Green BuildingsEnvironmentally Sensitive Design

GREEN BUILDINGS

A Dissertation Report

Nivesh Chaudhary

Department of Architecture

Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

Introduction

FOREWORD

Since the Industrial Revolution, the world has witnessed incalculable technological achievements, population growth, and corresponding increases in resource use. As we are moving forward in the century, we are recognizing the “side effects” of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity,toxic waste, global warming, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These efforts are straining the limits of the Earth’s “carrying capacity”—its ability to provide the resources required to sustain life while retaining the capacity to regenerate and remain viable.

As the world’s population continues to expand, implementation of resource-efficient measures in all areas of human activity is imperative. The built environment is one clear example of the impact of human activities on resourses.

Effective management of natural resources is the frontline of the struggle for more sustainable and equitable development. All our actions ultimately have consequences on the quality and quantity of natural resources on the planet. And environmental degradation is one of the first indications of unsustainable social and economic systems.

Buildings have a significant impact on the environment,accounting for one-sixth of the world’s freshwaterwithdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows. Structures also impact areas beyond their immediate location, affecting the watersheds, air quality, and transportation patterns of communities. As the environmental impact of buildings becomes more apparent, a new field called isgaining momentum. Green or sustainable building is the practice of creating healthier and more resource-efficient models of construction, renovation, operation,maintenance, and demolition.

1

green building

“When the well is dry....We know the worth of water”

-Benjamin Franklin

Research and experience increasingly demonstrate that when buildings are designed and operated with their lifecycle impacts in mind, they can provide great environmental, economic, and social benefits.“Green” or “sustainable” building approach, considers a building’s total economic and environmental impact and performance, from material extraction and product manufacture to product transportation building design and construction, operations and maintenance, and building reuse or disposal.

Ultimately, adoption of sustainable building practices will lead to a shift in the building industry, with sustainability thoroughly embedded in its practice, products, standards, codes, and regulations.

Sustainable or Green development is the challenge of meeting growing human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter,and effective waste management while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future life and development.

This concept recognizes that meeting long-term human needs will be impossible unless we also conserve the earth's natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. Sustainable development concepts, applied to the design, construction, and operation of buildings, can enhance both the economic well-being and environmental health of communities in the India and around the world. Green Building approach is helpful in achieving

sustainability and environmental efficiency.

“Green makes Economic Sense”

-CII GBC

N O T E S

1. David Rodman and Nicolas Lenssen, “A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction,” Worldwatch Paper 124 (Washington, D.C., March 1996).

OVERVIEW

The manual is designed to synthesize the large volume of available information on and direct the reader to more detailed resources for further review and reference.

The primary intent of this dissertation on ‘Green Building’ isto provide the scattered and growing volume of information pertaining to sustainable or Green Buildings on one platform. The idea is to discuss suggested practices across the full cycle of a building project, from site planning to building design, construction, and operations.Green features vis-a-vis (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) program of USGBC (US Green Building Council) are discussed in detail and also Green Building movement in India.The dissertation is fragmented into three parts:

The first part of the Dissertation defines Green Buildings and its principles & features.Then follows its implications, materials of construction and LEED Rating of buildingsFinally the dissertation is describing about Green Buildings in India.

Although this report was written with specific regard to office buildings and residences in India, data is national inscope and conclusions are broadly applicable to other types of buildings and for other public and private sector entities.

I hope that you will find this dissertation a useful and vital resource of information on Green Buildings or practice of sustainable building principles—

Green Buildings

LEED

A necessary and important step toward recognizing the Earth’s finite carrying capacity and addressing the depletion of its natural resources.

METHODOLOGY

CASE STUDIES

The study has been branched into the premises of “Green Building” features, techniques and adoption of sustainable building practices.The course of study involves:

Literature studies including library hours for the study of sustainable/green building practices in India and other countries (US in particular).Case study of buildings generating an insight into the process that goes into Green Design.Drawing inferences after the analysis of the observations made in the aforementioned stages.

The case studies have been dealt with the objectives and subjective analysis of ‘Green Buildings’.The case study are oriented towards planning concept, use of construction materials and various techniques and technologies involved in designing the particular building.

Following case studies are included in this dissertation:

1. CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad,2. ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon,3. The Energy and Research Institute (TERI), Gurgaon

Along with following literature case studies:

1. Wipro Development Centre, Gurgaon2. Grandfos Pumps Limited, chennai

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

Scope of the study is oriented towards futuristic approach to green architecture or self sustainable design.

The study includes discussion of green design objectives,environmental protection and eco sensitive measures,Relationship of human efficiency with the environment, in and around the building, andEnvironmental impact of building.

This dissertation is not aimed to be all inclusive. It is confined to a relatively small number of examples due to the constraints of time on this academic exercise.

Chapter 1:

Chapter 2:

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5:

Chapter 6:

Chapter 7:

Chapter 8:

INTRODUCING GREEN BUILDINGS- Green Buildings: - Characteristics of Green Buildings

ECONOMICS OF GREEN BUILDINGS- Energy Efficiency- Indoor Air Quality

Definition

(IAQ)

Chapter 3:

(LEED)

(Case Studies)

ANNEXURE

- Productivity and Health- Optimum Site Potential- Environmental Impact of Building

: GREEN BUILDING ISSUES

BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDINGS

GREEN BUILDINGS: COST & FINANCIAL BENEFITS

GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM (Green Rating of Buildings)

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDINGS IN INDIA - Godrej: CII GBC, Hyderabad- ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon- Wipro Softwares Centre, Gurgaon- Grandfos Ltd., Chennai

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ContentsG

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CHAPTER 1

What is GREEN BUILDING

GREEN BUILDINGS

GO GREEN? WHAT IS THAT?

Incorporating excellent practices that result in environmentGreen building

protection, water conservation, energy efficiency, usage of represents a building recycled products and renewable energy, is termed as going area, with all its different

activities, harmoniously green.integrated into its In the long run, these practices are extremely healthy for surroundings and

the bottom line and for the occupants of a Green Building as providing those who live well. there with quality of life

and environment....

WHAT IS ?

A Green Building is one that is environmentally responsible,

profitable and a healthy place to live and work.

Green Buildings ensure that waste is minimized at everystage during the construction and operation of the building, resulting in low costs. Green Building applies to both existing and new constructions, from a simple commercial space to large development projects.

The buildings in which we live, work, and play protect us from Nature's extremes, yet they also affect our health and environment in countless ways. The design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal of buildings takesenormous amounts of energy, water, and materials, and generates large quantities of waste, air and water pollution, as well as creating stormwater runoff and heat islands. Buildings also develop their own indoor environments,which present an array of health challenges. Where and how they are built affects wildlife habitat and corridors and the hydrologic cycle, while influencing the overall quality of human life.

As the environmental impact of buildings becomes more apparent, a new field called is gaining momentum. Green or sustainable building is the practice of creating healthier and more resource-efficient models of construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition.

GREEN BUILDING

green building

B u i l d i n g s h a v e a l w a y s b e e n o n eo f t h e m o s t s e c u r e i n v e s t m e n t s ,b u t b u i l d i n g s c o u l d b e m a d ep r o f i t a b l e , a n d y e s , h e a l t h y P l a c e st o l i v e i n a n d w o r k t o o ?

A l l w e n e e d t o d o i s – G o G r e e n ....

Constructing and operating buildings require enormous quantities of energy, water, and materials, and generateslarge amounts of waste. Where and how buildings are built affects the ecosystems around them as well as the health and safety of the people within them. Green building reduces the environmental impacts of a building or development.

involves a wide cross-section of concepts, such as energy and water efficiency, waste reduction and transportation planning – issues of growing importance for many organizations, including businesses and local governments. In addition to these well-known areas of concern, green building addresses emerging liability and performance issues, such as Indoor Air Quality and naturaldaylight, that promote occupant health and productivity.Green buildings enhance our region’s economic vitality as well as our environment and quality of life.

Research and experience increasingly demonstrate that when buildings are designed and operated with their lifecycle impacts in mind, they can provide great environmental, economic, and social benefits.

Green building

Green building

Green building is not experimental – it is a proven method currently being practiced all over the globe....

is essential to achieve the economic, environmental and health benefits of quality growth. Green

building promotes economic redevelopment by encouragingpreservation of buildings and the use of local and regional materials, keeping investment within a community.

Through the efficient use of energy, water and materials, green buildings lessen air pollution and protect water qualityand supply. Green building design often protects naturalareas and can create and restore sensitive wildlife habitats. Green buildings use natural daylight to increase occupant productivity and non-toxic materials to enhance indoor air quality (IAQ)

Elements of green building include:

Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyWater StewardshipEnvironmentally Preferable Building Materials and SpecificationsWaste ReductionIndoor EnvironmentSmart Growth and Sustainable Development

Green building is friendly When applied to construction or renovation, the word to the environment and

“green” (or “sustainable”) can mean different things, but human beings; it is likelygenerally the term “green building” refers to lessening the to save 20% - 40% of the

energy and water needs; environmental impact and improving the long-term it is healthy and economic performance of new construction and renovationenhances the quality of

projects. life inside the building.

The final product is of a Key to this practice is looking beyond “first” costs and better quality, is more incorporating life-cycle analysis and resource conservationconvenient to use and is

measures into the site planning, design, construction, and considerate and operational stages of a project. economical in terms of

use and maintenance.While most green buildings look similar to conventionallybuilt buildings, their operational costs are often lower because of the use and integration of high-quality, energy-efficient materials and products. Other benefits of “going

green” can include better indoor air quality and increasedoccupant comfort and productivity.

Green building practices offer an opportunity to createenvironmentally-sound and resource-efficient buildings by using an integrated approach to design. In the nut shell Green buildings promote resource conservation, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, and waterconservation features; consider environmental impacts and waste minimization; create a healthy and comfortable environment; reduce operation and maintenance costs; and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community infrastructuresystems.

Green building is just applied common sense. To demystifythe process and move forward with your construction project, it is helpful to think of green building as the convergence of three fundamental objectives:

1. Conserve natural resources2. Increase energy efficiency3. Improve indoor air quality

Energy efficiency is a cornerstone of any green building project. Generation and use of energy are major contributors to air pollution and global climate change. Improving energy efficiency and using Renewable energy sources are effective ways to improve air quality and reduce the impacts of global warming .

Natural Resource Conservation

Energy Efficiency

...there is an urgent need to move privatesector development in the direction of moreecologically sensitive design.

Improving energy efficiency is also an economically effective choice for consumers. Lowering utility expensesallows residents to enjoy the financial benefits year after year. The first step to increase energy efficiency is to add insulation and weather stripping wherever possible, install double-glazed/low-E windows and upgrade to high-efficiency appliances. Other energy upgrades/choicesinclude installing solar water heaters, photovoltaic panels, and purchasing “green power” generated from renewablesources like the sun, wind and biomass (when available).

Indoor Air Quality

Select materials lower in volatile organic compounds and other toxins.To prevent "sick building syndrome," design the building envelope and HVAC system to properly manage humidity.Install mechanical ventilation systems that provide fresh air and control moisture. Continue to monitor indoor air quality to protect the buildings occupants and your green building investment.

Principles exemplifying green building design include:

Site a building within close proximity of commuter rail or bus lines, to reduce pollution and any land-developmentimpacts associated with increased automobile usage.

Establish building specifications that maintain the current level of storm water runoff, or decrease the amount of imperviousness already existing on site.

Develop a site with a minimum density of 60,000 square feet per acre. Channeling development to urban areas with existing infrastructure protects green fields and preserves natural habitats and resources.

Use building materials and products that contain post-consumer recycled content.

Support the regional economy by using materials and products manufactured regionally.

Encourage environmentally responsible forestry through the use of wood or wood-based material that meets Forest Stewardship Council’s Principles and Criteria for wood building components.

Utilize rapidly renewable materials, such as bamboo flooring, wool carpets, strawboard, cotton batt insulation (made from denim scrap), genuine linoleum flooring, or poplar oriented-strand board (OSB). Using rapidrenewables helps reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials.

Develop and implement a waste management plan that diverts a substantial amount of construction, demolition, and land-clearing debris from landfills to recycling or salvage facilities.

Reuse a percentage of salvage or refurbished materials from construction, demolition, or land clearing as new building material.

1. SITE DESIGN AND PLANNING

2. MATERIAL AND PRODUCT SELECTION

3. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT

4. ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE

5. WATER MANAGEMENT

6. INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Generate building electricity on site, from renewableresources like geothermal, solar, or biogas sources.

Eliminate the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in new heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration(HVAC & R) systems. Eliminating the use of CFCs reduces ozone depletion.

Contract with a green power provider to purchase building electricity generated from renewable resources, such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, or low-impacthydro sources.

Install water-efficient or low-flow equipment and appliances in kitchens and bathrooms to reduce water consumption.

Use water-efficient irrigation, captured rain, or site-recycled water for onsite landscaping.

Utilize innovative wastewater technologies, such as treating waste water on site or significantly decreasing the amount of potable water used for sewageconveyance.

Design the HVAC system and building envelope to provide for the most optimal delivery and mixing of fresh air. Effective air exchange supports the safety, comfort, and well-being of building occupants.

Reduce the number of indoor air contaminants by selecting paints and coatings, adhesives, carpets, and composite woods that emit low VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) or none at all.

Establish segregated areas for chemical-using operations (such as copy/printing rooms and housekeeping); these areas should have separateoutside exhaust and no air re-circulation.

Maximize day lighting and view opportunities. Day lighting and increased view opportunities can saveenergy costs and enhance worker productivity.

7. RESOURCE CONSERVATION

Conserving resources is a cornerstone of green building techniques. There are many ways to conserve resources during the building process. For example, selecting materials that have at least some recycled content can conserve natural resources and virgin materials. Minimizing construction waste can ease the impact on landfills and resources.

Installing water- and energy-efficient products can conserve resources while reducing operating costs. Choosing a green (plant-covered) roof can reduce energy use, cool urban heat islands, and prevent stormwaterrunoff, as well as contributing to wildlife habitat and air quality.

...design strategies that bring light to (officeworkers) can have a profound effect on theenergy consumption and habitability ofBuildings.

Economics of Green Buildings

CHAPTER 2

GREEN BUILDINGS

Economics of Green Buildings

A building’s “life” spans: its planning; its design, ‘A building should create construction and operation; and its ultimate reuse or delight...

demolition. Often, the entity responsible for design, when you enter, serenity construction, and initial financing of a building is different & health when occupied

and regret when from those operating the building, meeting its operationaldeparted....’expenses, and paying employees’ salaries and benefits.

However, the decisions made at the first phase of building A Green Building is a design and construction can significantly affect the costs major attempt in this

direction!and efficiencies of later phases.

-Indian Green Building Viewed over a 30-year period, initial building costs account Council

for approximately just two percent of the total, while operations and maintenance costs equal six percent, and personnel costs equal 92 percent.Recent studies have shown that green building measures taken during construction or renovation can result in significant building operational savings, as well as increases in employee productivity. Therefore, building related costs are best revealed and understood when they are analyzedover the life span of a building.

To date, however, green building measures have not been widely adopted, with the exception of energy efficient systems. Some energy-saving measures have become almost commonplace, because their economics are relatively easy to calculate, and because the utility industry has provided financial incentives and rebates that encourage their implementation.

This chapter reviews the economic opportunity and reducedliability for building projects that incorporate green building measures. The areas covered include energy efficiency,

water efficiency, waste reduction, construction, building

operations and maintenance, insurance and liability,

occupant health and productivity, building value, and local

economic development opportunities.

1

Buildings as they are designed and used today, symbolise In India, the residential

unrestrained consumption of energy and other natural and commercial sector resources with its consequent negative environmental consumes 25% of the

total electricity usage of impact. Designing & developing new buildings based on the country and a major sound concepts of sustainability and applying suitable portion of this is utilised in

options to existing buildings could substantially improve the buildings.energy use efficiency in the building sector with an associated reduction in both local as well as global emissions.

An unconditioned “green building” would be designed to maximise thermal comfort and avoid use of air-conditioners! air-coolers/heaters for maximum part of the year. It would also have appropriate daylighting to reduce lighting energy consumption. This is done through judicious use of passive solar principles conducive to the climate in which the building is located e.g. in office building located in moderate climate of Bangalore, south facing dark coloured solar chimneys create draft for exit of hot air, in turn drawing in cool air from the open windows on north, ensuring adequate air flow at body level to provide thermal comfort. Thermal performance of solar passivebuildings varies with changing outdoor conditions and in largely dependent on weather conditions.

TERI-Bangalore

1. Energy Efficiency(Energy & Atmosphere)

An “integrated approach” to building design involvesjudicious use and application of:

• Efficient materials and construction practices

• Bio-climatic/solar passive architectural principies

• Efficient systems and equipment

• Renewable sources of energy

• Efficient waste and water management practices

Efficient design of building envelope and lighting is the foremost step in the integrated design approach which helps to minimise space-conditioning loads. The task of the designer is then to use efficient space conditioning equipment and controls to further reduce energy consumption. In an air-conditioned building use of efficient space-conditioning equipment and controls e.g. use of efficient chillers, air handling units, pumps and cooling towers; use of variable speed drives at AHU fan motors, at cooling tower fan motors and secondary chilled water pumps; use of low leakage dampers, enthalpy control, dry bulb economiser are some of many energy conservationtechniques possible for HVAC systems.

TERI BANGALORE

The sections are naturally ventilated with the air flowing from the ground floor to the terrace because of the open nature of the volumes. The ventilation is also enhanced by the use of solar chimneys and vents. These are effective on both sunny and windy days.

The ground cover, which is distributed due to the building of this structure will be replaced on the rooftop, in the form of terrace gardens.

Measures which can be adopted in reduction of cooling loads can be:

• Use of over deck roof insulation using expanded polystyrene slabs/spray applied polyurethane foam topped by reflective broken china mosaicflooring.

• Use of double glazed windows with spectrally selective coating.

• Use of cavity wall construction with insulation infill.• Use of energy efficient lighting.• Use of underground earth air tunnel (EAT) to supply

pre-cooled airto the air handling units.

Efficient design of building envelope and lighting is the foremost step in the integrated green approach of designing, which helps to minimise space-conditioning loads. The task of the designer is then to use efficient space conditioning equipment and controls to further reduce energy consumption.

In an air-conditioned building use of efficient space-conditioning equipment and controls e.g. use of efficient chillers, air handling units, pumps and cooling towers; use of variable speed drives at AHU fan motors, at cooling tower fan motors and secondary chilled water pumps; use of low leakage dampers, enthalpy control, dry bulb economiser are some of many energy conservation techniques possible for HVAC systems.

Energy efficient and environment conscious building design is essentially an integrated approach. The available options in architectural intervention, building materials and design methodologies need to be carefully evaluated to minimize energy usage, minimize the ecological degradation that may be caused by the construction of the building and provide cost effective solutions. The aim is to achieve the desired comfort with the least input of conventional energy.

With increasing degradation of the environment because of increased energy consumption, environment conscious building design has become urgent. The benefits of green

design to society in general, and building owners and users in particular, are manifold. The construction of such buildings results in reduced destruction of natural habitats and bio-diversity, reduced air and water pollution, less water consumption, limited waste generation and increased user productivity. The cost differential between passive and conventional systems is hard to determine, as passiveelements are an integral part of the building architecture.

However, it is believed that passive design could prove to be a cost effective solution and should not cost more than 15 to 20 percent of the total building cost.

A detailed review of 60 LEED rated buildings, demonstratesthat green buildings, when compared to conventionalbuildings, are:

• On average 25-30% more energy efficient• Characterized by even lower electricity peak consumption• More likely to generate renewable energy on-site• More likely to purchase grid power generated from renewable

energy sources (green power and/or tradable renewable certificates)

Use of natural cooling systems e.g wind towers, earth air tunnels etc., can be integrated with conventional air conditioning systems to save energy.

Incorporating the above features in a holistic manner would result in buildings that would impose a minimal impact on the environment while enhancing user comfort and productivity.

With increasing energy prices, diminishing reserves of conventional forms of energy, and increasing wasteemissions, ‘green buildings’ are the need of the hour.Globally speaking, in 1990, the residential, commercial, and institutional building sector consumed 31% of global energy and emitted 1900 mega tonnes of carbon and by 2050 its share would rise to 38% and 3800 mega tonnes respectively (IPCC, Nov.1996). On the brighter side, energy efficiency measures with paybacks in five years or less can reduce global emissions by 40% by 2050.

With increasing threat on our planet earth caused by depleting resources and increasing emissions it is absolutely pertinent that all our future buildings should be designed to function as “green buildings”.

Low energy materials and methods for building

construction

The choice of building materials also substantially contributes towards reducing the energy load of buildings. The use of conventional energy can be minimized by use of low energy materials, efficient structural design and reduction in transportation energy. Thus when building an energy efficient structure, it is necessary to closely examine the issues of building materials and to make appropriate decisions according to local conditions. Bamboo which is called the poor man’s timber in India is also getting recognized globally as a suitable building material because it is eco-friendly and highly suitable for energy efficient buildings.

ReferencesBandyopadhyay B. 2001. ‘Energy Efficient Glazings’; Energy Efficient Buildings in India (ed. Mili Majumdar) pp 237-239; New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute and Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources; 252pp.

IPCC 1996. Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Climate Change – IPCC Technical Paper 1;

Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 84pp

MNES 2001. An Introduction to Solar Water Heating Technology; New Delhi: Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources; 27pp

2. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

In recent years, the attention of environ-mentalresearchers has been focused on indoor air pollution, as a Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in

Buildingsresult of reports of symptoms or specific diseases that occur — C02 monitoringmainly in air-conditioned and mechanically ventilated

buildings. Studies have proved that level of contaminants in the indoor air can be often several times higher than outdoor air This combined with the fact that people tend to spend 90% of their time indoors, proves the point that a person’smajor source of exposure to airborne contaminants can be indoors.

Poor indoor air quality leads to an increased incidence ofhealth related symptoms, which in turn can lead to an

CO2 sensors installed in increase in absenteeism and a loss of productivity. return air duct

As per ASHRAE 62-1999, acceptable IAQ should have no known contaminants at harmful concentrations and should not cause dissatisfaction to 8O% of occupants exposed to it.

IAQ has a tremendous impact on human health and occupant productivity.

Studies show that occupant productivity can be enhancedby l4%-l6% as compared to a conventional building.

Health problems like Sick Building Syndrome etc will also be lesser in buildings with good IAQ.

This in turn will result in lower absenteeism and enhanced efficiency.

What is ?

Why is IAQ important?

IAQ

Measuring IAQ using CO2 Monitoring:

A Comparison of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations helps in deciding the level of fresh air to be injected into an occupied area. The differential CO2 level within each space is based on occupant activity level.For example, in spaces like offices, differential CO2 level should not exceed 530 parts per million (ppm) with respect to outdoor CO2 levels.

CO2 sampling locations must be selected so that they provide representative readings of the CO2 concentrations in the occupied spaces. Normally, these are located in the return air ducts.A Building Management System will help to detect the differential CO2 levels and automatically open the fresh air dampers.

Health impacts of poor IAQ:

+ Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): This term is used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health problems and discomfort when they spend time inside a building.

+ The complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may be widespread throughout the building.

+ Typical symptoms of SBS can be headache, nausea, irritation in the eyes etc,

+ Other health problems aggravated by poor IAQ are asthma, bronchitis etc.

How to ascertain good IAQ

levels:

One of the methods of ascertaining IAQ is measuring Carbon-di-oxide (CO2)levels in occupied areas. High CO2 levels indicate poor Indoor air Quality.To ensure good IAQ, fresh air needs to be continuously purged inside the building.The recommended levels of fresh air as per ASHRAE 62-1999 are as shown in the table on right side:

The consequences of poor Indoor Air Quality in a work environment can be twofold:

1. The effect on the health of the individual

2. The subsequent or related economic effect by loss of productivity andincreased absenteeism.

The rules have changed for the way the buildings have to be designed and built. The demands for stringent indoor air quality, additional fresh air ventilation, concerns about humidity and microbial contamination and the need to find non toxicreplacements for CFCs have posed a challenge to the technical creativity and design finesse of the engineers, to find solutions to these needs.

However, the combination of “tight” buildings with little or inadequate fresh air ventilation produced an indoor environment with relatively high levels of chemical contaminants, bacteria, fungi and dust. It is a well-recognized fact now, that indoor air in an air-conditioned! mechanically ventilated space can be several times more polluted than outdoor air. The larger concentration of indoor air pollutants, combined with the fact that most people spend 85 to 90% of their time indoors, make them susceptible to illnesses related to these airborne contaminants.

There have been changes in the air!

Recent studies reveal that buildings with good overallenvironmental quality can reduce the rate of respiratorydisease, allergy, asthma, sick building symptoms, and enhance worker performance. The potential financial benefits of improving indoor environments exceed costs by a factor of 8 and 14.

Choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will help improving indoor air quality. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as volatile organic

compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity.

Adequate ventilation and a high-efficiency, in-duct filtrationsystem should be provided. Heating and cooling systems that ensure adequate ventilation and proper filtration can have a dramatic and positive impact on indoor air quality.

3. Productivity and Health

There is growing recognition of the large health and productivity costs imposed by poor Indoor Environmental In the 1980s, the “Sick

Building Syndrome” Quality (IEQ) in commercial buildings—estimated variouslyconcept emerged and at up to hundreds of billions of dollars per year. This is not concern for worker

surprising as people spend 900/o of their time indoors, and health band productivity the concentration of pollutants indoors is typically higher became an issue.than outdoors, sometimes by as much as 10 or even 100 times. The concern for toxic

material emissions also The relationship between worker comfort/productivity and became an issue that

building design/operation is complicated. There are needed to be addressed...thousands of studies, reports and articles on the subject

that find significantly reduced illness symptoms, reduced absenteeism and increases in perceived productivity overworkers in a group that lacked these features.

Following are some relevant attributes common in greenbuildings that promote healthier work environments:

• On average 25-30 % more energy efficient

• Much lower source emissions from measures such as better siting (e.g., avoiding locating air intakes next to outlets, such as parking garages, and avoiding re-circulation), and better building material source controls (e.g., required attention to storage). Certified and Silver level green buildings achieved 55 % and Gold level LEED buildings achieved 88 % of possible LEED credits for use of the following: less toxic materials, low-emittingadhesives & sealants, paints, carpets, and composite woods, and indoor chemical & pollutant source control.

• Significantly better Lighting quality including: more daylighting (most of the LEED green buildings reviewed provide daylighting to at least 75 % of building space), better daylight harvesting and use of shading, greater occupancy control over Light levels and less glare.

• Generally improved thermal comfort and better ventilation—especially in buildings that use underfloor air for space conditioning

• Commissioning, use of measurement and verification, and C02 monitoring to ensure better performance of systems such as ventilation, heating and air conditioning

Tenant Improvement in an building can be insured by adopting following guidelines:

1. Provide adequate space for storing and handling recyclables

2. Design lighting levels for actual use and use task lighting to reduce general lighting levels

3. Use energy–efficient lamps and lighting fixtures

4. Use lighting controls that save energy such as occupancy sensors

5. Use low– or no–VOC, formaldehyde–free paints, stains, and adhesives

6. Use low– or no–VOC carpets, furniture, particleboard, and cabinetry

7. Use reclaimed or salvaged, sustainability harvested (FSCcertified), or engineered wood for flooring and trim, or use wood alternatives such as bamboo and cork

Measuring the exact financial impact of healthier, more comfortable and greener buildings is difficult The costs of poor indoor environment&. and air quality—induding higher absenteeism and increased respiratory ailments, allergies and asthma—are hard to measure and have generally been “hidden” in sick days, rower productivity, unemploymentinsurance and medical costs.

However, four of the attributes associated with green building design—increased ventilation control increased temperature control increased Lighting control and increased daylighting— have been positively and significantly correlated with increased productivity.

Increases in tenant control over ventilation, temperatureand Lighting each provide measured benefits from O.5 % up to 34 %, with average measured workforce productivity gains of 7.1 % with Lighting control 1.8 %with ventilation control and 1.2 % with thermal control Additionally,significant measured improvements have been found with increased daylighting.

LEED rated buildings all address some combination of measures that help reduce the pollutants that cause sickness and increase health care costs; improve quality of Lighting and increase use of daylighting; and increase tenant control and comfort. LEED Green buildings consistently include a range of material, design and operation measures that directly improve human health and productivity. Gold and Platinum level LEED buildings are more comprehensive in applying IEQ- related measures and therefore should be viewed as providing larger productivity and health benefits than Certified or Silver levelgreen buildings.

REFERENCES:

1 “The Costs and Benefits of Green Buildings”, A Report to California’s Sustainable Building Task Force, October 20003. Principal author Greg Kats, For full text and summary slides see www.cap-e.com

2 Kinzey et lL, “The Federal Buildings Research and Development Program: A Sharp Toolfor Climate Policy,” 2002 ACEEE proceedings, Section 9.21.

3.Http://www.isone.com/iso_news/SMD_Reference_Guide/02_Locationalmarginalpricing_(LMP).pdf

4. US Environmental Protection Agency, “Indoor Air Quality,” January 6, 2003. Availableat: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/.

4. Environmental Impact of Building

Buildings are major source of the pollution that causes urban air quality problems, and the pollutants that causes - 50 % of CFCs produced

throughout the world are climatic changes. They account for:used in the buildings as

49 % of sulfur dioxide emissions, air- conditioners and refrigeration etc.25 % of nitrus oxide emissions, and

10 % of particulate emissions, all of which damage urban air - 50 % of worlds fossil quality. fuels consumption is related to servicing & use of buildings.

Buildings produce 35 % of our carbon dioxide emissions, the chief pollutant blamed for climate change.

It is generally recognized that buildings consume a large portion of water, wood, energy, and other resources used in the economy.

Environmental building design is design that engages environmental considerations. It is design that includes environmental criteria in the decision making or filtering steps that lead to the completion of a design.

Adjectivally, the term environmental is often thought of as an incidental issue. A public concern and an addition to marketing that adds cost but distinguishes one product overanother.

To achieve environmental design it is imperative that the entire design method, approach, and discipline be overhauled. Every component, every guideline, every mark of the pen must consider the implications of the adjectiveenvironmental.

Environmental Building Design

Creating sustainable buildings starts with proper site selection. The location of a building affects a wide range of environmental factors—as well as other factors such as security and accessibility—like the energy consumed by occupants for commuting, the impact on local ecosystems, and the extent to which existing structures and infrastructures are utilized.

Sustainable site planning should consist of a whole system

approach that seeks to:

Maximize development of open space by proper selection of disturbed land, brownfields, or building retrofits;

Control erosion through improved landscaping practices;

Reduce heat islands using landscaping and building design methods;

Minimize habitat disturbance;

Restore the health of degraded sites by improving habitat for indigenous species through native plants and closed-loop water systems;

Incorporate transportation solutions along with site plans that acknowledge the need for bicycle parking, carpool staging, and proximity to mass transit. Encourage alternatives to traditional commuting; and

Consider site security concurrently with sustainable site issues.Location of access roads, parking, vehicle barriers, and perimeter lighting, among others are key issues that must be addressed.

There are many various factors which influence creation of innovative environment with good site design of excellence. The site development includes the design of infrastructuresuch as streets, highways, potable water supply facilities, collection and treatment facilities for solid and borne wasteproducts, street lighting, electrical, communication facilities, and landscaping.

5. Optimise Site Potential [Sustainable Site Design]

MINIMIZE HABITAT DISTURBANCE

“Sustainable site Keeping land disturbance to a minimum and retain prime development is

vegetation features to the extent possible. development that meets the needs of the present Reducing building and paving footprints. generation without compromising the ability Limiting site disturbance to a minimal area around the of future generations to building perimeter, including locating buildings adjacent to eet their own needs...”

existing infrastructure.

To plan construction staging areas with the environment in - World Commission on mind. Environment and

Development, 1987Use of non-toxic snow and ice removal methods.

Green Building Issues

CHAPTER 3

GREEN BUILDINGS

WATER EFFICIENCY

Design for dual plumbing to use recycled water for toilet flushing or a gray water system that recovers rainwater or other nonpotable water for site irrigation.

Minimize wastewater by using ultra low-flush toilets, low-flow shower heads, and other water conserving fixtures.

Use recirculating systems for centralized hot waterdistribution.

Install point-of-use hot water heating systems for more distant locations.

Use a water budget approach that schedules irrigation using the California Irrigation Management Information Systemdata for landscaping.

Meter the landscape separately from buildings. Use micro-irrigation (which excludes sprinklers and high-pressure sprayers) to supply water in nonturf areas.

Use state-of-the-art irrigation controllers and self-closingnozzles on hoses.

Green Building Issues

...responsible governments and institutionsrecognize that conservation strategies areless expensive, more reliable, and moreecologically sensitive than developing newresource-intensive infrastructure.

GREEN ROOFS

Green roofs, also known as vegetated roof covers or eco-...there is an urgent need roofs, are thin layers of living vegetation installed on top of to move private sector

conventional flat or sloping roofs. Green roofs protect development in the direction of more conventional roof waterproofing systems while adding a ecologically sensitive wide range of ecological and aesthetic benefits. They are a design.

powerful tool in combating the adverse impacts of land development and the loss of open space.

Green roofs are divided into two categories:

1) extensive green roofs, which are 6 inches or shallower and are frequently designed to satisfy specific engineering and performance goals, and

2) intensive green roofs, which may become quite deep and merge into more familiar on-structure plaza landscapes with promenades, lawn, large perennial plants, and trees.

The challenge in designing extensive green roofs is to replicate many of the benefits of green open space, while keeping them light and affordable.

BENEFITSThere are many potential benefits associated with green roofs. These include:

Controlling storm water runoff

Improving water quality

Mitigating urban heat-island effects

Prolonging the service life of roofing materials

Conserving energy

Reducing sound reflection and transmission

Improving the aesthetic environment in both work and home settings.

As a result green roofs may be appropriate as an addition to many types of buildings, including commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential settings.

LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT

Low Impact Development (LID) is an alternative site design strategy that uses natural and engineered infiltration and storage techniques to control storm water where it is generated. LID combines conservation practices with distributed storm water source controls and pollution prevention to maintain or restore watershed functions. The objective is to disperse LID devices uniformly across a site to minimize runoff.

LID reintroduces the hydrologic and environmental functions that are altered with conventional storm watermanagement. LID helps to maintain the water balance on a site and reduces the detrimental effects that traditional end-of-pipe systems have on waterways and the groundwatersupply.

Benefits of LID:

Reduce infrastructural costs for ponds, curbs, and gutters

Increase the lot yield

Reduce life-cycle costs,

Increase marketability, and

Increase property values.

The LID site design approach is a precise arrangement of natural and engineered technologies. The devices, or Integrated Management Practices (IMPs), function as a comprehensive system across the site to achieve the goals of:

Peak flow control

Volume reduction

Water quality improvement (filter and treat pollutants), and

Water conservation.

Benefits of the LID Site Design Strategy

Some examples of LID technologies include:

Engineered systems that filter storm water from parking lots and impervious surfaces, such as bio-retention cells, filter strips, and tree box filters;

Engineered systems that retain (or store) storm water and slowly infiltrate water, such as sub-surface collection facilities under parking lots, bio-retention cells, and infiltration trenches;

Modifications to infrastructure to decrease the amount of impervious surfaces such as curbless, gutterless, and reduced width streets;

Low-tech vegetated areas that filter, direct, and retain storm water such as rain gardens and bio-swales; and

Innovative materials that help break up (disconnect)impervious surfaces or are made of recycled material such as porous concrete, permeable pavers, or site furnishings made of recycled waste; Water collection systems such as subsurface collection facilities, cisterns, or rain barrels.

REFERENCES

California Integrated Waste Management Board, www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Includes the manual Designing With Vision: A Technical Manual For Material Choices In Sustainable Construction (Pub. #431-99-009).

Sustainable Building Technical Manual, www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbarttoc.htm

A Guide to Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plants in California,www.dpla.water.ca.gov/urban/conservation/landscape/wucols/

Benefits of Green Building

CHAPTER 4

GREEN BUILDINGS

To those of us entrenched in the green building world the benefits seem obvious. Why would anyone choose to build in a way that isn't comfortable, healthy, and energy efficient? In the process of designing and building green, however, we keep running into others who are not yet as convinced. Forthose situations, it's useful to be able to spell out the benefits.

The building owner ultimately calls the shots, so getting that person or group on board early is essential. But not every owner will find the same arguments compelling. ForExample: a hospital board may opt for green because certain green features promote healing, a commercial officeproperty holding company may incorporate green features to speed the lease-out and thus lower carrying costs, a federal agency may desire green features to improveemployee morale and increase job retention.

Note that while a green building might theoretically be able to achieve all of these benefits, most green buildings do not. For any specific project, it is important that any claims about the benefits are associated with green strategies that are actually being implemented or at least considered for that project. Further, there are green buildings in which benefits that are not achieved such as durability may render other benefits irrelevant. If poor moisture control results in premature building failure and the growth of mold, those problems could undo key benefits of the building, such as providing a healthy indoor environment.

Green building is not only about adding together different green features and green benefits it is about how these systems fit together to create a building that works. There are lots of reasons for building green, none necessarily better than others.

Benefits of Green Building

FIRST-COST SAVINGS HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY BENEFITS

1. Streamlined permitting and 1. Improved healthapprovals 2. Enhanced comfort

2. Reduced infrastructure costs 3. Reduced absenteeism3. Reduced material use 4. Improved worker productivity4. Savings from downsizing

mechanical equipmentENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

5. Tax credits and other incentives1. Reduced global warming impacts

2. Minimized ozone depletionREDUCED OPERATING COSTS3. Reduced resource extraction

1. Lower energy costs impacts2. Lower water costs 4. Reduced toxic emissions 3. Reduced costs of churn 5. Reduced energy and other 4. Greater durability and fewer impacts of transporting materials

repairs 6. Reduced contributions to local 5. Reduced cleaning and and regional air pollution

maintenance 7. Reduced local and regional water 6. Lower insurance costs pollution

7. Reduced waste generation within 8. Reduced urban heat islands the building 9. Protection of biodiversity

10.Increased environmentalawarenessOTHER ECONOMIC BENEFITS

1. Increased property value

SOCIAL BENEFITS2. More rapid lease-out

1. Support of sustainable economies3. More rapid sales of homes and condominiums 2. Support of companies with

socially responsible policies4. Easier employee recruiting

5. Reduced liability risk

6. Positive public image

7. New business opportunities

8. Staying ahead of regulations

Benefits of Building Green

FIRST-COST SAVINGS

1. STREAMLINED PERMITTING AND APPROVALS

2. REDUCED INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS

3. REDUCED MATERIAL USE

4. SAVINGS FROM DOWNSIZING MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

For some, but not all, green projects, regulatory delays and difficulties may be reduced as a result of green measures. A project that is designed to minimize loss of open space or that will result in less storm water runoff, for example, can greatly reduce concerns by local citizen groups and planning commissions.

Substantial first-cost savings can often be achievedwith green building through differences in how infrastructure is handled. For example, innovative storm water infiltration systems can reduce or eliminate the need for storm sewers and storm water detention ponds; narrower streets to slow traffic can reduce paved area; and clustering buildings on a site can reduce the amount of paved area and the length of sewers and utility lines. Forsome projects, the infrastructure savings are so significant that they can pay for other green features with higher construction costs.

Designing smaller, more compact buildings can save a substantial amount of materials. Because construction waste volume is generally proportional to building size, smaller buildings also generate less construction wasteanother savings (see next item). Keep in mind, though, that other strategies, such as daylighting, may conflict with the goal of keeping the building geometry simple.

By improving the energy performance of a building envelope, it is often possible to downsize mechanicalequipment as well as perimeter heating systems. With air-conditioning equipment, the cost is fairly proportional to the cooling capacity, so a reduction in cooling load translatesinto savings quite directly. Once loads have been reduced significantly, whole new approaches to heating and cooling sometimes become available. For example, using radiantsystems rather than air distribution for heating and cooling, and separating ventilation air from comfort air.

Green Building reduces energy consumption,protects ecosystems and occupant health..

Increases in efficiency directly translate into economic benefit..

In some cases, by going even further with improvedenvelope energy performance, it's possible to totally eliminate heating or cooling equipment and in the process pay for much or all of the envelope improvements.

Some countries offer tax credits and other financial incentives to developers of green buildings or buyers of green products, such as efficient clothes washers and waterheaters, that might go into such buildings. America, India and Australia are among countries that offer significant green building tax credits. Also, a growing number of local municipalities offer incentives for green building.

5. TAX CREDITS AND OTHER INCENTIVES

REDUCED OPERATING COSTS

Reduced energy use is often the single most obvious economic benefit of green buildings. Minimizing energy consumption is a priority in nearly all green buildings from single-family houses to skyscrapers. Green buildings

commonly use less than half as much energy as their conventional counterparts, and some green buildings

consume less than a quarter as much energy. Much of this benefit often comes from an improved building envelopeand more energy-efficient equipment, but, with residential projects, simply creating smaller houses can savetremendous amounts of energy even without improving the envelope. Solaire high-rise

apartment building in In addition to reducing energy usage, many green New York City

design strategies lower peak energy demand, which has a huge impact on the energy costs of non residential buildings. If energy costs continue rising, as they haveduring 2004 and 2005, energy savings will become an even greater driver of green building.

Many resource experts are more worried about freshwater supply than energy supply over the coming decades. Through a combination of indoor and outdoor water conservation strategies, many green buildings are using less than a quarter as much water as conventional buildings. In addition to conserving water, some green buildings collect water off their rooftops or separate gray water from the wastestream for use in landscape irrigation.

A few green buildings, such as the building in New York City and the Godrej- GBC, Hyderadabad,include self-contained water collection and treatment systems to provide nonpotable water for toilet flushing and irrigation from wastewater.

Reconfiguring office spaces and relocating office workers (churn) is a huge cost for many companies and agencies. The average churn rate in offices is about 25% per year, and some experience more than 100% churn per year.Certain green building strategies, principally raised access floors and modular wiring, can dramatically reduce this expense.

1. LOWER ENERGY COSTS

2. LOWER WATER COSTS

3. REDUCED COSTS OF CHURN

Solaire high-rise apartment

4. GREATER DURABILITY AND FEWER REPAIRS

5. REDUCED CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE

6. LOWER INSURANCE COSTS

7. REDUCED WASTE GENERATION WITHIN THE BUILDING

A very important, yet often overlooked, feature of green buildings is durability. Well-designed and properly A green building may

cost more up front, but built green buildings will not experience moisture problems saves through lower

because sound building-science principles were operating costs over the incorporated into the design and construction. Durable life of the building.buildings cost less to operate because repairs and replacement of failed building components are less common. Although durable building materials and equipment may cost more up front, their life-cycle costs are often lower than conventional products because they last longer and require fewer repairs.

Green (vegetated) roofs, for example, can significantly increase the durability of the roof membrane by protecting it from exposure to UV light and thermal shock.

Some green building strategies, materials, and products require less maintenance or reduce the need for cleaning. A rain-screen siding detail, for example, reduces the need for repainting wood siding. Track-off entrywaygrates and carpeting keep a building cleaner by capturing dirt before it enters the building and thus reduce the costs of cleaning. A natural landscape created with native plants generally requires significantly less maintenance than conventional turf and shrubbery.

While few insurance companies currently recognize the lower risks that green buildings carry, compared with conventional buildings, this benefit of green may soon be more widely recognized. Insurance companies are increasingly aware of the risks posed by mold in buildings, and green building design protocols that substantially reduce risk of moisture problems and mold could, in the future, result in lower insurance premiums.

Many green buildings are specifically designed to minimize waste generation. Many types of buildings can incorporate facilities for recycling waste. Dining areas in commercial buildings can be designed to rely on washableutensils and chinaware rather than throw-away products.

OTHER ECONOMIC BENEFITS

1. INCREASED PROPERTY VALUE

2. MORE RAPID LEASE-OUT

3. MORE RAPID SALES OF HOMES AND CONDOMINIUMS

4. EASIER EMPLOYEE RECRUITING

5. REDUCED LIABILITY RISK

With any income-generating (rental) property,reducing operating cost can boost the property value. This occurs because the lower operating costs increase the building's Net Operating Income (NOI). According to a survey conducted: increasing the NOI of a building increases the building's appraised value by ten times the annual cost savings a capitalization rate (cap rate) of 10%.

Green buildings whether office space or high-rise residential property often lease out more quickly than

An abundance of conventional buildings, and often with higher rental prices! daylight, plants, natural

Reasons for this include media exposure about colors, textures, and environmental and health features, marketing materials artwork are intended to

promote healing and that tout the low operating costs or enhanced comfort, and comfort for patients and word-of-mouth comments about the look and feel of such visitors at the Bronson

buildings. Methodist Hospital in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Photo: Bronson Methodist HospitalGreen homes and condominiums often sell more

quickly than their conventional counterparts. Faster sales mean lower carrying costs and lower interest on swing loans, both of which increase bottom-line profits.

Recruiting quality employees can be a challenge for any employer, whether a private company, governmentagency, hospital, or school. The quality of the space in which prospective employees will be working, including such features as daylighting, views to the outdoors, and indoor air quality, can have a significant impact.

Lawsuits over mold in buildings and sick-buildingsyndrome are increasingly common. Green buildings that have been designed with state-of-the-art knowledge about building science and moisture control pose a much lower risk of lawsuits related to these problems.

7. POSITIVE PUBLIC IMAGE

8. NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

9. STAYING AHEAD OF REGULATIONS

The positive public image that can be realized through a commitment to healthy, environmentally responsible While most green

buildings look similar to buildings can be tremendously beneficial. The case of Fordconventionally built

Motor Company's revitalization of its Rouge Plant was buildings, their covered in dozens of national magazines, including five operational costs are

often lower because of pages in Time magazine, due to the green features;the use and integration purchasing that coverage would have cost hundreds of of high-quality, energy-

thousands, if not millions, of dollars. efficient materials and products...

Specializing in green development and in green

building design and construction has proven to be lucrativefor many of the pioneers. As word has spread about the success of these buildings, new opportunities have fallen into the laps of many green building experts. Though difficult to measure, these benefits can be substantial.

Many of the most expensive lawsuits faced by companies today could have been avoided if companies had been more proactive in avoiding practices that might later be banned.

The same goes for building owners. Planning now for future stormwater control regulations, or bans of HCFC refrigerants, certain flame retardants, or other potential health or environmental hazards could save significant costs down the road.

HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY BENEFITS

1. IMPROVED HEALTH

2. ENHANCED COMFORT

3. REDUCED ABSENTEEISM

4. IMPROVED WORKER PRODUCTIVITY

By virtue of the materials used, moisture-control detailing, pollution- and contamination-rejection strategies,and ventilation strategies, green buildings are healthier buildings. People spend 75-85 % of their time indoors, so the quality of the indoor environment is extremely important.

Indeed, in many building sectors, ensuring healthy living and working spaces is likely to become the single most important driving force for a transition to green building.

The 200,000 sq ft (18,000 sq m) School of Nursing and Student Community

Measures that reduce drafts, minimize floor-to-ceiling Center at the University of Texas Health Science temperature stratification, and control noise improveCenter in Houston was comfort in buildings. With houses in particular, a well-completed in August

insulated, tight building envelope not only reduces energy 2004. Interior meeting consumption but also increases comfort and the latter is just rooms and workspaces

open onto three atria as important to many homeowners. that bring controlled,

In commercial and institutional buildings, the controllability diffuse daylight deep into the building.of individual workspaces a feature in many green buildings

addresses the fact that different people have different needs when it comes to temperature, ventilation, and light levels. Individuals often benefit psychologically just from knowing that they have this control over their workspace environment.

Keeping workers healthier for example, through control of contaminants and displacement ventilation strategies (as achieved when raised access floors are used for conditioned air supply)can significantly reduce work lost to illness.

The economic benefits of boosting productivity are tremendous, Just a 1% increase in productivity, for example, will more than offset the total energy costs in the averagebuilding.

Studies have shown productivity increases in green buildings

ranging from 0.4% to 18%. As more companies come to appreciate the value of productivity improvements, this is likely to become an increasingly important driver of green

building.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

1. REDUCED GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS

2. MINIMIZED OZONE DEPLETION

3. REDUCED RESOURCE EXTRACTION IMPACTS

4. REDUCED TOXIC EMISSIONS

To the extent that green buildings use less energy and Green Buildings generate less carbon dioxide through their operation,incorporate practices require less transportation energy for their occupants, or that significantly reduce

avoid release of other greenhouse gases (such as HCFC and or eliminate adverse HFC refrigerants and foam insulation blowing agents), they environmental impacts...contribute less to global warming, which is clearly one of the greatest environmental threats we face today.

Green buildings minimize the use (and release) of ozone-depleting substances. This involves replacing CFC-based chillers, specifying non-HCFC mechanical equipment, and avoiding foam insulation produced with HCFC blowing agents. With renovation of existing buildings, measures can be taken to capture and destroy ozone-depletingrefrigerants and blowing agents.

When we use materials to construct an office building or house, the impacts of that material use are not limited to our building location. These impacts are all embodied in the materials we use. With green building, there is often an effort to consider those impacts through a process called life-cycle assessment (LCA). Specifying green building

materials can help to minimize these impacts of resource extraction.

The manufacturing of certain building materials, including some types of plastic, results in the emission of toxic air pollutants. The same materials (and others) may also emit toxins at the end of their lives, when they are landfilled or incinerated.

A commitment to green building materials is a commitment to considering these LCA issues. Naturalbuilding materials often pose the lowest environmentalrisks.

5. REDUCED ENERGY AND OTHER IMPACTS OF

TRANSPORTING MATERIALS

6. REDUCED CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOCAL AND REGIONAL AIR

POLLUTION

7. REDUCED LOCAL AND REGIONAL WATER POLLUTION

The greater the distance building materials and products need to be shipped (and the distance raw materials Green building practices

offer an opportunity to have to be shipped in the manufacturing of these finished create environmentally-goods), the greater the energy use and environmentalsound and resource-

impacts. With green building, there is often an effort to efficient buildings by select more local materials indeed, using an integrated

approach to design...The LEED® Rating System provides up to two points for use of local materials, and many projects have receivedinnovation credits for significantly exceeding those thresholds.

Burning fossil fuels to operate buildings and to transport people to and from those buildings causes local and regional air pollution so any measures that reduce this energy use will help control air pollution. Some building materials also contribute to air pollution (smog) through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

With green building, and the selection of green building

materials, the air pollution sources should be minimized.

Buildings contribute to water pollution in a number of ways:

- storm water runoff that carries contaminants into nearby surface waters,

- effluent from manufacturing plants that produce the products used in constructing a building, and

- the wastewater generated by a building.

that either introduces residual pollutants into surface water after treatment or more directly contributes pollutants to the groundwater with onsite wastewater treatment.

With green building, efforts are made to minimize these impacts and select products that carry minimal “upstream” or “downstream” water-pollution impacts.

8. REDUCED URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

9. PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY

10. INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

“ The fo l l y t ha t ou r Reflective roofs and green roofs do not contribute

descendants are least significantly to the urban heat-island effect, which causes likely to forgive us”,

urban areas with many dark surfaces to be up to 15º F (8º C) warmer than surrounding, undeveloped countryside. Higher - words of Harvardair temperatures result in more smog and higher cooling biologist E.O. Wilsoniscosts.

Some environmentalists argue that the greatest damage we are currently doing to the environment is the catastrophic loss of biodiversity we are causing globally.

Green developments can help to protect biodiversity. They can do this locally by protecting open space, restoring ecologically damaged sites, and creating wildlife habitat even on top of buildings in cities. They can do this more broadly through the specification of products and materials that do not damage ecosystems elsewhere.

Green buildings can be learning laboratories for all who use them. Interpretive signs about the benefits of low-water-use faucets in commercial restrooms, about how to sort recyclables in a building, about practices to conserve water outdoors, and about the use of energy-saving lighting controls.

Green buildings that offer a direct connection with the natural environment may also nurture a more wholesome relationship with that environment among populations that are increasingly isolated from it.

SOCIAL BENEFITS

1. SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIES

2. SUPPORT OF COMPANIES WITH SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE

POLICIES

A green agenda can extend beyond the built environment into the economy at large. Locally based manufacture of building materials and local agriculture are opportunities that green building helps foster.

Putting money into local companies that weatherize homes or install solar equipment can keep money within the community instead of sending it out of the community (and much of it out of the country) in purchasing fossil fuels.

While green building products have been identified to date based largely on their environmental characteristics(recycled content, low VOC emissions, and so forth), a next step might be broadening selection criteria to consider such issues as a company's internal environmental policies, labor practices, and other measures that are typically addressed under the banner of “corporate social responsibility.”

Indian corporates such as Wipro Limited, ITC, Grandfos are among them.

Successful green buildings blend into the community,preserving natural and historical characteristics, and will utilize existing infrastructure in order to reduce sprawl.

Green Building Costs andFinancial Benefits CHAPTER 5

GREEN BUILDINGS

Green Buildings provide financial benefits that conventionalbuildings do not. As indicated in Figure below, the Reportconcluded that financial benefits of green design are between $50 and $70 per square foot in a LEED building, over 10 times the additional cost associated with building green. The financial benefits are in lower energy, waste and water costs, lower environmental and emissions costs, and lower operational and maintenance costs and increased productivity and health.

The benefits of building green include cost savings from reduced energy, water, and waste; lower operations and maintenance costs; and enhanced occupant productivity and health. As Figure indicates, the total financial benefits ofgreen buildings are over ten times the average initial investment required to design and construct a green building.

Despite data limitations and the need for additional research in various areas, the data demonstrates that building green is cost-effective today, particularly for those projects which start “green” design early in the process.

Green Building Costs andFinancial Benefits

A may cost more up front, but saves through lower operating costs over the life of the building. The green building approach applies a project life cycle cost analysis for determining the appropriate up-front expenditure. This analytical method calculates costs over the useful life of the asset.

These and other cost savings can only be fully realized when they are incorporated at the project's conceptual design phase with the assistance of an integrated team of professionals. The integrated systems approach ensures that the building is designed as one system rather than a collection of stand-alone systems.

Some benefits, such as improving occupant health, comfort, productivity, reducing pollution and landfill waste are not easily quantified. Consequently, they are not adequately considered in cost analysis. For this reason, consider setting aside a small portion of the building budget to coverdifferential costs associated with less tangible green building benefits or to cover the cost of researching and analyzing green building options.

Even with a tight budget, many measures can be incorporated with minimal or zero increased up-frontcosts and they can yield enormous savings.

green building

green building

The benefits of building green include cost savings from reduced energy, water, and waste; lower operations and maintenance costs; and enhanced occupant productivity and health. As Figure - iii indicates, the total financial benefits of are over ten times the averageinitial investment required to design and construct a green building.

Despite data Limitations and the need for additional research in various areas, the data demonstrates that building green is cost-effective today, particularly for those projects which start early in the process.

green buildings

“green” design

Green Building Rating SystemLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™)

CHAPTER 6

GREEN BUILDINGS

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™) Green Building Rating System represents the U.S.Green Building Council’s effort to provide a national standard for what consistitutes a “green building.” Through its use as a design guideline and third-party certification tool, it aims to improve occupant well-being, environmentalperformance and economic returns of buildings using established and innovative practices, standards and technologies.

Though the LEED (Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign) Green Building Rating System is a voluntary,consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings.

Certification for Green Buildings in India is felicitated by US- GBC. Green Building Council - India (CII-GBC) is developingNational LEED rating system to address national Priorities.

As the green building sector grows exponentially, more and more building professionals, owners, and operators are seeing the benefits of green building and LEED certification. Green design not only makes a positive impact on public health and the environment, it also reduces operating costs, enhances building and organizational marketability,potentially increases occupant productivity, and helps create a sustainable community. LEED fits into this marketby providing rating systems that are voluntary, consensus-based, market-driven, based on accepted energy and environmental principles, and they strike a balance between established practices and emerging concepts.

The LEED rating systems are developed by USGBC committees, in adherence with USGBC policies and procedures guiding the development and maintenance of rating systems.

Green Building Rating SystemLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™)

LEED standards are currently available or under development for: LEED standards are currently available or under development for:

New commercial construction and major renovation projects (LEED-NC)

Existing building operations (LEED-EB)

Commercial interiors projects (LEED-CI)

Core and shell projects (LEED-CS)

Homes (LEED-H)

Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)

LEED-NC is a tool that helps all segments of the construction industry to understand sustainability and set appropriate goals and priorities. It provides a complete framework for assessing building performance and meeting sustainability goals. Based on well-foundedscientific standards, LEED-NC emphasizes state— of—the-art strategies for sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality.

The LEED-EB Rating System is a set of voluntaryperformance standards for the sustainable upgrades and operation of buildings not undergoing major renovations.It provides sustainable guidelines for building operations,periodic upgrades of building systems, minor space use changes and building processes.

1. LEED for New Construction (LEED-NC)

2. LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB)

3. LEED for Commercial Interiors (LEED-CI)

4. LEED for Core and Shelf Development (LEED-CS)

5. LEED for Homes (LEED-H)

6. LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)

The LEED-CI Rating System is applicable to tenant improvements of new or existing office space.

LEED-CI the recognised standard for certifying high- performance green interiors that are healthy and prodictive places to work, are less costly to operate and maintain, and reduce environmental footprint.

The LEED Green Building Rating System for Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS) is for designers, builders, developers and new building owners who address sustainable design for new core and shell construction. Broadly defined, core and shell construction covers base building elements, such as the structure, envelope and building-level systems, such as central HVAC, etc.

The objective of pilot testing LEED for Homes is to ensure the LEED for Homes rating system is practical for application and will become an effective tool for introducing green building practices to a significant portion of the new home building marketplace.

The LEED-ND Core Committee intends for LEED-ND to be used to certify exemplary development projects that perform well in terms of smart growth, urbanism, and green bui lding, and may constitute whole neighborhoods, fractions of neighborhoods, or multiple neighborhoods.

LEED was created to:

• define "green building" by establishing a commonThe U.S. Green Building

standard of measurement, Council USGBC) was formed in 1993 as a • promote integrated, whole-building design practices,building industry

• recognize environmental leadership in the building membershiporganization “to promote industry,buildings that are

• stimulate green competition , environmentallyresponsible, profitable • raise consumer awareness of green building benefits ,and healthy places to live and work.”• transform the building market.It is committee-based organization with over 1,000 industry leaders,LEED provides a complete framework for assessing including product

building performance and meeting sustainability goals. Based manufacturers,on well-founded scientific standards, LEED emphasizes state environmental

organizations, architects,of the art strategies for sustainable site development, waterbuilders, building owners savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor and financial institutions.

environmental quality. LEED recognizes achievements and Its membership is promotes expertise in green building through a overwhelmingly from the

commercial side of the comprehensive system offering project certification, building industry.professional accreditation, training and practical resources.

One of the primary ways in which the USGBC promotes green building is through its Leadershipin Energy and

While LEED Rating Systems can be useful just as tools for Environmental Designprograms.The initial building professionals, there are many reasons why LEED program began project certification can be an asset:operation in 2000 after a multi-year development

• Be recognized for commitment to environmental issues in and balloting period,community, organization (including stockholders), and and three other LEED

programs are currently industry;under development• Receive third party validation of achievement;:

• Qualify for a growing array of state & local governmentinitiatives; For more information

about USGBC• Receive marketing exposure through USGBC Web site, and its LEED programs,Greenbuild conference, case studies, and mediavisit the council’sannouncements;website at

• Every building may claim green status; www.usgbc.org• Holistic approach

• Imbibe world class systems and practices:

• Green Corporate image

Why Certify?

-Water, Energy, Materials, IEQ, etc.;

-ASHRAE

-Illumination Engineers Society of North America (IESNA);

-Significant value addition.

USGBC and LEED

The USGBC sponsored a recent study that showed the following impacts of high performance of Green Buildings:

1. Green Buildings are designed for cost- effectiveness and resource conservation.

2 . I f the re i s an inc rease in f i r s t cos t s fo r Green Construction, it is easily recoverable in a short period of time.

3. Green Bui ld ings boost employee product iv i ty—thenumber one asset for most businesses.

4. Green Buildings enhance occupant health, safety, and well-being.

5. Clean and healthy buildings can reduce legal claims andliabilities for the owners.

6. High performance features translate into high value for tenants.

7. Property values increase for developers and owners from leasing through operations and maintenance.

8. Public and private incentives support better buildings.

9. Green Buildings generate goodwill and publicity in the community.

10. Communities are a major beneficiary of Green Buildings as they require less drain on local infrastructure,contribute to local economic development by focusing on local purchasing, and attract tourists.

REFERENCES

1. Grumman, D.L., ed. 2003. ASHRAE GreenGuide.2. Skorpik, J. 1997. “BREEAM, a building environmental assessment method.” Canadian Eco-Architecture.3. Advanced Building News. 2004. International Initiative for Sustainable Built Environment,ABN2.4. “White paper on sustainability: A report on the green building movement.” 2003. Supplement to the Building Design & Construction, November.5. Cole, R. 2001. “A building environmental assessment method for British Columbia.” Finalreport to BC Green Buildings Ad-Hoc Committee. (Www.buildsmart.ca/pdfs/ASSESSMENT%20REPORT.PDF).6. “Building momentum: National trends and prospects for high performance green buildings”2002. U.S. Green Building Council, Baltimore.7. “LEED reference guide, Version 2.0.” 2001. U.S. Green Building Council, Washington, D.C.

Project Checklist (LEED- NC)

S U S T A I N A B L E S I T E S 14 Possible Points

W A T E R E F F I C I E N C Y 5 Possible Points

E N E R G Y & A T M O S P H E R E 17 Possible Points

Prereq 1 Erosion & Sedimentation Control RequiredCredit 1 Site Selection 1Credit 2 Urban Redevelopment 1Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage &

Changing Rooms 1Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Vehicles 1Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 1Credit 5.1 Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space 1Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint 1Credit 6.1 Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity 1Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment 1Credit 7.1 Heat Island Effect, Non-Roof 1Credit 7.2 Heat Island Effect, Roof 1Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1

Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or

No Irrigation 1Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1

Prereq 1 Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning RequiredPrereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance RequiredPrereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment RequiredCredit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1–10Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy, 5% 1Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 10% 1Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% 1Credit 3 Additional Commissioning 1Credit 4 Ozone Depletion 1Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1Credit 6 Green Power 1

M A T E R I A L S & R E S O U R C E S 13 Possible Points

I N D O O R E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y 15 Possible Points

I N N O V A T I O N & D E S I G N P R O C E S S 5 Possible Points

Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables RequiredCredit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Shell 1Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Shell 1Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% 1Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% 1Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Specify 5% (p.c. + 1/2 p.i.) 1Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 10% (p.c. + 1/2 p.i.) 1Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% in MRc5.1,

50% Harvested Locally 1Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1Credit 7 Certified Wood 1

Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ Performance RequiredPrereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control RequiredCredit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Monitoring 1Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness 1Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy 1Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 1Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet 1Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood 1Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems, Perimeter 1Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter 1Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE 55-1992 1Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System 1Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces 1Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces 1

Credit 1.1 Innovation in Design 1Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design 1Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design 1Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design 1Credit 2 LEED™ Accredited Professional 1

Project Totals 69 Possible Points

Green Rating of Buildings(LEED Certification)

LEED rated buildings all address some combination of measures that help reduce the pollutants that cause sickness and increase health care costs; improve quality of Lighting and increase use of daylighting; and increase tenant control and comfort.

LEED Green buildings consistently include a range of material., design and operation measures that directly improve human health and productivity. Gold and Platinum level LEED buildings are more comprehensive in applying IEQ- related measures and therefore should be viewed as providing larger productivity and health benefits than Certified or Silver level green buildings.

Green building rating systems (LEED) in general focus on the following five categories of building design and life cycleperformance:

1. Site,2. Water,3. Energy,4. Materials, and5. Indoor Environment.

For each category, a number of prerequisites and credits with specific design and performance criteria exist. Projects must meet all the prerequisites to qualify for certification.Each of the credit requirements may be a simple design feature, whereas others may require more detailed analysis to whereas others may require more detailed analysis todetermine the performance level.

When a building design meets or exceeds the requirementsfor each credit category, one or more “points” can be obtained depending on the performance levels achieved,which is counted towards determining the overall rating.

The LEED rating process requires projects to submit a scorecard indicating the prerequisites and credits claimed, and the required documentation for each of the prerequisites and credits.

A LEED calculator can assist designers with this process. Thedocumentation requirements have changed from submission of detailed drawings and performance calculations to letter templates with which the designer certifies meeting the requirements for claiming a credit. USGBC has instituted this process, to accelerate the certification process and a random auditing of the credit claims is done to verify the credits claimed.

Green building rating systems are transforming the construction industry by focusing on high-performance, energy efficient, economical and environment friendly buildings. All green building rating systems are voluntary in nature, and in many cases, used as design checklists. Though energy efficiency is a major component of designing a green building, several other basic sustainability requirements need to be met before claiming the additional credits for energy efficiency.

References:

1. “Building momentum: National trends and prospects forhigh performance green buildings” 2002. U.S. Green Building Council, Baltimore.

2. “LEED reference guide, Version 2.0.” 2001. U.S. GreenBuilding Council, Washington, D.C.

High Demand For Certified Green Buildings

Green building rating schemes are not all about energy efficiency and saving trees anymore. They also address issues which affect occupant well being, and this is starting to take on real commercial value in the marketplace.

Companies are realizing how important the indoor building environment is to staff productivity, and they are demanding greener buildings for higher profits.

Building industries are responding to this demand and are using green building rating schemes to advertise the quality of their building.

The US Green Building Council (USGBC) developedLEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building rating system which has four levels of achievement. Under LEED, buildings can receive a Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum rating, and the system looks at six environmentalcategories. Since the establishment of LEED, two-hundred and ninety-one buildings have been certified, and an overwhelming two-thousand one-hundred and eight buildings are currently registered for certification.

LEED is the most widely used system around the world.

Indian Green Building Council has started developing a LEED based system in early 2005, called LEED-India. This has not yet been launched and there are already four certified buildings in India under the US LEED scheme, and sevenbuildings awaiting certification.

Purely driven by market forces, the demand for green buildings is clearly increasing, and as building owners and developers begin to reap the commercial benefits of green buildings, it can only get bigger.

Green Building Materials

CHAPTER 7

GREEN BUILDINGS

The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building.

Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants:

- Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building.

- Energy conservation.

- Improved occupant health and productivity.

- Lower costs associated with changing space configurations.

- Greater design flexibility.

Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. In addition, integrating green building

materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction,transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials.

Green building materials are composed of renewable, ratherthan nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project-specificgoals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed below.

What is a green building product or material?

Green Building Materials

Green building material/product selection criteria

1. RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

Overall material/product selection criteria:

- Resource efficiency

- Indoor air quality

- Energy efficiency

- Water conservation

- Affordability

Resource Efficiency can be accomplished by utilizing materials that meet the following criteria:

Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycledcontent, including postindustrial content with a preference for post consumer content.

Natural, plentiful or renewable: Materials harvestedfrom sustainably managed sources and preferably have an independent certification (e.g., certified wood) and are certified by an independent third party.

Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recycled,recyclable and or source reduced product packaging), and reducing greenhouse gases.

Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found locally or regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to the project site.

Salvaged, refurbished, or re manufactured: Includes saving a material from disposal and renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance,performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product.

Reusable or recyclable: Select materials that can be easily dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their useful life.

Recycled or recyclable product packaging: Products enclosed in recycled content or recyclable packaging.

Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional products with long life expectancies.

2. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)

3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

4. WATER CONSERVATION

5. AFFORDABILITY

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that Using salvaged materials meet the following criteria:is good for the

Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no environment because it provides an opportunity carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants as to reuse an existing item demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriaterather than creating a

testing. need for a new item to be manufactured...Minimal chemical emissions: Products that have

minimal emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while reducing chemical emissions.

Low-VOC assembly: Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC mechanical attachment methods and minimal hazards.

Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological contaminants in buildings.

Healthfully maintained: Materials, components, and systems that require only simple, non-toxic, or low-VOCmethods of cleaning.

Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

Energy Efficiency can be maximized by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria:

Materials, components, and systems that help reduce energy consumption in buildings and facilities.

Water Conservation can be obtained by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria:

Products and systems that help reduce water consumption in buildings and conserve water in landscaped areas.

Affordability can be considered when building product life-cycle costs are comparable to conventional materials or as a whole, are within a project-defined percentage of the overallbudget.

BASIC STEPS OF PRODUCT SELECTION

1. Research

2. Evaluation

3. Selection

Product selection can begin after the establishment of project-specific environmental goals. The environmentalassessment process for building products involves three basic steps.

Research,

Evaluation and

Selection.

This step involves gathering all technical information to be evaluated, including manufacturers' information such as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) test data, product warranties, source material characteristics,recycled content data, environmental statements, and durability information. In addition, this step may involveresearching other environmental issues, building codes, government regulations, building industry articles, model green building product specifications, and other sources of product data.

This step involves confirmation of the technical information, as well as filling in information gaps. Evaluation and assessment is relatively simple when comparing similar types of building materials using the environmental criteria.

A life cycle assessment (LCA) is an evaluation of the relative "greenness" of building materials and products. LCA addresses the impacts of a product through all of its life stages.

One tool that uses the LCA methodology is BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software. It allows users to balance the environmental and economic performance of building products.

This step often involves the use of an evaluation matrix for scoring the project-specific environmental criteria. The total score of each product evaluation will indicate the product with the highest environmental attributes. Individual criteria included in the rating system can be weighted to accommodate project-specific goals and objectives.

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY WITH BUILDING MATERIALS

Purchasing local products reduces transportation and its associated energy consumption and pollution, supports the local economy and culture, and maintains regional identity by promoting the use of indigenous and traditionalmaterials.

A more technical way of evaluating a material is to consider its embodied energy—the energy required to produce it. Estimated embodied energy of some common materials is listed in the box.

The high embodied energy in plastics and aluminium means these products are specially important to recycle- recyclling saves most of the energy in certain plastics and 95% of the energy in aluminium. Life-cycle assessment (LCA), a very involved process, takes a much larger perspective on the comparative impact of material use. It considers a material’s embodied energy as well as its durability, efficiency,reusabi l i ty/ recyclabi l i ty and overal lenvironmental impact.

References

Lynn M. Froeschle, "Environmental Assessment and Specification of Green Building Materials,"The Construction Specifier, October 1999, p. 53.

D.M. Roodman and N. Lenssen, A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction, Worldwatch Paper 124, Worldwatch Institute, Washington,D.C., Mar 1995, p. 5.

Ross Spiegel and Dru Meadows, Green Building Materials: A Guide to Product Selection and Specification, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999.

High performance green buildings are succeeding in their rapid, exponential penetration of the construction marketfor three basic reasons.

First, they are the ethical response to both global and local environmental and resource issues, the ‘right’ way to approach construction. A typical, code compliant building makes minimal efforts to address energy and water issues and totally ignores materials waste, impacts on the construction site and any other issue not specifically covered in the building codes. As has often been noted, if these buildings were built any cheaper, they would be against the law.

Green buildings take a far different approach. Environmental impacts and resource consumption are of primary importance in the design and construction process. The entire life cycle of the building and its constituent components are carefully considered. For materials, architects and other design professional consider the entire life of the product, from resource extraction to use in the building and disposal at the end of its useful life. What happens in the factory producing building products is considered to be as important as its performance in the building.

Emphasis is on renewable resources for energy systems; recycling and reuse of water and materials; integration of native and adapted species for landscaping; passiveheating, cooling, and ventilation; and a wide range of other approaches that minimize environmental impacts and resource consumption.

Second, green buildings make economic sense, not alwayson a capital or first cost basis, but virtually always on a life cycle basis.

Conventional Versus High Performance Building

Sophisticated energy conserving lighting systems and air conditioning systems with exceptional response to building andoutdoor conditions will cost more than their conventional, minimal code-compliant counterparts.

However most of the key features of a green building will provide a payback on their original investment within a relatively short time. As energy and water prices rise due to increasing demand and diminishing supply, the paybackperiod will become much shorter.

Third, green buildings squarely address the spotty performance of conventional buildings with respect to human health. There is ample evidence that on the order of 40% of all illnesses can be traced to buildings and homes where people live, work, or attend school, church or sporting events.

Green buildings meet the challenges of building health directly and provide several layers of consistent approaches that promote occupant health. Some examples are the protection of ductwork during construction, specifying finishes with low to zero volatile organic components, and more attention to the precise sizing of heating and cooling components.

References:

1. Greg Kats, Cost and Benefits of Green Buildings, A Report to California’s SustainableBuildings Task Force, October (2003); Greg Kats, Green Building Costs and Financial Benefits,Capital E, Inc. A Report for the State of Massachusetts (2003).

2. Randall Arendt, Creating Greener Communities through Conservation Subdivision Design, In Reshaping the Built Environment, Charles J. Kibert, Ed., Washington, D.C.: Island Press (1999).

Green Buildings in India

CHAPTER 8

GREEN BUILDINGS

GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT IN INDIA

INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC)

Construction Industry in India is one of the rapidly

The Green Building movement has gained tremendous growing sectors and contributes significantly to momentum during the past 3-4 years, ever since the Greenthe Nation’s economy.Business Centre embarked on achieving the prestigious The sector contributes to

LEED rating for their own centre at Hyderabad. 10% of India’s GDP.The ‘Platinum Rating’ for the Green Business Centre

Indian construction building has sensitized the stakeholders of the construction sector is growing at a industry. Today, several corporate and Government are rate of 9.2% as against

considering Green Buildings in a major way. This has the world average of resulted in a spurt in the demand for green materials & 5.5%. The sector is likely

to record higher growth equipment.in the coming years.

The Indian materials and equipment manufacturers are now faced with the challenge to seriously look at green features to meet the growing demand for Green Buildings.

IGBC, which is part of CII-Godrej GBC, has taken the initiative of promoting the Green Building concept in India. The council is represented by all stakeholders of construction industry- Corporate, Government & Nodal agencies, Architects, Material manufacturers, Institutions, Media, etc.

The vision of the council is to serve as single point solution provider and be a key engine to facilitate all Green Building activities in India.The council has set the following specific tasks:

• Create awareness on Green Buildings• Indigenize LEED rating system to suit India• Develop LEED accredited professional• Facilitate construction of Green Buildings in India• Develop at least 80 Green Products by the end of 2005

Green Buildings in India

Green Building Potential in India

The projected growth potential for Green Buildings in India is shown in the following table:

There is a tremendous potential for construction of Green Buildings in India. The overall investment towards urban building construction in India is estimated to be 1000 Million US$ annually.

This could open up a plethora of opportunities for several stakeholders likeconstruction industry, architects, material, equipment manufacturers etc in India and abroad.

The total estimated potential for Green Building materials and equipment is about 400 Million US$ by the year 2010. This potential is only for those buildings, which would go for the LEED rated buildings.However there would be other buildings also which would opt for green materials & equipment. Considering these buildings also, the overall potential for Green Building materials & equipment would be at least 10-fold and estimated to touch 4000 Millions US$ by 2010.

With the IGBC working on indigenizing the LEED rating and expected to be launched by end of 2005, called as ‘LEED India’, Green Buildings in India is poised for a major growth.This, coupled with favorable policies of the Government would provide the right impetus for advancing the Green Building movement in India.

The estimated business potential for green materials & equipment (from those aspiring for leed rating buildings) are shown below:

Green Buildings in India (Till date)

LEED Rated Buildings in India

Upcoming Green Buildings in India

CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Centre, Hyderabad is the greenest building in the world till date. (Achieved 56 points out of possible 69 in LEED Certification under version 2.0 and achieved prestigious Platinum Rating

on October, 2003).

CII-GBC : first green building in India and also first platinum rated building outside US.

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (GBC)Platinum Rated Building (LEED- NC)

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII-GodrejGBC) is the Greenest Building in the world, as on the date. The building has transformed a sleepy hamlet studded with undulating terrain and a focal point on all aspects related to green.Amidst environs surrounded by the Hi Tech City and an up-market residential area, the 20,000 sq ft building stands out as a symbol of harmony between nature and architecture. Greenest Building in the

world till date.

CII Godrej GBC building has been awarded the prestigious CII- Centre of

‘Platinum Rating’ under LEED (Leadership in Energy Excellence” for Energy,

and Environmental Design) program of USGBC (US Environment, Green

Buildings,Green Building Council). Renewable energy,

Water & Climate The CII-Godrej GBC is the Centre of Excellence for Green change activities in Buildings, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, India

Environment & Recycling, Water Management and First “Platinum” ratedClimate changes activities in India.building outside US

First Platinum building inthe World under versionLEED 2.0 (other 2 buildings were under version LEED 1.0)

Towards a green building movement...

A view of CII-Godrej GBC Building which achieved the coveted platinum rating of USGBC under the LEED rating system version 2.0

Cll-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre is the center of excellence on clean energy, environment and climate change activities in India. In line with the philosophy of the services being offered from the center, it is being housed in a state-of-the-art Green Building located near the Hi-Techcity, Hyderabad.

The Cll-Godrej GBC building is the first building outside US,to achieve the coveted platinum rating of USGBC. It is also the first building to be rated platinum, under the version 2 of the LEED rating system.

The building has incorporated many of the green features; some of the major ones are listed below:

The CII-Godrej Green Building Centre GBC building heraldsthe beginning of the Green Building movement in India.The building has been rated based on the following features:

� Water Efficiency� Sustainable Sites� Energy Efficiency� Materials & Resources� Indoor Environment Quality

G R E E N F E A T U R E S

CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre is a LEED Platinum certified project located in Hyderabad, India.

WATER EFFICIENCY

ZERO WATER DISCHARGE BUILDING

Entire waste water in the building is treated biologically through a process called the ‘Root Zone Treatment System’. Outlet water has low BOD and COD values and Collection pond at site

with 8 lakh litres capacitythis water is this water is good for irrigation Purposes.

35% REDUCTION IN POTABLE WATER USE VIS-A-VIS A NORMAL BUILDING

• Low flow water fixtures• Waterless urinals• Use of storm water & recycled water for irrigation• Recycling of 100% grey water• Roof garden covering over 60% of roof area• High efficiency drip irrigation

Rain water harvesting

• Collection pond at site• 8 Lakh litres capacity

Pervious paver blocks which help in storm water seepage into the ground have been installed in pedestrian areas and parking.

Waterless Urinals

Cartridge with sealing blue liquid which is 95% biodegradable. The liquid acts as a seal. Its density is lower than urine. It also helps in cutting of smell.

Tremendous saving in water

SUSTAINABLE SITE

MINIMUM DISTURBANCE TO THE SITE

Extensive erosion and sedimentation control measures to prevent erosionImpervious areas like terraces, perking etc., Result in absorbing heat and radiating it into the building. This is minimised through the roof gardens covering 55% of the roof area.

ROOF GARDEN

To reduce heat islands 2 inch depth plastic trays filled with earth. Conventional terrace garden with 6-12 inch deep soil has been developed to ensure Roof insulation Benefits:

Load on the structure reduced tremendouslyReduce heat ingress (15 %)

Rain water harvesting

Pervious paver blocks which help in storm water seepage Conventional terrace into the ground have been installed in pedestrian areas and garden with 6-12 inch parking.deep soil

Sustainable site features

• Facility for charging electric automobiles and electric pool

car facility for building occupants,• Site location close to bus and rail lines,• Open space in the site exceed the local requirements by

more than 25 %,• All paved parking and pathways constructed with

pervious materials.

An undulating land full of rocks Rocks on the site undisturbed

OPTIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Design of air-conditioning systems in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1-2001

• Solar path analysis and solar orientation to maximize north and south exposure and minimizing east and west exposure

• Fenestration maximised on the north orientation to minimise heat gains from windows and also to CII GBC uses wind towers

and photocells to maximize daylightinggenerate energy.• North-oriented glazing maximized

• Low U glass glazings• Designed LPD (lighting power densities in w /sq.ft>

reduced by 40 % with efficient lighting systems such as T-5 lamps, CFL, high efficiency ballasts

• Daylight dimmer controls• Water cooled Scroll Chiller with COP of 4.23• Efficient cooling tower• VFD for all AHUs• Energy efficient motors• Use of autoclave aerated concrete blocks• State-of-art building management systems• Measurement and verification plans to monitor energy

and water savings.Wind Tower used for • Use of aerated concrete blocks for facades which reduces Fresh air intake.15- 20 % load on Air- Conditioning

• Double Glazed glass with excellent thermal properties• State-of-the-art BMS for real time monitoring of energy

comsumption.

In- situ Power Generation

24 KW capacity Grid connectedGenerates about 80-90 units/day which meets 20 % of total energy cost of the building

Overall reduction in Energy Consumption:55% on total energy vis-à-vis ASHRAE40 % on Air-conditioning load 88% on lighting energy

Wind tower

Fresh air intake through towers. Thermal mass water sprayDrop in air temperature 5 – 7oC which also results in 2 – 3 % reduction of air conditioning load

Materials and Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

• Collection, storage and disposal of building waste likepaper and plastics

• Recycling of construction waste material like shuttering timber, paint cans, cement bags, etc.

• Use of resources from other sites like structural steel (angle plate and hollow sections), doors, broken china mosaic pieces for flooring, GI pipe sleeves

• Use of fly ash based cement• Use of Fly Ash based Aerocon blocks• Use of certified wood• Recycled glass, aluminium and ceramic tiles• Office furniture made of bagasse based composed wood• More than 50 % of construction waste recycled within the

building or sent to other sites.• Most of the materials used in the construction are

procured from within 500 miles radius from project site.

•

• Declaration of the entire building as “Non-Smoking” area• Installation of carbon dioxide sensors to monitor indoor

air quality• 2-week building flush out before occupancy and

replacement of AHU filters• Use of composite wood• Operable windows and lighting controls in perimeter

occupied areas• Daylights and views for 90 % of regularly occupied areas• Fresh air drawn into the building through wind towers, as

and when required• Use of low Volatile Organic Compound carpets, paints,

adhesives and sealants.• Materials selected so as to have no adverse health impact

on the occupants.

Broken china mosaic pieces for pillars

Use of resources from other sites (>5%)Broken china mosaic pieces for pillars, Salvagedfurniture for cafeteria

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ITC Centre, the futuristic office complex that ITC Limited is building in Sector 32, Gurgaon, has been awarded the Platinum Green Building rating by USGBC-LEED ( US Green Building Council - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ). This is the highest rating in this category and ITCCentre is the largest Platinum rated building in the world (Till date).

ITC is the first corporate house in India to have achieved this ITC- The building, which

unique international distinction. has been envisaged as exemplifying modern The ITC Centre complex is constructed on a 2-acre plot of classic architecture, will

land. Its total built-up area is about 1,80,000 sq ft. It has a have a well articulated ground and three upper floors and two basements. facade, roof &

specialised glazing with A few of the salient green features incorporated in the contemporary interiors

and services, all of which building are; zero water discharge, 53% energy savingscomply with relevant over conventional building, 40% reduction in potable water international

use, use of treated gray water for flushing & landscaping, Use of fly-ash in bricks & concrete, high efficiency equipment, eco-friendly housekeeping practices and well designed green education program.

In order to achieve the highest LEED Rating for ITC Centre, extensive research and simulation studies were conducted by the project team in consultation with CII, TERI, USGBC, Architects, Engineering Consultants, Independent Commissioning Agency and the Shriram Research & TestCentre.

The design concept, scope & technical specifications for the ITC Centre were developed to meet the unique and overallintents of the green building. Accordingly, the building envelope, energy, indoor air quality & water efficiency,materials & sustainability measures were evaluated on the basis of simulation studies and optimised. In addition, innovative ideas like green education and eco-friendly housekeeping practices have been implemented.

ITC Green Centre, GurgaonPlatinum Rated Building(LEED- NC)

The actual rating process is based on the submission of all design documents, simulation, construction and operatingintent followed by an audit & review process. The entire process took over a year.

The facility measuring 1,81,000 sq.ft at Gurgaon has been built on a two-acre plot to accommodate various businesses

ITC is the first corporate of ITC and the Welcome group Management Institute. ITChouse in India to have has played a trail-blazing role in India's corporate sector in achieved this unique

preserving and enriching the environment through international distinction.sustained induction of environment-friendly technology and work habits. The construction of this sustainable infrastructure is yet another demonstration of the Company's continued thrust on environment management.

GREEN DESIGNSITE ORGANIZATION

Modern open offices demand large floor plates. Often these tends to get very deep in the center. The size of plot available was a squarish rectangle that would naturally lead to a squarish floor plate.

By giving the 'L' shape configurationthe width of the Floor Plate is reduced for the same amount of floor plate area; thereby allowing natural light to penetrate deep into the 'interior spaces'.

The building is a composition of three parts. Two office wings are held together by a central atrium that as an ensemble creates a large L-shaped figure focused on an exterior landscaped court.The L-shape blocking ensures that part of the façade is always shaded. The L-shape office wings end into hexagonal ends that make a very strong presence on the approach roads.

The atrium joins the different functions of the building and connects them into an ensemble encouraging a sense of community and interaction. The octagonal atrium has side light from the top to provide a glare free natural lighting in the interior without allowing direct heat gain from the roof.

GREEN FEATURES OF THE BUILDING

•••

• • •

••••••

• •

• •

•••••

•

Fly Ash based cement used

Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks

Double glazed windows with low-e coating Rain water

harvesting

· Water saving techniques

CFC, HCFC & Halon free air- conditioning system

Energy efficient lighting (T5 lamps with electronic

ballast, high efficient luminaires)· Water efficient landscaping

Sewage treatment plant and waste water recycling.

Use of Low VOC, rapidly renewable & certified materials

Eco friendly house keeping chemicals & practices

Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring

Indoor chemical & pollutant source control

(dedicated copy printer room with independent exhaust)

Indoor air quality (IAQ) system.

Optimised energy performance through efficient

designsLight pollution reduction

Ozone protection ( by using CFC, HCFC & Halon free

refrigerants)· Water use reduction

Storm water management

Recycled materials

Well insulated building

CO2 monitoring systems in AHU

(Operates when internal CO2 is 530ppm or more than external atmosphere)

20 days flush out of entire building air prior to

occupation

100% Water Harvesting0% run off, Irrigation water is 100% recycled

Glare free natural lighting in the interiorPeripheral offices with glazed interior partitions

A fresh ambience Superior Índoor air quality for all employeesOpenable windows allow natural ventilation when requiredAlmost no VOC’s in paints, adhesives and sealantsLoop pile carpet containing high recycled contentGenerous floor to ceiling heights

Local Planting species, Native to the regionPlanting with very little Water requirement

NATURAL LIGHT PENETRATION

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

MATERIALS USED

DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWSU value 1.9 w/m2 KGlass by Saint Gobain

PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT26% pozolanaSource : BIRLA Plus

READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC)Fly ash (3.36%)Source : Birla RMC

MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD (MDF)85% rapidly renewable materials(eucalyptus which is grown with in ten years life cycle)15% recycled materialSource : Nuwud

CARPETCRI Green Level certifiedRecycled content of 60%Source : Bealuie of America , US

HIGH REFLECTIVE ROOF COATINGEnergy Star certifiedEmissivity of 0.94.Source : Energy Seal Coatings, US

LIGHTING FIXTURES & LAMPSEfficient light fixtures with electronic ballast ,

Source : PhilipsT5 & CFL lamps , Source : Osram

MATERIALS USED

DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWSU value 1.9 w/m2 KGlass by Saint Gobain

PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT26% pozolana

Double glazed windowsSource : BIRLA Plus

READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC)Fly ash (3.36%)Source : Birla RMC

MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD (MDF)85% rapidly renewable materials(eucalyptus which is grown with in ten years life cycle)15% recycled materialSource : Nuwud

CARPETCRI Green Level certifiedRecycled content of 60%Source : Bealuie of America , US

HIGH REFLECTIVE ROOF COATINGEnergy Star certifiedEmissivity of 0.94.Source : Energy Seal Coatings, US

LIGHTING FIXTURES & LAMPS High reflective roof Efficient light fixtures with electronic ballast , coating

Source : PhilipsT5 & CFL lamps , Source : Osram

FACADE DESIGN

Double glazed high performance glass

Well insulated exteriorBrick & sandstone cladding

Different glass specifications for sun facing facades

U value 1.9 w/m2 KGlass by Saint Gobain

Interior roller shades to reduce heat gain

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1

Grundfos Pumps India, ChennaiGold Rated Building(LEED- NC)

Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd’s new corporate office in Chennai has been awarded the Gold Green Building ratingby USGBC (US Green Building Council) under their LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) programme.

The building has achieved 42 points out of 69 possible points and is the first Gold rated building in India.

Grundfos is one of the world’s leading pump Out of the 180 projects across the world that the USGBC has manufacturers.certified so far, only around 50 have been awarded the Gold

rating.

The office complex is constructed on a 2-acre plot of land with a built up area of around 35,000sq ft.

Some of the salient green features incorporated in the building are:

Water Management:

• 4O% reduction in potable water use

• Zero water discharge & water recycling

• Native plants and high efficiency irrigation system

• 100% recycled water for irrigation

Energy Management

• 28 % energy savings over a conventional building

• Air cooled High efficiency chiller with a COP of 2.7

• VFD’s for fans and pumps

• Insulation of thermal storage system

• More than 75% of the building uses daylighting

Building Envelope:

• Use of cavity wall to reduce heat ingress in the building

• High Performance glass for glazing

Resource Reuse:

• More than 10% of the building materials (by value) have beensalvaged from other buildings

Recycled Content:

• Fly ash based cement, gypsum based acoustic ceiling, recycled glass, ceramic tiles with a high recycled content

• Recycling of more than 95% construction waste

C02 Monitoring

• C02 sensors to monitor indoor air quality

Green Housekeeping:

• Eco-friendly chemicals and housekeeping practices

Indoor Environmental Quality:

• Use of low VOC paints, carp ets , adhesives & sealants

Benefits of Grundfos Green building

Consumes 40% less water in toilets,

Consumes 28% less energy,

Enhances health and safety of occupants and thus higher productivity.

Green features of Grundfos Green Building

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE

• Environment Tobacco Smoke Control:

No smoking is allowed in the entire building complex.Continuously monitor and maintain fresh air in all occupied areas ( around 15-20 CFM/person)

• CO2 Monitoring: Sensors at various locations to monitorCO2 level in all occupied areas.(differential of 530 ppm above ambient)

• Low Emitting Materials: Low VOC Sealant /carpets / composite woods / paints have been used to maintain the indoor environmental quality.(VOC contents < 50g/l)

• Daylight & views: 95% of building lit by natural light and have Views through windows for at least 95% of regularly occupied areas.

• High efficiency fresh air filters – 0.5 micron Filtration

Sky LightEnvelope: Double skin brick wall with 25mm air cavity.

Double-glazed Parasol Green glass from St. Gobain (low U 2.8 watts/sq.mt./deg.Kelvin) to minimize the heat ingressin to the building

HVAC: HFC based high COP Carrier Chillers of high COP (2.7) with thermal storage system tominimize peak & connected load.

Double Brick Wall

No use of HCFCs or Halons. Chillers with R407c Refrigerantshas been included.

Optimum energy consumption: The building would consume 28% less energy, compared to conventionalbuilding.

MATERIALS & RESOURCE

WATER EFFICIENCY

SITES ECOLOGY

• Resource Reuse:

More than 10% of the building materials are refurbished /salvaged from old offices (staff workstations) to minimize the use of virgin materials.

• Recycled Content:

More than 60% of materials used in the building has got high % recycled content e.g.., Al, Steel, Glass, Brick, Fly ash cement, MDF wood.

• Regional materials:

More than 60% of the building materials are sourced within 500 miles from the project site to support the local economy and minimize the transportation leading to automobile pollution.

• Rapidly renewable materials:

Building uses MDF wood, which is made of rapidlyrenewable materials like eucalyptus and others.

Water Efficient Landscaping:

Zero discharge building (100% waste water recycling)

Native plants to minimize water requirement for irrigation

High efficiency irrigation system like sprinklers for lawn & drip irrigation for trees and shrubs.

Water Use Reduction:

40% reduction in water usage in toilets by using water efficient fittings – dual flush toilet, sensor based urinals & waterless urinals,low flow fixtures etc.

• Limiting building foot print to have more open spaces for landscaping

• Shower & changing facilities for the bicyclists, battery operated vehicle’s charging facility

• Rainwater recharge pits to ensure zero discharge to municipal drainage

• Most non-roof impervious surfaces around the building are shaded by the use of mature vegetation to minimize the heat island effect.

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Wipro’s Gurgaon Software Development Centre is the third Platinum Rated Green Building in India. The building is under construction and it would be the Greenest Building in the world (achieved 57 out of 69 possible points in LEED rating process) after completion of the project.

Also this building would be biggest green building in the world (1,75,0000 Sq. Ft. area). Till now ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon (with square footage 1,70,0000) was the biggest green building in the world.

Wipro’s Green Objectives-

• Energy conservation

• Water conservation

• Waste Management

• Going beyond mere Legal compliance

• Corporate Social Responsibility

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The awareness on in India has begun and caught the attention of many major corporate. Capacity building in terms of knowledge and innovative ideas can make a difference in approach to construct such buildings.

With the building industry in India poised for a major growth, Green Buildings would be the mantra of the building industry in the near future. The Government and the entire building industry including architects, contractors,consultants, equipment and material manufacturers have a major role in creating a market transformation.Green Buildings would squarely address ecological and environmental impacts in a holistic manner and at the same time offer tremendous economic benefits.

With the IGBC working on indigenizing the LEED rating and expected to be launched by end of 2004, called as ‘LEED India’, in India is poised for a major growth.Considering the tremendous potential available for green materials & equipment, India would be the destination for several manufacturers.

Green Buildings

Green Buildings

With increasing degradation of the environment because of increased energy consumption, environment conscious building design has become urgent. The benefits of green design to society in general, and building owners and users in particular, are manifold. The construction of such buildings results in reduced destruction of natural habitats and bio-diversity, reduced air and water pollution, less water consumption, limited waste generation and increased user productivity. The cost differential between passive and conventional systems is hard to determine, as passiveelements are an integral part of the building architecture.

Inferences

The initial or first stage of sustainable construction has been underway for perhaps 15 year and has made enormous progress. The next stage of evolution will have to cope with significantly higher energy costs, an increased threat of climate change, a still rapidly growing world population, the depletion of key resources, the introduction of thousands of chemicals whose impacts are not well known,increasing air and water pollution, growing levels of solid waste, and a host of other local and global environmentalproblems.

Today’s green buildings, while a dramatic improvementover conventional construction, are rooted in conventionaldesign approaches, existing methods of analysis and design tools, and dependent on off the shelf products and materials. The next generation of green buildings will haveto be radically different from today’s versions and will be designed using integrated systems approaches that can assist in the implementation of the major approaches suggested here: de-constructable buildings, reusable components, recyclable materials, integration with ecosystems, optimized hydrologic cycles, extensiveemployment of passive design and renewable energy, and full implementation of indoor environmental qualitymeasures.

The research and development to test these concepts at various scales cannot begin soon enough. Clearly the education and training of building industry professionals will have to also accommodate these changes, not only in the realm of high performance buildings but also to broaden awareness of ecology in order to more fully develop the critical area of ecological design.

Finally, success in the ambitious endeavor to develop next generationbuildings will depend greatly on the collaboration of the vast array of building product manufacturers in designing products that can be disassembled, recycled, and reintegrated into new products....

Bandyopadhyay B. 2001. ‘Energy Efficient Glazings’; Energy Efficient Buildings in India (ed. Mili Majumdar) pp 237-239; New Delhi: The Energy and ResourcesInstitute and Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources; 252pp.

IPCC 1996. Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Climate Change – IPCC Technical Paper 1; Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 84pp

MNES 2001. An Introduction to Solar Water Heating Technology; New Delhi: Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources; 27pp

TERI 2001. ‘RETREAT: Resource Efficient TERI Retreat for EnvironmentalAwareness and Training’

Energy Efficient Buildings in India (ed. Mili Majumdar) pp 111-118. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute and Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources; 252pp.

TERI 2000. ‘TERI RETREAT: Creating a Sustainable Habitat’; TERI vision; Issue No 27; New Delhi:The Energy and Resources Institute 7pp.

Cole, R.J., Lessons Learned, Future Directions and Issues for GBC, Building Research and Information, Vol. 29 (5), 355-373, September 2000

Cooper, I., 1999, Which Focus for Building Environmental Assessment Methods – Environmental Performance or Sustainability? Building Research and Information Vol. 27 (4/5), July/October, pp321-331

Hakkinen, T., (2001) City-related Sustainability Indicators: State of the Art. CRISP,March 2001 Kohler, N., 1999, The Relevance of Green Building Challenge: an Observers

Perspective, Building Research and Information, Vol. 27 (4/5), July/October,pp309-320

Larsson, N.K., and Cole, R.J., Green Building Challenge: the development of an idea,

Building Research and Information, Vol. 29 (5), 336-345, September 2001

APPENDIX 1

Bibliography

C a l i f o r n i a I n t e g r a t e d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t B o a r d , www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/ Includes the manual Designing With Vision: A Technical Manual For Material Choices In Sustainable Construction (Pub. #431-99-009).

Sustainable Building Technical Manual, www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbarttoc.htm

A Guide to Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plants in California, www.dpla.water.ca.gov/urban/conservation/landscape/wucols/

Beaven, M (2002) Sustainable Buildings are Better Business: Can we deliverthem Together? Publ. Arup Associates & BCO, May 2002.

Bordass W. (1993) Building performance for the responsible workplace, in F. Duffy,A.Laing and V. Crisp (eds) The Responsible Workplace, DEGW Ltd., London, pp. 78-94.

Pearce, A.R. (1999a). Curriculum Guide to the Sustainable Facilities & Infrastructure Continuing Education Certificate Series. Georgia Tech ResearchInstitute, Atlanta, GA.

Pearce, A.R. (1999b). Sustainability and the Built Environment: A Metric and Process for Prioritizing Improvement Opportunities. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Johnston, David. Building Green in a Black and White World: A Guide to Selling the Homes Your Customers Want. Washington, DC: Home Builder Press, 1991. Introduction to green building for conventional homebuilders including an introduction to green building and specifics on how to market green homes. Www.BuilderBooks.com

Vale, Brenda and Robert. Green Architecture: Design for an Energy-ConsciousFuture. New York, NY: Bulfinch Press & Little Brown and Company, 1991. Providesan overview of resource-conscious building and an exploration of the relationship between the built environment and such critical problems as power supply, wasteand recycling, food production, and transportation.

APPENDIX 2

Green Building Resources

CII- Godrej Green Business Centre

Environmental Building News:

Ecological Building Network:

U.S. Green Building Council:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory:

The CII-Godrej GBC is the Centre of Excellence for GreenBuildings, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, Environment & Recycling, Water Management and Climatechanges activities in India.

The highly respected newsletter on green design and construction

EBNet is a nonprofit project of the Tides Center. EBNet publishes materials on construction materials such as straw bales, rammedearth and fly ash concrete.

The USGBC is a national coalition of architects, designers, government agencies (including the County of San Mateo), engineers, contractors, financial institutions, and others. The LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system is an internationally recognized set of performance standards that can guide the development of a green building. LEED certification for a building is one way to show how green it is.

The U.S. Department of Energy's premier laboratory for renewableenergy research & development and a lead lab for energy efficiency R&D.

APPENDIX 3

Green Building Websites

Following is the list of web sites related to Green Buildings and Green Building Materials. The sites are listed in random order.

• http://www.gggc.state.pa.us/GreenBldg/greenhom.htm

Green Buildings- Pennsylvania. There are many links to other green building websites and there is a description of PA’s first green facility.

• http://www.usgbc.org/

United States Green Building Council. An association of businesses and organizations (non-profit) that promotes the understanding, development, and accelerated implementation of green building. Administers LEED™, a self-assessing system designed for rating new and existing commercial, institutional, and high-rise residential buildings.

It evaluates environmental performance from a “whole building" perspective over a building's life cycle, providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a green building.

• http://www.worldbuild.com/index.htm

World Build: The Green Building Consortium. Specializes in green building content. Purchasingagent and a resource for organizations and professionals that are demanding increased levels of building and product performance.

• www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html

BEES: Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability. Free download of BEES 2.0 software, to select “environmentally preferable” products.

• www.state.sc.us/energy

South Carolina Energy Office. News and information related to energy conservation in South Carolina.

• http://www.ecoiq.com/onlineresources/

The EcoGateway (Your Guide to Sustainability Online). Contains links to more than 5,000 websites and pages relating to sustainability.

• http://www.eren.doe.gov/

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN) homepage (Department of Energy). A comprehensive resource for the Dept. of Energy’s information on efficient and renewable energy. Provides access to over 600 links and 80,000 documents.

• www.buildinggreen.com

Environmental Building News- The Leading Newsletter on Environmentally Responsible Design and Construction (Your Guide to Green Building). Contains articles, reviews, and news stories on energy-efficient, resource-efficient, and healthy building practices.

• http://www.greendesign.net/

Green Building Resource Center- Green Design Network. Newsletters, publications, regional resource directories. Contains a searchable database.

• http://minerva.acc.virginia.edu/~sustain/

The Institute for Sustainable Design: University of Virginia. “Created to ‘render viable’ alternatives to conventional design and practice in human production.”

• http://oikos.com

Oikos: Green Building Source. An extensive index of green building products and companies.

• http://greenbuilding.ca/

Green Building Information Council. A Canadian organization that promotes energyefficient and resource-efficient buildings. Contains news, events, and links to related websites.

• http://www.greenconcepts.com

Green Building Concepts. Contains tools to build more energy and resource-efficient homes.Green living, building hints, product tips.

• http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/greenbuilder/

Austin Energy’s Green Building Program. Know for expertise in “green” residential and commercial construction. Current events, programs, publications.

• http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/

Smart Communities Network Topics in sustainability: overview, green buildings, green development, land use planning, municipal energy, etc. Contains top sustainability websites,a resource database, and success stories.

• http://www.greenguide.com

Green Building Resource Guide. A database of more than 600 green building materials and products. Products selected for usefulness to design and green building professionals, rather than just for green material content.

• http://nrg-builder.com/

Building Environmental Science and Technology (B.E.S.T). Resource guides to green building,resource efficiency and sustainability. Consulting services can assist individuals/companies to implement innovative, cost-efficient, and green building practices. Provides tips for reducing energy use in the home.

• http://www.nas.com/~greenway/

Greenway. Dedicated to producing viable products from landfill materials (megaplast) toslow the deforestation process and decrease the amount of materials in landfills.

• http://www.greenbuilder.com/

Sustainable Sources. A search guide for communal living, green building companies,and environmental organizations. Topics: sustainable building, green real estate listings,green building professionals directory, sustainable sources bookstore, other environmentaland related websites.

• http://www.gdrc.org/uem/

The Global Development Research Center: The Virtual Library on Urban Environmental Management. A guide to sustainable urban planning- green building, sprawl, waste management.

• http://www.crbt.org/

Center for Resourceful Building Technology (CRBT)- a project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT). Promotes environmentally friendly building practices through research education, and demonstration. Encourages building technologies that take into consideration a sustainable and efficient use of resources.

• http://www.gbapgh.org/

Green Building Alliance. A non-profit organization that educates the development community on benefits and techniques of green building.

• http://www.eeba.org

Energy Efficient Building Association. Promotes awareness, education, and development of green buildings and communities.

• http://www.ilovethisplace.com/wwwboard/building

EcoChoices Green Building Forum. Brings people together who are interested in the green building industry. Ask and answer questions.

• http://www.buildingforhealth.com

Building for Health Materials Center (central supplier for healthy and environmentally friendly building products) and CRG Design- Designs for Living (provides many services including consulting for green and healthier residential and commercial projects).

• http://www/greenroofs.com/

Greenroofs.com. Explores ecology of organic greenroof architecture. Promotes greenroof interest and development, details reduction in greenhouse gasses achieved through plantingson roofs of industrial and commercial buildings.

APPENDIX 4

Abbreviations Used in Report(Arranged in Alphabatic Order)

AHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

BMS Building Management System

CFM

CFC Clorofluorocarbon

CII Confederation of Indian Industries

EAT Earth Air Tunnel

ETS Environmental Tobacco Smoke

HCFC Hydro CloroFloro Carbon

HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning

IAQ Indoor Air Quality

IEQ Indoor Environmental Quality

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

IGBC Indian Green Building Congress

IMP Integrated Management Practice

ITC Indian Tobacco Company

LCA Life Cycle Assessment

LEED-NC Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design- New Construction

LEED-CI Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design- Commercial Interior

LID Low Impact Development

OSB Oriented Strand Board

USGBC US Green Building Congress

VOC Volatile Organic Components