INTEGRABILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS INBUILDINGS FOR SELF- SUSTENANCE

Dissertation Submitted by

HARKIRAT SINGH113701100

B.ARCHITECTURE VII SEMESTER

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER 2014

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNINGMANIPAL UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

We certify that the Dissertation entitled “INTEGRIBILITY

OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS FOR SELF-

SUSTENANCE”, that is being submitted by Master. HARKIRAT

SINGH 113701100, in the VII semester of Architecture

undergraduate program, Faculty of Architecture and

Planning, Manipal University, Manipal is a record of

bonafide work, to the best of our knowledge.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to allthose who provided me the possibility to complete thisreport.  A special gratitude I give to our DissertationFaculty in Charge ar. Sahana and my Guide Ar. AhmadullahKhan whose contribution in stimulating suggestions andencouragement, helped me to coordinate my topicespecially in writing this report. Further, I would alsolike to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucialrole of the MIT Library which helped me to access all thepossible books and journals that were needed to bestudied for my topic. A special thanks goes to my guideAr. Ahmedullah Khan, who helped me to assemble the partsand gave suggestion about the topic and helped mestructure my topic accordingly.  Last but not least, manythanks go to all the articles and journals without whichit would not be possible to study this topic completely.I have to appreciate the guidance given by otherfaculties and the review of the other panels. Theiradvices and feedback has helped me to go about the studyin the right direction. I would like to express mygratitude towards my Director Mr. Nishant H. Manapure andmy college Faculty of Architecture for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completionof this dissertation. My thanks and appreciations also go

to my batchmates and every other people who havewillingly helped me out with their abilities.

ABSTRACT This study aims at renewable sources of energygeneration and their compatibility and feasibility ofintegration into different building typologies forachieving self-sustenance in energy production. Theeffects of such systems on building location, form andsizes and vice versa. A comparative analysis is conductedbetween traditional non-renewable sources of energy andrenewable source of energy in terms of economicfeasibility. The data so procured is analyzed for use inrural and urban contexts. Further an analytical study isconducted to check system feasibility in an off-grid typesystem situation. Case studies are conducted as ananalytical study to see the systems productivity andworkability in existing situations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION:1.1 Background

1.2 Relevance of the study

1.3 Aim

1.4 Research question

1.5 Objectives

1.6 Definitions

1.7 Scope and Limitations

1.8 Methodology

1.9 Outcome of the research

2. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS:2.1 Introduction

2.2 History of Solar Energy systems

2.3 Applications

2.3.1 Photovoltaics

2.3.2 Photovoltaic Production system

2.4 Energy Economics

2.5 Grid Parity

2.6 Energy Payback

3. BUILDING INTEGRIBILITY3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles in Building Integration

3.2.1 Key Design issues in Building Integrated

Photovoltaics

3.3 Types of Building Integrated Photovoltaics

3.3.1 Roof Mounted systems

3.3.2 Façade Mounting

3.4 Market Segmentation

3.5 Global and Indian scenario

3.5.1 Indian Scenario

3.6 Technical Analysis

3.6.1 Installation of BiPV and Component Details

3.7 Positioning of Solar Panels

4. REFRENCES

1.INTRODUCTION:The subject focuses on integrating solar energy systems

in buildings for self-sustenance in energy generation.

This includes the capability and probability of making

the building as an off-grid system with it requiring no

external grid based power source for its day to day

functions. It focuses solely on renewable sources of

energy generation to counter the growing problem of

climate change whilst providing a cleaner and ever-

present source of power.

1.1 BACKGROUND:The current energy scenario has led to a major

depletion resource banks for generating energy to meet

with the world’s requirement. A significant amount of

energy available from commercial sources i.e. coal,

oil, natural gas etc. is used for the production of

electricity. Data on the installed capacity and the

electricity produced in the world from these sources [1]

[2] [3] shows that the electricity produced has increased

from 6117 TWh in 1973 to 17540 TWh in 2004 over a

period of 30 years with the average per year increment

being 365 TWh.

The current trend for world energy production can be

seen in Table 1.1

Energy use in terawatt-hours

FossilNuclea

r

Renewabl

eTotal

1990 83,374 6,113 13,082102,56

9

2000 94,493 7,857 15,337 117,68

7

2008117,07

68,283 18,492

143,85

1

Change

2000-

2008

+23.9% +5.4% +20.6% +22.2%

Table 1.1[4]

Rates of World Energy usage [5]

.

The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide

energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels

totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the

available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding

2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if

estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are

accurate and become technically extractable. The total

energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr., though not all

of this is available for human consumption. The IEA

estimates for the world to meet global energy demand

for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require

investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy

frameworks."[6]

Global warming emissions resulting from energy

production are an environmental problem. Efforts to

resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which a UN

agreement is aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts,

which a number of nations have signed. Limiting global

temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to

be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.

To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees

Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon

emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the

population is 10 billion in 2050.[7] Across 40 years,

this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the

emissions of energy production continued rising

regardless of the consensus of the basic problem.

Hypothetically, according to Robert

Engelmann (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent

collapse, human civilization would have to stop

increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the

economy or population (2009).[8]

Changing climate, pollution and energy poverty are

significant problems and addressing them requires major

changes to energy infrastructures. [9] Renewable energy

technologies are important contributors to the energy

demand, as they contribute to energy security

worldwide, reduce dependency on fossil fuels and

provide opportunities for reducing the impact of

greenhouse gases.

Climate destroying fossil fuels are now being replaced

with clean, climate-steadying un- exhaustive renewable

sources of energy.

Internationally there is a strong support towards for

alternate sources of energy to address the problem of

energy insecurity. These alternate sources include

renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, tidal,

geothermal etc. and providing government incentives to

encourage use and development.

Renewable energy sources were estimated 16.7% of global

final energy consumption in 2010. By the end of 2011,

total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360

GW, up 8%. Of this total, modern renewable energy

accounted for an estimated 8.2%, while the share from

traditional biomass has declined slightly to an

estimated 8.5%. In the power renewables accounted for

almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally

during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV)

accounted for almost 40% and 30%. [10]

This growth has been possible due to concerted effort

by the governments in providing financial setup to

provide low interest rates, subsidized prices and

reduced taxes to make the system more economical and

viable for purchase and implementation.

Projected renewable energy investment growth globally[11]

1.2 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY:Based on the above data for fossil fuels, consumption

is slated to increase rapidly whilst the production

remaining the same providing energy accessibility

problems.

The average rate of oil production in the world is

declining at a steady pace and peak in production is

expected to be achieved by 2015.Thereafter the

production will steadily decline and most of the

reserves are slated for depletion by the end of this

century. The gravity of the situation can be visualized

when about 30% of the world’s current energy demand is

provided for by energy generated through oil and most

of the transportation systems use oil as the main

source acting as a fuel for the engines.

The production of natural gas is continuing to increase

at a rate of 4% per annum.In comparison to oil, there

has been significant reduction in the speed of increase

of production. Present indications are that a peak in

production of gas will be reached by 2025, 10 years

after oil reaches its peak production.

As oil and natural gas become scarcer, greater pressure

will be experienced by coal production which will reach

its peak production near 2050.

Solar Energy as an alternative is a very practicable

future. Solar Energy is a very large and unexhausted

source of energy. The daily solar insolation on the

surface of the earth is approximately 1.8X1011 MW, about

a thousand times larger than the present consumption

rate of all the commercial energy sources combined.

Therefore in theory solar energy could provide us with

an unlimited and clean source of energy.

In addition to its scope, solar energy has two other

aspects in its favor. Firstly unlike fossil fuels and

nuclear power it is a clean source of energy. Secondly

it is inexpensive and available in limitless quantities

in every part of the word.

1.3 AIM:

The aim of this study is to learn about the solar

energy systems available and to employ them in design

of buildings for achieving sustainability and self-

sustenance.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION:Integribility of Solar energy Systems in Buildings for

Self-Sustenance

1.5 OBJECTIVES:A. To find out the various sources and techniques

for energy generation and check for the

Economic feasibility in integrating them into

different building systems.

B. To get experimental data pertaining to system

efficiency, economic viability, ecological impact

and cultural acceptability.

C. To check for system workability at grass-roots

level/rural typologies.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:There are quite a few problems associated with the use

of solar energy as an alternative to traditional means

of energy production.

The main problem is that it is a dilute source of

energy. Even in the hottest regions on earth, the

solar radiation flux available rarely exceeds 1 KW/m2

and the total radiation over the day is at best about

7 KWh/m2.

Accordingly, large areas are required in many

applications and this adds to cost.

Secondly, the availability of solar radiation for

energy purposes varies widely from time to time and

location to location. This disparity in availability

occurs daily because of day-night cycle and also due

to the earth’s orbit around the sun at different times

of the year. Therefore, energy collected when there is

solar insolation must be stored and kept for times it

is not available.

Thus the real challenge in utilizing solar energy as

an alternative to traditional sources of energy is of

the economic kind. Public and private companies should

cooperate for the development of cheaper methods of

collection and storage so the large initial investment

required for the system to be put up is reduced.

The scope of the study varies from micro level

initiative as in the case of an off-grid system

generating its own energy consumption requirements

locally to a macro level initiative wherein the whole

urban typology is made into an off-grid system making

the urban system sustainable in itself and provide for

its own energy needs.

The application spectrum is varied and diverse for

such systems ranging from land based systems

integrated into buildings to offshore systems on

drilling platforms to meet for their own production

needs.

The two major limitations of the system are as follows

a. For generating equivalent amounts of electricity

in comparative to non-renewable sources of energy

a large area is required for generating that much

output thereby increasing implementation costs.

b. The second limitation being the availibity and

consistency of supply as the systems depend on

climate and various other factors which can

hamper production requirements.

1.7 METHODOLOGY:A. To do a primary study involving history of energy

generating systems.

B. To find out about the various energy generation

systems available(incl. prototypes)

C. To gather experimental data checking system

feasibility and efficiency.

D. To conduct case studies acquiring data on

previous applications of the known/new systems.

E. To do a comparison between different micro and

macro level applications.

2.RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION:Renewable energy, generally termed as energy that comes

from resources which are replenished naturally such as

wind, tides, sunlight, rains and geothermal heat.

Renewable energy has helped in replacing traditional

energy sources in areas such as electricity generation,

thermal heating, motor fuels and rural (off-grid)

energy services.

Renewable energy sources are widely available over a

wide geographical area, in contrast to traditional

energy resources which are available in a limited

number of locations. Rapid deployment of these energy

resources and efficient energy is resulting in

significant energy security, climate change mitigation

and economic benefits.

While the majority of renewable energy projects are

large scale in nature, newer technologies have been

able to vanguard implementation at rural/grass roots

levels.

Renewable aims at replacing the traditional fuel

sources in these distinct areas namely;

I. Power Generation:Renewable energy now provides 21.7% of world’s

electricity requirement as of 2013.

Renewable power generation provides a significant

share of electricity in most of the areas

II. Heating:Solar Energy makes a significant contribution to

renewable thermal energy in many countries.

Worldwide, total installed solar thermal energy

systems meet needs of over 70 million households.

At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already

have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy

supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to

continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and

some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term

shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity

generated for the European Union by 2020. Some countries have

much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables.

Outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries

target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that

range from 10% to 50%.

(REN21 (2013), Renewables Global Status Report

2012)

II.2HISTORY OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS:Prior to the use of coal in the mid-19th century, nearly

all energy consumed was renewable. The oldest known use

of renewable energy was in the form of biomass to fuel

fires dating back to about 790,000 years ago. Use of

biomass to fuel fires did not become commonplace until

thousands of years after, between 200,000 and 400,000

years ago.

The second known source of renewable energy use is the

harnessing of wind to sail ships across oceans, the start

of this practice can be traced back to Nile, some 7000

years ago. Moving up into the future, the primary sources

of traditional renewable energy were human labor, animal

labor, water power, and wind for crushing grains in

windmills, and firewood, a traditional biomass.

By 1873, concerns of depleting coal reserves prompted

experiments with solar energy. [12]

In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and

solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar

engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square

boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point

than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes

which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman

formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building

larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical

advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist

Sir Charles Vernon Boys, [13] developed an improved system

using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector

boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that

water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then

constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-

pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar

engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world’s

first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt between

1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to

power a 45-52 kilowatt (60-70 H.P.) engine that pumped

more than 22,000 liters of water per minute from the Nile

River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of

World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s

discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s

vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s

with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. [14]

2.3 APPLICATIONS:Solar energy refers predominantly to the use of solar

radiation for practical ends. However, all renewable

energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their

energy from the sun.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

passive or active depending on the way they behave.

Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels,

pumps and fans to convert sunlight.

Passive solar techniques include selecting materials

with favorable thermal properties, therefore making

it necessary

2.3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION:The conversion of solar power to electricity is termed as

Solar Power is done either directly using Photovoltaics

or indirectly using concentrated solar power.

Concentrated solar power systems use tracking systems

made up of mirrors and lenses to concentrate a large area

of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics on the other

hand convert light into electricity using the

photovoltaic effect. [14]

Photovoltaics initially used to power small and medium

sized applications. They are an important inexpensive

source of electricity in areas where grid power is

inconvenient, excessively expensive to connect to

unavailable. Although due to growing trends in solar

electricity production the cost of the system is

gradually coming down making it affordable for the common

man.

Commercially viable concentrated solar power plants were

first developed in the 1980’s. The 392 MW ISEGS

concentrated solar power installation is the largest

solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave

Desert California. The 290 MW Agua Caliente Solar project

in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park

in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic power

stations.

2.3.1 Photovoltaics or Photovoltaic Cells:Is a device used to convert solar radiations into

electricity. The first solar cell was made by Charles

Fritts in 1880’s.Ernst Werner von Siemens, a German

industrialist was one of the few to recognize the

importance of the discovery.

2.3.2 Photovoltaic Power systems:Solar Cells produce DC (direct current) which fluctuates

with the sun’s intensity. For practical use this is

usually requires conversion to a certain desired voltage

or alternating current (AC) by using inverters. Multiple

solar cells are combined together to form a module which

are further connected with other modules to form an

array, which is then tied to an inverter producing power

at a desired voltage.

The early development of solar technologies starting in

the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would

soon become scarce. However, development of solar

technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the

face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility

of coal and petroleum. [15]

Between 1970 and 1983 photovoltaic installations grew

rapidly, but falling oil prices in the early 1980s

moderated the growth of PV from 1984 to 1996. Since 1997,

PV development has accelerated due to supply issues with

oil and natural gas, global warming concerns, and the

improving economic position of PV relative to other

energy technologies. [16]

Photovoltaic production growth has averaged 40% per year

since 2000 and worldwide installed capacity reached

139 GW at the end of 2013 with Germany having the most

cumulative installations (35.7 GW) and Italy having the

highest percentage of electricity generated by solar

(7.0%) [17]

Electricity Generation fromSolar

Year Energy (TWh) % ofTotal

2005 3.7 0.02%

2006 5.0 0.03%

2007 6.7 0.03%

2008 11.2 0.06%

2009 19.1 0.09%

2010 30.4 0.14%

2011 58.7 0.27%

2012 93.0 0.41%

2013 124.8 0.54%

In 2010, the IEA predicted that the worldwide solar

capacity could reach 3000 GW by 2050; sufficient to

produce 4500 TWh of electricity per year. In 2014, the

agency increased its solar estimates, reporting that

solar power could reach 27% of electricity generation

worldwide by 2050.

2.4 ENERGY ECONOMICS:Photovoltaic systems use no fuel and modules typically

last 25 to 40 years. The cost of installation is almost

the only cost, as there is very little maintenance

required. Installation cost is measured in $/watt or

€/watt. The electricity generated is sold for ¢/kWh. 1

watt of installed photovoltaics generates roughly 1 to 2

kWh/year, as a result of the local insolation. The

product of the local cost of electricity and the

insolation determines the break-even point for solar

power. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic

Investments, organized by EPIA, has estimated that PV

systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years.[18]

As of 2011, the cost of PV has fallen well below that of

nuclear power and is set to fall further. The average

retail price of solar cells as monitored by the Solarbuzz

group fell from $3.50/watt to $2.43/watt over the course

of 2011, and a decline to prices below $2.00/watt seems

inevitable:

For large-scale installations, prices below $1.00/watt

are now common. In some locations, PV has reached grid

parity, the cost at which it is competitive with coal or

gas-fired generation. More generally, it is now evident

that, given a carbon price of $50/ton, which would raise

the price of coal-fired power by 5c/kWh, solar PV will be

cost-competitive in most locations. The declining price

of PV has been reflected in rapidly growing

installations, totaling about 23 GW in 2011. Although

some consolidation is likely in 2012, as firms try to

restore profitability, strong growth seems likely to

continue for the rest of the decade. Already, by one

estimate, total investment in renewables for 2011

exceeded investment in carbon-based electricity

generation. [19]

Shi Zhengrong has said that, as of 2012, unsubsidized

solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in

India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said "We are at a

tipping point. No longer are renewable power sources like

solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now

starting to compete in the real world without subsidies".

"Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies

against conventional power sources in half the world by

2015". [20]

2.5 GRID PARITY:Grid parity is considered as the point at which the cost

of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than

the price of commercial grid power.

The fully loaded cost (cost not price) of solar

electricity in 2008 was $0.25/kWh or less in most of

the OECD countries. By late 2011, the fully loaded cost

was predicted to fall below $0.15/kWh for most of the

OECD and reach $0.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost

levels are driving three emerging trends: [21]

1. Vertical integration of the supply chain;

2. Origination of power purchase agreements (PPAs) by

solar power companies;

3. Unexpected risk for traditional power generation

companies, grid operators and wind turbine

manufacturers.

2.6 ENERGY PAYBACK:The energy payback time of a power generating system is

the time required to generate as much energy as was

consumed during production of the system.

 In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was

estimated as 8 to 11 years [22] and in 2006 this was

estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon

PV systems [23] and 1-1.5 years for thin film technologies

(S. Europe).[24]

3. BUILDING INTEGRIBILITY:

3.1 INTRODUCTION:Buildings and their processes account for one half of all

energy consumption. When the energy required to mine,

produce, deliver and assemble materials for the

construction of buildings. For developed countries to

carry on enjoying the comforts sustainability must be the

cornerstone for design philosophy for the years to come.

Rather than reducing usage of non-renewable resources to

create less pollution, we need sustainable building

designs that run on renewable sources of energy to

provide most/almost of their own energy needs and future

pollution.

Planners have long anticipated large scale solar power

plants covering large masses of land. As solar

electricity increases, there is an increase in consensus

that PV systems will provide energy at the point of use

or near the point of use. Distributed PV systems are

advantageous as:

Provide grid support, particularly during summer

peak loads.

Eliminate costs and losses in transmission and

distribution.

Create a diverse and resilient energy system.

Rapid deployment.

The most lucrative distributed power applications are PV

power systems for individual buildings having benefits

such as:

The building and processes they house consume

majority of electricity.

Real estate comes free with the building.

No site development costs.

Utility interconnection already serves the building.

Building integrated Photovoltaics has many additional

benefits:

The building itself becomes the support structure.

System electrical interface is easy

BiPV components displace conventional building

materials and labor, reducing the net installed cost

of the PV system

Architecturally classy. Well integrated systems will

increase marketplace

3.2 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING INTEGRATION:Unlike any other building installation, building

integrated photovoltaics can affect a lot of essential

parts of the design process:

Layout and orientation

Form and Massing

Layout and height of surrounding buildings

Energy strategy

Building structure and modularity

Selection and assembly of other building materials

Capital and running costs

Construction integrity and detail

Appearance and architectural expression

3.2.1 KEY DESIGN ISSUES IN BiPVA successful BiPV solution requires interaction between

building design and PV design system. A fully integral

approach is possible with the PV system shifting a

convention building existing material.

The integration of PV systems in architecture can be

divided into five approaches as follows:

1. Applied seamlessly:a. By this the installed PV system is not

architecturally disturbing. It is well

integrated and goes in form with the overall

design of the building.

2. Added to the design:a. The building can be missing a design function

that the building can be missing which the PV

can compensate for example being a PV shading

device.

b. Often, PV addition do not necessarily mean that

architectural integration is lacking as the

added PV system is not always highly visible.

3. Used to determine the architectural image:The PV system is used as an integral part of the

building envelope and thus espouses a core building

characteristic. PV revitalizes what may have been a

stereotypical glazed corridor into a prominent

feature.

3.3 TYPES OF BIPV SYSTEM We have classified BIPV into the following four types:

1. Roof integrated systems

2. Facade integrated systems

3. Retrofit roof or facade systems

4. PV used as a shading system either built with the

building or retrofit

3.3.1 ROOF INTEGRATED SYSTEMS:The roof integrated BIPV system which is the integration

of the panels into the roof of the building serves two

purposes, first as a roof and secondly as an electricity

generator. It replaces the conventional roof while

allowing the natural sunlight to filter through. As a

roof, the BIPV serves as structural and weather condition

requirements by providing structural strength and

stability; it protects against the damages like chemical

and mechanical damage; preventing against fires;

protecting against rain, sun, wind, and moisture; it

allows heat absorption and heat storage; controls the

diffusion of light, etc. In addition to these features it

serves as an electricity generator through meeting part

of the electrical load requirements of the building. The

BIPV modules for roofs (which are based on crystalline

technology) are available in the three forms. Although

the detail about the module is being covered in the

technical analysis chapter but readers are advised to

once go through it because it is appropriate to describe

this here.

Single glass element:

Here the solar cells are laminated on a single glass

with transparent encapsulation that allows light to

pass through space between cells.

Double glass element:

In this case, the solar cells are sandwiched between

two glasses with transparent encapsulation; this

encapsulation reduces heat losses from indoor

building spaces.

Double glazing element:

In which a third glass is fixed at the bottom of the

double glass element, with vacuum in between the

second and the third glass to reduce heat losses.

3.3.2 FAÇADE MOUNTING:The word façade comes from the French literally meaning

"frontage" or "face”. A façade is generally one side of

the exterior of a building, especially the front, but

also sometimes the sides and rear. In case of façade

integrated system, PV in integrated once the building is

constructed. PVis usually integrated into the south

façade, for maximum utilization. Module comes in

different color so adding more flexibility to the

architects as far as the aesthetic view is concerned. The

typical BIPV façade is vertical, and integrated with

clear glazing and semi-transparent PV modules. However,

vertically oriented PV panels produce less electricity as

compare to the solar panels slanting towards the sun. The

reduction is greatest in the summer when the sun is high

up. So facades can be sloped in to a saw tooth design top

absorb maximum solar energy. Semitransparent glazing does

not allow direct sunlight to enter the building, thus

reducing cooling loads and glare. Opaque PV material can

be used in building structural members. Integrated façade

system requires a high degree of refinement to get

sufficient cooling of the modules. In architecture, the

facade of a building is often the most important from a

design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of

the building. Many facades are historic, and local zoning

regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid

their alteration.

The low powered systems of up to some 10 kW are usually

integrated into the south facade. Facade integrated

photovoltaic systems could consist of different

transparent module types, such as:

Crystalline PV modules

Micro-perforated amorphous transparent modules.

In such case a part of natural light is transferred into

the building through the modules. Solar cells are

available in different colors; therefore, there is no

limitation for imagination of the architect or the

designer. We can say that such constructed buildings give

the term architecture a completely new meaning. The best

results and efficiency can be reached with systems, which

are tightly integrated into the passive solar buildings;

however, the use of active solar systems is an additional

possibility. This is where the modules are partially

transmitting allowing natural light to penetrate the

building. Undoubtedly, such systems challenge even the

best of architects. High-level of expertise is required

for successful BIPV systems planning, not only in regard

to architecture, but also to civil and photovoltaic

engineering. The projects realized in the past show that

a successful BIPV system designing is based heavily on

technical experience and knowledge. Poorly designed

systems usually have to be redesigned or repaired later,

consequently swelling maintenance costs and lowering

system efficiency rate. Inside the BIPV system,

photovoltaic (PV) panels are integrated into some of the

building components, such as glass plates on curtain wall

glass system, window shades, skylight systems, etc. They

functioned as normal parts of a building and at the same

time generate electricity.

3.4 MARKET SEGMENTATION:Market segmentation describes about the four types of

building where BIPV system in mostly used.

1. Residential buildings

These mainly use roof integrated systems. Cost is a major

concern for this segment, with the focus being on lower

RoI time and increased efficiency. The residential

buildings that we are considering for the analysis are

single dwelling, attached and multi-unit house buildings.

2. Commercial buildings

These are large BIPV systems used by major companies and

organizations where they feel that it is more cost

effective in the long term than conventional power

sources. This is usually done in parts of Europe where

there is a large support policy for BIPV.

3. Industrial buildings

Since industrial buildings are large in area and hence if

we can even prove BIPV in one such building then this

could be an initiative towards the grand success of BIPV

in industrial buildings.

4. Government and PSU buildings

It is a difficult task to convince customer without

showing the practical viability of the similar kind of

the projects thus if BIPV is first being proved to the

government buildings then it could serve as a showcase

for all the BIPV customers.

3.5 GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCENARIO:

FACTORS JAPAN GERMANY SPAIN INDIA

SOLAR

INSOLATI

ON

1051 950 1300 1700-2500

INSTALLE

D PV1919 3862 120.2 830.5

FEED-IN

TARRIF

0.32-

0.430.44-0.49 0.32-0.34 0.39

SUBSIDIE

S

50% of

Installat

ion cost

33% for

Local

Governmen

t’s

Subsidized

loan at 5.2%

for 5 to 10

Yrs. Up to

20 Yrs.

50% of cos

ts for

modules

of 5

kWpmaximum

,

atRs.200,0

00/kWp,50%

of cost

for

modules

of 1 kWp

maximum

capped at

Rs.100,000

/kWp

TAX

CREDITS

3-year

property

tax

credit

with PV

system

NO

4% (2009)

on total

capacity

installed

100% tax

credits on

installati

ons

3.5.1 INDIAN SCENARIO: [23]

Installed PV Capacity: Cumulative installed as of September 2007: 112 MW2

(97.3% off-grid)

Cumulative installed end 2006: ~100MW (98% off-grid)

Cumulative installations growth rate: 2005-2006: +16.3%

2006-2007: +12%

Annual installations growth rate 2006-2007: -14%

State-level feed-in tariffs: Punjab: ~Rs 8.93/kWh NSRE policy

West Bengal: Rs 11/kWh

Haryana: ~Rs 15.75/kWh

Direct Capital Subsidies:

Building Integrated PV systems: 50% of costs for

modules of 5 kWp maximum, capped at Rs. 200,000/kWp

(US$ 4,860).

Solar power packs‟: 50% of cost for modules of 1 kWp

maximum capped at Rs.100, 000/kWp (US$ 2,430).

Tax Credits: 80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for

grid-connected systems. Not available in conjunction

with the Generation Based Incentive. No cap.

Ten consecutive-year tax exemption on income from sale

of electricity within 15years of setting up of the

project.

Import duty exemptions

Subsidized Loans: IREDA may provide loans at 9-10%.

3.6 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS:3.6.1 INSTALLATION OF BIPV AND COMPONENT DETAILS: 

A. Installation of BIPV:

As the title indicates, this part of the report

gives a fair detail to the layman about how to

install BIPV system and what are the

basic components of the BIPV system.

B. How to install a BIPV system:

To install BIPV in newly constructing house or to

the home already constructed the very first thing we

need to decide that whether we need to fulfill all

our electricity requirements by solar BIPV or to

utilize BIPV as a substitute to the presently used

conventional electricity. Once we have decided this,

the very second step is to decide the capacity being

installed accordingly, it needs a little knowledge

of electrical terminologies otherwise we require to

take the help of a consultant or directly the BIPV

installers to calculate it.

STEP 1: CALCULATE DAILY POWER USED:

Method 1:

To do this, take the last 12 monthly power bills and

calculate the average kilowatt hour (kWh) usage per

month.

The reason we use 12 is because our power consumption

fluctuates with the seasons.

Then divide the monthly usage by 30 (the average number

of days in a month, to get the daily power used.

So for example: If the monthly power consumption of 800

kWh (which is generally in a double story upper class 4

bhk house), then the daily consumption is 800/30= 26.7

kWh per day.

Now if we want to halve the power bill then you need to

produce 26.7 / 2 = 13.4 kWh of solar panel watt power

per day.

Method 2:

If we don’t have the electricity bill then there is a

way to calculate the power consumption by means of the

electrical appliances used. All it needs to know is the

capacity, hours of use and the hours of use per day of

these equipment’s.

Some of these appliances with all the details are as

given below: -

SR.

NO.

EQUIPMENT CAPAC

ITY

NUMBE

RS

HOURS/

DAY

CONSUMPTION/

YEAR1 TUBELIGHT 5-10W 5 8hrs 146000 W2 BULB 60W 5 4hrs 138000 W

3AIRCONDIT

IONER1000W 1 4hrs 1060000 W

4FAN 10-

50W4 8hrs 350400 W

5 COMPUTER 370W 1 8hrs 1080400 W

6TELEVISIO

N100W 1 2hrs 73000 W

TOTAL3147800 W ~

3147.8 KW

TABLE 3.6.1[24]

Power consumption per year = 3147.80 kWh (from table

3.6.1)

Power consumption per day = 3147.80/365 = 8.62 kWh

Power consumption per hour = 7.66/24 = 0.359 kW

STEP 2 - CALCULATE TOTAL SOLAR PANEL WATT NEEDS:To do this, first determine how many usable hours of

sunlight the area receives per day.

This is taken from a solar insulation map.

For example sunshine hour per year in India = from 2300

to 3200 = 2750 (average)

Thus average sunshine hours per day = 2750/365= 7.5

hours per day

Now we know the daily sunlight hours (i.e. 7.5 hours)

and we have calculated per hour power consumption in

Step1 (i.e. 13.4 kWh from method 1), thus if we divide

the per hour power consumption by total sunshine hours

in a day then we will get the power capacity required.

This is calculated below:-

13.4 KWh / 7.5hrs = 1.78 kW or 1780 Watts

Thus 1.78kW is the power that we require for our house

but since there are some energy losses from the solar

panel wiring, battery, and inverter which is

approximately 25% thus to get the desired power we need

to install system which is capable of generating 1.78kW

power with 25% energy losses.

Thus the system would be 125% of the desired power.

Hence solar panel capacity should be:

1780*1.25 = 2225 watts

Now we are able to calculate the BIPV capacity that the

house will require. After knowing this we need to

calculate the cost of the BIPV system which requires

the financial analysis of the 2.234 kW BIPV system

which is being detailed out in a topic named financial

analysis. For a fair idea the general cost for a 2kW

BIPV system could be around 8 lakhs with major of the

cost required for PV module.

STEP 3 - CALCULATE SOLAR PANEL WATT COSTS:This step will help to work out the cost of the solar

panels needed to make 2234 Watts of power. At the

moment the lowest cost for solar panels based on multi-

crystalline technology is Rs. 180 from the Indian

manufacturer. Since PV modules participate generally

around 68% of the total cost of the BIPV system thus we

can arrive at a rough estimate of the total BIPV cost

that we are going to install.

The detailed analysis of all these components and their

financial part is described in the further part of the

report

In our example:

It will cost us at the most 2234 x Rs.180 = Rs. 4,

02,120 to install solar panels to halve our power bill.

Since this forms only around 68% of the system cost,

thus the total system cost could be

= Rs. 5, 91,352.9 which comes around Rs. 264.7/watt.

General cost breakup component-wise: [25]

Module: 68%

Inverter: 11%

Support structure: 7%

Mechanical work: 6%

Electrical work: 5%

Quality control: 3%

STEP 4 - OFFSET TAX CREDITS AND REBATESWe need to take tax incentives and rebates in account

which we get from the government and thus we need to

deduct that from the initial amount.

With the BIPV installation subsidy of subsidy of 50% of

module cost maximum up to Rs.2, 00,000. Hence 50% of

module cost=50% of Rs.4, 02,120= Rs. 2, 01,060 would be

paid by the government.

Thus the price reduces to Rs. 5, 91,352.9-Rs. 2,

01,060= Rs. 3, 90,293 i.e. Rs. 174.7/watt

Since there are many factors that go into calculating

the solar panel watt costs, please only these steps as

a rough estimate The above are the general steps which

give a layman a fair idea on deciding whether

to install BIPV system in the house or not.

3.7 POSITIONING OF SOLAR PANELSThe direction and angle that the panel faces can have a

big impact on its performance by affecting the amount of

light that hits the panel each day through the year. Some

solar panels move continuously to track the sun but most

will not go to the expense and difficulty of implementing

that. To get it right we have to make sure that the

panels get hit by the maximum amount of light. This

happens when the sun is directly above the panel.

As you can see from above, the angle that the sun hits a

panel changes the amount of exposure. At 30 degrees from

the panel, the panel is only exposed to 50% of the light

of the sun, at 60degrees, 87% and at 90 degrees, 100%.

This happens because the sun emits the same number

of photons in a square cm, but once we put our panels on

an angle, those photons are spread across a larger area.

As we all know, at different times of the day the sun

moves through the sky and so any stationary panels get

exposed to different angles, so what is directly above at

one time of the day will not be at the next.

Although when the sun it at its highest it is not

necessarily straight up, but may be off by an angle. And

that angle is different at different times of the year

and different at different latitudes. This angle is to

the south in the northern hemisphere and the north in the

southern hemisphere.

Date: 10/7/2014 Time: 14:40:00 Zone: GMT + 5.5

Lat: 13.35° Long: -74.79° Aspect: 180°

Pressure: 0.0 mB Temp: 0.0° C

Declination -5.5315°

Solar zenith angle

(no refraction)

99.0000°

Solar zenith angle

(with refraction)

99.0000°

Julian day 56937.8819

Equation of time 12.1273 min

Hour angle -114.2609°

Extraterrestrial global

horizontal solar irradiance

0.00 W/m2

Extraterrestrial direct normal

solar irradiance

0.00 W/m2

Daily global ETR 9762.8 W/m2

Daily direct normal ETR 16183.4 W/m2

Earth radius factor 1.0012

Sunrise 16:22:18

Sunset 04:11:46

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