Hermolaus Ba rba ruscoll . Diosc. V. 99.

76

BOOK XXXI I I . XXXI I . 99- XXXI I I . 1 0 1

veins of silver which contains a humour , in rounddrops , that is always liquid , and is ca lled quicksilver .I t a cts as a poison on everything , and breaks vesselsby penetrating them with ma lignant corruption .

All substances floa t on its surface except gold , whichis the only thing that it a ttracts to itself ; cousequently it is also excellent for refining gold , as if it isbriskly shaken in ea rthen vessels it rej ects a ll theimpurities contained in it . When thes e blemisheshave been thus expelled , to sepa ra te the quicksilverits elf from the gold i t is poured out on to hides thathave been well dressed , and exudes through themlike a kind of perspiration and l eaves the gold behindin a pure state . Consequently when a lso thingsmade of copper are gilded , a coat of quicksilver isappli ed underneath the gold l ea f and keeps it in itsplace with the greatest tenacity : but if the goldl eaf is put on in one layer or is very th in it revea lsthe quicksilver by its pale colour . Consequentlypersons intending this fraud adultera ted the quicks ilver used for this purpose with white of egg ; and

l ater they falsified also hydra rgyrum or artificial

quicksilver , which we shall speak about in its proper 5 1 23.

place . Otherwise qui cksilver is not to be found inany l arge quantity .

XXX I I I . In the same mines as s ilver there is found Ant imony .

wha t is properly to be described as a stone , madeofwhite and shiny but not transparent froth severaln ames are used for it , stimi , stibi , a labastrum and

s ometimes larbasis . I t is of two kinds , ma l e and

female .

“ The female variety is preferred , the male

Probably stibnite (sulphide of antimony ), and nativemetalli c antimony respectively (K . 0 . Ba iley, T he Elder

P liny’

s Chap ters on Chemica l Subjects, I , p .

102

103

104


est mas scabriorque et minus ponderosus minu sque

radians et h arenosior , femina contra nit et , friabilis

fissurisqu e , non globis , deh iscens .

XXX IV . Vis eius adst ringere ac refrigera re ,principa l is autem circa oculos , namqu e ideo etiam

pleriqu e pla tyoph th a lm on id appel lavere , quoni am in

ca llibleph aris mu lierum di la t e t oculos , et fluct iones

inh ibe t ocu lorum exu lcera t ionesqu e farina eius ac

turis cumm i adm ixt o . sist it et sanguinem e cerebro

proflu ent em , efficacissime1 et contra recent ia volnera

et contra ve t eres canum morsu s inspersa fa rina et

contra ambust a igni cum adipe ac spuma argenti

ceru ssaqu e et cera . u rit u r autem ofli s bubu li fim i

circum lit um in clibanis , dein rest ingu itur mu li erum

laete t erit urqu e in mort a riis adm ixt a aqua plu via ;ac subinde t u rbidum t ransfundit ur in a ereum vas

emunda t um nitro . fa ex e ius int ellegit ur plumbosis

s ima , qua e subsedit in morte rio , abiciturqu e .

2 dein

vas , in qu od tu rbida transfusa sint , oper tum linteo

per noc t em re linqu it u r et postero di e qu idqu id

inna t e t effundit u r spongeave t ollit ur . quod ibi sub

s edit , flos int ellegit ur ac l inteo int erposito in sole

s icca t ur , non ut peraresca t , it erumque in mort ario

t eritu r et in pastillos dividitur . ante omnia autem

1efficacissime B effica ci rell . (eflìcacior cd . Pa r.

2abiciturque Gelen : abigiturque au t abicitur.

See XXXIV. 1 75.

BOOK XXX I I I . XXXI I I . I o r—XXXIV . 1 0 4

being more uneven and rougher to the touch , as wella s l ighter in weight , not so brilliant , and moregr itty ; the fema l e on the contra ry is bright and

friable and splits in thin layers and not in globules .XXX IV . Antimony h as astringent and cooling

properties , bu t it is ch icfly u sed for the eyes , sincethis is why even a maj ority of peopl e have given ita Greek name meaning ‘ wide-eye ,

’

because in

beauty-wa shes for women ’s eyebrows it has theproperty of magni fying the eyes . Made into apowder with powdered frankincense and an ad

mixtu re of gum it checks flu xes and ulcera tions ofthe eyes . I t a ls o a rrests di scharge of blood fromthe bra in , and is a lso ext remely effective with a

sprinkling of its powder agains t new wounds and Olddeg

-bites and aga inst burns if mi xed with fat and

litharge of silver , or lead acetate “ and wax . I t isprepared by being smeared rou nd with lumps of oxdung and burnt in ovens , and then cooled down withwomen ’s m ilk and mi xed with ra in water and poundedin morta rs . And next the turbid part is poured off

into a copper vessel a fter being pu rified with soda .

T h e l ees are recogn iz ed by being fu ll of lead , and

they settle to the bottom of the mortars and are

thrown away . Then the vessel into whi ch theturbid part was poured off i s covered with a clothand l eft for a night , and the next day anythi ngfloating on the surface is poured off or removed witha sponge . The sediment on the bottom is cons idered the choicest part and is covered with a linenc loth and put to dry in the sun but not allowed tobecome very dry , and is ground up a s econd time inthe mortar and divided into sma ll tablet s . But it i sabove a ll essential to l imit the amount of heat


u rendi modus necessarius est , ne plumbum fiat .quidam non fimo u tuntu r coqu ent es , sed adipe .

ali i t ritum in aqua tripli ci l inteo saccant 1 fa ecemqueabiciunt idqu e , quod defluxit ,

2 t ransfundunt , quidquid subsida t colligent es . emplast ris quoque etcollyriis m iscent .

105 XXXV . Scoriam in argento G ra eci vocant helcysma . vis eius adst ringere et refrigerare corpora ,ac remedio est 3 add ita 4 emplast ris ut molybda ena , de

qua dicemus in plumbo , cica t ricibu s maxime glutinand is , et contra t enesmos dysent er iasqu e infusaclyst eribus cum myrt eo oleo . addunt et in medicamenta , quae vocant liparas . ad excrescent ia u lcerum

aut ex a t t ritu facta aut in capite manant ia .

106 Fit in isdem met a llis et quae voca t ur spuma a rgenti . genera eius tria : optima quam chrysit im vocant ,

sequens quam argyrit im , tertia quam molybdi t im .

et plerumque omnes hi colores in isdem tubu lis inveniuntur . probat issima est Attica , proxima His

paniensis . chrysit is ex vena ipsa fit , a rgyrit is exargento , molybdi t is e plumbi ipsiu s

° fusura— quae107 fit Pu t eolis— et inde habet nomen . omnis autem fit

excoct a sua materia ex superiore ca tino defluens ininferiorem et ex eo subla t a vericu lis ferreis atque in

1 V. l . siccant.2effluxit B .

2ac remedio est Mayhojf qu i et acribus au t v iridibus aut

a G raecis coni . : hac de re Detlefsen : quare h is J . Midlera cre d ies B 1

: hac re B2: om . rell .

addita Mayhoff additu r .pot ius coni . Mayhojf.

Really into metallic antimony, mistaken for lead .

I .e. débris scraped off.


ipsa fiamma convoluta vericu lo , ut sit modici ponderis . est autem , ut ex nomine int ellegi potest , fervescent is et fu t urae 1 ma t eria e spuma . di st a t a

scoria quo potest spuma a faece di sta re : a lterum ,

purgant is se ma t eriae ,a lterum purga t a e vitium est .

quidam duo genera faciunt spumae , qua e vocant

scireryt ida2 et peum enen ,

3 tertium molybda enam inplumbo dicendam . spuma , ut sit util is , iterumcoqu it ur confract is t ubu lis ad magnitudinem anulorum /1 ita accensa follibu s ad separandos carbonescineremqu e ablu it ur aceto au t vino simu lqu e restin

gu it ur . quodsi sit argyrit is , ut candor ei detur ,magnitudine faba e confract a in fict ili coqui iube tur exaqua addito in lint eolis tritico et hordeo novis , donecea purgent ur . postea VI d i ebus t erunt in mort ariis ,

ter die abluent es aqua frigida et , cum desinant ,°

calida , addito sal e fossil i in libram spumae obolo .

novissimo die dein condunt in plumbeo vase . a li icum faba candida et tisana cocunt siccantque sole ,a l ii in l ana candida cum faba , dou ce lanam nondenigre t . t une salem fossilem adi ciunt subinde

aqua mutata siccantqu e diebus XL calidissim is aestati snee non in ventre su illo in aqua coquunt exempt amqu e

1et foturae B2

e fusu ra con i . Mayhoff del . Ha rdou in.

2scireryt ida B : va ria rell . : lythrida Brot ier : sclerery t ida

Detlefsen .

reumenen Detlefsen .

4avellanarum Caesa ria s coll . Bioso. V. 1 02 : nucu larum

con i . I an .

desinant cd. Par . 680 1 : desina t rell . : dies desinat

Mayhoff denigra re desina t C'. F . W. Mfiller .

Native lead sulph ide .

BOOK XXXI I I . xxxv . 1 0 7- 1 0 9

a spit in the actual flame , in order to make it ofmoderate weight . Rea lly , as may be inferred fromits name , it is th e scum of a substance in a sta te offu sion and in process of production . I t di ffers fromdross in the way in which the scum of a liqu id maydiffer from the lees , one be ing a blemi sh excreted bythe materia l when purifying its elf and the other ablemish in the metal when pu r ified . Some peoplemake - two cla ss es of scum of silver which they ca ll‘

scireryt is’

and‘

peum ene ,

’

and a third , leadenscum ,

“ which we shall speak of under the head of XXXI Vl ead . To make the scum ava ilable for use it is

Lea

1

d

7°°

boiled a s econd time a fter the ingots have been sulph ide

broken up into pieces the siz e of finger—rings . Thu sa fter being hea ted up with the bellows to sepa ra tethe cinders and ashes from it it is wa shed withvinega r or wine , and cooled down in the process .In the ca se of the silvery kind , in order to give itbrilliance the instructions are to break it into piecesthe siz e of a bean and boil it in wa ter in an earthenware pot wi th the addition of whea t and h a rleywrapped in new linen cloths , until the cerea ls are

stripped of their husks . A fterwards they grind itin mortars for s ix days , three times da ily wa shing itwi th cold water and , when they have ceased operations , with hot , and adding sa lt from a sa lt-mi ne ,an obol weight to a pound of scum . Then on thelast day they store it in a lead vessel . Some boil itwith white beans and pearl-h arl ey and dry it in thesun , and others boil it wi th be ans in a white woollencloth till it ceases to di scolour the wool ; and thenthey add salt from a sa lt—mi ne , changing the wa terfr om time to time,and put it ou t to dry on the 40hottest days of summer . They a ls o boil it in a sow ’s


nitro fricant et ut supra t erunt in mort ari i s cum sale .

sunt qui non coquant , sed cum sale t erant et adiect a

1 10 aqua ablu ant . usus eius ad collyria et cuti 1 mu lie

rum cica t ricum focdi t a t es t ollendas maculasque ,

abluendum 2capillum . vis autem siccare , mollire ,

refrigerare , tempera te purgare , explere ulcera ,tumores lenire ; t alibusqu e

3emplast r is additur et

liparis supra di ct is . ignes etiam sacros tollit eum ruta

myrt isqu e et aceto , item perniones cum myrtis et

cera .

‘1

l l l XXXVI . In argent arns met allis invenitur minium

quoque , et nunc inter pigmenta magna e auctori t a t is

et quondam apud Romanos non solum maximae , sed

etiam saerae . enumera t auctores Verrius , quibus

credere necess e s it Iovis ipsius simulacri faciem di ebus

fest is minio inlini solit am t riumphant iumqu e corpora

1 12 sic Cam illum t riumph asse ; h ac religione et iamnum

addì in unguenta cenae t riumph alis et a censoribu s

in primis Iovem m ini andum locari . cuius rei causam

equ idem miror , quamquam et hodi e id expet i constat

Aeth iopum popu lis totosqu e eo tingui proceres , hunc

1 cuti Mayhofi (qu i et cu tem con i . ) l itum B 1situm B2

va ria roll .2 V.l . et (au t et ad ) abluendum ad a lendum I an.

a lbisque Fròhner .

cera odd . vett . : cetera .

Sulph ide of mercury cinnabar is meant here . T ruered lead was properly ca l led minium secunda riam. See 5 1 1 9.

84

BOOK XXX I I I . XXXV . rog—XXXV I . 1 1 2

paunch in water, and when they take it out rub it

with soda ,and grind it in morta rs wi th sa lt as above .

In some ca ses people do not boil i t but grind it upwith sa lt and then add wa ter and rins e it . I t is usedto make an eye-wash and for women

’

s skins toremove ugly sca rs and spots and as a hair-wa sh .

I t s effect is to dry , to soften , to cool , to act a s a

gentle purge,to fill up cavities caused by ulcers ,

and to soften tumours ; it is used a s an ingredi entin plasters serving these purposes , and for theemollient plasters mentioned above . Mixed with 5 1 05.

rue and myrtle and vinegar , it also removeserysipelas , and likewise chi lblains if mi xed wi thmyrtle and wax .

XXXVI . Minium or cinnabar “ also is found in Cinnabar .

s ilver mines ; it is of grea t importance among pigments at the present day , and also in old times it notonly h ad the highest importance but even sacreda ssociations among the Romans . Verrins gives alist of writers of unquestionable authori ty who saytha t on holidays it was the custom for the face of thesta tue ofJupiter himself to be coloured with cinnaba r ,as well as the bodi es of persons going in a triumphalprocession

, and that Camillus was so coloured in hi striumph , and that under the same ritua l it was usua leven in their day for cinnabar to be added tothe unguents used at a banquet in honour of atriumph , and tha t one of the first duti es of theCensors was to place a contra ct for paint ing Jupiterwi th ci nnabar . For my own pa rt I am quite a t a

loss to explain the origin of this custom , althoughat the present day the pigment in question is knownto be in demand among the na tions of Ethiopiawhose chiefs colour themselves all over with it , and

85

1 13


ibi deorum s imu lacris colorem esse . quapropt er

d iligent ius persequ emu r omnia de eo .

XXXVI I . Theophra stu s LXXXX anni s ante Praxibulum Ath eniens ium magist ra t um

— quod tempusexit in u rbis nos t rae CCCXLV I I I I 1 annum— t radi t invent um minium a C a llia Ath eniense initio speranteaurum excoqu i posse harena e rubenti in m et allis

a rgenti ; hanc fu isse originem eius , reperiri autem1 1 4 iam t um 2 in Hispania , sed durum et h arenosum ,

item

1 1 5

1 1 6

apud Colchos in rupe qu adam inaccessa,ex qua

iacu lant es decu t erent ; id esse adu lt erum , optimumvero supra Ephesum Cilbianis agris harena coccicolorem h abent e , hanc teri , dein lavari farinam etquod subsida t ite rum lavar i ; different iam a rtis es se ,quod a l ii minium faciant p r ima lot ura ,

apud a l ios idesse dilu t iu s , sequent is autem lot u ra e optimum .

XXXVI I I . Auctorit a t em colori fuiss e non m iror .

iam en im T roiani s temporibus rubrica in honore era tHome ro teste , qui naves e a eommenda t , a lia s circapigmenta pict u rasqu e rarus . milton vocant G raeci

m iniumqu e cinnabarim . unde na tus error Indica e 3

cinnaba ris nomine .

‘1 sic enim appellant illi saniem

dracon is elisi e leph antorum mor icnt ium pondere1CCCXLV I I I I Hermola us Barba rus : CCCCXXXV I I I I Ca sa ubon

CCXLV I I I I .

2na t ivum coni . Ha rdou in .

2 Indicae K . 0 . Ba i ley : indicio B : ind i co rett.cinnabaris nomine cd. Par . 680 1 : nominum (om . cinna

ba ris ) B : nomine (om . cinnabaris ) rell . : inscit ia nominum

De Lap . 59 , 58 .

3 1 5 B .C .

T his was rea lly an exuda t ion (stil l ca l led dragon’

s

blood from species of the orienta l plant Dracaena or Pterocorpus .

86

BOOK XXX I I I . XXXV I . I I 2 —XXXVI I I . 1 1 6

wi th whom the statues of the gods are of tha t colour .On that account we will investiga te a ll the factsconcerning it mo re ca refully .

XXXVI I . Theophra stus stat es that cinnabarwas d iscovered by an Atheni an named Ca llias , 90

years before the archonship of Praxibu lus a t 405 B.C.

Athen s— this date works out at the 349th yea r ofour city , and that Ca lli as was hoping that goldcould by fir ing be extracted from the red sandfound in silver mines ; and that th i s was the originof cinnaba r , a lthough cinnabar was being foundeven a t tha t time in Spa in , but a hard and sandykind , and likewi se in the country of the Colch i on a

cert ain inaccessible rock from which the nativesdislodged it by shooting j avelins , but that this iscinnabar of an impure qu a li ty wherea s the best isfound in the Cilbian territory beyond Ephesus , wherethe sand i s of the scarlet colour of the kermes-insect ;and that this is ground up and then the powder i swa shed and the sediment that sinks to the bottomis wa shed aga in ; and that there is a difference ofskil l , some people producing cinnaba r a t the firstwashing whi l e wi th others this i s rather weak and

the product of the second washing is the best .XXXVI I I . I am not surprised that the colour had

an important rank , for a s far back as Troj an times I l . I I . 637 .

red ochre was highly va lued , as evidenced by Homer ,who speaks“ of it as a di stinguished colour for ships ,although otherwis e he ra rely a lludes to colours and

pa intings . The Greek name for it i s mi ltos ,’

and

they call minium cinnabar . ’ This gave rise to amistake owing to the name Indian cinnabar ,

’ forthat is the name the Greeks give to the gore of asnake crushed by the weight of dying elephants ,

87


permixto u triusque an ima lis s anguine , ut diximus ,

neque est a lius colos , qui in pict u ra proprie sanguinem redda t . illa cinnaba ris ant idot is m edicamen

t isqu e utilissima est . a t , Hercules , medici , quiacinnabarim vocant , u t unt u r hoc minio , quod 1

venenum ess e paulo mox docebimus .

XXX IX . Cinnabari vet eres quae etiam nuncvocant monochroma t a pingeban t . pinxerunt etEph esio minio , quod derelict um est , quia cu rat io

magni operis erat . prae t erea u t rumqu e nimis acreexist imaba t ur . ideo t ransiere ad rubricam et Sino

pidem , de quibu s suis locis dicam . cinnabaris

adu lt era tu r sanguine caprina aut sorbis tritis . pretium sincerae nummi L .

XL . Iuba minium nasci et in Carmania t radit ,T imagenes

2 et in Aeth iopia , sed neutro ex locoinveh itur ad nos nec fere al iunde quam ex Hispania ,

celeberrimo Sisaponensi regione in Baetica miniariometallo vect iga libus populi Romani , null ius rei di li

gent iore custodia . non licet ibi perficere id exco

quique ° ; Romam adfert u r 4 vena signata , ad binamili a fere pondo annua ,

Romae autem lava tur , invendendo pret io st a t u t a l ege , ne modum excedere t

HS LXX in l ibras . sed adu l t era t u r multis modi s , unde

praeda societ a t i . namqu e est a lterum genus omni1cinnabarim minium v . , u .h . quod coni . Wa rmington .

2 T imaeu s coni . P intianus .

excoqu ique odd. (excoqu i quae B : excoct ique cd. Leid .

Voss . ) excoct aque coni . Mayhoff.V.ll . refer tur, defer tur , deferun tur : perferuntur edd . vett .

V. l . statuto .


bus fere a rgent a t iis it emqu e plumbari i s met al lis ,

quod fit exusto lapide venis permixto , non ex il lo ,cu ius vom icam argentum vivum appellavimu s— is

enim et ipse in argentum ( vivum )1excoqu itur sed

ex a li is s imul repert is . steriles etiam plumbi de

preh endunt ur2 solo colore nec nisi in fornacibus

rubescentes exust iqu e t undunt ur in farinam . hoc

est secundarium minium perqu am paucis notum ,

120 multum infra naturales il l as h arenas . hoc ergo

adu lt era t ur minium in officinis sociorum , et vilius 3

Syr ico . quonam modo Syricum fia t suo loco doce

bimus ; sublini autem Syrico minium compendi ratio

demonst ra t . et alio modo pingent ium furto oppor

tunum est , plenos subinde ablu ent ium peni cillos .

121 s idit autem in aqua const a t qu e fu rant ibus . sincero

cocci nitor ess e debet , seeundarii autem splendor in

pariet ibu s sentit‘1

robiginem ,

° quamquam hoc ro

bigo quaedam meta ll i est . Sisaponensibu s autem

m iniariis sua vena harenae sine a rgento . excoqu it ur

auri modo ; proba tu r auro candente , fuca tum enim1vivum add. K . 0 . Ba i ley.

2 de micac prebenduntur B 1: micae . deprehenduntur B

2

deprehendun tur .

3et v i l iu s Mayhofi : et ubiv is I an : et viv is B : item rell .V. l . sentire .

robiginem K . 0 . Ba i ley : plumbaginem Mayhoff : u liginemCaesar iu s : imaginem .

Proba bly t he true red-lead (prepa red from cerusite ,

natura l lead ca rbonate ) .Of sulph ide of mercury . Sec l l l , note ; 5 1 1 8 .


BOOK XXXI I I . XL . 1 1 9— 1 2 1

another kind of minium , found in almost all silvermines , and l ikewis e lead—mines , which is made bysmelting a stone that h as veins of metal runningthrough it , and not obtained from the stone theround drops of which we have designat ed qui ck- 5 9 9silver— for that stone a lso if fired yields qu i cksilverbut from other stones found at the same time .

These have no quicksilver and are detected on lyby their l eaden colour , and only when they turn red

in the fur naces , and a fter being thoroughly smeltedthey are pulve rized by hammering . This gives aminium of second rate qua lity , which is known tovery few people , and i s much inferior to the natura lsands we have mentioned . It is this then that isused for adulterating real minium in the factori es ofthe company , but a cheaper kind i s adultera ted withSyrian : the preparation of the latter will b e des XXXV.

cribed in the proper place ; but the process of givingcinnabar and red-lead a treatment of Syrian is

detected by calcu lation when the one i s weighedaga inst the other . Cinnabar a lso , with red-l ead ,

afl"

ords an opportunity for pilfering by pa inters inanother way , if they wa sh out their brushes imme

dia t e ly when full of pa int ; the cinnaba r or thered-l ead s ettl es at the bottom of the water and staysthere for the pilferers . Pure cinnabar ought tohave the brilliant colour of the scarlet kerm esinsect , whi l e the shine of that of the second qua litywhen used on wa ll-paintings is affected by rust ,a lthough this is itself a sort of metallic rust . Inth e cinnaba r mines of Almaden the vein of sandis pur e , without silver . It i s melted l ike gold i tis assayed by means of gold made red hot , as if ith as been adulterated it tu rns black , but if genuine


nigreseit , sincerum re t ine t colorem . invenio et ca lceadu lt erari , ac simil i ratione ferri candent is l amna , sinon sit aurum , depreh endi . inlito solis a tque luna econtactus inimicu s . remedium , ut parie t e sicca to

cera Punica cum oleo liqu efact a camdens saet is induea tur it erumqu e admot is ga llae carbonibus inura

tur ad sudorem usque , postea candelis subiga tur acdeinde lint e is puris , sicut et marmora nit escunt . quiminium in officinis poliunt , faciem l axis vesicis inligant , ne in respirando pernicialem pu lverem t rahant

et tamen super 1 il la s speet ent . minium in voluminum quoque scr iptura u su rpa tur clarioresqu e

lit t eras vel in muro 2 vel in marmore , etiam in sepu lchris , facit .XLI . Ex secundario invenit vita et hydrargyrum

in vicem argenti vivi , paulo ante dila tum . fit autemduobus modis a ereis mort ari i s pist illisque trito minioex aceto aut pa t inis fict ilibus impositum ferrea concha , ca l ice coopertum ,

argilla superinlit a , dein sub

pa t inis accenso3 follibus cont inu is igni atque ita

calici 4 sudore deterso , qui fit a rgenti colore et aqua eliquore . idem gu t t is dividi facilis et lubrico umore

1super Mayhofl

’coll . Diaso. V. 1 09 : u t per odd.

2 mu ro Detlefsen : aere H itlmer : au ro odd .

accenso qu idam ap . Da lecamp : accensum .

‘1 V.l . ca l icis .

T h is seems t o be the meaning here ; seeundar io wou ldnot refer t o t he minium of the second qua lity

'

(see a bove ,5 1 1 1 , note ; for hydra rgyrum was made from t he

sul ph ide of mercu ry of 5 1 1 1 .

92


complu ere .

1 quod cum venenum esse convenia t ,

omnia , quae de minio in m edicinae usu t radunt ur ,temeraria arbit ror , pra et erquam fort assis inli to

capiti vent rive sanguinem sisti , dum ne qua penet retin viscera ac volnu s a t t inga t . aliter u t endum nonequ idem censeam .

XLI I Hydrargyro argentum inaura tur solum nuncprope , cum et in a ere a simili modo duci debeat .

sed eadem fraus , qua e in omni parte vitae ingenios issima est , viliorem excogit avit mat eriam , ut docu imus .XLI I I . Auri a rgentique ment ionem comit a tur

l apis , quem cot icu lam appellant , quondam non solitusinveni ri nisi in flumine T molo , ut auctor est Theo

ph rastu s , nunc vero passim . a lii Heraclium , aliiLydium vocant . sunt autem modici , quat ernasuncias longitudinis b inasqu e la t itudinis non excedentes . quod a sol e fuit in iis , melius quam quoda terra . his cot icu lis periti cum e vena ut lima

rapuerunt experimento ramentum ,

2prot inu s dicunt

quantum auri s it in ca , quantum a rgenti vel a cris ,scripu lari differentia , mirabili ratione non fa llente .

XLIV . Argenti duac d ifferentia e . va t illis ferreiscandent ibu s ramento inposito , quod cand idum per

complu ere B : confluere rell .experimento ramentum L . C’. Pu rser experimentum .

Both kinds of minium— t he sulph ide of mercury and the

lead carbona te— are poisonous .

De Lap . 47 , 46 .

BOOK XXXI I I . XLI . 1 2 3—XLI V. 1 2 7

flu idity . And as cinnabar and red-l ead “are

admitted to be poisons , a ll the current instructionson the subj ect of its employment for medi cina lpurposes are in my opini on decided ly risky , exceptperhaps that its application to the head or stomacharrests haemorrhage , provided that it does not findaccess to the vital organs or come in contact with alesion . In any other way for my own part I wouldnot recommend its employm ent .XLI I . At the present time silver is a lmost the

on ly substance tha t is gilded with artificia l qui cksilver

,though rea lly a similar method ought to be

used in coa ting copper . But the same fraudulencewhich is so extremely ingenious in every departmentof life has devised an inferior materi al , as we haveshown .

XLII I . With the mention Of gold and silver T ouchstonegoes a description of the stone called the touchstone , formerly a ccording to Theophrastus notusua lly found anywhere but in the river T molus ,but now found in various places . Some people cal lit Heraclian stone and others Lydian . The piecesare of a moderate siz e , not exceedi ng four inches inlength and two in breadth . The part of thes epieces that h as been exposed to the sun is betterthan the part on th e ground . When expertsu sing this touchstone , like a fil e , have taken with ita scraping from an ore , they can say at once howmuch gold it conta ins and how much silver or copper ,to a difference of a scruple , their ma rvellous calculation not leading them a stray .

XLIV . There are two points in which silvershows a variation . A shaving that remains perfectlywhite when placed on white-hot iron shovels is passed

9 5

PLINY NAT URAL HIST ORY

maneat , proba t ur . proxima bonitas rufo , nulla migro .

sed experimento quoque frau s int ervenit . serva t is

in urina virorum va t illis inficitur ita ramentum obiterdum u r itu r candoremqu e m ent it ur . est aliquod

experiment um politi et ‘

in h ali t u homini s , s i sudet

prot inu s nubemqu e discu t ia t .

XLV . Lamna s duci ,1 speciem2 fieri 3 non nisi ex

optimo posse credit um .

° fu era t id integrum , sed id

quoque iam fraude corrumpitu r .

Est 5 na tura mira imagines reddendi , quod repercusso aere a tque in oculos regesto fieri conven it .

eadem vi s ic in speculi usu pohta crassit udine paulumqu e propulsa dila t a t u r in inm ensum magnitudoim aginum . tantum interest , repercu ssum illum excipia t an respua t . quin etiam pocu la ita figurant urexpu lsis

7 intu s crebr is ceu specu lis , ut vel uno intuentetotidem populus imaginum fiat . excogit ant ur etmonst rifica , ut in templo Z ymrnae dicata . id evenit

figura ma t eria e . plurimum refert concava sint etpoculi modo an parmae T h recidicae , medi a depressaan elata , transversa an obliqua ,

supina an infesta

1 du ci et cd. Par . La t. 680 1 du ci roll . du ci in Mayhojf.

2speciem B : specu la rell .fieri odd . : v it ri Mayhofi.

‘1cred imu s B .

5est Mayhofi : sed .

vi sic Mayhoff : v is S i llig : v isi B : v i cd . Par . 680 1

nisi rell .7 V.l . exseul pt is .

When it i s concave .

When it is convex or plane .

L e. the ma jor axis of an oval mirror, or of a convex or

concave ova l cent re of a specia l kind of mirror .


qua lita t e excipient is figu rae torquent e venient es um130 bra s ; neque enim est a liud i ll a imago quam digesta

1 31

1 32

clarit a t e ma t eriae accipient is umbra .

1a tque ut

omnia de specu lis peragant ur in hoc loco , optima aputma iores fu erant Brundisina , stagno et aere m ixt is .

praela t a sunt a rgentea ; primus fecit Pasit eles MagniPompei aeta te . nuper credi coept um cert iorem

imaginem reddi a uro opposito v it r is .

2

XLVI . T ingu it Aegyptus argentum , ut in vasisAnubim suum spect et , pingitqu e , non caela t , argentum . unde t ransiit ma teria et ad triumphalessta tuas ; m irumqu e , crescit pretium fu lgoris exca e

cati . id au tem fit hoc modo ; m iscent ur a rgentot ert ia e acris Cyprii t enu issim i , quod corona riumvocant , et su lpu r is vivi quantum argenti ; conflantu r

i t a in fict il i circum lit o a rgilla ; modu s coqu endi ,

donec s e ipsa opercula aperiant . nigrescit et oviindu ra ti luteo , ut tamen aceto et creta de t era t ur .

Miscu it denario triumvir Antonius ferrum , m iscent

a era fa lsae mone t a e ,

3a lii et 4 ponderi sub t rahunt ,

cum sit iu st um LXXXI I I I e l ibris signar i . igitur a rs

1umbra I an : umbram .

2v it ris K . 0 . Ba i ley : v it ris aversis coni . D

’

Arcy T hompsona versis .

V. l . fa lsa moneta .

4a lii et Mayhojf

'

f a lu e cd . Par . 6801 : a lia au t a lias a u t

a lu (om . et ) rell .ponderi Urlichs : ponders au t ponderae au t pondera .

a lu de pondere con i . Mayhofl’

.

Cf. 94 and note .

vi tris is K . 0 . Bai ley ’s conjecture . T he sentence cannotrefer t o s i lver mirrors . Roman glass mirrors , backed usua llywith lead , have been found , bu t seem t o belong t o a later time

than Pliny .

Th is was employed t o make imitation gold crowns for u seon t he stage .

98

BOOK XXX I I I . XLV . 1 2 9—XLVI . 1 32

la id flat or placed upright , as the qua lity of the shapereceiving the shadows twists them as they comefor in fact the image in a mirror is merely the shadowa rranged by the brilliance of the material receivingit . And in order to complete the whole subj ect ofmirrors in this place , the best of those known in old

days were those made at Brindi si of a mixture ofstagnum and copper . Silver mirrors have come tobe preferred ; they were first made by Pa sit e les inthe period of Pompey the Great . But it h as -48 .

recently come to be beli eved that a more reli ablereflection is given by applying a layer of gold to theback ofglass .

°

XLVI . The people of Egypt stain their silver soas to se e portra its of their god Anubis in theirvessels ; and they do not engrave but pa int theirsilver . T h e use of that materia l thence pa ssedover even to our trium pha l statues , and , wonderfulto relate

,its price rises wi th the dimming of its

brilliance . The method adopted i s as follows : withthe si lver is mixed one third its amount of the veryfine Cypru s copper call ed chaplet—copper ° and thesame amount of live sulphur as of silver , and thenthey are melted in an earthenware vessel h aving itslid stopped with potter ’s clay ; the heating goes ontill the lids of the vessels open of their own accord .

Silver is a lso turned black by means of the yolk of ahard-boil ed egg , a lthough the black can be rubbedoff with vinegar and cha lk .

The triumvir Antony alloyed the silver dena rius Debased andwith iron

, and forgers put an a lloy of copper in silver {ZZî,îféjflwcoins

,while others also reduce the weight , the

proper coinage being 84 dena rii from a pound ofsilver . Cons equently a method was devised of

99


facta denarios probare , t am iucunda plebei lege , utMa rio G ra t idiano vica t im tota 1 statua s dicaverit .

m irumqu e , in h ac artium sola vitia discuntur et falsi

denari i spect a tur exempla r plu ribusqu e veris denariisadu lterinus em it u r .

133 XLVI I . Non erat apud ant iquos numerus ultracentum milia ; it aqu e et hodi e mu lt iplicantur ha ec ,ut decies centena aut saepiu s dicant ur . faenus hocfecit nummu sque percu ssus , et sic quoque a es a li enum

e t iamnum appella t u r . postea Divit es cognominati ,dummodo notum sit eum , qui primus hoc cognomen

134 acceperit , decoxisse credi toribus suis . ex eademgente M . Cra ssu s megaba t locuplet em ess e nisi quiredi t u a nnuo legionem tueri poss et . in agris H S

[W ] possedit Qu irit ium post Sullam divit issimus , necfuit satis nisi totum Pa rthorum u su rpasset aurum ;atque ut memoriam quidem opum occupaverit

iuva t enim insect ari inexplebilem istam habendicupidinem mu ltos postea cognovimus servit u t e

l ibera tos opu lent iores , par it erqu e tres Claudi i principa t u paulo ante Ca llist um , Pallant em ,

Narcissum .

135 atque ut hi om it t ant ur , tamquam adhuc rerum

1 t ot as B , cd. Pa r . 6801 .

Crassus the so—ca lled ‘ triumv ir ’

was defeated by t he

Pa rth ians a t Carrhae (Ha ran ) in 53 B .C . , and assassinatedwhen treating for pea ce . H is head wa s cu t off and sent t ot he Pa rth ian king, who caused melted gold t o be pou red intoit s mouth , saying Sate thyself now with th e meta l for whichwhen a live thou wert so greedy (Dio Cassius XL.

1 0 0


pot iantur , C . Asinio Ga l lo C . Ma rcio Censorino cos .a . d . V I Ka l . Febr . C . Ca cciliu s C . Isidorus testamento suo edixit , quamvis multa bello civili perdidiss et , tamen rehnqu ere servorum 1

1 1 1 1 CXV I , iuga boum1 1 1 DC , reliqu i pecoris CCLV I I , in numerato ns

funera ri s e iuss it H S XI .

2congerant excedentes

num erum opes , quota tamen portio crunt Ptolemaei ,

quem Va rro t radit Pompeio res gerente circa Iudaeam octona milia equitum sua pecunia toleravisse ,mi ll e convivas totidem aureis potoriis , mu t ant em

ea va sa cum fercu lis , saginasse ! quota vero ille ipse— neque enim de regibu s loquor

— portio fueritPyt h is Bithyni , qu i plat anum au ream vit emqu e

mobiles illas Da rio regi donavit , Xerxis copias , hoc est

|Vîî[ LXXXV—

I—IÎ" hominum , excepit epulo , stipendi um

quinque m ensum frum ent umqu e pollicitu s , ut equinque liber is in di lectu senectu t i su a e unus sa ltemconcedere tur ! hunc quoque ipsum a liqu is comparet

Croeso regi ! qua e , ma lum , amentia est id in vitacupere , quod au t et servis cont igerit au t ne in regibu squidem invenerit finem !

XLVI I I . Populus R . st ipem spargere coepit Sp.

Postumio Q . Marcio cos . tanta abundanti a pecuni aeera t

,ut eam conferret L . Scipioni , ex qua is ludos

1s_e_ ser

vorum con i . Mayhoj’

f.

2|XI I ] I an ; (X| Det lefsen : XI mil ibus cd. Par . 6801 : XI

rell . ( IXI B ) .3|VT I [ I an : LXXXVI I I Sillig : va ria odd .

I .e. still a live and ru l ing the Empire, so that it would bedangerous t o speak of them.

Probably Aul etes , K ing of Egypt 80—5 1 B .C .

See Herodotus VI I . 27 , 38 .

BOOK XXXI I I . XLV I I . 1 35—XLVI I I . 1 38

as if they were still in sovereign power ,“ there isGa ius Ca ecilius Isidorus , the freedman of Ga iu sCa ecilius who in the consulship of Ga ius Asiniu sGa llu s and Ga ius Ma rcius Censorinus executed a

will dated January 27 in which he declared that inspite of heavy losses in the civil war he neverthelessleft 41 1 6 slaves , 3600 pa i rs of oxen , head ofother cattle , and 60 million sesterces in ca sh , and hegave instructions for to be spent on hisfuneral . But let them ama ss uncountable riches ,yet what fraction will they be of the riches of thePtolemy ° who is recorded by Va rro , a t the timewhen Pompey was campa igning in the regions 63adj oining Judaea , to have ma inta ined 8000 hors e a this own charges , to have given a lavish fea st to a

thousand guests , with gold goblets , which werechanged a t every course ; and then what fractionwould his own estate have been (for I am not speakingabout kings) of that of the Bithynian Pyth es ,°who presented the famous gold plane tree and vine to KingDarius , and gave a banquet to the forces of Xerxes

, 480

that is men , with a promi se of five months ’

pay and corn on condi tion that one at least of hisfive children when drawn for s ervice should be left tocheer his old age ? Also let anyone compare evenPyth es himself with King Croesus ! What madne ssit is (damn it a ll to covet a thing in our lifetime tha thas either fa l len to the lot even of slaves or hasreached no limit even in the desires of Kings !XLVI I I . The Roman nation began lavishing

donations in the consulship of Spurius Post um ius 1 86 B.C.

and Qu intus Marcius : so abundant was money attha t date tha t they contributed funds for LuciusScipio to defray the cost of games which he ce l e

1 0 3


fecit . nam quod Agrippae Menenio sextantes acrisin funu s cont u lit , honoris id necessit a t isque propter

pauper t a t em Agrippae , non largit ionis ess e duxerim .

1

XLIX . Vasa ex a rgento mire inconst ant ia humaniingenii varia t nullum genus officinae diu probando .

nunc Furniana ,2 nunc Clodiana , nunc Gratiana

e t enim tabernas mensis adopt amus nunc ana

glypt a asperit a t emqu e exciso 3 circa liniarum pict uras

quaerimu s , iam vero et mens as repositor iis inponi

mus ad su st inenda opsonia , int erradimu s a l ia , utquam plu r imum lima perdiderit . va sa cocinaria exargento fieri Calvus orator qu irit a t ; at nos carrucasargento caclare invenimu s , nost raqu e aetate Poppa eaconiunx Neronis principis sol eas delica t ioribus iu

mentis suis ex auro quoque indu ere iuss it .L . T rigint a duo libras argenti Africanus sequens

heredi reliqu it idemqu e , cum de Poenis t riumph aret ,1 1 1 1 CCCLXX pondo t ranstu lit . hoc a rgenti tota Carthago habuit ill a t erra rum a emula , quot mensarum

postea appara tu vieta ! Numantia quidem de l etaidem Africanus in triumpho militibus XVI I dedi t . o

1 V. l . dixerim.

2 V. l . Firmiana .

V. l . excisa .

In performance of a vow that he made in t he war withAntiochu s I I I , King of Syria , Victoriously concluded in

1 90 B .C .

T hese variou s kinds of plate are named a fter the silversmith s who introdu ced them . For the last of. Martial IV . 39

Argenti genus omne compa rasti Nec desunt tibi veraGratiana .

Scipio Aemilianus .


vire s il lo impera tore dignos , quibu s hoc satis fuit !

frater e ius Allobrogicu s primus omnium pondo millehabuit , a t Drusus Liviu s in t ribuna t u plebei X.

1

nam propter X 2 pondo not a t um a censoribu s t rium

pha lem semem fabu losum iam videtur , item Cat um

Aelium , cum l egati Ae tolorum in consu la t u prandentem in fict ilibus adissent , missa ab i is vasa a rgenteanon accepisse neque a l iud h abu isse a rgenti ad supremum vita e d i em quam duo pocu la , quae L . Paulussocer ei ob virtu t em devict o Perseo rege donavisset .

i nvenimus l ega tos Carth aginiensium dixisse nulloshominum inter s es e benignius vivere quam Romanos .eodem en im argento apud omnes cenit avisse ipsos .a t , Hercules , Pompeium Pau linum , Arela t ensis

equ itìs Romani filium pa t ernaqu e gente pellit um ,

XI I pondo argenti h abu isse apud exercitum ferocissi

mis gentibus oppos itum scimu s (LL) lect os vero iam

pridem mu lierum totos oper iri a rgento , pr idem3 et

t r ichni a . quibus a rgentum addidisse primus traditurCa rviliu s Pe llio eques Romanus , non ut operiret aut

Deliaca specie facere t , sed Puni cana ; eadem et

1 Xcon i . Mayhoff : XI m ilia cd . Pa r . 680 1 : X rell . B ) .2 X Freinshem coll . Li v. Ep . XIV, Va l . Max. 1 1 9 4 , etc

qu inque .

pridem coni . Mayhoff quaedam odd . (qu idem ed . Pa r .

La t .

Q . Fabiu s Maximus Al lobrogicu s, consul in 1 21 , and in

rea lity a nephew of Aemili anu s .

P . Corneliu s Rufinu s .

C . Fa bricius a nd Q, . Aemiliu s . Cf. 153.

BOOK XXXI I I . L . 1 4 1—LI . 1 44

satisfied with that amount ! His brotherAllobrogicu s was the first person who ever owned 1 21

1000 lbs . weight of silver , wherea s Livius Drususwhen tribune of the people h ad lbs . Forthat an old warrior ,° honoured with a triumpha lprocession , incurred the notice of the censors for 275 B.C.

possessing ten pounds weight of silver— tha t nowadaysseems legenda ry , and the same a s to Ca tus Aelius

’

s

not accepting the silver pla te presented to him bythe envoys from Aetolia who during his consulship 1 98 B.C.

h ad found him eating his lunch off earthenware , andas to hi s never till the la st day of his li fe havingowned any other silver but the two bowls given tohim by hi s vvife

’

s fa ther Lucius Paulu s in recognitionof his valour at the time when King Perseus wa s 1 68conquered . We read that the Ca rthagini an amba ssadors declared tha t no race of mankind li ved onmore amicable terms with one another than theRomans , ina smuch as in a round of banquets they h adfound the same service of plate in use at everyhouse ! But , good heavens , Pompeius Paulinus theson of a Knight of Rome a t Arles and descended onhis father ’s side from a tribe that went about cladin skins , to ou r knowledge h ad lbs . weight ofsilver plate with him when on s ervice with an a rmyconfronted by tribes of the greatest ferocity ; (LL)whi l e we know that ladi es

’

bedsteads have for a longtime now been entirely covered with silver plating ,and so for long have banqu eting-cou ches also . I t isrecorded that Carvilius Polli o , Knight of Rome , wasthe first person who h ad s ilver put on thes e la tter ,though not so as to plate them a ll over or makethem to the Delos pattern , but in the Carthaginianstyle . In this la tter style he a lso h ad bedsteads

1 0 7

145

146


aureos fecit , nec multo post a rgentei Deliacos imitati

sunt . qu a e omni a expiav it bellum civile Su llanum .

LI I . Pau lo enim ante ha ec fact a e sunt lances e

eent enis libris argenti , qua s t une cuper CL numero

fuiss e Romae constat mu ltosqu e ob eas proscriptos

dolo concupiscent ium . erubescant anna l es , qui bel

lum civile illud t a libus vitus inpu t avere ; nostra aetas

fortior fuit . Claudii principa t u servu s eius Drusilla

nus 1 nomine Rotundus , dispensa tor Hispania e cit eri

oris, qu ingenariam l ancem habuit , cui fabricandae

2

officina prius exaedificat a fu era t , et comites eius octo

ad CCL l ibra s , qu aeso , ut quam multi eas conservi eius

inferrent , au t quibus cenant ibu s ? Cornelius Nepos

t radit ante Su llae vict oriam duo tantum t richnia

Romae fuiss e a rgentea ,repositoriis a rgentum addì

su a memoria coept um . Fenestella , qui obiit novis

simo T iberi i Caesar is principa tu , ait et t estudinea

tum in usum venisse , ante se autem paulo lignea ,rotunda , solida nec multo ma iora quam mensa s fuiss e ,s e quidem puero quadrata et conpact a aut a cere

opert a au t citro coepisse , mox addi tum argentum in

1 V.l . Dru si l ianu s .

2 V.l . cum fa bricando quam fabricando Detlefsen.

By Sulla in 82 B .C .

Fenes tella died in A.D . 21 , T iberius in A.D . 37 .


angulos lineasqu e per comm issu ras , tympana verose iuvene appe llata , tum a s t a t eris et l ances , qua santiqui m agides vocaverant .

LI I I . Nec copia argenti tantum fu rit vita , sed

va ldiu s pa cue m anipre t iis , idqu e iam pridem , u t

ignoscamu s nobis . delph inos qui nis m ilibus sestertium 1 in libras emptos C . Gracchus habuit , L . veroCra ssus orator duos scyphòs Mentoris art ificis manuca ela tos H S C,

2confessu s tamen est numquam iis uti

propter verecundiam aus um . scimu s3 eundem II S

V I in singu las Iibra s vasa empt a h abu isse . Asiaprimum devict a l uxuriam misit in I t a li am , siquidem

L . Scipio in triumpho t ranst u lit argenti caelat i pondomille e t 4 CCCC 5 et va sorum au reorum pondo MD annocondit ae urbis DLXV . at eadem Asia donata multoetiam grav iu s adflixit mores , inu t iliorqu e victori a illaheredita s Atta lo rege mortuo fuit . tum enim haecemendi Roma e in auct ionibus rogu s verecundi a exempt a est urbis anno DCXXI I , medii s LV I I anni s eruditacivitate amare etiam , non solum adm irari opu lent iam

e xternam,inmenso et Ach aicae vict oriae momento ad

inpe llendos mores , quae et ipsa in hoc intervallo anno

1

ses t ert ium Hardou in : sestert iis .

2C Urlichs : C .

2soimus Mayhoff sci tum coni . I an : constat ed . Bas il

sicu t .

4 mil le et Mayhojf'

f m il ia au t M.

50 0 0 0 B : CCCL rell .

domita cd . P a r . 680 1 : domata Gelen .

I .e. As ia Minor and Syria , pea ce hav ing been concludedw ith King Antiochu s in 1 89 B .C .

Attalus I I I , King of Pergamum 1 38— 1 33 B .C . , bequeathedh is kingdom t o Rome . Part of it became the prov in ce Asia .

I .e . t he destruction of Corinth by L . Mummius , 1 46 B .C .

BOOK XXX I I I . LI I . 1 46—LH I . 1 49

when he wa s a young man they were ca ll ed drums ,’

and then a lso the d ishes for which the old name h adbeen magides came to be ca lled ba sins from theirresemblance to the sca l es of a ba lance .

LI I I . Yet it is not only for quantities of silverthat there is such a rage among mankind but thereis an a lmost more violent passion for works of finehandi craft ; and this goes back a long time , so tha twe of to-day m ay excuse ourselves from blame .

Gaius Gracchus h ad some figu res of dolphins forwhi ch he pa id 5000 s esterces per pound , whil e theorator Lucius Cra ssus h ad a pa ir of cha sed goblets ,the work of the a rtist Mentor , tha t costyet admittedly he was too a shamed ever to us e them .

It i s known to u s tha t he likewise owned some vesselsthat h e bought for 6000 s esterces per pound . Itwas the conquest of Asia “ tha t first introducedluxury into Ita ly

,ina smuch as Lucius Scipio carried

in procession at hi s triumph 1 400 lbs . of cha seds ilverwa re and vesse ls of gold weighi ng 1 500 lbs . :this was in the 565th yea r from the foundation ofthe city of Rome . But receiving Asia also as a giftdea lt a much more s erious blow to our mora ls , and

the bequest of it tha t came to us on the death ofKing Atta lus was more di sadvantageous than thevictory of Scipio . For on that occasion all scruplesentirely di sappeared in regard to buying thes earticl es at the auctions of the king

’

s effects at Romethe date was the 622nd yea r of the city , and in theinterva l of 57 years our community h ad l earnt notmerely to admire but also to covet foreign opulence ;an impetus having a lso been given to manners bythe enormous shock of the conquest of Acha ia ,°

that victory itself a lso having during this interva l

I I I

1 53—1 21 B.C .

1 40—9 1 B.C.

1 89 B.O.

1 32 B.C.


urbis DCV I I I pa rta signa et tabulas pieta s invexit . nequ id deesse t , pariter quoque 1 luxuria na ta es t etCa thago subla t a , ita congru ent ibu s fatis , ut etliberet amplect i vitia e t liceret . pet iere et dignat ionem hinc a liqu i ve t erum . C . Marius post vietoriam Cimbricam cantharis pota sse Liberi patris exemplo traditu r , ill e ara tor Arpinas et manipu laris

imperator .LIV . Argenti usum in sta tua s primum di vi Augusti

temporum adu lat ione transisse fa lso exist imat ur .

iam enim triumpho Magn i Pompei reperimus transla tam Pharmacis , qui primus regnavit in Ponto ,a rgent eam st at uam , item Mith rida t is Eupat oris etcu rrus au reos argent eosqu e . argentum succedit

a liquando et auro luxu fem inarum plebis compedes

sibi facient ium , qua s indu ere aureas mos t rit ior ve t et .

vidimus et ipsi Arellium Fuscum mot um equestriordine ob insignem ca lumniam , cum celebrit at em 2

adsect arentur3 adu lescent ium scholae , argent eos anulos h abent em . et quid haec a t t ine t colligere , cumcapuli militum ebore etiam fa stidito caelentur argento

,vaginae ca t e llis , balt ea lammi s crepit ent , iam vero

1quoque Mayhofi

'

: que .

2celebrit atem B : celebritat e rell .

2ad sect aren tu r add. : expect arentur edd . vel t . z assecta t 1

ou em Hermolau s Ba rba rus : adsect aretu r coni . Wa rmington.

He became king c . 1 90 B .C .

Mithr idates VI , King ofPontu s, finally quelled in Pompey’

s

campaigns .

1 53

154

156


paedagogia in t ransitu viri lit a t is cus todiant ur argento , fem inae lavent u r et nisi argentea solia fa stidiant , eademqu e materia et cibis et probris servia t ?

videret haec Fabricius et strata s a rgento mu lierum

ba lineas ita , ut vestigio locus non sit , cum virislavant ium ! Fabriciu s , qui bellicos imperat ores plu squam pat eram et salinum habere ex argento vet abat ,videre t hinc dona fort ium fieri aut in haec fr angi !h en mores , Fabrici nos pudet !LV . Mirum auro caelando neminem inclaru isse ,

a rgento mu ltos . maxime tamen laudatus est Mentor , de quo supra diximu s . qu at t uor paria ab eoomnino 1 facta sunt , ac iam nullum extarc dicitu rEph esiae Dianae templi ac

2 Capitolini incendiis .

Va rro se et aereum signum 3 eius h abui sse scr ibit .

proxim i ab eo in adm irat ione Acragas et Boe thus etMys fuere . exst ant omnium opera hodi e in insulaRhodiorum , Boè th i apud Lindi am Minervam , Acra

gant is in templo Liberi patris in ipsa Rhodo Centauros Bacchasqu e caelat i scyphi , Myos in eadema ede Silenos et Cupidines . Acragant is et venat io inscyph is magnam famam habuit . post hos celebrat use st Ca lam is , et Ant ipat ro qui

4 Satyrum in ph iala

1v asorum T h iersch .

2a c Wa rmington : au t ( iacet cd . Par .

2sinum Ha vet .

4 Ant ipa tro qu i Mayhoff Antipater quoque qu i Url ichsAntipater quoq B A . qu inque rell . (qu ique cd . Par .

C . Fabriciu s Luscinu s, a manwho held h igh offices c. 285

275,bu t d ied a poor man.

See 142 .

I n 356 B .C .

In 83 B .C .

BOOK XXXI I I . LI V . 1 52—Lv . 1 56

schools for pages j ust at the point of adolescencewear silver badges as a safegua rd , and women usesilver to wash in and scorm s itting—baths not made ofsilver , and the same substance does service bothfor our viands and for our ba s er needs ? If onlyFabricius could see these d isplays of luxurywomen ’s bathrooms wi th floors of silver , l eavingnowhere to set your feet— and the women ba thingin company with men— ifonly Fabricius , who forbadega llant generals to possess more than a d ish and a

sa ltcellar of silver , could see how nowadays therewards of va lour are made from the u tensils ofluxury , or els e are broken up to make them ! Ala sfor our present manners— Fabricius makes us blush !LV . I t is a remarkable fact tha t the ar t of cha sing Famous

gold has not brought celebrity to anyone , whereas Zîj’ljîf’jes ofpersons celebrated for chasing silver are numero-u s . uwk in

The most famous however is Mentor of whom we

spoke above . Four pairs of goblets were a ll tha t he 5 1 47 andever made , but it is sa id that none of them now

VIL 1 2"

survive , owing to the burning of the Templ e ofArtemis of Ephesus ° and of the Capitol .“ Va rrosays in his wr itings that he a ls o possessed a bronzesta tu e by thi s sculptor . Next to Mentor the a rtistsmost adm ired were Acragas , Boethu s and Mys .Works by a ll of these exist a t the present day in theisland of Rhodes— one by Boethu s in th e temple ofAthena a t Lindu s , some goblets engraved withCentaurs and Bacchants by Acragas in the templeof Fa ther Liber or Dionysus in Rhodes its elf, gobletswith Sileni and Cupids by Mys in the same temple .

Hunting scenes by Acraga s on goblets a l so h ad

a grea t reputation . After these in celebrity isCa lam is , and Diodorus who was sa id to have placed

1 1 5


gravat um sommo conlocavisse verius quam caelasse

d ict u s est Diodoru s ,1 St ra t onicu s Inox Cyzicenus ,T au riscus , item Ariston e t Eunicus Mitylenaei laudantur et Heca t aeu s et circa Pompei Magni aet a t emPa sit e les , Posidonius Eph esius , Hedys , T hracides ,

2

qui proe lia arma t osqu e caelavit , Z opyrus , qui Areo

pagit as et indicium O rest is in duobus scyph is H S )Î I Î3

aest ima t is . fuit et Pytheas , cuius 1 1 uncia e X"

X

veni erunt U lixe s et Diomedes erant in phia la e emblema t e Palladium subripient es . fecit idem et cocosmagiriscia appe lla t os parvolis potoriis et e qui bus neexemplaria qui dem liceret exprimere ; t am opportuna iniu riae subt ili t as erat . habuit et Teucercru st ar iu s fam am , subitoqu e ars haec ita exolevit , utsola iam vest u st a t e censea tur u suqu e a t t rit is caelat uris si nec 4 figura discerni possit auctorita s const et .

Argentum m edi cat is aqu is inficitu r atque adflat u

sa lse , sic et in m edit erraneis H ispani ae .

LVI . In a rgenti et a uri m et a llis nascuntur etiamnum pigmenta Sil et caeruleum . Sil proprie limu sest . optimum ex eo quod Atticum voca tur , pretiumin pondo libras X 1 1 ; proximum marmorosum di

1 lac. Mayhofi qu i Diodoru s suppl . : con i . et Ant ipat ro

poetae Sa tyrum caelasse d ictu s ( Diodoru s) , St ra t onicu s .

2 Hedys , T h ra cides Fu rtwt'

ingler : hedy st rach ides B haedist adices , iedisthracides a ut a lia rell . : Hedy strat ides S i lligT e lesarch ides con i . Di lthey .

2 f u Gelen :

lix—

II ’B : XI I rell .4si nec Urlio s : si ne B : ne rell .sic et L . Poins inet de Sivry sicut .

Who probably wrote an epigram (Au th . P lan. 248 )stating tha t Diodorus pu t t o sleep the satyr . T he MSS.

of Pliny make Antipater t he engraver , while in the An thologyt he epigram is attributed t o Plato t he younger .

At Athens for the mu rder of h is mother, a ccording t o thestory .

1 1 6


midio Attici pret io. tertium genus est pressum ,

quod a lii Scyr icum vocant , ex insu la Scyro ,iam et ex

Acha ia , quo u tunt ur ad pict urae umbras , pretium inlibra s I IS bini dupondiis vero det ract is quod lucidumvocant , e Ga llia veniens . hoc autem et Attico ad

lumina u t unt u r , ad abacos non nisi m armoroso ,

quoniam marmor in eo resis t it amaritudini calcis .effod it ur et ad XX ab urbe lapidem in mont ibus ;

postea u ritur pressum appellant ibu s qui adulterant .sed esse fa lsum exu stumque , amaritudine apparet etquoniam resolu tum in pu lverem est .Sile pingere inst itu ere primi Po lygnotu s et Micom,

Attico dumt axa t . secuta aeta s hoc ad lumina us a

est , ad u mbra s autem Scyrico et Lydi o. Lydium

Sardibus em eba t u r , quod nunc obmu tu it .

1

LVI I . Caeruleum harena est , hu iu s genera triafuere ant iqu it us : Aegypt ium maxime 2 probat ur ,

3

Scyth icum mox4 dilu it ur facil e et , cum t erit ur , in

quat tu or colores mu t at ur , candidiorem nigrioremve

et crassiorem t enu ioremve ; praefertur hu ic etiamnum Cyprium . accessit his Pu t eolanum et Hispaniense , harena ibi confici coept a . t ingu itur autemomne et in su a coqui tur herba bibitque sucum .

re liqua confectu ra eadem qua e chrysocollae .

1 V.ll . ommu tu it , omit tunt .2 V. l . quod maxime .

V. l . probatum .

4 m0x Mayhofi (coni . et umore) hoc.

Azu r ite , a basic copper ca rbonate .

BOOK XXXI I I . LVI . 1 58—Lvu . 1 6 1

which costs ha l f the price of Attic . T h e third kindis dark ochre , which other people ca ll Scyric ochre ,a s it comes from th e island of Scyros , and nowadaysalso from Acha ia , which they use for the shadows of apa inting , price two sesterces a pound , while tha tca lled clear ochre , coming from Gaul , costs twoa ss es less . This and the Attic kind they use forpainting di fferent kinds of light , bu t only marbledochre for squared panel designs , because the marblein it resists the acridity of the lime . This ochre i salso dug up in the mountains 20 miles from Rome .

It is afterwards bu rnt , and by some peopl e it isadultera ted and pa ssed off as dark ochre ; bu t th efact that it is not genuine and h as been burnt isshown by its acridi ty and by its crumbling into dust .T h e custom of using yellow ochre for p a inting was

first introdu ced by Polygnotus and Micom, bu t theyonly used the kind from Attica . The followi ngperiod employed this for representing lights bu tochre from Scyros and Lydi a for shadows . Lyd ianochre used to be sold at Sardi s , but now it h as quitegone out .LVI I . The blue pigment “ is a sand . In old days Azur ite,

there were three vari eties : the Egyptian is thoughtmost highly of next the Scythian mixes easily withwater , and changes into four colours when ground ,

lighter or darker and coa rser or finer ; to this bluethe Cyprian is now preferred . To these were addedthe Pozzuoli blue , and the Spanish blu e , when blu esand-deposits began to b e worked in thos e pla ces .Every kind however undergoes a dyeing process ,being boiled with a special plant and absorbing itsj uice ; bu t the rema inder of t h e process of manufac se…ture is th e same a s with gold—solder .


EX caeru leo fit quod vocat ur lomentum , perficitur

id lavando t erendoqu e . hoc est caeru leo candidius .

pretia eius X 1 i n libras , caeru lei X VI I I . u sus in

creta ; ca lcis impatiens . nuper accessit et Vesto

rianum . ab auctore appella t um . fit ex Aegypt ii

levissima parte ; pretium eius in libras X XI . idem

et Puteolani usus , praet erque ad fenestras ; cyanon2

vocant . non pridem adpor t ari et Indicum coept um

est , cuius pretium XVI I . ratio in pictur a ad incisura s ,

hoc est umbras dividendas ab lum ine . est et vi lissi

mum 3 genus lomenti , quod 4 t ritum vocant , qui nis

assibus a est imatum .

Caeru le i sinceri experimentum in carbone u t flagre t

fraus viola arida decocta in aqu a sucoque per lint eum

expresso in cretam Eret riam . vis in medi cina ut

pu rget ulcera ; it aque et emplast ris adiciunt , item

caus t icis . t eritur autem di fficillime . Sil in medendo

lenit er mordet adst ringitqu e et explet ulcera .

uritu r in fict ilibus , ut prosit .

Pretia rerum , quae usqu am posuimus , non ignora

mus alia alii s locis esse et omnibus paene mutari armis ,prout naviga t ione const it erint aut ut quisque merca

tus sit aut a liqu is praevalens manceps annonam

155 1 62—1 63 numeri va r i e traduntur .

2cyanon Brotier ex coni . Du randi : cylon B : V. ll . cy llon,

cy lonon , cynolon .

V. ll . u t il issimum, subt il issimum .

4 V. l . quondam : quod dant odd . vel t z quidam Hermola us

Ba rbarus .

1 2 0


flage llet , non obliti Dem e t r ium a tota Seplasia

Neronis pr incipat u accusa t um apud consules ; ponitamen necessarium fui t quae plerumque erant Roma e ,u t exprimere t ur auctorita s rerum .

A d istrict in the city of Capua occupied by druggist s and

perfumers and sellers of p igments .

BOOK XXXI I I . LVI I . 1 64

selling price ; we have not forgotten tha t , under theemperor Nero , Demetrius wa s prosecuted before the A-D. 54-68

Consuls by the entire Seplas ia .

“ Nevertheless Ihave found it necessary to sta te the prices u suala t Rome , in order to give an idea of a standard va lueof commoditi es .

LIBER XXXIV

I . Proxime dicantur aer is metalla , cui et in u su

proximum est pretium , imm o vero ante argentumac paeme etiam ante aurum Cor inth io , s t ipis quoqueauctorita s

,ut diximus . hinc a era militum , tribun i

a erar ii et a era rium , obaerat i , a ere diruti . docu imu s

qu amdiu populus Romanus aere tantum signa t o ususesset : et a l ia re 1 vetusta s a equ alem urbi auctorit atem eius declara t , a rege Numa collegio tertio a erariumfabrum instituto .

2 I I . Vena quo di ctum est modo fodi t ur ignique

perficit u r . fit et e l apide aeroso , qu em vocant

cadmean , celebri trans maria et quondam in Campanianunc et in Bergoma t ium agro extrema parte Ita li ae ;ferunt nuper etiam in Germania provincia repertum .

fit et ex ali o l apide , quem ch alcit im appellant,in

1a lia re Mayhofl (qu i et a l io coni . ) a lta coni . I an a lia .

T he word aes usuall y means a prepared a lloy of copperand t in, that is , bronze ; it also included brass (alloy of copperand z inc ) . Mu ch ancient aes conta ined lead . Pure copperwa s properly ca lled aes Cypr ium . Note that native copper oreor metalli c copper is not common in the Old World , bu t the

ancients dis covered tha t it cou ld be produ ced art ificia lly byh eating the mu ch more plentifu l oxides , sulph ides , sili cates,and ca rbonates of copper .

T he others were t he Col lege of Priests and t he College of

Augu rs .

Apparently mineral calamine and smithsonite s ilica to

and carbonate of zinc cf. 1 00 .

1 26

BOOK XXXIV

I . Let our next subj ect be ores , etc . , of copper Base metals .

and bronze “ the metals which in point of utilityhave the next va lu e ; in fact Corinthian bronze is Bronze andva lued before silver and a lmost even before gold ;a nd bronze is a lso the standa rd of payments inmoney a s we have sa id : hence aes i s embodied in the XXX I I I .

terms denoting the pay of soldi ers , the treasurypayma sters and the publi c trea sury , persons heldin debt , and soldi ers whose pay is stopped . Wehave pointed out for what a long time the Roman XXXI I I .

na tion used no coinage except bronz e ; and byanother fact antiquity shows tha t the importanceof bronze is as old as the city— the fact that thethird corporation establi shed by King Numa was fiîî‘ciig‘fithe Guild of Coppersmi ths .I I . The method followed in mini ng deposits of Copper .

copper and purifying the ore by firing i s that whichh as been stated . T h e meta l is a lso got from a xxxn .

coppery stone called by a Greek name cadrnea ,° a 95 322'

kind in high repu t o coming from oversea s and a lsoformerly found in Campania and at the present dayin the territory of Bergamo on the farthest confinesof Italy ; and it is a lso reported to have beenrecently found in the province “ of Germany . InCyprus , where copper was first discovered , it is a lso

Only the region of the left bank of the Rhino is meant.


Cypro , ubi prima acris inventio , mox Vilit as praeci

pua reperto in a li is terris praest ant iore maximequ e

au rich a lco , quod pra ecipu am bonit at em admira

t ionemqu e diu opt inu it nec reperitur longo iam

3 tempore effeta tellure . proximum bonitate fuit

Sa llust ianum in Ceu t ronum Alpino t ract u , non longi

et ipsum aevi , successitqu e ei Livianum in Gallia .

u t rumqu e a me t a llorum dominis appella tum , illud ab

4 amico divi Augusti , hoc a coniuge . velocis defectu s

Liv ianum quoque ; certe admodum exiguum inveni

tur . summa glor ia e nunc in Marianum conversa ,quod et Cordubense di citur . hoc a Liviano cad

mean maxime sorbet et aurich alci bonit a t em imit atur

in sest er t i i s dupondiarnsqu e , Cyprio suo assibus

cont ent is . et h act enus nobilit as in aere naturali 1 s e

habet .

5 I I I . Re liqua genera cura constant , quae suis locis

reddentur , summa clar it a t e ante omnia indicata .

quondam aes confusum auro argentoque misceba tur ,et tamen ars pre t iosior erat ; nunc incertum est ,

peior ha ec sit an mate ria ,m irumque , cum ad infini tum

operum pretia creverint , auctorita s artis ext inct a est .

1 natura li coni . Mayhojff naturalis .

See g 1 1 7 , note .

Aur icha lcuni , t he right word being probably or icha lcumo’

pelxaÀxos, mounta in-copper, ’ tha t is yellow copper ore and

the brass made from it.Named after the great Marius (1 55—86


quaest us enim causa , ut omn ia , exerceri coept a estqua e gloriae soleba t— ideo etiam deorum adscript a

operi , cum proceres gentium clar it at em et h ac via

qu a ererent adeoqu e exolevit fundendi a cris pret iosi ra tio , ut iam diu ne fortuna quidem in ca re iusa rtis h abea t .

6 Ex ill a autem antiqua gloria Corinth ium maximelaudat ur . hoc ca sus m iscu it Corintho , cum caperetur ,

incensa , m irequ e circa id mu ltorum adfect a t io

furu it ,1 quippe cum t rada t ur non a li a de causa

Verrem,quem M . Cicero damnavera t , proscriptum

cum eo ab Antonio,quoniam 2 Corinth iis cessurum

se ci negavisset . ac mihi ma ior p ars eorum simula reeam scient iam videtur ad segregandos sese a ceterismagis quam int ellegere a l iquid ib i supt ilius ; e t

7 hoc paucis docebo . Co r inthus capta est olympiadisCLVI I I anno tertio

,nost ra e urbis DCV I I I , cum ante

haec saecul a 3 fictores nobiles esse desissent , quorumisti omnia signa hodi e Corinthia appellant . qu a

propter ad coargu endos eos ponemus ar t ificum

aet a t es ; nam urbis nost rae annos ex supra diet acomparatione olympiadum colligere facile erit .

1 fu rnit Wa rmington : fur it Si tlig, I an : fuerit crùl . (fu itcd . Pa r .

2 quoniam I an : quam quoniam coni . Si llig : qfim B

quam roll . (quam quod cd . Par .

3saecul o qu id. ap . Da lecamp.

I .e. Hephaestus or Vu lcan .

Or has won pra ise norma lly due to art .

’

Corinth was destroyed by the Roman forces underMummius 146 B .C .

1 30

BOOK XXXIV . 1 1 1 . 5—7

to be practised for the sake of glory— consequentlyit was even attribu ted to the workmanship of gods ,“

and the leading m en of a ll the na tions used to seekfor reputa tion by this method a lso— h as now ,

li keeverything els e , begun to be practis ed for the sakeof ga in and the method of ca sting costly works ofart in bronze h as so gone ou t that for a long time nownot even luck in this matter h as h ad the privilege ofproducing art .

°

Of the bronze which was renowned in early days , Cor inthia nthe Corinthian is the most highly pra i s ed . Th is is acompound that was produced by accident , whenCorinth was burned a t the tim e of its capture ;and there h as been a wonderfu l mani a among manypeople for possessing th i s meta l— in fact it i s recorded

bronze.

that Verres , whose conviction Marcus Cicero h ad 70 11 0 .

procured , was , together wi th Cicero , proscribed byAntony for no other rea son than because he h ad 43 11 0 .

refused to give up to Antony some pieces ofCorinthi an ware ; and to me the maj ority of thes ecollectors seem only to make a pretence of beingconnoiss eurs , so as to separate themselves from themultitude , rather than to have any exceptiona llyrefined ins ight in thi s matter ; and th i s I wi ll brieflyshow . Corinth was taken in the thi rd year of the1 58th Olympiad , which was the 608th yea r of ourcity , when for ages there h ad no longer been anyfamous a rtists in meta lwork ; yet these personsdesignat e all the specim ens of their work as

Corinthian bronzes . In order therefore to refutethem we will state the periods to whi ch thes e artistsbelong ; of cours e it will be ea sy to turn the Olym

piads into the yea rs s ince the foundation of our cityby referring to the two correspondi ng dates given

1 46 B.C.


sunt ergo va sa tantum Corinthia , qua e isti clegant iores modo ad esculenta t ransferunt , modo inlucerna s au t t ru lleos nullo mundi t iarum dispectu .

1

8 eiu s a cris 2 tria genera : candidum argento nitorequam proxime accedens , in quo ill a mixtura praevalu it ; a lterum , in quo auri fu lva natura ; tertium ,

in quo aequa li s omn ium t emperies fuit . praeterhaec est cuiu s ratio non potest reddi , quamquamhomini s manu est ,3 a t fortuna tempera tur 4 ins imu lacris signi squ e illud suo colore pret iosum ad

iocineris imaginem vergens , quod ideo h epat izon

appellant, proenl a Corinth io ,

longe tamen anteAeginet icum atque De liacum , quae diu opt inu ere

principa tum .

9 IV . Ant iqu issima acris gloria Deliaco fuit , merca tus in Delo celebrante toto orbe , et ideo curaofficini s . t r ichniorum pedibus fu lcrisqu e ibi primaa cris nobili t as , perveni t deinde et ad deum simulacraeffigiemqu e hom inum et a l iorum anima lium .

1 0 V . Proxima lau s Aeginet ico fu i t , insula et ipsaeo ,

° nec quod ibi gignere tur ,°sed officinarum tem

peratu ra,nobilitata . bos a ereu s inde captus in foro

boario est Roma e . hoc erit exemplar Aeginet ici

1 V. l . despectu .

2eiu s a cris Wa rmington : aeris coni . Mayhofl

’

ei us .

manus est Mayhoff manu fa cta odd. vot t . : manu s et

manu sed au t manu s sed rell .4 V. l . t emperamentum : t empera tum 0 . F . W. Mfi ller .eo Mayhojf : est .

gigneret ur Si llig : signetur a ut gignens au t g1mens .

Or for the neatness of the workmansh ip .

’

I l


a cri s,Deliaci au tem Iuppiter in Capitol io in Iovis

T onant is a ede . i llo a ere Mymn usus est , hoc Poly

cletus , a equ a les atqu e condiscipu li ; sic1 aemulatio

et in materia fu it .

VI . Priva tim Aegina candelabrorum superficiem

dumt axa t elaboravit , s icut Tarentum scapos . in i is

ergo iunct a commenda t io officinarum est . nec

pude t t ribunorum m ilit ar ium salarns emere , cum

ipsum nomen a candelarum lumine inpositum

apparea t . accessio cande labri ta l is fuit T heonis

iussu pra econis C lesippu s fullo gibber et praet erea

et a l io foedus a spect u , emente id G egani a ns L .

eadem ostentante in convivio empt a ludibru causa

nuda tus a tque inpudent ia2 libidinis recept us in

torum , mox in testamentum , praedives numinum

vice illud candelabrum colu it et hanc Corinthus

fabu lam adiecit , vindica t is tamen mor ibu s nobili

sepu lch ro ,per qu od a e t erna supra terras G eganiae

dedecoris memoria duraret . sed cum esse nulla

1s ic Mayhoff : sit B 1

: sed .

2 impotentia Gelen .

Bu ilt in 22 B .C .

Mymn fl . c . 475 B .C . , Polyclitu s c. 435 . See pp . 1 68—1 7 1

I .e . the socket s holding t he candles, t he other parts be ingthe s tems and t he feet .

1 34

BOOK XXX IV . v . 1 0 —V I . 1 2

while that of Delos is s een in the Zeu s orJupiter in the temple “ of Jupiter the Thundereron the Capitol . Aegina bronze was used byMyron and that from Delos by Polycl itus , whowere contemporaries and fellow-pupils ; thus therewas riva lry between them even in their choice ofmat eri als .VI . Aegina specializ ed in producing only the Charuleliers .

upper parts of chandeliers , and similarly Ta rantomade only the stems , and cons equently creditfor manu fa cture is , in the matter of these articles ,shared between these two loca l ities . Nor are peopleashamed to buy thes e at a pric e equ a l to the

pay of a mili tary tribune , a lthough they clea rlytake even their name from the lighted candles theyca rry . At the sa le of a chandel ier of this sort by theinstructions of the auctioneer (named Theon) s elling itthere was thrown in as part of the barga in the fu llerClesippu s a hum pback and a lso of a hideou s appearance in other respects besides , the lot being bought bya woman named G egan ia for sesterces . Thiswoman gave a pa rty to show off her pu rchases , andfor the mockery of the guests th e m an appearedwith no clothes on ; his mistress conceiving an

out rageous passion for him admitted him to her bedand l ater gave him a place in her will . Thu s becoming excessively rich he worsh ipped the lampstand in question a s a divinity and so caused thi sstory to b e attached to Corinthian lampst ands ingenera l , though the cla ims of mora lity werevindicated by his erecting a noble tombstone toperpetuate throughou t the living world for a l l timethe memory of G egania

’

s shame . Bu t a lthough it isadmitted that there are no lampst ands made of

1 35


Corinthia candelabra const et , nomen id praecipu e in

his celebra t ur , quoniam Mumm i victoria Corinthum

quidem diru it , sed e complur ibu s Ach a ia e oppidis

simu l a era dispersit .

VI I . Frise i l imina etiam ac va lvas in t emplis ex

aere fact it avere . invenio et a Cn . Octavio , qui de

Perseo rege nava lem t r iumphum egit , fact am

por t icum dupl icem ad circum Flaminium , quae

Corinthia sit appella ta a capit u lis aere is columnarum ,

Vest ae quoque s edem ipsam Syracu sana superficie

tegi placu isse . Syracu sana sunt in Panth eo capita

columnarum a M . Agrippa posita . quin etiam

priva ta opu lent ia eo modo usurpata est . Camillo

inter crim ina obiecit Spurius Carviliu s qu aestor ,ostia quod a erata haberet in domo .

VII I . Nam tricl inia aerata abacosque et mono

pod ia Cn . Manhum Asia devict a primum invexisse

triumpho suo , quem dux it anno u rbis DLXVI I , L . Piso

auctor est , Antias qu idem heredes L . Cra ssi ora toris

multa etiam triclinia a era ta vendidisse . ex aere

fact it avere et co rtinas t ripodum nomine [ e t ]1 Delphi

cas , quoniam don is 2 maxime Apollini Delph ico

dicabantur . placu ere et lychnuch i pensiles in delubris

1et ]VI ayhojj

"ac B : a cd . Leid. Voss . m . 1 : om . rell .

2 donis odd . pler . : ludis cd . Poll . era t B : aera tae

Urlichs : sae I an : dono coni . Wa rmington .

1 36


au t arborum ma la ferent ium modo lucent es , qua l eest in templo Apollinis Pa l atini quod AlexanderMagnus T hebarum expugna t ione capt um in Cyme

dicavera t eidem deo .

IX . T rans iit deinde a rs vu lgo ubique ad effigies

deorum . Romae simulacrum ex aere factum Cereri

primum reperio ex pecu l io Sp. Ca ssi , quem regnumadfect ant em pa ter ipsius int eremerit . t ransiit et adiis ad hominum sta tuas a tqu e imagines multismodis . bitumine antiqui t ingu ebant eas , quo magism irum est placu isse auro integere . hoc nescio anRomanum fuerit invent um ; certe etiam nomen non 1

habet ve tu st um .

2effigies hominum non solebant

exprimi nisi a liqu a inlu st ri cau sa perpet u i t a t em

merent ium ,primo sacrorum cert am inum victoria

maxim equ e O lympiae ,ubi omnium

, qu i vicissent ,

sta tua s dicari mos erat , eorum vero , qui ter ibisuperavissent , ex membris ipsorum simil itudineexpressa , qua s icon icas vocant . Athenienses nescioan primis omnium Harmodio et Aristogiton i tyrannicidis publice posu erin t statuas . hoc actnm esteodem anno

,quo et Roma e reges pulsi . excepta

deinde res est a toto orbe t errarum hum anissima

1nomen non B romae non roll . Romae nomen S illig.

2vetustum B : vetust a tem rell .

Dedicated by Augustu s in 27 B .0 .

Proba bly to prov ide a protective polish .

From t he Greek eixwv, €ZKCUVLKOS‘ .

By Anteri or . T he conspira cy of Harmodiu s and Aristogeiton took p la ce in 5 1 4-5 13 B .e . A marble copy ofCrit iu s

’

and

Nesiot cs’ later substitute sti ll exists . See note on pp . 256—257 .

1 38

BOOK XXX IV . V I I I . I 4— IX. 1 7

l ights a rranged to look like apples hanging on trees .l ike the specimen in the temple of Apollo of thePa latine which h ad been part of t h e booty taken byAlexander the Grea t a t the storming of Thebes 3354and dedicated by him to the same deity a t Cyme .

IX . Bu t afte r a time this ar t in a ll places came to Sta tues o]

be usua lly devoted to statu es of gods . I find that mm "

Rome .

the first image of a god made of bronz e at Romewas that dedicated to Ceres and pa id for out of theproperty of Spurius Ca ssiu s who was put to death 485 B.C.

by his own father when trying to make himself king .

The practice pa ss ed over from the gods to statu esand representations of human beings also , in variousforms . In early days people used to sta in sta tueswi th bitumen ,

°which make s it the more remarkablethat they a fter wards became fond of covering themwi th gold . Thi s was perhaps a Roman invention ,bu t it certa inly h as a n ame of no long standing a t

Rome . It was not cu stomary to make effigies of 6,human be ings unl ess th ey deserved l asting commemoration for some di stinguished rea son , in thefirst ca s e victory in the sacred contests and

particu larly those a t Olympia ,where it was the

custom to dedi cate statues of a l l who h ad won a

competition ; these sta tues , in the ca s e of those whoh ad be en Vi ctoriou s there three times , were modelledas exa ct persona l likenesses of the wi nners— wha t areca ll ed iconieae ,

° portra it statues . I rather beli evethat the first portra it statues “ officia lly erected atAthens were thos e of the tyr annicides Harmodi us

and Arist ogeit on . This happened in th e same yea r 51 0 B.C.

as that in which the Kings we re a lso driven ou t

a t Rome . The practice of erecting statues froma most civil iz ed sens e of riva lry was afterwards

1 39


ambit ione ,et in omnium municipiorum foris st a tu ae

ornamentum esse coepere propaga riqu e1 memoria

hominum et hono res legendi a evo basibu s inscrib i ,

ne in sepu lcris tantum legerent ur . mox forum et in

dom ibu s priva t is fa ctum atqu e in a t r iis : bonos

client ium inst itu it s ic colere patronos .

X . T oga t ae effigies ant iqu itu s it a dicabant ur .

placu ere et nuda e tenentes bastam ab eph eborum e

gymnasns exemplar ibu s ; qu as Achilleas vocant .

Graeca res n ihil velare , at contra Romana ac militaris

thoraces addere . Ca esar quidem dicta tor lor icat am

sibi dicar i in foro suo pa s sus est . nam Lupercorum

habitu t am novicia e sunt quam quae nuper prodiere

paenu lis indu t a e . Mancinus eo habitu sibi st at u it ,quo deditu s fu era t . not a t um ab auct or ibu s et

L . Aecium poct am in Camenarum aede maxima

forma st a tu am sibi posu isse , cum brevis admodum

fu isset . equestres utique st a t u ae Romanam celebra t ionem habent

,orto sine dubio a G ra ecis exemple .

sed illi celet as tantum di cabant i n sacris victores ,

1pmpagarique B : prorogarique rell .

Forum Ca esa ri s or Forum I a tium was bui lt by JuliusCaesa r in the eighth region of the city , nea r t he temple of

Janus and t he old forum , wh ich had become t oo smal l .Mancinu s

, consu l 1 37 B .C . , in a war with the Numantinesmade a treaty wh ich the sena t e refused t o ratify , and he washanded over t o the enemy though they refused t o receiveh im . He seems t o h ave rega rded this as discreditable t o thesena to bu t not t o himself.


poste a vero et qui bigis vel qu adrigis vicissent ;

unde et nostri cu rru s nati in ns , qui t riumph avissent .

serum hoc , et in i is non nis i a d ivo Augusto se iuges ,

sicut 1 eleph ant i .

X I . Non vetus et bigarum celebrat io in u s , qui

praetura funct i cu rru vect i essent per circum ;

ant iqu ior columnarum , sicu t i C . Maenio , qui devicera t

priscos Latinos , quibus ex foedere tertia s praedae

populus Romanu s praest aba t , eodemqu e in consu la t u

in suggestu rostra devict is Ant ia t ibu s fixerat anno

urbis CCCCXV I , item C . Du illio , qui primus navalem

t riumphum egit de Poenis , quae est etiam nunc in

foro , item L . Minucio pra efect o annonae extra

portam T r igem inam unciar ia stipe conla t a— nescio

an primo honore tal i a populo , ante a enim a senat u

era t ,— praeclara res,ni frivolis coepisset init iis .

namqu e et Atti Navi statua fu it ante curiam— basis

e ius conflagravi t curia incensa P . Glodu funere

1sicu t et odd . vett . : au t Eugén ie Sellers .

For purposes wh ich were not religious . For a dedicationof a s ix-horsed chariot in 1 89 B .C . , of. Livy , XXXVI I I . 35, 4 .

For t he su rv iv ing inscription of t he Columna Rostra ta see

Rema ins of Old La tin, IV, pp . 1 28—131 .

Famous augu r under King T arqu inius Priscu s (tradit ional da tes 6 1 6—579

BOOK XXX IV . X . 1 9—xi . 2 1

winners wi th two-horse or four—horse chariots ;and this is the origin of our chariot-groups inhonour of those who have cel ebra ted a triumpha lprocession . Bu t this belongs to a late date , and

among those monum ents it was not till the timeof his late lamented Maj esty Augustus tha tchariots wi th six horses occurred ,

“and likewi s e

elephants .

X I . The custom of erecting memorial chariots Romanwith two horses in the case of those who held theoffice of praet er and h ad ridden round the Circus in a

chariot is not an old one ; that of statues on pillarsis of earli er date , for instance the sta tue of honourof Ga ius Ma eniu s who h ad vanqu ished the O ld 338

Latins to whom the Roman nation gave by treatya thi rd part of the booty won from them . It was inthe same consulship that the nation , a fter defeatingthe people of Ant ium ,

h ad fixed on the platform thebeaked prows of ships taken in the victory over thepeople of Ant ium , in the 41 6th year of the city ofRome ; and s imilarly the statue to Ga ius Dui llius ,

who was the first to obtain a naval triumph over the 260Carthagini ans— this statue still stands in the forumand likewi s e that in honou r of the pra efect of ma rketsLucius Minuciu s outside the Triplets Gate , defrayed 439

by a tax of one-twelfth of an a s per head . I ra thert hink this was the first tim e that an honour of thi sn ature came from the whole people ; previously ith ad been bestowed by the senate : it would be av ery di stingui shed honour h ad it not originated onsuch unimportant occasions . In fact also the statueofAt tus Naviu s stood in front of the senate-hou s ewhen the senate-hou s e was set on fire a t the funera lof Publiu s Clodius the ba s e of the statue was burnt 52

FLINY NAT URAL HISTORY

fuit et Hermodor i Eph esu in com it io , legum , quas

decemviri scr ibebant , int erpret is , publice dicata .

alia causa , a l ia auctoritas M . Horati Coclit is st a tuae

quae dura t hodiequ e cum hostes a ponte sublicio

solus arcu isset . equ idem et Sibyllae iuxt a rostra

esse non m iror , tres s int licet : una quam Sextus

Pacu ius Taurus aed . pl . rest itu it l ; duae quas

M . Messa l la . primas pu t arem has et Atti Navi ,

posit a s a eta te T arqu inii Frisei , ni regum anteceden

tium essent in Capitol io , ex i is Romuli et Tatu s ine

tunica , sicut et Camilli in rost ris . et ante aedem

Castorum fuit Q . Marci Tremuli equestris togata ,

qui Samnites bis devicera t capt aqu e Anagnia popu

lum stipendi o liberavera t . inter ant iqu issimas sunt

et Tulli C loeli , L . Rosci , Sp. Nauti ,2 C . Pulcini in

rost ris , a Fidena t ibus in lega t ione int erfectorum .

hoc a re p . tribu i soleba t iniuria caesis , sicut al iis et

P . Iunio , Ti . Coruncanio , qui ab Teuta I llyriorum

regina int erfect i erant . non omit t endum videtur ,

quod annales adnot avere , t ripedaneas ii s statuas in1 V. l . inst itu it .

2nau t ii B : Antu Caesa rias coll . Liv. IV. 1 7 .

I .e. Castor and Pollux Suetoniu s records (Di v. I u l ., 10)that it wa s dedicated to both , bu t u sually spoken of as theT emple of Castor.1 44


foro st a tu t as ; haec videlicet mensura honoratat une erat . non pra et er ibo et Cn . Oct avium obunum SC .

1 verbum . hic regem Ant iochum dat urum

s e responsum dicent em virga , quam t eneba t forte ,circumscripsi t priu squ e , quam egrederetu r circulo illo ,responsum dare coegit . in qu a lega t ione interfectosenatus st a tu am poni iussit quam ocu lat issimo loco ,eaqu e est in rost ris . invenit u r statua decreta etT araciae G a ia e sive Fu fet iae virgini Vesta li , ut

ponere tu r ubi vellet , quod adiect um non minushonoris habet quam feminae esse decretam . meritum eius ipsis ponam annalium verbis : quod campum T iber inum gra t ifica t a esset ea populo .

XI I . Invenio et Pyth agorae et Alcibiadi incornibus com it ii posit a s , cum bello Samni t i ApolloPythius iu ssisset fortissimo Graiae gentis et alterisapientissimo simulacra celebri loco dicari . eae

st et ere , donec Sull a di ctator ibi curiam faceret .

mirumqu e est , i llos patres Socra t i cunct is ab eodem

deo sapienti a praelat o Pyth agoran praetu lisse auttot a l i is virtute Alcibiaden et qu emqu am utroque

2

T h em istocli .

1se B, cd . Leid . Voss . scil icet rell .

2u t raque con i . Mayhofi.

T his is a mistake . T his act was performed by G. P0pillius

Laonas wh en Antiochu s IV was on hi s 4th campa ign againstEgypt

In fa ct on an embassy to Syria connected with troubleson t he a ccession of Antiochu s V (not IV) .

Ocu la t iss imus is t he s ingle word’

t o wh ich Pliny alludesabove , meaning

‘

most v isible t o the eye .

’

I t was in fa ct an enl argement of th e origina l Senat eh ou se .

T he Athenian chicfiy responsible for Athens’

sea-powerand the defea t ofXerxes by sea a t Sa lamis in 480 B .C .

1 46

BOOK XXXIV . XI . 2 4—x1 1 . 26

erected in the forum , were three feet in height ,showing that this was the sca l e of these ma rks ofhonou r in those days . I will not pa ss over the ca seof Gna eus Octavius also , becau s e of a single wordtha t occu rs in a Decre e of the Senate . When KingAntiochus IV sa id he intended to answer him ,

Octavius wi th the stick he happened to be holdingin his hand drew a line a ll round him and compelledhim to give his answer before he stepped out of the 1 68circl e . And a s Octavius was ki ll ed while on this 1 62emba ssy} th e s enate ordered a statue to be e rectedto him ‘ in the spot most eyed and that statuestands on the Platform . We a lso find that a decreewas pa ssed to erect a statue to a Vesta l Virgin namedT aracia Gaia or Fufet ia to be placed where shewi shed ,

’ an addi tion that is as great a compliment asthe fact that a statue was decreed in honour ofa woman .

For the Vestal ’s services I will quote the actual wordsof the Annals : because she h ad made a gratui touspresent to the nation of the field by the Tiber .

’

X I I . I also find that statues were erected to Greek:Pythagoras and to Alcibiades , in the corners of the

““me“

Place of Assembly , when dur ing one of our SamniteW

'

ars Pythian Apollo h ad commanded the erection 343

in some conspicuous position of an effigy of thebravest man of the Greek race , and l ikewise , oneof the wisest man ; these rema ined until Sull a thedi ctator made d the Senate-house on the site . It 80is surprising that those illu strious s enators of ou rsrated Pythagoras above Socrates , whom the samedeity h ad put above all the rest of mankind in respectof wisdom , or rated Alcibiades above so many othermen in manly virtue , or anybody above Themistocles 6

for wi sdom and manly virtue combined .

7


Columnarum ratio era t attoll i super cet eros morta les , quod et arcus significant novicio invento .

primus tamen bonos coepit a G ra ecis , nu lliqu e

arb it ror plures sta tuas dica t as quam Ph alereo

Demetrio Athenis , siqu idem CCCLX s t a tu ere , nondumanno hnno num erum di erum excedente , qua s mox

laceravere . st a tu erunt et Romae in omnibus vicistribus Mario G ra t idiano , ut diximu s , easdemque

subvert ere Su llae int roitu .

XI I I . Pedestres s ine dubio Romae fuere inauctoritate longo tempore ; et equ est rium tamenorigo perqu am vetus est , cum fem inis etiam honorecommun ica t o Cloeliae sta tua equestri , ceu parumesset toga e am cingi , cum Lu cret iae ac Bruto , quiexpu lerant reges , propter quos Cloel ia inter obsidesfu era t , non decernerent ur . hanc primam cumCoclit is publice di ca t am crediderim— Atto enim acSibylla e T arqu inium ,

ac reges sibi ipsos posu isseveris imile est nisi Cloeliae quoque Piso t raderetab i i s posit am ,

qui una opsides fuissent , reddit is aPorsina 1 in honorem eius . e d iverso Anniu s Fetialis

1porsina B

l: porsena od. Pa r . 680 1 porsenna rell .

An Attic orator and statesman who lived 0 . 345—282 B .C . ,

and was exil ed in 307 B.C . after a ten years ’ tyranny.

T he last king ofRome, T arqu inius Superbus , was supportedaga inst hi s repu bl ican enemies a t Rome by La rs Porsena , the

T uscan king of Clusium, who invaded Rome and seized the

Capitol , bu t wi thdrew after receiving twenty hostages .

Am ong them was a ma iden Cloelia , who escaped , swam a crossthe T iber and rea ched Rome . She was sent ba ck t o Porsena ,bu t he was so stru ck with her ga l lantry that he set her freeand a llowed her t o take ba ck with her some of the otherhostages . T he rape ofLu cretia by Sextus T arquinius led to1 48


equ est rem , quae fu erit contra I ovis St a t oris aedem

in vestibulo Superbi domus , Valer iae fuisse , Publicolae consu l is filiae , e amque solam refugisse T iberimque t ransna t avisse ceteris opsidibu s , qui

1 Porsinae 2

m it t ebant ur , int erempt is T arqu inii insidns .

XIV . L . Piso prodidit M . Aem ilio C . Popilio

iterum cos . a censoribu s P . Cornelio Scipione M .

Popilio statua s circa forum eorum ,qui m agist ra t um

gesserant , subla t as omnes praeter eas , qua e popu liaut senatus sententia st a t u t ae essent , eam veroquam apud aedem T e llu ris st a t u isse t s ib i Sp. Cassius ,qui regnum adfect avera t , etiam confla t am a censoribus . nimirum in e a quoque re ambit ionem provide

'

31 bant ill i viri . exst ant Ca t onis in censura vociferat iones mu lier ibu s sta tua s Romanis 3 in provincns

poni ; nec tamen pot u it inh ibere , quo minus Roma equoque ponerent ur , s icu t i Corneliae G racchorum

matri,quae fuit Africani prioris fil ia . sedens huic

posita soleisqu e s ine amm ent o insignis in Met elli

publica por t icu ,quae statua nunc est in Oct aviae

operibu s .

‘

32 XV . Publice autem ab ext eris posita est RomaeC . Aelio tr . pl . l ege perl ata in Sth ennium St allium

1 V. l . quae .

2

porsinae Bl: porsennae .

3statua s romanis B romams statuas rel l . (r . m p . statuas

cd. Pa r .

Public bu ildings in Rome erec ted by Augu s tu s on the

site of Metel lu s ’ colonnade built in 1 46 B .C . and named afterh is sister O ct avia . T he basis of Cornelia ’

s statue su rvives .

1 50

BOOK XXXIV . X I I I . 2 9—XV . 32

stood opposite the temple of Jupiter Stator in theforecourt of T arqu inius Superbu s

’

s pa lace was thestatue of Valeria

,daughter of Publicola , the consul ,

and that she a lone h ad escaped and h ad swumacross the Tiber , the other hostages who were beingsent to Porsena having been made away wi th by astratagem of Tarquin .

X IV . Luciu s Piso h as recorded that , in theconsulship of Marcus Aem ilius and the second of 1 58Gaius Popilius , the censors Publ ius Cornelius Scipioand Marcus Popilius cau s ed all the statues round theforum ofmen who had held office as magistrat es to beremoved excepting those that h ad been set up by aresolu t ion of the people or the Senate , whil e thestatu e whi ch Spuriu s Ca ssius , who h ad aspired to 485monarchy , h ad erected in his own honour before thetemple of the Earth was actua lly melted down bycensors : obviously the men of those days tookprecautions aga inst ambition in the matter of statu esalso . Some decl amatory utterances made by Catoduring hi s censorship are extant protesting again stthe erection in the Roman provinces of statues towomen ; yet all the same he was powerless to preventthis being done at Rome also : for instance there i sth e statue of Cornelia the mother of the Gracchiand daughter of the elder Scipio Africanus . Thisrepresents her in a sitting position and i s remarkablebecause there are no straps to the shoes ; it stoodin the public colonnade of Metellu s , but is now inOctavia

’

s Buildi ngs .“

XV . The first statue publi cly erected at Rome byfore igners was that in honour of the tribune of thepeople Ga iu s Aelius , for having introduced a lawagainst Sth enniu s St alliu s the Lu canian who h ad

I 5I

1 84


Lucanum , qui T hurinos bis infest avera t . ob id

Aelium T hurini statua et corona aure a donarunt .

iidem poste a Fabricium donavere statua liberatiobsidione , passimque gentes 1 in cli entelas ita 2

recept ae , et adeo discrim en omne subla tum , utHannibali s etiam st at u ae tribus locis visant ur in ea

urbe , cuius intra muros solus hostium em isit bastam .

XVI . Fuiss e au tem st a t uariam artem familiaremIta liae quoque et vet u st am , ind icant Hercules abEnandro sacra t u s , ut produnt , in foro boario , qu it riumph a lis voca t ur a tque per t r iumphos vestiturhabitu t r iumph a li , praet erea Ianus gem inus a Numa

rege dicat u s , qui pacis belliqu e argumento colitu r

digit is it a figu ra t is , ut CCCLV3 d ierum nota 4 et aevi

esse deum indicent .5 signa qu oque Tuscanica perterras di spersa quin 6 in Etruria fact itat a sint , 7 nonest dubium . deorum tantum pu t arem ea fuisse , niMe t rodoru s Scepsiu s , cui cognomen a Romaninominis odi o indit um est , propter MM st at uarum

Volsinios expugna t os obiceret . m irumqu e mihi

1gentes add . : clientes Gelen : statuae edd . vet i .

2 V. l . cl ientela sua : sunt add . vet i .3CCCLV edd . veti . cccr.xv .

nota au t per significa t ionem ann i temporis add . : seclud.

au t temporis Mayhofi.

5 indicent B indicet rell . indicaret add. veti .

qu in Detlefsen : quae qu in Url ichs : quae .

7sint B : om. rell .

When he came up t o the wa lls ofRome in 21 1 B .C . withoutatta cking the city .

Presumably th ree fingers of one hand made I I I , the firstfinger and thumb of that hand V

,and t he firs t finger and

second finger of the other hand V, the thumb and the th irdand little finger of tha t hand being bent and not counting.

T heMSS. have 365 (wh ich number was not va lid until Caesar ’s1 52

FLINY NATURAL HISTORY

videtur , cum st a tuarum origo tam vetus I ta lia e

sit,l ignea pot iu s aut fict ilia deorum simulacra in

delubris dicata usque ad devict am Asiam , unde

luxuria .

Sim ilitudines exprimendi qua e prima fuerit origo ,in ea

,qu am plast icen G raeci vocant , dici convenient ius

erit ; e t enim prior quam statua ria fuit . sed haec ad

infin itum effloru it , multorum volum inum opere , si

quis plura persequ i velit ; omnia enim quis possit?

(XVI I . ) M . Scauri a edilit a t e signorum MMM in scaena

tantum fuere tempora rio t hea t ro . Mumm iu s Acha i a

devict a replevit urbem , non relictu rus fili ae dotem ;cur enim non cum excu sa t ione pona t u r

? multa et

Lu cu lli invexere . Rhodi e t iamnum I I I1

signorum

esse Mucianus ter cos . prodidi t , nec pauciora Ath eni s ,O lympiae , Delphis superesse creduntur . quis ista

mort a lium persequ i possit aut quis usus noscendi

int ellega t ur ? ins ignia maxime et a liqu a de causa

nota ta volupt a rium sit a t t igisse art ificesqu e cele

bra tos nom inav isse , singu lorum quoque inexplicabili

multitud ine , cum Lysippus MD opera fecisse proda t ur

t ant ae omnia a rtis , ut clarit a t em possent da re vel

s ingul a : numerum apparu isse defuncto eo , cum

1 I I I Mayhojff : tria milia cd. Pa r . 680 1 LXXI I I au t LXXI I Irell .

See p… 1 1 0 , notes .

L . Liciniu s Lu cullu s , consul 74 D.C . , and h is brother Mconsu l 73 B.C .

BOOK XXXIV . XV I . 34—XV I I . 37

a lthough the initiation of statuary in Ita ly datesso far back , the images of the gods dedicated in theshrines should have been more usua lly of wood orterracotta right down to the conquest of Asia ,

a whichintroduced luxury here .

What was the first origin of representing likenesses Popular ityin the round wi ll be more sui tan discuss ed when of

bronze

we are dea l ing with the art for which the Gre ek statua ry.

term is plast ic è pla stic, as that was earlier than É ÎXV' 1 0 1

the art of bronz e statua ry . But the latter h asflourished to an extent pa ssing a ll limi t and offers asubj ect that would occupy many volumes if onewanted to give a rather extensive account of itfor as for a completely exhaustive account , whocould achieve that ? (XVI I .) In the aedil eship of 58Marcu s Scaurus there were 3000 statues on the stagein what wa s only a t empora ry theatre . Mummi us

after conquering Acha ia filled the city with statues , 1 46though destined not to leave enough at h is dea th toprovide a dowry for his daughter— for why notmention this as well as the fact that excuses it ? Agreat many were a lso imported by the Luculli fi

Yet it is stated by Mu cianus who was three times 52, 70 .

consul that the re are still 3000 statues a t Rhodes ,75 °

and no sma ller number are bel ieved sti ll to exist a tAthens , Olympia and Delphi . What mortal m an

could recapitulat e them a ll , or what value can befelt in su ch information ? Still it m ay give pleasurej u st to a llude to the most remarkable and to namethe a rtists of celebrity , though it would be impossibleto enumerate the tota l number of the works of each , Lys,

-pp…

ina smuch a s Lysippus is sa id to have executed 1 500rar ! of

works of art , a ll of them so skilful that each of them 4th century

by itself might have made him famous ; the number

I SS


thesau rum effregisset heres ; solitum enim ex mani

pret io cu iu squ e s igni denarios seponere aureos

s ingu los .

Evect a supra hum anam fidem ars est successu ,

mox e t audacia . in a rgumentum successu s unumexemplum adferam , nec deorum hominumve similitudinis expressae . aetas nostra vidit in Capitolio ,

pr iu squ am id noviss ime conflagraret a Vit ellianisincensum , in cell a Iunonis canem ex a ere volnu s

suum lambent em , cuius exim ium miraculum etindi screta veri simil itudo non eo solum int ellegitur ,

quod ibi di ca ta fu era t , verum et sa t isda t ione ; nam

qu on iam summa null a par videba tur , capite t u t elar ioseavere pro e a inst itu tum publice fuit . (XVI I I .)audaciae innumera sunt exempla . moles quippeexcogit at as videmu s st atuarum , quas colossaeas

vocant , tu rribus pares . tal is est in Capitolio Apollo ,t ra la tu s a M . Lucullo ex Apolloni a Ponti urbe , XXXcubitorum , D

1 t alent is factus ; ta l is in campo MartioIuppiter

,a2 Claudio Ca esare di cat us , qui devoratur

Pompeiani th ea t r i vicinit a t e ; ta l is et T arent i

factus a Lysippo , XI. cubitorum . m irum in eo quodmanu , ut ferunt , mobilis e a ratio libramenti est , utnu llis convellat ur procelli s . id quidem providi sse

et artifex dicitur modico intervallo , unde maxime

1 D odd . L Overbeclc : CL a ld . vet i . (recte2a B, a i ; Pa r . 680 1 aulo rell . : a d ivo Gronov.

No dou bt a m a 7 7jp.

T hi s figu re seems t oo large .

Lit . is swa llowed up by .

’


fla t um opu s e rat frangi , opposita columna . it aqu e

magnitudinem propter difficu lt a t emqu e moli endi 1

non a t t igit eum Fabius Verrucosus , cum Hercu lem ,

qui est in Capitol io , inde t ransferret . ante omnesautem in adm ira t ione fuit Solis colossus Rhodi ,quem fecera t Chares Lindiu s , Lys ippi supra di cti

d iscipulus . LXX cubitorum a l t it udinis fuit hoc s imulacrum

,post LXVI 2 annum terrae motu prostratum ,

sed iacens quoque miraculo est . pauci pollicem eiusamplectunt u r , maiores sunt digiti quam pleraequ e

st at u ae . va sti specus hiant defract is membris ;spect antur intus magnae molis saxa , quorum ponderest abilivera t eum const itu ens . duodecim armi s t ra

dunt effectum CCC t a lent is , quae cont igerant exappara t u regis Demet rii relict o mora e t a edio

obsessa 3 Rhodo . sunt al i i centum numero in eademurbe colossi minores hoc , sed ubicumqu e singu l i

fuiss ent , nobilit a t uri locum , praet erqu e bos deorumquinque

,qu os fecit Bryaxis .

Fact it avit colossos e t I ta li a . videmu s certe T u scanicum Apollinem in bibl iotheca templi Augusti

qu inquagint a pedum a poll ice , dubium aere mirab iliorem an pu lchritudine . fecit et Sp. Carvilius

Iovem , qui est in Capitolio , victis Samnit ibu s sacrata

1 movend i B2.

LXVI B l: LVI .

obsessa B obesse a rell . (obsesso cd . obsessaeS i ll ig : del . add . veti . ( i tem rhodo) .

Deme t rius Po liorcetes . Cf. 34 .

BOOK XXX IV . v 1 1 . 40—43

it to shelter it on the side where it was most necessaryto break the force of the wind . Accordingly ,becau se of its size , and the difficulty of moving itwith great labour , Fabius Verrucosu s l eft it a lonewhen he transferred the Heracl es from that place 209to the Capitol where it now stands . But ca lling foradmiration before a ll others was the colossa l Sta tueof the Sun a t Rhodes made by Chares of Lindus , Comsal

the pupil of Lysippu s mentioned above . This %Ì‘

o

z

fdîagtsta tue was 105 ft . high ; and , 66 yea rs a fter itserection , was overthrown by an ea rthquake , but c. 226

even lying on. th e ground it is a ma rvel . Fewpeople can make their a rms meet round the thumbof the figure , and the fingers are la rger than moststatues ; and where the limbs have been broken off

enormous cavities yawn , while ins ide are s een greatma sses of rock with the weight of which the a rtiststeadi ed it when he erected it . It i s recorded tha tit took twelve yea rs to complete and cost 300 ta l ents ,money rea l iz ed from the engines of war belonging toKing Dem e t rius a which he h ad abandoned when hegot tired of the protracted siege of Rhodes . There 3054 3 0 .

are a hundred other colossal statues in the same city,which though smaller than th i s one wou ld have eachof them brought fame to any place where it mighthave stood a lone ; and besides these there werefive colossal statues of gods , made by Bryaxis .

Italy also was fond of making colossa l sta tues . Other

At all events we see the T u scanic”Apollo in the ÉÎÀÎZÉÌ‘library of the Temple of Augustus , 50 ft . in heightmea suring from t h e toe and it is a question whetherit is more remarkable for the qua lity of the bronzeor for the beauty of th e work . Spu riu s Carvi liusalso made the Jupiter tha t stands in the Capitol ,

I S9


lege pugnant ibu s e pectoralibus eorum ocre isque etga le is . amplitudo tanta est , ut conspicia t u r a

La t iari l ove . e reliqu iis lima e suam st a tu am

44 fecit , quae est ante pedes s imulacri e ius . habent ineodem Capitolio adm ira t ionem et capita duo ,

qu aeP . Lentulus cos . dicavit , a lterum a Ch are t e suprad icto factum ,

a lterum fecit di cus 1 comparatione in tantum victus , ut ar t ificum 2 min ime pro

45 babil is videatur . verum omnem amplitudinem stat u a rum eius generis vicit a etate nostra Z enodoru sMercurio facto in civitate G a llia e Arvernis pe rannos decem , H S |c

—oca

3 m anipret ii , postquam satisartem ibi adprobavera t , Romam accitu s a Nerone ,ubi dest ina tnm illiu s principis simulacro

4colossum

fecit ov 1 s5 pedum in 6 longitudinem , qui dica t us

Soli 7 venera t ioni est damna t is sceleribu s ill ins46 pr incipis . m irabamur in officina non modo ex

a rgilla s im ilitudi nem insignem ,verum et de parvis

admodum surcu lis 8 quod primum operis instauratifuit . e a statua indicavit int erisse fundendi aer is

scient iam , cum et Nero largiri aurum argent umqu e

pa ratus esset et Z enodorus scientia fingendi ca e

47 landiqu e nulli vet erum postponeretur . st atu am Ar

Prodicus coni . Si llig : Py thodicu s Urlichs coll . 85 .

2 V. l . a rt ificium .

3

locco] I an : coco.

simu la cro B : simu la crum rell .5ovrs Detlefsen CXIX I an : cx1xs Urlichs : cu i

nonaginta CVIXC ) B cu i X au t a lia rell .6 in add. Mayh0ff.7soli B : solis rell .

8su bl icis coni . Wa rmington .

On the Alban Mount , ten miles from Rome .

Onl y the last five letters of t he name su rvive in MSS.

Another conjectured restoration is Py thodicus , of. 5 85 .

1 60


vernorum cum facere t provincia e Dubio 1 Avito

praes ident e , duo pocu la Ca lam idis manu caela t a ,

qua e Ca ssio Sa lano avuncu lo e ius , praeceptori suo ,Germanicus Ca esa r adamata donavera t , a emu latu s

est,u t vix ulla differentia esset artis . quanto ma ior

Z enodoro praest ant ia fuit , tanto magis depreh endi t u ra er is oblit era t io .

48 Signi s , qua e vocant Corinthia , pleriqu e in tantumcapiuntu r , ut secum circumferant , sicut Hortensiusorator sph ingem Verri reo ab la t am , propter quamCicero il lo iudicio in a lt ercat ione neganti ei , a enigma ta s e int e llegere , respondit debere , quoniamsph ingem domi haberet . circum t u lit et Nero princeps Amazonem , de qu a dicemus , et paulo ante C .

Cest iu s consu laris 2 s ignum ,

3 quod s ecum etiam in

proelio habuit . Alexandri quoque Magni tabernacu lum sust inere t radunt u r solit a e st a t uae , exquibus duae ante Martis U ltoris a edem dicat ae sunt ,totidem ante regiam .

49 XIX . Min'

oribu s simu lacris sign isqu e innumera

prope ar t ificum mu lt itudo nobilitata est , ante omnestamen Phidias Ath eniensis l ove Olympio 4 facto exebore qu idem et auro sed et ex a ere signa feci t .

Vibio cd . Pa r . 680 1 Bunio J . Klein .

2consu laris Laris Fro' hner .

3sphingem con i . Mayhoff seclud. Urlichs .

O lympio B : Olympiae rell .

T he reference is probably t o statuettes, not meda llions or

signet rings or brooches .

Appa rently Pliny has made a mistake , becau se Alexander ’samyw

‘

7 wa s t he canopy (supported by four golden statues of

Vict ory ) of t he cha riot wh ich carried Alexander ’s dead bodyto Alexandria .

In t he forum of Augu stu s a t Rome .

Nea r t he t emple ofVesta .

BOOK XXX IV . XV I I I . 47—XIX. 49

was making the statue for the Arverni , when thegovernor of th e province was Dubius Avitu s , heproduced facsimiles of two cha sed cups , the handiworkof Ca lam is , which Germanicu s Ca esar had prizedhighly and h ad presented to his tutor Ca ssius Sa lanu s ,Avit u s

’

s uncl e ; the copies were so skilfully made thatthere was sca rcely any difference in a rtistry betweenthem and the origina ls . The greater was the emi

nemce of Z enodorus , t h e more we rea l iz e how theart of working bronze h as deteriorated .

Owners of the figu rines ca lled Corinthian are Figurines .

usua lly so enamoured of them that they carry themabou t with them ; for instance the orator Hortensiu swas never parted from the sphinx which he h ad gotout of Verre s when on tria l ; this expla ins Cicero

’s 70retort when Hortensius in the cours e of an altercationa t the trial in qu estion sa id he was not good a t

riddl es . You ought to be ,’ said Cicero , as you keep

a sphinx in your pocket . ’ The emperor Nero also Al ì-544 58 .

used to carry about with him an Amazon which wesha ll describe later , and a li ttl e befo re Nero , the 5 82°

ex-consul Ga ius Cest iu s used to go about withfigurine , wh ich he h ad wi th him even on the battlefield . It is a ls o sa id tha t the tent of Alexanderthe Grea t was regularly e rected with four statu esas tent-poles , two of which have now been dedi ca tedto stand in front of th e temple of Mars the Avengerand two in front of the Roya l Pa lace .

d

X IX . An a lmost innumerable multitude of artists Sma l ltathave been rendered famous by statu es and figures

of sma l ler size but before them a ll stands the f£îî’fl rmAtheni an Ph eidias , celebra ted for the statue of Born c. 500

Olympian Zeus , which In fact was made of Ivory and Î”(450 3 0 .

gold , although he a lso made figures of bronze . He

1 63


fl oruit au tem olympiade LXXX I I I , circiter CCC urbisnost ra e annum ,

1 quo eodem tempore a emu li eiusfuere Alcamenes , Crit ias , Nesiot es , Hegias , et deindeolympiade LXXXV I I Hagelades , Ca llon , Gorgia s Laconru rsu s LXXXX Polycli tus , Ph radmon , Myron , Pyth a

50 gora s , Scopas , Pere llus .

2 ex iis Polycli tus discipu loshabuit Argium ,

Asopodorum , Alexim , Arist idem ,

Phrynonem , Dinonem ,

3 Ath enodorum , Demean Clit orium , Myron Lycium . LXXXXV olympiade floru ereNaucydes , Dinomenes , Canachu s , Patroclus ; C I I

Polycles , Ceph isodotu s , Leoch ares ,4 Hypa todorus ;

5

CI I I I Praxiteles , Euphranor ; CVI I Aet ion , Theri5 1 machu s . CXI I I Lysippu s fuit , cum et Alexander

”

Magnus , item Lysist ra tu s fra ter eius , Sth ennis .

6

Euphron , Sofocles ," Sost ra tu s , Ion , Silanion— in hoc

mirabile quod nullo doctore nobili s fuit ; ipse d iscipulum habuit Z euxiaden CXX I Eu tych ides , Eu thycra tes , La ippu s ,8 Ceph isodotus ,

9 T imarchu s , Pyro52 m achu s .

1 0 cessavit deinde ars ac rursu s olympiadeCLV I revixit , cum fuere longe quidem infra praedict os

1 V.l . anno.

2 Perel lu s B : Pereliu s rell . Perileu s T hiersch .

3om . B .

4 Leochares Hermola u s Ba rba ru s: (cf. 5 leu chares Bleu ihares au t sim . rell .

5 Epa todoru s Hermolaus Barba rus .

Sthennis Hermolaus Barba rus : t henis .

Euphron, Sofocles Loewy : E . , Eu cles I an : euph ron

fa cies B : euphronicles au t -ides rell .8 Dahippu s Ha rdou in.

Cephi sodoru s Gelen .

1 ° Phyromachus Kei l .

More exa ctly t he 306th to t he 309th yea r of t he city of

Rome 448—4 45 B .C .

In merit . For Cr it ias t he Ma rmor Pa rium has Crit ios .


proba t i tamen , Antaeus ,1 Callistra tus , Polycles

Athenaeus, Ca llixenu s , Pythocles , Pythias , T imocles .

I t a dist inct is celeberrimorum a et at ibu s insignesrapt im t ranscurram ,

reliqu a multitudine passimdi spersa . venere autem et in certamen laudat issimi ,quamquam divers is aet at ibu s geniti , quoniam fecerantAma zonas , quae cum in templo Dianae Eph esiaedicarentur , placu it eligi proba t issim am ipsorum

ar t ificum , qui praesent es erant , iud icio , cum 2

apparu it eam esse , quam omnes secundam a suaquisque iudicassent . ha ec est Polyclit i , proxima

ab ea Ph idiae , tertia Cresilae ,3 quarta Cydonis ,

quinta Phradmonis .

Phidia s pra eter Ievem Olympium , quem nemoaem u lat ur , fecit ex ebore auroqu e

“ MinervamAth enis , qua e est in Par thenone stans , ex a ere veropra eter Amazonem supra dict am Minervam tamex im iae pu lch rit udinis , ut formae cognomen acceperit .

fecit et cliduchum et a l iam Minervam , quam RomaePaulus Aem iliu s ad a edem Fort unae Hu iusce Dici

dicav it , item duo signa , qua e Ca tu lus in eadem e ede ,pa ll iata et alterum colossicon nudum , primu sque

a rtem t oreu t icen aperu isse atque demonstrassemerito iudica t ur .

1 Antheus edd . veti .2 t um 0 . Jahn .

3clesilae B : Ctesilae Gelen : Ctesila i Hardm u

'

n .

auroque con i . Mayh0fl : aeque .

Some blunder h as produ ced a new a rtist ou t of the name

Cydonia , Cresilas’

s birthpla ce .

Perhaps Ca llimorphos , fa ir of form .

’

A priestess probably, bu t possibly Persephone .

BOOK XXX IV . XIX. 52-54

nevertheless artists of repute : Anta eus , Ca llistra tus ,Polycles of Athens , Ca llixenus , Pythocles , Pythiasand T imocles .

After thus defining the periods of the most famousartists , I will hastily run through those of outstanding d istinction , throwing in the rest of thethrong here and there under various heads . Themost celebrated have a lso come into competiti onwith each other , a lthough born at different periods ,because they h ad made sta tues of Amazons ; whenthes e were dedi cated in the Temple of Artemis ofEphesus , it was agreed tha t the best one should beselected by the vote of the a rtis ts themselves whowere present and it then became evident that thebest was the one which all the artists j udged to bethe next best after their own : this is the Ama zonby Polycleitus , whil e next to it came that of Ph eidi as ,thi rd Cresilas ’

s , fourth Cydon’

s and fifth Phradmon’

s .

Ph eidi as , besides the Olympian Zeus , which Pheid ias ,

nobody h as ever riva l led , executed in ivory and gold 5 4 9°

the sta tue of Athene tha t stands erect in thePa rthenon at Athens , and in bronze , b esides theAmazon mentioned above , an Athene of such ex

qu isit e beauty tha t it h as been surnamed the Fa ir .

b

He a lso made the Lady 0 with the Keys , and anotherAthene which Aem ilius Paulus dedi ca ted in Rome 1 6 7a t the temple of Today ’s Fortune , and likewis e awork consisting of two sta tues wearing cloaks whichCa tu lu s erected in the same temple , and another 1 01 8—0work , a colossa l sta tue undraped ; and Ph e idias is

deservedly deemed to have first revea l ed the capabilit ies and indi cated the methods of st a t u ary fl

H ere perhaps a ll statua ry a s contrasted with pa inting ; orelse a ll meta l—work only.


Polycli tus Sicyonius , Hageladae di scipulus , diadumenum fecit molliter iuvenem , centum t a lent is

nob ilit a t um , idem et doryphorum vir ili t er pu erum .

fecit et 1 quem canona ar t ifices vocant liniament a

a rtis ex eo pet ent es velu t i a lege qu adam , solusque

hominum artem ipsam fecisse a rtis opere iudi ca t ur .

fecit et dest r ingent em s e et nudum t elo 2 incessent emduosqu e pu eros item nudos , ta li s ludent es , quivocant ur ast raga lizont es et sunt in Titi imperatorisatrio— quo 3 opere nullum absolu t iu s plerique iudi

cant — item Mercur ium qui fu it Lysim ach ea e ,Hercu lem , qui Roma e , haget era

4a rma sument em ,

Art emona , qui periphoretos appellatus est . hicconsummasse hanc scient iam iudicat ur et t oreu t icensic erudi sse , ut Phidias aperu isse . proprium eiusest , uno crure ut insist erent signa , excogit a .: se ,

qu adrata tamen esse e a ait Va rro et paene ad

exemplum .

Myronem El eutheris natum ,Hageladae et ipsum

discipu lum , bucul a maxime nobilit avit celebra t is

1 del . et Uf licks puncto post puerum subla to .

2 telo Bennd orf ta lo .

2quo cd . Par . 680 1 : hoc I an : duo. hoc B : om. rell .haget era B aget era rell . a lexet era Hardou in Anteum

e terra (om . a rma ) ed. vett .

Of Argos , says Plato (Protag. Bu t hi s famil ymoved t o Sicyon . He cannot however have been a pupil ofHagelades Copies of Polycleitu s ’ Diadumenos and of

h is Doryphoros are extant . Pliny confuses the great Polycleitu s with P . t he younger , likewi se of Argos, who lived inthe 4 th centu ry B .C .

We know however that th is model statue or standa rdwas t he Doryphoros j u st mentioned .

Or , in a single work embodied the principles of hi s art .

’

P . wrote a treatise on art , ca lled it Kavc6v, then made his

1 68


versibu s lauda t a , qu ando a lieno pleriqu e ingeniomagis qu am suo commendant ur . fecit et Ladam 1

et discobolon et Perseum et prist as2 et Sa tyrum

adm irant em tibias et Minervam , Delph icos pentathlos , pancra t iast a s , Hercu lem , qui est apud circummaximum in a ede Pompei Magni . fecisse etcicada e monument um ac locustae carm inibu s suisErinna s ignifica t . fecit et Apollinem , qu em ab

trium viro Antonio subla tum rest itu it Eph esiis di vusAugustus admonitu s in quiete . primus hic multiplica sse ver it a t em videtur , numerosior in arte quamPolyclitu s et in 3 symmet ria di ligent ior , et ipse tamencorporum tenus cu riosu s an imi sensus non expressisse ,

capillum qu oqu e et pubem non em enda t iu s fecisse ,

quam rudis ant iqu it as inst it u isset .

Vicit eum Pythagora s Reginu s ex Ita lia pancra t iast eDelphis posito ; eodem vicit et Leont iscum . fecitet s t adiodromon Astylon , qu i O lympia e ost endit ur ,

e t Libyn4pu erum t enent em t abellam 5

eodem loco ,et ma la ferent em nudum , Syracu sis autem claudi

cantem ,cuiu s u lceris dolorem sentire etiam spect ant es

1 Ladam Benndorf canem .

2pyctas Lò

'

schke.

3et in odd . del . et S i ll i

'

g.

Libyn Hennolau s Barba rus : lybin B : lipin au t lympinau t iolpum rell . 5 t abellam B : t abel las rell .

Lada s was a famous runner . Bu t the MSS.

"

give canem .

‘

dog.

’

Copies ofMyron ’

s Di scobolos are extant .

I t is possible th at Pliny wrote the Boxers .

’

Probably a group ofMa rsyas and Athene, of wh ich copiesexist .

Expert s in both boxing and wrest ling.

Thi s absu rd statement is cau sed by a confu sion ofMupa'

w

and a girl l\l vpa'

) (Anih . Pa l . VI I . 1 90— Me makes a tombfor h er pet insect) .

For another interpret ation see E . Ga rdner, Cla ss ica l Review. I l . 69 . Î .con t is c os wa s an a th let e , no t an a rtist .

BOOK XXX IV . XIX. 57—59

known sets of verses— inasmuch as most men owetheir reputation more to someone els e

’

s ta l ent thanto their own . His other works include Ladasand a Discobolos or Man Throwing a Discus , andPerseus

,and The Sawyers ,

band The Satyr Marvelling

a t the Flu te and Ath ene ,c Competitors in the Five

Bouts a t Delphi , the All-round Fighters ," theHeracles now in the house of Pompey the Great a tthe Circu s Maximu s . Erinna in her poemsindicates tha t he even made a memorial sta tue of atree-cricket and a l ocust . He also made an Apollowhich was taken from the peopl e of Ephesus byAntonius the Triumvir bu t restored to them by hislate lamented Maj esty Augustus in obedi ence to a

warning given him in a dream . Myr on is the firstsculptor who appears to have enlarged the scopeof reali sm , being more prolific in his art thanPolycleitus and being more careful in h is proportions ! Y e t he himself so far as surface configura

tion goes attained great fini sh , but he does not seemto have given expression to the feelings of the mind ,and moreover he has not treated the hair and thepubes with any more a ccura cy than h ad beenachieved by the rude work of olden days .Myron was defeated by the Ital ian Pythagora s p ymag0…

of Reggio wi th his All—round Fighter which stands a t ofWW W "

Delphi , with which he also defeated Leont iscus g ;Pythagoras a lso did the runne r Astylos which is onshow a t Olympia ; and

, in the same place , theLibyan

has a boy holding a tablet ; and the nude

Man Holding Apples , while at Syracu s e there is h isLame Man , which actua lly makes people lookinga t it feel a pa in from his ulcer in their own leg

, and

Mnasea s of Cyrene . Pau s . VI . 1 3, 7 ; 1 8 , l .


vident u r , item Apollinem serpent emque eius sagit t isconfigi ,

1cith aroedum , qui Dica eu s appella t us est ,

quod , cum Theba e ab Alexandro caperent u r , auruma fugient e condi tum s inu eius cela t um esset . hicprimus nervos et vena s expressi t capillumqu e

diligent iu s .

Fuit et a l ius Pythagora s Samius , initio pictor , cuiussigna ad a edem Fort una e Hu iusce Diei s eptem nudaet senis unum lauda t a sunt . hic supra d icto faciequoque indi screta simili s fu iss e traditur , Reginiautem di scipulus et filius sororis fu iss e Sost ra t us .

Lysippum Sicyonium Duris nega t u llius fu issediscipu lum , sed primo aera rium fabrum audendi

rationem cepisse pict or is Eupompi responso . eumenim int erroga t um , quem sequ ere t ur ant ecedent ium ,

di xisse monst ra t a hominum mu ltitudine , naturamipsam im it andam esse , non a r t ificem . plurima exomnibus signa fecit , ut di ximu s , fecundissimae artis ,inter qu ae dest ringent em se , quem M . Agrippa anteTherma s suas di cavit , mire gra t um Tiberio principi .non qu ivit temperare s ibi in eo , quamquam imperiosussui inter ini tia principa tu s , t ranst u l itqu e in cubicu lumal io signo substituto , cum quidem tanta pop . R .

1configi I an : configit B confici rell .

Named Cleon, a T heban poet . Ath enae . I . l gb.

I .e . the statue afterwards restored the deposit entrustedto it .

I t is now known tha t he was t he same as P . of Reggio .

Paus . VI . 4 , 3—4 sh ows tha t P . of Reggio was t he sculpt or ofthe statue of Eu thynos ; bu t we have t he basis of th at statu e ,whereon P . signs h imself a s Samian .

’

He mus t thereforehave m igrated t o Reggio.

Apoxyomenos .

’

T he example in t he Vati can is probab lyby a 3rd cent ury a rtis t .


contumacia fuit , ut th ea t r i clamoribu s reponi apoxyo

menon flagit aver it pr1ncepsqu e , quamquam adamatum , reposu erit . nob ilit a t u r Lysippus et t emu lent a

tibicina e t can ibu s ac vena t ione , in primis veroquadr iga cum Sol e Rhodiorum . fecit et AlexandrumMagnum mu ltis operibu s , a pu erit ia eius orsu s ,

quam s t a t uam inau rari iu ssit Nero princeps delect a tu sadmodum ill a ; dein , cum pre t io perisset gratia artis ,det ract um est a u rum , pre t iosiorqu e ta l is exist ima

batur 1 etiam cica t r icibus ope r is a tque concisuris ,

in quibus aurum h aesera t ,2

rem anent ibu s . idemfecit Heph a est ionem , Alexandri Magni am icum ,

quem quidam Polycli to ads cribant , cum is centumprope annis ante fuerit ; item Alexandri vena t ionem ,

quae Delphis sacrata est , Ath enis Sa tyrum , t urmam

Alexandri , in qu a am icorum eiu s imagines summa

omnium similitudine expressit ; hanc MetellusMacedonia subact a t ranst u lit Romam . fecit etquadriga s mu ltorum generum . st a tu ariae arti plurimum traditur cont u lisse , capillum exprim endo

capita minora faciendo quam antiqui , corpora

graciliora siccioraqu e , per quae procerit as signorum

ma ior videretu r . non habet Latinum nomen sym

1 V.I. exist ima tu r .

2 fuera t B haeserat rell .

With the head encircled with rays .

Th is wou ld be righ t , perhaps , if they meant the youngerP . , unknown t o Pliny .

T wenty-five officers wh o fel l in the Battle of the Granicus .

Vel lei . Fatero. , I . 1 1 , 3 .

1 74

BOOK XXXIV . XIX. 62 —65

obstinately opposed to this that they ra is ed an outcry at the theatre , shouting Give us back theApoxyomenos

— Man using a Body-scraper— and

the Emperor , a lthough he h ad fa llen qu ite in lovewith the statue , h ad to restore it . Lysippus is alsofamous for his Tipsy Girl playing the Flute , and hisHounds and Huntsmen in Pursuit of Game , butmost of all for his Chariot with the Sun belonging toRhodes .“ He a lso executed a seri es of statues ofAlexander the Great , beginning with one in 356—323Alexander

’s boyhood . The emperor Nero was so A.D.54-68 .

delighted by this statu e of the young Alexanderthat he ordered it to be gilt ; but this addi tion to itsmoney va lu e so d iminished its art istic a ttractionthat afterwards th e gold was removed , and in thatcondi tion the statue was considered yet more va luable , even though still reta ining scars from thework done on it and incisions in which the gold h adbeen fa stened . The same scu lptor did Alexanderthe Great ’s fri end Heph a est io , a statue which somepeople a scribe to Polycleitus} a lthough his date isabout a hundred years earli er ; and a lso Alexander ’sHunt , dedi cated a t Delphi , a Satyr now a t Athens ,and Alexander

’s Squadron of Horse , in which thesculptor introduced portra its of Alexander ’s friends °

consummate ly li felike in every ca se . After the conquest of Macedonia this wa s removed to Rome by 1 48

Metellus ; he a l so executed Four—hors e Chariots ofvariou s kinds . Lysippu s is sa id to have contributedgreatly to the art of bronz e statuary by representingthe deta ils of the ha i r and by making his headssmaller than the old sculptors u s ed to do , and h is

bodies more Sl ender and firm,to give his statues

the appearance of greater he ight . He scrupulously

1 75


metria , quam diligent iss im e cu stodiit 1 nova intactaque ratione qu adra t as vet erum st a t uras permutando ,vu lgoqu e diceba t ab ill is factos qua les essent homines ,a s e qua les viderent ur esse . propria e hu iu s vident ur

esse argu t iae operum custodita e in minimis qu oquerebus .

66 Filios et di scipu los re liqu it laudatos ar t ifices

La ippum ,

2 Boédan , sed ante omnes Eu thycra t en,

quamqu am is const ant iam pot ius im it a t us patrisqu am e legant iam au stero m a lu it genere qu amiu cundo placere . it aqu e opt ume expressit Hercu lem

Delphis et Alexandrum T h e5piis vena t orem etT h espiadas ,

3proelium equ estre , simulacrum ipsum

T rophoni ad oracu lum , qu adriga s complures , equum‘1

67 cum fiscinis ,5 canes venant ium . hu ius porro di sci

pu lus fu it T isicra t es , et ipse Sicyoniu s , sed Lysippisect a e propior , ut vix di scernant ur complura signa ,

cen senex T h ebanu s et Demetrius rex , Peucest es .

Alexandri Magni serva tor , dignu s tanta gloria .

68 Art ifices , qui composit is volum inibu s condidere

ha ec , miris laudibus celebrant T elephanen Pho

1cu stodi it Mayhofi

”cu stod it au t custodiv it odd .

2 Dahippum Ha rdou i'n .

3e t T h espiadas a l . P a r . La t . 6797 : om . t hespiada s B

om . et cd . Leid. Voss . , cd. Flor . Rico. : et thespiadum cd . Pa r .

680 1 .

4equ item coni . T . B . L . Webster. fiscinis B fuscinis rell .

See note on La ippus in 5 5 1 .

Or h is Hera cles made for Delph i , and h is AlexanderHunting,

and his T hespiades ( these two made for

T h e T hespiades were th e Mu scs .

All MSS. except one give fa scinis, with T wo—prongedSpears .

’

1 76


caeum , ignotum alia s , quoniam 1 T hessa liae 2

hab it averit et ibi opera eius la t u erint ; a lioqu i

suffragiis ipsorum a equ a t ur Polyclit o , My roni Pytha

gora e . laudant eius Lar isam et Spinth a rum pentathlum et Apollinem . a lii non hanc ignob ili t a t is

fu iss e causam , sed quod s e regum Xerxis atqueDa rei officinis dedider i t , exist imant .

Praxiteles quoque , qui 3 ma rmore fe licior , ideo etclarior fuit , fecit tamen et ex a ere pu lch errirna operaProserpinae rapt um , item ca t agusam et Liberum

pat rem , Ebriet a t em nob ilemqu e una Sa tyrum ,

qu em G ra eci per iboèìt on cognom inant , et signa , quaeante Fe licit a t is a edem fu ere , Veneremqu e , qua e ipsaa edis incend io crema ta est Claudi i principa t u ,

marmoreae illi sua e per terra s inclu t ae pa rem ,

item st eph anusam ,

4pselium enen ,

5 Oporan ,6 Harmo

dium et Ar is t ogitonem tyrannicidas , qu os a XerxePersarum rege captos vict a Perside Ath eniensibus

rem isit Magnu s Alexander . fecit et puberem

Apollinem subrepent i lacertae comm inus sagitta1 lac. C . F . W. Mi dler .2 t hessa liae B in thessa lia rell .2qu i add. Mayhofl.

Forta s se ( se) st ephanu sam vel steph anusam ( se) .

5psel iumenen Ur lichs , O . Jahn : psel lumenen cd. Leid .

Voss . z va ria rell .Oporan cel . Flor . Rico varia rell . (operum cd. Pa r .

oen0phorum edd. vett . : caneph oram Urlichs ( immocanephorum ) .

Ka 7 ciyovaa , from Ka‘

r oi'yw draw down, spin .

’

T he wreath wou ld be one bestowed on an athlete by thecity (personified ) when he won h is victory ; psel iumene is

from x/us Àub, and means an a rm let .Not t he a ctual tyrant Hippias bu t hi s brother and assistant

Hippa rchu s , a t Athens , 5 1 4— 13 B .C .

1 78

BOOK XXX IV . XIX. 68— 70

since he lived a t in Th essa ly where his workshave rema ined in concealment , a lthough thes ewriters ’ own testimony puts h im on a l evel withPolycleitu s

,Myron and Pythagora s . They pra is e

his Larisa ,his Spinth arus the Five-bout Champion ,

and his Apollo . Others however are of opinionthat the cause of his lack of celebrity is not thereason mentioned but hi s having devoted himselfentirely to the studios established by King Xerxesand King Darius .Praxiteles although more successfu l and therefore Praxi teles .

more celebrated in marble , nevertheless also madesome very beautiful works in bronze : the Rape ofPersephone

, a lso The Girl Spinning ,“ and a Fa therLiber or Dionysus , with a figure of Drunkenness andalso th e famous Sa tyr , known by the Greek titl ePer iboè t os mean ing

‘ Celebrated ,

’

and the statuesthat used to be in front of the Temple of Happiness ,and the Aphrodite , which was destroyed by fire whenthe temple of that goddess was burnt down in there ign of Claudi us , and whi ch rivalled the famousAphrodite , in marble , tha t is known a ll over theworld ; a lso A Woman Bestowing a VV

reath , AW

'

oman Putting a Bracelet on her Arm ,

“ Autumn ,Harmodius and Arist ogeit on who slew the tyrantthe la st piece " carried off by Xerxes King of the 480 3 0 .

Persians but restored to the Athen ians by Alexander 331the Great after hi s conquest of Persia . Praxitel esa ls o made a youthfu l Apollo ca ll ed in Greek theLizard-Slayer because he is waiting with an arrow

Bu t t h e group carried off was by Antenor , and it s

restoration is attributed a lso t o Seleu cu s 1 , and to Antioch us I .

See note on pp . 256—257 .

Degenerate copies of th is st il l exist .


insidi ant em , qu em sauroctonon vocant . spect antur

et duo s igna eius diversos adfectu s expriment ia .

fient is m a t rona e et meret ricis gaudent is . hanc

pu t ant Ph rynen fu iss e deprehenduntque in ea

amorem art ificis et m ercedem in vu lt u meret ricis .

habet simulacrum et benigni t as eius ; Ca lam idis

enim quadriga e au r igam suum inposu it , ne meliorin equorum effigie defecisse in homine credere tu r .

ipse Ca lam is et alias quadriga s bigasque fecit equissemper 1 s ine a emu lo expressis ; sed , ne videaturin hominum effigie inferior , Alcmena 2 nu l lius estnobilior .

.Alcamenes , Ph idi ae discipulus , et ma rmorea fecit ,sed aereum penta thlum , qu i voca t u r encrinom enos ;

a t Polyclit i di scipulu s A r istide s qu adriga s bigasqu e .

Amph icra t es3 Lea ena lauda t ur .

‘

scort um ha ec ,lyra e cantu familiaris Harmodio et Aristogitoni .

consil i a eorum de tyrann icidio usque in mortemexcru cia t a a tyrannis non prodidit ; quam ob rem

Athen ienses , et honorem habere ei volent es nectamen scortum celebra ss e , anima l nominis eius fecereatque , ut int ellegeret ur causa honoris , in ope relinguam addì ab art ifice ve tu erunt .

1equ is semper odd . (sem pa ri equ is B) : se impari, equ is

T raube.

2a lcumena cd . depercl . ap . Da lecamp Achamene edd . vet i

Al eman poeta Eugénie Sellers : a lch imena au t alom odd .

(a lcamenet B 1: —me et B2

) .3 iph icra t es cd . Par . 680 1 T isicra t is Ha rdou in.

Or , received by her . T he exa ct meaning is not clea r .Or perhaps Undergoing the test for recognition as an

ath lete .

Hippias and T hessa lus of Athens after th e killing of theirbrother , 5 14—1 3 B .C . ; of. 70 above , and note .

1 80

73

74


Bryaxis Aescu lapium et Seleucum1 fecit , Boedas

adorant em , Baton Apollinem et Iunonem , qui suntRomae in Concordiae templo , Cresilas 2 volnera tum

deficient em , in quo possit int ellegi quantum rest et

animae , et Olympium Periclen dignum cognomine ,m irumqu e in h ac a rte est quod nobil es viros nobilioresfecit . Ceph isodorus

3 Minervam m irabilem in portuAth eniens ium et a ram ad templum Iovis Serva t orisin eodem portu , cui panca comparantnr , Canachu s

Apollinem nudum , qui Ph ilesiu s cognomina tnr , inDidyma eo Aegine t ica a eris tempera tura , cervum qu e

una i t a vest igiis su spendit , ut linum subt er pedest rah at ur a lterno morsu calce d igit isqu e ret inent ibns

solum , i t a vertebrato ungue 5 u t risqu e in partibus ,ut a repu lsu per vices resilia t . idem et celet izont as

pu eros , Ch aereas Alexandrum Magnum et Philippum pa t rem eiu s fecit , Ct esilans doryphoron e t

Amazonem volnera t am , Demetrius Lysim ach en .

qua e sacerdos Minervae fuit LXI I I I annis , idem etMinervam , qua e mycet ica

6appe llatur

— dracones 7

in Gorgone eius ad ictus citharae t innitu resonant ;1 Sa lu tem Ha rdou in .

2ctesilas cd . Leid . Voss . z Ctesilans Ha rdou in .

3 Ceph isodotu s Ha rdou in .

4u t inlitum B .

5ungue au t pede au t vertebrata ungula Warmington

dente .

6 mycet ica T raube : myct ica I an : myst ica Fròhner

myct ica B musica rell .7 dracones B quoniam dra cones rell .

Probably Seleu cus I , King 31 2—280 B.C .

Olympian ,

’

High and Mighty ,’

a s Pericles himself wasca lled during h is lifet ime . Copies of th is , and t he bas is of theorigina l , s t i l l e xis t .

1 8 2

BOOK XXXIV . XIX. 73—76

Bryaxis made statues of Asclepius and Seleucus ,“Other

Boè das a Man Praying , Baton an Apollo and a Hera , (Zum,

both now in the Temple of Concord a t Rome .

Cresilas di d a Man Fa inting from Wounds , theexpression of wh ich indicates how littl e li fe remains ,and the Olympian Peri cl es , a figu re worthy of itstitle indeed it is a marvellou s thing about the a rtof sculpture that it h as added celebri ty to menalready celebrated . Cephi sodorus made the wonderful Athene at the harbour of Athens and thea lmost unriva l led a ltar a t the temple of Z eu s theDeliverer at the same harbour , Canachu s the nakedApollo , surnamed Ph ilesius , a t Didyma , made ofbronze compounded a t Aegina “

; and with it hemade a stag so lightly poised in its footprints as toa l low of a thread being pa ss ed underneath its feet ,the heel and the toes holding to the ba s e witha lterna te contacts

,the whole hoof being so j ointed in

either part that it springs back from the impacta lternately .

" He also made a Boys Riding onRace—horses . Chaereas di d Alexander the Grea tand his father Phi lip , Ct esilans a Man with a Spearand a Wounded Ama zon , Demetrius Lysim ach e

who was a pri estess of Athene for 64 years , and alsothe Athene ca lled the Mu rmuring Athenethe dragons on her Gorgon

’

s head sound wi th a

tinkling note when a harp is struck ; he likewis e di d

Or , compounded on t he Aeginetan formu la .

’

Cf. 1 0 .

Pl iny is not clea r ; t he MSS. reading den te tooth not

ivory is a ltered h ere t o ungue by conjecture . Perhaps hesimply means th at when t he figu re wa s rocked t o and fro, a

th read could be slipped under two feet . From coins we kn owthat th e sma ll stag was not on the ground bu t on th e god

’

s

h and .

T he righ t reading is u nknown .


idem equ it em Simonem , qui primus de equ it a t u

scripsit . Da eda lu s , et ipse inter fictores laudatus ,pueros duos dest ringent es s e fecit , Dinomenes

Prot esilanm et Pythodemum lnct a torem . Euph ra

noris Alexander Pa ris est , in quo lauda t u r quodomn ia simul int ellegant ur , index dearum , ama tor

He lena e et tamen Achilli s interfector . huins estMinerva , Roma e qu a e dicit ur Ca t nliana ,

1 infraCapitolium 3 Q . Lu t a t io dicata , e t simulacrum BoniEventus , dextra pa t eram , s in istra spicam ac papavera tenens , item Latona pue rpera Apollinem etDianam infantes su st inens in a ede Concordi ae .

fecit et quadriga s bigasqu e et cliduchon 2 eximiaforma et Virt u t em et G raeciam ,

u t rasqu e colossaeas ,

mu lierem admi rant em et adorant em , item Alexandrum et Ph ilippum in qu adrigis ; Entych ides Eurot am , in qu o a rtem ipso amne liqu idiorem plurim idixere . Hegia e Minerva Pyrrhu sqne rex lauda t uret celet izont es pu eri et Ca stor ac Pollux ante a edemIovis T onant is , Hagesiae in Pa rio coloni a HerculesI sidot i 3 bnthyt es .

‘1 Lyciu s Myronis discipulus fuit ,qui fecit dignum praecept ore pu erum sufflant em

langu idos ignes et Argonauta s ; Leoch ares aqu ilam

sen t ient em ,qu id rapia t in Ganymede et cui fera t ,

1 Ca t u lina l ll anu tius .

2cl iduchon Hermolaus Ba rba ra s clit icon B clit icum rell .

3 V. l . I sidori .

Bu thy t es B : Bu t hyres rell . : Eleu thereus Ha rdou in .

In Greek ’

Aya97) T u’

xn. Bu t it appears tha t the statuewa s one of T riptolemu s , re

-named as a Roman ru st ic di vinity .

Cf. 554 .

T he riv er on wh ich Sparta st ood .

c . 3 1 8—272 B .C . Bu t perh aps rex, king, should be deleted .

Pa rium was made a Roman colony by Augu stu s .


parcent emqu e ungnibns etiam per vestem puero ,1

Au tolycum pancra t ii2

victorem , propter qu emXenophon symposium scripsi t , Iovemqu e illumT onan t em in Capitolio ante cunct a laudabilem , i temApollinem di adem a tnm , Lyciscum ,

3 mangonem ,

‘1

pu erum subdola e ac fuca t ae vernilit a t is , Lycius

80 et ipse puerum su ffitorem . Menaechmi vit u lns

genn prem itur replicata cervice . ipse Menaechmns

scripsit de su a a rte . Nancydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arie t em censet ur , Nancerus

5

luct a tore anhelante ,6 Nicera tu s Aescu lapio etHygia ,

7 qui sunt in Concordia e templo Roma e .

Pyrom ach i quadriga ab Alcibiade regitu r . Polycles

He rmaphroditum nobilem fecit , Pyrrhus Hygiam

8 1 e t Minervam , Ph anis , Lysippi discipu lus , epithyn

san . Styppax Cyprins uno ce lebra t ur signo ,splanchnopt e ; Pericli s O lympn vernnla h ic fuitexta torrens ignemqu e oris pleni spiritu accendens .

Silanion Apollodorum fudit , fictorem et ipsum , sed

inter cunctos diligent issimum artis et iniqunm

su i iudicem , crebro perfecta s igna frangent em ,

dum sa tiari cupiditate a rtis non quit , ideoque

82 insanum cognom inat um— hoc in eo expressit , nec

1 puero B puerum rell .2pancra t i B : pancra t io rell .

3 lyciscnm B lu ciscu s rell . Lyciscns Gelen .

4 mangonem B : langonem vel lagonem rell .Nau c leru s con i . Ha rdou in .

V. l . luct at orem anhelantem (fecit add . edd.

7 Aescu lapio et Hygia com’

. I an : aescu lapium et hygiam

a ut a .h . odd. Hygiam fecit Detlefsen .

T he banquet described in Xenophon’

s Sympos ium was

given by Ga l lias in honou r of Au t olycus’

s victory in the

pentath lum a t t he Grea t Panathenaea in 422 B .C .

See 74, note .

BOOK XXX IV . XIX. 79—8 2

carrying it , and is ca refu l not to let his claws hurtthe boy even through h is clothes , and AutolycusWinner of the All-rou nd Bout , being als o the a thletein whose honour Xenophon wrote his Banquet,

“and

the famous Zeus the Thunderer now on the Capitol ,of quite unriva lled merit , a lso an Apollo crownedwith a Diadem ; also Lyciscns , the Slave—dea ler ,and a Boy , with the cra fty cringing look of a household slave . Lycius a lso did a Boy Burning Perfumes .The re is a Bnll-calf by Menaechmns , on whi ch a m an

i s pressing his knee as he bends its neck back ;Menaechmns has written a trea tis e abou t hi s ownwork . The repu tation of Nau cydes rests on hisHermes and Man throwing a Disc and Man Sacrificing a Ram , that of Nau ceru s on his Wrestl erW’inded , that of Nicera t u s on his Asclepius and hisGoddess of Health , which a re in the Temple ofConcord at Rome . Pyromachu s h as an AlcibiadesDriving a Chariot and Four ; Polycles made a famousHerm aphrodi te , Pyrrhu s , a Goddess of He a lth and

an Athene , Ph anis , who was a pupil of Lysippu s,a

Woman Sacrificing . Styppax of Cyprus is knownfor a single statue , his Man Cooking Tripe , whichrepresented a domestic slave of the OlympianPericles roa sting inwa rds and pnffing out hi s cheeksas he kindl es the fire with his brea th ; Silanion ca sta meta l figu re of Apollodorus , who was himself a

modeller , and indeed one of quite unriva lled devotionto the art and a severe critic of his own work , whooften broke his sta tues in pieces after h e h ad fini shedthem , his intense passion for his art making himunable to be sa tisfied , and consequently he wasgiven the surname of the Madman— this qua l ity hebrought out in hi s statue , the Madman , which

1 8 7


hominem e x a ere feci t , sed i racundiam— e t Ach illem

nob ilem , item epist a t en exercent em a thletas ; Stron

gylion Ama zonem , quam ab excellent ia cru rum

eucnemon appellant , ob id in comi t at u Neronis

principis circum la t am . idem fecit pu erum ,quem

amando Bru tu s Ph ilippiensis cognomine suo inlu st ravit . Theodorus , qui labyrinthnm fecit Sami ,ipse se ex aere fudi t . pra eter similitudinis mirabilem famam 1 magna supt ilit a t e celebra tur

2 dextralimam tenet , la eva tribus digit is qu adr igu lam

tenuit , t ra la t am Pra eneste parvit a t is3 utm iracu lum :

4

pict am5 eam cu rrumqu e et au rigam int egeret alis

simul facta musca . Xenocrates , T isicra t is discipulus ,ut alii , Eu thycra t is , vicit u t rosqu e copia signornm .

et de su a a rte composu it volumina .

Flures art ifices fecere Attali et Eumeni s adversusGallos proe lia , Isigonu s , Pyrom achu s , St ra tonicu s ,Antigonus , qui volumina condi dit de sua arte .

Bo‘

e'

th i , qu amquam a rgento m elior is , infans amplexando 5 anserem st rangu la t . atque ex omn ibu s , quaeret t u li , clarissima qu aequ e in urbe iam sunt dicata a

1simil itudini s mirabilem famam B : simil itudinem fama

rell . : s . mobilem f. edd . veti .2celebra tur J . Muller : celebra tus .

3parv ita t is B t ant ae p . rell .

‘1 m iracnlùMayhofi"

u t mira cu lo B (om. miraculo u t

m irum dictu T raube : del . u t Urlichs .

5

pict am B : t otam rell . : fictam Stua rt Jones : pictam nt

Url ichs .

amplexando T raube : annosum (olim vi annisns )Buecheler : v i annosum Meis ter : v i Kit lb : v i aenum Boisacqex aere H . Stein : sexennis O . Jahn : ex animo I an : nlnis

Url ichs : eximiiì Mayhoff sex anno B : sex armis B2: eximie

au t eximiae rell .

T he temple ofHera .


Vespasiano principe in templo Pacis a lnsqu e eiusoperibu s , v iolent ia Neronis in urbem convect a e t inse llariis domus au rea e disposit a .

Praet erea sunt a equ a lit a t e celebrati art ifices , sednu llis operum snorum praecipu i ; Ariston , qui eta rgentum ca elare solitus est , Callides ,

1 Ctesias ,Cantharus Sicyoniu s , Dionysiu s , Diodoru s ,

2 Crit ia e

d iscipulus , De liades , Euphorion , Eunicu s et Hecat aeu s , argenti caela tores , Lesbocles , Prodorns ,

Pythodicu s , Polygnotus , idem pictor e nobil issim is ,3

item e caela toribu s St ra t onicus , Scymnu s Crit iae

di scipulus .Nunc percensebo eos , qui einsdem generis opera fe

cerunt , ut Apollodoru s , Androbu lus , Asclepiodoru s ,Alena s ph ilosophos , Apellas et adornant es 4 s e 5

feminas , Ant ignotns et [ lnct a tores ,]6perixyomenum ,

tyrannicidasqu e supra di ctos , Antimachus , Athenodoru s femina s nobiles , Aristodemus et luct a toresbigasqu e cum auriga , ph ilosophos , arms , Seleucumregem . habet gratiam suam huins quoque dory

phoru s . Ceph isodot i duo fuere : prioris est Mercurins Liberum pa t rem in infant ia nutriens ; fecit etcont ionant em mann d a ta— persona in incerto est ;s equens ph ilosophos fecit . Colot es , qui cum Ph idia

Iovem Olympium fecera t , ph ilosophos , item Cleon

1 callases cd . Par. 680 1 : Ca llicles Urlichs : Ca lliades

Ha rdou in .

2 Dionysiu s , Diodoru s Detlefsen : diodorns B : dionysio

dom s au t dionysodoru s rell .2 V. l . idem pictores nobilissimi. ‘1 V.l . adorantes .

5se cd . Leid . Voss . om . rell .

5et lncta torcs odd . om. lucta tores B, cd. Pa r. La t. 6797 .

BOOK XXXIV . XIX. 84—87

emperor Vespa sian in the Temple of Peace and his A.D. 75.

othe r public buildings ; they had been looted byNero

,who conveyed them a ll to Rome and a rranged

them in the sitting-rooms of his Golden Mansion .

Besides these , artists on the same level of meritbu t of no outstandi ng excell ence in any of theirworks are : Ariston , who often a lso practisedcha sing silver , Callides , Ctesia s , Cantharus of Sicyon ,Dionysius , Diodoru s the pupil of Cr it ias , De liades ,Euphorion , Eunicu s and Heca t aeu s th e s ilver cha sers ,Lesbocles , Prodorns , Pyt hodi cus , Polygnotus , whowa s a lso one of the most famous among pa inters

,

similarly St ra tonicu s among chasers , and Crit ias’

s

pupil Scymnus .

I will now run through the artists who havemade works of the same class , such as Apollodorus , Androbu lu s and Asclepiodoru s , Alena s , whohave done philosophers , and Apellas also womendonning their ornaments , and Ant ignot ns a lsoMan using a Body—scraper and the Men “ tha tSl ew the Tyrant , above—mentioned , Antimachus ,Ath enodoru s who made splendid figures of women ,Aristodemus who also did Wrestlers , and Cha riotand Pa ir with Driver , figures of philosophers , of oldwomen , and King Seleucus ; Aristodemus

’s Man

holdi ng Spea r is a lso popular . There were twoartists named Ceph isodotns ; the Hermes NursingFather Liber or Dionysos when an Infant belongs tothe elder , who also did a Man Haranguing withHand Uplifted— whom it represents is uncerta in .

T h e later Ceph isodot us did phi losophers . Colot es

who h ad co—opera ted with Ph eidi as in the Olympian 49,54.

Zeus made sta tues of phi losophers , as a lso did Cleon

Harmodius and Ari st ogeit on . See 70 , 72 .


et Cenchramis 1 et Ca llicles et Cepis , Ch a lcosth enes 2

et comoedos et athletas , Da ippu s per ixyomenon ,

Da iphron et Damocrit u s et Da emon ph ilosophos .

Epigonus omnia fere pra edict a im it a tu s praecessit

in t ubicine et ma tri int erfect ae infante m iserabilit er

blandient e . Eubu li mulier adm irans lauda t ur , Eu

bu lidis digit is compu t ans . Micon a th let is spect a tur ,

Menogenes qu adrigis . Nec minus Nicera tu s omni a ,

quae cet eri , adgressus repraesent avit Alcibiaden

lampadumqu e accensu mat rem eius Demara t en

sacrificant em . T isicra t is biga e Piston mu lierem

inposu it , idem fecit Mar t em et Mercurium , qui sunt

in Concordiae templo Romae . Per illum nemo

landet saeviorem Ph alaride tyranno , cui t aurnm

fecit mugitu s inclu si3 hominis pollicit us igni subdi to

et ‘1 primus expertu s crucia tum eum inst iore saevit ia .

hnc a simu lacr is deorum hom inumqne devocavera t

humanissimam a rtem . ideo tot conditores eius

laboraverant , nt ex ea tormenta fierent ! it aqu e una

de causa servantur opera eius , ut quisquis illa videa t ,

oderit manus . Sth ennis Cererem ,Iovem , Minervam

fecit , qui sunt Romae in Concordia e templo , idem

1 Cenchramns Overbeclc.

2ca lcost enes B Caecosthenes (=Ka ucoo t9émyg) Overbeclc.

inclusi add. Mayhoff.et B : v. ll . ex , est : exprimere Detlefsen .

T h is shou ld be Dinoma che .


Hent es matronas et adorantes sacrificant esque .

Simon canem et sagit t a rium fecit , St ra tonicus

caelat or ille ph ilosophos , copas1u t erque ;

2a thleta s

autem et arma tos et vena tores sacr ificant esque Baton ,Enchir , G laucides , Heliodoru s , Hicanus , Iophon ,

3

Lyson , Leon , Menodorns , Myagrus , Polycra tes ,Polyidus ,‘1 Pythocrit u s , Protogenes , idem pictor eclar issimis , ut dicemus , Pa t rocles ,

5 Polli s , Posidonius ,qu i e t a rgentum cae lav it nobiliter , na t ione Eph esius ,Periclymenus , Ph ilon , Symenu s , Timotheu s , T h eomnes tus , T imarch ides , Timon , T isias , T hrason .

Ex omnibus autem maxime cognomine insignis estCa llimachus , s emper calumniator sui nec finem

habent is diligent iae , ob id ca t a t exit echnu s appella tus , memorabili 5 exemplo adhibendi et curacmodum . hu ius sunt sa ltantes Lacaenae , emenda tum

opu s , sed in quo gratiam omnem di ligentia abstnlerit .

hunc quidem et pictorem fuiss e t radunt . non aerecaptus nec arte , unam tantum Z enonis st a tuam

Cypria expedit ione non vendidit Cato , sed quia

ph ilosoph i erat , ut obite r hoc quoque noscatu r t am

insigne 7 exemplum .

In ment ione st a tuarum est et una non praeter

10 0 pas Gerha rd : 8 0 0 pas .

2u terque odd. (ntrosque B

1, u traque B

2) : u t rasque edd .

veti .3 1 0 phon Urlichs : Leophon S ill ig : Herophon Loewy

°

olophon B : lophon rell .Polydoru s Hermolaus Ba rba ra s .

5 Patroclus coni . Si llig coll . 550 .

memorabili B , ed . Par . 680 1 : memorabil is rell .7 insigne Pintianu s : inane.

T he doubtfu l text may conta in t he name 8 00pas ; see

critical notes .

xar améir exvos , one who wastes h is skill in drible ts .

BOOK XXX IV . XIX. 90—93

Matrons and Matrons a t Prayer and Offering a Sacrifice . Simon made a Dog and an Archer , the famousengraver St ra tonicu s some philosophers and each ofthes e artists made figures of hostesses of inns .

“ Thefollowing have made figu res of a thl etes , a rmed m en

,

hunters and m en offering sacrifice : Baton , Enchir ,G lau cides , Heliodoru s , H icanus , l ophon , Lyson ,Leon , Menodorns , Myagru s , Polycra tes , Polyidu s ,Pythocr itu s , Protogenes (who was also , as we sha l l xxxv 1 01

say later , one of the most famou s pa inters) , Pa t rocles ,321"

Po llis and Posidoniu s (the la st a lso a distinguishedsilver chaser , na tive of Ephesus) , Periclymenus ,Philo Sym enu s , Timotheus , T heomnest u s ,

T imarch ides , T imon , T isias , Thra so .

But of a ll Callimachus is the most rema rkable,flor c 400

because of the surname a ttached to him : he was”

a lways unfa irly critica l of his own work , and was an

a rtist of never—ending a ssiduity , and consequentlyhe was ca lled the Niggler ,“ and i s a notable wa rningof the duty of observing moderation even in takingpa ins . To him belongs the Laconian WomenDancing , a very finished work but one in whicha ssiduity h as destroyed a ll charm . Ca l limachu sis reported to have a ls o been a pa inter . Cato in hisexpedition to Cyprus sold all the statues found there 58-56except one of Zeno ; it was not the value of thebronz e nor the a rtistic merit tha t attracted h im ,

but its being the sta tue of a philosopher : I mentionthis by the way , to introduce thi s di stinguished “

instance a lso .

In mentioning sta tues— there is also one we must

T he MSS. give th is empty example,’

expla ined as implying that Cato neglected the example set by h is great grandfa ther , Cato the Censor who disliked t he Greeks .


eunda ,quamquam anctoris incerti , iuxt a rostra ,

Hercu l is tunica ti , sola eo habitu Romae , torva facie

sent iensqne1 suprema tunica e .

2 in hac tres sunt

tituli : L . Lucu lli impera toris de manubiis , alter

pupillum Lu cu lli filium ex S. C . dedica ss e , tertius

T . Sept imium Sabinum aed . cur . ex privato in

publicum restituisse . tot cert aminum t ant aeque

digna t ionis simulacrum id fuit .

XX . Nunc praeve rt emu r3ad d ifferentia s aeris et

mixtu ra s . in Cyprio [ coronarium et regulare est

u t rumque ductile]4 coronarium t enu a t ur in lamna s ,

t au rorumqu e felle t inct um speciem au ri in coronis

h ist rionum pra ebet , idemqu e in uncia s addit is auri

scripu lis s enis praet enu i pyropi brattea ignesc1 t .

regula re et in ali is fit m et a llis , it emqu e ca ldarium .

d ifferentia quod ca lda rium fundit ur tantum , m a lleis

fragile , quibus regula re obsequ it ur ab a li is ductile

appella tum , quale omne Cyprium est . sed et in

ceteris met allis cura dist a t a ca ldario ; omne enim

diligent ius pu rga t is igni vitus excoct isqu e regulare

est . In reliqnis generibu s pa lma Campano perhi1sent iensque B sent ient iqne rell . sent ienteque edd . vett.

2 tuni cae B tunica rell . in tunica edd . vett .2 V.l . revertemu r .

corona rium,du ctile cd . Viral . om. rell .

I .e. t he poisoned garment tha t cau sed hi s death .

In campa igns aga inst Mith ridates , 74—67 B .C .


betur ,1 u t ensi libu s vasis 2 proba t issimo . pluribusfi t hoc mod is . namqu e Capnae liqna tnr non ca rbonisignibu s , sed l igni , pu rga t u rqu e roboreo cribro 3

profusum in4 aquam fr igidam a c saepius simili modo

coqu it ur , noviss ime addit is plumb i argent arn Hispaniensis denis libris in centenas a eris . ita lentescitcoloremqu e iucundum trahit , qualem in aliis generibusa cris adfect ant oleo ac sa l e . fit Campano 1 simile inmultis partibus Italia e provinciisqu e , sed octonas

plumbi l ibra s addunt et carbone recocunt propterinopiam l igni . quantum ea res d ifferentiae adfera t ,in Galli a maxime sent itur , ubi inter lapides candefactos funditur ; exurent e enim coct ura nigruma tque fragile conficitur . praet erea s emel recoquuntquod saepiu s fecisse bonit a t i plurimum confert .

id quoque notass e non ab re est , a es omne frigore

magno meliu s fundi .Sequens temperatura statuaria est eademque

t abu laris hoc modo : massa profiatu r in prim is , mox

in profia tum additur terti a portio aeris collect anei ,

hoc est ex usn coempt i . peculiare in eo condimen

tum a t t ritu domiti et consuetudi ne nitoris ve lu t i

mansu efact i . m iscentu r et plumbi argent arn pondoduodena ac selibra e eent enis profia t i . Appe lla tu r

1perhibetur campano (596 ini t . ) B : om. rell .

2vasorum coni . Warmington coll . XI I I . 72 .

2 ligno K . C'. Ba i ley .

in add. K . C . Ba i ley : perfusum a qua frigida Si ll ig.

T in and lead mixed in equa l parts .

Possibly minera l coa l .

BOOK XXXIV . XX . 95—98

o f copper the pa lm goes to bronze of Campania ,

which is most esteemed for utensils . There are

severa l ways of prepa ring it . At Capua i t i s smeltedin a fire of wood , not. of cha rcoa l , and then pouredinto cold wa ter and cle aned in a si eve made of oak ,and this proce ss of sme lting is repe a ted s evera ltimes , at the la st stage Spanish silver le ad b e ingadded to it in the proportion of ten pounds to onehundred pounds of copper : this treatment renders itpliable and gives it an agre eable colour of a kindimparted to other sorts of copper and bronze bymeans of oil and salt . B ronze resembling theCampanian is produ ced in many p a rts of Italy and

the provinces , but there they add onl y eight poundsof lead ,

and do additional smelting with cha rcoalbecause of their shortage of wood . The differenceproduced by this is noticed speci ally in Gaul , wherethe meta l is smelted between stones heated red hot ,a s this roa sting scorches it and renders it black and

friable . Moreover they only smelt it aga in oncewherea s to repea t this s everal times contributes agreat deal to the qu a l ity . It is a ls o not out of placeto notice that a ll copper and bronze fuses better invery cold weather .The proper blend for making sta tues is as follows

,

and the same for tablets : at the outset the ore ismelted ,

and then there is added to the melted meta la third pa rt of scrap copper , that is copper or bronzethat h as been bought up a fter us e . This conta ins apeculia r sea soned qua lity of brilliance that h as beensubdued by friction and so to speak tamed by habitua l use . Silver—l ead is a ls o mixed with it in theproportion of twelve and a ha l f pounds to everyhundred pounds of the fused metal . There is a lso

1 99

B le nds forstatues and

rnoulds .


e t iamnum et forma lis tempera tura a eris t enerrim i ,

quon iam nigri plumbi decima portio additur eta rgenta r i i vices ima , maxim equ e i t a colorem bibit ,quem G ra ecanicum vocant . Novissima est quaevocat u r olla ria , va se nomen hoc dante , ternis au t

qu a t ernis l ibris plumbi a rgentarii in centena s aeris

addit is . Cyprio si adda t ur plumbum , colos pu rpnraefit in st a tuarum pra et ext is .

XX I . Aera ext ersa robiginem ce lerius t rahunt

qu am neglecta , nisi oleo perungu ant ur . servari

e a optime in liqu ida pice t radunt . usus acris ad

perpet u it a t em monimentorum iam pridem t rala t us

est tabulis a ereis , in quibus publicae const itu t iones

incidunt ur .

XXI I . Meta lla aeris multis modi s inst ruunt medicinam , u tpot e cum ulcera omni a ibi ocissime samentur , maxime tamen prodest

1cadmea . fit s ine dubio

ha ec e t in a rgenti fornacibu s , candi dior ac minusponderosa , sed nequaqnam comparanda aerariae .

plura a u tem genera sunt . namqu e ut ipse lapis , exquo fit a es , cadmea voca t ur , fu suris necessa rius ,m edicina e inu t ilis , sic rursu s in fornacibns exist it

alia , qu ae 2 originis su ae nomen 3 recipit . fit autem

1prodest cd. Pa r . 680 1 , a l . F lor . B ice. prosnnt rell .

2a lia qu ae a ut a l iamque add . : a l iaque a liam J . Muller .

3originis suae nomen Mayhoff : nomini s su i originem odd .

i tem I s id . XVI . 20 . 1 2 .

A blend for making mou lds .

T he colou r is in fa ct green. One expects the wordaeruginem here .

See t he next two notes .

Cf. 2 of th is book (p . mineral calamine and smithsonit e silicate and carbonate of z inc .Fu rna ce ca lam ine oxide of zinc . Cf. K . 0 . Ba iley, T he

Elder Pl iny’

s Chap ters on Chemica l Subjects , I I , pp . 1 66—7 .

2 0 0


egesta flamm is atque Hatu t enu issima parte ma t eriae

et camar is lat eribu sqne fornacium pro qu antitate

levit a t is adplica t a . t enu issima est in ipso fornacium

ore quam flamma e ernct arunt ,1 appellata capnit is ,

exu st a et nimia levitate s im ilis favillae . interior

optuma, camaris dependens et ab eo argumento

bot ryit is nominata , ponderosior haec priore , levior

secnturis— duo eius colores , de t erior cinereus , pumicis

melior friabilis ocu lorumqne medicament is utili s

sima . tertia est in la t er ibns fornacium , quae propter

gravit a t em ad camara s pervenire non potu it . haec

dicitur placit is , et ipsa ab argumento planit iei2

cru sta verius quam pumex , intus varia , ad psora s

u t ilior et cica trices t rah endas . finnt 3 ex ea duo

ali a genera ; onychitis extra paene caerulae , intus

onych is maculis s imilis , ost racit is tota nigra et e

ceteris sordidissima , volneribu s maxime utili s .

omnis autem cadmea , in Cypri4 fornacibus optima

,

iterum a medicis coqu itu r carbone puro a tque ,ubi in cinerem rediit , ext ingu itur vino Ammineo quae

ad emplastra praepara tu r , quae vero ad psoras , aceto .

quidam in ollis fict ilibus tusam urunt et l avant in

1 V.Il . qu ae au t que au t qua fiamma eruct a tu r au t ernctantur

au t fiuctuantur eruct arunt Mayhofl’

.

2planit iei Sa lmas ius : planit ie .

2 fiunt B : fluunt rell .4 Cypriis coni . Mayhofl

' cyprio au t cypria au t eypri .

BOOK XXX IV . XXI I . 1 0 1 — 1 0 4

part of the substance being separated out by theflames and the blast and becoming a ttached inproportion to its degree of lightness to the roofchambers and side—wa lls of the furnaces , the thinnestbeing at the very mouth of the furnace , which theflames have belched out ; it is called smoky cadmeafrom its burnt appea rance and because it resembleshot white ash in its extreme lightness . The partinside is best , hanging from the vaults of the roofchamber , and this consequently is designated grapeclu ster cadmea this is heavier than the precedingkind but lighter than those tha t follow— it is of twocolours , the infe r ior kind being t h e colour of ash and

the better the colour of pumice— and it is friable ,and extremely useful for making medi caments forthe eyes . A third sort is deposited on the sid es offurnaces , not having been able to reach t h e vaultsbecause of its weight ; this is call ed in Greek

placit is ,’ ‘ caked residue ,

’

in this ca se by reasonof it s fl atness , as it is more of a crust than pumi ce ,and is mottled ins ide ; it is more useful for itchscabs and for making wounds -draw together into ascar . Of this kind are formed two other va ri eti es ,onychitis which is a lmost blue outside but inside likethe spots of an onyx or layered quartz , and os tracit is

shell-like residue which is all black and the dirti estof any of the kinds ; this is extremely useful forwounds . All kinds of cadmea (the best coming fromthe furnace s of Cyprus) for use in medi cine are

heated again on a fire of pu re charcoa l and , when ithas been reduced to a sh , if being prepa red for pla stersit is quenched with Amm inean wine , but if intendedfor itch-scabs with vinega r . Some peopl e pound itand then burn it in ea rthenware pots , wash it in

2 0


mort arns , postea siccant . Nymphodorns lapidem

ipsum qu am graviss imum spississimumqu e urit pruna

e t exu stnm Chio vino rest ingnit t unditqu e , mox

linteo cribra t a tque in mort ario t erit , mox aqua

pluvia macera t it erumqu e t erit quod subsedit , donec

cerussae s imile fia t , nulla dentium offensa . eadem

Iollae ratio , sed quam pu rissimum e ligit lapidem .

XX I I I . cadmeae effectus siccare , persanare , sist ere

fluct iones , pterygia et sordes ocu lorum purgare ,scabrit iam ext enuare et qu idqu id in plumbi effectu

dicemu s .

Et aes ipsum u rit ur ad omn ia eadem , prae t erqu e

a lbugines ocu lorum et cicatrices , ulcera quoque

ocu lorum cum lacte sana t ; it aqu e Aegypt ii collyrn

id modo t erunt in cot icu lis . faci t et vom it iones e

melle sumptum . ur itu r a utem Cyprium in fict ilibns

orudis cum su lpuris pari pondere , va sorum1 circum

lito spiramento , in caminis , donec va sa ipsa perco

quant u r . quidam et salem addunt , a liqu i alumen

pro su lpure , a lu nihil , sed aceto tantum aspergunt .

u st um t eritur in 2 mort a rio T h eba ico , aqua pluvia

lava t u r it erumqu e adiect a la rgiore t eritu r et , dum

consida t , relinqu itur , hoc sa epius , donec ad speciem

1vasorum Mayhoff vaso au t vase .

2 in add . Mayhofl.

A medica l man of t he t h ird cent u ry B .C .


min n redeat . tunc sicca tum in sole in aerea pyxideserva t ur .

XXIV . Et scoria a eris simili modo lava tur , minore 1

effectu quam ipsum a es . sed et aer is fl os medi cinae

utilis est . fit a ere fuso et in alias fornaces t ra la to ;ibi Hatu crebr iore excu t iuntnr velu t i m ilii squama e ,quas vocant florem ; cadunt autem , cum panes aerisaqu a refrigerant ur , rubentque similiter squama ea eris , quam vocant lepida , et sic adu lt era tu r fl os , utsquama venea t pro eo . est autem squama a eris

decussa vi clavis , in quos panes aerei feruminant ur ,2

in Cypri maxime officinis . omnis 3 differentia haecest

,quod squama excu t i t ur ict u isdem panibus , flos

cadit sponte . squamae est a lterum genus supt ilius ,ex summa scilicet lanugine decussum , quod vocant

st omom a .

XXV . Atqu e haec omni a medi ci— quod paceeorum dixisse liceat— ignorant . parent 4 nominibu s :in tantum 5 a conficiendis m edicam inibu s absunt ,

quod esse proprium medicinae soleba t . nunc quotiens incidere in libellos , componere ex iis volen t es

a liqu a ,hoc est impendio mi serorum experiri

6 comm ent aria ,

7credunt Seplasiae omn ia fraudibus cor

1 minor odd. fere omnes .

2 formantur con i . Eichholz.

3omnis Mayhofi (qu i et summa coni . ) omnia .

parent Ur lichs : paret B : pars ma ior et rell . : p.m . paretDetlefsen . parent nominibus h i : tantum coni . Mayhojf.

5 V. l . expedi ri .7commentariaque B : sup ra post l ibel los trans . Urlichs .

T h e dross produ ced wh en the ore is fused .

Probably in the main red cuprou s oxide (not blackcupric oxide ) with some metallic copper in it.

Seplasia was the special quarter of Capua where perfumes

were sold .

2 0 6

BOOK XXX IV . XXI I I . 1 0 6- XXV . 1 0 8

to the appearance of cinnabar ; then it is dri ed in thesun and put to keep in a copper box .

XX IV . The slag of copper is a ls o wa shed in the Sr

l

gg. sca le—e

fsame way , but it is less efficaciou s than copper it s elf. goppfrowe' 0

The flower of copper also is useful a s a medi cine .

It is made by fusing copper and then transferringit to other furnaces , where a faster use of thebellows makes the metal give off layers like sca l es ofmi ll et , which are call ed the fl ower . However whenthe sheets of copper are cooled off in water they shedoff other scales of copper of a similar red bu e— thisscal e is ca ll ed by the Greek word meaning huskand by this process the flower is adulterated , so thatthe scal e is sold as a substitute for it . On the otherhand ,

scale of copper is forcibly knocked off

bolts into which are welded cakes of the metal ,special ly in the fa ctories of Cyprus . The wholed ifference is that the sca l e is detached from the cakesby successive hammerings , wherea s the flower fa llsoff of its own accord . There is another finer kindof scale , the one knocked off from the down—l ike surfa ce of the metal , the name for which is stomoma .

’

XXV . But of all these facts the doctors , if theywill permit me to say so , are ignorant— they are

g overned by names : so deta ched they are from«t h e process of making up drugs , which used to bet he specia l business of the med ical profession . Nowa days whenever they come on books of prescriptions ,wanting to make up some medicines ou t of them ,

which means to make tria l of the ingredi ents in theprescriptions at the expense of their unhappypatients , they rely on the fa shionable druggists

’

shops which spoil everything with fraudulentadulterations , and for a long time they have been


rumpent i . iam pridem1 facta emplastra et collyria

mercantnr , t abesqu e mercium aut fraus Seplasiae sicexhibet ur l 2

Et squama autem et flos uruntur in pa t inis fict ilibus aut a ereis , dein lavant ur ut supra ad eosdem usu ssqu ama

3 et ampliu s narium carnosa vitia , item sedi s ,et gravita tes aurium per fist u lam in eas Hatu inpu lsaet uva s oris farina admot a t ollit et t onsillas cummelle . fit ex candido a ere squama longe Cypriainefficacior . nec non urina pu eri prius macerant

clavos panesqu e quidam excnssur i squ amam , t erunt

qu e et aqu a pluvia lavant . dant et hydropicis eamdrachm is 1 1 in mu lsi hemina et inlinnnt cum polline .

XXVI . Aerugini s quoque magnus usus est . pluribus fit modi s . namqu e et lapidi , ex quo coqu itur

aes , deraditur , et a ere candido perforato a tque incadis suspenso super a cetum a cre opt u ra tumqne

opercu lo . multo probat ior est , s i hoc idem squ am is

fia t . quidam visa ipsa candidi aeris fict ilibu s condunt in a cetum raduntqu e decumo di e . alii vinaceiscont egunt tot idemqu e post di es r adunt , a li i del ima

t am aeris scobem aceto spargunt versantqu e spa th is

saepiu s die , donec absuma t ur . eandem scobem

1pridem edd . veti . qu idem .

2sic exh ibetur Wa rmington : sic excitetu r Mayhoff (qu i et

excita tur coni . ) exsicca tur coni . Si ll ig : sicce t axetur I an

a l i i a l ia sic cexate tur B 1sicce sane dur et B2

sic exteritur

rell . reste3squama Mayhoff : que cd . Leid. l’ass . , cd . F lor . Rico

om . rell .

Or , ifwe read exteri tur (is ground ou t ), finds it s way intothe mort a r (thus K . C . Ba iley ) .

Brass . Basic copper ca rbonate .

Basic copper a cetate or true verdigris , wh ich does not

occu r in a natu ra l state .


a lu terere in mort arns a ereis ex a ceto malunt .

ocissirn e vero cont ingit coronariorum recisament is inacetum id 1

addit is . adulterant marmore tritomaxime Rhodiam aeruginem , a lii pumice autcummi . pra ecipu e autem fa ll it atramento su torio

adulterata ; cetera enim dente depreh enduntu r

s t rident ia in frendendo . experiment um in va t illo

ferreo , nam qua e sincera est , suum colorem ret inet ,

qua e mixta a tramento , rubescit . deprehenditu r et

papyro galla prius macerato , nigrescit enim statima erugine inlit a . deprehendi tu r et visu malignevirens . sed s ive s inceram s ive adulteram 2

apt issi

mum est elui s icca t amque in patina nova uri ac

versari , donec favilla fia t ; postea t eritur ac recondit ur . a liqu i in crudis fict ilibus urunt , donecfiglinum percoqua tnr . nonnulli et tus mascu lum

adm iscent . lava tur autem a erugo sicut cadmea .

vis eius collyru s ocu lorum apt issima et delacrima

t ionibus mordendo proficiens , sed ablni necessa rium

penicillis calidis , donec rodere desinat .

XXVI I . Hieracium voca t ur collyrium , quod ea3

maxime constat . temperatur autem id ham

1seclud. id K . C

'. Ba iley .

2 V. l . adnltera t am .

3ea Mayhojj

‘ illa qu idam apud Da lecamp : ita .

Used for colour ing leather . T he term probably includesboth green v itriol or ferrou s sulpha te , whi ch is our copperas ,and blue v itriol , or cupric sulphate .


Or s ouges .

As O. Bailey t igh t ly says, not sal Hammoniacw (a

BOOK XXX IV . XXV I . I I I —XXV I I . 1 1 4

prefer to grind copper filings mi xed with vinega rin copper mortars . But the quickest result isobtained by adding to the vinegar shavings ofcoronet copper . Rhodian verdi gris is adulteratedchiefly with pounded marble , though others use

pumicest one or gum . But the adulteration ofverdigris that is the most difficu lt to detect is donewith shoemakers ’ black ,“ the other adu lterationsbeing detected by the teeth as they crackle whenchewed . Verdigris can be tested on a hot fireshovel , as a specimen that is pure keeps its colour ,but what is mixed with shoemakers

’ black turns red .

It is also detected by means of papyrus previouslysteeped in an infu sion of plantga ll , as this whensmeared with genuine verdigris at once turns black .

It can a ls o be detected by the eye , as it h as an evilgre en colou r . But whether pu re or adultera ted , thebest way is to wa sh it and when it is dry to burn iton a new pan and keep turning it over till it becomesglowing ashes ; and a fterwa rds it is crushed and

put away in store . Some people burn it in raw

earthenwa re vessels till the earthenware is bakedthr ough ; some mix in a lso some ma l e frankincense .

Verdigris is washed in the same way as cadmea . 5 1 06.

Its powerfulness is very well suited for eye—sa lvesand it s mordant a ction makes it able to producewatering a t the eyes ; but it is essenti al to wash itoff with swabs and hot water till its b ite ceases to befelt .XXVI I . Hierax

’

s Salve is the name given to an

eye—salve chiefly composed of verdigris . It is madeby mixing together four ounces of gum of Hamm on ,"

variety of common sa lt, wh ich itself is not sa l ammonia cammoni um chloride) .


moniaci unciis 1 1 1 1 , aeruginis Cypriae I I , atramentisu torii , quod ch a lcanthum vocant , totidem , mi syos

una , croci VI . haec omnia trita a ceto T h asio

colligunt ur1 in pilulas , excellent is remedii contra

initia glaucomat um et suffusionum , contra caliginesaut scabrit ias et a lbugines et genarum vitia . crudaautem aerugo volnerariis emplast ris

'

m iscetur . ori setiam gingivarnmqu e exu lcera t iones m irifice emendat et labrorum ulcera cum oleo . quod si et ceraadda tu r , purga t et ad cicat ricem perducit . aerugoet callum fist u larum erodit vit iorumqu e circa sedemsive per s e s ive cum h ammoni aco inlit a vel collyr iimodo in fistu las adact a . eadem cum res inae terebinth ina e tertia parte subact a lepra s t ollit .

XXVI I I . Est et alterum genus aeruginis , quam vo

cant scoleca , in Cyprio <mort ar io Cyprio>2 aere trito 3

alumine et sale aut nitro pari pondere cum aceto alboquam a cerrimo . non fit hoc nisi a est uosissim is 4

di ebus circa canis ortum . t eritu r autem , donec viridefiat cont rah at qu e s e verm icu lorum specie , undeet nomen . quod vit ia t um 5 ut emendet ur , I I partesquam fuere aceti mi scentur urinae pu eri inpubis .

idem autem in medi cam ent is et sant erna efficit ,qua diximus aurum feruminari . usus utriusque qui

1col linuntur B.

2( mort ario Cyprio) con i . Mayhojj

‘.

3 trito B : int rit o cd . F lor . Rico. : h ic trito rell. : hoc t .edd . set t .

4aest ivosissimis B .

5vit iatum Mayhoff v1 t 1um .

Copper pyrit es .

See pp . 210- 1 , noteThis sent ence is proba bly defective .


a erugin is . scolex fit et per s e derasu s ae ra rio l apidi ,de quo nunc dicemus .

1 1 7 XX IX . Cha lcit im vocant , ex quo et ipso aescoqu it u r . dist a t a cadm ea , quod illa supe r t erramex subdia libus petris caedi tur , ha ec ex obrnt is , itemquod chalcitis fria t s e statim , mollis natura , utvidea tur lanugo concreta . est et ali a di s tinctio ,quod chalcitis tri a genera cont inet , aeris et m isyoset soreos , de quibus s ingu lis dicemus su is locis .

1 1 8 habet autem acris vena s oblonga s . proba tur melleicoloris , gracili venarum discnrsn ,

friabilis neclapidosa . pu t ant et recent em u t iliorem esse , quoniam inveterata sori fia t . vis 1 eius ad excrescent ia

in u lceribns , sanguinem sist ere , gingivas , uvam ,

t onsillas farina compescere , volvae vit iis in vellereimponi . cum suco vero porri verendorum additur

1 1 9 emplast ris . m acera tnr autem in fict ili ex acetocircum lito fimo diebus XL, et colorem croci trahit .tum admixt o cadmea e pari pondere medicament um

efficit psoricon d ictum . quod s i I l partes cha lcit idi stertia cadmea e t emperentu r , acrius hoc idem fiat ;e t iamnum veh emen t ius , s i aceto quam vino 2 tem

peret u r ; tosta vero efficacior fit ad eadem omni a .

120 XXX . Sori Aegypt ium maxime lauda tur , multum

1u sus con i . Mayhofl

’

.

2( si) vino coni . Mayhofi.

Copper pyrites in process of decomposition . For cadmeasee 2 and 1 00 and notes .

Copper pyrit es .

Probably decomposing marcas ite , or sometimes blackporone limes tone wit h decomposing pyrites in i t (K . C . Ba iley ) .2 1 4

BOOK XXX IV . XXVI I I . 1 1 6—XXX . 1 2 0

also obta ined by scraping a copper ore of which weshall now speak .

XXIX . Chalcitis , copper-stone ,’ is the name of Cha lci ti s .

an ore ,“ that from which copper a lso , besides cadmea ,

is obta ined by smelting . I t differs from cadmea

because the latter is quarried above ground , fromrocks exposed to the a ir , wherea s cha lcitis is obta inedfrom underground beds , and a lso because cha lcitisbecomes imm ed ia tely fri able , being of a soft nature ,so as to have the appearance of congea led down .

There is a lso another difference in tha t cha lcitiscontains three kinds of minera l , copper , misy and

sor i ,“ each of which we sha ll describe in its place ; 95 1 20, 1 21 ,

and the veins of copper in it are of an oblong shape .

The approved vari ety of cha lcitis is honey coloured ,and streaked with fine veins , and i s friable and notstony . I t is also thought to be more useful whenfresh , as when old it turns into sor i . It is used forgrowt hs in ulcers , for a rresting haemorrhage and ,

in the form of a powder , for a cting as an astringenton the gums

,uvula and tons ils , and , appli ed in wool ,

as a pessa ry for affections of the uterus , whil e withleek j uice it is employed in plasters for the genita ls .It is steeped for forty days in vinega r in an ea rthenware j ar , covered with dung , and then a ssumes thecolour of saffr on ; then an equa l weight of cadmea ismixed with it and thi s produces the drug ca l led

psoricon or cure for itch . If two parts of cha lcitisare mixed with one of cadmea thi s makes a strongerform of the same drug , and moreover it is more violentif it is mixed in vinegar than if in wine ; and whenroasted it becomes more effective for all the samepurposes .XXX . Egypti an sori i s most highly commended , s… .

2 1 5


superato Cyprio Hispaniens iqu e et Africo , qu amquamocu lorum cura t ioni qu idam u t ilius pu t ent Cyprium ;

sed in qu acumqne na t ione optimum cui maximumviru s olfact u t rit umqu e pingu it er nigrescens etspongiosum . s tomacho res contraria in tantum

,ut

qu ibu sdam olfact um modo vom it iones moveat . etAegypt ium qu idem ta l e ,1 a lteriu s na t ionis oon

t rit um splendescit ut misy et est lapidosiu s . prodest

au tem et dentium dolori , si cont inea tur a tquecol luat , e t u lceribns oris gravibu s qu aequ e serpant .

uri tnr carbonibus ut cha lcitis .XXX I . Misy a liqu i t radiderunt fieri exusto lapide

in scrob ibu s , fl ore eiu s luteo m iscen t e se ligni pinea efavillae . re vera autem e supra dicto fit lapide ,oonoret um natura discret umqu e vi , optimum inCypriorum officinis , cuius mota e sunt fr ia t i aurea e

scintilla e et , cum t era tur , h arenosa natura sineterra ,

2ch a lcit idi 3 dissimilis . 4 hoc adm iscent qui

aurum purgan t . u t ilit as eiu s infusi cum rosaceoau r ibus puru lent is et in lana inposit i capitis u lceribns .

ext enu a t e t scabrit ias ocu lorum inve t era t as , pra ecipue

util e t onsillis cont raqu e angina s et suppurata . ratio

1 ta le est ed . deperd . Da lecamp .

2 terrae cd . Vind . terrea ed . Lugd.

3cha lcit idis cd . F lor . Rico.

4 dissimil is K . 0 . Ba iley : s imis cd . F lor . Rico. : sin B 1

sive ed . Pa r . 680 1 similis rell .

Probablyprodu ced in mos t cases by sulphu retted hydrogen .

Of hollow teeth , as is clear from t he context and fromDiosc. I , 1 4 1 , V, 1 1 9 .

Cha lcit is , fi1 1 7 .


ut XVI drachma e in hemina aceti coquantur additome llo, donec lent escat . sic ad supra d icta utile est .quotiens opus sit molliri vim eius , mel adspergitur .

erodit et callum fistu larum ex aceto fovent ium etcollyr iis additu r , s ist it et sangu inem u lceraqu e quaeserpant qu aeve pu t rescant , absum it et excrescentesca rnes . pecu liar it er virilit a t is vit iis utile et feminarum profluvium sist it .

XXX I I . G ra eci cognat ionem a eris nomine feoeruntet a tramento su torio ; appellant enim ch alcanthon .

neo ullins a eque mira natura est . fit in Hispani a e

pu t e is st agni sve id genus aquae haber'

it ibus . deco

qu it ur ea adm ixt a dulci pari mensura et in piscinasligneas funditur . immobilibu s 1 super has t ranst risdependent restes lapillis ext ent ae , quibus adh aerescons limus vit reis acinis imaginem qu andam uvaereddit . exemptum ita siccat ur di ebus XXX . colorest caeru leus perqu am spect abili ni tore , vit rumque

esse oredit ur ; di luendo fit a t ramentum t inguendis

coriis . fit et pluribus modi s : genere terrae eo inscrobes cava to , quorum e la t eribns dest illant es

hiberno gelu stiria s st alagmi an vocant , neque estpurins a liud . sed ex eo , candidum colorem sent ient e

viola , lonchoton 2 appell ant . fit et in saxorum

1 immobil ibus edd . vett . : immobilis .

2 V. l. locoton : leucoîon Hermolau .e Barbarus : leucanthon

odd . vei l .

See n . on 5 1 1 2 .

I .e. water holding in solution the su bstance referred t o.

So Bioso. V, 1 1 4 . Bu t the description suggests‘

len

coion ,

’

violet-whi te .

’

T he ancient like the modern violaswere of various colou rs .

BOOK XXX IV . XXXI . 1 2 2—XXXI I . 1 2 5

tions . The method is to boil 1 6 drams of it in a

twelfth of a pint of vinega r with honey added till itbecomes of a viscous consistency : this makes auseful prepara tion for t h e purposes above mentioned.

Wh en it is necessa ry to make it softer , honey issprinkled on it . It also removes the ca llosity offist u lou s ulcers when the patients use it with vinegaras a fomentation ; and it is us ed as an ingredi ent ineye—salves , arrests haemorrhage and creeping orputrid ulcers , and reduces fl eshy excrescences . Itis particula rly useful for troubles in the sexua lorgans in the male , and it checks menstruation .

XXXI I . The Greeks by their name for shoe Shoemaken

makers ’-black have made out an affini ty betweenit and copper : they call it cha lcanthon ,

‘

fiower ofcopper and there is no substance that has anequa lly remarkable nature . It occurs in Spain inwells or pools that contain that sort of wa ter .“

Thi s water is boiled with an equ al quantity of purewater and poured into wooden tanks . Over theseare firm ly fixed cross—beams from which hang cordsheld t ant by stones , and the mud cling ing to thecords in a cluster of gla ssy drops h as somewhat theappearance of a bunch of grapes . It is taken off and

then left for thirty days to dry . Its colour is anextremely brilli ant blue , and it is often taken forglass ; when di ssolved it makes a black dye used forcolouring leather . I t is a lso made in severa l otherways : earth of the kind indicated i s hollowed intotrenches , droppings from the sides of whi ch formicicl es in a winter frost which are ca ll ed drop—flowerof copper , and this is the purest kind . But some ofit , violet with a touch of white , is called lonchoton,

‘ l ance It is a lso made in pans hollowed

2 1 9


ca t inis pluvia aqua conriva to limo gelante ; fit etsa l is modo fiagrant issimo sole admissas dulces aquascogente . ideo quidam duplici differentia fossileau t fact icinm appellant , hoc pa llidus et quantumcolore , tantum bonitate det erins . probant maximeCypr ium in medicina e usn . sum itur ad pe llenda

ventris an ima lia drachma e pondere cum melle .

purga t et caput dilu t um ac naribus inst illa tum , itemst omachum cum melle aut aqua mu lsa sumptum .

m ede tur et ocu lorum scabrit iae dolorique et ca liginiet oris u lceribns . sist it et sanguinem na rium , itemh aemorroidum . ext rah it ossa fract a cum seminehyoscyam i . suspendi t epiphoras penicillo frontiinpositum , efficax et in emplast ris ad purganda

volnera 1 et excrescent ia u lcerum . t ollit et uvas,

vel si decocto t angantnr , cum lini quoque seminesuperponitu r emplast ris ad dolores t ollendos . quodex eo candica t , in uno u sn praefertur violaceis , utgravita ti aurium per fistu las inspiret ur . volnera

per se inlit um sanat , sed t ingu it2 cicatrices . nuper

invent um ursorum in ha rena et leonum ora spargereillo , t ant aqu e est vis in adst ringendo , ut non queantmordere .

XXX I I I . Et iamnum in a era riis reperiuntur qua e

1 V.l . u lcera .

V. l . t ingit : st ringit Caesarius .

Z inc oxide .

Z inc oxide made impu re by charcoa l—dust and from othercauses (K . C . Bai ley )

1 29

1 30

13 1


vocant pompholygem et spodon . differentia , quod

pompholyx lot ura separa tu r , spodos inlot a est .

a liqu i quod s it candidum levissimumqu e pompholy

gem dixere et esse aeris ac cadmeae favillam , spodon

nigriorem esse ponderosioremqu e , derasam pariet ibus

fornacmm , mixt is scint illis ,1a liqu ando et carbonibus .

ha ec aceto accepto odorem a eris praest a t et , si

tanga tur l ingua , saporem horridum . conveni t ocu

lorum medicament is , qu ibuscumqu e vitu s occurrens ,et ad omni a quae spodos . hoc solum dist a t , quod

huins elu t ior vis est . additur et in emplastra , quibus

lenis refrigera t io quaeritur et siccat io . u t ilior ad

omnia qua e vino lota est .

XXX IV . Spodos Cypria optima . fit autem liqu es

cent ibu s cadmea et aerario lapide . levissimnm hoc

est flat urae t ot ius evolatque e fornacibus et t ect is

adh aerescit , a fu ligine d istans candore . quod minus

candidum ex ea , inma t urae fornacis argumentum est ;hoc quidam pompholygem vocant . quod vero rubi

cundins ex i is invenitur , acriorem vim habet et

exu lcera t adeo , ut , cum lava tur , si a t t igit oculos ,exoaecet . est et mellei coloris spodos , in qua pluri

mum aeris int ellegit ur . sed quodcumqu e genus

lavando fit u t ilius ; pnrga t ur ante panno ,2 dein

1 lapil lis (vel cinere , pil is ) coni . Mayhoff.2 linteo panno con i . K . C . Ba i ley : purgantur ramenta panno

D’

Arcy T hompson : ant e pinna au t ante penna .

2 2 2

BOOK XXX IV . XXXI I I . 1 2 8—XXXIV . 1 3 1

the furnaces of copper works . The differencebetween them is that bubble is dis engaged by wa shing but ash is not wa shed out . Some people havegiven the name of ‘ bubble to the substance th atis white and very l ight in weight , and have sa id tha tit is the ashes of copper and cadmea ,

but tha t a sh

i s darker and heavier , being scraped off the wa lls offurnaces , mixed wi th spa rks from the ore and sometimes a lso with cha rcoa l . This materia l whenvinega r is appli ed to it gives ofl

’

a smell of copper,

and if touched with the tongue h as a horrible taste .

I t is a suitable ingredi ent for eye medicines ,remedying all tr oubles whatever , and for a ll thepurposes for which ash is used ; its only differenceis that its action is l ess violent . It is a lso used as aningredi ent for pla sters employed to produce a gentlecooling and drying eflect . I t is more efficacious forall purposes when it is moistened with wine .

XXX IV . Cyprus ash is the best . It is producedwhen cadmea and copper ore are melted . The a sh

in question is the lightest part of the whole substance produ ced by bla sting , and i t fl i es out of thefurnaces and adheres to the roof, being di stinguishedfrom soot by its white colour . Such pa rt of it as isless white is an indica t ion of inadequate fir ing ; it isthis tha t some people ca ll bubble .

’

But the redderpart selected from it h a s a keener force , and is socorrosive that if whil e it is being wa shed it tou chesthe eyes it causes blindness . There is a lso an ash

of the colour of honey,which is u nderstood to indi ca tethat i t conta ins a la rge amount of copper . But anykind is made more serviceable by washing ; it isfirst pu rified with a stra iner of cloth and then givena more substantia l wa shing , and the rough portions

PL INY : NATURAL HISTORY

cra ssiore 1 lot ura digit is scabr it ia e excernuntur .

2

eximia 3 vis est eiu s , qu a e vino lava t ur . est a liqu aet in genere vini differentia . l eni enim lota collyriis

ocu lorum minus utilis pu t a t u r , eademqu e efficacior

u lceribns , quae manent , vel oris , qua e madeant , etomnibus m edicament is , qua e parentur contra gan

graenas . fit e t in argenti fornacibu s spodos , quamvocant Lauriot im . util issima autem ocu lis adfirma

t u r qu a e fia t in aurariis , nec in a lia parte magis estvita e ingenia mirari . qu ippe ne quaerenda essent

meta lla , vi liss im is rebus u t ilit a t es easdem excogit avit .

XXXV . Ant ispodon vocant cinerem fici arboris

vel capr ifici ve l my rti foliorum cum t enerrimis ramorum pa rtibu s vel olea stri vel oleae vel cotonei ma livel lent isci , item ex moris immatur is , id est candi dis ,in sole arefact is vel e buxi coma aut pseudocypiria u t rubi aut t erebinth i vel oenanthes . tau riniqu oqu e glu t inis aut lint eorum cinerem similiterpollero invent um est . urunt ur omnia ea crudofict ili in fornacibu s , donec figlina percoquantur .

XXXVI . In a erar iis officinis et smegma fit iamliqua to a ere a c percocto addit is et iamnum carbonibus

pau lat imque accensis , ac repente veh em ent iore flatu

1crassiore au t crassior odd . (crossiora cd . V crassiora

D’

Arcy T hompson : crebriore con i . Mayhofl'

.

2scabrit iae (scabrit is scabrit iae B ) excernuntur ccld. : sca

brit iem exterunt edd . vett . : excerni t Caesa ria s .

3eximia Mayhoff et media B : om . et rell .

So called from Lau rium in Attica , where there are stil lsilver mines .

Thi s word ay.fiyp.a can, it seems , be used not only for a

detergent or cleansing agent, bu t a lso for t he stuff removed


exspu itur a cris pa l c a qua edam . solum , quo cxci

pia t ur , stratum esse debet marilla .

1

XXXVI I . Ab ea discernitur quam in isdem officinis

diphrygem vocant G ra eci ab eo , quod bis torrea tur .

cuius origo triplex . fieri enim traditur ex lapidepyrite cremato in cam ini s , donec excoqua tur inrubricam . fit et in Cypro ex luto cniusdam specusarefaoto 2

prius , mox pau la t im circnmda t is sarment is .

3

tertio fit modo in fornacibus a eris faece subsidente .

differentia est,quod 4 aes ipsum in cat inos deflu it ,

scoria extra fornaces , flos supernat a t , diphryges

remanent . quidam t radunt in fornacibus globoslapidis , qui coqu atur , ferum inari , circa hnno aesfervere , ipsum vero non percoqu i nisi t ralat um ina lia s fornaces , et esse modum 5

qu endam ma t eriae ;

id , quod ex cocto supersit , diph ryga vocari . ratioe1us In medi cina simil is pra edict is : siccare etexcrescent ia consumere ac repu rgare . proba tur

lingua , ut eam sicce t tactu statim saporemque a crisreddat .XXXVI I I . Unum e t iamnum a eris miracu lum non

om it t emus . Servili a fami lia inlu st ris in fast is trientem a ereum pascit auro , argento , consument em

ut rumqu e . origo atque natura eius incompert a mihi

1 marilla I an (olim marila ) : maril i B : maxili rellmaxilla edd . vet i . debet . Fa cile Hermola us Barba ra s .

2( sole) vel ( aere) arefacto coni . K . C'. Ba i ley .

3sarment is <accensis} coni . K . 0 . Ba i ley s . <ardent ibu s)

con i . Wa rmington .

V. l . differentiae siqu idem : differentia est qu idem quodedd . vett .

5 V.l. nndum : nucleum coni . Mayhofi.

BOOK XXXIV . XXXVI . 1 34—XXXV I I I . 1 37

copper spirt s out . The floor on which it is receivedought to be strewn with charcoa l—dust .XXXVI I . Distingu ished from ‘ smegma is the Other impu

substance in the same forges ca lled by the Greeksdiph ryx , from its being twice roa sted . It comesfrom three difl

’

erent sou rces . I t is s aid to be ob

t a ined from a mineral pyrites which is heated infurnaces till it is smelted into a red earth . It is a ls omade in Cyprus from mud obta ined from a certa incavern , which is first dri ed and then gradua lly h asburning brushwood put round it . A thi rd way ofproducing it is from the residue tha t fa lls to thebottom in copper furnaces ; the difference is thatthe copper itself ru ns down into crucibles and theslag forms outside the furnace and the flower floa t s onthe top , but the suppli es of diph ryx rema in behind .

Some people say that certa in globules of stone tha tis being smelted in the furnaces become solderedtogether and round this the copper gets red hot ,but the st one itself is not fused unless it is trans fe rredinto other furnaces , and tha t it is a sort of kernelof the substance , and that wha t is ca lled diph ryxis the residue left from th e smelting . Its use inmedicine is similar to that of the substances a lreadydescribed ; to dry up moisture and remove excre scentgrowths and act as a detergent . It can be testedby the tongue— contact with it ought immedi a telyto have a parching efl

’

ect and impa rt a flavour ofcopper .XXXVI I I . We will not omit one fu rther remark

able thing about copper . The Servili an family,

famous in our anna ls , possesses a bronze a s piecewhich it feeds with gold and silver and which consumes them both . I ts origin and na ture are un

PLINY : NAT URAL HISTO RY

est . verba ipsa de e a re Messallae s enis ponamServiliornm familia habet t r ient em sacrum , cuisumma cum cura m agnificent iaqu e sacra quot annisfaciunt . qu em ferunt alias crevisse , alias decrevissevideri et ex eo aut honorem aut deminu t ionemfamilia e sign ificare .

XXX IX . Proxime indicari debent metalla ferri .optumo pessimoqu e vita e instrumento est ,

1s iqu idem

hoc t ellurem scindimu s , a rbores serimu s , arbustatondemu s ,

2 vites squa lore deciso annis omnibuscogimu s iuvenescere , hoc ext ru imu s tecta , ca edimns

saxa , omnesqu e ad ali os usus ferro u t imur, sed

eodem ad bella , oaedes , latrocinia , non comm inus

solum , sed etiam missili volucr iqu e , nunc t orment is

excu sso , nunc lacert is , nunc vero piuma to ,quam

scelera t iss im am humani ingenu fraudem arbit ror ,

siqu idem , ut ociu s mors perveniret ad hominem ,

a lit em i llam fecimu s pinnasqu e ferro dedimus .quam ob rem culpa eius non natura e fia t a ccepta .

a liquot experimen t is probatum est posse innocensess e ferrum . in foedere , quod expu lsis regibus

populo Romano dedit Porsina , nominatim comprehensum invenimus ne ferro nisi in agri onl tu u t eret ur .

et tum 3 stilo osseo 4 scribere inst itu t um vet ust iss im i

auctores prodiderunt . Magni Pompei in tertio

1est add . Mayhojf.

2 V. l . ponemus (p . poma ria od . F lor . Bice. u t videtu rponimns p . add.

3 V. l . cum .

osseo add . .Mayhoff coll . I s id . VI . 9 . 2 .


consu la t u ext a t edictum in t umu lt u necis C lodi anae

proh ibent is ullum t elum esse in urbe .

XL . Et ars antiqu a 1 ipsa non defu it honoremm it iorem habere ferro quoque . Arist onidas a rtifex ,cum exprimere vellet Athamantis furorem Learcho

fi lio praecipit at o residentem paenit ent ia , aes ferrumque m iscu it , ut robigine eius per nitorem aeris

relucent e exprimere t ur verecundiae rubor . hocsignum exst a t hodie Rhodi .2 est in eadem urbe etferrens Hercules , quem fecit Alcon laborum de i

patientia induct us . videmu s et Romae scyphos eferro dica tos in templo Martis U ltoris . obs t it it

eadem naturae benignit as exigen t is ab ferro ipsopoemas robigine e ademqu e provident ia nihil inrebus mort aliu s 3 facient is 4 quam quod essetinfest issimum mort a lit a t i .

XLI . Ferri metalla ubique propemodum reperiun

tur , quippe et iam 5 insula Ita lia e Ilva gignent e ,

m inimaqu e difficu lt a t e adgnoscuntur colore ipsoterra e manifesto . ratio eadem excoqu endi s venis ;

in Cappadocia tantum qua estio est , aquae an terraefiat acceptum , quoniam perfusa Ceraso 6 fluvio

terra neque aliter ferrum e fornacibus reddit .differentia ferri numerosa . prima in genere terraecaelive : a liae molle tantum plumboqu e vicinum

1a rs antiqua hl ayhojj

’: t amen u iquea B (t. ni que B2

)tamen v ita rell .

2 hodie rhodi B : hodierno die rell . h .d . T hebis Ha rdou in .

T hebis hodi e H ermola us Ba rba ras .

3 mort a liu s B : mort a l ibu s rell .4 fa cient is cd . deperd . Da lecamp : faciente (faoientem cd .

Pa r . 680 1 , cd . Leid . Voss . )5et iam K . C'. Ba i ley : etiam .

3 Ceraso Ur l ichx : certo

BOOK XXXIV . XXXIX. I 39—XLI . 1 43

in his third consulship a t the time of the di sorders 52accompanying the death of C lodius , prohibiting thepossession of any weapon in the city .

XL . Further , t h e art of former days did not fa il toprovide a more humane function even for iron .

When the artist Arist onidas desired to represent themadness of Athama s subsiding in repentance afterhe h ad hurled h is son Learchu s from the rock , homade a blend of copper and iron , in order that theblush of shame should be represented by rust of theiron shining through the brilliant surface of thecopper ; thi s statue is still standing at Rhodes .There is also in the same city an iron figure ofHeracles , which was made by Alcon , prompted bythe endurance di splayed by the god in hi s labours .We a lso see at Rome goblets of iron dedi cated inthe temple of Mars the Avenger . The s ame benevolence of nature has limited the power of iron itselfby inflict ing on it th e penalty of rust , and the sameforesight by making nothing in the world moremorta l than that which is most hostile to mortali ty .

XLI . Deposits of iron are fou nd almost every I ron ares

where , and they are formed even now in the Ita li an ing . SW L

island of Elba , and there is very littl e d ifficulty inrecogni zing them as they are indica ted by the actualcolour of the earth . The method of melting out theveins is the same as in the case of copper. InCappadocia alone it is merely a question whether thepresence of iron is to b e credited to water or to ea rth ,as that region supplies iron from the furnaces whenthe earth has been flooded by the river Cera sus butnot otherwise . There are numerous varieti es ofiron ; the first difference depending on the kind ofsoil or of climate— some lands only yield a soft iron


submini strant , a liae fragile et a erosum rot arnmque

usibus et clavis maxime fug iendnm , cui prior ratio

convenit ; a l iud brevitate se la 1 placet clavisqu e

ca liga riis , a l iud robiginem ce lerius sentit . st rict urae

vocant ur h ae omnes , qu od non in aliis m et a llis , a

s t r ingenda acie vocabu lo inpos it o . et fornacium

magna differentia est , nucleu squ e quidam ferri

excoqu it u r in iis ad indurandam aciem , a lioqu e modo

ad densandas incudes m a lleorumve rostra . summa

autem difl’

erent ia in aqua , cui subinde candens

inm ergit ur . ha ec a libi atque alibi u t ilior nobili t avit

loca gloria ferri , sicu t i Bilbilim in Hispani a et T u rias

senem , Comum in Ita l ia , cum ferraria metall a in u s

locis non sint . ex omnibus autem generibu s palma

Serice fe rro est ; Seres hoc cum vest ibus suis pelli

busque m it tunt ; secunda Parth ico . neque a li a

genera ferri ex mera 2 acie t emperantur , ceteris

en im adm iscet ur mollior complexus . in nostro e rbe

a liubi vena bonit a t em hanc pra est a t , ut in Noricis ,a liub i fa ctu ra , ut Su lmone , aqu a a liubi ut 3 diximus ,

quippe cum 4exacu endo e leariae cotes aqu ariaequ e

differant et e lec delica t ior fiat acies . t enu iera ferra

1 bonita te se leis K . C . Ba i ley .

2ex mera B : ex m ira rell . (ex nimia ed . Vinci . CCXXXIV )

eximia edd . vet i .3a l iubi nt Warm ington : u t i edd . vet t . : ubi .

4 V. l . cum in.

T h e Chinese ; in fa ct intermediaries are meant .I n t he MSS. th is sentence comes after the next one .

PLINY NAT URAI.‘

HISTORY

menta oleo restingui mos est , ne aqua in fragilita temdu rentnr .

1 m irumque , cum excoqua tu r vena , aqu aemode liqu ari ferrum , postea in spongeas frangi .a ferro sanguis humanu s s e nlciscit ur , cont act um

namqu e eo ce leriu s robiginem trahit .XLI I . De magnete lapide suo loco dicemu s

cencerdiaqu e , qu am cum ferro habet . sola haecmateria virus 2 ab eo lapide accipit re t inetque longetempore , a liud adpreh endens ferrum , ut anu lorum

catena spect et ur int erdum . quod volgus imperit um

appellat ferrum vivum , vu lneraqne ta lia asperiora

finnt . hic lapis et in Cantabria nascitur , non utille magnes verus cante continua , sed sparsa bullat iene 3 — ita appellant ,— nescio an vit ro 4 fundende

perinde utilis , nondum enim expertu s est quisquam ;ferrum utique inficit eadem vi . Magnete lapidearch it ectu s T imoch ares Alexandriae Arsinoes templum concamarare incohaverat , ut in eo simulacrume ferro pendere in aere videret u r . int ercessit ipsiusmors et Ptolemaei regis , qui id sorori su ae iu ssera tfieri . XLII I . Me t a llerum omnium vena ferri largissima est . Cantabriae maritima parte , qua oceanusadlu it , mens praealtu s

— incredibile dictu— tetus exea materia est , ut in ambitu oceani di ximus .

1 t enu iera durentur pos t acies transf. Rackham : pos t

frangi habent odd .

2 V.l . v ires (v im I s id . XVI . 2 1 .

3 bu lba t ione B : bu l la t iene rell .4vitro Hermola us Ba rba rus : nit ro .

As well a s in Magnesia .

Wife of Ptolemy I I , Phi ladelphu s King of Egypt 286247 B .C .

Pliny has not stated th is anywhere else . But of. IV . 1 1 2 .

BOOK XXX IV . XLI . 1 46— XLI I I . 1 49

with oil , for fear that water might harden them and

make them brittle . And i t is remarkable that whena vein of ore is fu sed the iron becomes li quid likewater and a fterwa rds a cquires a spongy and brittletexture . Human blood takes its revenge from iron

,

as if iron h as come into contact with it,it becomes

the more quickly liable to rust .XLI I . We will speak in the appropriate placeabout the lode—stone and the sympa thy whi ch it h aswith iron . Iron is the only substance that catchesthe infection of that stone and retains it for a longperiod , taking hold of other iron , so that we maysometimes see a cha in of rings ; the ignorant lowercla ss es ca ll this li ve iron ,

’

and wounds infiict ed withit are more severe . This sort of stone forms inBiscaya also not in a continu ous rocky stra tumlike the genuine lodestone alluded to but in a sca tteredpebbly formation or bubbling — that is what theycall it . I do not know whether it is equa lly usefulfor glass founding , as no one has hitherto tested it ,but it certa inly imparts the same magnetic propertyto iron . The a rchitect T imoch ares h ad begun to uselodestone for constructing the vaulting in the Templeof Arsinoe a t Alexandria , so tha t the iron statuecontained in it m igh t have the appearance of beingsuspended in m id a ir but the proj ect was interruptedby his own death and that of King Ptolemy who h adordered the work to be done in honour of his s ister.XLI I I . Iron ore is found in the grea test abundanceof a ll meta ls . In the coa sta l part of Biscaya wa shedby the Atlantic there is a very high mounta in which ,marvellous to rela te , consists entirely of that mineral ,as we stated in our account of the lands borderingon the Ocean .

Lode-stone.

XXXVL1 26 377 ,


Ferrum accensum igni , nisi duretu r ict ibu s , cor

rumpitur . rubens non est habile t undendo neque

ant equ am a lbescere incipiat . aceto aut alumine

mlit um fit aeri simile . a robigine vindica t ur cerussa

et gypso et liquida pice . haec est ferro a G raecis

ant ipa th ia diet a . ferunt quidem et religione qu a

dam id fieri et exst are ferream cat enam apudEuphra t en amnem in urbe , quae Zeugma appe llatur ,

qu a Alexander Magnus ibi iunxerit pontem , cuiu s

amnlos , qu i refect i sint , robigine infest ari , carent ibus

ea prioribu s .

XLIV . Medicina e ferro est et alia quam secandi .

namqu e et circumscribi circulo 1 t erve circum la to

mucrone et adu lt is et infant ibu s prodest contra moxia

medicamenta , et pra efixisse in limine evu lsos sepu l

chris clavos adversus noctu rnas lymphat iones , pungi

que leviter mucrone , quo percu ssu s homo sit , contra

dolores lat erum pectorumqu e subìtos , qui punct ionem

ad ferant . qua edam ustione sanantu r , privatim vero

canis rabidi morsus , quippe etiam praeva lent e morbo

expavent esque pot um usta plaga ilico liberant ur

ca lfit etiam ferro candente potus in multis vitus ,privatim vero dysent ericis .

XLV . Est et robigo ipsa in remedi i s , et sic prodit u r

circulo B : circul os rell .

See 1 75 .

Oppos ite the modern Birepk.


T elephum sana sse Achilles , sive id a erea sive ferreacuspide fecit ; ita certe pingitur ex ea decu t iensgladi o suo .

1 robigo ferri deraditu r umido ferroclavis ve t eribu s . potentia eius ligare , siccare , sis t ere .

em endat alopecia s inlit a . u t unt ur et ad scabrit ias

genarum pu su lasqu e t ot ius corporis cum cera etmyrt eo oleo , ad ignes vero sacros ex aceto , itemad scabiem , paronychia digitorum et pterygia inlint eol is . sist it et fem inarum profiuvia inposit a

in vellere,utilis 2 plagis quoque recent ibus vino dilu t a

et cum murra subact a , condylom a t is ex aceto . podagras quoque inlit a leni t .

XLVI . Squama quoque ferri in usu est ex acie au tmucronibu s , maxime sim ili , sed acriore vi quamrobigo , quam ob rem et contra epiphora s ocu lorumadsum itur . sanguinem sist it , cum volnera ferromaxime fiant ! sist it et fem inarum profiuvia . in

poni tu r et contra lienium vitia , et haemorroidas

compescit u lcerumqu e serpent ia . et genis prodes tfarinae modo adspersa pau llisper . praecipua tamencomm endat io eius in hygremplast ro ad pu rganda

vulnera fist u lasqu e et omnem callum erodendum etrasis ossibus carnes recreandas . componitu r hocmodo : propoli s 3 eboli VI , Cimoliae cre t ae drachmaevr, aeris tusi drachmae 1 1 , squamae ferri 4 totidem ,

1suo K . C . Ba iley : sed .

2 in vel lere, util is com'

. Mayhojff: velleribu s .

3pmpolis Mayhofl ((coll . XXI I . 1 07 , Scribon . , 209 ) qu i el

galbani vel panacis com'

. pa l . B : pari rell. : panis I ana luminis con i . S i llig : p icis Hardw in .

V.l . ferreae.

Cf. XXXV, 1 95 ff.

BOOK XXX IV . XLV . I SZ—XLVI . 1 55

its elf, and this is the way in which Achilles is statedto have cured Telephus , whether he did it by meansof a copper j avelin or an iron one ; at all eventsAchilles is so represented in pa inting , knocking therust off a j avelin with his sword. Rust of iron isobtained by scraping it off old na i ls with an iron tooldipped in wa ter . The effect of rust is to unitewounds and dry them and staunch them , and applieda s a lin iment it reli eves fox-mange . They a lso u se

it with wax and oil of myrtle for scabbiness of t h eeye-lids and pimples in all parts of the body , bu tdipped in vinega r for erysipela s and a lso for scab ,

and ,appli ed on pieces of cloth , for hangna ils on t h e

fingers and whitlows . Applied on wool it arrestswomen ’s d ischa rges and for recent wounds it is usefu ldiluted with wine and kneaded with myrrh , and forswellings round the a rms dipped in vinega r . Usedas a liniment it a lso reli eves gout .XLVI . Sca l e of iron , obta ined from a sha rp edge

or point , is a ls o employed , and h as an effect extremelylike that of rust only more a ctive , for wh ich reasoni t is employed even for running at the eyes . Itarrests haemorrhage

,though it is with iron that

wounds are ch iefiy made ! And it a lso arrests fema l edischarges . It is als o appli ed against troubl es of thespleen , and it checks haemorrhoida l swellings and

creeping ulcers . Applied for a bri ef period in theform of a powder it is good for the eyelids . Butit s chief recomm endation is its us e in a wet pla sterfor clean ing wounds and fistu las and for eating outevery kind of ca ll osity and making new fl esh on

bones tha t have been denuded . The following are

the ingr edi ents : s ix obols of bee—glue , six drams ofCimolo earth ,“ two drams of pounded copper , two of

2 39


cera e x,

1 olei s extariu s . his adicit u r , cum suntrepurganda volnera aut replenda , cera tum .

XLVI I . Sequitu r na tu ra plumbi , cu ius duo genera ,nigrum a tqu e candidum . pre t iosissimum in 2 hoccandidum , G raecis appe llat um cassit erum fabu loseque narra t um in insula s Atlantici maris peti vit ilibu squ e navigiis et circumsu t is corio adveh i . nuncce r t um est in Lusitania gigni et in G allaecia summa

tellure , h arenosa et coloris nigri . pondere tantumea depreh endit ur ; int erveniun t et minuti calculi ,maxime t orrent ibu s sicca t is . lavant eas harenas

metallici et , quod subsedit , cocunt in fornacibu s .

invenitu r et in au rariis me t a llis , qu a e alu t ias 3 vocant ,aqu a imm issa eluente calcu los nigros pau llum candoreva ria tos , qu ibu s eadem gravitas qua e au ro , et ideoin ca t illis 4 qu ibu s aurum colligitu r , cum eo remanent ;postea cam inis separant u r confiat iqu e in plumbumalbum resolvunt ur . non fit in G a llaecia nigrum , cumvicina Cantabria migro tantum abunde t , nec ex alboa rgentum , cum fiat ex migro . iungi inter se plumbum nigrum sine …albo non potest nec hoc ei sine oleoac ne a lbum quidem secum sine migro . albumhabu it auctorit at em e t I liacis temporibus testeHomero , cassit erum ab illo d ictum . plumbi nigri

1 X -Mayhojffz XL B 1: XI B2 : ex au t sex rell .

2 in add . Mayhofi”.

a lu t ias B : a lu t ia au t aiu t a rell .ca t il l is Wamzington : scu tu l is Urlichs : ca la th is cd . Pa r.

680 1 recte ? ca la t is au t cola t is au t cloacis rell . (eutalis B) .

Pl iny ’s black lead is lead , and h is wh ite lead is t in .

Neither mus t be confused with t he black lead and wh itelead of modern u sage .

Or , if we read ca la this , baskets .

’

1 60

16 1


origo duplex est ; aut enim su a provenit vena nec

qu icqu am aliud ex sese parit aut cum argentonascitur mixt isqu e venis conflat ur . hu ius qui primus fuit in fornacibu s liquor stagnum appella t u r ;

qu i secundus , a rgentum quod remansit in fornacibus ,ga l ena , qua e fit terti a portio addi tae venae ; ha ecru rsus confiat a dat nigrum plumbum deduct is partibusnon1 s I I .

XLVI I I . Stagnum inlitum aereis vasis saporem

facit grat iorem ac compescit virus a eruginis , mirumque , pondu s non auget . specula etiam ex eolaudat issima , ut diximu s , Brundisi t emperabantur ,

donec argent eis uti coepere et ancilla e . nuncadu lt era tu r stagnum addita aeris candidi tertia

por t ione in plumbum a lbum . fit et alio modo mixt isalbi plumbi nigriqu e l ibris ; hoc nu nc a liqu i argent arium appellant . iidem et t ert iarium vocant , inquo duae sunt nigri portiones et tertia albi . pretium eiu s in libras X xx.

1 hoc fistula e solidantu r .

inprobiores ad t ert iar ium addit is pa rtibus a equisalbi argent ar ium vocant et eo qua e volunt imco

quunt . pretium 2 hu ins faciunt in p . Lxx.

3a lbo

per se sincero pretium 4 sunt X Lxxx,5 migro X VI I .

6

Albi natu ra plu s aridi habet , cont raqu e nigri tota1% XX B : xxx rell . (X .X ed . Par .

'

La t…2 V.l . pret ia (pret io cd . Leid. Vasa ) .3 XLXX B2

: va ria add . V. l . pretia .

5 x 1.xxx E Z: va ria cold.

x .vn cd . Ch ifll . apud Da lecamp : XVI I rell .

T he mixtu re is ga lena or su lph ide of lead , the commonestlead ore, for whi ch , see XXXI I I , 95 .

Or s tannum, a lloy of silver and lead .

Ga lena is here crude or impu re lead , not the modernga lena or su lphide of lead , for wh ich see XXXI I I , 95 .

Brass .

BOOK XXX IV XLV I I . 1 59—XLV I I I . 1 6 1

either found in a vein of its own and produces noother substance mixed with it , or it forms togetherwith silver , and is smelted with the two veins mixedtogether .“ Of this substance the liquid that meltsfirst in the fu rnaces is called s tagnum the secondliquid is a rgentiferous lead ,

and the residue left inthe furnaces is impu re lead which forms a thirdpart of the vein origina lly put in ; when this isaga in fused it gives bl ack lead , having lost twoninths in bulk .

XLVI I I . When copper vessels are coated withstagnum the contents have a more agreeable ta steand the formation of destructive verdigris is prevented , and , what is remarkable , the weight is notincreased . Also , as we have sa id , it used to beemployed at Brind isi as a ma terial for makingmirrors which were very celebrated , until evenservant—ma ids began to u se silver ones . At thepresent day a counterfe it s tagnum is made by addingone part of whi te copper to two pa rts of white leadand it is a lso made in another way by mixing togetherequa l weights of white and black lead : the la ttercompound some people now call ‘ silver mixture .

’

The same people also give the name of tertia ryto a compound containing two portions of black leadand one of white ; its price is 20 denarii a pound .

It is used for soldering pipes . More dishonestmakers add to tertiary an equal amount of whitelead and call it silver mixture ,

’

and use it meltedfor plating by immersion any articl es they wish .

They put the price of this l ast a t 70 denarii for 1 lb .

the price of pure white lead without alloy is 80 denarii ,and of black lead 7 denari i .The substance of wh ite lead has more dryness ,


umida est . ideo a lbum nu lli rei sine mixtura utileest . neque argentum ex eo plumba t u r , qu oniampriu s liqu esca t argentum , confirm antque , si minu sa lbo n igri , quam satis sit , m iscea t u r , erodi ab eoa rgentum . a lbum incoqu itu r a ereis operibu s G a l

harum invento ita , ut vix discerni possit ab a rgento ,caque incoct ilia appellant . deinde et argentumincoqu ere s imili modo coepere equ orum maximeornament is iument orumqu e ac iugorum in Alesiaoppido ; re liqu a gloria Bitu rigum fuit . coepere

deinde e t e sseda su a colisa t aqu e ac pe torit a exornare

simili modo , quae iam luxuria ad aurea quoque , nonmodo a rgentea , st a t icu la 1

perveni t , qu aeque inscyph is cerni prodigum

2 erat , haec in veh icu lis adt er i

cultus voca tu r .

plumb i a lbi exper imentum in charta est , ut liqu efactum pondere videatu r , non ca lore , rupisse . Indianeque a es neque plumbum habet gemm isque ac

margaritis su is haec permu t at .

XLIX . Nigro plumbo ad fistula s lamnasqu e u t imur ,

laborios iu s in Hispani a eru to tot asqu e per Ga llias ,se din Brit t annia summo terra e corio adeo large , u tlex int erdica t u t 3 ne plus certo modo fiat . nigri

1veh icu la cd . Par . 680 1 , cd . Pa r . La t . 6797 , m .2 in ra s .

2 V. l . prodi gium .

3 lex int erdica t u t M. Hertz : lex ul tro dica tur add . : lex

eavere d i ca tu r Url ichs : lex cust odia tu r Dci lefsen : legeint erdica tur Bra nn nec int erdica tur coni . Mayhoff.

Bu t silver does not melt sooner than wh ite lead (t in ) .Perhaps some a l loy is meant here.

At Mont Auxois near Alise.

1 65

1 66

1 67


generibu s haec sunt nomina : Ovet anum ,

l Caprariense ,O least rense , nec differentia ulla scoria modo excoct a

diligent er . m irum in his solis m et allis , quod derelieta fert iliu s revivescunt . hoc videtur facere laxat isspirament is ad sat ie t a t em infu su s aer , aeque utfem inas qu asdam fecundiores facere abortus . nuper

id conper t um in Baetica Salu t a riensi2 meta l lo , quod

locari solit um X E 3annu is , post quam oblit era tum

era t , X c v4 locatum est . simil i modo Antonianum

in eadem provincia pari loca t ione pervenit ad ns EWvect igalis . m irum et addita aqu a non liqu escere

vasa e plumbo , eadem , si in aquam 5addant ur calculus

vel aereu s quadrans , peru ri .L . In medicina per se plumbi usus cicatrices

reprimere ada lligat isqu e lumborum et renium partilammi s frigidiore natura inh ibere inpet u s venerisvisaqu e in quiete veneria sponte natura e erumpent iausque in genus morbi . his lamnis Calvus oratorcoh ibu isse se traditur viresqu e corporis studiorumlabori custodisse . Nero , quoniam it a placu it dii s ,princeps , l amna pect or i inposit a sub ea canticaexclamans a lendis vocibu s demonst ravit rationem .

coqu itu r ad m edicinae usus pat inis fict ilibu s substrato su lpure minuto , lammis imposit is t enu ibu s

1 Ovetanum Ha rdou in : iovetanum B : iovetantum rell .2 Sa lu t ariens1 coni . Mayhojf samariens1 B : santarens i

au t sam1arenci au t saremianensi rell .3 cc I an : cc . M. ed . Leid . l’ass . , ed. F lor. Rico.

2(CCC

Ricc.

l) z cc rell .CCLV Mayhofl va ria odd . et edd .

5 in aquam 0 . F . W. Mfiller : sine a qua K . 0 . Ba iley : coni .

Mayhofi cum aqua .

Not true . K . C. Ba iley suggests s i s ine aqua and translates a hole is bu rnt in the same vessels if fi lled with pebblesor copper coins instead of water . ’

2 46

BOOK XXX IV . XLIX . 1 64—L . 1 67

have the following names— Oviedo lead , Capra ria

lead , O least rum lead , though there is no differencebetween them provided the sl ag h as been carefullysmelted away . It is a rema rkable fact in the ca s eof these mines only that when they have beenabandoned they repleni sh themselves and becomemore productive . This seems to be du e to the a ir

infusing itself to satu ration through the openorifices , j ust as a mi sca rriage seems to make somewomen more prolific . Thi s was recently observedin the Salu t ariensian mine in Baetica , which used tobe let at a rent of denarii a yea r , bu t whichwas then abandoned , and subsequently let for

Likewise the Antoni an mine in the sameprovince from the same rent has reached a returnof sesterces . It is a lso remarkable thatvessels made of lead will not melt if they have waterput in them , but if to the water a pebble or qua rteras coin is added , the fire burns through the vessel .L . In medicine lead is used by its elf to remove Medica l

sca rs , and l eaden plates are appli ed to the region ?es

aî‘l‘o ofof the loins and kidneys for their comparative chillynature to check the a ttacks of venerea l pa ssions ,and the libidi nous dreams that cause spontaneousemissions to the extent of constituting a kind ofd is eas e . It is recorded tha t the pleader Ca lvu sused these plates to control himself and to preservehis bodi ly strength for laboriou s study . Nero ,whom heaven was plea sed to make emperor , used tohave a plate of lead on his chest when singing songs

fortissimo, thus showing a method for preserving thevoice . For medi cal purposes l ead is melted inearthen vessels , a layer of finely powdered sulphurbeing put unde rneath it ; on this thin plates a re


oper t isqu e su lpu re , veru ferreo 1 m ixt is . cum cc

qu a t u r ,2 munienda in eo opere foramina spiritus

conveni t ; a lioqu i plumbi fornacium halitus noxiu s

sen t itur et pest ilens ; noce t 3 canibu s ocissime ,

omnium vero m et a llorum muscis et cu licibu s , quamob rem non sunt ea t aedia in m et allis .

Qu idam in coquendo scobem plumbi l ima quaesitamsu lpu r i m iscent , alii ceru ssam pot ius quam sulpur .fit et lot u ra plumbi usus in medi cina . cum se ipsot er it u r in mort ariis plumbeis addita aqua caelest i ,donec crassescat ; postea superna t ans aqua tolliturspongeis ; quod crassissimum fuit , siccatum dividi tur

in pastillos . quidam limat um plumbum sic t erunt ,quidam et plumbaginem adm iscent , al ii vero acetum ,

a lii vinum , a lii adipem , ali i rosam . quidam inlapideo mort ario et maxime T h ebaico plumbumpistil lo lapideo 4 terere ma lunt , candidiu sque itafit medicamentum . id autem quod ust um estplumbum lava t ur ut st ib is et cadmea . potestadst ringere , sist ere , cont rah ere cicatrices ; u sn est 5

eodem et in ocu lorum medicam ent is , maxime contra

procident iam eorum et inanit a t es u lcerum excres

cent iave rimasqu e s edis aut h aemorroidas et condyloma t a . ad haec maxime lotura plumbi facit ,

1veru ferreo coni . Jll ayhofi et ferro au t est et foro.

2coquuntu r coni . lVl ayhofi.

nocet Wa rm ington : est Mayhojj‘

et .

4 plumbum (Url ichs ) pist illo (e cd . Par. La t . 6797 ) lapideo(coll . D iosc. ) K . C . Ba i ley plumbeum pist il lum au t plumbeopis t il lum odd. (pistillo cd . Pa r . La t .

5u su est Mayhojff u sus et cdd . : usus enim ex ed. vettu

usu s ex S illig.

See XXXI I I , 98 . See 1 75 .

Not it seems t he plant lead—wort. Cf. Dioscorides , V, 95 ,


cinis autem usti ad serpent ia ulcera a ut sordida ,eademqu e qu a e ch art is 1 ratio profectus . uritu r

autem in pa t inis per lamna s minuta s cum su lpu re ,

versa t um rudibu s ferreis au t feru laceis , donec liquormu t e t ur in cinerem ; dein refrigeratum t eritu r in

far inam . a lii e lima t am scobem in fict ili crudo cocuntin caminis , donec percoquat ur figlinum . a liqu i

ceru ssam adm iscent pari mensura au t hordeumt erunt qu e ut in crudo

2 dictum est , et praeferuntsic plumbum spodio Cyprio .

LI . Scoria quoque plumbi in u sn est . optima quaemaxim e ad luteum colorem accedit , sine plumbireliqu ii s aut su lpuris , specie terrae

3 carens . lava t u r

ha ec in mort arii s minu t im fract a , donec aqua luteumcolorem t rah at , et t ransfundit ur in vas purum ,

idqu e saepiu s , usque dum subsidat quod u t ilissimum

est . effect u s habet eosdem quos plumbum , sed

acr iores . mirar iqu e succurrit experient iam4 vitae ,

ne faece quidem rerum excrementorumqu e foedita t e

int empt at a tot modis .LI I . Fit et spod ium ex plumbo eodem modo quo

ex Cyprio aere ; lava t ur in lint eis raris aqua caelest iseparat urqu e t errenum t ransfusione ; cribra tum

t erit u r . quidam pu lverem eum pinni s digerere

malunt ac terere in vino odorato .

1cha lcit idis coni . ] lI ayhofl‘.

3 in crudo odd . supra coni . K . C'. Ba i ley.

3specie terrae B et terra rell .

4experient ia B .

For t he medi cina ] u se of burnt papyru s see XXIV,88

See 1 75 .

Some kind of litha rge .

BOOK XXX IV . L . I 70—LI I . 1 72

t rem e ly efficient , while for creeping or foul ulcers ashof ca lcined l ead is u seful ; and the benefit theyproduce is on the same lines as in the ca s e of sheetsof papyrus .

“ The lead is burnt in small sheetsmixed with sulphur , in sha llow vessels , being stirredwith iron rods or fennel sta lks till the molten metalis reduced to ashe s ; then a fter being cooled off it isground into powder . Another process is to boillead filings in a vessel of raw ea rth in fu rnaces till theearthenware is completely baked . Some mix withit an equal amount of lead acetate or of barley and

grind thi s mixture , in the way sta ted in the ca se of 5 1 68.

raw l ead , and prefer the lead trea ted in this way tothe Cyprus slag .

LI . The dross of lead is also utiliz ed . The bestis that which approximates in colour most closely toyellow , conta ining no remnants of lead or sulphur ,and does not look ea rthy . This is broken up intosmall fragments and wa shed in morta rs till the watera ssumes a yellow colour , and pou red off into a cleanvessel , and the process is repeated s everal times tillthe most valuable pa rt settl es a s a sediment a t thebottom . Lead dross has the same effects as lead ,

but to a more active degree . This suggests a remarkon the ma rvellous efficacy of human experiment

,

which has not left even the dregs of substances andthe foulest refus e untested in such numerous ways '

LII . Slag is a lso made from lead in the sameway as from Cyprus copper ; it is wa shed with ra inwa ter in linen sheets of fine texture and the earthyparticles are got rid of by rinsing , and the residueis sifted and then ground . Some prefer to sepa ra tethe powder with a fea ther , and to grind it up witha romatic wine .

1 28 .sqq.


LI I I . Est et molybdaena , quam a lio loco ga lenamappe llav imu s , vena argenti plumbique communis .melior haec , quanto magis aurei coloris qu antoqu eminus plumbosa , friabilis et modice gravis . coct a

cum oleo iocineris colorem trahit . adhaerescit etauri a rgentiqu e fornacibu s ; hanc met allicam vocant .

lauda t issima quae in Z ephyrio fiat ; probant ur minimet errenae m inimequ e lapidosae . coquunt ur lavant ur

que scoria e modo . usus in lipara ad leni enda acrefrigeranda ulcera et emplast r is , quae non inligant ur ,sed inli ta ad cica t ricem perducunt in t eneris corpori

bus mollissim isqu e partibus . composit io eius elibris 1 1 1 et oera e libra , olei I I I h eminis , quod in senilicorpore cum fracibu s additur . temperatur cumspuma argenti et scoria plumbi ad dysent eriam ett enesmum fovenda ca lida .

LIV . Psimith ium quoque , hoc est cerussam , plumbar iae dant officinae , laudat issimam in Rhodo . fitautem rament is plumbi t enu issimis super vas acetiasperrimi imposi t is atque ita dest illant ibus . quod exeo cecidit in ipsum acetum , arefact um molit ur etcribrat ur it erumque aceto adm ixto in past illosdividitur et in sole s icca tu r aest at e . fit et alio modo ,addito in u rceos aceti plumbo opt ura tos per dies xderasoque ceu situ ac rursu s reiecto , donec deficia t

In th is word Pl iny includes two th ings : (i ) a minera lwhich is lead su lph ide (st il l ca l led ga lena ) or perhaps leadoxide (massicot ) ; (ii ) an a rt ificia l produc t wh ich is litha rge .

Both Pliny and Dioscorides ca l l t he minera l yellow, wh ich istrue of litha rge , not of lead su lph ide . So t he minera l may be

the yel low or yel lowish red massicot (K . 0 . Ba iley ) .Suga r of lead , not the modern basic lead carbona to or

wh i te lead .

’


materia . quod derasum est , t er it u r et cribrat ur et

coqu itur in pat inis m isce t urqu e rudicu lis , donec

rufesca t et simile sandaracae fia t . dein lava tu r

dulci aqua , donec nubeculae omnes elu antu r . sic

catu r postea simi li ter et in pas tillos dividi tu r . vis

eiu s eadem qua e supra dict is , lenissim a tantum ex

omnibus , praet erqu e ad candorem fem inarum . est

autem letal is potu sicut spuma argenti . postea

cerussa ipsa , s i coqu at u r , rufescit .

LV . Sandaracae quoque propemodum di cta natura

est . invenitu r autem et in aurarns et in argent arns

met a llis , melior quo magis rufa quoque magis virus

sulpu ris1

redolens ac pura friabilisqu e . valet pur

gare , sist ere , excalfacere , erodere , summa eius

dote sept ica . explet alopecias ex aceto inli t a ;

addi tur ocu lorum medicam ent is ; fauces purgat

cum melle sumpt a vocemque limpidam et canoram

facit ; suSpiriosis et t u ssient ibu s iucunde medetur

cum resina terebinthina in cibo sumpt a , suffit a

quoque cum cedro ipso nidore isdem m edetur .

LVI . Et arrh enicum ex eadem est materia . quod

optimum , coloris etiam in auro excellent is ; quod

vero pa llidius aut sandaracae simile est , det eriu s

iudicatu r . est et tertium genus , quo m iscet ur

aureus color sandaracae . u t raqu e haec squamosa ,1sulpu ris add . Mayhoff.

Red sul phi de of a rseni c .Yel low sulphide of a rsenic .

BOOK XXX IV . LIV . 1 75—Lv1 . 1 78

the vinegar , till the whole of it is used up . The stuffscraped off is ground up and s ifted and he a ted i nsha llow vessels and stirred with sma ll rods til l itturns red and become s like sanda rach , rea lgar .“

Then it is washed with fresh wa ter till a ll the cloudyimpurities have been removed . After wa rds it isdried in a simila r way and di vided into tablets . I tsproperties a re the same as thos e of the substancesmentioned above , only it is the mi ldest of them a ll ,and beside that , it is u s efu l for giving women a faircomplexion ; but like scum of silver , it is a deadlypoison . The lead a cetate its elf if afterwa rds meltedbecomes red .

LV . Of rea lgar a lso the properti es have beena lmost completely described . It is found both i ngoldm ines and silvermines ; the redder it is and themore it gives off a poisonou s scent of sulphur and thepurer and more friable it is , the better it is . It actsas a C l eans er , a s a check to bleeding , a s a calorific

and a caustic , being most remarkable for its corrosiveproperty ; used as a l iniment with vinegar it removesfox—mange ; it forms an ingredient in eye—washes ,and taken wi th honey it cleans out the throat . Ita lso produces a clear and melodi ous voice , and mixedwi th tu rpentine and taken in the food , is an agreeable remedy for a sthma and cough it s vapour a ls oremedi es the same compla ints if merely used a s a

fumigation with cedar wood .

LVI . Orpiment als o is obtained from the samesubstance . The best is of a colou r of even thefinest -coloured gold , but the pa ler sort or wha tresembles sandarach is j udged inferior . There isals o a thi rd cla ss wh ich combines the colours of goldand of sandarach . Both of the latter are scaly , but

Realgar .

Orp iment .


illud vero siccum pu rumque , gracili venarum discursufissile . vis eadem quae supra , sed acrior. it aque

et cau st icis additur et psilot r is . tollit et pterygiadigitorum carnesqu e narium et condylomata et

qu idqu id excrescit . torret ur , ut va ldiu s 1 prosit , innova testa , donec mutet colorem .

1va ldius B : va lidius rell .

NOT E ON XXXIV. 1 7 AND 70 .

T he group of two figu res ( representing Harmodiu s and

Ar istogeiton ) made by Antenor in bronze, set up at Athens in5 10—9 B .C . ,

was ca rried ofi by Xerxes in 480 ; and a new

bronze pair wa s made by Crit ius and Nesiot es and set up a t

Athens in 477 . Antenor ’s group was found by Al exander inPersia , and on h is orders , it seems , one of his su ccessorsc . 293—2 restored it t o Athens ; part of the original base of

Crit ius’

and Nesiot es’

group , it seems , has now been found ;the ma rble group now a t Naples is thought t o be a Roman

cop y of t he same group and made in the 2md cent . A.D . T he

bea rded h ead ofAr istogeiton can be restored from a head in

the Vatican . Cop ies of th is group can be seen on four Atticva ses of t he first half of t he fifth centu ry B .C . (Beazley,Joann. of Hellen . Stud . LXVI I I and one of a bou t400 B .C . (W. H ah land, Vasen um Meidias p . 6 and pl . 6a ) .

BOOK XXXV

LIBER XXXV

I . Met allorum , quibus opes constant , adgnas

cent iumque ii s natura indica ta propemodum est ,

ita conexis rebus , ut immensa m edicinae silvaofii cinarumque tenebrae et morosa caelandi fingen

dique ac t inguendi subt ilit as simul dicerentur .

restant terrae ipsius genera lapidumque vel num erosiore 1 serie ,2 plurimis singula a

3 G raecis praecipu e volum inibu s t ract a t a . nos in iis brevit a t emsequemur ut i lem instituto , modo nihil necessarium

2 aut naturale om it t ent es . primumqu e dicemu s quaerestant de pict u ra a rte quondam nobili— tune cumexpe t eret u r regibu s popu lisqu e

— et alios nobilitante ,quos esset digna ta post eris tradere , nunc vero intotum m armoribu s pu lsa , iam quidem et avro , nectantum u t parietes toti operiant ur , verum et int errasoma rmore verm icu lat isqu e ad effigies rerum et

3 anima lium cru st is . non placent iam abaci nec spatiamontes in cubiculo dila t ant ia 4

coepimu s et lapidem 5

pingere . hoc C laudii principa t u inventum , Neronis

numeromore Gelen numerosiores .

serie Gelen : seriae B : erie au t aeriae au t s am. rea

a forta sse delendum (Mayhoff) .di latata con i . I an : dilatant iam Detlefsen .

3 lapidem cd. Par . La t . 6797 , cd. Par . 6801 : lap ide rell.

T hi s translates lap idem . I f we read lap ide‘ with stone ,

’

Pliny wou ld mean a kind ofmosa ic . Bu t see 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 .

2 60


vero macu las , quae non essent in crust is , inserendounita t em variare , ut ovatu s esset Num idicu s , utpurpu ra dist ingu ere tu r Synnadicus , qu alit er illosna sci optassent de l iciae . mont ium haec subsidiadeficient ium , nec cessa t luxuria id agere , ut quam

plur imum incendiis perdat .

4 I I . Imaginum qu idem pict u ra , qu a maxime similesin aevum propagabant u r figu rae , in totum exolevit .

a erei ponunt u r clipei argentea facie ,1 surdo figu rarum

d iscrimine ; st a t u arum capita permu t ant u r , volga t is

iam pridem sa libu s e tiam carminum . adeo mat eriam

conspici malunt omnes qu am se mosci , et inter haecpinacotheca s ve t eribu s tabulis cons uunt 3 alienasqu e

effigies colunt , ipsi honorem non nisi in pre t io

5 ducent es , ut franga t heres forasqu e3 det rahat laqueo .

4

it aqu e nullius effigi e vivente imagines pecuniae , nonsuas , relinquunt . iidem palaestra e5 a th let arum imaginibu s et ceromat a sua exornant , Epicuri voltus percubicula gestant ac circumferunt secum . natali eiussacrificant , feriasqu e omni mense vicesima luna 3

1a rgentea fa cie Mayhoff argent eae fa cies .

3conferciunt qu idam apud Da lecamp : complent com .

.Mayhojf.

3 forasque cd. Par . 680 1 furisqu e rell . forisque Detlefsenfu risve coni . Brotier .

laqu eo Detlefsen laqu eis Urlichs : laqueù au t laqueus5 pa laestrae coni . Mayhofi pa laestras .

3v icesima luna hic Mayhoff pos t cu st odiunt I an pos t

eius edel .

Of Synnada in Phrygia in Asia Minor .So that heads were pu t on bodies wh ich did not belong

to them .

Ceroma la ,Greek for wax ointment s used by athletes, and

a lso denoting t he rooms where these were applied before or

after a match .

Greek elxds, 20th day .

BOOK XXXV . I . 3—I I . 5

principa te of Claudius , while in the time of Nero a A.D. 4 1-54

plan was discovered to give vari ety to uniformity byinserting markings that were not present in theembossed marble surface , so that Numidian stonemight show oval lines and Synnadic

“ ma rble bepicked out with purpl e , j ust a s fa stidious luxurywould have liked them to be by nature . These areour resources to supplement the mountains whenthey fail us , and luxury is a lways busy in the effortto secure that if a fire occurs it may lose as much aspossible .

I I . The painting of portraits , used to transmit Portrai ts.

t hrough the ages extremely correct likenesses ofpersons

,has entirely gone out . Bronz e shields are

now set up as monuments with a design in silver , withonly a faint difference between the figure s ; heads ofstatues are exchanged for others ,“ about which beforenow actually sarcastic epigrams have been currentso uni versally is a display of materi al preferred to a

recognizable l ikeness of one’

s own self. And in themidst of all this , people tapestry the wa l l s of theirpicture-galleries with old pictu res , and they priz elikenesses of strangers , wh il e a s for themselves theyimagine that the honour only consists in the price

,

for their heir to break up the statue and h an] it outof the house with a noose . Consequently nobody ’slikeness lives and they leave beh ind them portraitsthat represent their money , not themselves . Thesame people decora te even their own anointingrooms with portra its of a thletes of the wr estlingring , and display all round their b edrooms and carryabout with them likenesses of Epicurus ; they offersacrifices on his birthday , and keep his festiva l ,which they call the eikas on the 20th day of every

263


cu stodiunt , quas icadas vocant , 11 maxime , qui se neviventes quidem mosci volunt . ita est profectoartes desidia perdidit , et qu oniam animorum imagines

6 non sunt , neglegunt ur etiam corporum . a l iter apudma iores in a t riis ha ec e rant , qua e spect arent ur ; nonsigna ext ernorum art ificum nec aera aut marmora :expressi cera vu lt us singu lis disponebant ur armariis , u t essent imagines , quae com itarentur

gentilici a funera , semperqu e defuncto a liquo totu s

aderat familia e eius qui umquam fuerat populus .stemmata vero lineis 1 discu rrebant ad imagines

7 pietas . t abu lina codicibu s implebant u r et moniment is

rerum in magist ra t u gest arum . a liae foris et circalimina animorum ingent ium imagines erant adfixis

hostium spoliis , quae nec emptori refigere liceret ,

t riumph abantqu e etiam dominis mutatis aet ernae 3

domus . era t haec st imu lat io 3 ingens , exprobrant ibu s

t ect is cotidie inbe llem dominum intrare in alienum

8 t riumphum . exst a t Messalae ora toris indignatio ,quae proh ibu it inserì genti suae Laevinorum ali enamimaginem . s imil is cau sa Messa la e seni expressit

volumina ill a quae de fam iliis condidit , cum ScipionisPomponiani t ransiss e t a trium vidi ssetque adopt ione

testamentaria Sa lvit tones— hoc enim fuerat cogno

1 l inteis Frò'

hner coll . 5 1 .

3aet ernae Mayhoff : ipsae Gelen : emptae I an, Urlic/i s

tamen coni . Si llig et me odd . (etia. B3) .

3st imu lat io Gelen : st imma t io B 1

est imat io (delelo haec )B3 : s t ima ratio rell . (summa r . cd . Par . La t .

A maxim of Epicu rus was AdBe Bccéoa g ‘ live unnoticed.

’

In priva te houses .

A branch of t he Gens Va leria , to wh ich the Messalae a lsobelonged .

264


men— Africanorum dedecori inrepent es Scipionum

nomini . sed— pace Messalarum dixisse liceat

etiam mentiri clarorum imagines erat aliqu is virt u t um amor mu lt oqu e honest ius quam mereri , nequis suas expet eret .

9 Non est praet ereundum et novicium invent um ,

siqu idem non1 ex auro argentove , at 3 certe ex aere

in biblioth ecis dicant ur illi s , quorum immor t a les

animae in locis iisdem loquunt ur , quin immo etiamquae non sunt fingunt u r , pariuntqu e desideria non

1 0 t raditos vu ltu s , s icut in Homero eveni t .

3 utique 4

ma ius , ut equ idem arbit ror , nullum est felicit at isspecimen quam semper omnes scire cupere , qualis

fuerit a liqu is . Asini Pollioni s hoc Romae invent um ,

qui primus biblioth ecam dicando ingenia hominumrem publicam fecit . an priores coeperint Alexandreae et Pergami reges , qui bibliothecas magno

1 1 certamine inst itu ere , non facile di xerim . imaginum

amorem 5 fl agrasse quondam 3 testes sunt Atticusil le Ciceroni s edi to de iis volumine , M . Varro benignissimo invento insert is volum inum suorum fecundi

1nunc I an , Url ichs : icones Detlefsen non solum edd . vel i .

3a t l ll ayhofi au t .

3 devenit B id evenit I an.

utique coni . Mayhoff : quo .

5amorem B : amore rell .(amore quosdam con i . Brotier .

Scipio Africanu s , victor over Hanni bal in 202 B .C . , and

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus , who destroyed Ca rthage in

1 46 B .C .

266

BOOK XXXV . I ] . 8— I I

former su rname— in consequ ence of an act of adoption by will cre eping into others

’

preserves,to the

di scredit of the Scipios ca lled Africanus .“ But theMessa la family must excuse me if I say that even tolay a fals e cla im to the portra its of famous menshowed some love for their virtues , and wa s muchmore honourable than to entail by one ’s conduct thatnobody should seek to obta in one

’

s own portra its !We must not pa ss over a novelty tha t h as a lso been Por trait.

invented , in that likenesses made , if not of gold or fzt

gau

fîieîf‘silver , yet a t a ll events of bronze are s et up in thelibra ri es in honour of those whose immorta l spiritsspeak to us in the same places , nay more , evenimaginary l ikenesses are modell ed and s ens e of loss

gives birth to countenances that have not beenhanded down to us , as occurs in the ca s e of Homer.At any rate in my view a t a ll events there isno greater kind of happiness than that a ll peopl efor a ll time should desire to know wha t kind of a man

a person was . At Rome this practice origina tedwith Asinius Pollio , who first by foundi ng a libra ry After 39 B.C.

made works of genius the property of the public .

Whether thi s practice b egan earli er , wi th the Kingsof Alexandria and of Pergamum

,“ between whom

there h ad been such a keen competition in foundinglibraries , I cannot readily say . The existence of ast rong pa ssion for portraits in former days is

evidenced by Atticus the fri end of Cicero in thevolume he published on the subj ect and by the mostbenevolent invention of Marcus Va rro , who actua l lyby some means inserted in a prolific output of

Ptolemy I of Egypt (died 283 B .C . ) and Atta lus I of

Pergamum (24 1- 1 97 B .C . ) both founded libra ries . T wo a t

Al exandria became famous under P tolemies I I and I I I


tati etiam 1sept ingentorum inlust rium a liquo modo

imaginibus , non passus intercidere figuras au t

ve t ust at em aevi contra homines valere , inventor

muneris etiam dis invidiosi , quando immort alit at em

non solum dedit , verum etiam in omnes terras misit,

ut praesent es esse ubique ceu3 di possent . et hoc

quidem a lieni s ill e praest it it .

I I I . Verum clupeos in sacro vel publico dica re

privatim primus inst it u it , ut reperio , Appius Claudius

qui consul cum P . Servilio fuit anno urbis CCLVI I I I .

posu it enim in Bellonae aede maiores suos , placu itqu ein excelso spect ari et

3 t it u los honorum legi , decora

res , utique si l ib erum turba parvu lis imaginibu s cen

nidum aliquem subolis pariter ost enda t , qu ales

clupeos nemo non gaudens favensque aspicit .

IV . post eum M . Aem ilius collega in consu lat u

Quinti Lu t a t ii non in ba silica modo Aemil ia , verum

et domi su ae posu it , id quoque Martio exemplo .

scutis enim , qu alibu s apud T roiam pugnatum est,

cont inebant ur imagines , unde et nomen h abuere

clupeorum , non , ut perversa gramma t icorum supt ilitas volu it , a eluendo . origo plena virtutis ,

1 fecundi ta t i etiam Mayhoff f. hominum Det lefsenfecundita t ium B 1

, cd . Leid . Voss . , cd . F lor . Rico. fecundita t i

B3 fecundi tant ium non nominibu s tantum cd . Pa r . La t . 6797 .

3ceu di M. Hertz, Url ichs : eludi .

3et coni . Wa rm ington : in (recte

E .g. t he sh ield of Ach illes , I l iad XVI I I , 478 ff. , and the

sh ield ofAeneas , Aeneid VI I I , 625 ff.

268


faciem reddi in sento eius 1 qui fuerit usus illo .

Poeni ex auro fact it avere et clupeos et imagines

secumqu e vexere . in cast ris 3 certe capt is talem

Hasdrubalis invenit Marcius , Scipionum in Hispaniaultor

,isque clupeus supra fores Capitolinae nedis

usque ad incendium primum fuit . ma iorum qu idemnost rorum tanta securit as in ea re adnot a t u r , utL . Manlio Q . Fulvio cos . anno urbis DLXXV M .

Aufidiu s tutela e Capitolii3 redemptor docuerit

patres argent eos esse clupeos , qui pro aereis 4 per

aliquot iam lu stra adsignabantur .

V . De pict urae in it iis incerta nec instituti operisquaestio est . Aegypt ii s ex m ilibu s annorum aputipsos inventam , priu squ am in G raeciam t ransiret ,

adfirmant , vana praedica t ione , ut palam est ; G raeciautem alii Sicyone , alii aput Corinth ios repert am ,

omnes umbra homini s lineis circumduct a , it aque

primam ta l em , s ecundam singu lis color ibu s etmonoch roma ton 5 dict am , postqu am operosior in

venta erat , duratqu e ta li s etiam nunc . inventamliniarem a Ph ilocle Aegypt io vel C leanth e Corinth io

1eiu s Detlefsen : eiu sque B

3: cu iusque .

3vexere . in castris Mayìwfi : in cast ris vexere B : i.c.

tu lere cd . Par . 6801 : i .c. venere rell .3 Capitolio B capitoli cd . Leid. Voss .

4au rei . Detlefsen .

e monochromat o B : et monochromaton rell .

Publiu s and Gnaeus Scipio were destroyed in Spa in by t heCa rthaginians , 2 1 2—2 1 1 B .C . L. Ma rciu s and T . Fonteius

prevented further disasters .

A conjectu ra l a lteration gives gold .

’

BOOK XXXV . Iv . 1 3—v . 1 6

countenance of him who once used it . The Gartha

ginians habitually made both shields and statuesof gold , and carried these with them : at all eventsMa rcius , who took vengeance for the Scipios inSpain ,“ found a shi eld of this kind that belonged toHasdrubal , in tha t genera l

’s camp when he capturedit , and this shield was hung above the portals of thetemple on the Capitol til l the first fire . Indeed it is 83noticed that our ancestors felt so littl e anxietyabout this matter tha t in the 575th yea r of the city , 1 79when the consuls were Lucius Manlius and QuintusFu lvius , the person who contracted for the sa fetyof the Capitol , Marcus Aufidiu s , informed theSenate that the shields which for a good manycensorship periods pa st h ad been schedu l ed as madeof bronze were really silver .V . The question as to the origin of the art of Or igin.1 0j

painting is uncertain and it does not belong to the 1”

plan of this work . The Egyptians decla re tha t i twas invented among themselves s ix thousand yearsago before it passed over into Greece— which isclearly an idl e assertion . As to the Greeks , someof them say it was d iscovered at Sicyon , others inCorinth , but a ll agree that it began with tracing ano utline round a man

’s shadow “and consequently

t hat pictures were origina lly done in this way ,bu t the second stage when a more elaborate methodh ad been invented wa s done in a single colour andc all ed monochrom e ,

e a method stil l in use at thepresent day . Line—drawing was invented by theEgyptian Phi locles or by the Corinthian Cleanthes ,

Cf.VI I , 205 . A . Rumpf, Jou rn . ofHellenic St . LXVI I , 1 0 ff.

Bu t study of extant ancient art refutes th is idea .

See 29, 56 .


primi exercuere Aridices 1 Corinth ius et T eleph anesSicyoniu s , sine ullo e t iamnum hi colore , iam tamenspargent es linias intus . ideo et quos pinxere

2

adscribere inst itu t um . primu s inlevit 3 eas colore 4

testae , ut ferunt , t rit ae 5 Ecphant u s6 Corinth ius .

hunc eodem nomine alium 7 fuiss e quam 3 t radit

Cornelius Nepos secu t um in I t a liam Damara t um ,

T arqu inii Frisei regis Romani pat rem , fugient em aCorintho tyranni ini urias Cypseli , mox docebimu s .

VI . l am enim absoluta erat pict ura etiam inItali a . exst an t certe hodiequ e ant iqu iores urbe

pict urae Ardea e in a edibu s sacris , quibus equ idem

nu llas a eque m iror , tam longo aevo durantes 9

in orbita te tecti velu t i recentes .9 similiter Lanuvi ,ubi Atalante et Helena comm inus pict a e suntnuda e ab eodem art ifice , u t raqu e excellent issima

forma , sed a ltera ut virgo , ne ru inis quidem templiconcu ssae . Gaius princeps tollere eas conatus estlibidine accensus , si t ectorii natura perm isisset .

durant et Cacre ant iqu iores et ipsae , fa t ebiturqu equ isquis eas diligent er aest imaver it nu llam artiumce lerius consumma t am , cum I liacis temporibus nonfuisse eam appareat .

1 Aridi ces S ill ig, Kei l : aradices B : ardices rell .3pinxere Mayhojf pingerent edd . vei t . z pingere .

3 inlev it Url ichs : invenit .

4 colore B : colores rell . : colora re Gelen : colorare colore[ cm .

5 t ritae Si ll ig : triste B 1: triste B3 : ita au t it rell .

Ecph antus S i ll ig, 0 . Jahn ephantu s B elephantus rell .7eundem nomine a lio Schu ltz.

V. i . quem : quam quem S illig, I an.

3 V. l . durant is recent is : durant ibus recent ibus

coni . S i llig.


VII . Apud Romanos quoque honos mature huica rti cont igit , s iqu idem cognomina ex ea Pictorumt raxerunt Fabu clarissima e gentis , princepsqu e eiu seognom inis ipse aedem Salu t is pinxit anno urbiscondit ae CCCCL, qu ae pictura duravit ad nostranimemoriam aede ea C laudi principat u exu st a .

proxime celebrata est in foro boario aede HerculisPacui poet a e pict ura . Enni sorore genitu s hic fuitclarioremque artem eam Roma e feci t gloria scaenae .

postea non est spect a t a honest is manibu s , nisi fortequ is T u rpilium equ it em Romanum e Venetia nost rae

aet a t is veli t referre , pu lch ris eius operibu s hodiequ eVeronae exst ant ibu s . laeva is manu pinxit , quodde nullo ante memorat ur . parvis 1 gloriabat u r

t abe llis ext inct u s nuper in longa senect a T it ediu s 3

Labeo praetorius , etiam proconsu lat u provinciae

Narbonensis functus , sed ea re inrisa 3 etiam cont um eliae erat . fuit et principum virorum nonom it t endum de pictura celebre cons ilium , cum

Q . Pedius , nepos Q . Fedii consu laris triumph ali squ eet a Caesare di ct a tore coh eredis Augusto dati ,natura mutus esset . in eo Messala orator , excuius fami lia pu eri avia fu erat , picturam docendum

parui sse B : pary 1s ipse coni . Mayhoff.3 T itedius B : sit edius rell . : T it idiu s Si ll ig : Ant ist ius

Ha rdou in Ateriu s edd. veti .3 inr isa Mayl f inl isa B in rieu rell . (irrisu cd . Par . La t .

6797}

Roman writer of tragedies , c . 220—C . 1 30 B .C .

Famous Roman epic and dramatic poet, 239— 1 69 B.C .

BOOK XXXV . vu . 1 9— 2 1

VI I . In Reme a lso honour was fully attained by Early

this art a t an early da te , inasmuch as a very distin

gu ish ed clan of the Fabn derived from it their sur and pam

name of Piete r , Painter ,’

and the first holder of th ename himself pa inted th e Temple of Hea lth in th eyear 450 from th e foundation of the City : the work 304 a c.

survived down to our own period , when the templewas destroyed by fire in the principate of Claudiu s .Next in celebrity was a pa inting by the poetPacu viu s in the temple of Hercules in the Ca ttl eMarket . Pacuvius was the sen of a sister ofEnni us ,“ and he added di stinction t o the art ofpa inting at Rome by rea son of h is fame as a playwright . After Pacuviu s , pa inting was not esteemedas handiwork fe r persons of sta tion , unless ene

chee ses to reca ll a knight of Rome named T u rpiliu s ,from Venetia , in our own genera tion , because of hi sbeautiful works stil l surviving at Verena . T u rpiliu s

painted with his left hand ,a th ing recorded ef no

preceding a rtist . T it edius Labeo , a man of pra eterian rank who h ad a ctually held the office ofProconsul of the Province of Narbonne , and who

di ed lately in extreme old age , used to be proud ofhi s miniatures , but thi s was laughed a t and actua llydamaged his reputa tion . There was a lso a celebra t ed debate on the subj ect of pa inting held betweenseme men of eminence whi ch mu st not be om itted ,

when the former consul and winner of a triumph

Qu intu s Pedi u s , who was appointed by the Dictator B.C.

Caesar as hi s j oint heir wi th Augu stus , h ad a grandson Quintus Pedi u s who was born dumb ; in thisdebate the orator Messala , of whose fami ly the bey

’sgrandmother h ad been a member , gave the adviceth at the boy should have lessons in painting . and

2 75


censu it , idqu e etiam d ivus Augustus comprobavit ;puer magni profectus in ea arte obiit . digna t io

autem praecipu a Romae increvit , ut existimo , aM ’

. Valerio Maximo Messala , qui princeps tabulam

[pict u ram]1proelii , quo Ca rth aginienses et Hieronem

in Sicilia vicera t , prepesu it in latere curiae Hos t iliae

anne ab urbe condita ccccxc . fecit hoc idem etL . Scipio t abu lamqu e victoriae su ae Asiat icae inCapitol io posu it , idqu e aegre t u lisse fr a t rem Africanum t radunt , haut inmerit e , quando fil ius eiusillo proelio captus fu erat . non diss imilem offensie

nem et Aem iliani subiit L . Host ili u s 3 Mancinu s ,

qui primus Carthaginem inruperat , situm eiusoppugna t ionesqu e depict as proponendo in fe re etipse adsist ens populo spect ant i singula enarrando ,qua comitate proximis com it iis consu lat um adept us

est . habuit et scaena ludis Claudii Pu lchri magnam

admirat ionem pict urae , cum ad t egu larum similt udinem corvi decept i imagine

3adve larent .

4 VI I I . Tabulis autem ext ernis auctorit a t em

Romae publice fecit primus omnium L . Mumm iu s ,cui cognomen Ach iaci victoria dedi t . namque cumin praeda vendenda rex Attalus 4 X[îfî] “ em isset

tabulam Arist idis , Liberum pat rem , pretium mira tus1 Mayhoff picturà B : pict am rell .3 host ili

’

m . S. B : host il iu s M.f. coni . I an .

3 V. l . imaginem : imagini I an .

rex atta lu s distraxisset et cd . Par . 6801 .

3 Xf’

vîDetlefsen : x .fi Ha rdou in : XVI au t xm odd .

Over Antiochus I I I in 1 90 B.C .

Mancinus commanded t he Roman fleet in the T h irdPunic Wa r when Ca rthage was taken and dest royed byScipio Aemil ianus in 1 46 B.C .

Over the Greeks in 1 46 B .C . , when Mummius destroyedCorinth .

2 76


suspica t u squ e aliquid in ea virtutis , quod ipsenescire t , revocavit tabulam , Attalo multum querente , et in Cerer is delubro posu i t , quam primamarbitre r pict u ram externam Roma e publica t am .

deinde video et in foro posit as volgo . hinc enimille Crass i orator is lepe s agent is sub Veteribus ;cum testis compellatus inst are t : dic erge , Crasse ,qualem me noris ? talem , inqu it , ost endens in

tabula inficet issime G allum exerent em lingu am .

in foro fuit et illa pasteris s enis cum baculo , de quaT eu t enorum legatus respondit int errogat u s , quantine 1 eum aest imaret , denari sibi ne ll e talem vivumverumqu e .

IX . Sed praecipuam auctorit a t em publice tabulisfecit Caesar dictator Aiace et Medi a ante VenerisG ene t r icis aedem dicat is , post eum M . Agrippa , virru st icit a t i propior quam deliciis . exst a t certe e iusoratio magnifica et maxime civium digna de tabu l isomnibus signisqu e publicandis , quod fieri sat ius

fu isse t quam in villarum exilia pelli . verum eademilla t orvit as tabulas duas Aiacis et Veneris mercataest a Cyzicenis 11 8

3XI I ;

3 in th ermarum quoque

1quanti cd . Par . 6801 .

3Ig _

Gelen : h 7777 B1: h is B3

: om . rell .3[XI I II an : a li i a lia : XI I B : XI I I rell .

W ith rega rd t o this story : (i ) there was no au ction of

pictu res ; Mummiu s took t o Rome the most valuable and

handed over the rest t o Phi lopeemen . (ii ) Atta lus was not

present a t Co'rinth (where th is scene occu rred ) . When the

Roman soldiers were u sing the pictu res a s dice-boards , Ph ilopeemen offered M. 1 00 ta lents if he shoul d assign Aristides

’

picture t o Attalus ’ sha re (Paus . VI I , 1 6 , l ; 8 ; Stra bo VI I I ,4 . 23

2 78

BOOK XXXV . V I I I . 2 4— 1x. 2 6

price su rp r ised Mumm ius , who su specting theremust be Seme merit in the picture of which he washimself unaware had the picture cal led back

,in

spite of At t a lu s’

s strong protests , and placed it inthe Shrine of Ceres the first instance , I believe , of aforeign pictu re becoming state—property a t Rome .

“

After this I see tha t they were commonly placedeven in the forum t o this is due the famous witticismof the pleader Crassus , when appearing in a ca s eBelow The O ld Shops ; a witness ca lled kept a skinghim : Now tell me , Crassus , wha t sort of a persondo you take me to be ? That sort of a person ,

’

sa id Crassus , pointing to a picture of a Gaul puttingou t his tongue in a very unbecoming fashion . Itwas also in the forum that there was the pictu re ofthe O ld Shepherd with his Staff, about which theTeuton envoy when asked what he thought was theva lue of it sa id tha t he would rather not have eventhe living original as a gift !IX . Bu t it wa s the Dictator Caesar who gave

outstandi ng public importance to pictures by dedicating pa intings ef Aj ax and Medea in front of thetemple of Venus Genetrix ; and after him MarcusAgrippa , a man who stood nearer t o rustic s implicitythan to refinem ent s . At a ll events there is preserveda speech of Agrippa , lefty in tone and worthy of thegreatest of the citizens , on the question of makinga ll pictures and sta tues nationa l property , a procedurewhich would have been preferable to banishingthem to country houses . However , that samesevere spirit pa id the city of Cyzicussesterces for two pictures , an Aj ax and an Aphrodite ;he had also h ad sma ll paintings let into the marble

Not apparently a s in insult bu t as an averting act

Caesar.

46 B.C.

63—1 2 B.C.


ca lidissima parte marmoribus inclusera t parvast abel las , paulo ante , cum reficerent u r , sublat as .

X . Super omnes divus Augustus in foro suo celeberrima in parte posu it tabulas duas , qua e Bellifaciem pict am habent et T riumph um , item Ca storesac Victoriam . posu it et qu a s dicemu s sub art ificum

ment ione in templo Caesaris patris . idem in curiaquoqu e , quam in com it io consecrabat , duas tabula sinpressi t parie t i . Nemean sedent em supra leonem ,

pa lmigeram ipsam , adst ant e 1 cum baculo sene ,cuius supra caput tabella bigae dependet , Niciasscripsit 2 s e inu ssisse ; ta l i enim usu s est verbo .

alterius tabulae adm ira t io est puberem filium senipatri sim ilem esse a e t at is sa lva differentia , superve lante aquila draconem complexa ; Ph ilocha res hocsuum opus esse t est a t u s est , inmensa , vel unam sitantum hanc tabulam aliqu is a est imet , potentiaartis , cum propter Ph iloch aren ignebilissimos alioqu i

G laucionem filiumqu e eiu s Arist ippum senatuspopuli Romani tot saecu lis spect e t ! posu it etTiberius Caesa r , minime comis imperator , in temploipsius Augusti quas mex indicabimus . hact enus

di ctum sit de dignitate artis morient is .

X I . Quibus coloribu s singu lis primi pinxissentdiximu s , cum de ii s pigment is traderemu s in met allis ,

1adst ante edd . vet t . : ads tantem .

3asscripsit con i . Mayhoff.

Castor and Pollux (Polydeu ces ) .Jul iu s Caesar who had adopted Augus tus .

T he Nemean forest (persenified ) where Heracles killed theNemean lion .

See pp . 356-9 .

2 80


quae 1 monochroma t a a3 genere 3 picturae vocan

tur . 4 qui deinde et qua e invenerint et quibustemporibu s , dicemu s in m ent ione a rt ificum , qu oniamindicare na t u ras colorum prior causa operis institutiest . tandem se a rs ipsa dist inxit et invenit lumenatque umbra s , differentia colorum alterna vice seseexcitante . postea deinde adiectus est splendor ,aliu s hic quam lumen . quod inter haec et umbrasesset , appellarunt tonon , comm issu ras vero colorumet transitus harmogen .

X I I . Sunt autem colores austeri aut floridi .u t rumque natura aut mixtura evenit . floridi sunt— quos dominus pingenti 5 praestat— minium , Armenium , cinnabaris , chrysocolla , Indicum , pur

purissum ; cet er i austeri . ex omnibus al ii nascuntur , alii fiunt . nascunt ur Sinopis , rubrica , Paraetomi um , Melinum , Eretria , auripigment um ; ce t eri

fingunt u r , primumque quos in m et a llis diximus ,

praet erea e vilioribu s ochra , cerussa usta , sandaraca ,sandyx , Syr icum , a t rament um .

quae Si llig qu i odd . del . Littre' .monochroma ta a Mayhofi

'

m . ea Li t lré monochroma tea

ed . Pa r . 6801 u t videtu r : mex negramma tae a B : mex nee .

gramma tea rell .3genere Mayhojf genera .

4vocantur B vocaverunt rell .

3 pingenti ed. Bas i l : fingent i .

Study of ancient a rt does not show tha t pa inting sta rtedw ith t he u se of s ingle colou rs .

T he Greek term tip;t 0 yfimeans adj us tment of pa rts .

Minium . See 33 (note) and XXXI I I , l l l —1 23.

A rich blue colou r (from Armenia ) , the modern azurite .

See also 47 .

C innaba ris here in Pliny . See XXXI I I , 1 15-1 1 6 .

Our ma lach ite .

’

Ea rth stained with T yrian pu rple .

BOOK XXXV . x1 . 2 9—x1 1 . 30

ments called monochromes from the cla ss of paintingfor which they are used . Subsequ ent “ inventionsand their authors and dates we sha ll specify in 353 377 .

enumerating the a rtists , because a prior motivefor the work now in hand is to indica te the na ture ofcolours . Eventua lly art differentiated its elf, and

discovered light and shade , contra st of coloursheightening their effect reciproca lly . Then camethe final adj unct of shine , quite a different thing fromlight . The opposition between shine and l ight on theone hand and shade on the other was ca ll ed contra st ,whil e the j uxtaposition of colours and their pa ssageone inte another was termed attunement .

“

X I I . Some colou rs a re sembre and some brilliant ,t he difference being du e to the natu re of the substances or to their mixture . The bril liant colou rs ,which the patron suppli es a t his own expense to thepa inter , are cinnabar ,“ Arm enium ,

“ dragon’

s blood ,“

gold-solder ,f indigo , bright purple 9 ; the rest aresembre . Of the whole li st seme are natura l coloursand some a rtificia l . Natura l colours are sinopis ,“

ruddle , Paraetonium ,zMelinum ,

? Eretrian earth 1 ’ andorpiment ; a ll the rest are artificia l , and first of a llthos e which we specified among minera ls , and XXX

,1 1 1

,

moreover among the commoner kinds yellow ochre ,

burnt lead acetate , realgar , sandyx ,l Syrian colour " “

and black .

”

A brown—red och re or red oxide of iron from Sinope .

From a wh ite cha lk or ca lcium ca rbonate, and perhapsa lso s teatite, of Paraetonium in N . Africa ; see note e n 36 .

4 A wh ite mar ] from Melos .

From Eretria in Eu boea ; perhaps magnesite .

Mixed oxide of lead and oxide of iron .

”‘See 40 .

See XXXIV, 1 1 2 , 1 23 .


X I I I . Sinopis inventa primum in Ponto est ; indenomen a Sinope urbe . nascit ur et in Aegypt o ,

Ba liaribus , Africa , sed optima in Lemno et in Cappa

docia , effossa e speluncis . pars , qua e saxis adhaesit ,excelli t . glaebis suus ce le s , extra maculosus . hac

usi sunt vet eres ad splendorem . Species Sinopidis

tres : rubra et minus rubens atque inter has media .

pretium opt imae X 1 1 , usus ad penicillum aut si

lignum colorare libeat ; eius , quae ex Afr ica veni t ,octoni asses— cicercu lum appellant ; magis ceteris

rubet , u t ilior abacis . idem pretium et eius , quae

pressie r vocat ur , et est maxime fusca . usus ad

bas es abacorum , in medi cina vero blandus pas

tilli s 1emplast risque et malagmat is , sive sicca

composit ione sive liquida facilis , centra ulcera in

umore sita , velut oris , sedi s . alvum sist it infusa ,feminarum profluvia pota denarii pendere . eadem

adu sta sicca t scabrit ias oculorum , e vino maxime .

X IV . Rubr icae genus in ea volu cre int ellegi

quidam secundae auct orit a t is , palmam enim Lemniae

dabant . minio proxima haec est , multum ant iqu is

celebra ta cum insula , in qua nascitur . nec nisi

signata venumdaba tur , unde et sphragidem appel

1 Mayhoff.

See note p . 283.

Dark brownish .

T h is generally is t he preper meaning of m in ium exceptwhen it is called m. secunda riam red lead . See XXXI I I ,1 1 1— 1 23.

2 84


lavere . hac minium sublinunt adu lt erantqu e . inmedicina praeclara res habetu r . epiphora s enimocu lorum m it iga t ac dolores circumlit a et aegilopia

mana re proh ibet , sanguinem re icient ibu s ex acetoda t ur bibenda . b ibit u r et cont ra lienum reniumqu e

vitia et pu rga t iones fem inarum , item et contravenena et serpent ium ictu s t errest r ium marinerum

qu e , omnibu s idee ant idot is familiaris .XV . E reliqu is rubricae generibu s fabris utili s

sima Aegypt ia et Africana , quoniam maxime sorbentur t ectorii s .

1 rubrica 2 autem nascit ur et inferrariis m et allis . XVI . Ea et fit ochra 3 exu st a ine llis novis lu t o circumlit is . qu e magis arsit incam inis , hoc melior . omnis autem rubrica siccat

ideoqu e ex4emplast ris conveniet 5 igni etiam sacro .

XVI I . Sinopidis Pont icae selibra e silis lucidi l ibris xet Melini G raecensis I I mixt is t rit isqu e una per diesduodenos leu cophorum fit . hoc est glu t inum auri ,cum inducit ur ligne .

XVI I I . Paraetonium loci nomen habet ex Aegypto . spumam maris esse dicunt solida t am cumlimo , et idee concha e minu t ae inveniunt ur in eo .

fit et in Creta insu la atque Cyrenis . adult era tu r

Romae creta Cime l ia decocta conspissa t aqu e . pretium opt ime in pende VI X L . e candidis coloribus

1 t ect oriis Mayhoff picturis .

3 ru brica h ic Mayhoff infra pos t exu st a .

3ea et fit ochra Mayhoff ex ea fit ochra au t ochra ex ea fit .

4ex au t et odd . (om . B ) .conveniet vel conveniat Mayhoff convenit et .

duodenos Mayhofl duodenis B : XI I rell .

Marsa Labeit in N . Africa , between Egypt and the Syrtes .

Cf. n . 0 11 5 30 .

Cf. XXXV, 1 95 ff.

BOOK XXXV . XIV . 33—XV I I I . 36

supply an undercoa ting to cinnabar and also foradulterating cinnabar . In medi cine it is a substanceranked very h ighly . Used as a liniment round theeyes it reli eves defluxions and pains , and checks thedischarge from eye—tumours ; it is given in vinegaras a draught in cases of vomiting or spitting blood .

It is also taken as a draught for troubles of the spl eenand kidneys and for excessive menstruation ; and

likewis e as a remedy for poisons and snake bites andthe sting of sea s erpents ; hence it is in common usefor all antidotes .XV . Among the remaini ng kinds of red ochre the Other

most useful for builders are the Egyptian and t he

African varieti es , as they are most thoroughlyabsorbed by plaster . Red ochre is a lso found in a

native sta te in iron mines . XVI . It is a lso manufactured by burning ochre in new earthen pe t s withlids stopped with clay . The more completely it i s calcined

'

In the furnaces the better its quality . All kindsof red ochre have a drying property , and consequentlywill b e found suitable in pla sters even for erysipela s .XVI I . Half a pound of s i nopis from Pontus , ten

pounds of bright yellow ochre and two pounds ofGreek earth of Melos mixed together and poundedup for twelve su ccessive days make leucophorum ,

’

CL XXXI IL

a cement used In applying gold—leaf to wood .

“4

XVI I I . Paraetonium is called after the place “ Wh i te…of tha t name in Egypt . It is said to be sea—foam ’"

ha rdened with mud , and thi s i s why tiny shells ar efound in it . It a lso occurs in the island of Crete andin Cyrene . At Rome it is adu lterated with Cimolian

clay which has been boiled and thickened . Theprice of the best qua lity is 50 denarii per 6 lbs . Itis the most greasy of a ll the white colours and makes

287


pingu issimum et t ectorns 1 t enacissimum propterlevorem .

XIX . Me linum candidum et ipsum est , optimumin Melo insula . in Samo queque 3 nascitur ; eonon u t unt u r pictores propter nim iam pingu it udinem ;

accubant es effodiunt ibi inter saxa venam scru t ant es .

in medicina eundem usum habet quem Eretriacreta ; prae t erea linguam tactu siccat , pilos de t rah itsmectica vi .3 pretium in libras sestertii s ingu l i .Tertius e candidis colos est cerussa , cuius rationem

in plumbi m et a llis diximu s . fuit et terra per se inT h eodot i fundo inventa Z myrnae , qu a vet eres ad

navium pictu ras u t ebant ur . nunc omni s ex plumboet aceto fit , ut di ximu s .

XX . Usta casu reperta est in incendio Piraeei 4

ceru ssa in u rce is cremata . hac primum usu s estNicias supra dict u s . optima nunc Asiatica habetur ,quae et purpurea appella t ur . pretium eius inlibra s X VI . fit et Romae cremato sile marmoroso

et rest incto aceto . sine usta non fiunt umbrae .

XX I . Eretria terrae su ae habet nomen . h ac

Nicomachu s et Parrhasius usi . refrigera t , emollit ,

explet volnera ; si coqu a tu r , ad siccanda praecipit ur ,

utilis 3 et capitis de loribus et ad depreh endenda

1 tectoriis edd . sett . : tect orii Mayhojf (recte tectori odd .

3

quod Mayhofl’

.

3smectica V i Url ichs : met cica u t cd . F lor . Bioc . meccica

u t cd . Leid . Voss . , cd . Par . La t . 6797 metica u t B.

4 Piraeei Gelen : pyrae edd. vet i : pira et .

urceis B3: urcis B 1

: e rcis rell . : bertis edd . vet i .

praecipitu r , utilis Mayhojf praecoqu itur utilis B : utilispraecipu a rell .

See note on 530 .

Perhaps lead ca rbonate , cerussite. From Vit ruv . VI I ,7 , 4 we lea rn that it was green, perhaps becau se tinted withcopper salt s .

288


pura ; subesse enim ea int ellegunt , si ex aqua inlit acontinue 1

aresca t .

XX I I . Sandaracam et och ram Iuba t radidi t in insulaRubri maris Topaze na sci , sed inde non pervehunturad nos . sandaraca quomodo fieret di ximu s . fit etadulterina ex ceru ssa in fornace coota . color ess edebet flammeu s . pretium in libra s asses qu ini .XXI I I . Haec si t orreat ur acqua parte rubrica

admixt a , sandycem facit , quamquam animadverto

Vergilium exist imasse h erbam id esse illo versu

Sponte sua sandyx pascent is vest iet 3 agnos .

pretium in libras dimidium eius quod sandaracae .

nec sunt alii colores ma ioris ponderis .

XX IV . Inter fact icios est et Syricum , quo miniumsublimi diximus . fit autem Sinopide et sandyce

mixt is .

XXV . At rament um quoque inter fact icios erit ,quamquam est et terrae ,3 geminae origini s . autenim sa lsuginis modo emanat , aut terra ipsa su lpureicoloris ad hoc probat u r . inventi sunt pictores , quicarbones infest a t is 4 sepu lchris e ifederent .

5 inpor

tuna haec omnia ac novicia . fit enim e fu liginepluribus modis , resina vel pice exu st is , propter

1 inl it a continuo Mayhojj‘inl ita non odd . (inlinnnt non B) .

3vest iet cd . Par . 680 1 , i tem Very. vest iat rell .

3 terrae au t terra odd . e terra Madvig.

4 infesta t is Mayhofi qu i et infestantes sepu lch ra com

infectant au t infectos odd . iniect os con i . S illig adfect arent

Detlefsen (sepu lchr is ca rbones infectos cd . P ar .

efi’

oderent cd . T olet . , cd . Par . 680 1 efi’

odere B infoderet

rell . (infoderent cd . Pa r . La t .

Z eboiget .

Virg . Ecl . IV, 45 (cest ici T here is no proof thatVirgil did take sandyx t o be a plant .zoo

BOOK XXXV . XXI . 38—xxv . 4 1

shown to be present if when it is applied with waterit immediately dries up .

XX I I . According to Juba sandarach or realgarand ochre are produ cts of the island of T opazu s inthe Red Sea , but they are not imported from these

parts to us . We have stated the method of makingsandarach . An adu lterated sanda rach is a lso madefrom ceruse boil ed in a furnace . It ought to beflame-coloured . I ts price is 5 asses per lb .

XXI I I . If ceruse is mixed with red ochre in equalquantities and burnt , it produces sandyx or vermi lieu— though it is true that I observe Virgil heldthe view that sandyx is a plant , from the line

Sandyx self-grown sha ll clothe the pasturinglambs .“

Its cost per lb . is half that of sandarach . No othercolours weigh heavier than these .

XXIV . Among the a rtificia l colours is a lso Syriancolour

,which as we said is used as an undercoating

for cinnabar and red l e ad . It is made by mixingsinopis and sandyx together .XXV . Black pigment will a lso be cla ssed among

the artificia l colou rs , a lthough it “ is also derivedfrom earth in two ways ; it either exudes from theearth like the brine in sa lt pits , or actua l earth of asulphur colour is approved for the purpose .

Pa inters have been known to dig up charred rema insfrom graves thus viola ted to supply it . All theseplans are troublesome and new—fangled ; for blackpaint can be made in a va riety of ways from the sootproduced by burning resin er pitch , owing to which

For thi s minera l shoemaker ’s bla ck , see XXXIV, 1 1 2 , 1 23.

T he other blacks wh ich follow are mostly composed of ca rbon .

2 9 1

XXXI V1 7 7 .

Black

pigments .


quod etiam officinas aedificavere fumum eum nonem it t ent es . lauda t issimum eodem modo fit e t aedis .

adu lt era t u r fornacium balinearumque fu ligine que

ad volumina scribenda u tunt ur . su nt qui et vinifaecem siccat am excequant adfirmentqu e , si exbono vino faex ea

1 fuerit , Indi ci speciem id atramentum praebere . Polygnotus et Micon , celeberrimi pictores , Ath enis e vinaceis fecere , t ryginon

appellant es . Apelles comment us est ex eberecombusto facere , quod eleph ant inum voca t ur . ad

port a t ur et Indicum ex India inexplorat ae adhuc

invent ionis mihi . fit etiam apu t infectores ex florenigre , qui adhaerescit aereis cort inis . fit et ligne et aedis combusto t rit isqu e in m ert ario carbonibus .

mira in hoc saepiarum natura , sed ex iis non fit .omne au tem a t ram ent um sole perficit u r , librariumcumme ,

3 tectorium glu t ine adm ixto . quod acetoliqu efactum est , aegre elu it ur .

44 XXVI . E reliqu is coloribus , que s a dominis daridiximu s propter magni t udinem pretu , ante omnesest purpur issum . creta argentaria cum purpu r is

pariter t ingu it ur bibitqu e eum colorem celerius

lanis . praecipuum est primum , fervente ah eno

1 faex ea Mayhofl fa cta B faex rell . (fex cd . Leid . Voss ).3cumme Si llig gummi Gelen comme odd . (me B 1

et B3)

Probably the rea l indigo 46) is meant here .

Some unknown ca rbon pigment, not the indi ge of 546 .

Or : th is latte r va riety is wonderfully like t he pigmentof t he cuttle-fish , bu t is never made from these creatu res(K . 0 . Ba iley ) .Polish ing-powder of pu re ground wh ite earth .


rudibus medicam ent is inebriat um , proximum egesto

eo addita creta in ius idem et , quotiens id factumest , e levat u r bonitas pro numero dilu t iore sanie .

quare Pu t eolanum pot iu s laudetu r quam T yrium au t

G aetu licum vel Laconicum , unde pret iosissimae

pu rpu rae , cau sa est quod hysgino1 maxime inficit ur

rubiaqu e , quae3

cogitur sorbere . vilissimum aCanu sio . pretium a singu li s denarns in librasad xxx. pingentes sandyce subli t a , mex ex 3 evo

inducent es purpu rissum , fulgorem mim1 faciunt . si

purpurae4 facere malunt , caeruleum sublinunt ,

mex purpurissum ex ovo inducunt .

XXVI I . Ab hoc maxima auctoritas Indico . exIndia venit harundinum spumae adhaerescent e l imo .

cum cerna tu r , nigrum , at in d iluendo m ixt uram

pu rpurae ca eruleiqu e m irabilem reddit . alterumgenus eius est in purpu rariis officini s innat ans cortinis , et est purpurae spuma . qui adulterant , veroIndico t ingunt stercora columbina aut cret am

Selinu siam vel anulariam vitro inficiunt . probat ur

carbone ; reddit enim qu od sincerum est Hammamexcellent is pu rpurae et , dum fuma t , odorem maris .ob id quidam e scopu lis id colligi pu t ant . pretium

1 hysgino Hermolaus Barbarus : hygino B : yyg au t yegodd. id genus cd . Pa r . 680 1 iscino I s id .

3rub iaque qu ae Ian : rubia quae au t rubiaque .

3ex add . Mayhofi

’

.

4pu rpurae Mayhoff pu rpu ra au t pu rpuram .

A pu rplish red colou r got from the unidentified plant‘

hysge .

’

From severa l species of I ndigofera .

BOOK XXXV . XXV I . 44—XXV I I . 46

prima ry state , and the next best produced whenwhite earth is added to the same liquor a fter thefirst h as been removed ; and every time this isdone the qua lity deteriorates , the l iquid becomingmore dil uted at each stage . The rea son why thedark purple of Pozzuoli i s more highly pra is ed thanthat of Tyre or G ae tu li a or Laconia , places whichproduce the most costly purples , is tha t it combinesme st ea sily with hysginum and madder which can

not help absorbing it . The cheapest comes fromCanosa . The price is from one t o thirty denarii perlb . Painters using it put a coat of sandyx underneathand then add a coat of dark purple mixed with egg ,and so produce the brilliance ef cinnabar ; if theywish instead to produce the glow of pu rple , theylay a coat of blue underneath , and then cover thiswith dark purple mixed with egg .

XXVI I . Of next greatest importance after this isindigo ,“a product of Indi a , being a slime tha t adheresto the scum upon reeds . When it is s ifted out it isblack , but in dilution it yields a ma rvellous mixtureof purple and blue . There is another kind of it thatfloa t s on the surface of the pans in the purple dyeshops , and this is the scum of purple .

’ People whoadu ltera te it stain pigeons

’

droppings with genu ineindigo , or els e colou r earth e f Se linu s or ring-earthwith woad . I t can be tested by means of a live coa l ,as if genuine it gives eff a brilliant purple flame anda smell of the sea wh ile it smokes ; on this accountsome people think that it is collected from rockson the coast . The price of indigo is 20 denarii per

Perhaps t he vessels conta ining T yrian pu rple .

See 48 . Some wh ite earth ; bu t it is not knownwhether it came from Sel inu s in Cilicia or Selinus in Sicily .

2 95

I nd igo.


Indico XXX 1 in libras . in medicina Indicum rigoreset impetus sedat sicca tqu e ulcera .

XXVI I I . Armenia m it t it quod eius nomine appellatur . lapis est , hic quoque ch rysocollae modoinfect u s , opt imumqu e est quod maxime vicinum etcommunicate colore cum caeru leo . solebant l ibra eeius t recenis 3 nummis t axari . inventa per Hispani as harena est sim ilem curam recipiens ; it aqu e

ad denarie s s ene s Vilit as rediit . di st at a ca eru leo

candore modico , qui t eneriorem hunc efficit colorem .

usus in medicina ad pilos tantum alendos habetmaxim equ e in palpebris .

XXIX . Sunt et iamnum novion due colores evilissim is : viride est 3 quod Appianum

4vocatur et

ch rysocollam m ent itur , ecu parum multa fict a sintmendacia eius ; fit e creta viridi , aest imat um s est ert iis in l ibra s . XXX . Anulare quod vocant , candidum est , quo mu liebres picturae inluminant ur ;fit et ipsum e creta adm ixt is vit reis gemm is e volgianu lis , inde et anulare d ictum .

XXXI . Ex omnibus color ibus cretu lam amantudeque inlini recusant purpurissum , Indicum , caeru leum , Melinum , au ripigment um , Appianum , ce

russa . oerae t inguntur isdem his coloribu s ad eas

1 XX B : xxx au t xx rell .3 t recenis B t ricenis rell .3v iride est Mayhofi v irides .

4fortasse apianum vel apiacum (i temli eta con i . Mayhoff : diet a .

Azu rite .

Probably azurite found mixed with green malach ite .

A conjectu ra l emendation ap ianum or ap iacum givespa rsley green .

’

I t was a clay s ta ined by ferrous substances .

2 96


pictu ras , qua e inu runt ur , a li eno pa riet ibus genere ,sed classibu s familiari , iam vero et onerariis nav ibu s ,quoniam et vehicula 1 expingimu s , ne quis m ire t u ret rege s pingi , iuva tque pugna t uros ad mortem au t

certe caedem speciose vehi . Qua cont emplat ione

tot colorum tanta variet a t e subit antiquitatemmirari .XXX I I . Qua t tuor coloribu s soli s immor t a lia illa

opera fecere— ex albis Melino , e silaciis Attico , ex

rubris Sinopide Pontica , ex nigris a tramentoApelles , Ae t ion ,

2 Melanthius , Nicomachu s , clarissimi pictores , cum tabulae eorum s ingu lae oppidorum

veni rent opibu s . nunc et purpuris in parietesmigrant ibu s et Indi a conferente fluminum suorum

limum , draconum eleph antorumqu e sani em nullanobil is pict ura est . omnia ergo meliora tune fuere ,cum minor copia . ita est , quoniam , ut supra di ximus , rerum , non animi pret iis excuba tu r .

XXXI I I . Et nost rae aet a t is insaniam in pictu ranon om it t am . Nero princeps iu ssera t colosseum sepingi cxx pedum linteo , incognitum ad hoc tempus .ea pict u ra , cum peract a esset in Maianis bertis ,accensa fulmine cum optima hortorum parte conflagravit . libert u s eius , cum daret Anti munus gladiat orium , publ ica s porticus occupavit pict ura , ut constat ,

1veh icu la coni . Mayhoff fericu la Detlefsen : pericu la .

3 Action I an : etion odd . (ech ion cd . Pa r .

Cicero , Brutu s , 70 says it was Z euxis , Polygnotu s , T iman

thes and others who used four colou rs only , wh ile in Aet ion,

Nicomachus , Protogenes . and Apel les everyth ing had beenbrough t t o perfection . Bu t t he Alexander mosa ic reprodu cesa fou r—colou r original .

Indigo (see 46 ) and dragon’

s blood, wh ich latter is rea llya plant -produ ct got chiefiy from a spec ies of Draca ena or

P teroca rp in Socotra .

2 98

BOOK XXXV . XXXI . 49—XXX I I I . 52

sort of process which cannot be app lied to walls butis common for ships of the navy , and indeed nowadaysa lso fer cargo vessels , since we even decorate vehicleswith paintings , so that no one need be surpris edthat even logs fer funeral pyr es are painted ; and welike gladiators going into the fray t o ride in splendou rto the scene of their death or at a ll events of carnage .

Th us to contemplate a ll these numbers and grea tvariety of colours prompts us to marvel a t formergenerations .XXXI I . Four colours “ only were used by the

illustrious painters Apelles , Action , Melanthius andNicomachu s to execute their immorta l works— of

whi tes , Mel inum ; of yell ow ochres , Attic ; of reds ,Pent ic Sinopis ; of blacks , at ramentum— althoughtheir pictures each sold for the wealth of a wholetown . Nowadays when purple finds its way evenon to party—wa lls and when Indi a contributes themud of her rivers and the gore of her snakes and

elephants , there is no such thing a s high—cla sspa inting . Everything in fact was superior in thedays when resources were scantier . The rea sonfor this is that , as we sa id before , it i s values of 44 ,

materia l and not of geni us that people are now on thelook—out for .XXX I I I . One folly of our generation a lso in the Colos.gw

matter of pa inting I will not leave out . The EmperorNero had ordered his portrait to be pa inted on a 54

colossa l scale , on l inen 1 20 ft . high , a thing un

known hitherto ; this picture when finished , in theGardens of Maius , was struck by lightning and

destroyed by fire , together with the best part of theGardens . When a freedman of Nero was giving a t

Anzio a gladiatori a l show , the public porticoes were


gladia torum m inist rorumqu e omnium veris imaginibus

reddit is . hic multis i am saecu lis summus animus 1

in pict ura , pingi autem gladiatoria munera atque inpublico exponi coept a a C . T erent io Lucano . i s avosue , a quo adopt a t us fu era t , t rigint a paria in foroper triduum dedit t abu lamqu e pict am in nemoreDianae posu it .

XXXIV . Nunc celebres in ea arte quam maximabrevitate percu rram , neque enim instituti operis estta l i s 3 execu t io ; it aqu e quosdam vel

3 in t ranscursuet in a l iorum ment ione obiter nominasse satis erit ,except is operum clarit a t ibu s quae et ipsa conveniet

a ttingi , sive exst ant sive intercidere .

Non consta t sibi in hac parte G raecorum diligentiamultas post olumpiadas celebrando pictores quamstatuarie s ac toreu t as , primumqu e olympiade LXXXX,

cum et Phidi an ipsum initio pict orem fuiss e t radaturclipeumqu e Ath enis ab eo pictum , praet erea inconfesso sit LXXX tertia fuiss e fra t rem eius Panaenum ,

qui clipeum intus pinxit El ide Minervae , quamfecera t Colot es , di scipulus Phidiac et ei in faciendol ove Olympio adiu t or . quid ? quod in confessoperinde est Bu larch i pictoris tabulam , in qua eratMagnetum pre elium , a Candau le , rege Lydiae

1ambitus con i . Mayhoff.

3 ta lis B , cd . Par . La t . 6797 : iat is rell . (ampla cd. Pa r .

a rt is coni . Mayhofi.

3 V. l . velut .

Probably not that of Athene Pa rthenos , which was, on

it s inner side, carved in relief.

30 0


Heraclidarum noviss imo , qui et Myrsilus vocit a t us

est , repensam auro ? tanta iam digna t io pict urae

erat . circa Romu l i id aet a t em acciderit necesse est ,e t enim duodevicensima olympiade int erii t Candau les aut , ut quidam t radunt , cedem anno quoRomulus , nisi fallor , manifesta iam t une clarit at e

artis , adeo absolu t ione .

1 quod si recipi necesse est ,simul apparet multo vet u st iora principia eesque ,

qui monochromat is pinxerint , quorum aetas non

traditur , aliquante ante fuisse , Hygiaenont em ,

Dinian , Charmadan et , qui primus in pict ura marema femina disereverit , Eumarum Ath eniensem , figuras

omnes imitari au sum , quique inventa eius exce

lu erit , C imonem Cleonaeum . hic ca t agrapha invenit , hoc est obli quas i1nagines , et varie formarevoltus , respicient es suspicient esve vel despicient es ;art icu lis membra dist inxit , venas protu lit , praet erqu ein vest ibu s ruga s 3 et sinus invenit . Panaenu s

quidem frater Phidi ac etiam preelium Ath eniensium

adversus Persas apud Mara thona factum pinxit .

1 V. ll . absolu t ioni (B) au t absolu t iore : non absolu tae

Brotier .

3vest ibu s rugas T raube : veste et rugas Gelen : veste

brugas B1

veste rugas B3, cd . T olet . : verrugas rell .

An unknown event it might be the defeat of t he Greeksment ioned in VI I , 1 26 ; or more likely the great defea t of theMagnetes bv the T reres in 65 1 B .C . (St rabo XIV,

Candau les was in fact pu t t o death by Gyges abou t 685 B .C .

See 29 , 1 5 .

By painting women’

s skin paler or white . T h is is thestage represented by va se—painting from the seventh centu rywhen women were commonly coloured wh ite, men red or bla ck .

30 2

BOOK XXXV . XXXI V . 55—57

gold for a picture of the pa inter Bu larchu s repre

s enting a battle “ wi th the Magnetes ? So high wasthe va lu e a lready set on th e art of painting . Thi smust have occurred a t about the time of Romulu s ,since Candau les d i ed in the 1 8th Olympiad , or , 708—705 a c.

a ccordi ng to some accounts , in the same yea r asRomulus , making it clear , if I am not m ist aken ,

trad . 7u c .c.

that the art h ad already a chieved celebrity , and infact a perfection . And if we are bound to acceptthis conclusion , i t becomes clear at the same timethat the fir st stages were a t a much earli er date andthat the painters in monochrome ,“ whose date is nothanded down to us , came cons iderably earli erHygiaenon , Dinias , Ch arm adas and Eum aru s ofAthens , the last being the e arl i est a rtist to di stinguish the ma l e from the fema l e s ex in painting

,

and venturing to reproduce every sort of figure ; andCim on of Cleonae who improved on the inventionsof Eumaru s . It was Cimon who first inventedca t agraph a ,

’ that is , images in three-quarter ,’

and

who va ried the aspect of the featu res , representingthem a s looking backwa rd or upwa rd or downwa rd ;he showed the a ttachments of the limbs , displayedthe veins

,and moreover introduced wrinkles and folds

in the drapery . Indeed the brother of Phidi asPana enus even paint ed f the Battle a t Marathon 490 B.C .

between the Athenians and Persians ; se wide ly

T he Greek word meant probably foreshort ened images ,’

bu t Pl iny or hi s Latin sour ce r ightly took it as expressingslanting (obliquus ) images not profile or full—fa ce .

’

Cf. 90 .

T he context may exclude from t he word obliquus any portra itswhere t he eyes look ba ck , up, or down .

f 0 11 a wooden panel attached t o a wa ll of t he cr oci wood /\n,Painted Portico, ’ a t Athens . T he pa inting was attributed

a lso t o Polygnotu s and t o Mi een ; cf. 59.


adeo iam colorum usus increbru era t adeoque ars

perfecta erat , ut in co proelie iconices duces pinxisset rada t u r , Ath eniensium Mil t iadem , Callimachum ,

Cynaegirum , barbarorum Batim , Ar t aph ernen .

XXXV . Quin immo certamen etiam pict u rae

fiorente eo inst itu t um est Corinth i ac Delphis,

primu sque omnium cert avit cum T imagora Cha l

cidense , supera t u s ab ee Pythu s , quod et ipsiusT imagorae ca rmine vetu sto apparet , chronicorum

errore non dubio .

Alii quoque post hos clari fuere ante LXXXX olym

piadem , sicut Polygnotus T hasiu s , qui primus

mu lieres t ralucida 1 veste pinxit , capita carum

m it ris versicoloribu s operu it plurimumque pictu rae

primus cont u li t , siqu idem inst it u it os adaperire ,

dentes e st endere , ve ltum ab ant ique rigore variare .

h u iu s est tabula in pert icu Pompei , qu a e ante

curiam eius fuera t , in qua dubitatur ascendent em

cum clupeo pinxer it an descendent em . hic Delphis

aedem pinxit , hic et Ath enis port icum , quae Poecil e

vocat ur , gratuito , cum partem eius Mieen mercede

pingeret . vel ma ior huic auctoritas , siqu idem Am

ph ictyones , quod est publicum G raeciae concilium ,

1 t ra lucida B lu cida rell .

Not rea l portra its if the or oà was built a t least th irtyyears afte r 490 B .C .

T h e Aéaxn, a covered colonnade .

Polygnot u s’ contribution was a Sa ck of T roy , ’ Micon ’

s

a Battle of t he Amazons (aga inst T heseu s ) . See a lso 57 .

30 4


hospitia ei gratuita decrevere . Fuit et alius Mieen ,qui minoris cognomine dist ingu itu r , cuius filia

T imaret e et ipsa pinxit .

XXXVI . LXXXX autem olympiade fuere Aglaophon ,

Ceph isodorus , Erillus ,1 Eu ener , pater Parrhas ii et

praeceptor maximi pictoris , de que suis armis di

cemu s , omnes iam inlu st res , non tamen in quibus

haerere exposit io debea t fest inans ad lumina artis ,in qu ibus primus refu lsit Apollodorus Ath eni ensisLXXXXI I I olympiade . hic primus species exprimere

inst it u it primusque gloriam penicil lo iure cont u li t .

eius est sacerdos adorans et Aiax fulmine incensus ,qu ae Pergami spect a t u r hodi e . neque ante eum

tabula u llius ost endit ur , quae t enea t oculos .

Ab hoc artis fores apertas Zeuxis Heracleot es

int ravit olympiadis LXXXXV anno quarto , audent emque

iam a l iquid penicillum— de hoc enim adhuc lequamur

— ad magnam gloriam perduxit , a qu ibu sdam fa lso

in LXXXVI I I I olympiade posit u s , cum fu isse3 necesse

est Demoph ilum H imeraeum et Nesea T hasium ,

qu oniam u t rius eorum d iscipulus fuerit ambigit ur .

in eum Apollodorus supra scriptus versum fecit ,a rtem ipsis abla t am Z euxim ferre secum . opes

qu oqu e tantas adqu isivit , ut in ost ent a t ione 3earum

1 Eril lus B : fril iu s rell . (fril lu s cd . P a r . I . a t . Phry l lus

Brot ier : Phry lus edd . vet t . Heril lus con i . S i llig.

3cum quo f. Url ichs : confu isse T raube.

3ost ent a t ionem Gronov.

Inventor of shading, and therefore called ama ypddos .

BOOK XXXV . XXXV . 59—XXXVI . 62

at the public expense . There was also anotherMicon , d istinguished from the first by the surnameof

‘

the Younger ,’

whose daughter T imaret e alsopainted .

XXXVI . In the 90th Olympiad lived Aglaophon , 420-i l 7 ia.c.

Ceph isodoru s , Erillu s , and Evene r the fa ther and

teacher of Parrh asiu s , a very great pa inter (aboutParrh asiu s we sha l l have to speak when we come tohis period) . All these are now artists of note , yet 9 67.

not figu res ever which our di scourse should l ingerin its ha ste to a rrive at the luminari es of the art ;

first among whom shone out Apollodorus of Athens ,in the 93rd Olympiad . Apollodorus was the first 408

artist to give rea l isti c presentation of obj ects, and

the first to confer glory a s of right upon the pa intbrush . His are the Priest a t Prayer and Aj axstruck by Lightn ing , the latter to be s een a t

Pergamum a t the pres ent day . There is no pa intingnow on view by any artist before Apollodorus tha ta rrests the a ttention of the eyes .The gates of art having been now thrown open by Z euxis .

Apollodorus they were entered by Zeuxis of Heracleain the 4th year of the 95th Olym piad , who led forwa rd 400—39 7 B.C .

the already not unadventurous paintbrush— for thisis what we are still spe aking of— to grea t glory .

Some writers erroneously place Zeuxis in the 89thOlympiad , when Demophi lu s of Himera and Nescusof Thasos must have been his contempora ries , as ofone of them , it is uncerta in wh ich , he was a pupil .Of Zeuxis

,Apollodorus above recorded wrote an

ep1gram in a line of poetry to the effect that Zeuxisrobbed his ma sters of their art and carried it offwithh im .

’ Also he acquired such great wea lth that headvertis ed i t at Olympia by d ispl aying his own


O lympiae au re is l itteris in pa lliorum t esseris in

t ext um nomen suum ost ent aret . postea donareopera sua inst itu it , quod nulle pret ie satis digno

permu t ari 1 posse diceret , sicu t i Alcm enam Agra63 gant inis , Pana Archelao . fecit et Penelopen , inqua pinxisse mores videtur , et a th let am ; adeoque

in illo sibi placu it , ut versum subscriberet celebremex eo , invisurum a liqu em faciliu s quam imit a t urum .

magnificu s est et Iuppiter eius in throne adst ant ibus

diis et Hercules infans dracones 1 13

st rangu lans

Alcmena matre coram pavent e et Amph it ryone .

64 repreh endit u r tamen ceu grandior in capit ibus

art icu lisqu e , al ioqu i tantus d il igentia , ut Agra

gant inis fact uru s tabulam , quam in temple IunonisLaciniae publice dicarent , inspexerit virgines eorumnudas et quinque e leger it , ut quod in qu aqu e laudat issimum esset pictu ra redderet . pinxit et monochromata ex a lbo . aequ a les eius et aemu li fuereT imanth es , Androcydes , Eupompu s , Parrh asiu s .

65 descendi sse hic in certamen cum Z euxide tradi turet , cum ille de t u lisset uva s pieta s tanto successu , utin scaenam aves advolarent , ipse det u lisse lint eumpictum ita verita te repraesent a t a , ut Zeuxis a litumiudicio t um ens flagit aret tandem remoto linteo

1permu tari B ? permuta re rell .

3 dra cones 1 1 Mayhojj‘draconem B dracones cd . Par . 680 1

dracones in rell .

King ofMa cedonia 4 1 3-399 B .C .

Mwu‘

éa er a i T i g ndÀÀov 77 p. tpfioe‘

r a t .

Fingers and toesAppa rently a Helen (cf. pa inted in fa c t for t he city

ofCrot on (Cic . De I nuent . I I , 1 , 1 Dionys . Ha l . , De Vet . Script .

Gens . I ) .Appa rently pa intings in pa le colou rs on a dark ground .

‘

T he pictu res were hung on the front of t he stage buildingsin the theatre .

30 8


ostendi pict uram atqu e int ellecto errore concederet

palmam ingenu o pudore , quoniam ipse volucres

fefellisset , Parrh asius autem se ar t ificem . ferturet postea Zeuxis pinxisse pu erum uva s ferent em , ad

quas cum advolassent aves ,1 eaden . ingenu it a t e

proeessit ira t u s operi et dixit : uva s melius pinxiqu am pu erum , nam si et hoc consummassem , avestimere debuerant .

’ fecit et figlina opera , qua e solain Ambracia relict a sunt , cum inde Musas Fu lviusNobilior Romam t ransferret . Z euxidis manu Roma eHelena est in Philippi por t icibu s , et in Concordiaedelubro Marsya s religat us .

Parrhasius Eph es i natus et ipse multa cont u lit .

primus symmetrian pict urae dedit , primus argu t ias

voltus , e legant iam capilli , venu st at em 3 oris , confessione art ificum in liniis extremis pa lm am adept u s .

haec est pict urae summa subt ilit as .

3 corpora enimpingere et media rerum est quidem magni operis ,sed in que multi gloriam t u lerint ; extrema corporum facere et desinent is pict urae modum includererarum in successu a rtis invenitur . ambire enim seipsa debet extremitas et sic desinere , ut prom it t a ta l ia et 4 post se ost endatqu e etiam qua e occu lt a t .

hanc ei gloriam concessere Antigonus et Xenocrates ,

1 V.l . advolarent aves au t advolasset av is au t adve laret avis .

3 V. l . vetu sta tem .

3supt il it a s B : sublimit as rell .

4alia et Magjhoff a liae cd . Leid. Voss . m . l a lia rell .posse edd. vet t . : pone se coni . I an a lias post se T raube.

T he picture Helen mentioned (not named ) in è 64 . T he

port icoes were bu ilt by L . Marciu s Ph ilippus in 29 B .C .

3 1 0

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I . 65—68

be drawn and the picture displayed ; and when herealized his mistake , with a modesty that did himhonour he yielded up the prize , s aying that wherea she h ad deceived birds Parrh asiu s h ad deceived him ,

an artist . I t is sa id that Zeuxis also subsequentlypainted a Child Ca rrying Grapes , and when birdsflew to the fru it with the same frankness as beforehe strode up to the picture in anger with it and sa id ,

I have pa inted the grapes better than th e child , a s

if I h ad made a success of tha t as well , the birdswould inevitably have been a fra id of it . ’ He a lsoexecuted works in clay , the only works of art thatwere left at Ambracia when Fu lviu s Nobilior removed 1 89 B.C .

the statues of the Muses from that place to Rome .

There is a t Rome a Helena “ by Zeuxis in thePorticoes of Philippus , and a Marsyas Bound , in theShrine of Concord .

Parrhasius also , a native of Ephesus , contributed Parrhas z’

u e

much to pa inting . He was the first to give propert iensto pa inting and the first to give vivacity to theexpression of the countenance , elegance of th e ha irand beauty of the mouth ; indeed it is admitted byartists tha t he won the palm in the drawing ofoutlines . This in painting is the high—wa ter markof refinement to paint bulk and the surface withinthe outl ines , though no doubt a great achievement , is one in which many have won distinction ,but to give the contour of the figures , and make asatisfactory boundary where the pa inting withinfinish es , is rarely atta ined in successfu l artistry .

For the contour ought to round its elf off and soterminate as to suggest the presence of other partsbehind it also , and di sclose even wha t it hides .This is the distinction conceded to Parrh a sius by

3 1 1


qui de pictu ra scripsere , praedi eant es quoque , nonsolum confit ent es ; et al ia s multa graph idis vestigiaexst ant in tabulis ac m embranis eius , ex quibus proficere dicunt ur art ifices . minor tamen videtur sibicomparat u s in mediis corporibu s eXpr imendis . pinxitdemon Atheniensium argumento quoque ingenioso .

ost endebat namqu e varium iracundum iniust um

inconst ant em ,1 eundem exorabilem clement em

misericordem ; gloriesum ,3excelsum humilem ,

ferocem fugacemqu e et omnia pariter . idem pinxitet T hesea , quae Roma e in Capitolio fuit , et nauarchum thoracatum , et in una tabula , quae est Rhodi ,Meleagrum , Hercu lem , Persea ; haec ibi ter fulm ineambus t a neque obliterata hoc ipso miracu lum auget .pinxit et arch igallum , quam picturam amavit Tiberius princeps atque , ut auctor est Deoule ,3 ns

!LX]4

aest ima t am cubiculo suo inclu sit . pinxitet T hressam 5

nu t ricem infant emqu e in manibus

eiu s et Ph iliscum et Liberum pat rem adst ant e

Virtute , et pu eros duos , in quibus spect atur securi tasae t a t is et simplicit as , item sacerdot em adst ant e

puero cum acerra et corona . sunt et duae pict uraeeius nobilissimae , hoplites in certamine ita decurrens , ut sudare videatur , alter arma deponens , ut

1 incont inentem O . Jahn .

3 la c. ] ll ayhoff.

3 deou le B : depu lo, de populo au t s im . rell . : DeciusGelen : Decius Epu lo edd . vel t . z Deciu s Eculeo HermolawBa rba ra s .

4 I an : LX B : LX rell .

thressam B cressam a ut ch ressam rell .

Or tra ces of h is draughtsmanshi p .

’

Or them in variou s moods .

’

Unt il it perished in t he fire of 70 B .C .


anh elare sent iat ur . laudant ur et Aeneas Castorqueac Pollux in eadem tabula , item Telephus , Achilles ,Agamemnon , Ulixes . fecundu s artifex , sed quonemo insolent iu s usus sit gloria artis , namque etcognomina u surpavit habrodiaet um se appellandoa liisqu e versibus principem artis et eam ab se consummat am , super omnia Apollinis se radice ortum etHercu lem , qui est Lindi , talem a se pictum , qu alem

saepe in quiete vidisset ; et cum 1 magnis suffragiissupera t u s a T imanthe esset 3 Sami in Aiace armorumqu e iudicio , h erois nomine se moleste ferrediceba t , quod iterum ab indigno victus essetPinxit et m inor ibus t abellis libidines , eo genere

pe tu lant is ioci s e reficiens .

3

Nam T imanthi s vel plurimum adfu it ingenu .

eius enim est Iphigeni a oratorum laudibus celebrata ,qua stante ad aras peritura cum maestos pinxissetomnes praecipu equ e pat ruum et t rist it iae omnem

imaginem consumpsisset , patris ipsiu s ve ltum velavit ,quem digne non pot era t est endere . sunt et aliaingenu eiu s exempla , velu t i Cyclops dorm iens in

parvola tabella , cu ius et sic magnit udinem exprimere

cupiens pinxit iuxt a Satyre s thyrse pollicem eius

1et efi cum ) Mayhojf : ergo .

3 T imanthe esse t Mayhofl t imanthesest B 1: t imanthe (au t

th imant e) est cdd.

3 pinxit reficiens pos t Ulixes 7 1 transp . Urlichs .

Showing t he hea ling of T elephu s by rust from Ach illes ’sword , with Agamemnon and Odysseus looking on.

When t he a rms ofdead Ach il les were awa rded t o Odysseus ,Aj ax became mad and a t nigh t unknowingly killed sheep inthe belief that he was killing his enemies .

E .g. Cicero, De Ora tore 74 .

A pictu re found a t Pompeii may be a copy of th is .

BOOK XXXV . XXXVI . 7 1—74

be perceived to be panting for breath . His Aenea s,

Ca stor and Pollux (Polydeu ces) , a ll in the samepicture , a re a lso highly pra ised ,

and likewise hisgroup “ of Telephus with Achilles , Agamemnon and

Odysseus . Pa rrh asius was a prolific a rtist , but onewho enj oyed the glory of his art with unpara llel edarrogance , for he actua lly adopted certa in surnames ,Ca lling himself the Bon Viveur ,

’

and in some otherverses Prince of Pa inters ,

’ who h ad brought the a rtto perfection , and above a ll saying he was sprung fromthe lineage of Apollo and that his picture of Heraclesat Lindos presented the hero as h e h ad often ap

peared to h im in his dreams . Consequently when T imanthe—9

defeated by T imanth es a t Samos by a l arge maj orityof votes , the subj ect of the pictures being Aj axand the Award of the Arms , he used to declare inthe name of his hero tha t he was indignant a t havingbeen defeated a second time by an unworthyopponent . “ He a lso pa inted some smaller pictu re sof an immodest na ture , taking his recreation in thissort ofwanton amusement .To return to T im anth es— he h ad a very high degreeof geni us . Orators have sung the pra ises

‘

of hisIphigeni a ,“ who stands at the a lta r awaiting herdoom the artist h as shown a ll pres ent full of sorrow ,

and especially her uncl e ,“ and has exhausted a ll theindicat iens of gri ef, yet h as veiled the countenanceof her father himself} whom he was unable ade

qua t ely to portray . There are a lso other examplesof hi s genius , for instance a quite sma ll panel of aSl eeping Cyclops , whose gigantic stature he aimedat representing even on tha t scale by pa inting a t hisside some Satyrs mea suring the siz e of his thumb

Menelau s . Agamemnon .


met ient es . a tque in uniu s hu ius operibu s int elligiturplu s s emper quam pingit u r et , cum sit ars summa ,

ingenium tamen ultra artem est . pinxit et heroaabsolu t issim i operis , artem ipsam complexus viros

pingendi , quod opus nunc Roma e in templo Pacis est .Euxinidas hac aetate docu it Arist idem, pra e

clarum a rt ificem , Eupompus Pamph ilum , Apellis

praeceptorem . est Eupompi victor certamine gymnico pa lmam tenens . ipsius auctorita s tanta fuit ,ut diviserit pict u ram

1: genera , quae ante eum due

fuere— Helladicum et Asia ticum 3appellabant

propter hunc , qui erat Sicyoniu s, diviso Helladico

tria facta sunt , Ionicum , Sicyonium , Atticum .

Pamphili cegna t io et proelium ad Ph liunt em acvictoria Ath eniensium , item Ulixes in rate . ipseMacedo na t ione , sed .

3 primus in pict ura omnibuslitteris erudit u s , praecipu e arithme t ica et geometria ,sine quibus negabat artem perfici poss e , docu itneminem tal ento minoris— annu is X D

4 quammercedem at Apelles et Melanthius dedere ei .hu ius auctoritate effect um est Sicyone primum ,

deinde in tota Graecia , ut pueri ingenui omissam

1

picturam Mayhojf : picturam in cdd .-ras in cd . Pa r .

680 1 -a in cd . Leid .

3asiaticum B : asianum B1 ? : asit icum quod asiaticum

rell . quod asi aticum Gelen.

3 Zac. Mayhoff.4

D B, cd . Leid . Voss . : D rell . (om. cd . F lor .

T he elder ; of. 55 1 08 , 1 1 1 and note 0 11 pp . 4 10—4 1 1 .

Possibly the cap t u re of Ph liu s by t he Spa rtans in 379 B .C .

and t he sea-victory of Athens over the Spa rtans a t Naxos in

31 6


ante 1 graph icen [ hoc est pict uram3] in buxo , do

cerent ur recipere t u rque ars ea in primum gradumliberalium . semper quidem honos ei fuit , ut ingenuieam exercere

'

nt , mex ut benesti , perpet uo interd icto ne servit ia docerent ur . idee neque in hacneque in t oreu t iee u lliu s , qui s ervierit , operacelebrantu r .

Clari et centesima septima olympiade exst it ere

Action ac Therimachus . Aet ionis sunt nobiles

picturae Liber pater , item Tragoedia et Comoedia ,

Semiramis ex ancilla regnum apiscens , anu s lampadas

praeferens et nova nupt a verecundia not abilis .

Verum omnes priu s genitos fu t urosque posteasuperavit Apelles Cous olympiade centesima duodecima . pict urae plura solus prope quam cet eri

omnes cont u lit , volum inibu s etiam edit is , quaedoct rinam eam continent . praecipu a eius in artevenusta s fuit , cum eadem aetate maximi pictoresessent ; quorum opera cum admirare t ur , omnibusconlauda t is deesse illam suam venerem 3 diceba t ,

quam G raeci Xdpt 7'

a vocant cetera omni a cont igisse ,

sed hac sola sibi neminem parem . et ali am gloriamusurpavit , cum Protogenis opus inmensi laboris ac

1omissà. omissam ) ante coni . Mayhojf omnia ante B

emma anti rell . ante omni a edd . vett . : omnes a rtem 0 . F .

Hermann .

3seclud . Urlichs .

3venu sta tem Frò

'

hner (cp . gratiam Qu inti l . XI I . 1 0 .

T he whole of statua ry as contrasted with pa inting.

Sammurama t , princess of Assyria c. 800 B .C .

Really of Ephesu s, bu t some of hi s famous works were a t

BOOK XXXV . XXXVI . 77—80

of free birth were given lessons in drawing on boxwood , which had not been included hitherto , and thatthi s art was accepted into the front rank of theliberal sciences . And it h as a lways consistentlyh ad the honour of being practised by people of freebirth , and later 0 1 1 by persons of station , i t havingalways been forbidden that slaves should beinstructed in it . Hencc it is tha t neither in paintingnor in the art of statuary “

arc there any famousworks that were executed by any person who was aslave .

In the l 07th Olympiad Action and Therimachus 352—349 p .c .

a lso a ttained outstanding dist inction . Fam ou spa intings by Action are a Fa ther Liber or Dionysus , mach us .

Tragedy and Comedy and Semiramis the SlaveGirl Rising to a Throne ; and the O ldWoman carryingTorches , with a Newly Ma rried Bride , remarkablefor her air of modesty .

But it was Apelles of Cos “ who surpassed all the Apelles .

pa inters that preceded and a ll who were to comea fter him ; he dates in the 1 1 2th Olympiad . He 332-329 B.C .

singly contributed a lmost more to pa inting than a ll

the other artists put together , a lso publishingvolumes containing the principles of pa inting . Hisart was unrivalled for graceful charm , although oth er

very grea t painters were his contempora ri es .Although he admired their works and gave highpra is e to all of them , he used t o say that they lackedthe glamour that his work possessed , the qua litydenoted by the Greek word charts , and tha t a lthoughthey h ad every other merit , in that a lone no one wa shis rival . He also asserted another cla im to distino Apel les and

tion when he expressed his admiration for the Pro‘ogm ’ °

immensely laborious and infinit ely meticulous work

31 9


cura c supra modum anxiae m irare tu r ; di xit enimomnia sibi cum illo paria esse au t illi meliora , sed

uno se praest are , quod manum de tabula scire t 1

tollere , memorabili pra ecepto nocere saepe nim iam

diligent iam . fu it autem non minoris simplicit a t is

quam artis . Melanthi o disposit ione ccdebat , Asele

piodoro de3 mensu ris , hoc est quanto quid a quoque

distare deberet .

Scit um inter Protogenen ct eum quod accidit .

ill e Rhodi viveba t , quo cum Apelles adnavigasset ,

avidu s cognoscendi opera eius fama tantum sibicogniti , continuo officinam pet iit . aberat ipse , sed

tabulam ampla e m agni tudini s in machina apt at am

una 3 cu st odiebat anus . haec foris ess e Protogenenrespondit int erregavitqu e , a quo quaesitum diceret .

ab hoc ,’

inqu it Apelles adreptoqu e penicillo lineamex colore duxit summae t enu it a t is per tabulam . ct

reverse Pre togeni qua e gesta erant anus indicavit .ferunt art ificcm prot inu s cont emplatum subt ili

tatem dixisse Apellen venisse , non cadere in al iumtam absolu t um opu s ; ipsumqu e a lio colore tenuiorcm lineam in ipsa illa duxisse abeunt emqu e

praecepisse , si redisset ill e , ost enderet adiceretque

1sciret B non sciret rell .

3 de fortasse delendum (Mayhofi‘

, qu i et dimensur is com3una E pictu rae una rell .

T he expression manum de tabu la , hand from t he pictu re , ’was a saying wh ich expressed T hat ’s enough .

’

Pliny does not say whether it was stra igh t or wavy , or

an outline of some obj ect .


h unc esse quem quaerere t . atque ita eveni t .

revert it enim Apelle s et vinci erubescens tertiocolore lineas secu it nullum relinqu ens amplius

s ubt ilit a t i locum . at Protogenes vict um s e confessus in port um devolavit hospit em quacrens ,

placu itqu e sic eam tabulam post eris t radì omniumquidem , sed art ificum praecipue miraculo . cen

sumpt am eam priore incendio Caesaris domus inPa la t io audio , spect a t am nobis 1 ante , spat iose

3

nihil aliud cont inent em quam 3 l ineas visum effu

gient es , inter egregia multorum opera inani sim ilemet ee ipso a llicient em omniqu e opere nebiliorem .

Ape lli fuit alioqu i perpetua consuetudo numquamt am oceupa t um diem agendi , ut non lineam ducendo

exercere t a rtem , qu od ab eo in proverbium venit .idem perfecta opera preponebat in pergula transeunt ibus atque , ipse post tabulam latens , vitiaquae not arentur au scu lt abat , vu lgum diligent iorem

iudicem quam se praeferens feruntqu e repreh ensum

a su tore , quod in crepidis una pauciores intus fecissctansas , cedem post ero die superbo cmcndat ione

prist inac admonit ionis cavillante circa crus , indig

1nobis cdd. : Bh edi Mayhofl olim Gronov.

3 V. l . spat iore (Spatio sed B3) : spatio P intianus .

3 V.l . quam in : quam I I I Gronov.

Pliny su rely indicates that Apelles drew a yet finer

line on top of the other two down their length .

Probably an outline of some object .Nu lla dies s ine l inea , N0 day without a line .

’

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I . 82 —85

vis itor if he returned and add that this was theperson he was in search of ; and so it happened ;for Apelles came back , and , a shamed to be beaten ,cut the lines with another in a th ird colour , l eavingno room for any further displ ay of minute work .

Hereupon Protogenes admitted he was defeated ,and flew down to the harbour to look for thevisitor ; and he decided that the panel should behanded on to posterity as it was , to be admired as amarvel by everybody , but particularly by artists .

I am informed that it was burnt in the first fire whichoccurred in Caesar

’s palace on th e Pa latine ; it h ad A.D.

been previously much admired by us , on its vastsurface containing nothing els e than the a lmostinvisible lines , so that among the outstanding worksof many a rtists it looked l ike a blank space , and bythat very fact attracted attention and was moreesteemed than any masterpiece .

Moreover it was a regular custom with Apellesnever to let a day of business to be so fully occupiedthat he did not practis e his art by drawing a line ,“

wh ich has passed from him into a proverb .

“ Anotherhabit of his was when he h ad fini shed hi s works toplace them in a ga ll ery in the vi ew of passers by ,and he himself stood out of sight behind the pictureand li stened to hear what faults were noticed , ratingthe public as a more observant critic than himself.And it is sa id that he was found fault with by a shoemaker because in drawing a subj ect

’s sandals he hadrepresented the loops in them as one too few , and th e

next day the same critic was so proud of the artist’s

correcting the fault indi cated by his previousobj eetion that he found fault with the leg , butApelles indignantly looked out from behind the

333


matum prospexissc denunt iant em , ne supra crepidam

sutor iudicaret , quod et ipsum in proverbium abiit .

fuit enim et comitas illi , propter quam grat ior

Alexandro Magno frequenter in officinam venti

tanti— nam , ut diximu s , ab alio se pingi vetuera t

edicto sed in officina imperite multa di sserent i

silentium com it er suadebat , rideri eum dicens a

pueris , qui colores t ererent . tantum erat auctori

tati iuris in regem alioqu i iracundum . quamquam

Alexander honorem c i clarissimo perh ibu it exemple .

namque cum dilect am sibi e pallacis suis praecipue ,nomine Paneaspen ,

1 nudam pingi eb adm ira t ionem

formae ab Apelle iussisset cumque , dum paret ,capt um amore sensisset , dono dedi t ci ,

3 magnus

animo , maior imperio sui nee minor hoc facto quam

victoria al ia , quia 3 ipse se vicit , nec torum tantum

suum , sed etiam adfectum donavit a rtifici , ne

dilect ae quidem respect u motus , cum modo regis ea

fu isse t , modo pictoris esset . sunt qui Venerem

anadyomenen ab illo pict am exemplari pu t ent .

Apelles et in aemu lis benignus Protogeni di gna

1pancaspen B campaspen au t -em reti . : Pancasten S illig.

3ei I an : et …

3a lia qu ia M. Hertz : alia Urlichs a l ia qua B aliqua rell .

Ne su tor u ltra crep idam.

“ Let a shoemaker stick t o his


t ionem primu s Rhodi const it u it . sordebat suis , utplerumque domestica , percont ant iqu e , quanti l iceret opera effect a , pa rvum nescio quid dixera t ,

at ill e qu inqu agenis t a lent is poposcit famamque

dispers it , s e emere , ut pro suis vendere t . ea resconcit avit Rhod ie s ad int ellegendum art ificem , necnisi augent ibu s pretium cessit .

Imagines 1 adeo sim ili t udinis indiscret ae pinxit ,u t— incredibil e d ictu— Apio gramma t icus scriptumreliquer it , qu endam ex faci e hominum divinant em ,

que s m etoposcopos vocant , ex iis dixisse aut fu t uraemortis annos au t prae t erit ae vita e .

3 non fuera t c i

gratia in comit a t u Alexandri cum Ptolemaeo , quoregnante Alexandriam Vi t empest a t is expu lsus ,

subornato fraude a emu lorum plano regio invit a t u s ,ad oenam venit indignant iqu e Pt olemaeo et voca toressu os ostendenti , ut dicere t , a quo eorum invit at u s

e sset , arrepto carbone ext inct o e feou le imaginemin pariet e delineavit , adgnoscent e ve ltum plani rege1nchoa t um prot inu s . pinxit et Antigeni regisimaginem altero lumine orbati 3 primus excogit a t a

ratione vitia condendi ; obliquam namque fecit , ut ,

1 imagines Gelen : imaginem .

3v i tae add . Brunn .

3orba t i Mayhoff orba tam .

T he word per corrooxo‘

rros means one who gazes a t (examines )foreheads .

Ptolemy I , who died in 286 B .C .

382—30 1 B .C . One of Alexander ’s genera ls, and King of

Ma cedonia 306—30 1 .

326

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I . 87—90

Protogenes a t Rhodes . Protogenes wa s he ld in lowesteem by his fellow-countrymen ,

as is u su a l withhome products , and , when Apelles a sked him whatprice he set on some works he h ad finished , he h admentioned some sma l l sum , bu t Apelles made him an

offer of fifty ta lents for them , and spread it aboutthat he was buying them with the intention ofsell ing them as works of his own . This devicearoused the peopl e of Rhodes to appreciate thea rtist , and Apell es only parted with the pictures tothem at an enhanced price .

He a lso pa inted portraits se absolutely li feliketha t , incredible as it sounds , the grammarian Apioh as left it on record that one of those persons ca l led

who prophesy people ’s futureby their countenance , pronounced from their portra itseither the yea r of the subj ects ’ deaths hereafter orthe number of yea rs they h ad a lready lived . Apelles Apel les andh ad been on bad terms with Ptolemy in Alexander

’

s P‘Olem"

retinu e . W’

h en this Ptolemy was King of Egypt ,Apelles on a voyage h ad been driven by a violentstorm into Alexandria . His rivals ma l ici ouslysuborned the King ’s j ester to convey to him an

invitation to di nner , to which he came . Ptolemywas very indi gnant , and paraded his hospita litystewards for Apelles to say which of them h ad givenhim the invitation . Apelles picked up a piece ofextinguished charcoa l from th e hearth and drew a

l ikeness on the wall , the King recognizing thefeatures of the j ester as soon as he began the sketch .

He a lso painted a portra it of King Antigonus wh o Apel les and

was blind in one eye , and devised an origina l method ofconcea ling the defect , for he did the likeness in threequarte r ,

’ so that the feature that was lacking in the

33 7


quod deera t corpori , pict u rae deesse1pot iu s vide

ret u r , t ant umqu e eam partem e facie ost endit , quamtot am pot era t e st endere . sunt inte r opera e iu s etexspirant ium im

’

agines . quae a u tem nobilissimasint , non est facile d ictu . Venerem exeunt em emari divus Augustu s dicavit in delubro patris Caesaris , qua e anadyomene voca t u r , versibu s G ra ecis

ta li opere ,3 dum 3 lauda t ur , vieto 4 sed 5 inlu st ra t o .

3

cuiu s inferiorem partem corrupt am qui reficerct

non pot u it rcper iri , verum ipsa iniu ria cessit ingloriam art ificis . consenu it haec tabula carie ,a liamqu e pro ea subst it u it Nero in principat u suoDoroth ei manu . Apelles inchoavera t ct aliamVenerem Coi ,7 supera tu ru s etiam 3 illam su am

priorem . invidit mors peract a parte , nec quisuccederet operi ad pra escript a liniam ent a inventusest . pinxit et Alexandrum Magnum fulmen tenentem in templo Eph esiae Dianae vigint i t alent is auri .d igiti em inere vident u r et fulmen extra tabulamesse— legen t es m em inerint omn ia ea quat t uor

color ibu s facta ; manipret ium eiu s tabulae innummo 9 aureo 1 “ mensura 1 1 accepit , non numero .

1adesse coni . Mayhofi

’

.

3 t ant opere Fròhner .

3aevo dum J . Mfiller .

4v ieta edd. set t . : inv icto Schneidewin : vit io Fròhner

( aevis v ieta ) 111 ayhofl.

est Fròhner .

3 il lu strata edd . set t . : versibus Graecis dum laudatur, ta liopere ( aev is> vieto , sed inlu st ra to coni . Mayhofl

7 V. l . Cois .

V. l . famam : fama Ur l ichs .

3 in numero cd . Par . 680 1 immane cd . F lor . Ricc.

1 “au ro olim Gelen (del . nummo ) au reos edd . vett .

1 1 V. l . mensuram .


93 pinxit et megabyzi , sacerdot is Dianae Ephesiae .

pompam , C lit um cum eque ad bellum fest inant em ,

ga l cam posccnt i arm igerum porrigent em .

1 Alexandrum et Ph ilippum quotiens pinxerit , enumera resupervacuum est . m irant ur eius Habronem Sami ;Menandrum , regem Car iae , Rhodi , item Ant aeum ;

Alexandreae G orgosth enen t ragoedum ; RomaeCastorem et Pollucem cum Victoria et AlexandroMagno , item Bell i imaginem rest rict is ad terga

94 m anibu s , Alexandro in curru t riumphant e . qua su t rasqu e tabulas d ivus Augustus in fori sui celeberrim is partibus dicavera t simplicit a t e moderata ;d ivus Claudius plur is exist imavit u t risque excisaAlexandri facie divi Augusti imagines addere .

e iusdem arbit rantu r manu 3 esse et in Dianae 3

templo Hercu lem aversum , ut , quod est difficillimum ,

faciem eius ost enda t verius pict ura quam promit t a t .

pinxit et heroa nudum caque pictu ra naturam ipsam

95 provocavit . est et equus eius , sive fuit , pictus incertamine , quo iudicium ad muta s quadripcdes

provocavit ab hom inibu s . namqu e amb itu praeva

l ere aemule s sent iens singu lorum pict uras induct is

equ is ost endit : Apel lis tantum equ o adh innivcre .

idqu e et postea semper eveni t , ut exper iment um

96 artis illud ost ent aret ur . fecit et Neoptolemum cx 4

1a rmigero porr igente con i . Mayhofl.

3 manum B.

3 Dianae Preller : annae B : ant oniae rell .4<pugnant em) ex con i . Mayhofl lac. pos t Persa s

Url ichs .

Cf. 27 and Serv . ad Aen . I , 294 .

I .e . he did not appropria te them for himself.

BOOK XXXV . XXXVI . 92—96

counted . He a lso painted a Procession of theMagabyzu s , the priest of Artemis of Ephesus , a

Clitus wi th Horse ha stening into battle ; and anarmou r-bearer handing someone a helmet a t hiscommand . How many times he pa inted Alexanderand Phi lip it wou ld be superfluous to recount . HisHabron a t Samos is much admired ,

as is his Menander ,King of Caria

,a t Rhodes , likewise his Antaeus , and

a t Alexandria his G orgosth enes the Tragic Actor ,and a t Rome his Ca stor and Pollux with Victoryand Alexander the Great , and a lso his figure ofWar

“ with the Hands Tied behind ,with Alexander

riding in Triumph in hi s Chariot . Both of thesepictures his late lamented Maj esty Augustus withrest rained good taste h ad dedica ted in the mostfrequented parts of his forum ; the emperor Claudi ushowever thought it more advisable to cut out theface of Alexander from both works and substitu teportra its of Augu stus . The Heracles wi th Fa ceAverted in t h e temple of Diana is a lso beli eved to beby his hand— se drawn that th e picture more tru lydi splays Heracles

’

fa ce than merely suggests it tothe imagination— a ve ry difli cu lt a chi evement . Healso painted a Nude Hero , a pictu re with which hecha llenged Natu re hers elf. There is , or was , apicture of a Horse by him , painted in a competition ,

by which he carri ed his appea l for j udgement frommankind to the dumb quadrupeds ; for perceivingthat his riva ls were getting the better of him byintrigue , he h ad some horses brought and showedthem their pictu res one by one ; and t h e horses onlybegan to neigh when they saw the horse pa inted byApelles ; and thi s always happened subsequ ently ,showing it to be a sound test of artistic skil l . He

33 1


equo adversus Persas , Arch elaum cum uxore etfil ia , Ant igonum thoraca tum cum equo incedcnt em .

perit iores artis praeferunt omn ibus eiu s operibus

eundem regem sedent em in equo et Dianam sacrificant ium virginum choro m ixt am , quibus vicissc

Hom eri versus videtur id ipsum describent is . pinxitet quae pingi non possunt , tonitrua , fu lget ra ful

guraque ; Bront en , Ast rapen et Ceraunobolian

appellant .Inventa eius et ceteris profuere in arte ; unum

imit ari nemo pot u it , quod absoluta opera atramentoinlineba t ita tenui , ut id ipsum , cum 1

repercu ssum3

clarit a t es 3 colorum 4 omnium cxcit aret cu stodire tque a pulvere et sordibu s , ad manum intuenti 3

demum appareret , sed et lum inum7 ratione magna ,

ne cla ritas colorum aciem offenderet velu t i perlapidem specu larem int u ent ibu s et e longinquoeadem res nimis flor idis coloribus au st erit a t em

occulte daret .Aequalis eius fuit Aristides T hebanu s . i s omnium

primus animum pinxit et sensus hominis expressit ,

1cum add . Mayhofl

'

.

3repercussum B 1

repercu ssu rell .3clarita t is B, cd . Par . 680 1 clarit ates rell .

4 colorem B : colorum rell . ocu lorum edd. veti .

ònium omnium ) Mayhofi : a luum B 1: a lium B3

om . rell . a lbum T raube.

3 intuenti et B .

7et luminum Mayhofl : et ium B 1

: etiam B3 : et cumrell . et tum Hermola us Barbaru s .

One of Alexander ’s genera ls .

T wo soldiers with th is name are recorded as serving underA lexander .

T he One-eyed . See 590 and note .


quae vocant G raeci item per turbat iones ,du rior paulo in coloribus . hu iu s opera 1 oppidocapto ad matris morient is ex volnere mammamadrepens infans , int e llegitu rqu e s entire mater ettimere , ne emort uo laete 3 sanguinem lambat . quamtabulam Alexander Magnus t ranst u lerat Pellam in

pa t riam suam . idem pinxit proelium cum Persis,

centum homines tabu la e a complexus pact u squ c insingu los mnas denas a tyranno Elat ensium Mnasone .

pinxit et current es quadrigas et supplicant em paene

cum voce et venatores cum captura et Leont ionEpicuri et anapauemenen propter frat ris amorem ,

3

item Liberum et Ariadnen 4 spectate s Romae ina ede Cereris t ragoedum et pu erum in Apollinis ,cuius tabu l ae gratia int erii t pict oris inscit ia , cuit ergendam eam mandaverat M . Iuniu s prae t er subdie ludorum Apollinarium . spect a t a est et in aede

Fidei in Capitolio seni s cum lyra puerum docent is .

pinxit et aegrum sine fine lauda t um t ant umqu e artevalu it , ut Attalus rex unam tabulam eius centumt alent is em isse t radat ur .

Simul , ut dictum est , et Protogenes floru it .

patria ei Caunus , gentis Rhodiis subiect ae . summa

paupert as initio art isqu e summa intentio et idee1epera B pictura rell . lac . Mayhofi

'

.

3 laete B3: flaoteB 1

: fa cta rell . : e laeteMayhojj‘

emortuae

(au t emortua ) pro laete coni . Wa rmington.

3 propter fra t ris amorem supra pos t voce transp . Url ichs ,infra pos t Ariadnen Di lthey .

4art amenen B : arianen cd . Pa r . La t . 6797 : Art omenen

D ilthey .

There appea rs t o be someth ing lost h ere .

After h e had sa cked Th ebes in 335 B .C .

I t wou ld be one of Alexander ’s grea t battles with Da rius .

Byblis perhaps, who died of love for her brother Caunu s .

BOOK XXXV . XXXVI . 98— 1 0 1

being , what the Greeks term éthé , and also theemotions ; he wa s a l ittle too hard in his colou rs .His works include on the capture of a town ,

showing an infant creeping to the breast of its motherwho is dying of a wound ; it is felt that the mother isaware of the child and is afraid that as her milk isexhausted by death it may suck blood ; this pictureh ad been removed by Alexander the Great “ to hisna tive place , Pella . The same a rtist pa inted aBattle with the Persians , a panel tha t contains ahundred human figures , which he pa rted with toMnason the Tyrant of Ela t ea on the terms of tenminae per man . He also pa inted a Four—horseChariot s Racing , a Suppliant , who almost appearedto speak , Huntsmen with Quarry , Leont ion

Epicurus ’s mistress , and Woman At Rest throughLove of her Brother ; and likewise the Dionysusand the Ariadne once on view in the Temple ofCeres at Rome , and the Tragic Actor and Boy in theTemple of Apollo , a picture of whi ch the beauty hasperished owing to th e l ack of skill of a painter commissioned by Marcus Junius as praet er to clean it inreadiness for the festival of the Games of Apollo .

There h as also been on view in the Temple of Fa ithin the Capitol his picture of an O ld Man with a Lyre

g iving lessons to a Boy . He also painted a Sick Manwhich has received unlim ited prais e ; and he was soa ble an artist that King Atta lus is said to haveb ought a single picture of h is for a hundred talents .Protogenes a lso flourish ed at the same time , as h as Protogenes .

b een said . He was born at Caunus , in a community 581 .that was under the dominion of Rhodes . At theou tset he was extremely poor , and extremely devotedto his art and consequently not very productive .


minor fert ilit as . quis eum docu erit , non pu t ant

constare ; quidam et naves pinxisse usque ad quin

qu agensimum annum ; argumentum esse , quod cumAth enis celeberrimo loco Minervae delubri propylon

pingeret , ubi fecit nobilem Paralum et Hammoniada ,

qu am quidam Nau sicaan vocant , adiecerit parvolas

naves longas in iis , qua e pictores parergia appellant ,ut apparere t , a quibus init iis ad arcem ost ent a t ionis 1

opera sua pervenissent . pa lmam habet t abu larumeius Ialysus , qui est Romae dicat u s in templo Pacis .cum pingeret eum , traditur madidi s lupinis vixisse ,

qu oniam 3 sic 3 simu l et famem sust inerct 4 et sit imnec sensus nimia du lcedine obst ru eret .

5 huic pictura c quater colorem induxit ecu tria subsidia ini uriaeet ve t u st a t is , ut decedente 3 superiore inferiorsuccedere t . est in ca canis mire factus , ut quempariter ars et casus 7 pinxer it . non iudicaba t se inco exprimere spumam anh elant is , cum in reliqu a

parte omni , quod difficillimum erat , sibi ipse satisfecisset . displicebat autem ars ipsa : nec minui

pot erat et videba t ur nimia ac longius a veritated i scedere , spumaqu e pingi , non ex ore nasci . anxio

an imi cru cia t u , cum in pictura verum esse , non

verisimile vellet , abst ersera t saepiu s mu t avera tqu e

1a rtis ostenta t ionem Roclwtte.

3quo T raube.

3s ic add . Mayhoff.

4sust inerent edd. vet i .

obst rueret B, cd. Pa r . 680 1 : obstruerent rell .3 decidente B recte ?7ars et casus Wei l : casu s et ars edd . sett . : et casu s B

ca su s rell .

Patron-h eroes of sa cred Ath enian triremes used in stateserv ices . T he Hammonias repla ced th e older shi p Sa laminia .

Incidenta l deta ils of any sort .

With reference perh aps t o th e Acropolis or stronghold(a rx) of Athens . Myth ical founder of I alysus in Rhodes .

336


penicillum , nullo modo sibi adprobans . postremo

irat u s a rti , quod int ellegeret ur , spongeam inpegit

inviso loco tabulae . et ill a reposu it ablatos colores

qu ali t er cura opt averat , fecitque in pict ura fortuna

naturam .

Hoc exemplo eius similis et Nealcen successu s

spumae equi similiter spongea inpact a secu tus

dicit ur , cum 1pingeret

2poppyzont a ret inent em

eum .

3 ita Protogenes monst ravit et fortunam .

4

Propter huno Ialysum , ne cremaret tabulam ,

Demetrius rex , cum ab ea parte sola posset Rhodum

capere , non incendi t , parcent emque pict urae fugi t

occasio victoriae . erat tunc Protogenes in suburbano

suo hort u lo , hoc est Demet rii cast ris ,5 neque inter

pellat u s proeliis incohat a opera int ermisit omnino

nisi accit us a rege , int errogatu squ e , qua fiducia

extra muros ageret , respondi t scire se cum Rhodiis

illi bellum esse , non cum ar t ibus . di sposu it rex in

tutelam eius st at iones , gaudens quod manus ser

va ret , quibus pepercerat , et , ne saepiu s avocaret,

u lt ro ad eum veni t hostis relict isqu e victoriae suae

1 V. l . dicuntur cum (disceret B) : dum celetem T raube.

2pingitu r B

2pinga tur B

1 pingit ac T raube.

3 V. l . ret inent pane cum : varia temp tant edd.

4 it a for tunam transp . vu lt Wa rmington sup ra pos t

natu ram 103 idem con i . ita ( et5 hoc castris delendum ? (Urlichs ) .

See 102, p . 337 .

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I . 1 0 3—1 0 5

brush , quite unable to satisfy himself. Fina lly hefell into a rage with his art because it was perceptible

,and dashed a sponge aga inst the place in the

picture that ofi'

ended him , and th e sponge restoredthe colours he h ad removed , in the way that h isanxiety h ad wished them to appear , and chanceproduced the effect of nature in the pictureI t is said that Nea lces also following this example

of his a chieved a similar success in representing ahors e ’s foam by da shing a sponge on the picture in asimilar manner , in a representation of a man cluckingin his cheek to soothe a horse he was holding . Thusdid Protogenes indicate the possibil iti es of a strokeof luck a lso .

It was on account of this Ia lysus that KingDemetrius , in order to avoid burning a picture ,absta ined from setting fire to Rhodes when the citycould only be taken from the side where the picturewas stored , and through consideration for the safetyof a picture lost the chance of a victory ! Protogenesat the time was in hi s littl e garden on the outskirtsof the city , that is in the middl e of the Camp ofDemetrius ,

’

and would not be interrupted by theba ttles going on , or on any account suspend theworks he had begun , h ad he not been summoned bythe King , who a sked him what gave him the a ssu ranceto continue outside the wa l ls . He replied tha the knew the King was waging war with the Rhodi ans ,not with the arts . The King , delighted to be able tosafeguard the hands which he h ad spared , placed

guardposts to protect him , and , to avoid repeatedlycalling him from his work , actually though an enemycame to pay him vis its , and quitting his a spirationsfor his own victory , in the th ick of battles and the

339

Protogenes

and KmqDemetri us .

305—4 B.C .


vot is inter arma et murorum ictus spect avit artificem ; sequ iturque tabulam illius temporis haecfama , quod eam Protogenes sub gladio pinxeritSa tyr us hic est , quem anapauomenon vocant , nequid desit temporis eius securitat i , t enent em tibia s .Fecit et Cydippen et T lepolemum , Ph iliscum

t ragoediarum scriptorem medit ant em , et a th let am 1

et Ant igonum regem , ma t rem Aristot elis phi losoph i ,qui ei su adebat , ut Alexandri Magni opera pingeretpropter aet ernit at em rerum ; impetus animi et quaedam artis l ibido in haec potins eum t u lere ; novissime pinxit Alexandrum 2 ac Pana . fecit et signaex aere , ut diximu s .

Eadem aetate fuit Asclepiodorus , quem insymmet ria mi rabatu r Apelles . huic Mnaso tyr annuspro duodecim diis dedi t in singu los mnas t ricenas ,idemqu e T h eomnesto in singu los heroas vicenas .

His adnumerari debet et Nicomachus , Arist idis 3

filius ac discipulus . pinxit raptum Proserpinae , quaetabula fuit in Capitolio in Minervae delubro supraaediculam Iuvent a t is , et in eodem Capitolio , quamPlancu s imperator posuera t , Victoria qu adrigam insubl ime rapiens . Ulixi primus addidit pilleum .

pinxit et Apollinem ac Dianam , deumque mat rem

in leone sedent em , item nobiles Bacchas obrep1 Al cet am Gronov.

2 Alexandream Fròhner.

3 Arist idi s Mayhoff coll . 1 1 1 , 1 22 : Arist idi UrlichsAris t idae ill iu s Oemichen : Arist iaei Si llig : arist iaci B

a riste(—i-)obeimi rell .

Phaest is or Phaest ias .

T he elder ; of. 5 75 and note on pp . 4 10 and 4 1 1 .

Before the fire of A.D . 64 .

Muna t ius , who triumphed in 43 B .C .

Cybele .

PLINY : NATURAL H ISTORY

t ant ibu s Sa tyris , Scyllamqu e , quae nunc est Romaein templo Pacis . nec fu it a liu s in ea arte ve locior .

t radunt namqu e conduxisse pingendum ab Arist ra to ,

Sicyoniorum tyranno , qu od i s facieba t Telesti poet aemonim ent um praefinito die , intra quem peragere tur ,nec multo ante veni sse , tyranno in poenam accenso ,

paucisqu e d i ebus absolvisse et celerit a t e et artemira . Discipu los habuit Ar istonem fra t rem etAr ist iden 1 filium et Ph iloxenum Ere t rium , cuiu stabula mu l lis post ferenda , Cassandro regi picta ,

cont inu it Alexandri proelium cum Dario . idempinxit et lasciviam , in qua tre s Sil eni com issant u r .

hic celerit a t em pra eceptoris secu t u s breviores etiamnum qu asdam pict u rae conpendiarias invenit .Adnumera t u r h is et Nicoph anes , elegans ac con

cinnu s ita , ut venu st a t e ei pauci conparentur ;cothurnus et gravita s artis multum a Z euxide etApelle abest . Apellis discipulus Perseus , ad quemde hac arte scripsit , hu ius fuerat aet at is . Arist idis

T h ebani discipu li fu erunt et fil ii Niceros et Ariston ,cuiu s est Sa tyru s cum scypho coronat u s , discipu l i

Ant orides 2 et Euph ranor , de quo mox dicemu s .

XXXVI I . Namqu e subt exi par est minoris pict uraecelebres in penicillo , e quibus fuit Piraeicu s 3

1 V. l . Aristoclem .

2 Antenorides Letronne.

3 Piraeicu s I an : pirasicu s B : praeicus au t preicus rell .(peritu s ed . Pa r .

T he younger . Cf. 598 and note on pp . 4 10—4 1 1 .

King of Ma cedonia 306—297 B .C .

T he younger confu sed with the elder, 75 , 98 , 108 .

Rea l ly pupils of the elder Aristides .

Really pupils of the elder Aristides .

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I . l og—XXXV I I . 1 1 2

a fine picture of Bacch ants with Sa tyrs prowlingtowards them , and a Scy lla that is now in the Templeof Peace in Rome . No other painter was ever a morerapid worker . Indeed it is recorded that he accepted c. 355

a commission from the tyrant of Sicyon Arist ra tu s

to paint by a given date a monument that he waserecting to the poet T elest es , and that he only fl. c. 398 B.C.

arrived not long before the date ; the wrathfu ltyrant threatened to punish him , but in a few dayshe finished the work with a speed and an artisticskill that were both remarkable . Among his pupilswere his brother Ariston and his son Aristides ,“

and Philoxenu s of Eretria , who pa inted for KingCa ssander a picture that holds the highest rank ,conta ini ng a battl e between Alexander and Darius .He also painted a picture with a wanton subj ectshowing three Sil eni at their revels . Imitating therapidi ty of h is master he introduced some shorthandmethods of painting , executed with still morerapidi ty of technique .

With these artists is a lso reckoned Nicophanes ,an elegant and finished painter with whom few can becompared for gracefulness , but who for tragic feelingand weight of style is far from Zeu xis and Apelles .Perseus , the pupil to whom Apelles dedica ted h is ; 79 ,

volumes on the art of painting , h ad belonged to thesame period . Aristides of Thebes a ls o h ad as hispupils hi s sons Niceros and Ariston ,

d the latter thepa inter of a Sa tyr Crowned with a Wreath and

Holding a Goblet ; and other pupils of Aristides wereAnt orides and Euphranor

"; about the la tter we

sha ll speak later on .

XXXVI I . For it is proper to append the artists P zraezct esfamous with the bru sh in a minor styl e of pa inting .

and

343


arte paucis post ferendus : proposito nescio an dis

t inxer it 1 se , quoniam humilia quidem secu tus

hum ilita t is tamen summ am adept u s est gloriam .

tonst rinas su t rinasqu e pinxit et asellos et obsonia

ac similia , ob haec cognom inat us rhyparographos ,

in ns consumma t ae volupt a t is , quippe eae plur is

veniere quam maximae multorum . e d iverso

Maeniana , inqu it Varro , omni a operiebat Serapionis

tabula sub Veteribus . hic scaenas optime pinxit ,sed hominem pingere non pot u it . contra Dionysius

nihil aliud quam homines pinxit , ob id anthropo

graphos cognom inatus . parva et Ca llicles fecit , i tem

Ca lates com icis t abellis , u t raqu e Ant iph ilu s . namque

et Hesionam mobilem pinxit et Alexandrum ac

Ph ilippum cum Minerva , qu i sunt in schola in

Oct aviae port icibu s , et in Philippi Liberum pat rem ,

Alexandrum puerum , H ippolyt um tauro em isso

expavescent em , in Pompeia vero Cadmum e t

Eu ropeu . idem iocoso 2 nomine G ryllum deridicu li

habitus pinxit , unde id genus picturae grylli vo

cantur . ipse in Aegypto natus didicit a Ct esidemo .

1 d ist inxerit Mayhoff : dist rinxerit Fròhner : distruxerit

au t dest ruxerit . iocoso edd . veti . iocosis au t locosis .

Ba lconies on houses in Rome firs t bu ilt by one Maenius .

Large and sma ll pictu res .


B ecet non si leri et Ardea t is templi pictorempra esertim civitate donatum ibi et carmine ,1 quodest in ipsa pictu ra his versibu s

Dignis dignu’ 2 loco 3 pict u ris condecoravit

regina e Iunonis supremi coniugis templumPlautius Marcus 4 ; clu e t Asia lata 5 esse oriundus ,qu em nunc et post semper ob artem hanc Ardealaudat ,

eaque sunt scripta ant iqu is litteris Latinis ; nonfraudando 6 et S. Tadio 7 d ivi Augusti aetate , quiprimus inst itu it amoenissimam pa rie tum pict u ram ,

villa s et porticus 8 ac topiaria opera , lucos , nemora ,

colles , piscina s , eu ripos , amnes , litora , qua lia quisopt are t , va rias ibi obambu lant ium species au t navi

gant ium terraque vil las adeunt ium a selli s autveh icu lis , iam piscantes , aucupant es au t venantesau t etiam vindemiant es . sunt in eius exemplaribunobile s pa lustri 9 accessu 1 0 villae , succolla t is 1 1 sponsione 1 2 mu lieribu s labant es t repidis qua e

1 3 ferunt ur ,

plurimae praet erea ta les argu t iae facet issimi salis .1 ca rmen Schneidewin .

2 d ignu’

Hermolaus Ba rba ras digna .

3fortasseLyco forta sse dignu

’ loco dignis picturis vel dignisdigna loco . pictu ris .

4plaucius ma rcus B : ma reus plau t is ma rcu s rell .

5cluet Asia lata Bergia : Cleoe ta s Ala lia Sill t

'

g : cluet a s

a lata B : cloet (do et ed . F lor . Rice. ) a sia lata rell .fraudanda Mayhofl.

7 S. T adio Ur l ichs , I an : s tudio B : ludio rell .8 porticu s cd . Pa r . La t . 6797 , a t videtu r portu s rell .pa lu stri B pau lst ri rell . plaustri edd . vet t .

1 °accessu B : ac censu rell .

1 1su ccol la t is odd . (suae col la t is B) : subcollant ium Hermo

la us Ba rba ra s .

1 2specie Hermolau s Ba rba ras .

1 3 t repidis quae B, ed . Leid . Voss . t repidisque relt.

BOOK XXXV . XXXVI I . 1 1 5- 1 1 7

It is proper a lso not to pa ss over the painter of the I ta l iantemple a t Ardea , especia lly a s he was granted thecitizenship of that place and honoured with an inscr iption ou the picture , consisting in the following verses

One Marcus Plautius , a worthy man ,

Adorned , with pa intings worthy of this place ,“

The shrine ofJuno , Queen ofSpou se supreme ,This Marcus Plautius , a s men know , was bornIn Asia wide . Now , and herea fter a lways ,Ardea applauds him for this work of art .

These lines are written in the antique Latin scrip t .

Nor must Spurius T adius ba lso , of the period of his T ad…

late lamented Maj esty Augu stus , be chea ted of hisdu e , who first introduced the most a ttractive fa shi on 3 4…

of painting walls with pictu res of country houses and A—D° 37

porticoes and landscape ga rdens , groves , woods ,hills , fish—ponds , cana ls , rivers , coasts , and whatever anybody could desire , together with varioussketches of people going for a stroll or sa il ing in aboat or on land going to country houses riding onasses or in carriages , and also people fishing and

fowling or hunting or even ga thering the vintage .

His works include splendid villa s approached byroads across ma rshes ,° men tottering and staggeringa long carrying women on their shoulders for aba rgain , and a number of humorous drawings oftha t sort besides , extremely wittily designed . He

Bu t perhaps the right reading is D ignis digna . Lyco.

T o the worthy , worthy rewa rd ; Lycon adorned . I .e.

the a rtist was M. Plautius Lyson , keeping his Greek name

when he received a new one on becoming a cit izen a t Ardea .

Or Studius or Ludius . T he reading is uncertain .

Or well known among hi s works a re men approa ch inga country hou se a cross ma rshes . T he Latin text of

mu ch of th is sentence is uncerta in .


idem subdia libus marit imas urbes pingere inst itu it ,blandissimo aspect u m inimoqu e inpendio .

Sed nulla gloria a rt ificum est n i si qui tabulas

pinxere . eo venerabilior ant iqu it at is prudentiaappa re t . non enim parietes excolebant doministantum nec domos uno in loco mansura s , quae exincendiis rapì non possen t . ca sa Protogenes cont ent u s erat in hor tu lo suo ; nulla in Apelli s t ectoriis

pict u ra e ra t . nondum libeba t parietes totos t in

gu ere ; omnium eorum ars u rbibu s excubaba t ,

pictorqu e res communis t erra rum erat .Fuit et Arelliu s Romae ce leber paulo ante divum

August um , ni fiagit io insigni corrupisset a rtem ,

semper ei lenocinans feminae , cuius 1 amore flagraret , et 2 ob id dea s pingens , sed dilect arum imagine .

it aque in pict u ra eiu s scorta num erabantu r . fuitet nuper gravis ac s everus idemqu e floridis tumidus

3

pictor Famulus .

4 hu iu s erat Minerva spect ant em

spect ans , qu acumque aspiceretur . paucis diei horis

pingeba t , id quoque cum gravitate , quod sempertogat u s , quamquam in mach inis . career eius a rtisdomus aurea fuit , et ideo non extant exempla aliamagnopere . post eum fuere in auctoritate Cormel ius Pinus et Attius Pr iscu s , qui Honoris

1 fem inae cu ius Mayhoff cu iu s feminae .

2 flagraret et Urlichs : fiagrans esset con i . S i llig z flagrans et .

3 floridis tumidu s con i . I an : fioridis (floridus B2) umidus

B : floridus humilis ed . Pa r . l a t . 6797 : f. h . rei ed . Par .

680 1 f. humidis cd . F lor . Rice. : f. umidis rell . : fioridus et

v iv idus T raube : fioridus Si llig : fioridiss imu s Urlichs : floridismu ltus vel f. nit idus vel inv ictu s com

'

. Mayhofl S. Ummidi usFròhner .

4 Famu lu s cdd. : famu lu s Fròl mer : Fabu l lu s ed . pr inc.

I .e . canva ses or panels , not wall-pa intings . Nero ’

s palace.

348


Virtu tis aedes Imperatori Vespas iano Augustorestituenti pinxerunt , Priscu s ant iqu is sim ilior .

XXXVI I I . Non est om it t enda in pict urae mentione celebris circa Lepidum fabula , siqu idem int riumvirat u quodam loco deduct u s a magist rat ibu s

in nemorosum hospitium minacit er cum iis posterodie expost u lavit somnum adempt um sibi volucrumconcentu ; at illi draconem in longissima membranadepict um circumdedere luco , eoqu e terrore avest une silu isse narrat ur et postea poss e compesci .

XXXIX . Ceris pingere ac pict uram inurere quisprimu s excogit aver it , non constat . quidam Ar ist idis

inventum pu t ant , postea consummat um a Praxit ele ;sed aliqu anto vet ust iores encaust ae pict urae exst it ere , ut Polygnot i et Nicanoris , Mnesila i 1 Pariorum . Elasippu s

2 quoque Aeginae pictu rae su ae

inscr ipsit e’

ve'

xa ev,quod profecto non fecisset nisi

encaustica inventa .

XL . Pamph ilu s quoque , Apellis praeceptor , non

pinxisse solum encau st a , sed etiam docu isse

traditur Pau sian Sicyonium , primum in hoc generenobilem . Brye t is fili us hic fuit eiu sdemqu e primodiscipulus . pinxit et ipse penicillo parietes T h espiis ,cum reficerent u r quondam a Polygnoto pict i ,

1 Mnesila i Mayhofl"

mens im B ae au t e manesila i rell .ac Mnasila i Detlefsen : et Archesila i Hermolaus Ba rba ras (etarcesila i ed . Pa r . 680 1 u t videtu r) .

2 Elasippu s Sehneidewz'

n : eiasippu s B : lassippu s rellLysippu s edd. vet t .

With Octavian and Antony , formed in 43 B .C .

Apparently the elder ; of. 5 75 .

BOOK XXXV . XXXV I I . [ Z C- XL . [ 2 3

the temples of Honour and Virtue for the EmperorVespasian

’

s restoration of them ; Pr iscu s was nea rerin style to th e a rtists of old days .XXXVI I I . In speaking of pa inting one must

not omit the famous story abou t Lepidus . Duringhi s Triumvira te ,“ when enterta ined by the magistrates of a certain place , he was given lodging in ahouse buri ed in trees ; and the next day hecomplained to them in threateni ng language thathe h ad been robbed of sleep by th e singing of thebi rds ; however the authorities h ad a picture of alarge snake made on an extremely long strip ofparchment and fixed it up round the wood , and thestory goes that this a t once frightened the birdsinto silence , and that subsequently it was possibl eto keep them in check .

XXXIX . It is not agreed who was the inventor Paint ing inof pa inting in wax and of designs in encau stic .

-f" °

Some peopl e think it was a discovery of Aristides?subsequently brought to perfection by Praxiteles ,but there were encaustic paintings in existence a t a

considerably earl ier da te , for instance those ofPolygnotus , and Nicanor and Mnasilau s of Pa ros .Also Elasippus of Aegina has inscribed on a pictureene/raè

'

n burnt in which he would not have doneif the art of encaustic pa inting h ad not been invented .

XL . It is recorded a lso tha t Pamph ilu s , the Faus tas .

teacher of Apelles , not only pa inted in encaustic butalso taught it to Pau sias of Sicyon , the first artistwho became famous in thi s style . Pau sias was theson of Bryet es , and started as his father

’

s pupil . Hehimself a lso did some wa ll—pa inting with the brusha t Thespiae , when some old pa intings by Polygnotu swere being restored , and he was deemed to come


mu lt umqu e compa ratione supera t u s exist imaba t ur ,

qu oniam non suo genere cert asset . idem et lacu

naria primu s pingere inst it u it , nec camara s ante eum

t a l it er adornari mos fu it ; parvas pingeba t t abe llasm aximeque pu e ros . hoc aemu li int erpret abant ur

facere eum , quon iam tarda pict urae ratio esset illi .quam ob rem da t u ru s ei celerit a t is famam absolvit

uno die t abellam qua e vocata est h emeresios , pu ero

picto . amavit in iuvent a G lyceram municipem suam ,

invent r icem coronarum , cert andoqu e im it a t ione eius

ad numerosissim am fiorum variet at em perduxit

artem illam . postremo pinxit et 1 ipsam sedent em

cum corona , qua e e nob iliss imis tabula est , appe l lata

st eph anoplocos , ab al iis st eph anopolis , quoniam

G lycera vendit ando corona s sust ent avera t pauper

tatem . hu iu s tabu l ae exemplar , quod apographon

vocant , L . Lucullus duobus t alent is emit 2

Dionysiu s 3 Ath enis . Pau sias autem fecit et grande s

tabula s , sicut spect a t am in Pompei por t icu boum

immola t ionem . eam primu s invenit pictu ram , quam

postea imitati sunt multi , a equ avit nemo . ante

omnia , cum longit udinem bovis ostendi vellet ,adversum eum pinxit , non t raversum , et abunde

1et B : om . rell . 2 Zac. Mayhofi.

3 Dionysiis P intz'

anus : a Dionysio edd. veti .

T here is no prooftha t perspective is meant, bu t somehowPau snas gave the figure due relief.

352


m t ellegit u r amplit udo . dein , cum omnes , quaevolunt eminentia vider i , candicant i faciant colore ,qua e condunt , nigro , hic totum bovem a tri colorisfecit umbraeque corpus ex ipsa

1 ded it , magna prorsu sa rte in aequo ext ant ia ostendente et in confracto

solida omnia . Sicyone et hic vitam egit , diuqu e illafuit pa tria pict u ra e . tabula s inde e publico omnes

pr0p’rer a es alienum civitatis addict as Scauri aedih t as

Romam t ranstu li t .

Post eum eminu it longe ante omnes EuphranorIsthmiu s olympiade C I I I I , idem qui inter fictoresdictu s est nobis . fecit et colossos et ma rmorea ettypos 2 sca lpsit , docilis ac laboriosu s ante omnes et in

quocumque genere excellens ac sibi aequali s . hicprimus videtur expressisse dignit at es heroum etusurpasse symmetrian , sed fuit in universit at e

corporum exilior et capit ibu s a rt icu lisqu e grandior .

volumi na quoque composu it de symme t r ia et color ibu s . opera eius sunt equestre proelium , XI I dei ,

Theseus , in quod dixit eundem apud Parrh asium

rosa pastum esse,suum vero carne . nobilis eius

tabula Eph esi est , U l ix es simulata insani a bovemcum equo iungens et palliati cogitantes , dux gladiumcondens .

1 V. l . ipso.

2 scyphos ed . Par . 680 1 .

Pliny perhaps means that in sp ite of varying brokentones of black , a ll t he bla ck looks solid .

I .e. la te r than P . Bu t this is wrong. Pliny ’s mistakeha s been tra ced t o h is confu sion of the two a rtists named

Aristides . Cf. 75 , 1 08 , 1 1 1 and note on pp . 4 1 0—1 1 .

Fingers and toesWh ich preceded the battle of Mantinea , 362 B .C . T h is

BOOK XXXV . XL . 1 2 6— 1 2 9

Next , wherea s a ll pa inters ordina ri execute inl ight colou r the parts they wi sh to appea r prominentand in dark those they wi sh to keep less obvious

,

this a rtist has made the whole ox of a bla ck colou rand has given substance to the shadow from theshadow itself, with quite remarkable skill that showsthe shapes stand ing ou t on a level su rface and a

uniform solidity on a broken ground .

“ Pau sias a lsopa ssed hi s life at Sicyon , which was for a long perioda native place of painting . But a ll the picturesthere had to be sold to meet a debt of the commu nity , and were removed from the ownership ofthe sta te to Rome by Scau ru s as aedi l e .

56 B.C.

After Pau sias ,° Euph ranor the Isthmian distin Euphranor .

gu ish ed himself far before a ll others , in the l 04th 364—361 3—0

Olym piad ; he has also appeared in our account of XXXIV ,50.

statuaries . His works included colossa l sta tues ,works in marble , and reli efs , as he wa s exceptiona llystudi ous and diligent , excell ing in every fie ld and

never falling below his own level . This a rtistseems to have been the first fully to represent thelofty qua l iti es of heroes , and to have achieved goodproportions , bu t he wa s too slight in his structu re ofthe whole body and too large in his heads and joint s .

C

He a lso wrote books about proportions and aboutcolours . Works of his a re a Cava lry Ba t t le , d th e

Twelve Gods , and a Theseu s , in respect of whichhe said that Parrh asiu s

’

s Theseus h ad lived on a d ietof roses , but his was a beef—ea ter . There is a celebra t ed picture by him at Ephesus , Odysseus FeigningMadness and yoking an ox with a horse , with men incloaks reflecting , and the leader sheath ing his sword .

and the next two pictures were both in the Stoa of Z eu s

Eleutherios a t Athens . Pau s . I , 3, 3—4 .


Eodem tempore fuere Cydias ,1 cuius tabulam

Argonautas H S CXXXXI I I I Hortensius orator mercat us

est eique aedem fecit in T u scu lano suo . Euphranoris

autem di scipulus Ant idot u s . hu ius est clipeo dim icans Ath eni s et luct ator t ubicenque inter paucalaudatus . ipse diligent ior qu am numerosior etin coloribu s s everu s 2 maxime inclaru it discipu lo

Nicia Ath eniense , qui diligen t issim e mu lieres pinxit .lumen et umbra s cu stodiit atque ut em inerent etabulis pict u rae

3 maxime cu ravit . operum‘1 eius

Nemea advect a ex Asia Romam a Silano , quam incuria diximu s posit am , item Liber pater in aede

Concordiae , Hyacinthu s , quem Caesar Augustusdelect a t u s eo secum deport avit Alexandrea capta ,et ob id Tiberius Caesar in templo eiu s dicavit hanctabulam

,et Dana e ,5 Eph esi vero est megabyzi ,

sacerdot is Eph esiae Diana e , sepu lchrum , Ath enis

necyom ant ea Homeri . hanc vendere Atta lo reginolu it t a lent is LX pot iu squ e patriae su ae donavit

abundans Opibu s . fecit et grandes pict uras , inquibus sunt Ca lypso et Io et Andromeda ; Alexanderquoqu e in Pompei por t icibu s praecellens et Calypsosedens huic eidem 6

adscribuntu r .

1 Cydias Detlefsen : et Cydi as Cy thniu s Urlichs , Berg/r

eyd i (au t oidi ) et cydias (au t cidia s ) .2 V. l l . severior .

3 figura e com'

. Mayhofl’

.

40 perù Operum ) Mayhoff opera .

danae ed . Leid . Voss . v . ll . danaen ,danen,

diana .

eidem S i llig, Schu ltz : qu idem edd. vei t . z fidem .

In the forum at Rome ; bu ilt by T iberiu s , A.D . 14 .

Pla ce of prophecy of the dead ,

’

Odyssey Bk. XI .

Atta lus I of Pergamum , 24 1—1 97 B .C . Bu t Plutarch isproba bly right in giv ing the king

’

s name as Ptolemy I Soter ,ru lcr of Egypt 323—284 B .C .

356


Quadripedum1prosperr ime canes expressit . hic

est Nicias , de quo diceba t Praxiteles interro

ga tu s , quae maxime opera sua probaret in marmor ibu s : quibus Nicia s manum admovisset ; tantumcircum lit ioni eius t ribu eba t . non satis discernit ur ,alium eodem nom ine an hune eundem quidamfaciant olympiade CXI I .

Niciae compara t u r et aliqu ando praefert urAthenionMaronites , G lau cion is Corinth ii discipulus , aust erior

colore et in au st erit a t e iucundior , ut in ipsa picturaerudit io

-

e lucea t . pinxit in templo Eleu sine phyla rchum et Ath eni s frequent iam , quam vocavere

syngeni con , item Ach illem virginis habitu occu l

tatum Ulixe deprendent e et in una tabula VI signa ,2

qu aqu e maxime inclaru it , agasonem cum equo .

quod nisi in iuvent a obu se t , nemo comparare tur .

Est nomen et Heraclidi Macedoni . initio navespinxit captoqu e Perseo rege Athena s comm igrav it .

ubi eodem tempore erat Met rodoru s , pictor idemqu ephilosophus , in u t raqu e scientia magnae auctorit at is .

it aqu e cum L . Pau lus devict o Perseo pe t iisse t abAt h eniensibu s , ut l l sibi qu am proba t issimum

ph ilosophum m it t erent ad erudiendos liberos , item

pictorem ad t riumphum excolendum , Atheni ensesMe t rodorum elegerunt , professi eundem in utroquedesiderio praes t ant issimum , qu od ita Paulus quoque

1qu adripedum Ma dm

'

g qu adripedè (quadr ipedes B) .2VI signa Gronov : insigni Duran ‘

u t signa .

I t must be remembered that Greek ma rbles were painted .

BOOK XXXV . XL . 1 33— 1 35

In drawings of anima ls he was most su ccessful withdogs . I t i s this Nicia s of whom Praxiteles used to N ici tsay , when asked which of h is own works in marblehe placed highest , The ones to which Nicia s h as sethi s hand — so much va lue did he a ssign to his colou ring of surfaces .“ It is not quite clear whether itis another a rtist of the same name or this Niciaswhom some people put in the l 1 2th Olympiad . 332-329 a c.

With Nici as is compared Ath enion of Maromea , Athenian.

and sometimes to the di sadvantage of the former .Ath enion was a pupil of G laucion of Corinth ; he ismore sombre in his colour than Nicia s and yettherewi tha l more plea sing , so that his extensiveknowledge shines out in his actual pa inting . Hepainted a Cavalry Captain in the temple at El eusisand a t Athens the group of figu res which h as beenca ll ed the Fami ly Group , and a lso an Ach ill es Disguised in Female Dress detected by Odysseus , a

group of six figures in a single picture , and a Groomwi th a Horse , which has specially contributed to hi sfame . If he h ad not di ed in you th , there wouldhave been nobody to compare wi th him .

Heraclides of Macedon is a lso a pa inter of note .H eracl ides .

He began by painting ships , and after the capture of 1152310

5…King Perseus he mi grated to Athens , where a t thesame period was the pa inter Me t rodoru s , who wasa lso a philosophe r and a grea t authority in bothfields . Accordi ngly when Lucius Paulu s a fter conquering Perseus requested the Athenians to sendhim their most esteemed ph ilosopher to educate hischildren , and a lso a pa inter to embellish his triumpha lprocession , the Atheni ans selected Met rodorus ,stating that he was most di stinguished in both ofthese requirements a l ike , a s to which Paulus a lso

359


iudicavit . T imomachu s Byzantins Caesaris dict a torisaetate Aiacem et Medi am pinxit , ab eo in VenerisG enet ricis aede posit as , LXXX t alent is venumda t as .

t alent um Atticum X \T I1 taxat M . Varro . T imomach i

aeque laudantur Orestes , Iphigeni a in Tauris etLecyth ion , agilit at is exercit ator , cogna t io nobilium ,

palliati , quos dicturos pinxit , a lterum st ant em ,

alterum sedent em . praecipue tamen ars ei favissein Gorgone visa est .Pau siae fi liu s et di scipulus Aristolau s e severissimis

pictoribu s fu it , cuius sunt Epaminondas , Pericles ,Media , Virtu s , Theseus , imago At t icae plebis ,boum immola t io . sunt quibus et Nicoph anes ,eiu sdem Pausiae discipulus , placea t diligentia ,quam int ellegant sol i art ifices , a l ias durus incoloribu s et sile mu ltu s . nam Socrates iu reomnibus placet ; tales sunt eius cum Aescu lapio fili aeHygia , Aegle ,2 Panacea , Ia so ,3 et piger , qui appellatur Ocnos , spartum torqu ens , quod asellus adrodit .

Hact enu s indica t is proceribu s in utroque generenon silebunt ur et primis proximi : Aristoclides , qui

4

pinxit a edem Apollinis Delphis . Ant iph ilus pu eroignem confiant e laudat ur ac pulchra alias domo 5

1 VI Ha rdou in : VI .M. B : XVI rell .2 Hygia , Aegle edd . vett . : thygiaegle B hygiagle rell .3 Panacea , I aso Hermolau s Barbarus : pana ca ia sus Bp . la cus cd . Par . La t . 6797 : penaea la cu s au t locus rell .

4qu i delendurn com

'

. lll ayhofi.

5 lauda tur e pictu ra atra focul o coni . Mayhoff.

Copies of thi s pictu re exist.Probably a mask ofMedusa .

Hence a Latin proverb : venus spa rtum torquens ,‘

slothtwisting a rope .

’

I .e. Labou r in va in .

’

Both la rge and small pictures .


splendescent e ipsiu squ e pueri ore , item lanificio ,

in quo properant omnium mu lierum pensa , Ptolemaeo venante , sed nobilissimo Sa tyro cum pelle

panth erina , qu em aposcopeuont a appellant , Aristophon Ancaeo 1 vulnerato 2 ab apro cum socia dolorisAstypa le

3 numerosaqu e tabu la , in qu a sunt Priamus ,Helena , Credu lit as , Ulixes , Deiphobus , Dolus . 4

Androbius pinxit Scyllum ancoras praecident em

Persicae classis , Artemon Danaen m irant ibu s eam

praedonibus , reginam St rat onicen , Hercu lem etDe ianiram , nobilissimas autem , quae sunt in Oct aviae operibu s , Hercu lem ab Oeta monte Doridosexu st a mort alit a t e consensu deorum in ca elumeunt em , Laomedont is circa Hercu lem et Nept unum historiam ; Alcimachu s Dioxippum , qui

pancrat io O lympiae citra pu lveris5 iactum , quod

vocant dK0 VLT L'

, vicit ; Coenu s stemmata .

Ct esilochus , Apellis discipulus , petu lanti piet u rainnot u it , l ove Liberum pa rtu riente depicto mitratoet mu liebrit er ingemescent e inter obstetricia dearum ,

Cleon Cadmo , Ct esidemu s O ech ali ae expugna t ione ,

Laodamia , Ct esicles 6 reginae St ra toniees iniu ria .

nullo enim honore except u s ab ea pinxit volu

1 Ancaeo Gelen Ancaeum Detlefsen : anea iu B 1: anga iu

B2 ancha lfi rell .2vu lnerato edd . vett . : mu inera tumo B : vu lnera tfi rell

3 Astypa laea Bra nn .

4 Dolon Caesa r ius .

5pu lveris e dd . ret i . : pueris .

Ct esicles I an : etesides B elesides rell .’A nooxowezîwv, shading h is eyes with h is h and (Athenaeu s ,

XIV, 629 T he gestu re is a common one in satyrs on va ses .

At Artemisium , 480 B .C .

Proba bly S. who was wife of Seleu cus I N icator, King of

Nea rer Asia 3 12—28 1 B .C .

Hera cles save-d Hesione from a monster sent by Position

BOOK XXXV . XL . 1 38— 1 40

from the fire and the light thrown on the boy ’s face ;and l ikewise for his Spinning-room , in which all thewomen are busily plying their ta sks , and his PtolemyHunting , but , most famous of a ll , his Satyr withLeopard

’s Ski n , called in Greek the Man Shadinghis Eyes .“ Arist ophon did an Ancaeus Woundedby the Boar , with Astypa le sharing his grief, and a

picture crowded with figures , among them Priam ,

Helen , Credulity , Odysseus , Deiphobus , Craft .Androbiu s painted a Scyllus Cutting the Anchorropes of the Persian Fleet ,°Artemon a Danae admi redby the Robbers , a Queen St ra toniee ,

C and a Heraclesand Deiani ra ; but the finest of a ll his works , now

in Octavi a’s Bu i ldings , are his Heracles Ascending to

Heaven wi th the cons ent of the Gods after hi s mortalrema ins were burnt on Mount Oeta in Doris , and

th e story of Laomedon in the matter of Heraclesand Posidon .

“ Alcimachus pa inted Dioxippu s , whowon the All—round Bout a t Olympia without raisingany a lreniti as the Greek word i s . Coenu s

painted pedigrees .Ct esilochu s a pupil of Apelles became famous for a

saucy bu rlesque painting which showed Zeus inlabou r f with Dionysus , wearing a woman

’

s nightcapand crying like a woman , while goddesses act asmidwives ; Cleon for hi s Cadm us , Ct esidemu s for hisStorming of O ech a lia 9 and his Laodami a . Ct esicles

won notoriety by the insult he offered to QueenSt ratonice ,° because as she did not give him anhonourable reception he painted a picture of her

t o ravage t he land of T roy after Hesione’

s fath er K ing Laomedon broke a promise .

6“ I .e. withou t any di fficu lty .

Dionysu s was born from Z eus’ thigh .

By Hera cles . See note e.


t ant em cum piscatore , quem reginam amare sermoerat , eamque tabu lam in portu Ephesi proposu it ,ipse vel is raptu s . regina tolli ve t u it , u triusquesimilitud ine mire expressa . Cra t inu s comoedos 1

Athenis in pompeo 2 pinxit ; Eu tych ides3 bigam

regit4 Victoria . Eudorus sca ena spect a t ur

— idemet ex aere signa fecit Hippys 5 Neptuno etVictoria . Habron Am icit iam et Concordiam pinxitet deorum simulacra , Leont iscu s Ara t um victorem

cum t ropaeo , psa lt riam , Leon Sappho , Nearehu s

Venerem inter Gratias et Cupidines , Hercu lem

tristem insaniae pa enit ent ia , Nea lces Venerem ,

ingen iosu s et sollers , .

7 ime siqu idem , cum proelium nava l e Persarum et Aegypt iorum pinxisse t ,quod in Nilo cuius est aqua maris simili s 2 factumvolebat int ellegi , argumento declaravit quod artenon pot era t : asellum enim b ibent em in litorepinxit et crocodilum insidiant em ei ; O enias

syngenicon , Ph iliscu s officinam pictoris ignem confl ant e puero , Phalerion Scyllam , Simonides Agatharchum et Mnemosynen , Simu s iuvenem requ iescen

1comoedos Caesar ius : comoedus .

2 pompeo Gelen : pompeio.

3 Eu tychidesHermolaus Barbarus eu tychi dis ed . F lor . Rico.

u t videtu r : eu thycides B : eu clides ed . Par . 680 1 .

4 regis ed . Par . 680 1 regis cum Gelen : quam regit qu id .

apud Da lecamp : Eu tych ides biga quam regit Victoria ,

Eudorus scaena spect atur coni . Mayhofl’

.

5 H ippys Kel l : H ippias Ha rdou in : Iph is edd . vett . : hyppis

ed . Pa r . La t . 6797 hyppu s B : hypis rell .Amicit iam edd . vett . : amicam .

7 lac. l ll ayhofl’

.

cu ius similis delenda esse pu tant Urlichs , Mayiwff.

At the city ga tes ; from it solemn processions sta rted .

I .e. appa rently the river is so extensive that in the

pictu re it might be mistaken for the sea .

364

PLINY NAT URAL HISTORY

tem , officina… fu llonis quinquatrus celebrant em ,

idemqu e Nemesim egregiam , T h eorus1 s e inung

ent em ,2 idem ab Oreste m at rem et Aegisthum

int erfici , bellumqu e I liacum pluribus tabulis , quodest Romae in Philippi port icibu s , et Cassandram ,

quae est in Concordiae delubro , Leont ium Epicuri

cogit ant em , Deme t rium regem , The on O rest is

insaniam , T h amyram cith aroedum , T auriscu s discobolum , Clyt aemest ram ,

Paniscon , Polynicen regnumrepet ent em et Capanea .

Non om it t e t ur inter hos,insigne exemplum .

namqu e Erigonu s , tritor colorum Nealcae pictoris ,in tantum ipse profeeit , ut celebrem etiam dis

cipu lum reliqu erit Pasiam , frat rem Aeginet ae pictoris .3 illud vero perqu am rarum ac memoriadignum est , suprema opera art ificum inperfect asqu e

tabulas , sicut Irim Arist idis , T yndar idas Nicomach i ,Mediam T imomach i et quam diximus VeneremApellis , in ma iore admirat ione esse quam perfecta ,

qu ippe in iis liniam ent a reliqu a ipsaequ e cogi t at iones

a rt ificum spect antu r , atque in lenocini o commen

dat ionis dolor est manus , cum id ageret , exst inct ae .

Sunt e t iamnum non ignobiles quidem in transcursu tamen dicendi Aristocydes , Anaxander , Aristobulus Syrus , Arcesilas 4 T isicra t is filius , Coroebus 5

1 V. l . T heodorus .

2se inungentem Stll t

'

g, I an emungentem B et inungen

t em au t et mungentem rell .2pictoris Detlefsen pictores B fictoris au t fict ores rell .

4 Arcesilau s ed . Par . 680 1 arcesillas B .

5 Coroebus Kel l : Corybas edd . vei t . z corbios au t corbinsau t cordius .

Celebrated for five days, March l gth—23rd , by personswhose trades were under Minerva ’

s patronage . T he originaldou btless depicted some festival of Athene.

366

BOOK XXXV . XL . 1 43— 1 46

Celebrating the Quinquatrus ,“ and also a Nemesis of

great merit ; T h eorus a Man Anointing Himself,

and a lso Orestes killing his Mother and Aegisthu s ,and the Troj an W ar in a s eries of pictures now inPhil ippus ’ Porticoes a t Rome and a Ca ssandra , in

the Shrine of Concord , a Leont ion Epicu rus ’s mistress in Contemplation , a King Demetrius ; Theona Madness of Orestes , a Thamyras the Harper ;T auriscus a Man throwing a Quoit , a Clytaemnestra ,a Young Pan , a Polyni ces Cla iming the Sovereignty ,°

and a Capaneus .Among these a rtists the following remarkable

case is not to be left out ; the m an who ground thecolours for the painter Nea lces , Erigonu s , atta inedsuch proficiency on his own a ccount that he actua l lyleft behind him a famou s pupil , Pa sia s , the brotherof the painter Aeginet as . It is also a very unusua land memorable fact that the la st works of a rtistsand their unfinish ed pictures such a s the Iris ofAristides ,° the T yndarus

’ Children of Nicomach us ,the Medea of T imom achus and the Aphrodite ofApelles which we have mentioned , are more admired 592 .

than those which they finished, because in them areseen the prel imina ry drawings left visible and theartists ’ actual thoughts , and in the midst of approva l

’sbegu il ement we feel regret that the artist

’

s handwhile engaged in th e work was removed by death .

There are still some artists who are not undist in

gu ish ed but who only need be mentioned in pa ssingAristocydes , Anaxander , Aristobulus of Syria ,Arcesilas son of T isicra t es , Coroebus the pupil of

Of T hebes , against h is brother Eteocles .

See 75 , 98 , 1 08 , 1 1 1 .

T hese were Castor , Polydeu ces (Pollux ), Helen, and

Clytaemnestra .


Nicomach i d iscipulus , Charmant ides 1 Euphranoris ,Dionysodorus

2 Colophonius , Dicaeogenes ,3 qui cum

Demetrio rege vixit , Eu thym ides ,4 Heraclides Ma

cedo , Milon Soleu s ,5 Pyromach i st a t ua rii discipu li ,Mnasith eus 7 Sicyon iu s , Mnasit imus Aristonidaefiliu s et d iscipulus , Nessus Habronis fi li us , Po

lemon Alexandrinus , Theodorus Samius et St adiu s 8

Nicosth enis discipu li , Xenon , Neoclis discipulus ,Sicyonius .

Pinxere et mu lieres : T imaret e , Mieonis fili a ,Dianam , qua e in tabula Eph esi est ant iqu issimae

9

pict urae ; Irene , Gratini pictoris filia et discipu la ,puellam , quae est E leusine , Ca lypso , semem et

praest igia torem T h eodorum , Alcisthenen salt atorem ;

Arist are t e , Nearch i fi lia et discipu la , Aescu lapium .

Ia ia 1 °Cyzicena perpetua V irgo ,M .Varronis iuvent a 1 1

Romae et penicillo pinxit et cest ro in ebore imaginesmu lierum maxime et Neapoli anum in grandi tabula ,suam qu oqu e imaginem ad speculum . nec u lliu s

velocior in pict ura manus fuit , artis vero tantum , utmultum manipre t iis ant ecederet celeberrimos eademaetate imaginum pictores Sopolim et Dionysium ,

quorum tabulae pinacothecas inplent . pinxit et

1 Charmant ides Kei l : charmani des B : carmanides rell .2 Dionysodoru s Kei l : d ionysiodoru s .

3 Dieaeogenes Kel l dicaogenes (diogenes ed . Par .

4eu thymides ed . P ar . La t . 6797 , u t videtur : eu thymedes

ed . Par . 680 1 : eu tymides B .

5 Soleu s Gelen : solaeuus B : solus rell .Ph ilomach i edd . vei t . Mnesitheus Ha rdou in .

2s tadius ed: F lor . Rico. : statius ed . Leid . Voss . : stadios

rell . T adius edd. vett.9ant iqu issimae B : in ant iqu issimis rell .

1 ° iaia B : lala rell . : La ia Schneidewin : Maia Fròhner .

inventa Rochel le.

OfMa cedon 249—287 B .C .


qua edam Olympia s , de qua hoc solum m emorat ur .

discipu lum eiu s fu i sse Au t obu lum .

XLI . Encausto pingendi duo fuere ant iqu it us

genera , cera et in ebore cest ro , id est verieu lo ,

1

donec classes pingi coepere . hoc tertium accessitresolu t is igni ceris penicillo utendi , quae piet uranavibu s nec sole nec sale vent isve corrumpit u r .

XLI I . Pingunt et vestes in Aegypt o , inter paueamirabili genere

,candida vela , post qu am a t t rivere ,

inlinent es non coloribus , sed colorem sorbent ibus

medicament is . hoc cum fecere , non apparet in

velis, sed in cortinam pigmenti fervent is mersa post

momentum ext rahunt ur pieta . mirumqu e , cum situnus in cortina colos , ex illo aliu s atque alius fit investe accipient is medicamenti qu alit a t e mu t a t u s ,

nee postea ablui potest . it a cortina , non dubieeonfusu ra colores , si pictos acciperet , diger it exuno pingitqu e , dum coqu it , et adu st a e eae vestesfirm iores u sibus fiunt quam si non urerentur .

XLI I I . De pict ura satis superqu e . cont exu isse

his et plast icen convenia t . e iusdem opere 2 terraefingere ex a rgilla sim ilit udines Bu t ades Sicyoniu s

1verieu lo Stllig : v iricu lo. Verba id est verieu lo fortasse

delenda .

2operae B, ed . Leid . Voss . ru .2 z Opere rell . : 0 peris con i.

Mayhofi.

T h ese words looklike a gloss . Pliny has alreadymentionedt he cestrurn in

'

5 1 47 . T he two kinds of encau stic pa intinghere mentioned a re with wax and graver on wood, and withwax and graver on ivory .

Far ba ck though it is , Pliny seems t o refer to 5 1 of th isbook . Bu t the right reading is not certa in.

37°

BOOK XXXV . XL. I 48—XLI I I . 1 51

only fact recorded about her is that Au tobu lu s washer pupil .XLI . In early days there were two kinds of Encaustic.

encaustic painting , with wax and on ivory with agraver or ces irum (that is a small pointed graverbut later the practice came in of decorating battleships . This added a third method , that of employinga brush

,when wax h as been melted by fire ; this

process of painting ships is not spoilt by the actionof the sun nor by salt water or winds .XLI I . In Egypt they a lso colour cloth by an Egyptian

exceptionally remarkable kind of process . Theyfirst thoroughly rub white fabrics and then smea rthem not with colours but with chemicals thatabsorb colour . When this has been done , thefabrics show no sign of the treatment , but a fterbeing plunged into a cauldron of boiling dye theyare drawn out a moment later dyed . And therema rkable thing is that although the cauldronconta ins on ly one colour , it produces a seri es ofdifferent colours in the fabric , th e hue changing withthe qua lity of the chemical employed , and it cannotafterwards be wa shed out . Thus the cauldronwhich

,if dyed fabrics were put into it , would um

doubtedly blend the colours together , producessevera l colours out of one , and dyes the materia l inthe process of being boiled ; and the dress fabricswhen submitted to heat become stronger for wearth an th ey would be if not so heated .

XLI I I . Enough and more than enough has now Plas tic ar t .

been said about pa inting . It may be suitable to 53%append to these remarks something about the Bu tades andplastic art . It was through the service of thatsame earth that modelling portra its from clay was


figu lu s primus inveni t Corinth i filiae opera , quaecapta amore iuvenis , abeunt e il lo peregre , umbram

e x facie eiu s ad lucernam in pariet e lineis circumscripsit

,qu ibus pa ter e iu s inpressa argilla typum

fecit et cum ceteris fict ilibu s induratum igni pro

posu it , eumque serva t um in Nymph aeo , donecMumm ius Cor inthum evert erit , t radunt . sunt quiin Samo primos omnium plast icen invenisse Rhoecumet T h eodorum t radan t mu lto ante Bacch iadas

Corintho pulsos , Dam ara t um vero ex eadem urbe

profugum , qu i in Etru ria T arqu inium regem populiRomani genu it , com it a tos fict ores Euch ira , D iopum ,

Eugrammum ; ab iis Ita lia e t radi t am plast icen .

Bu t adis invent um est rubricam addere aut ex rubracreta fingere , primu squ e persona s t egu larum ext rem is imbr icibu s inposu it , qua e inter initia prostypavocavit ; postea idem ectypa fecit . hinc et fastigiat emplorum orta . propter hunc plast ae appellati .XLIV . Hominis autem imaginem gypso e facie

ipsa primus omni um expressit ceraqu e in eamformam gypsi infusa emendare inst it u it Lysist ra t u sSicyoniu s , frater Lysippi , de quo diximus . hic etsimilit udines 1 reddere inst itu it ; ante eum quam

'

1simil itudines Sill ig : sim ilitudini coni . simili

tudinis B similitudinem rell .

T raditionally they invented the a rt of casting bronze,not of making casts in clay .

Of these fict it iou s names Eucheir means‘skilful-handed ,

’

and Engrammas skilled drawer . ’ Diopu s wou ld be connectedwith 8[ onrpa ,

an instrument for taking levels .

In low relief.In h igh relief.


pu lcherrimas facere st udebant . idem et de signis

effigies exprimere invenit , crevitqu e res in tantum ,

ut nulla signa st a t u aeve sine a rgilla fierent . quoappare t ant iqu iorem hanc fuisse scient iam quamfundendi acris .XLV . Plast ae lauda t issimi fuere Damoph ilus et

G orgasus , iidem pictores , qui Cereris aedem Romaead circum maximum utroque genere artis su ae

excolueran t , versibu s inscr ipt is Gracec , quibus significarent ab dextra opera Damoph ili esse , ab laeva

1

G orgasi . ante hanc a edem Tuscanica omni a inaedibu s fuisse auctor est Varro , et ex hac , cumreficere t u r , crusta s parietum excisa s tabulis mar

gina t is inclu sas esse , item signa ex fast igiis dispersa .

fecit et Chalcosth enes cruda opera Ath enis , quilocu s ab officina eius Ceram icos appella tu r . M .

Va rro t radit sibi cogn itum Romae Possim no

mine , a quo facta poma et uvas ut non posses 2

aspect u di scernere a veris .

3 idem magnificat Arcesi

laum , L . Lucu lli famil iarem , cuius proplasm a t a 4

plu ris venire solita art ificibu s ipsis quam a l iorumopera ; ab hoc fact am Venerem G enet r icem in foroCaesaris et , priu squ am absolveret ur , fest inat ione

1ab laeva Gronov : a parte laeva ed . Pa r . 680 1 ab imia

B aplane au t aplone rell .2u t non posses Ha rdou in (u . n . possis Gronov) : nemo

posset Mayhofi non possis I an : It a u t non sit Gelena litem nescisse T raube item pisces B item piscis rell . (poseised . Par . La t . 6797 ) item pisces quos ed . Poll .

2veris vix posses ed . Poll .

4pr0 plasmat a Gelen : pr0 priasma ta B : proplast icen edd .

vel t . plastica ed . Pa r . 680 1 pleurosamt a rell .

Dedicated in 493 B .C . See XXXIV, 34 .

I t was restored (after the fire of 3 1 B .C . ) by Augustus in27 B .C . Or Caecost h enes Kamoade

’

vv75 ) cf. XXXIV. 8 7 .

374

BOOK XXXV . XLIV . 1 53—XLV . 1 56

make as handsome a face as possible . The samea rtist a lso invented taki ng ca sts from statues , and

this method advanced to such an extent tha t no

figu res or statues were made without a clay model .This shows that the knowledge of modelling in claywas older than that of casting bronz e .

XLV . Most highly pra is ed modellers were Damophi lmDamoph ilus and G orgasu s , wh o were a lso pa inters ;they h ad decorated the Shrine “ of Ceres in theCircus Maximu s a t Rome with both kinds of theirart , and there is an inscription on the building inGreek verse in which they indicated that the decorations on the right hand side were the work ofDamoph ilus and those on t h e left were by G orgasus .

Va rro states that before this shrine was bu ilt everything in the temples was T u scanic work and thatwhen this shrine wa s undergoing restoration ,

° th e embossed work of th e wa l ls was cut out and enclosed infia m ed pane ls ; and that th e figures a lso were takenfrom the pediment and d ispersed . Ch alcosth enes “

also executed a t Athens some works in unbaked clay ,a t the place named the Ceramicus , Potters Quarter ,after his workshop . Marcus Va rro records tha the knew a t Rome an artist named Possis who madefrui t and grapes in such a way that nobody couldtell by sight from the real things . Varro a lso speaksvery highly of Arcesilau s , who was on terms of Arcesi la u s

.

intimacy with Lucius Lucullu s , and says that hissketch-models of clay used to sell for more ,among artists themse lves , than the finished worksof others ; and that this a rtist made the statue ofVenus Genetrix in Caesar

’s Forum and that it was 46

erected before it was finished as there was a greathas te to dedicate it ; and that the same a rtist h ad

375


dedicandi posit am ; eidem a Lucullo HS [X|1 signum

Fe licit a t is locatum , cu i mors utriusque inviderit ;

Octavio equ it i Romano cratera facere volenti exemplar e gypso factum ta l ento . laudat et Pasit elen ,

qu i plast icen m a t rem cae lat u ra e et st at u ariae

sca lpt u raequ e2 dixit et , cum esset in omnibus iis

summus , nihil umquam fecit ante quam finxit .

praet erea e laborat am hanc a rtem Ital iae et maxirne

Et ru riae ; Vu lcam3 Veis accitum , cui locaret Tar

quinins Priscu s Iovis effigiem in Capitolio dicandam ;

fict ilem eum fuisse et ideo miniari solitum ; fict iles

in fa stigio templi eius qu adrigas , de quibus supra 4

diximu s ; ab hoc eodem factum Hercu lem , quihodiequ e mat eriae nomen in urbe ret inet . hae

enim t um effigies deorum erant lau t issimae , nec

paenit e t nos illorum , qui ta l es eos colu ere ; aurumenim et argentum ne diis quidem conficiebant .

XLVI . durant etiam nunc plerisqu e in locis tali asimulacra ; fa stigia quidem t emplorum etiam inurbe crebra et municipiis , mira caelat ura et a rtesu iqu e firm itat e , sanct iora auro , certe innocent iora .

in sacris quidem etiam inter has opes hodie non

1

|X| Detlefsen : Lx S i ll t'

g : IXI B : LX rell .2sca lpturae B

1: scu lpturae B

2: sca l turae rell .

3uu lcam B 1

uu lca'

ni B2uu lgam rell . ( tu rianum ed . Pa r .

680 1 ) Volcaniam com'

. I an.

4supra con i . I an : saepe .

Since Arcesilaus was still doing work for Caesar in 46 B .C . ,

it may wel l be that the Lu cu llus here mentioned is the one

wh o was ki l led a t Philippi in 42 B .C .

T he Hercules Fict il is , Hercu les in Clay .

’


murrinis crysta llinisve , sed fict ilibu s pro liba t u r

simpu li s ,1 inenarrabil i Terra e benigni t at e , si quis

s ingula aest ime t , etiam ut om it t antur in frugum ,

1 59 vini , pomorum , h erbarum et fru t icum , medicamen

torum , me t allorum generibu s beneficia eius , qua e2

adhuc di ximu s . neque 3 adsidu it at e sa t iant figli

narum opera , doliis ad V ina excogit at is , ad aquast ubu lis ,

4ad balineas mammat is ,

5ad tecta imbri

cibu s ,6

coct ilibus la t ercu lis ad parietes fundamen

taque ,7 aut quae 8 rota fiunt , propter qu ae 9 Numa

1 60 rex sept imum collegium figu lorum inst it u it . quinet defunct os sese multi fict ilibu s soliis condi maluere ,

sicut M . Varro , Pythagoric modo in myr ti et oleacatque popu li nigrae foli is . ma ior pars hominumt errenis u t itur va sis . Sami a etiam nunc in esculentis laudant ur . ret inent hanc nobilit a t em etArretium in Itali a et calicum tantum Surrent um ,

Ha sta , Pollent ia , in Hispani a Saguntum , in Asia1 6 1 Pergamum . habent et T ra lli s ibi opera sua et inIta lia Mutina , quoniam et sic gentes nobili tantur

et haec quoque per maria , terras u ltro citro port ant u r , insignibus rot ae ofl“icinis .

1 0 Erythris in templohodieque ost enduntur amphorae duae propter tenuitatem consecra t ae discipu li magist rique certamine ,

1simpu l is edd . vel t . z sin pu ls B 1

: sinpu lsa B2: simpuuus

ed . Pa r. 680 1 simpu is rell .2 V.Il . quaeque , que quae : quaequae Detlefsen .

3neque Mayhojf vel quae B : vel rell .V.l . tabu lis .

5 hama t is Hermola u s Ba rbarus .

imbricibu s h ic Mayhojf supra pos t Opera .

7ad pa rietes fundament aque coni . Mayhoff(ad fundamenta

Detlefsen ) : fundament isque .

ob quae Ha rdou in : quae au t Detlefsen .

rota fiunt propter quae B : om . rell . I n 5 1 59 a lla

temp tant edd.

1 °officiis coni . Rackham.

378

BOOK XXXV . XLV I . 1 58— 1 6 1

made at sacrifices not from fiuor—spar or crysta lvessels but with sma ll ladles of earthenware

,thanks

to the ineffable kindness of Mother Ea rth,if one

considers her gifts in.deta il , even though we omi t

her bl essings in the various kinds of corn,wine

,

fruit , herbs and shrubs , drugs and metals , a ll thethings that we have so far mentioned . Nor do our Pottery .

products even in pottery satisfy our needs with theirunfa iling supply , with j ars invented for our wine

,

and pipes for wat er , conduits for baths , til es for ourroofs , baked b r icks for our house—wa lls and founda

tions , or things that are made on a wheel,because of

which King Numa establ ished a seventh Guild ,the l

7

7

1

a

g1_6 72

Potters .“ Indeed moreover many people havepreferr ed to be buried in earthenware coffins , forins tance Marcus Varro who was interred in thePythagorean style , in leaves of myrtle , oli ve and 26 B.C .

black poplar ; the maj ority of mankind employsearthenware receptacles for thi s purpose . Amongtable services Samian pottery is still spoken highlyof ; this reputation is a l so reta ined by Arezzo inIta ly , and , merely for cups , by Sorrento , Asti , andPollenza , and by Saguntum in Spa in and Pergamumin Asia Minor . Also Tralles in Asia Minor and

Modena in Italy have their respective products ,since even this brings nations fame , and their products a lso , so di stingui shed are the workshops of thepotter ’s wheel , are carried to and fro across landand sea . In a temple a t Eryth rae even to-day are onview two wine-j ars which were dedicated on accountof their fine material , owing to a competition between a ma ster potter and his apprentice as to which

T he text of pa rt of 5 1 59 is very uncertain .


uter t enu iorem hum um duceret . Cois ea laus 1

maxima , Hadrianis firm it as , nonnu llis circa hoc

severit a t is quoque exemplis . Q . Coponium in

venimu s ambitus damna tum , quia vini amphoram

dedisse t dono ei , cui suffragi lat io erat . atque nt

e luxu 2 quoque aliqua contingat auctoritas figlinis

t ripa t inium , inqu it Fenestella , appellaba tur summa

cenarum lau t it ia ; una era t mu renarum , altera

luporum , tertia m ixt i piscis , inclinat is i am scilicet

moribus , u t tamen eos praeferre G raeciae etiam

ph ilosoph is possimu s , siqu idem in Aristot eli s here

dum auct ione s eptuaginta patinas veniss e traditur .

nos cum unam Aesopi t ragoediarum h ist rionis in

na tu ra avium di ceremu s H S 5 3 st et isse , non dubito

indignatos legent es . at , Hercules , Vitellius in

pr incipa tu suo X |4ns condidit patinam , cui faciendae

fornax in campis exaedificat a erat , quoniam eo

pervenit luxuria , u t etiam fict ili a pluris const ent

quam murrina . propter hanc Mucianu s altero con

su latu suo in conquest ione exprobravit pat inarum

paludes Vitelli memoriae , non illa foediore , cuius

veneno Asprena t i reo Cassius Severus accusator

obiciebat int erisse convivas CXXX . nobilit antur his

quoque oppida , ut Regium et Cumae . Sami a testa

1ea laus Mayhofl illa laus Url ichs lev itas Fròhner laus .

2e luxu coni . I an : fruxu au t fru en au t fruxo odd . (fiuxu

ed .

3 C_ed . Leid . Voss . [ o] B : o

’

au t centum au t DO rell .4|X | B : X a ut X rell .


Ma tris deum sacerdotes , qui Galli vocant ur , viri

lit a t em amputare nec aliter citra perniciem , M .

Ca elio credamu s , qui lingnam sic ampu t andam

obiecit gravi probro , tamquam et ipse iam t une

eidem Vitell io malediceret . quid non excogit a t

vita 1 fract is etiam testis u t endo , sic ut firm iu s

durent , t unsis calce addita , quae vocant Signina !

quo genere etiam pavimenta excogit avit .

XLVI I . Verum et ipsius terrae sunt alia com

menta . quis enim sa tis mi ret ur pessumam eius

partem ideoqu e pu lverem appella t am in Pu t eolaniscollibu s opponi maris flu ct ibu s , m ersumque prot inu s

fieri lapidem unum inexpugnab ilem undis et for

t iorem cotidie , utique si Cumano m iscea t ur cae

mento ? eadem est terra e natura et in Cyzicena

regione , sed ibi non pulvis , verum ipsa terra qua

libeat magnitudine excisa et demersa in mare

lapidea ext rah it u r . hoc idem circa Cassandream

produnt fieri , et in fonte Cnidio du lci intra octo

menses t erram lapidescere . ab O ropo quidem

Au lida usque qu idqu id a t t ingit ur mari terrae mu

tatur in saxa . non multum a pulvere Puteolano

1excogita t vita B : excogitav it v ita I an : excogitav it ars

ed . Par . 680 1 : excogitav it a rell .

Cybele .

Volcani c ash or ea rth , now ca lled pozzolana .

T he ancient Potidaea in the Cha lcidic peninsula .

Of Boeotia .

BOOK XXXV . XLVI . 1 65—XLV I I . 1 67

The pri ests of the Mother of the Gods ca lled Ga ll ic astrate themselves , if we accept the account ofM a rcu s Caelius , wi th a piece of Samian pottery ,th e only way of avoiding dangerou s results ; and

Caeliu s proposed as a pena lty for an abomi nableoffence that the gu ilty person should have hi s tonguecut out in the same way , j ust as if he were a lreadyhimself inveighing aga inst the same Vitelli us inanticipation . What is there that experience cannotdevise ? For it employs even broken crockery

,

making it more solid and durable by pounding it upand adding what is called Segni lime , a kind ofmateria l used in a method which experience has a lsoinvented for making pavements .XLVI I . But there are other inventions a lso that PZÉ

Z O

ÈZ"

belong to Earth herself. For who could suffici ently Zanhî‘,marvel a t th e fact that the most inferior portion ofthe earth ’s substance , which is in cons equencedesignated dust ,° on the hills of Pozzuoli , encountersthe waves of the sea and as soon as it is submergedturns into a single mass of stone that wi thstands theattacks of the waves and becomes stronger everyday , especia l ly if it mixed wi th broken quarry—stonefrom Cumae ? In the Cyzicus di strict a l so the natureof the eart h is the same , but there not dus t but theea rth itself is cut out in blocks of any size wantedand plunged into the sea ; and when drawn out , it i sof the con sistency of stone . The same is said to takeplace in the neighbourhood of Cassandrea ,

“ and it i sstated that in a fresh water spring a t Cnidu s earthbecomes pet r ified in less than eight months . O rthe coast from Oropus to Aulis a ll the ea rth thatthe sea touches is turned into rocks . The finestport ion of the sand from the Nile is not very di fferent

383


dist a t e Nilo harena t enu issima sui parte , non ad

sust inenda maria fiuct u sque frangendos , sed ad

debellanda corpora palaestrae studii s . inde certePa t robio , Neronis principis liberto , adveh eba t ur .

quin et Cra t ero et Leonnato ac Meleagro , AlexandriMagni ducibu s , sabulum 1 hoc portari 2 cum reliqu is

m ilitaribu s commerciis reperio , plura de hac partenon dict u ru s , non , Hercules , magis quam de terrae

u sn in ceromat is , quibu s exercendo inventus nostracorporis vires perdit animorum . XLVI I I . quid ?

non in Africa Hispan iaqu e e terra parietes , quosappellant formaceos , quoniam in forma circumdat is

I I u t rimque tabulis inferciuntur verius quam st ruun

tur , aevis durant , incorrupt i imbribu s , ventis , ignibu somniqu e caem ento firmiores ? spect a t etiam nuncspecu las Hanniba lis Hispani a t errenasqu e t urres

ingis mont ium inpositas . hinc et caespit um naturacast rorum vallis accommodat a cont raqu e fium inum

impetus aggeribus . inlini quidem crates parietumlu to et ut 3 lat eribu s crudis exst ru i quis ignora t ?XLIX . Lat eres non sunt ex sabu loso neque

harenoso mu ltoque minus calculoso ducendi solo , sede cretoso et albicante aut ex rubrica vel etiam e

1sabul um ed. Par . 680 1 , ed . Par. La t . 6797 sabium B

sablum rell .g

sol itum Mayhofi.

2 V. l . porta re : port avere J . Maller .

3et u t Wa rm ington : et .

Who was in Spa in 221—2 1 9 B .C . preparing war against,Rome .

384


sabu lo , ma sculo certe . fingunt ur optime vere , namsolst it io r imosi fiunt . aedificiis non nisi bimos

probant ; qu in 1 et int rit am ipsam eorum , pr iu squam

fingant u r , macerari oport et .

Genera eorum fiunt 2 tria : didoron ,3 quo nos 4

u t imur , longum sesqu ipedem , latum pedem , a lterumt et radoron , tertium pent adoron . G raeci enim anti

qu i dcî)pov pa lmum vocabant et ideo do'

ìpa munera ,quia manu darent u r ; ergo a qua t tuor et quinque

palm is , prout su nt , nom inantu r . eadem est et la titudo . minore pr iva t is ope ribu s , maiore in publicisu t unt ur in Gra ecia . Pit anae in Asia et in ulterioreHispania civit at ibus Maxilua et Callet fiunt lat eres ,qui siccat i non m ergunt ur i n aqua . sunt enim eterra pum icosa , cum subigi potest , utilissima .

G raeci , praet erqu am ubi e silice fieri pot erat struetura , la t er icios parietes pra et u lere . sunt enimaet erni , si ad perpendicu lum fiant . ideo et publicaopera et regias domos sic st ruxere : murum Ath enis ,qui ad montem Hyme t t um spect at , Patris aedesIovis et Herculis

, qu amvis lapideas columnas etepistylia circumdarent , domum T ra llibu s regiamAttali , item Sardibus Croesi , quam gerusian fecere ,

1 qu ia bl ayhofl.

2 fiunt Mayhofi coll . Vi truv. I I . 3 : qu i B : que rell .3 didoron Hermola us Ba rba rus : lydion ( l idr on ed . Pa r .

680 1 }4nos add . Mayhoff coll . Vi truv. z volgo J . Mu ller .

5 Ca llet Urlichs , Detlefsen coll . I I I . 1 2 ca l lent B : canl ent

a ut canl ento au t ca lento rell .

As a measu re th is could be 4 inches or 9 , bu t h ere it is 9 .

S i lea: is in pa rticu la r the strong concrete made by the

Romans from a lava m ixed w ith l ime and pozzolana (for wh ichsee 1 66 , note) ; bu t in Greece s i lea: wou ld be limestone .

Attalus I of Pergamum ,24 1—1 9 7 B .C .

386

BOOK XXXV . XLIX . 1 70— 1 72

is in spring , as at midsummer they tend to crack .

For buildings , only bricks two years old are recom

mended ; moreover the materia l for them when ithas been pounded should be well soaked before theyare moulded .

Three kinds of bricks are made : the didoron,

’

the one employed by us , eighteen inches long and

a foot wide , s econd the t et radoron and third the

pent adoron ,

’

doron being an old Greek word meaningthe pa lm of the hand —from which comes doron ,

meaning a gift , because a gift wa s given by thehand . Consequ ently the bricks get their namesfrom four or five pa lms ’ l ength as the ca s e may be .

Their breadth is in all ca ses the same . In G reecethe smaller kind is used for priva te structu res and

the larger in public buildings . At Pitana in AsiaMinor as also in the city states of Maxilu a and

Ca llet in Further Spa in bricks are made which whendried will not s ink in water , being made of pumicelike earth , whi ch is an extremely usefu l materia lwhen it is capable of being worked . The Greekspreferred brick wa l ls except in places permittingof a limestone structure , as brick walls last for everif bui lt exactly perpendicular . Consequently thatwas how they built both public works and kings

’

palaces— the wa ll at Athens that faces towardsMount Hymettus , a t Patrae the Shrines of Zeusand of Heracles (a lthough the columns and architr aves with which they surrounded thes e were ofstone) , and the roya l pa lace of Atta lus at Tra llesand likewi s e the pa lace of Croesus a t Sardi s , which 560-546

they converted into a house of elders ,“ and that of

P liny ’s sour ce Vitruv iu s I I . 8 . 1 0 takes y€povofa here as a

home for t he aged, bu t it must mean council-house .


Hal icarnasi Mau soli , quae etiam nunc durant .Lacedaemone qu idem la t ericns pariet ibus excisum

opus tectorium propter excellent iam pict u rae l igu eisformis inclusum Romam deport avere in a edilit at e

ad comitium exornandum Murena et Varro . cumopu s per se mirum esset , t ralat um tamen magism irabant u r . in Italia quoqu e lat ericiu s mu ru sArreti et Mevaniae est . Romae non fiunt taliaa edificia , quia sesqu ipeda lis paries non plus quamunam cont igna t ionem t olera t , cau t umqu e est , necommunis crassior fiat , nec int erger ivorum ratiopatitur .L . Haec sint dieta de lat er ibu s . in terra e autem

reliqu is generibu s vel maxime mira natura estsu lpu ris , quo plurima domant ur . nascitur in insu lis

Aeoli is inter Siciliam et I t a li am , quas a rdere diximus ,

sed nobilissimum in Melo insula . in Ita lia quoqueinvenit ur in Neapolit ano Campanoqu e agro collibus ,

qu i vocant ur Leu cogaei . ibi e cunicu lis effossum

perficit ur igni . genera I I I I : vivum , quod G raeci

apyron vocant , nasci tu r solidum 1 solum 2— cetera 3

enim liqu ore constant et conficiunt ur oleo incoct avivum effodit u r t ra luce tqu e et viret . solo exomn ibus generibu s medici u t untur .

4a lterum genus

appellant glaebam , fullonum tantum officinis fa

1solidum hoc est glaeba cdd . del . h .e .g. Urlichs , Detlefsen .

2solum del . Urlichs , Detlefsen .

3 cetera ed . Leid . Voss . rn.2 : ex omnibus generibus (om .

B ) medici u tuntur . a lterum genus cetera B, ed . Leid . Voss .

ed . F lor . Rice . : vide infra : ex omnibu s u tuntur

cetera rell .4solo u tuntur om . cd . Par . La t . 6797 , cd. Pa r . 680 1 ,

cd . T olel .

388


miliare . tertio quoque generi unus tantum estusus ad lanas suffiendas ,

1 quoniam candorem mollit iamque confert . egula voca t u r hoc genus , quartumautem 2

ad e llychnia maxime conficienda ; cet ero

tantum 3 vis est ut morbos com it ia les depreh enda t

nidore inpositum igni . lu sit et Anaxilaus eo , addensin calicem vini prunaque subdi t a circumferens ,exardescent is repercu ssu

4pallorem di rum velut

defunctorum effundent e in 5 conviviis .

3 natura eiusexca lfacit , concoqu it , sed et discu t it collect iones

corporum , ob hoc t alibu s 7 emplast ris ma lagma t isquc

m iscet ur . renibu s quoque et lumbis in dolore cumadipe mire prodest inposit um . aufert et lichenasfaciei cum t erebinth i resina et lepras ; harpax itavocat ur a celerit a t e praebendi ,

3 avelli enim subinde

debet . prodest et su spiriosis linctu ,

9 purulentaquoque ext u ssient ibu s et contra scorpionum ictus .vitiligines vivum nitro mixtum at que ex aceto t r itumet inlit um t ol lit , item lendes , et in palpebris acetosandaraca to adm ixt um . habet et in religionibu s

locum ad expiandas suffitu domos . sent it ur vis eiuset in aqu is fervent ibu s , neque ali a res facilius accen

1suffiendas coll . I s id . Gelen : sufficiendas .

2autem ed . Par . 680 1 : caute rell . (cate cd. Leid. Voss

aptum coni . xa vr r)p Mayhoff.

3 tanta ed . Par . 680 1 ex I s id . : tamen vel v is tantumcon i . .Mayhojj

’.

4repercu ssu edd . vel i . ex I s id . : percu ssu B : supercu ssu

au t se percu ssu rell .effundent e in Mayhojf effundentem B effundent e rell .conv iv is B .

7a lbis Fro" hner .

praebendi B : uel lendi ed . Par. 680 1 : praeuel li rell .

avel lendi edd. vet t . : prendendi I an .

l inctu S ill ig : l inctum au t linctu s au t l ictu s odd . (unctu B).

BOOK XXXV . L . I 7S—1 77

workshops . The third kind a lso is only employedfor one pu rpose , for smoking woollens from benea th ,

as it bestows whiteness and softness ; this sort isca lled egula . The fourth kind is speci a lly used formaking lamp—wicks . For the rest

,su lphu r is so

potent that when put on the fire it detects epilepsyby its smell . Anaxilau s even made a sport with itby putting some in a cup of wine and placing a hotcoa l underneath and handi ng it round a t d innerparti es , when by its refl ection as it fl ared up it threwon their faces a dreadful pa llor as if they were dead .

Its property is calorific and concoctive ,“ but it alsodisperses abscesse s on the body , and consequ entlyis used a s an ingredi ent in pla sters and pou lticesfor such ca ses . I t is also remarkably beneficia l

for the kidneys and loins if in cases of p a in it isapplied to them with grease . In combination withturpentine it also removes lichenou s growths on theface and l eprosy so it is ca lled ha rpar ,

° owing to thespeed with whi ch it h as to be appli ed , which iscaused by the need for immedi ate remova l . Usedas an electua ry it is good for ca ses of a sthma

, and a lsopuru l ent expectoration after coughing and a s a

remedy for the sting of scorpions . Live su lphurmixed with soda and pounded in vinegar and useda s a l iniment removes cutaneous eruptions , and alsoeggs of li ce , and in combination with vinega r mixedwith rea lgar it is usefu l on the eyelids . Sulphuralso h as a place in religious ceremonies , for thepu rpose of purifying houses by fumigation . Itspotency is a lso perceptibl e in hot springs of wa ter ,and no other substance is more ea sily ign ited ,

I .e . brings boils , et c . ,t o a head .

ba a e f ca mm .f rapan ou s , from a pn a€w , serze , snatch .


d itur , quo apparet ignium vim magnam ei inesse .

fulmina , fulgura quoque su lpuris odorem habent ,ac lux ipsa eorum su lpurea est .LI . Et bit um in is vicina natu ra est . aliubi limus

,

a liubi terra est , l imus e Iudaeae lacu , ut diximu s ,

emergens , terra in Syria circa Sidonem oppidummaritimum . spissant u r haec u t raqu e et in densitatem coeunt . est vero liqu idum bitumen , sicutZ acynthium et quod a Babylone inveh itur ; ibiquidem et candidum gigni tur . liqu idum est etApolloniat icum , quae omnia G raeci pissasphalton

appellant ex argumento picis ac bituminis . gignit ur

et pingu e oleiqu e liquoris in Sicilia Agragant inofonte , inficiens r ivum . incolae id harundinum paniculi s colligunt , cit issime sic adhaerescens , u t unt urqu eeo ad lucernarum lumina olei vice , item ad scabiem

ium entorum . sunt qui et naph tham , de qua insecundo di ximu s volume , bit um ini s generibus ad

scribant , verum eius ardens natura et ignium cognata

procu l ab omni u sn abest . bit um inis probatio utquam maxime splendea t sitqu e ponderosum , graveo

lens ; 1 a t rum 2 modice , quoniam adu lt era t u r pice .

vis quae su lpuri : sist it , discu t it , cont rah it , glu t ina t .

serpentes accensum nidore fugat . ad suffusiones

1graveolens Mayhofl

’

coll . Diosc. grave leve (lene ed . Par .

680 1 ) graveolens , leve Kalb.

2a t rum Mayhoff coll . Diosc. autem .

T his occu rs as a liqu id (petroleum ), as a liqu id solid(minera l pitch and t ar) and as a solid (asphalt ) .

T he Dead Sea .


ocu lorum et a lbugines Babylonium efficax traditur ,item ad l epra s , lich enas prur itusqu e corporum .

inlini tu r et podagris . omnia au tem eius generaincommodos ocu lorum pilos replicant , dentiumdolor ibu s medent u r simul nitro int rito . lenit 1

t ussim ve t erem et anh elit us cum vino pot um ; dysin

t ericis etiam dat ur eodem modo sist itqu e alvum .

cum aceto vero pot um discu t it concret um sanguinemac de t rah it . m it iga t lumborum dolores , item art icu

lorum , cum farina hordeacia inposit um empla strumpecu l iare facit suo nomine . sanguinem sist it , volnera colligit , glu t ina t nervos . u t unt u r etiam ad

qu artana s bit um inis drachma et hedyosm i paripondere cum murrae obolo subact i . com it iales

morbos u st um deprendit . volvarum st rangula t iones

olfact u discu t it cum vino et castoreo , procident essu ffit u reprim it , purga t iones fem inarum in vino

pot um elicit . in reliquo usu a erament is inlinit u r

firm at qu e ea contra ignes . diximu s et tingui solituma es eo st a tu asqu e inlini . calcis quoque usum praebu it it a ferum inat is Babylonis muris . placet inferrar iis fabrorum officinis t ingu endo ferro clavorum

capit ibu s et multis aliis usibu s .

LI I . Nec minor est aut adeo di ssimilis alum inis

opera , quod int ellegitur salsugo terrae . plura et

1 int rit o. lenit Mayhoff coll . D iosc. : inlitum (Sitl ig) lenitDetlefsen : inl itu s B il l itum au t il l ini au t inl ini rell .

Severa l astringent su bstances were included in the worda lumen , especially , it seems , aluminium sulphates , su lphate of

iron, and common pot ash -a lum ; also kalinite , and perhapsa lso certa in ha lot rich ites (K . C . Ba iley , T he Elder P liny

’

s

Chap ters on Chemica l Subjects, I I , p .

BOOK XXXV . LI . I 8O—LI I . 1 83

by it s smell . Babylonian bitumen is s aid to beserviceable for cataract and film in the eye

,and also

for leprosy lichen and itch . I t is a lso used as aliniment for gout ; whil e all va ri eties of it are usedto fold back eyelashes tha t get in the way of sight

,

and also to cure toothache , when smeared on withsoda . Taken as a draught with wine it a ll evi atesan inveterate cough and shortness of breath ; and itis also given in the same way in ca s es of dysentery ,and arrests diarrhoea . Drunk however with vinegarit di ssolves and brings away coagu lated blood .

I t reduces pa ins in the loins and a lso in the j oints,

and applied with ba rley—mea l it makes a specia lkind of plaster that bears i ts name . It stops a flow ofblood , closes up wounds , and unites s evered muscles .It is employed a lso for quartan fevers , th e dosebeing a dram of bitumen and an equa l weight ofwild mint pounded up with a sixth of a dram ofmyrrh . Burnt bitumen detect s cases of epilepsy ,and mi xed with wine and beaver—oil i ts scent diss ipates suffocations of the womb ; its smoke whenappli ed from beneath reli eves prolapsus of thewomb ; and drunk in wine it hastens menstruation .

Among other uses of it , it is appli ed as a coating tocopper and bronze vessels to make them fireproof.

We have stated that it also used to b e the practice XXXIV ,1 5.

t o employ it for staining copper . and bronze and

c oating statues . It has a lso been used as a substitutefor lime , the walls of Babylon being cemented with it .In smithies a lso it is in favour for varnishing iron and

t h e heads of na ils and many other uses .LI I . Not less important or very different is the Alam.

u se made of alum ,

“ by which is meant a salt exudation from the earth . There are several varieties of

395


eius genera . in Cypro candidum et nigriu s , exiguacoloris 1 differentia , cum sit usus magna ,2 quoniaminficiendis claro colore lanis candidum liqu idumque

u t ili ssimum est cont raqu e fuscis aut obscuris nigrum .

et aurum nigro pu rga t ur . fit autem omne ex aqualimoqu e , hoc est terrae exudant is natura . conriva t um h iem e aest ivis solibus mat u ra tu r . quodfuit ex eo praecox , candidiu s fit . gignitur autem inHispania , Aegypto , Armenia , Macedonia , Ponto ,Africa , insu lis Sardinia , Melo , Lipara , Strongyle ,laudat issimum in Aegypto , proximum in Melo .

hu ius quoque duac species , liqu idum spissumque .

liquidi probatio ut sit limpidum lact eumqu e , sineoffensis fricandi , cum quodam ignicu lo coloris .

3 hoc

phor imon4

vocant an sit adu lt era tum , deprehen

di tur suco Pumc1 mali ; sincerum enim mixtura eanon nigrescit .

5 alterum genus est pa llidi et scabriet quod inficia tu r e t 3 galla , ideoqu e hoc vocant

1coloribu sque B : coloris v isu sque con i . Mayhojf.

2 magna Gelen : magni .

3ca loris edd . vet t .

4phorimon edd . vel t . coll . Ga len . , «a r ci r énovg , vi . 3 : porth

mon au t portmon (B) au t pont inon au t posthonon.

5 mixtu ra ea non nigrescit K . 0 . Ba iley : mixtura ea'

nigrescit ed. F lor. Rice. u t vide tu r : m ixturam fugit ed . Par .

680 1 m ixtura rell . m ixtu ra inficitur coni . Mayhoff.et Mayhofi

’

: a B : om . rell .

Sulphate of a luminium wou ld be useful for dyeing ;potash -alum and a lunogen cou ld prov ide the brigh t colou r,and a lums containing meta ls the sombre colou rs (K . C. Bailey ).

Cf. XXXI I I , 65 ; a lso for removing baleful influences of

gold held above the h ead , cf. XXXI I I . 84 .

Where pota sh-alum is found .


paraphoron . liquidi aluminis vis adst ringere , indu rare , rodere . melle 1 adm ixto sanat oris ulcera ,

papu las pru ritu squ e . haec cura t io fit in balneis I I

mellis partibus , tertia a lum ini s . virus alarum su

dorisqu e sedat . sum i tu r pilu lis contra lienis vitia

pellendumqu e per u rinam sangu inem . emenda t etscabiem nitro ac m elanth io adm ixt is .

Concreti alum inis unum genus oxwròv appellantG raeci , in capillam ent a quaedam canescent ia de

h iscens , unde quidam t rich it im pot iu s appellavere .

hoc fit e lapide , ex quo et aes— Ch a lcit im vocant

u t 2 sudor quidam eius lapidis in spumam coagu lat us .

hoc genus alum inis minu s sicca t m inu sque sist it

umorem inu t ilem corporum , et auribu s m agnopere

prodest infusum ,vel inlit um et oris u lceribu s denti

bu sque et si 3 saliva cum eo cont ineat ur . et ocu

lorum medicam ent is inserit u r apte verendisque

utriusque sexu s . coqu itur in ca t inis ,4 donec liqu ari

desina t . iner t ioris est alterum generis , quod strongylen vocant . dua c et eius Species , fungosum atqueomni umore dilui facile , quod in totum damnatu r .meliu s pum icosum et foram inum fist u lis spongeae

simile rot undumqu e natu ra , candido propius , cum

qu adam pingu it udine , sine barenis , friabile , necinficiens nigrit ia . hoc coqu itu r per se carbonibus

1 mell i B : melli admixtum coni . Mayhoff.2vocant u t Mayhofi vocant u t sit edd . vei t . z vocamus

B voca tu s e d. Leid . Lips . voca tu r rell .3et siMauhoff: et is B 1

: et h is B2: s i ed . Par. 680 1 : et rell .

4ca t inis B pa t in is rell .

T he foll owing medica l u ses are like the modern uses of

potash-alum .

Including potash -a lum , halotrich ite, et c.

Both potash -alum and a lumini um su lphate, if heated,melt, swel l , and solidify into bu rnt a lum .

’

398

BOOK XXXV . LI I . 1 84— 1 87

perverted or adulterated alum . Liqu id a lum “

has an astringent , harden ing and corrosive property .

Mixed wi th honey it cures ulcers in the mou th ,pimples and eruptions ; this treatment is ca rriedout in baths conta in ing two parts of honey to oneof alum . It reduces odou r from the a rmpits and

perspiration . I t is taken in pills aga ins t di sordersof the spleen and di scharge of blood in the urine .

Mixed with soda and chamomile it is a lso a remedyfor scabies .One kind of solid alum which is ca lled in Greek

schi ston , splittable ,’ spl its into a sort of filam ent of a

whi tish colou r , owing to whi ch some people have preferred to g ive it in Greek the name of trichitis , ha irya lum .

’ This is produced from the same ore ascopper , known as copperst one , a sort of swea t fromthat mineral , coagulated into foam . This kind ofa lum has less drying effect and s erves l ess to arrestth e detrimenta l humours of the body , but it i sextremely beneficia l a s an ear—wa sh , or a s a linimentalso for ulcers of the mou th and for the teeth , and ifit is reta ined in the mouth with sali va ; or it forms asuitable ingredi ent in medicines for the eyes and

for the geni ta l organs of either sex . I t is roa sted incrucibles until it has quite lost its li quidity .

° Thereis another a lum of a less active kind , ca ll ed in Greekstrongyle

,round alum .

’ Of th is a lso there are tw ovarieties

,the fungou s which d issolves ea sily in any

l iqu id and which is rej ected a s entirely worthles s ,and a better kind whi ch is porous and pierced withsmall holes l ike a sponge and of a round forma tion ,nearer white in colour , possessing a certa in qu alityof unctuousness

,free from grit , friable , and not apt

to cause a black stain . This i s roasted by its elf on

399


puris , douce cinis fiat . Optimum ex omnibus quodMe linum vocant ab insula , ut diximu s . nulli vismaior neque adst ringendi neque denigrandi nequeindu randi , nullum spissiu s . ocu lorum scabrit ias

ext enu at , combu stum u t iliu s epiphoris inh ibendis ,

sic et ad pruritus corporis . sanguinem quoquesist it intus pot um ,

1 foris inlitum . evu lsis pili s exa ceto inlinit ur renascent esqu e mollit in langu inem .

summa 2 omnium generum vis in adst ringendo , undenomen G raecis . ob id ocu lorum vit iis apt issima

sunt , sanguinis fluct iones inh ibent . cum adi pe

pu t rescent ia u lcerum compescit3— sic et infant ium

ulcera 4 et hydropicorum erupt iones siccat— et

aurium vitia cum succ Punici mali et unguium sea

brit ias cica t ricumqu e durit ias et pterygia ac perniones , phagedaenas u lcerum ex aceto aut cum gallapari pondere cremata , lepras cum suco olerum , cumsa li s vero I I pa rtibus vitia , quae serpunt , lendes etalia capillorum animalia aquae perm ixtum . sic etambu st is prodest et fu rfuribu s corporum cum seropicis . infunditu r et dysint ericis uvamque in orecomprim it ac t onsillas . ad omnia , quae in ceteris

1potum Sil lig, I an : totum au t tu tum.

2 V. l . summam .

3 Pos t compescit del . cum adipe K . 0 . Ba i ley.

4sic u lcera sup ra ante pu t rescent ia ed . Par . 680 1 .

3aquae con i . I an , S i llig : eque B

2: atque B 1

: quae ed .

Leid . Lips . : que rell .

In 5 1 84 Pliny implies that t he best is t he Egyptian .

Er vrrrnpfa .


generibu s diximus , efficacius int e llega t ur ex Meloadvectum . Ad 1

reliquos usus vitae in coriis lanisqu e

perficiendis quanti sit momenti , significa tum est .LII I . Ab his per se ad med icinam pertinentia

terrae genera t ract abimu s . Sam iae I I sunt , qua ecollyrium et quae aster appe llant ur . pr ioris lausut recens sit ac lenissima

2 linguaeque glutinosa ,a ltera glaebosior

3; candida u t raque . u ritur , lava t ur .

sunt qui praeferant priorem . prosunt sanguinemexpuent ibus ; emplast risqu e , quae s iccandi causacomponuntur , oculorum quoque medicament is

m iscentu r .

LIV . Eretria totidem differentias habet , namqu eest alba et cinerea , qua e praefertur in medi cina .

proba t ur molliti a et quod , si aere perducat ur ,violacium reddit colorem . vis et ratio eius inmedendo diet a est inter pigmenta .

LV . Lava t ur omn is terra— in hoc enim loco dicemu s

—perfusa aqua sicca t aqu e solibu s , iterum ex aquatrita ac reposit a , donec considat et digeri possit inpastillos . coqu it ur in calicibu s crebro concussis .

LVI . Est in medicam inibu s et Chia terra candicans .effectu s eius idem 4 qui Sam iae ; usus ad mu lierum

maxime cutem . idem et Selinusiae . lactei coloris

1advectum . Ad K . 0 . Ba i ley : advectum nam ad cdd.

pro nam con i . iam Ba iley .

2 lenissima cdd . (lenis ed . Pa r . levissima Detlefsen,

Ur lichs lev is Hermola us Ba rbaru s .

3glaebosior Si llig glebos ior au t globosior .

4eiu s idem Mayhojff eiusdem .

Kaolinite or china-clay , wh ich is sometimes found in

fan-shaped (sta r—like ) a rrangements of pla tes , bu t genera llyin wh ite , greyish , or yellowish masses (K . 0 . Bailey ) . T he

latter wou ld be those used for eye-sa lves.

40 2

BOOK XXXV . LI I . 1 90— LVI . 1 94

kinds the alum imported from Melos is moreefficaciou s . It h as been indica ted how import ant è l 83

it is for the other requirements of life in g iving a

finish to hides and woollens .LI I I . Next to thes e we will dea l with the various Uses o ]

kinds of earth which are connected with medicine .

There are two sorts of Samos earth ,“ ca l led collyrium , Samianeye—sa lve ,

’

and sta r-earth . The recommendationof the former is that it must be fresh and very softand sticky to the tongue the second is more lumpyboth a re white in colou r . The process is to ca lcinethem and then to wa sh them . Some people preferthe former kind . They a re beneficia ] for peoplespitting blood ,

and for pla sters made up for dryingpurposes , and they are a lso used as an ingredi ent inmedicines for the eyes .LIV . Ea rth of Eretria ha s the same number of Eretrian.

va ri eties , as one is white and one ash—coloured , thelatter preferred in medicine . I t is tested by itssoftness and by its le aving a violet tint if rubbed oncopper . Its efficacy and the method of using it as amedicine have been spoken of among the pigments . gas.

LV . All these earths— we will mention it in thisplace— are wa shed by having water poured overthem and dried in the sun , and then a fter being putin water again ground up and left to stand , till theysettle down and can be divided into tablets . Theyare boiled in cups tha t a re repeatedly we l l shaken .

LVI . White ea rth of Chios is also among Ch ian and

medicaments ; its effect is the same a s that of Samos“" m"

ea rth . It is specia lly used a s a cosmetic for the skinof women

,and Sel inunte earth is used in the s ame

way . The latter is of the colour of milk , and i t

Cf. 30 , 38 . Some kind of ch ina-clay .


haec et aqua dilui celerrima1; eadem laete dilu t a

t ectoriorum a lbaria int erpolant u r . pnigit is2 Ere

t riae simillima est , grandioribus tantum glaebis

glut inosaqu e . effect u s eius idem qui C imoliae ,

infirm ior tantum . bitumini s im illim a est ampe lit is .

3

experiment um eius , si cera c modo accept o oleoliqu esca t et si nigricans colos maneat tost ae . usu sad molliendum discu t iendumqu e , et ad haec medicamentis additur , praecipu e in calliblepharis etinficiendis capillis .

1 95 LVII . Cret ae plura genera . ex I IS Cimoliae duo

ad medicos pertinentia , candidum et ad pu rpu rissuminclinans . vis u t riqu e ad discu t iendos tumores

,

sist endas fluct iones aceto adsumpto . panos quoqueet parot idas coh ibet et lienem inlit a pu su lasqu e , sivero aph roni t rum et cyprum

4adicia t ur et acetum ,

pedum tumores ita , ut in sole curat io haec fiat et1 96 post V I hora s aqua sa lsa ablu at ur . testium tu

moribu s cypro e t cera addita prodest . et refr i

gerandi quoque natura cre t ae est , sudoresque

immodicos sist it inlit a atque it a papulas coh ibet

ex vino adsumpt a in balineis . laudatu r maximeT h essa lica . nascitur et in Lycia circa Bubonem ,

Est et alius Cimoliae usus in vest ibu s . nam Sarda1celerrima edd . vel i . : ceterrima au t ceterum (teterrima

ed Par . La t .

pnigit is Hermolau s Ba rbaru s ph inicis au t pnit is au t s im.

ampel it is Hermolau s Barbar us appellit is .

cyprium ed . Pa r . 680 1 cypru s Brot ier : nitrum Gelen .

T he word means any fu llers ’ earth s , here pa rticula rlycalcium montmorillonite from the island Argentiera or Cimoloin the Aegean .

dgbpo‘

vvrpov, more properly dòpòg virpov, foam of soda

probably pu re soda or possibly pa rtly caust icised soda , whereasordina ry n i trum was ca rbonate of soda .

Obta ined from the flowers of Lawsonia a lba .


quae adfert u r e Sardinia , candidis tantum adsumit u r ,

inu t ilis versicolor ibu s , e t 1 est vilissima omnium

C imoliae generum ; pre t iosior Umbrica et quamvocant saxum . proprietas saxi quod crescit in

macerando ; it aque2 pondere em itu r , ill a mensura .

Umbrica non nisi poliendi s vest ibu s adsum itu r .

neque enim pigebit hanc quoque partem adt ingere ,

cum lex Met ilia ext et fu llonibus diet a , quam C .

Flaminius L . Aem iliu s censores dedere ad populum

ferendam . adeo omnia maioribu s curac fuere .

ergo ordo hic est : primum ablu it ur vestis Sarda ,de in su lpure su ffi t u r , mcx desquamatur Cimolia

quae est coloris veri . fucat us enim depreh endit u r

nigrescitqu e et fundit ur su lpure , veros autem et

pret iosos colores emolli t Cimolia et quodam nitore

exh ilara t cont rist a tos su lpure . candidis vest ibus

saxum u t iliu s a su lpu re , inim icum coloribus . Graecia

pro Cimolia T ympha ico3u t itu r gypso .

LVI I I . Alia creta argentaria appellat u r nitorem

argento reddens , set vil issima qua circum praeduceread victoriae notam pedesqu e venalium trans maria

advectorum denotare inst it u erunt maiores ; t a lemque

1ea coni . Mayhoff. fit aque Mayi f atque .

3 T ympha ico Hermolaus Barbarus coll . T heophr . tympa igoB : tympau co rell .

Sa rda would be strong calcium montmorillonite ; Umbrianearth , some kaolin ite ; and saxum , bentonite . Cf. R . H . S.

Robertson, Cla ss . Rev. , LXI I I , 5 1—3 . K . C. Ba iley thinkssaxum is qu icklime . Cf. 44.

40 6

BOOK XXXV . LV I I . 1 96— LV I I I . I 99

from Sardi nia , is only used for white fabrics , and is ofno use for cloths of various colours ; it is the cheapest of all the Cimolu s kinds ; more valuable are

the Umbrian and the one called Thepeculi arity of the la tter is that it increa ses in sizewhen it is steeped in liquid ; consequently it i s soldby weight , wherea s Umbrian is sold by measure .

Umbrian earth is only employed for giving lustre tocloths . It will not be out of place to touch onthis part of the subj ect also , as a Met ilian l aw referring to full ers sti ll stands the law which GaiusFlaminius and Lucius Aem ilius a s censors pu t forwa rd 220

to be carried in pa rliament : so ca reful about everything were our ancestors . The process then is thisthe cloth is first wa shed with earth of Sardini a , andthen it is fumigated wi th sulphur , and a fterwardssecured with C imolian ea rth provided that thedye i s fast ; if it is coloured with bad dye it isdetected and turns black and its colour is spread bythe action of the sulphur ; whereas genuine and

va luable colours are softened and brightened upwith sort of brilli ance by Cimolian earth whenthey have been made sombre by the sulphur . Therock kind is more serviceable for white garments ,after the applica tion of sulphur , but it is very det rimenta l to colour . In Greece they use T ymphaeagypsum instead ofCimolian ea rth .

LVI I I . There is another cretaceous earth called Si lversmiths’

silversmiths ’ powder as used for poli shingbut the most inferior kind is the one which ourancestors made it the practice to use for tracingthe line indi cating victory in circus—races and formarking the feet of slaves on sal e that h ad beenimported from over-seas ; instances of these being

40 7


Publilium Ant ioch ium ,

1 mimicae scaenae condi

torem , et a st rologiae consobrinum eius Manilium

Ant iochum , item gramm at icae Staberium Erot em

eadem nave advectos V idere proavi . sed quid hos

referat a liqu is , l itterarum honore comm endatos ?

talem in catasta V idere Chrysogonum Su llae , Am

ph ionem Q . Catul i , Hectorem 2 L . Lucu lli , Deme

t rium Pompei , Augenqu e Demetri , quamquam et

ipsa Pompei eredit a est , Hipparchum M . Antoni ,Menam et Menecra t en Sext i Pompei aliosqu e

de inceps , quos enumerare iam non est , sanguine

Qu irit ium et proscript ionum licent ia dit a t os . hoc

est insigne vena liciis gregibu s obprobriumqu e inso

lentis fortunae . quos et nos adeo potiri rerum

vidimus , ut praetoria quoque ornamenta decerni asenatu iubent e Agrippina C laudi Caesaris videremu s

t ant umqu e non cum laureat is fascibus rem it t i illo ,unde cret ati s pedibus advenissent .

1 Ant iochium 0 . Jahn : lucilium ed. Par . 680 1 : lochiumrell .2 Hectorem Url ichs , Detlefsen interfectorem ed . Par .

La t . 6797 , ed . T olet . rectorem rell . : int erfectorem, Heronemedd . veti . Heronem ed. Basi l .

T his wou ld be Publ iliu s Syrus , fl . c . 45 B .C .

Probably father or grandfather ofManilius who wrote theextant Astronomica .

T ea cher of Brutus and Cassiu s .

From t he period 80—30 B .C .

Demetriu s of Gadara whose native city, destroyed by t heJews, was rebu ilt by Pompey a t Demetriu s ’ request .‘

40 8

202


LIX . Praet erea sunt genera terrae propri etatissuae , de quibus iam di ximus , sed et hoc locoreddenda natura : ex Galata insula et circa ClupeamAfricae scorpiones necat , Baliaris et Ebusit ana

serpentes .

NormON T HE PAIN T EBS NAMED Anxsrrnns .

I t wou ld appea r t hat an elder Aristides (XXXV. 75 , 108 ,1 1 1 , and 1 22 — the statua ry of XXXIV. 50 and 72 may be

the same ) had as pupils h is sons Nicomachu s (XXXV. 1 08 ,

Niceros ( 1 1 1 ) and Ariston ( 1 10 , and two others (notsons ), namely Euph ranor ( 1 1 1 , 1 28 ) and Antorides ( l l l ).

BOOK XXXV . LIX. 2 0 2

LIX . Moreover there are other kinds of earthwith a specia l property of their own about wh ichwe have spoken already , but the nature of wh ichmust aga in be sta ted here : soil taken from theisland of Galata and in the neighbourhood of Clupeain Africa kills scorpions , and that of the BalearicIslands and Iviz a is fatal to snakes .

Note however that t he reading Aristidis in XXXV. 108 is

uncerta in and tha t N icomachu s is not mentioned in 1 1 1 .

Nicomachus had a son and pupi l t he younger Aristides (A . of

T hebes 98—1 00 , 1 1 0) who was thus grandson of A . the elder .T he younger is named a lso in XXXV. 24 , and VII . 1 26 .

Pliny shows some confusion of the two.

INDEX OF ARTISTS

Calypso, XXXV 1 47 n.

Canachus , XXXIV 50,

75 ; cf.

XXXVI 4 1Canth arus , XXXIV 85

Cenchramis (Cenchramus XXXIV87

Ceph isodorus, XXXV 60

Ceph isodorus XXX IV 7 4 ; 5 1 n.

Ceph isodotus, XXX IV 50, 87 74 n.

Ceph i sodotus, XXX IV 51 , 87 ; of.

XXXVI 24Cepis , XXX IV 87

Ch aereas, XXX IV 75

Ch al cos th enes (Ca icost henosXXX IV 87 ; XXXV 1 55

Ch ares , XXXIV 41 , 44

Ch armadas , XXXV 56

Ch armant ides ,XXXV 1 46

Cimon,XXXV 56

Cleanth es , XXXV 1 6

Cleon,XXXV 1 40

Cleon,XXXIV 87

Coenus, XXXV 1 39

Colot es , XXX IV 87 ; XXXV 55

Cornel ius Pinus , XXXV 1 20

Coroebus, XXXV 1 46

(Corybas XXXV 1 46 n .)Crat inus , XXXV 1 40, 1 47

Cres i las , XXX IV 53,74

Crit ias (Crit ius XXXIV 49,85

,and

pp. 256-257

Ct es ias , XXXIV 85Ctes icles , XXXV 1 40

Ctes idemus , XXXV 1 1 4,1 40

Ctes ilans , XXXIV 76 ; 53 n., 74 n.

Ctesilochus , XXXV 1 50

Cydias, XXXV 1 30

Cydon, XXXIV 53

Daeda lus , XXXIV 76

Daemon, XXXIV 87Daiphron,

XXXIV 87

Daippus , XXX IV 87 ; 51 n 66 n.

Damocritus, XXX I V 87

Damoph ilus , XXXV 1 54

Deh ades , XXX IV 85

Demeas,XXX IV 50

Demetrius,XXX IV 76

Demoph i lus, XXXV 6 1

D ieaeogenes ,XXXV 1 46

Dinias,XXXV 56

D inomenes , XXXI V 50, 76Dinon

,XXX IV 50

Diod

prus XXXI I I 1 56 ; XXX IV

85

Dionysius , XXXV 1 1 3, 1 25, 1 48

Dionysius, XXX IV 85

(Dionysodorus XXXIV 85 n. )Dionysodorus, XXXV 1 46

Di opus, XXXV 1 52

Dorotbeus,XXXV 9 1

Fab ius Pictor, XXXV 1 9

(Fabnllus XXXV 1 20 n. )Famu lus, XXXV 1 20

G laucides , XXX IV 91

G laucion,XXXV 1 34

Gorgasus , XXXV 1 54

Gorgias , XXXIV 49

B abrou ,XXXV 1 41 , 1 46

Hagelades (Hagelaidas) , XXXIV 49 ,

55 , 57

Hecat aeus , XXX I I I 1 56 ; XXX IV 85

H edys XXX I I I 1 56(Hedyst rat ides XXX I I I 1 56 n. )Heges ias , XXX IV 78

H egias , XXXI V 49, 78

Heliodorus, XXXIV 91 ; ct . XXXVI35

Ecph antus , XXXV 1 6

E las ippus , XXXV 1 22(Epatodorus XXX I V 50 n. )

Epigonus , XXXI V 88

Erigonus , XXXV 1 45

E ri llus,XXXV 60

Eubu l ides , XXX IV 88

Eubu lus,XXX IV 88

Buch ir,XXXIV 9 1

Euch ir,XXXV 1 52

(Bucles XXX IV 51 n. )(Euclides XXXV 1 40 n.)Eudorus , XXXV 1 4 1

Euenor , XXXV 60

Eugrammus,XXXV 1 52

Eumarus , XXXV 56

Eunicus , XXXI I I 1 56 ; XXXI V 85Euphorion,

XXX IV 85

Euphranor, XXXIV 50, 77 ; XXXV1 1 1 , 1 28

—1 30, 1 46

Euphron,XXX IV 51

Eupompus, XXXIV 61 ; XXXV 64,

7 5

Eut hycrates , XXX IV 51,66

,83

Euthymides , XXXV 1 46

Eu tychides , XXX IV 51, 78 ; XXXV

1 41 ; cf. XXXVI 34Euxinidas, XXXV 75

INDEX OF ARTISTS

Herachdes ,XXXV 1 35

,1 46

(H en llus XXX I V 60 n . )(H eroph on XXX IV 9 1 n . )H icanus , XXX IV 91

(H ippias XXXV 1 4 1 n.)H ippys , XXXV 1 4 1

Hyg1aenon ,XXXV 56

Hypatodorus , XXXIV 50

I ai a,XXXV 1 47

,1 48

Ion,XXX IV 51

1 0phon, XXX I V 9 1

( Iphis XXXV 1 4 1 n. )I rene

,XXXV 1 47

( I sidorus XXX I V 78 n.)I sidotus , XXX I V 78Isogonus , XXXIV 84

(Laia XXXV 1 47 n .)La ippus , XXX IV 51 , 66

Leoch ares,XXXI V 50,

XXXVI 30,31

Leon,XXXV 1 4 1

Leon, XXXI V 9 1

Leont iscus , XXXV 1 41

(Le0 phon XXXIV 9 1 n.)Lesbocles

,XXXIV 85

(Ludms XXXI V 1 1 6 n .)(Lymscus XXX I V 79 n.)Lycius , XXXI V 50, 79(Lyco XXXV 1 1 5 n.)Lysippus , XXXI V 37 , 40, 41 , 51 , 6 1

67, 80 ; XXXV 1 53 ; of. VI I 1 25

(Lysippus XXXV 1 22 n .)Lysis tratus , XXXI V 5 1 ; XXXV 1 53

Lyson, XXXIV 91

(Ma ia XXXV 1 47 n.)Melant h ius

,XXXV 50

,7 6

,80

Menaechmns,XXXIV 80

Menodorns,XXXI V 9 1

Menogenes ,XXXIV 88

Ment or,XXXI I I 1 54 ; cf. VI I 1 27

Met rodorus , XXXV 1 35

Micom,XXXIV 88 ; XXXV 42

,59

Mi lon,XXXV 1 46

Mnas ilaus (Mnasilaus XXXV 1 22

Mnas it h eus (Mnemth eus XXXV 1 46Mnas it imus , XXXV 1 46

Myagrus , XXXIV 9 1

Myron,XXXIV 1 0

,49

,50

,57—59

,

68,79 ; ci . XXXVI 32

Mys, XXXI I I 1 55

Naucerus,XXX IV 80

79 ; cf.

(Nauclerus XXX IV 80 n.)Naucydes , XXX I V 50, 80Nealces

, XXXV 1 04 , 1 42 , 1 45, 1 46Nearehus

, XXXV 1 4 1,1 47

Neocles,XXXV 1 46

Nes eus,XXXV 6 1

Nes iotes,XXXIV 49

,and pp. 256—257

N essus,XXXV 1 46

N icanor,XXXV 1 22

Niceratus,XXX IV 80

,88

N Iceros,XXXV 1 1 1

N icias,XXXV 1 33

N i cias,XXXV 27

,1 30—1 34

N i comachus , XXXV 50, 1 08- 1 09, 1 45 ,1 46

N icoph anes , XXXV 1 1 1,1 37

N icosth enes,XXXV 1 46

Oenias , XXXV 1 43

O lympias , XXXV 1 48

(Pacuius Pacuv ius , XXXV 1 9

Pamph ilus , XXXV 75—7 7 , 1 22

Panaenus,XXXV 54-58

,1 77 ; cf.

XXXVI 1 7 7Parrh asius , XXXV 60

,64

,65

,67—72 ,

1 29

Pas ias , XXXV 1 45

Pa3 1teles,XXXII I 1 56 ; XXXV 1 56 ;

cf. XXXVI 35 , 39, 40Pat rocles , XXX I V 50

,9 1

Patroclus , XXXI V 50

Paus ias , XXXV 1 23—1 27 , 1 28, 1 37 ;ci . XXI 4

Ped 1us (Quin tus ) , XXXV 21

Perellus,XXXIV 49

Peri clymenus , XXXI V 9 1

(Perileus XXXI V 49 n.)Per1 11us

,XXX IV 89

Pers eus,XXXV 1 1 1

Ph alerion,XXXV 1 43

Phan is,XXXI V 80

Ph i di as , XXXIV 49,53

, 54 , 56 , 72, 8 7 ;XXXV 54

,55

,57 ; ci . XXX V

1 5—1 9

Phi l iscus,XXXV 1 43

Ph i loeh ares,XXXV 28

Phdocles,XXXV 1 6

(Phflomachus XXXV 1 46 n . )Philon

,XXXIV 9 1

Ph i loxenus,XXXV 1 1 0

Phradmon,XXX IV 49

,53

(Ph ry llus XXX IV 60 n.)Ph rynon,

XXXIV 50

(Phyromachus XXXI V 51 n.)

INDEX OF ARTISTS

P iraeicus , XXXV 1 1 2

P lston ,XXX IV 89

Plau t 1us , Ma rcus Lycon,XXXV 1 1 5

Polemon, XXXV 1 46

Polh s , XXXIV 9 1

Polycles , XX V 50

Polycles , X XIV 52, 80 ; of.

XXXVI 35Polycl itus , XXX IV 64

Polyclxtus, XXX IV 1 0,49 , 50

,53,

Polycra tes , XXX IV 9 1

Poly dorus , XXX I V 85 ; XXXV 58,

59,1 22

,1 23 ; cf. VI I 205 ; XXX IV

9 1 n.

Polygnot us, XXXI V 85 ; XXXV 42,

Poly idus , XXX IV 9 1

Pos idon1us, XXX I I I 1 56 ; XXXIV91

Poss is, XXXV 1 55

Prax1t eles,XXX I V 50 , 69—7 1 ;

XXXV 1 22,1 23 ; of. XXXVI 20

(Prodicus XXXIV 44)P rodorns , XXXIV 85

Protogenes , XXX IV 91 ; XXXV 80 ,8 1—83, 88, 1 01

—1 06,1 1 8 ; of. VI I

1 26 .

Pyromachus , XXX IV 51, 80, 84 ;

XXXV 1 46

Pyrrhus, XXXIV 80

Pyt hagoras , XXX I V 49, 59, 60 , 68Pyt h eas , XXX I I I 1 56Pyt hms , XXX IV 52

Pythocles , XXX IV 52

Pyt hocri tus , XXXIV 9 1

Pyt hodi cus , XXXI V 85 ; 44 n.

Rhoecus,XXXV 1 52 ; of. XXXVI 90

Scopas , XXXIV 49,90 ; of. XXXVI

22,25

,26

,28

,30

,31

, 95

Scymnus , XXXIV 85

Serapion,XXXV 1 1 3

Sdamon,XXX IV 51 , 8 1 , 82

Simon,XXXI V 90

Sxmonid% ,XXXV 1 43

Sunus,XXXV 1 43

Socrates ,XXXV 1 37 ; of. XXXVI 32

Sofoclae,Sophocles , XXXI V 51

Sopolis , XXXV 1 48

Sost ratus , XXXIV 51 , 60Stadms , XXXV 1 46

Sthennis,XXXIV 51 , 90

4 1 6

St ratomcus , XXXI II 1 56 ;

St rongylion, XXXIV 82

(Studius XXXV 1 1 6 n.)Styppax ,

XXX IV 8 1Symenus

,XXXI V 91

XXXIV

(Ummi dius XXXV 1 20 n.)

Va lea XXXV 1 57

Xenocrates,XXXIV 83

Xenon,XXXV 1 46

Z enodorus , XXXIV 45—4 7Z eux iades , XXXIV 51

Z euxis,XXXV 61—66 , 1 1 1

Z opyrus , XXX I I I 1 56

( T ad ius XXXV 1 46 n.)T ad 1us , XXXV 1 1 6

T aur iscus , XXX I I I 1 56 ; XXXV 1 44 ;of. XXXVI 33

,34

T elephanes , XXXV 1 6

T elephanes ,XXX IV 68

( T elesarchides XXXI I I 1 56 n.)T eucer

,XXXI I I 1 57

T h eodorus,XXXIV 83 ; XXXV 1 46

,

1 52

(T heodorus XXXV 1 44 n.)T heomnes tus

,XXXV 1 07

T heomnestus , XXXIV 91

T heon,XXXV 1 44

T h eorus, XXXV 1 44

T herimach us, XXXIV 50 ; XXXV 78

T hracidas,XXX I I I 1 56

T hrason,XXX IV 9 1

T imagoras , XXXV 58T iman t hes , XXXV 64

, 72—74

T imarchxdes,XXXIV 91 ; cf. XXXVI

35

T imarchus,XXXIV 51

T imarete,XXXV 59

,1 47

T 1mocles,XXX I V 51

T imomachus , XXXV 1 36,1 45 ; cf.

VI I 1 26

T imon,XXXIV 9 1

T imot h eus,XXXI V 9 1 ; of. XXXVI

30—32

T is ias, XXXIV 9 1

s xcrates,XXXIV 67

,83, 89 ;

XXXV 1 46

(T lsicra tes XXX IV 72 n.)T xted ius (T xtnd ius Labeo, XXXV 20T urpilius , XXXV 20

MUSEOGRAPHIC INDEX

RomeT emplesApollo in Ci rcus of Flaminius ,XXXV 99 ; of. XXXVI 28

,

34

Apollo of the Palat ine, XXXIV1 4 ; ci . XXXVI 23

,24, 25,

32

Augus tus , XXXV 28,1 31

in Li brary of, XXXIV 43

Castor and Pollux,XXXIV 23

Ceres , XXXV 24, 99 , 1 54

Concord , XXXIV 73, 77 , 80, 89,90 ; XXXV 66, 1 31 , 1 44

Diana , in Circus of Flaminius ,

XXXV 94

Felici tas , XXXIV 69

Fides ,on Capi tol , XXXV 1 00

Fortuna huius ce diei , XXX IV 54,60

Hercules, in Ca ttleMarket,XXXV

1 9

Hercules Musamm,XXXV 66

Honour and Virtue ( twi n T em

ples) , XXXV 1 20

Janus , XXXIV 33

Jul ius Caesar , XXXV 27 , 91

Juno,on Capi tol , XXXIV 38

Jupi ter of the Capi tol , XXXII I1 54 ; XXXV 69 , 1 08 , 1 57

RomeT emples—contd .

Jupi ter the T hunderer on Capi tol ,XXXI V 1 0

,78, 79

Mars the Avenger , XXX IV 48

Minerva on Capi tol , XXXV 1 08

Muses,XXX IV 1 9

Pax, XXXIV, 84 ; XXXV1 09

Salus,in Quirinal i , XXXV 1 9

T ellus , XXXIV 30

Venus Genetrix,XXXV 26

,1 38 ,

1 56

T iberius , apartments of, XXXV 70

T i tu s, House of, XXX IV 55 ; of.

XXXVI 37

Samos,XXXV 72 , 93

Sicyon, XXXV 1 09, 1 27 ; of. XXXV I1 0

Syracuse, XXXIV 59

T arentum,XXXI V 40

T h ebes,XXXIV 59

,67

T h es piae, XXX IV 66 ; XXXVT hes sal y , XXXIV 68

T usculum,XXXV 52, 1 30

Verona,XXXV 20

Volsini i,XXX IV 34

INDEX OF MINERALS

aerugo, XXX I I I 62,93 ; XXX I V

1 1 0—1 1 6, 1 60

aes, XXXI I I 1,60

,64 , 65 , 82, 94 ,

98, 1 00 , 1 25, 1 26, 1 30-1 32 ; XXXI V1

1 62 , 1 63, 1 72 ; XXXV 1 82,1 86

,1 92

a labas trum, XXXII I 1 01a lumen,

XXX I I I 65,88

,94, 98 ;

XXX IV 1 06, 1 1 6, 1 49 ; XXXV1 83- 1 90

a lut iae, XXXIV 1 57

ampeli t is , XXXV 1 94

ant ispodos, XXXIV 1 33

anul ana cret a , XXXV 46 ; op . 48

aphroni trum,XXXV 1 95

Appianum,XXXV 48-49

argentar ia creta,XXXV 44

,1 99

argent ar ium plumbum,XXX IV 95

97 , 98

argent um,XXXI I I I

,4,1 6

,37

,49

,

5 1,52, 53, 55 , 56 , 58 , 60, 80 , 8 1 , 86,

93—98, 1 01 , 1 05 , 1 1 1 , 1 2 1 , 1 25—1 28

,

1 30—1 32, 1 39—1 48,1 51 —1 53, 1 57

1 58 ; XXXI V 5,1 00, 1 32, 1 37 ,

1 58-1 63, 1 7 3, 1 77 ; XXXV 1 99

argentum vivum,XXX I I I 64, 65, 99 ,

argyrit is , XXX I II 1 06 , 1 08(Armeniacum) , XXXV 47

Annoniurn,XXXV 30

Armemus lapis , XXXV 47

arrhemcum,XXX IV 1 78

.u rament um,XXXII I 90

,91 ;

XXXV 30, 41—43, 50

at ramentum su tor1um,XXXIV 1 1 2

,

—1 27

aurich alcum,XXXI V 2

,4

ami pigmentum,XXXI I I 79 ; XXXV

30, 49

aurum,XXX I I I 1 , 4—6 , 9 , 1 2—1 6 , 2 1 ,

37—39 , 42, 47,48—86

,93, 94

,98,

XXX IV 5 , 1 1 6, 1 2 1 , 1 32 , 1 37 , 1 57 ,1 63

,1 73, 1 77 ; XXXV 36

4 1

b itumen,XXXV 1 78—1 82 , 1 94

cadmea,XXXI I I 94 ; XXXIV 2

,4,

1 00,1 01 - 1 06, 1 1 3, 1 1 7 , 1 1 9, 1 28 ,

caeru leum,XXXI I I 91 , 1 58 , 1 61

1 63 ; XXXV 45—47, 49 ; see a lso

Ind i cumcalx

,XXXII I 94

,1 2 1

,1 59

,1 62 ;

XXXV 1 82

candidum aos ,XXXIV 1 09

,1 1 0

,1 60

capnit is , XXX I V 1 01carbo

,XXX I I I 94 ; XXXIV 96

cassiterum,XXXIV 1 56

,1 58

cerussa,XXXI I I 1 02 ; XXXIV 1 04

,

1 50 , 1 68, 1 70 , 1 75 , 1 76 ; XXXV 30

37—39,49

ch alcant hum,XXXIV 1 1 4 , 1 23

—1 27

chalcit is , XXX IV 2,I I ?—1 2 1 ; XXXV

1 86

Chi a t erra , XXXV 1 94

chrysocolla , XXX I I I 4,86—93

,1 6 1 ;

XXXV 30, 47 , 48

Cimoha creta ,XXXIV 1 55 ; XXXV

cinnabaris , XXXII I 1 1 5—1 1 7 ; XXXV30

cot icul a ,XXXI I I 1 26 ; XXX I V 1 05

cret a , anu laria , XXXV 46 ; op . 48

argentar ia ,XXXV 44

,1 99

Cimolia,XXXI V 1 55 ; XXXV

Eretria , XXX I I I 1 63 ; XXXV37

Sarda , XXXV 1 96,1 98

Sehnusia ,XXXV 46

viridis , XXXV 48

Cyprium aes XXX IV 4,94

,1 06 , 1 09,

1 72

cypru rn,XXXV 1 95, 1 96

d iphryges ,XXXIV 1 35

,1 36

elect rum,XXX I I I 1 , 80, 81

Eretn a cret a,XXX I I I 1 63

Eret ria terra,XXXV 30

,38

,1 92

,1 94

INDEX OF MINERALS

l errum,XXX I I I 1

,7,94

,1 2 1

,1 32 ;

XXXIV 1 38—1 55, 1 67 ; XXXV 35,

1 82

110 8 aeris,XXXIV 1 07, 1 09, 1 35

ga lena , XXX I I I 95 ; XXXIV 1 59,1 73

gypsum,XXXIV 1 50

,1 98

Hammoniacum , XXXIV 1 1 4,1 1 5

hydrargyrum,XXXII I 64, 1 00, 1 23

1 25

Indi cum, XXXI I I 1 63 ; XXXV 30,

42,46

,49 ; cp. XXXV 43

lap is, Armeni as , XXXV 47

pyri tes ,XXXIV 1 35

specu laris, XXXII I 79T h rac ius, XXX I I I 94

larbas is , XXXI I I 1 0 1Lemn ia rubrica , XXXV 33

leucophorum, XXX I I I 64 XXXV 36librarium a t ramentum

,XXXV 43

lonchoton,XXXI V 1 24

magnes , XXX IV 1 47 , 1 48

marxlla XXX IV 1 34

marmor, XXX I I I 64,68

,94

,1 22 ;

XXX I V 1 1 2

Mel inum,XXXV 30, 36 , 37, 49, 50

Mel inum a lumen,XXXV 1 84

,1 88

,

1 90

minium,XXX I I I 4

,1 1 1—1 24 ;

XXX IV 1 06 ; XXXV 30 , 33, 40, 45

misy , XXX I I I 84 ; XXX IV 1 1 4,

1 1 7, 1 2 1 , 1 22

molybdaena , XXXI I I 1 05, 108 :XXX IV 1 73, 1 74

molybdit is, XXX I I I 1 06murrina

,XXX I I I 5

naph t h a , XXXV 1 79

nitrum, XXXI I I 93,

1 03, 1 09 ;XXX IV 1 1 6 ; XXXV 1 77 , 1 8 1 , 1 85

ochre, XXXV 30, 35, 39

onych it is , XXX IV 1 03

onyx ,XXX IV 1 03

palacurnae, XXXI I I 77Paraetonium

,XXX I I I 90, 9 1 ;

XXXV 30 , 36

pissasphalton,XXXV 1 78

plumbago, XXX I V 1 68

4 2 0

plumbum,XXX I I I 59

,60

,65

, 86,94

,95

,1 04—1 06 , 1 1 9 ; XXXIV 95,

96—98,1 43, 1 56

—1 73 ; XXXV 37

plumbum album,XXX I I I 94

XXXI V 1 56,1 57

,1 58

,1 60—1 63

plumbum argent inurn, XXXIV 95,

plumbum nigrum,XXX IV 96

, 98,

pomph olyx ,XXXIV 1 28—1 30

psimi th ium,XXX IV 1 75 , 1 76

pu lv is, XXXV 1 66

purpu ra , XXXI I I 70 ; XXXV 44,

purpur i ssum,XXXV 30, 44 , 45, 49, 1 95

Pu teolanum caeru leum,XXX I I I 1 6 1

,

1 62

pyrxt&s lapis, XXXIV 1 35

pyropus , XXX IV 94robigo,

XXX I I I 62,1 21 ; XXXIV

99,1 40

,1 4 1

,1 43

,1 46, 1 50, 1 52 , 1 53rubrica , XXX I I I 1 1 5 , 1 1 7 ; XXXIV

1 35 ; XXXV 30, 33, 34, 35

sa l,XXX I I I 63

, 65, 84, 1 09, 1 57XXXIV 1 06, 1 1 6 , 1 25

Samia t erra , XXXV 1 9 1,1 94

sandaraca , XXXIV 1 76 , 1 77, 1 78 ;XXXV 30, 39 , 40 , 1 77

sandyx,XXXV 30 , 40 , 45

sant erna ,XXX I I I 93 ; XXXIV 1 1 6

s apph irus, XXXI II 68Sarda creta , XXXV 1 96

,1 98

scoria,XXX I I I 69

scor ia aer i s, XXX IV 1 07 , 1 35

scor1a plumbi, XXXIV 1 71 , 1 74

scudos,XXX I I I 69

scy t anum,XXX I II 88

Scyt hicum caeru leum , XXXI I I 1 61Selmus ia creta , XXXV 46

Sehnusia t erra ,XXXV 1 94

8 11, XXX I I I 1 58- 1 60,1 64 ; XXXV

36,38

,50

smopis, XXXI I I 1 1 7 ; XXXV 30,

smegma,XXX IV 1 34

sori,XXX IV 1 1 7, 1 1 8 , 1 20

specu laris lapis , XXXI I I 79spod ium,

XXX I V 1 70 , 1 72spodos , XXXIV 1 28—1 32

spuma argent i, XXX I I I 1 02, 1 06

1 1 0 ; XXXIV 1 74, 1 76

squama aeris,XXX IV 1 0 7, 1 08

—1 1 0

squama ferri,XXX IV 1 55

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AMMIANUS MARCELL INU S . Trans la t ed by J . C . Rolfe . 3 Vo ls .

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W ay .

CAESAR : CIV I L WARS . A . G . Foske t t .

CAE SAR : GALL I C WAR . H . J . Edward s .

CATO : DE RE RUSTI CA; VARRO : DE RE RUSTI CA . H . B . Ashand W . D . H ooper .

CATULLUS . F . W . Com ish ; TI BULLUS . J . B . Pos tga te PERV I G IL IUM VENERI S . J . W . Ma cka il .

CELSUS : DE MED I C INA . W . G . Spencer . 3 Vol s .

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DE ORATORE , Book I I I . De Fa t o ; Pa radoxa St oicorum ;

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W . A . Fa lconer .CI CERO : I N CAT I LIN AM, PRO FLACCO , PRO MURENA,

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Lou is E . Lord .

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C I CERO : PRO CAE L I O , DE PROVI N C I I S CON SULARI RU S , PROBALBO . R . Ga rdner .

CI CERO : PRO MIL ONE , I N P I SON EM, PRO SCADRO , PRO FON T E I O ,

PRO RARI RI O POSTUMO , PRO MARCELL O , PRO LI CAR I O ,PRO

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C I CERO : PRO QUI N C T I O , PRO B OSC I O AME RINO , PRO ROSC IOCOMOED O , CONTRA RULLUM . J . H . Freese .

CI CERO : PRO SESTI O , IN VAT IN I UM . R . Ga rdner .C I CERO : TUSCU LAN D I SPUTATI ONS . J . E . King .

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CLAUD I AN . M. Pla tnau er . 2 Vol s .

COLUMELLA : DE RE RUSTI CA . DE AR BOR I BU S . H . B . Ash ,

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FLORUS . E . S . Fors t er ; and CORNEL IUS NEPOS . J . C . Rolfe .

FRON T I N US : STRATAGEMS and AQUE DUCTS . C . E . Bennet t andM. B . McE lwa in .

FRONTO : CORRESPONDENCE . C . R . H a ines . 2 Vol s .

G ELLIU S , J . C . Rolfe . 3 Vol s .

H ORACE : ODES AN D EPODES . C . E . Bennet t .

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JUVENAL and PERS IUS . G . G . Ram say .

LIVY . B . 0 . Foste r , F . G . Moore , Ev an T . Sage , and A . C .

Schl es inger and R . M. G ear (Genera l Index ) . 1 4 Vo ls .

LUCAN . J . D . Dufi.

LUCRETIUS . W . H . D . Rou se .

MARTIAL . W . C . A . Ker . 2 Vol s .

MINOR LATIN POR T S : from PU RLII .IU S SYRUS TO RU T IL I U SNAMAT IAN U S , Includ ing G RAT T IU S , CALPURN IU S SI CULU S ,NEME SIAN U S , AVI ANU S , and o t h ers w i t h Ae tna and th e

Ph oenix .

” J . “'

igh t Du ff and Arnold M. Du ff.OVID : T EE ART OF LOVE and OTHER POEMS . J . H . Moz ley.

2

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ACHI LLES TATIUS . S . G a se lee .

AELIAN : ON THE NATURE OF AN IMALS . A . F . Scho lfie ld . 3Vo l s .

AENEAS T AC T I CU S , ASCLEPI OD O T US and ONASAN DER . T h eI l l inois Greek C lu b .

AESCHIN ES . C . D . Adam s .

AESCHYLUS . H . We ir Smy th . 2 Vo l s .

AL C I P II R ON , AEL IAN ,PR ILOST RAT US : LETTERS . A . R . Benner

and F . H . Fobes .

AN D OC IDE S , ANTI PHON , Cf. MINOR ATTI C ORATORS .

APOLLOD ORUS . Sir James G . Fra zer . 2 Vol s .

APOLL ON IUS RHOD IU S . R . C . Sea ton .

THE APOSTOL I C FATHERS . K irsopp Lake . 2 Vol s .

APPIAN : ROMAN H I STORY . H ora ce Wh it e . 4 Vol s .

ARATUS . Cf. CALL I MACHUS .

ARI STOPHANES . Benjam in B ick ley Rogers . 3 Vol s . Verset rans .

ARI STOTLE : AR T OF RHETORI C . J . H . Freese .

ARI STOTLE : ATHENIAN CONSTITUTI ON, EUDEMI AN ETHICS ,VI CES AN D VIRTUES . H . Ra ckh am .

ARI STOTLE : GENERATI ON OF ANIMALS . A . L . Peck .

AR I STOTLE : METAPHYSI CS . H . Tredennick . 2 Vol s .

ARI STOTLE : ME T EROLOG I CA. H . D . P . Lee .

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ARI STOTLE : N I C OMACHEAN ETHI CS . H . Ra ckh am .

ARI STOTLE : OE CON OMI CA and MAGNA MORALI A. G . C . Arms t rong ; (with Metaphys ics , Vol .ARI STOTLE : ON THE H EAVENS . W . K . C . Gu th rie .

ARI STOTLE : ON THE SOUL . PARVA NATURAL IA. ON BREATH .

W . S . H et t .

ARI STOTLE : CATEGORIES , ON I NTERPRETATI ON , PRI ORANAL YTI CS . H . P . Cooke and H . Tredenn ick .

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ARI STOTLE : ON SOPHI STI CAL REFUTATI ONS .

On Corn ing t o be and Pa ss ing Away , On th e Cosmos . E . S.

Fors te r and D . J . Fu rley .

ARI STOTLE : PARTS OF ANIMALS . A . L . Peck ; MOTI ON AND

PROGRESS I ON OF ANIMALS . E . S. Fors ter.

ARI STOTLE : PHYS I CS . Rev . P . W icks te ed and F . M. Cornford .

2 Vol s .

ARI STOTLE : POETI CS and LONGINU S . W . H am il ton Fyfe ;DEMETRIU S ON STYL E . Rh y s R ober t s .

AR I STOTLE : POL IT I CS . H . R a ckh am .

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Vo l . I I . ) H . Ra ckh am .

ARR IAN : H I STORY OF ALEXAN DER and IND I CA . R ev . E . I l iffe

Robson . 2 Vo l s .

ATHEN AEUS : DE IP N O SOP II I ST AE . C . B . GUL I CK . 7 Vo ls .

ST . BAS IL : LETTERS . R . J . Deferra ri . 4 Vo ls .

CALLIMACHUS : FRAGME NTS . C . A . T rypan is .

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Me ir ; AR ATUS . G . R . MAI R .

CLEMENT of ALEXAN DRIA . R ev . G . W'

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CO LLU T HU S . Cf OPPIAN .

DAP HNI S AND CHL OE . T h ornley’

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DEMOSTHENES I . : OLYN T I I I ACS , PHIL I PPI CS and MINOR OBATI ONS . I .

—XVI I . AND XX . J . H . V ince .

DEMOSTHE NES I I . : DE CORONA and DE FAL SA LE GAT I ON E .

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DEMOSTHENES IV .—VI . : PRIVATE ORATI ONS and I N NEAERAM.

A . T . Mu rray .

DEMOSTHENES VI I . : FUNERAL SPEECH , EROTI C ESSAY , EXORD IAand LET TE RS . N . W . and N . J . DeW

’

it t .

D I O CASSIUS : R OMAN H I STORY . E . Ca ry . 9 Vo l s .

D I O CHRYSOSTOM. J . W”

. Coh oon and H . Lama r Crosby . 5 Vo ls .

D I OD ORO S SI CULU S . 1 2 Vo ls . Vo l s . I .-VI . C . H . O ldfa th er .

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D I OGENES LAE RI T I US . R . D . H icks . 2 Vol s .

D I ONY SIUS OF HAL I CARNAS SUS : R OMAN ANTI QUI TIES . Spe lman

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E T US . W . A . O ld fa t h er . 2 Vol s .

EURII °ID E S . A . S . W ay . 4 Vol s . Vers e t rans .

EU SERI U S : EC CLE SIAS ’

I'

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J . E . L . Oul ton . 2 Vol s .

GALEN : ON T HE NATURAL FACUL TI ES . A . J . Brock .

THE GREEK AN TH OLOGY . R . Pa ton . 5 Vol s .

GREEK ELEGY AND IAMBUS with th e ANACREONTEA. J. M.

Edmonds . 2 V0 1s .

THE G REEK BUC OL I C P ORT S (THEOCRITUS , B I ON , MOSCHUS ) .J . M. Edmond s .

GREEK MATHEMATI CAL WORKS . I vor Th oma s . 2 Vol s .

H ERODES . Cf. THEOPHRASTU S : CHARACTERS .

H EROD OTUS . A . D . God ley . 4 Vo l s .

H ESI OD AN D THE H OMERI C H YMNS . H . G . Ev e lyn Wh it e .

H IPPOCRATES a nd th e FRAGMENTS OF H ERACLE I T U S . W . H . S .

Jone s and E . T . W’

ith ingt on . 4 Vo l s .

H OMER : I LIAD . A . T . Mu rray . 2 Vol s .

H OMER : ODYSSEY . A . T . Mu rray . 2 Vol s .

I SARDS . E . W . Fors te r .I SOCRATES . George Norl in and LaRu e Van H ook . 3 Vols .

ST . JOHN DAMASCENE : BARLAAM AND I OASAPH . Rev . G . R .

Woodwa rd and H a rold Ma t t ingly .

JOSEPHUS . H . St . J . Th a ckeray and Ra lph Ma rcus . 9 Vols .

Vo l s . I .—VI I .

JUL IAN . W i lmer Cav e Wrigh t . 3 Vol s .

LUC IAN . 8 Vo l s . Vol s . I .—V . A . M. H a rmon . Vol . VI . K .

K ilburn .

LY CO I’HRON . Cf. CALL IMACH US .

LYRA GRAECA . J . M. Edmond s . 3 Vo l s .

LYSIAS . W . R . M. Lamb .

MAN E T Iî-IO . W . G . Wadde l l : PTOLEMY : TETRAB I BLOS . F . E .

Robb in s .

MARCUS AUREL IUS . C . R . H a ines .

MENANDER . F . G . Al l inson .

MINOR ATTI C ORATORS (AN T I P I I ON , ANDOC IDES , LYCURGUS ,

DEMAD E S , D IN AR CHU S , H Y PERE IDE S ). K . J . Ma idm ent and

J . 0 . Bu rr t . 2 Vo l s .

N ONN O S : D I ON Y SIACA . W . H . D . Rou se . 3 Vol s .

OPP IAN , C OLLU T II U S , T RY PH I OD ORU S . A . W . Ma ir .PAPYRI . N ON -L I TERAR Y SELECTI ONS . A . S. H unt and C . C .

Edga r . 2 Vol s . L I TERARY SELECTI ONS (Poe t ry ) . D . L .

Pa ge .

PARTHEN IUS . Cf. DAP HNI S and CEL OE .

PAUSANIAS : DESCR I PTI ON OF GREECE . W . H . S. Jones . 4

Vols . and Compa n i on Vol . a rranged by R . E . \Vych erley .

PHI L O . 1 0 Vo l s . Vo l s . I .—V . ; F . H . Co lson and Rev . G . H .

Wh it aker . Vo l s . V I .—IX . ; F . H . Colson .

PHIL O : two supplem ent a ry Vo ls . ( T rans la tion only . ) Ra lphMa rcu s .

PH IL OS T RAT U S : THE L I FE OF APOLL ONIUS OF TYANA. F . C .

Conybea re . 2 Vo l s .

P I I IL OST RAT U S : IMAG INES ; CALLI STRATUS : DESCRIPTI ONS . A .

Fa irbanks .

IN PREPARAT ION

G reekAu thors

ARISTOTLE : H I STORY OF ANIMALS . A . L . Peck .

PLOT INUS : A . H . Arm s t rong .

La t in Au thors

BARRIU S AND PHAEDRUS . Ben E . Perry.

DES CR IP T I VE PRO SPE C T US O N APPL I CA T IO N

London W ILLIAM HEI NEMANN LT D

C amb r idge , Mas s . HARVARD UN IVERS I T Y PRESS

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