ENTERED Accggpmc TO A91;'

O _F PAfi-LMMENT OF CANADA ,

'

IN "1‘

HE OFFICE OF THE M-m rS -TER of AGR ICU LTU R E.

PR EFACE.

0 comm unity is so insignificant that its history is devoid o f

interest. The l iving m anm a y deem his l ife m onotonous anduneventfu l , but every inc ident connected with the dead ancestorinc ites his descendants to the fu l lest investigation. In NorthAm erica , a new world only beginning to grow old , the m en of

to - day recognize the part which each colony , each c ity , each settlement has taken in the history of the i r country . Here

,it is not as

in Europe— the deve lopm ent of a people from barbarism to c ivi liza t ion—which com m ands our attention,

but the success which , in asingle century, ha s c rowned the efforts of pioneers possessing, indeed

,the advantages of modern know ledge and the experience

of the ages, but surrounded by serious a nd som etimes appal lingd ifficu lties .In ACAD IA ,

of which New Brunswick form ed a part , the periodof French occupation is most attractive to the student of history ;but , having regard to pol itical problem s which are perhaps a dva n

c ing towards solution ,he cannot but consider the advent of the

R efugees a nd Loyal ists , and the subsequent events, as most deserving his careful investigation. The antecedent period savorsof rom ance , but with the m elting away of the French regim e

,an

age of progress— of l ife in earnest— commences . The possibi l ities

,under a continued French ru le, m ight indeed form a subject

of specu lation ; but such a specu lation wou ld be m ore curiousthan advantageous, for it is the British colonist who is here con

nected ,not only with the past, but with the present and the future

of the country . In the fol lowing pages som e consideration isgiven to each of the periods ind icated ,

but m ainly to the m ost im

portant . The essay— and it m ust be borne in m ind that it is buta n essay , and not a history was w ritten in com petition for a prizeoff ered by the Mechanics’ Institute of Saint John to the writer ofthe best essay on the history of the c ity and county of Saint john .

The com peting essays , of which there were two , were handed inon the 1sth day of Apri l , A . D . 1883, and were subm itted to thejudgm ent of Messrs . GEOR GE J . CHU BB, W I LL IAM P . DO LE , a nd

W I L L IAM H . VENNING , al l wel l known c itizens . On the i 7th of

the fol lowing May , the last da y of the first hund red years of thec ity ’s life

, the judges awarded the prize, $200 ,

to the writer of thefol lowing pages. They are now offered to the public in the modesthope that, despite their m any defects in style a nd m atter

,they

m ay interest the general reader, and m ay a id the student andfutu re historian.

The writer avai ls him se lf of this opportunity to thank thosewho kind ly supplied him with pam phlets, m em oranda, and othermaterial

, which have greatly aided him in his work .

HISTORY or SAINT OHN.

CHAPTER I .

The Indians ; Visit of Cham plain, De Monts and Poutrincourt toL a Baie Franga ise ; Ind ian Wa r ; Discovery of an i ron m ineby the French ; Charles Am a dour de L aTour

,h is character ;

Captain Samue l A rgal sent from English Colony on St . Jam esR iver, Virginia , to the coast of Acad ia to convoy a fishingfleet ; He burns bui ld ings at St . S a uvieur and Port Royal ;Colony at Port R oyal broken up ; Arrival ofMissionaries fromFrance ; Death of Mem bertou, Sachem of the Micmacs ; Atrad ing post established at the St . John Nova Scotia grantedto S ir W i l l iam Alexander ; Death of Biencourt ; Creation of

Baronets of Nova Scotia ; Charles L aTour ’s m arriage ; FortS t . Lou is ; “ f

a r between France and England ; David Ki rk ;C laude de L aTour taken prisoner to England .

HE Indians who occupied the mouth of the river SaintJohn about 1600, were the Souriquois or Micmacs , andmembers of the same tribe resided near the French

fort at Port R oyal . Their chief was Membertou ,who had

seen Cartier at the Bay Chaleur in 1534, and he appears tohave resided indifferently at the Saint John,

or Port Royal ,for the Ind ians ventured fearlessly in their canoes over thewaters of the Bay of Fundy, or the Baie Frangoise , as i t wassubsequently called by the French .

On the 24th of June , 1604, a little French ship sailed intowhat i s now the harbour of Saint John. She was a paltrycraft, measured by modern standards , smaller than many ofthe coasting schooners of the present day , but she carriedthe germ of an empire ; for Champlain , DeMonts, and Pou

2 History qf Sa z'

zzt

trincourt, the founders of New France , were on her deck .

Champlain ’ s chart of our harbour showed how carefully hescanned his new d iscovery, and how little the great naturalfeatures of the place have changed 1n the course of nearlythree centuries . Looking upon it, and tracing its sound ings ,we can see the course his vessel took—passing into the harbour by the eastern channel— and note even the very spotwhere he anchored . The rugged hills about St . John werethen covered with pines and cedars , and 011 Navy I sland,which was then sepa rated from the main land by a muchnarrower channel than now ,

was a collection of Indian wigwams

,surrounded by a high palisade .

Champlain regarded himself as the d iscoverer of thisgreat river

, and in honor of the day— that of S . John Baptiste— gave the river the name it has ever since retained :

the Saint John .

But though bent on founding a colony, he did not lingerat Saint J ohn , but spread his sails for a longer flight, andturned the prow of his vessel towards the fatal I sland ofSaint Croix.

The year 1607 made St . John the theatre of one of thosewarlike scenes

,the like of which it wil l never see again ,

unless some fierce onslaught of barbarism should sweepcivi lization from our shores , and the birch and cedar shouldflourish on the sites of our deserted dwellings . Membertou

was at war with the Armouchiquois of Saco, and he hadcalled al l the warriors of his tribe to a id him in his expedition against his enemies. The mouth of the St . John wasthe place of rendezvous , and to it they came from the marshla nds of Chignecto , from the Miramichi , from Cape Breton ,and from Gaspé. Early in June, four hundred warriors wereassembled , in all the pomp and circumstance of savage war,at the mouth of the St . John , and i ts harbour—which nowbea rs on its bosom the peaceful fleets of commerce—was

History of Sa int yo/m. 3.

parted by the canoes of this horde of barbarians . Theypassed westward to the coasts of Maine , and to the habitations of their enemies and after a brief but bloody contestreturned victorious to their homes in the forest

,bearing with

them many an Armouchiquois scalp .

About this period , the colonists of Port R oyal frequentlyvisited St . John for the purpose of buying beaver skins fromthe Indians , for the savages had a permanent settlementthere

,independently of those further inland . The French ,

ever on the alert for mineral treasures , d iscovered in the

rocks near the falls some iron, which was converted into aknife by an ingenious mechanic . Whether any such mineexists at the present day , is a question for our Provincialgeologists ; but if the French statement be correct , i t musthave been of excellent quali ty , for the knife so made is described as being capable of cutting like a razor .

Claude Etienne de L aTour and his 5 011 Charles Amadour accompanied Poutrincourt to Acadia in 1611. Pou

trincourt returned to France soon after the arrival of his

son,leaving him in In the year 1606 , when the

Port R oyal colony was scarcely a year old , when most of theregion on the shores of the Bay of Fundy was an unexploredwilderness , and while the aged Membertou was still Sachem

of the Micmacs , there came to Port R oyal a boy of fourteen

years of age , named Charles St . Etienne de L aTour, whowas destined to leave as broad a mark on the history of thecolony as any white m an who has ever trod i ts shores . His

father , with whom he came , was a Huguenot . a m an of good

family ,but who had been reduced so much by misfortune ,

that it is said he worked as a stone mason in Paris beforecoming to Acadia . Whether this statement is correct or

not, i s a matter of little consequence . If true , the distinction

Archer’ s History of Cana da , page 59.

4 [fistory of Sa int

which he and his more celebrated son subsequently obtained ,i s all the more to his credit : if false , he is not the first m an

who has been the victim of misrepresentation . When thePort R oyal colony was broken up, and Biencourt betookhimself to the woods and resided with the Micmacs , CharlesL aTour was his faithful companion and friend , and remainedwith him during the four years of his exile among the savages . But i t is not necessary to follow his career step bystep to his first connection with New Brunswick it isenough to say that t he training which he received in therude school of savage l ife , admirably fitted him for the trialsand misfortunes which he was afterwards required to endure.As to his character, he was not one whose qualities , good orbad , could be ascertained at a glance. His reputation hasbeen savagely assailed by some writers , while some have asfirmly upheld i t. Even his contemporaries were not at alltimes of the same mind concerning him : when in their presence , he seemed the embodiment of courtesy and honestywhen absent, the record of his deeds sometimes made theircheeks burn with anger.In 1607 * a company of London merchants had founded

a colony on the James R iver in Virginia, where , after suffering greatly from the insalubrity of the climate and want ofprovisions, they had attained a considerable degree of pros

perity. In 1613 they sent a fleet of eleven vessels to fish onthe coast of Acadia, convoyed by an armed vessel , underthe command of Captain Samuel Argal

, who had been connected with the colony since 1609. Argal was one of thoseadventurers formed in the school of Drake , who had madea trade of piracy, but confined themselves to the robbing ofthose who were so unfortunate as not to be their own countrymen. The Virginian colonists , although utterly unable

Ha rmay'

s History ofAca dia , page 103.

fi z’

story of Sa int yonn. 5“

to people a hundredth part of the State which now bearsthat name , were too jealous - minded to allow any foreignersto live peaceably within eight hundred miles of them , and

resolved to send Argal to destroy al l the French settlementsin Acad ia , and erase al l traces of their power. He was furnished with three armed vessels , and was accompanied bytwo Jesuits , fathers Biard and Quantin . He first destroyedthe cross which the Jesuits had erec ted at St . Sauvieur, and

burnt down all the buildings which the French had builtthere . He then sailed for St . Croix

,where he destroyed the

fort , burnt down all the build ings , and destroyed a largequantity of salt stored there by the fishermen. He thencrossed to Port R oyal , piloted i t is said by an Indian. but it

was shrewdly suspected , and generally believed in France ,that Father Biard was the person who did this favor to theEnglish . At Port R oyal he found no person in the fort

,al l

the inhabitants being at work in the fields,

five miles away .

The first intimation they ha d of the presence of strangerswas the smoke of their burning dwellings

,which

,together

with the fort in which a great quantity of goods were stored ,

he completely destroyed . He even effaced with a pick thearms of France and the names of DeMonts and other Acad ian pioneers , which were engraved on a large stone whichstood within the fort. He is said to have spared the millsa nd barns up the river , but that could only have been because he d id not know where they were .When Argal departed from Port R oyal he left that set

tlem ent—on which more than a hundred thousand crownsha d been expended - in ashes , and more dreary and desolatethan an uninhabited desert could have been, because its soi lwas branded with the m arks of ungenerous hatred, unpro

voked enmity, and wanton destruction. Poutrincourt, whoattributed all his misfortunes to the Jesuits , took no furtherpart in the affairs of Acad ia , but entered into the service of

6 [Vista /j ) of Sa int 70m

the King , distinguished himself, and was killed in the year1615 at the siege of Mery - sur - Seine . Biencourt howeverrefused to abandon the country , but with a few faithfulchosen companions , maintained himself in it during the rem a inder of his life . One of the friends who shared his exilea nd enjoyed his confidence was Charles de L aTour, a nameafterwards memorable in the annals of Acad ia. Sometimesthey resided with the savages , dressed after their fashion,

and with them fished and hunted at other times they dweltnear Port R oyal , but of their adventurous life little is known .

The trials and sufferings of those who reside in the wilderness seldom see the light

,unless at the instance of the

adventurers themselves . But Biencourt left no record behind him , and L aTour was a man of the sword rather thanof the pen.

Two Jesui t priests , named fathers Biard and Masse , werethe first to enter on the missionary field of Acadia . In 1610

i t was arranged that they should set sai l for that place .

They arrived at Port R oyal on the 22nd of June , 1611, aftera voyage of five months , in which they were exposed tomany hardships and dangers from ice and storms

,besides

suffering from the confinement of a passage of such remarka ble duration. Immediately on their arrival they commencedthe study of the Micmac language , and to enable him to dothis more effectively , Father Masse went to the St . John, and

took up his abode with Louis Membertou , son of the agedchief of the same name who had d ied the year previous

*After a few months experience he returned,half

s tarved , and inexpressibly disgusted with the fi lth and smoke,

a nd indescribable annoyances among which he had lived .

Father Biard in the mean time employed himself in a workof a more utilitarian character : he went with Biencourt on

Archer ’ s H istory of Cana da .

[f istor of Sa int 7

an expedi tion up Cumberland Bay , and discovered thoseferti le and noble marsh lands on which the countless herdsof Westmorland and Cumberland are now fed . He alsofrequently accompanied Biencourt in the numerous tripswhich he made to various parts of the Bay of Fundy.

*While they were absent on one of these occasions, on a

visit to St . Croix I sland ,the aged Membertou was brought

from St . Mary's Bay to Port R oyal in a dy ing condi tion.

I t soon became apparent that he could live but a little time,and an unseemly d ispute arose as to where he should beburied . Biencourt wished him to be buried with his ownpeople , agreeably to a promise which he had made to thedy ing chief, who desired to be laid with his own forefathers .The Jesu its , on the other hand , contended that he should beburied in consecrated ground , as a proof of the reality of hisconversion . Biencourt curtly told them that they mightconsecrate the Ind ian burial place if they wished , but thathe wou ld see Membertou

’

s wishes carried out . The old

chief finally consented to be buried with the Christians , andhe was accord ingly interred in the burying ground at PortR oyal .

T-For several years after the destruction of Port R oyalby Argal , there is a blank in the history of Acad ia . Biencourt sti l l remained in the country ,

and occasionally residedat Port R oyal , and i t does not appear that any considerablenumber of his people ever returned to France .

In 1619 two trad ing companies were formed for the purpose of developing the resources of Acadia . One companywas authorised to carry on the shore fishery ; the other , totrade with the savages for furs . The fur traders establisheda post at the S t. John as the most convenient depot for trafficwith the savages . The fishery establishment was at Miscon

Ha nna y'

s H istory ofAca dia . 1L Hannay '

s H istory ofAca dia ,page

8 lf istmjy of Sa int yonn.

on the Gulf of St . Lawrence . Three R ecollet Missionarieswere sent to Acadia , where. in add ition to their stipulated

duties , they did good serv1ce in the conversion of the natives .When the R ecollets established themselves in their convent

(1620) on the St . Charles , they sent missionaries to the Ne

pisiguit , to the mouth of the St . John, to Port R oyal , and toCape Sable . They were the first Europeans who penetratedthe unbroken wilderness between the Bay Chaleur and theBay of Fundy .

In September , 162 1, the whole of the province of NovaScotia , New Brunswick , and the Ga spé Peninsula , weregranted to SirWilliam Alexander . This territory was to beknown by the name ofNova Scotia , and to be held at a rentof one penny Scots per year , to be paid on the soil of NovaScotia on the festival of the nativity of Christ , if demanded .

This charter also endowed the grantee with enormous powers for the regulation and government of his territory ,

—thecreation of titles and offices and the maintenance of fortifications and fleets .

In 1623 , when Biencourt d ied , he bequeathed to Charlesde L aTour his rights in Port R oyal , and made him his successor in the government of the colony .

In 1625 James the First d ied , and Alexander obtainedfrom his son Charles a confirmation of his grant of NovaScotia , and for the purpose of fac i li tating the settlement of acolony ,

and providing funds for i ts subsistence,an order of

Baronets of Nova Scotia was created . I t was to consist ofone hundred and fifty gentlemen , who were will ing to contribute to the founding of the colony ,

each of whom was toreceive a tract of land , six miles by three , in Nova Scotia,which Alexander released to them in consideration of theira id in Ihe work of colonization . One hundred and seven ofthese baronets were created between 1625 and 1635 , th irtyfour of whom had their estates in what is now New Bruns

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10 History of Sa int 701m.

and England , S ir William Alexander thought i t an oppor

tune time to make himself master of the country which hadbeen granted to him . Under his patronage , David Kirk ,son of a Scotchman, naturalized in France , received a communica tion from Charles I . to seize Quebec and al l theFrench forts in Acad ia . Along with his brothers Louis andThomas

, and with the assistance of his friends , he equippeda dozen vessels

,seized Port R oyal , and took formal posses

sion of the country for Sir William . In the Gulf of St . Lawrence he captured a vessel , fitted out by the new companyto a id Quebec

, on board of which was Claude de L aTour .

The whole number of vessels captured by Kirk at this timeamounted to eighteen ,

with one hundred and t hirty - five

p ieces of ordnance,and a vast quantity of ammunition,

qu ite sufficient to have put both Port R oyal and Quebec ina respectable state of defence . Kirk , being unaware of thewretched cond ition of Quebec , however , did not attack itunti l 1829, when he made his appearance in the St . Lawrence

, and summoned i t to surrender , a nd as the place wasdestitute both of provisions and ammuni tion , Champlain hadno alternative but to accept the favorable terms offered byKirk

,who took possession of the place on the 29th of July ,

1629, and carried Champlain to England ,leaving his brother ,

Louis Kirk , in command -

of Quebec .

“When Claude de L aTour was taken a prisoner to England by Sir David Kirk in 1828 , he was caressed and flattered by Sir William Alexander , and persuaded not only tochange his own allegiance , but engage that his son shoulddo the same . Both the L aTours seem to have been of an

enterprising character, of fine address and persuasive m an

ners , but personal interest was their first consideration .

”

In 1629, Claude was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia

Archer's H istory of Cana da , page 82 .

with the title of Sir Charles Saint Etienne de L aTour , Seigneur de LaTour and Vaure . His son’s name appeared on

the roll as S ir Charles Saint Etienne de L aTour, Seigneurde Saint Deniscourt Baigneux . The following year , SirWilliam , then Earl of Sterling, made them a free gift of thecountry from Cape Jebogue to La Heve . Sir Claude married a lady of the Court .

CHAPTER I I .

Claude de LaTour attacks his son’s fort at Port L aTour ; His defeat ; He takes refuge at Port Royal ; Supplies sent fromFrance to Fort St. Lou is ; Claude de LaTour warns his son

of an intended attack on his fort ; They hold a consultationThey decide to build a fort at the mouth of the St. John R iver ,The fort comm enced ; Treaty of St . Germ ain- en- Laye ;Agreem ent between Isaac de R a zilly and the Company of New

France ; Charles L aTour takes possession ofMachias ;LaTourremoves from Cape Sable to St . John ; Missions at St. John andMiscon re - established ;D ’Aulnay Cha rnisay ; Cause ofjealousybetween LaTour and Cha rnisay ; Fort LaTour ; Cha rnisayattempts to underm ine LaTour ; Life at Fort LaTour ; Charnisay rece ives orders to seize L aTour and take possession of

his fort ; Is unsuccessfu l L aTour sends an em issary to Bostonto sol ic it a id, which , however, is refused Fort LaTour attacked by Cha rnisay ; L aTour goes in person to Boston to solicita id , and is given perm ission to enl ist such m en as would gowith him , and to hi re such ships as he m ight require ; LaToursai ls for St . John with fou r vessels and fifty - two men ; Charnisay defeated ; Lady LaTour visits England to purchasesuppl ies I.ady LaTour returns to the fort, but finds her husband absent ; Fort LaTour again attacked by Cha rnisay ;Defence of the fort by Lady L aTour.

N return for all the honor that had been conferred uponhim

,LaTour undertook to plant a colony of Scotch

in Acadia. and to obtain possession of his son ’ s fort a tSt. Louis for the King of Great Britain . Accordingly, in1630 he set sail with a number of colonists in two vessels ,well provided, and he appears to have had no doubts as tohis ability to carry out what he had promised. When thevessels arrived at Port LaTour , he landed and visited his sonat Fort St . Louis . But Charles de St . Etienne refused to

entertain for a moment the proposition made to him by his

ffistory of Sa int yonn. 13

father , —to deliver h is fort to the English . Overwhelmedwith mortifica tion,

L aTour retired on board of his ship, and

addressed a letter to his son couched in the most tender andaffectionate language , and setting forth the advantages whichthey would both derive from pursuing the course which hedesired his son to adopt . Finding this produced no effect

,

he tried to intimidate his son by menaces a nd finding thesed i sregarded , and u tterly driven to desperation,

he disembarked h is sold iers and a number of armed seamen

, and

tried to carry the fort by assault. The assailants were drivenback with loss , and on the second day made another attack ,but with no better success . L aTour was urgent for anotherattack on the third day , but the commanding officer wouldnot permit any more of his men to be sacrificed, and retiredwith them to the ships . L aTour was now in a most unenviable position

, and knew not which way to turn. He hadmade himself a traitor to his country, and had broken hispromises to the English . He however believed himself saferwith the foreigners whom he ha d deceived than with his owncountrymen whom he had betrayed . He therefore went withthe Scotch colonists , who retired to join their countrymen atPort R oyal . Great as might have been L aTour’s grief atthis misadventure on his own account, it could not fail to bemuch increased by the reflection that he had made the ladywho ha d become his wife , the innocent Sharer of his m isfortunes . He told her, in touching language , that he hadcounted on introducing her in Acadia to a life of happinessand comfort, but that he was now reduced to beggary , andif she chose , he would release her from her painful position,

and allow her to return to her family . She replied that shehad not married him to abandon him at the first breath ofmisfortune , and that whatever trials and misfortunes he hadto endure , she would be willing to share with him .

The colony a t Port R oyal , in which L aTour found refuge ,

14 History of Sa int 70am

had been established there in 1620 by a son of Sir WilliamAlexander, and consisted chiefly of natives of S cotland.

They had erected a fort on the Granville shore oppositeGoat I sland, the site of Champlain

’ s fort . Very l ittle isknown of the history of the colony . During the first winter ,out of seventy coloni sts no less than thirty died . The arrivalof the vessels in which L aTour had come, with add itionsto numbers and supplies , somewhat revived their droopingspirits .In 1630 two vessels were fitted out a t Bordeaux by M.

Tufet , a merchant and citizen of that town and a member ofthe Company of New France , with supplies , arms and am

munition for the new fort at Grand Cibou in Cape Breton ,and for Fort St . Lou is at Port L aTour. They were delayedby storms , and did not reach Cape Sable unti l late in the

sea son . Captain Marot , who had charge of this expedi tion ,brought Charles de St. Etienne a letter from M. Tufet en

joining him to remain steadfast in the King ’s cause , and

expressing the confidence which the Company had in hispatriotism and firmness . It also informed him that the vessels contained arms , ammuni tion, supplies and men , whichwere at his service to build dwellings and forts wherever hedeemed most convenient. After consu lting with CaptainMarot , i t was agreed that the best plan was to advise hisfather of the probability of Port R oyal being given up by

Great Bri tain , and to request him to return to Cape Sable ,so that they might be informed of the numbers and imtentions of the Scotch . L aTour very cheerfully complied withthi s request , and repaired to Cape Sable , where his son hada comfortable dwelling erected for the accommodation of hisfamily and his attendants , without the walls of the fort. Hebrought the intelligence that the Port R oyal colonists intended to make another attack on Fort St . Louis . A longconsultation was then held , in which LaTour, Captain Marot

fl istory of Sa int Yo/zn. I 5

and the R ecol let Fathers took part,and the question as to

what was the best course to be pursued was d iscussed in allits bearings . I t was finally decided to erec t a strong fort a tthe mouth of the river St . John where there was a powerfultribe of Ind ians

,which wou ld serve the double purpose of

repell ing the intrusions of the English , and would give theFrench at the same time command of the whole peltry tradeof that vast tract of wilderness which ex tended to the R iverSt . Lawrence . L aTour was to superintend the erection of

this fort,and continue in command until i t was completed ,

while St . Etienne would stil l remain at Cape Sa ble and resistany attack which might be made upon him by the Scotch .

Captain Marot was to convey the workmen, artisans and

their supplies to the mouth of the St . John,and the work

was to be proceeded with at once . The workmen were conveyed to the St . John and operations commenced with V igor ,but

,as the proposed work was to be constructed on an ex

tensive scale,but li ttle could be done towards its a ccom

plishm ent that season,and when another season had arrived

,

the politi cal aspect of affairs appeared to render its construction less necessary .

In June , 1631, King Charles I . authorized his Ambassador . Sir I saac Wake , to conc lude a treaty with the King ofFrance for the purpose of settling a l l controversies , and inJuly informed Sir William Alexander— who the y ear previons had been created Earl of Sterling— that Port R oyalwas to be restored to the French , and the fort destroyedwhich the Scotch ha d bu i lt. On March 29th,

1632 , the treatyof S t . Germain—en - Laye was signed , one of the provisionsbeing that Acad ia should be restored to France . A Commission was granted to Charles de St. Etienne , dated 11th

February ,1631, by which he was appointed to command , as

the King ’ s Lieutenant General in Acadia . The Companyof New France also sent a well stocked vessel to Fort St.

16 ffistory of Sa int yo/zn .

Louis in April , 1631, with a letter confirming, on the part of

the Company , the command granted by the King .

On the 27th of March , 1632 , I saac de R a zilly enteredinto an agreement with the Company of New France , bythe terms of which he was to receive from Cardinal R i chelieu a vessel called L ’

Espera noe en D ion , free , and in sailingorder , ready to receive her cargo , armed with her guns ,swivels , powder and shot. He was also to receive the sumof ten thousand l ivres in ready money , in consideration of

which he engaged to put the Company of New France inpossession of Port R oyal , without further charges . He tookwith him a number of peasants and artisans to people thenew colony, and in his train were two m en, one of whom

,

Charles de Menou , Seigneur D’

Aulnay de Cha rnisay , be

came the life - long enemy of Charles de St . Etienne ; theother, Nicholas Denys , after a life of adventure , became itshistorian, returned to France , and d ied at a ripe age in theland of his birth .

In June,1632 , before De R a zilly arrived in Acadia , a

party of French came in a pinnace to Penobscot , where theNew Plymouth colonists had established a trading house ,after L aTour had been d ispossessed . The French pretended to have just arrived from sea, that they had lost theirreckoning , that their vessel was leaky, and that they desiredto haul her up and repair her . I t happened that the masterof the trading house and most of his m en had gone to thewestward for a supply of goods , leaving only three or fourm en to protect the fort . The French

,seeing the weak state

of the garrison , resolved to help themselves to the contentsof the trading house , and having overpowered the few men incharge

,loaded their vessel with the goods

,which consisted

of three hundred weight of beaver, besides trad ing stuff,such us coats , rugs , blankets , and biscuit ; the whole valuedat five hundred pounds sterling . The French did not injure

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18 ffistozy of Sa int 7 01m.

R iver Saint John where a fort had been comm enced some

years before.For proof that Fort L aTour was a t the moa t/z of the

R iver St. John , and not further up , as affirmed by someauthorities , I give copies of two letters in the Appendix .

*

In 16331“

the Monks in the order of St. Francis from theProvince of Aquitane returned to Acad ia , and the missionson the St. John and at Miscou were re - established . Thosepious Fathers continued to reta in the possession of this missionary field , and under their ministrations , all the savagesof Acadia in the course of time became Christians , a t leastin name.Although the father of L aTour seems to have been joint

owner with his son of the land at the mouth of the St. John ,and to have taken an active share in the erection of the fortthere , his name is not connected with any of the subsequentevents in the history of Fort L aTour, and Charles LaTourbecomes for a while the hero ofAcadian annals . D

’

AulnayCha rnisay , a young adventurer from Paris, who was a relation of Cardinal R ichelieu and connected with the CompanyofNew France—an Association in which the great Cardinalwas much interested—came to Acadia some time prior tothe erection of Fort LaTour . When De R azilly becameGovernor of Acadia in 1632 , L aTour and D

’

Aulnay werehis Lieutenants , and a t his death , which took place in 1636 ,

D’

Aulnay appears to have been appointed Governor of al lthat porti on of Acadia lying to the north of the Bay ofFundy, while LaTour

’

s Commission as Governor extendedover the whole Nova Scotia peninsula. D

’

Aulnay’s resi

dence and fort was a t Pentagoet (Penobscot), but he hada lso the fort and establishment at Port R oyal , which hadbeen transferred to him by Claude de R azilly, brother of the

See Append ices A and B. fHannay'

s H istory ofAca d ia , page 128.

History of Sa int 7o/i n . 19

deceased Governor . The actual deed of transfer of Isaacde R azilly

’

s possessions in Acadia was not given to Charnisay unti l 1642 , but this was only the formal recognitionof what was already an established fact , for Cha rnisay longbefore had been treating these possessions as his own. I t .will thus be seen that while LaTour ’

s fort at St . John waswithin the government of D ’

Aulnay ,the fort of the latter at

Port R oyal was within the government of L aTour . Thisstate of affairs excited , as m ay be supposed ,

endless jealousies in the minds of two such ambitious and powerful men as:were the rival governors of Acadia

,and finally was the means

of bringing about the most violent contests between them .

Fort L aTour was situated on the Carleton side of theharbour of Saint John on that point of land which juts outtowards Navy Island , from which it is divided by a narrowand shallow channel , dry at low water . I t was square inoutline , eighty paces in d iameter , with a bastion at each ofi ts angles . S ieur Franquet

’

s plans of forts in Acadia showus how all such forts were construc ted . A double row of

palisades from fifteen to eighteen feet long was placed aroundthe outline of the fort : a banquette of earth was thrown upfrom the inside against the palisades , and above it a smallerembankment formed the parapet . Outside , a deep d itch wasdug,

part of the earth from it being thrown against the palisades , and the remainder sloped off so as to form a glacis .The bastions at each angle were generally constructed of

logs and projected some thirty feet beyond the outline of thefort , terminating in an acute angle , and on these the gunswere mounted, so that the guns on either side of a bastioncommanded both the side of the fort next to it and the sideof the bastion beyond ; this system of bastions , or works ,reciprocal ly flanking the wall and each other , being thegrand a im of all fortifications . Fort L aTour was suppliedwith twenty - four cannon, six on each bastion , and for that

20 H istory of Sa int 7 olin .

day was a respectable fort . Saltsonstall, of New England ,

calls i t a Strong sufficient fort,”and the rude warfare i t

passed through seems to give it some claim to the title .

Charles de St . Etienne , the S ieur de L aTour who is described in the grant as Lieutenant General for the King onthe coast of Acadia in New France , was granted the fort andhabitation of L aTour on the R iver St . John, with the landsadjacent having a frontage of five leagues on the river , andextending back ten leagues into the country . The date ofthis grant was January 15th , 1635 , and during this year LaTour removed part of his establishment from Cape Sable tothe R iver St . John,

where a fort had been commenced some

years before .

In this fort Charles LaTour was fully established and

residing in 1635 and the people of New Brunswick shouldremember him as the first white man who planted a permanent colony on our shores , and who , through all sorts oftrials and misfortunes clung to the dwelling he ha d made forhimself in this forest land .

The fur trade which L aTour carried on at St . John wasa great source of profit , amounting to three thousand mooseskins a year , besides beavers and otters . D

’

Aulnay couldnot look with any degree of complacency on the prospect ofhis rival reaping the benefit of the Indian traffic in a placewhich he regarded as properly his own. D

’

Aulnay waseminently proud , haughty and vindictive , and all his energies were directed to the task of dispossessing L aTour ofSt . John , and destroying his power in Acadia . His influencein France with the great Cardinal was a powerful incentiveand a id to him in this undertaking, and influenced , while itfurthered his ambition. One accusation which was preferredagainst LaTour was , that he was a heretic, and therefore anunworthy ruler of the faithful subjects of the K ing in NewFrance .

fz’istory of Sa int 70/tn. 2 1

His father certainly was a Huguenot, and his wife wasone also ; but LaTour himself, if he was anything, was aR oman Catholi c. The rulers ofNew England—who wouldhave been only too glad to have welcomed him as a Protestant from Acadia— always speak of him as a Papist, and herarely went to Boston without being attended by a coupleof Friars . The poetic halo which Whittier has cast aroundhim in his ballad of the St. John, as a sufferer for his Huguenot principles , has therefore no substantial foundation oftruth to support i t ; and indeed LaTour , who was in somemeasure all things to all m en, does not appear to have beena person with any very serious convictions on religiousmatters .”

D’

Aulnay’

s first efforts in France against LaTour werenot successful , and rather tended to strengthen the latter inhis possession of St . John . On the l oth of February , 1638 ,

a letter wa s sent from the K ing to D ’

Aulnay, which read asfollows

You shal l be m y Lieutenant General on the coast of Etchm ins,beginning from the m iddle of the terra fi rma of Baie Frangoise(Fundy), thence towards Virginia, and Governor of Pentagoet ;and the Government of the S ieur de L aTour, m y LieutenantGeneral on the coast of Acad ia, shal l be from the m idd le of BaieFrancoise to the Strait of Cansea u. Therefore, you are not empowered to change any arrangements in the settlement at theR iver St . John made by the said S ieur de L aTour, who wi l l d i recthis econom y and his people accord ing to his judgm ent ; and the

said S ieur de LaTour shal l not attempt to change anything in thesettlements of La Heve and Port Royal , nor in the Ports theretobe longing.

"

From this it will be seen that LaTour suffered no injuryfrom the first attempts of his rival to undermine him .

Neither history nor tradition has preserved any detailsof the m ode of life at Fort L aTour. L aTour, though therepresentative of the King in Acadia , was not a R oyal Gov

2 2 f listory of Sa int 701m.

ernor, as was Villebon and his successors ; and his establishment being merely a private one , he sent no despatcheshome to France filled with accounts of the progress of eventsin his fort. The number of men constituting the garrisonof the fort was generally about fifty, and much of their timeseems to have been employed in the shore fishery, and intrading with the Indians . A lovely life it must sometimeshave been during the dreary winter season , when no vesselswere arriving from France

,for in that season of the year the

Acadian seas were not in that age regarded as safe for navi

ga tion. No cultivation appears to have been attempted byL aTour, and indeed the spot upon which he settled was onewhich gave small promise of a return for the labors of theagriculturalist. A dense wilderness of cedar and birch growing in a lean and barren soil , extended around the harbourof St . John and over the heights to the sea , and the fertileland beyond the rocky barrier which skirts the Bay of Fundywas too remote to be available , even had LaTour been inclined to abandon more lucrative pursuits for the purposeof bringing an Acadian wilderness into cultivation .

D’

Aulnay was not d iscouraged by his first failure frompursuing and injuring his rival . He made several visits toFrance

, and a t last succeeded in obtaining from K ing Louisan order directing LaTour to go to France and answer thecharges brought against him by D

’

Aulnay. The latter wasa lso instructed in the alternative of LaTour refusing to obeythe King’ s mandate , to seize his person , make a faithful inventory of his effects , and take possession of his fort and allhis goods . This order was dated 13th February , 1641, andten days later L aTour

’

s Commission as Governor was revoked by the King,—the ground alleged for the a ct beingm isconduct on his part. D

’

Aulnay lost no t ime in ta kingmeasures for the executi on of the mandate , and LaTour wasnot long without a copy of the order which thus summarily

[f istory of Sa int 701m. 23

deprived him of his title and wealth . The fact of his beingmerely accused of wrong doing,

’

not convicted ,scarcely les

sened the danger with which he was threatened,for the

Bastile was full of prisoners who had never been adj udgedguilty by any tribunal , and LaTour had no idea of spendingthe remainder of his days a prisoner of State , at least notwhile the palisades of his fort were capable of withstand ingthe attack of an enemy . A ship named the St. Fr a ncishad been sent out by the Government , expressly for thepurpose of bringing L aTour to Europe

,but he informed the

Captain and officers entrusted wi th his keeping , that theaccusations brought against him by D

’

Aulnay were so falsethat he d id not consider i t necessary to take so long a voyage for the purpose of refuting them ; that he preferredremaining in his adopted country , and had more faith inthe security of his fort than in the impartiali ty of the tribuna l by which he was to be tried .

The S t.Fra nc is returned to France in August, 1641, with

out L aTour , bearing his d isobedient message to the King.

In the mean time , he began to take measures to make himself secure against attack , and to endeavor to form allianceswith those willing and able to help him in his extremity .

Knowing that D ’

Aulnay— the means of his being accused

wou ld also be the party entrusted with the management ofany exped i tion against him , he regarded i t as his best policyto strike at the root of his rival ’s powers . In November ,1641, he sent a n emissary to Boston with a proposal to a id

them in attacking D ’

Aulnay’

s fort at Pentagoet and as thisfort had always been regarded with d istrust and aversionby the people of New England , i t seemed natural that theyshould desire to destroy so dangerous a neighbor. R o

chette , a Protestant of R ochelle , was L aTour’

s messengeron this occasion. R ochette called at Pemaqu id on his way ,

and there left his boats . Mr . Shurt , the principal resident

24 History of Sa int

of that place,received him courteously , and gave him a let

ter to the Governor of Massachusetts Bay . R ochette proposed that the people of Massachusetts Bay should enterinto a treaty with LaTour. The proposed treaty , as Winthrop informs us , was to embrace three points : first , l ibertyof free commerce ; second , assistance against D

’

Aulnay

Cha rnisay ,with whom he had war ; and third , that he might

make return of goods out of England by the merchants ofBoston . The first condition,

that with reference to trade ,was the only one granted in consequence of his not havingany credentials or letters to show from his master ; at leastWinthrop

,who was then Governor of Massachusetts , states

this as the reason of their refusal to treat with him . R o

chette was most courteously entertained by the people ofBoston, and after remaining with them some days , took hisdeparture again for Fort LaTour. The timidi ty of the rulersof Massachusetts on this and other occasions in which LaTour was concerned

,appears very conspicuously ,

and wasa most unfortunate policy for their tradmg interests , for,occupying the position of neutrals between the belligerentFrenchmen, they were regarded with favor by neither, butlooked upon as a lawful object of attack by both .

D’

Aulnay appears to have undertaken another voyageto France for the purpose of stirring up the Government inregard to LaTour

,and in February ,

1642 , obtained an orderfrom the King di recting him to seize L aTour ’s fort

, and takehis rival prisoner

,

—a m andate which he was only too eager

to obey. L aTour,who kept himself well informed in regard

to what was going on at the French Court, was soon apprisedof his d anger

,and in October

, 1642 , sent his Lieutenant toBoston with a shallop and fourteen m en. The Lieutenantcarried letters from L aTour to John Winthrop

,Governor of

Massachusetts Bay, fi lled with compliments, and desiring

assistance from the people of New England against his ene

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26 History of Sa int

traitor to the King. This order was useless however, wi thout an armed force to support it , as LaTour was not one togive up all hope a t the least appearance of danger. Charnisay while in France had gone through the legal formalitiesnecessary to secure a transfer to himself of al l the estateswhich the late Isaac de R a zilly had possessed in Acadia .The deeds by which this transfer was made were executedby Claude de R azilly , and were dated January 16th , 1642.

They conveyed to Charnisay both Isaac de R a zilly'

s Acadian property and his rights in the Company ofNew France ,the consideration of the transfer being the sum of

livres , which Cha rnisay agreed to pay in seven years .Disappointed in his hopes of a id from the Puritans , La

Tour once more turned his eyes to the land of his bi rth , andsent to R ochelle for succor. His friends there were notbackward in responding to the cal l , and provided a vesselfor him named the Clement, an armed ship , and loaded herwith munitions of war and provisions and with one hundredand forty men on board she set sai l for Acadia , but beforeher arrival a t her destination, LaTour

’

s enemy had well nighcompassed his ruin .

Early in 1643 D’

Aulnay , having completed his combinations against L aTour and collected his forces , set sail fromhis fort at Port R oyal to atta ck Fort L aTour. His armament consisted of a squadron of six vessels ; two ships , onegalley, and three pinnaces , having on board five hundredmen. This formidable force was so much greater than any

L aTour had a t hand to oppose i t , that it seemed quite inv incible , and the prospect of averting destruction hopeless .LaTour had not a single ship at his fort, and the few smallpinnaces used by him in the shore fisheries would have beenof no avail against so strong a flotilla as D ’

Aulnay comm anded . His men too, were fa r from numerous , the opposing force probably outnumbering his , ten to one ; yet , the

History of Sa int 27

defences of his fort were so strong that there was little danger of its being taken by a sudden assault , and help mightarrive before he was starved into submission . He knew wellthat his friends in R ochelle would not desert him , and en

couraged by the hope of speedy a id from them ,he presented

a bold front to the enemy , and refused all D’

Aulnay’

s termsof submission. His wily enemy in the mean time maintaineda strict blockade of the harbour of St . John . On the southwest side of Partridge Island ,

which was then the ship channel, lay his larger vessels , while his smaller craft rode a t

a nchor on the opposite side of the Island ,thus commanding

both channels , and effectively cutting off LaTour from the

sea . For more than a month this state of affairs continued ,

unti l at length L aTour seemed to have no recourse left butto submit or starve . But , in his hour of extrem ity , somea ssistance was at hand . The Clem ent, the large ship sent toh is a id by his friends in R ochelle

,made her appearance in

t he Bay of Fundy ,bringing to the garrison a reinforcement

of one hundred and forty men and a supply of ammunitionand provisions . L aTour was sagacious enough to perceivethat , even with this addition to his forces , he was in no con

d i tion to defeat his enemy ,so he resolved on a bold measure

for the purpose of crushing him effectually and raising thesiege of the fort . In the night after the first appearance ofthe Clement, he passed through D

’

Aulnay'

s squadron in -a

shallop,leaving the port to be defended by his m en, and

embarking , set sail for Boston to solicit a id from the Englishof that colony . Madam LaTour was his only companionon that memorable midnight blockade—running exped i tion ,

a nd she was well worthy to be the companion of so daringa spirit , in any adventure , —possessing a courage as high a shis own , and an aptitude for command such as few , even of

m en ,possess . They boarded the Clem ent , which imme

d ia tely set sail for Boston. They were favored with a fair

28 History of Sa int

wind,and made a rapid passage . At sea they met a boat

from Boston,out of which they took a pilot , leaving a

Frenchman to supply his place .

The appearance of the Clement in Boston was suddenand unexpected , and fi lled the citizens of that young townwith much consternation . Some time

'

before , from motivesof econom y ,

the fortifications had been allowed to take careof themselves ; and although the cannon sti ll frowned fromthe battlements

,there were no men behind them . L aTour

’

s

ship consequently passed in without a challenge , and hadhe been so disposed , he could speed i ly have laid Boston inashes . His , however , was a pacific mission,

and such an actof vengeance would not have recompensed him in any measure for the defeat of his plans against D ’

Aulnay . The

Governor ofMassachusetts at that time was John Winthrop ,a man eminent among the Puritans of that period for hisrare sagacity ,

his patriotism, and his piety . He indeed was

not entirely free from those marked peculiarities whichmake the character of the Puritans obnoxious to many people of the present da y ; but making all allowances for faultsof country and education, he was such a m an as his fellowcolonists were justly proud to honor . To him LaTour went

,

stated his difficulties,and asked for assistance from the peo

ple of Boston against his enem y D’

Aulnay . Winthrop,

a lthough prepossessed in L aTour’

s favor,would probably

not have been d isposed to give him any countenance but forone circumstance , which is curious , as illustrating the m an

ner in which the Government of France was managed atthat period . The Captain of the Clem ent produced a letter

,

under the hand of the Vice - Admiral of France,by which

permission was given to bring out supplies and amm uni tlon

for him ,in the Clement ; and in this letter L aTour wa s

styled“

The King ’ s Lieutenant General in Acadia .

” He

also produced a letter from the agent of the Company of

ffistor of Sa int 29

New France addressed to L aTour, informing him of thea ttempts which Cha rnisay was making against him ,

and advising him to have a care for his own safety . In this letterL aTour was called “ Lieu tenant General for the K ing ,”although his commission as such had been revoked morethan two years before , and he was under the ban of theCourt for d i sobed ience and contempt of the edicts of theK ing. This recognition by the authorities of France disposed Winthrop - to believe that L aTour might be in theright in h is quarrel with D ’

Aulnay , and he called togethersuch of the magi strates as were in Boston to consult as towhat was to be done to assist h im .

I t i s not necessary to enter minutely into the proceedings of this convocation, which met two or three timesbefore the business was d isposed of. The Old Testamentwas searched for precedents , as to whether it was right orwrong to aid this Frenchman , who was not a Protestant .The upshot of the affair was , that although the authoritiesfelt themselves restrained from granting active a id to L aTourby an agreement they had made with the other colonies ,not to enter on acts of hosti lity without their concurrenceand co - operation , sti ll , they gave him permission to enlistsuch men as were d isposed to go with him , and to hire suchships as he might requ ire . This decision was not arrived atwithout much d iscussion and remonstrance from many ofthe leading magistrates , which , together with Governor Winthrop

’

s answer, are preserved in Hazard ’s State Papers .L aTour had no difficulty in hiring ships and men in Boston ,for

,in Edward Gibbons and Thomas Hawkins he had two

powerful friends , and they were sufficiently connected withh im in business transactions to have a strong desire to seeD

’

Aulnay defeated.

From them he hired four armed vessels , the ships Sou

brz’

a’

ge, P/i i lip a nd Ma ry, Increa se, and Grey /zonna’

, which

30 History of Sa int 70/2n.

were supplied with fifty - two m en and thirty - eight cannon .

In addi tion to this force , he enl isted ninety - two sold iers , sothat he ha d soon such a flotilla as placed him on an equalfooting with his rival . The agreement between L aTour andGibbons is a remarkable document, and is also preserved inHazard ’s State Papers . The terms on which the ships werehired do not seem to have contemplated their participationin any offensive operations . They were requ ired to go asnear L aTour’s fort as they could conveniently ride at anchor,and to j oin with the Clement in the defence of themselvesand of L aTour against Cha rnisay

’

s forces , in case theyshould unjustly assaul t or oppose LaTour on his way to hi sfort . Any further assistance was to be a matter of mutualagr eement between LaTour and the agent of the owners ofthe ships , who was to accompany the expedi tion.

On the 14th of July, 1643 , all preparations were com

plete, and L aTour set sail with his fleet for St. John;partingon the best of terms with the chief men of the town

,who

a ccompanied him to his boat . When they reached St. Johnthey found D

’

Aulnay’

s vessels stil l at anchor by PartridgeIsland , and the fort stil l safe . As soon as this hosti le fleetwa s seen bearing down upon them , D

’

Aulnay’

s ships slip

ped their cables and stood right home for Port R oyal ,closely followed by LaTour

’

s force . After a hard chase anda sharp running fight across the Bay , D

’

Aulnay ran his vessels ashore , and established his force at an old mill not farfrom his fort .Captain Hawkins , who commanded the New Englanders ,

sent a messenger ashore with a letter, which Governor Winthrop had addressed to Cha rnisay . This letter was a sortof apology for the presence of the Boston people in a id of

L aTour , and professed a desire to bring about a reconci liati on between him and Cha rnisay ; but the latter refused toopen it because it did not address him as Lieutenant Gen

History of Sa int 7 0/2n.

7 1J

eral for the King in Acadia . He refused to come to anyterms of peace . L aTour thereupon urged Captain Hawkinsto send a force ashore to attack the enemy . Hawkins refusedto give any orders to his men , but signified that any whochose to go ashore with L aTour might do so . About thirtyof the New Englanders took advantage of this permission

,

and the uni ted force attacked Cha rnisay’

s position. Charnisay was defeated , three of his m en were killed , and one

prisoner was taken in the mill . L aTour had three menwounded , but the New Englanders suffered no loss . The

Boston vessels then returned to Fort L aTour , which hadbeen so suddenly freed from its perilous blockade . Whilethey were lying there a pinnace belonging to Cha rnisay fellinto their hands . This craft was laden with four hundredmoose and four hundred beaver skins , and was therefore avaluable prize . This booty was d ivided between the crewsof the Boston vessels and L aTour , for Captain Hawkins ,although unwill ing to fight against the enemies (if L aTour

,

was qu i te ready to rob them when i it could be done withoutdanger .After this reverse , D

’

Aulnay ,defeated but not subdued

,

went to France to collect a stronger,force for the capture of

his enemy’ s stronghold , saying that he would return with

such an armament as would effect his purpose . LaTour,in

the mean time , d i smissed his Boston auxiliaries , and wenthome . Thus ended the first siege of Fort L aTour.

On the 20th of August, 1643 , LaTour’

s New Englandauxiliaries , fresh from the defeat of D

’

Aulnay, returned toBoston

, and Winthrop , —who was stil l Governor of Massachusetts ,

—states that the report of their doings in Acadiawas offensive and .grievous

”to the people of Boston, for

the original intention of the exped ition had been ostensiblyonly to enable L aTour to return to his fort in safety, whereasthey had j oined in the pursuit of D

’

Aulnay to his own

32 H i story 0] S a int

stronghold , assisted in defeating him ,and aided in the plun

dering of his vessels . One interesting fact,which is to be

found in Winthrop ’s account of their proceed ings , i s , thatone of the vessels went up the St . John river twenty leagues ,a nd loaded with coal . This distance up the St . John woulda bout reach Upper Gagetown, so that it i s very probablethat the coal which they found was at Grand Lake , which isa l ittle over twenty leagues . This was certainly the firstc oal field d iscovered in New Brunswick , and probably thefirst on the whole American continent.D

’

Aulnay , after his defeat, went to France to obtain astronger force to destroy L aTour and his fort , while L aTourwas employed in endeavoring to strengthen himself with thepeople ofNew England , so that he might count on them fora ssistance when i t was needed . He was well aware , however, that neither his religion or his nationality gave hima ny spec ial claim on their favor , and he wisely determinedto make their interests identical with his by c reating a vigorous trade which might be profitable to both .

L aTour spent much of his time in Boston, and spared

no pains to make himself popular there . The extent of thet rade which was carried on at that time between L aToura nd the people of Boston is wel l i llustrated in the pages ofWinthrop , and from him we learn that the first ship everbuilt in Boston, the Tr i a l, after a voyage to Malaga , wassent to trade with L aTour. This was in the days of theLong Parliament , before Charles S tuart perished on theblock at Whitehall .Lady L aTour went to England about the close of 1643

to buy supplies for her husband’s fort . She there chartered

a ship from Alderman Berkerley to bring out her goods toSt. John,

and embarked herself in the same vessel . The

Captain,whose name was Bayley , instead of bringing his

c argo direct to the fort, where it was urgently requ ired ,

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34 History of Sa int 7 aniz.

Boston people strongly suspected to be a Friar . This manbrought a commission

,under the seal of the King of France ,

showing that the proceedings against L aTour were verified ,and on behalf of D

’

Aulnay requested the“ magistrates of

Boston to a id him against L aTour . They proposed a reconciliation between the rivals

,to which M. Marie answered

“That if LaTour would subm it

,he would assure him of his l ife

and l iberty ; but if he were taken, he were sure to lose his head inFrance ; a nd for his Lady, she was . known to be the cause of hiscontempt and rebel l ion

,a nd therefore they could not let her go to

him ; but ifwe would send her in any of our vessels he (D ’

Aulnay)m ust take her.

”

The above is in Winthrop ’s own words . The result ofthe negotiation between the two parties was , that a treatyof peace was concluded , by which they mutually agreed toabstain from hostile acts against each other,— an understandingwhich effectually cut off L aTour from all hope from NewEngland , and threw him at once upon his own resources .While these matters were being concluded L aTour was

in Boston,and D

’

Aulnay , like a hungry vulture , hoveringoff Penobscot with his vessels , to prevent his return to St .John. Fortune and his own native sagacity enabled him toelude his formidable adversary , against whose fleet he hadno force powerful enough to contend . Setting sail fromBoston in his vessel , which was laden with provisions for hisfort , and in company with a ship from New England similarly freighted , he passed with a fair wind to a fort nearPenobscot. Then, when an adverse gale sprang up, and heknew that D ’

Aulnay would make for a harbour , he put tosea and stood hom e for St . John

,where he arrived safely .

Meanwhile , Lady LaTour arrived in Boston and commencedher suit against Alderman Berkerley

’

s vessel . When thatbusiness was conc luded, and a verdict of two thousand poundsfound in her favor , her difficulties were fa r from being at anend , for all her stores were sti ll in Boston , and D

’

Aulnay

History of Sa int 35

who hated her even more than he d id L aTour—was waitingin the Bay with a fleet to intercept her . This heroic ladyhad , fortunately , a mind equal to almost any emergency .

Instead of giving up in despair,as a feebler nature would

have done , she made vigorous preparations for contestingthe sovereignty of the Acad ian seas with D ’

Aulnay . Hiring three ships at enormous expense

,she armed them ,

placedher stores on board ,

and set sail for St . John. Even D ’

Aul

nay , bold as he was , did not choose to risk an encounterwith so formidable a n adversary , and she passed to her destina tion without being molested .

On her return , she seem s to have found L aTour absenton a trad ing voyage in the Bay , and in the fort two or threeFriars and other parties , whom she had reason to suspecthad been bribed by D

’

Aulnay to betray the place . Thesem en she summ ari ly ejected from the fort , and they soonconfirmed her worst suspicions . Making their way toD

’

Aulnay with all haste , they told him of the weak state ofthe garrison ,

which consisted of only fifty m en, of L aTour’

s

absence, of the scarci ty of powder in the fort , and what little

there was had been damaged . R elying on these represemta tions ,

he hastened to attack Fort L aTour ; and making nolong parley ,

ran his ship up the harbour , and moored herclose to the fort , which he proceeded to attack with his cannon. A brief, but bloody contest ensued . Lady L aTour ,by her heroic example , inspired the garrison with fortitudeequal to her own ,

and the guns were served so well , thatD

’

Aulnay’

s vessel was frightful ly shattered in the contest .He cut cable and attempted to retreat , but the east windwhich had carried him up the harbour , prevented his return.

At last,to save his ship from sinking , he was forced to tow

her round behind a point below the fort and run her ashore ,after losing thirty - three of his m en, twenty killed and thirteen wounded . This repulse took place in February , 1645 .

CHAPTER I I I .

D’Aulnay obtains possession of Fort LaTour ; Death of Lady LaTour ;Death ofD ’Aulnay ;LaTourmarries D ’Aulnay

’swidow ;

L aTour by his marriage regains possession of his fort ; FortL aTour taken by the Engl ish ; LaTour retires into privatel ife ; Death of LaTour.

’AULNAY , though he had met with a bloody repulse ,gathered all the forces he could muster , and in thefollowing April 13th ,

again appeared before Fort LaTour. Disembarking his men , he proceeded to attack itfrom the land side , and for three days was kept a t bay byLady L aTour and her little garrison of fifty men. But, onthe morning of Easter Sunday , when the garrison wereengaged in their devotions , a Swiss sentry permitted the

forces of D ’

Aulnay to approach without giving the alarm ,

and they were scaling the wall of the fort before the garrisonwere aware of their attack . Lady L aTour, at the head of

her m en,opposed the assault of the besiegers , and defended

the place so vigorously that D’

Aulnay— twelve ofwhose men

were killed and many wounded—fearing a repulse , proposedhonorable terms of capitulation, which she accepted . But ,no sooner did he ob

jta in possession of the place , than he

caused the whole of the garrison to be hung , and so illtreatedLady L aTour that she d ied three weeks afterwards , leavinga young child who was sent to France in care of a nurse .*

The subsequent fate of this child is unknown , i t certainlynever returned to Acadia , and the only child of L aTour

’

s

first wife who settled there was Jeanne L aTour, who marriedMartin D ’

Aprendistigue, and was residing with her husbandon the St. John R iver when M. D

’Mealess’ census was taken

For the pedigree of LaTour, see Appendix C .

History of Sa int 70/2n. 37

in 1686, being then sixty years of age . Lady LaTour must:therefore have been twenty years married a t the time of herdeath . The census does not menti on any children of the

daughter of LaTour, so this branch of the family i s probablyextinct . The date of the ca pture of Fort LaTour is to befound in a document signed by the Commissioners of theUnited Colonies dated September 2nd , 1645 , which sta testhat Fort LaTour was then in D ’

Aulnay’

s possession . Thisdocument i s in Hazard’ s State Papers , Vol . 2 , page 52, Gov

cruor Winthrop , of Boston , states that L aTour valued hisjewels , plate , household ordnance and other moveables , lostby the capture of his fort, at ten thousand pounds .D

’

Aulnay does not appear to have taken any pains tooccupy the fort , the destruction of which he had toiled so

many years to bring about . I t is a matter of conjecturewhether he kept a garrison at Fort L aTour or not , but it i scertain he never resided there himself. No doubt D ’

Aulnayprosecuted the fur trade of the St . John , which was the probable cause of the quarrels between himself and L aTour.

L aTour remained in Boston unti l July 25th, 1645 , when heembarked for Newfoundland in a fishing vessel . His objectin going there was to obtain a id from Sir David K irkt , theGovernor, to enable him to recover his fort from D

’

Aulnay.

Sir David enterta ined him courteously, and made large promises of assi stance , which however did not amount to anything . LaTour , find ing that nothing was l ikely to come ofthem

,returned to Boston before the winter set in , and re

sided for some time with Mr. Samuel Maverick a t Nottle’

s

I sland . At length , some merchants of Boston fitted himout with a pinnace , and with trad ing commodities to thevalue of four hundred pounds , for the purpose of making avoyage eastward . When they reached Cape Sable , according to the account of the English sailors who were in thevessel

,he conspired with the master and his own French

38 History of Sa int 701m.

men—they being five in all— overpowered the other fiveEnglish sailors , and forced them out of the vessel , he himselfshooting one of them in the face Wi th a pistol , and carriedoff the vessel and cargo .

There is little to record of Fort LaTour or ofNew Brunswick for some years after D

’

Aulnay’

s capture of thatstronghold. In 1650,

while D ’

Aulnay was in the very zenithof his fortunes and in the prime of life, he was drowned inthe R iver of Port R oyal , near his fortress. He left behindhim a widow and seven children, al l of whom went to France.As fa r as can be d iscovered , there is not one of his descendants to be found in Acad ia at the present day . All his sonswere slain in the service of the King.

In 1647 some of the ancient inhabitants of Port R oyalsigned a memorial addressed to the K ing, in which it isstated that D ’

Aulnay caused to be built in Acadia three forts ,the first a t Pentagoet , the second a t the R iver St. John , andthe third a t Port R oyal, and that he had bui lt a t the latterplace a wind mill, a water mill , five pinnaces , several shallops

, and two small vessels of about seventy tons each .

What fort at St . John was built by D’

Aulnay i t is impossiblenow to say , and it m ay be that these worthy ancients werein error in regard to the matter. There is a bare possibil itythat the Jemseg fort is the one intended . D

’

Aulnay is described by his contemporaries as being hard and haughty ,

and as having discouraged the settlement of colonists inAcadia , treating those under him in the condition of slaves .LaTour, on the contrary , is described as making friendsamong all classes , French , Indians , and English .

No sooner was D’

Aulnay dead , than LaTour emergedfrom the obscurity in which he had been for some years , andreappeared in Acadia. Making his way to France , he succeeded in obtaining an acquittal of all the charges which hadbeen brought against him by D

’

Aulnay in his l ife t ime , and

fz’istory of Sa int 39

on the 2oth of February , 165 1, received from the King anew Commission as Governor of Acadia . This documentreci tes that L aTour had been for forty - two years devoutlya nd usefully employed in Acadia , in the conversion of the

savages to the Christian religion, and the establishment of

the King ’ s authority ; that he had bu i lt two forts in Acadia,a nd by his courage and valor driven the foreign sectariesfrom the said forts , and would have continued to do so hadhe not been hindered by D

’

Aulnay ,who favored his enemies

i n accusations and pretensions which they had not been ableto verify,

and of which the said St . Etienne ha d been ab

solved . This Commission also gave to LaTour the powerto appoint officers in Acadia , make laws , and make peaceor war. I t also gave him all the mines

, and an exclusivemonopoly of the fur trade . I t will thus be seen that L aTourha d effectually retrieved himself from all his political misfortunes , and loaded the memory of his deceased rival withreproach and contempt

,as a fabricator of ground less accu

sa tions . He next proceeded to make a treaty w i th JeanneMotin, widow of D

’

Aulnay , by which she restored to himthe fort at St . John and the adj acent territory . MadameD

’

Aulnay seems to have been under some apprehension oflosing the whole of her Acad ian possessions

,and to prevent

this had recourse to the Duke of Vendome , Grand Masterand Superintendent of the Nav igation of France . An agreement was entered into by which she and the Duke were tobe co - Seigneurs of the lands and countries of Acadia . Thisagreement states that several persons , among whom L aTourwas named , were usurping her terri tory , and the interventi onof so powerful a nobleman and officer of State seemed tohave been thought necessary to guard her territory from spo

lia tion. The time was however near when L aTour was nolonger to be regarded as an enemy . In Februa ry , 1653,

L aTour and D’

Aulnay’

s widow were married at Port R oyal ,

40 History of Sa int 7 o/i 72.

thus ending the feud which had been waged so many yearsbetween the two houses , and which had been carried on withso much ardor by both the contesting parties . The marriage contract is still in existence , and is a very long andcarefully worded document . The large territorial possessions which were being amalgamated into one house , madei t necessary to observe such pretensions , and one clausereserves to the lady the right to have the children by herformer marriage reside with her. I t also states that theprincipal and design of the marriage was the peace and

tranquility of the country ,and concord and union between

the two families .” We thus find LaTour the master of nearlythe whole of Acadia , without a rival , exercising supreme authority as Governor over that vast domain.

D’

Aulnay , in the course of the prosecution of his warlikeenterprises against L aTour, ha d found i t necessary to borrow large sums of money for the purchase of supplies , vessels , and the payment of his soldiers

’

and seamen’

s wages .In this way he became indebted to Emanuel Le Borgue , am erchant of R ochelle , in the sum of l ivres , equal to

of our currency . L eBorgue had obtained judgment against D ’

Aulnay for the amount of this debt , and

finding no property of his debtor in France to satisfy hisclaim , he seems to have resolved to go to Acad ia in 1654 ,

and at once proceeded to carry th is idea into effect. The

eastern part ofNew Brunswick and Nova Scotia , extendingalong the Gulf of St . Lawrence and the Straits of Northumberland , was then under the command of Nicholas Denys ,S ieur de Fronsac , who had come to Acadia with De

’

R a zillyin 1632 . In 1636 he had been appointed Governor of thatpart of Acadia

,and had two settlements , one at Guysboro

’

,

N. S . , and the other at St . Peter’s , Cape Breton . Le Borgue

resolved to d islodge both Denys and LaTour, and to enterhimself into possession of the vast domain they governed .

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4 2 ffistory of Sa int

but little , and his fort very speedi ly fell into the hands of theEnglish

,and the whole of Acadia shortly followed .

There is nothing to show that the capture of L aTour’

s

fort forced him to change his residence ; on the contrary ,

everything tends to create the belief that he stil l continuedto reside at the mouth of the St . John. In 1656 he receivedfrom Cromwell

,in connection with Thomas Temple and

William Crowne ,a grant of Acadia which confirmed him in

the possession of his old residence , and enabled him to prosecute his business of the fur trade at St . John as he haddone formerly . The grant of such a fine territory to a foreigner seems a remarkable stroke of fortune , and must havebeen brought about by a liberal exertion of L aTour

’

s facultyof persuasion . The remainder of his history is uneventfuland easily told . For ten years more he resided on that spothe loved so well , for the possession of which he had enduredso many contests , undertaken so many voyages to France .and spent so much of his means . To the end , he retainedpossession of the estate originally granted to his father bySir William Alexander a t the mouth of the St . John.

In 1657 LaTour sold out his rights in Acadia to Templeand Crowne , and retired into private life , leav ing to othershoulders the burthen of an authority which he had borneso long . No doubt he was sagacious enough to foresee thatserious disputes were certain to arise between England and

France with regard to the possession of Acad ia .

In 1666 Charles St . Etienne De L aTour breathed hislast , at the age of seventy - four but even at this advancedage he was not cut off by feebleness or di sease , but wasdrowned . Thus , by a strange coincidence , meeting thesame fate which had overtaken his rival D ’

Aulnay sixteen

years before . He had passed the number of years al lottedto m an,

- three score years and ten ,— and after years ofmuch hardship , and after suffering many changes of fortune ,

ffistory of Sa int 70/2n. 43

he had enjoyed a period of prosperous tranqui lity in hisdeclining years . He died and was buried in that belovedAcad ia which had been his home from his boyhood . Whatever m ay have been his faults , let us award

“ honor to whomhonor is due ,

”and his memory certainly deserves to be

honored , for—aside from the fact that he was the fi rst whitem an that ever made any permanent settlement where theCity of St . John now stands— the sufl

'

erings, trials , hardshipsand misfortunes which he underwent would have broken thespirit of many a man of no mean powers . The story of thes iege and capture of his fort, and i ts gallant defence , will beremembered as long as “ the sons and daughters of thisnew Acad ia shal l continue to take an interest in their country

’

s early

Ha nna y ’

s H istory ofAcad ia .

CHAPTER IV.

Treaty of Breda ; Fort LaTour strengthened and improved ; Capture ofPort Royal by the Briti sh ;A new fort bui lt at the mouthof the Nashwaak ; Fort Nashwaak attacked by the Engl ish ;Attack unsuccessful ; Death ofVillebon ; The fort at St. Johnabandoned ; Treaty of Utrecht ; A garrison of thirty m en sentfrom Quebec to occupy the old fort at St . John ; Capture ofFort Beausejour ; Exile of the Acad ians ; Fort LaTour againcaptured by the British , a nd its nam e changed to Fort Frederick ; James Simonds visits St. John ; First survey of St. JohnHarbour ; Messrs.White , S imonds , and Peabody, settle at St .John ; Israe l Perley sent to explore the R iver St . John ; Al lthe troops but a corporal and four m en withdrawn from FortFrederick ; First attem pt at ship bui ld ing a t St . John ; Theship burnt by the Ind ians ; Trade and shipping of St . Johnprior to 1883.

Y the treaty of Breda * in 1667 , Charles I I . restoredAcadia to Lou is!IV. M.Morillon de Bourg was sentto take possession . The French then claimed that

Acadia included not only the peninsula , but also the countrybetween the Bay of Fundy and the R iver Saint Lawrence,and west to the Kennebec R iver. S ir ThomasTemple memorialized the King, and argued that Acadia was only asmall pa rt of that extensive territory called Nova Scotia , andthat his forts of Penobscot , St . John, Cape la Vere and CapeSable were in Nova S cotia , and consequently were not included in the session of Acadia . I t was not ti ll three yearsafter the signing of the treaty that the King sent positivecommands for the surrender of the forts . On July 1st , 1670,

Temple ordered his officers to deliver them into the handsof Chevalier de Grand Fontaine , and Charles I I . promised

Archer‘s History of Cana da , page 108.

f -

[istory of Sa int 7onn . 45

Sir Thomas A for his losses . The money ,i t i s said ,

was never paid to him . After Acadia was restored to theFrench by the treaty of Breda , i t was very much neglected .

I t then became a French province,with R oyal Governors .

The first Governor , under the new order of things , was theChevalier de Grand Fontaine , who resided ,

most of the timea t the R iver Saint John . He strengthened and improvedFort L aTour, bringing cannon to i t from the fort at Jem seg,

which for the time seems to have been abandoned . Therewere a t that time in all Acad ia less than four hundred souls ,as appears by an actual census of the inhabitants taken inthe year 1671. Only two forts were then maintained in Acadia , that at Pentagoet , where the Chevalier de Grand Fontaine resided , and Fort L aTour, where his Lieutenant, M. D .

Ma rsom held command . Within a period of six years theywere twice seized by New England adventurers , and twicerestored to the French .

I n 1682 M. de la Valliere was in command in Acad ia ,under an appointment made by Count Frontenac, the Governor of Canada . About this time the K ing of France granted to the S ieur Bergier of R ochelle , Gautier, Boucher andde Monts ,

“ the lands which they shall find suitable alongthe coast of Acad ia and the R iver St . John for the establishm ent of the shore fishery. Bergier came to Acadia andproceeded to organize fishing establishments on its coasts ,but he found his Operations constantly impeded by the English

,who had been fishing on these coasts for years , and

were not to be restrained . La Valliere , the Commandant,who resided at St . John , was openly accused of being inleague with these enemies of his country ,

and it was statedin memorials written to the French Government of that daythat he had l icensed the English vessels to fish on the coasts

of Acad ia for money payment . Whether these accusationswere correct or not , it i s certain that the d ifference between

46 History of Sa int 7 0n72.

Bergier and La Valliere continued to increase in violence ;and finally the latter , with something like piratical violence ,seized several of Bergier

’

s vessels , and confiscated their cargoes of fish and hides . In 1684 La Valliere was removedfrom the Governorship of Acadia , and was succeeded by M.

Perrot,who was in his turn succeeded in 1687 by M

'

. de

Menneval .For some years prior to 1690 Port R oyal , now Annapo

lis,had been the seat of Government in Acadia , but in that

year i t was captured by S ir William Phips , and its Governorand garrison taken as prisoners to Boston. When Villebon,

who came to take Menneva l’

s placeas Governor , arrived a t

Port R oyal , he found i t in a ruinous condition, and he a t

once decided to remove the seat of Government to the R iverSt . John to the fort at Jem seg which had been form erlyoccupied by Grand Fonta ine . At this period , pirates wereabundant on the coast of Acadia , and one of these corsairsl anded at Port R oyal and committed many depredations .They then crossed to Saint John and captured the vessel inwhich Villebon had come from France , which was lying inthis harbour , Villebon being then up the R iver Saint John.

I t was probably i ts liability to insu lt and attack by piraticalv essels that caused Villebon to occupy the fort at Jem seg,

rather than Fort L aTour at this period . Jem seg,however

,

proved in every way unsu itable for a garrison, having originally been intended merely for a trad ing post, and Villebonshortly left it and proceeded to build a palisaded fort at theniouth of the Nashwaak , a tributary of the St . John

,which

enters it opposite to where the City of Fredericton nowsta nds . The rise of this new fortification was deemed by theEnglish colonists an insult and a m enace ; for, in 1692 , S ir

W i lliam Phips sent a ship of forty - eight guns and two brigantines with eighty sold iers on board to capture it . Villebonhowever was on the alert , and without waiting to be attacked

History of Sa int 47

sent a detachment to the mouth of the river to watch theenemy , who were so much d isconcerted at the appearanceof the French on the alert

,that they returned without a t

tempting to make any attack . At this period several Frenchwar vessels were kept c ruising on the coast of Acad ia

,partly

to keep the pirates who infested i ts shores at a respectfu ld i stance , and partly to attack and destroy the fishing and

trading vessels of the English colonists . The harbour of

S t . John became a sort of depot for these captured vesselsand their cargoes . At the same time

,Fort Nashwaak on the

St . John was the focus of those intrigues against the peaceand prosperi ty of the settlements of New England

,which

kept its border towns in a state of warfare and often of ru infor so many years . I t was from Fort Nashwaak that oneexped i tion after another went forth , composed of bloodth irsty and treacherous savages

,and headed generally by

Frenchmen,to murder and destroy in the settlements of

New Hampshire and Maine . Hundreds of English colonistswere slain in these bloody encounters , and many captured ;a nd the fort at the St . John finally came to be looked upon asthe cause of all these d isasters , so that a very natural desirearose in the hearts of all the people of New England to destroy i t . This desire was hardened into a firm resolve byan event which happened in August , 1696 ,— the capture ofFort William Henry at Pemaquid by a force of French andEnglish from S t . John. This fort was almost new , bui lt ofstone , and had cost the Province ofMassachusetts more thantwenty thousand pounds . I ts capture was too gross an insult to be borne . I t was determined by the people of Bostonthat the French should be driven from the R iver St . John ;and to aggravate the matter still more , two ships of theFrench expedi tion,

the Prof ana’and Enoiett, had been a t

tacked off the harbour of S t . John by three English vessels ,the Sorting,

Newport, and Province galley . One of the la t

48 ffistory of Sa int 7onn.

ter , the Newport, was captured, and the others put to fl ight.The Newport was carried into St . John . The English ex

pedition to capture Fort Nashwaak was placed under thecommand of Benjamin Church , who had won d istinction inK ing Phil ip ’ s wars . Between four hundred and five hund red m en were put under his command ,

and he sailed fromPiscataqua late in August, his force , which included someIndians , being disposed in several small vessels and boats .Instead of steering straight for Fort Na shwa ak , Church proceeded up the Bay to Chignecto , where he remained ninedays , killing cattle , burning down the houses and destroying the crops of the unfortunate Acadians : he did not evenspare the church , but burnt it also . He then returned toSt. John, where his chief exploit was frightening some workm en who were rebuilding the fort at the mouth of the river,a nd capturing twelve cannon that the French had buried inthe beach . He then sailed for Passamaquoddy, where hewas met by Colonel Hathorne , who had brought a reinforcement of twelve vessels , and taking command of the expedition

,bade Church return to a id him in an attack on Fort

Nashwaak . Villebon, who had a guard at the mouth of theS t . j ohn , was early informed of Hathorne ’ s approach

, and

strengthened his garrison by calling in the Frenchmen wholived further down the river . Father Simon

,the R ecollet

Missionary who dwelt a t Aucpaque, also came into the forta t the head of thirty - six Indian warriors

, and when theEnglish made their appearance before the fort on the morning of the 18th of October , the French commander was fullyprepared to receive them . After a cannonade which lastedtwo days , the siege was abandoned in a precipitous manner,and the English force withdrew from the river

,having lost

a considerable number of men . The cause of this action issaid to have been the want of tents to shelter the troops

,

who suffered greatly from the cold . Fort Nashwaak was

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Histoiy of Sa int 49

strengthened during the winter , in anticipation of anotherattack in the spring , but Villebon had resolved to removehis head quarters to Fort L aTour at the mouth of the river.I n 1697 he organized an Indian exped i tion against the English settlements ofMaine , and kept his m en busy in rebuilding the fort at the mouth of the St . John. For the next two

years no events of any importance transpired in Acadia.The occasional appearance of a pirate on i ts shores was aboutthe only excitement that the inhabitants had to relieve themonotony of their l ife .In July ,

1700 , Villebon d ied a nd was buried at St. John ,and Villieu took the command of Acadia until June , 1701,when Brouillan. who had been sent out as Governor , arrived.

This Commander resolved to abandon the fort and establishm ent a t S t . John , on which so much labor and moneyhad been expended ,

!—an act of folly to which the subsequentloss of Acadia to the French m ay be largely attributed . Hecaused the fortifications to be razed , demolished the houses ,and carried away the guns and everything else of a portablecharacter to Port R oyal . S t . John was left as deserted anddesolate as i t had been nearly a century before , previous to

the arrival of Champlain. A deep silence fell upon the

place,which was unbroken for thirty years . The Indian

might wander among the ruins of a fort which had beenabandoned to his care , or left to be converted into a hidingplace for the wild beasts of the forest, and wonder at the follyof the white man who had forsaken the finest river in al lAcadia for the hunter , the woodsman , the fisherman , or thefarmer. The persistent attempts made by the French tobui ld a great town at Port R oyal , and the steady neglect of

‘

the advantages of St . John , where nature had obviously ln

tended that a great city should be erected , a re things whichmight well excite our surprise , for , during the whole French

occupati on of Acadia , St . John never progressed a single stepD

50 History of Sa int

towards its present condition . They had bui lt fortificationshere indeed ,

and fi lled them with sold iers,but there were no

private settlers at the mouth of the river , and no attempt toestablish any trade a t St. John was ever seriously made intheir time . The only article exported during the Frenchperiod

,besides the skins of wild animals , - if we except pines

for masts for the French navy ,

— being limestone , which atan early date was taken from St. John in considerable quantities to Port R oyal . All the energies of the French peoplefor more than a century were d irected to the building up ofsettlements at Port R oyal , Minas , and Chignecto .

The very vastness and solitary grandeur of the St . Johnseems to have frightened private settlers away , and the Governm ent of France seems to have given such persons noencouragement to settle here .

Although by the treaty of Utrecht,Acadia was ceded to

the English Crown, the French contended that the nameonly covered the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that therefore the St . John sti l l belonged to them . This c laim wasmade officially, in a letter written in 1718 by the Marquis deVaudreu i l , the Governor of Canada , to John Boucett , Lieutenant Governor of Annapolis R oyal .In 1749, after the c lose of the war between France and

England which arose out of the Violation of the Prugm a tic

Sanction by Frederick the Great , Colonel John Gorham wassent to the R iver St . John with a force

,to exact submission

from the French inhabita nts there . His troops on landingwere fired on by the Indians , or by the French , i t i s not veryclear which . Two Indians , who do not appear to have beenconcerned in the attack on the English

,but who rather seem

to have strayed into their camp , were seized by Gorham and

detained as hostages . This act provoked a correspondencebetween the Count Gallissionliere , the Governor of Canada ,and the British authorities , in which the old questi on with

History of Sa int 51

regard to the ownership of the St . John,which had been in

abeyance for many years , was revived . The result of theseconfl icting claims was a determination on the part of theFrench Government to occupy the territory in d ispute withan armed force .Accordingly , in the summer of 1749 a French officer

named Boisherbert was sent down from Quebec with thirtym en , to occupy the old fort at the mouth of the R iver SaintJ ohn . Once more the flag of France waved over its ruinedbastions which had been deserted for nearly half a century ,

and the tramp of armed m en was heard within i ts walls .The English Governor at Halifax ordered Captain R ous togo to St . John and order the French to desist from erectingfortifications there . In July , 1749, he set sail from Halifaxin the ship of war Alba ny to St . John,

but for several dayssaw nothing of the French . Finally , a French schoonerladen with provisions arrived and was seized by Capt. R ous ,but he offered to release her on condi tion that the masterwould go up the river and bring down the French officer .Boisherbert was engaged at that time in building a sm allfort at the mouth of the Nerepis , on the west side of theR iver Saint J ohn. The master of the schooner accordinglywent up the river to find him ,

and on the day following theFrench officer made his appearance at the head of thirtytroops and a hundred and fifty Indians , and planted theircolors on the shore Opposite to where the Alba ny was ly ingat anchor

.Captain R ous ordered them to strike their colors ,

which they did after some demurring . Boisherbert producedletters from the Governor of Canada ordering him to preventthe English from settling at the St . John,

on the ground thatthe territory belonged to France . A letter from Cornwallis ,01der1ng him to desist from erecting forts at S t . John was

delivered to Boisherbert, and Captain R ous retired , takingwith him as hostages several of the Indian chiefs of the R iver

52 History of Sa int 70/2n.

St . John. Boisherbert afterwards wrote to Governor Cornwallis , d isavowing any intention of fortifying or build ing atSt . John , but stating that his orders were not to al low any

one else to build there unti l the right of possession had beensettled between Great Britain and France . Notwithstandingthis avowal , the fort atthe Nerepis— of the existence of whichthe English were not aware—was finished ,

and an officerwas sent from Quebec named LeCorne , with seventy men ,to take possession of the Isthmus of Chignecto . There , inthe following year , the bastions of the strongest fort that hadas yet been erected in Acadia arose , namely , the grim and

formidable Beausejour .For the five years following , there is very l ittle change

in the aspect of affairs in Acadia , and the French continuedto build a nd strengthen their fortifications at Chignecto andat ’

St . John.

At length it was determined by the British authorities atMassachusetts and at Halifax , to make an effort to dispossess them . In 1775 an expedi tion was organized in NewEngland by Governor Shirley , consisting of about twothousand men , and placed under the command of ColonelMonckton . They sailed from Boston in May ,

in thirty - sixvessels

,includ ing three frigates , and on the 2md of June ap

pea red off Fort Beausejour , which they attacked, and on the16th of June it surrendered . As soon as this fort was captured, Captain R ous was sent with three twenty -

gun shipsand a sloop , to look into the St . John R iver where , it wasreported , there were two French ships of thirty - six gunseach . He anchored off the mouth of the river , and sent inhis boat to reconnoitre , but there was no vessel in the harbour . As soon , however , as the French on shore saw them ,

they burst their cannon, blew up their magazine , burnedeverything they could belonging to the fort, and marched off.In the same year the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia

History of Sa int 7 olm. 53

were forcibly removed : this apparently cruel and extremeact being rendered necessary by their turbu lent character ,and their determination not to live peaceably under the British flag. In general , the deportation of the inhabitants waseffected without much d ifficu lty . At Grand Pre, nineteenhundred and twenty - three French

,m en

,women and child

ren, were peaceably removed ; but at Chignecto , Shepody,

and other places , resistance was offered , and large numbersof the inhabitants from these parts fled to the R iver St . John.

Boisherbert , the French officer in command of the river , wasat one time at the head of as many as fifteen hundred of theseFrench fugitives . The French , thus reinforced ,

were able tohold the mouth of the R iver St . John

,a nd they had a forti

fied post at St . Ann’ s , ninety miles up the river , on the siteof the present City of Fredericton. The destruction of bothposts , and the entire removal of the French from the river ,were the objects to which the attention of the English wasnow d irected . At all events it was clear that the fort at themouth of the river must be reoccupied .

Accord ingly ,in the summer of 1758 three ships of war

and two transports , with two regiments , one of Highlandersand the other of Provincial troops , were despatched fromBoston to retake Fort L aTour . They landed at what isnow known as Negro Town Point, and cut a road throughthe woods to the place where the Carleton City Hall nowstands , and which was then used as a vegetable garden bythe French (see plan). From there they advanced againstthe fort in the order of battle , and after one repulse succeededin carry ing the fort by storm . They captured nearly threehundred prisoners , and the rest of the garrison escapedacross the river in boats

,and finally made their way up river .

Many however were killed by the shots of the attackingparty : the French lost over forty m en. This ended theiroccupation of the mouth of the R iver St . John, and soon

54 [i istory of Sa int 7olin.

after they were driven entirely from the river , with the exception of the few families who continued to reside near St .

Ann’s . A block house was erected by the English at FortHowe . Fort L aTour was ‘also occupied and garrisoned bythe English , and was re - named Fort Frederick .

In the autumn of 1759 an immense tidal - wave , six feetabove the ord inary level , destroyed all the dykes and a partof Fort Frederick . At this period

,Colonel Arbuthnot was

in command of Fort Frederick , and i ts garrison consistedof about two hundred m en. The Commandant was busykeeping the Ind ians in order and watching the French heseems to have had rather an uneasy time of i t . He succeededin removing several hundred of the French inhabitants ofthe river to other places . The ramparts of the fort wereraised and strengthened , and new cannon mounted on i ts bastions . Some slight echo of i ts ancient strength and grandeur returned to the fort

,and i t presented a livelier appear

ance than i t had worn for many a long year . From this timeits history was monotonous enough , and d iffered but littlefrom that of any garrisoned post at the present day . The

soldiers soon grew tired of the monotony of l ife at St . John,

and in the spring of 1760,in spite of all persuasion to the

contrary , seventy of them openly left in one schooner , andeighty in another , to return to their homes in New England .

This desertion left Arbuthnot ’s garrison very weak , a nd

about this time he appears to have given up the commandof Fort Frederick , for Lieutenant Tong was in command of

i t in July , 1760 . He represented the fort at that time asbeing greatly in need of repairs and alterations to make itdefensible.In 1760,

James S imonds , Esq . visited the R iver S t. Johnwith the intention of establishing a fishery at that place ; but

New Brunswick and i ts Scenery , by J . R . Ham i lton.

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56 History of Sa int 7o/zn.

ing the American revolutionary war , they were reinforcedby families from New England . The first Commission ofthe Peace for this new settlement is dated August 11th, 1766 ,and the Court of Common

"

Pleas was held in Sunbury until1783, when Fredericton was made the seat of Government .Up to this time the above County included the whole country now known as New Brunswick .

In 1766 Ensign Jeremiah Mears was in command of FortFrederi ck

,which was stil l maintained as a post , and we find

him writing to Halifax to complain of two of the settlers ,Israel Perley and Colonel Glaz ier ,—for injury and violenceto the Indians . The latter had a large grant at the mouthof the Nerepis, which is named on the plans of that day,Glazier ’ s Manor .”

In 1768 the troops were withdrawn from Fort Frederick ,except a corporal and four men , and Messrs . S imonds andWhite left to pursue their peaceful avocations of fishing and

farming without any military protection . This measureseems to have emboldened the I ndians to give trouble in asneaking way , and in 1771 they burnt the store house and

dwelling of Capt. Jadis , a retired military officer who hadsettled at Grim ross for the purpose of trade . This a ct induced Governor Campbell to recommend . the erection of astrong block house , properly garrisoned, to protect a veryincreasing settlement on the banks of the St . John R iver,abounding with a most excellent soi l . This block housewas afterwards erected a t Oromocto .

The first representative for the County of Sunbury in theNova Scotia Assembly was Charles Morris , son of the Surveyor General of Nova Scotia, and in 1774 James S imondswas also elected a member, the County at that time beingentitled to two representatives . A Court of Common Pleashad been held at Sunbury from the year 1766 , so that people011 the St . John had all the paraphernalia of Government,

History of Sa int 70/in. 57

and although they sometimes complained of the Indians ,seem to have increased and multipl ied.

The first attempt at ship - bu i lding in the harbour of St .

John was made by Mr. Simonds in the summer of 1775 .

Mr. S imonds was a t that early period doing quite a largetrad ing business , and in order to extend his operations ,made his arrangements for the construction of a vessel suitable for foreign voyages . His workmen were brought fromMassachusetts . The foreman of the ship -

yard was Mr.

Jones , the progenitor of nearly al l who bear that name onthe banks of the R iver St . John. The frame of the vesselwas up and partly planked , and the prospect was that shewould be launched in the fall , but their anticipations werenot to be realized .

Some time during the month of August , a party of“ the

rebels ” from Machias landed on the Carleton side , burnt theold barracks that the French had left at old “ Fort Neck ,

”

then crossed over to S imonds ’ Point , now York Point ,and burnt Mr. S imonds ’ vessel on the stocks . The sameparty captured a brig in the harbour loaded with provisions ,such as oxen

,sheep , etc .

, intended for the British troops atBoston

,and committed sundry other depredations , as they

could with perfect impunity , there being no sold iers here a tthat time to interfere with their arrangements . Informationwas sent with all despatch across the Bay to the Governor,who ordered a small body of men from Port R oyal (nowAnnapol is) to come over , but by the time the sold iers gothere the rebels had all decamped . I t was soon discovered ,

however,that a number of them were working their way

down the Bay, between what is now called the Manawagon

ish R oad and the Bay Shore . They were pursued and dis

covered , and so completely were they taken by surprise ,that nearly the whole party were destroyed. One poor fellow had climbed into a tree , and in all probability would

58 History of Sa int 701m.

have escaped, but the cracking of a branch attracted theattention of the pursuers , and as an eye - witness describes i t,“

they dropt him like a little carrier pigeon .

”

I t was thought by Mr. S imonds , and those who settledin this neighborhood , that the d ifficulties under which thethen “ Colonial Colonies ” were laboring

,would be of short

duration, and'

in consequence of that opinion , Mr. Jones , whowished to return to his home after the burning of the vessel ,was retained by Mr. Simonds , unemployed , for a space of

nearly two years , at the same rate of wages (two dollars perday) ; but as matters continued to grow worse from monthto month without any change for the better , Mr. Jones gaveup the idea of returning to the place of his birth , and took afarm near the head of Long Island , on which he lived to agood old age , and a t his death left a large number of sonsa nd daughters . N0 further attempt a t ship - building wasmade in thi s Province unti l after the close of the revolutiona ry war and the landing of the Loyalists in 1783.

The disputes between Great Britain and her Colonies onthis continent—which arose out of the attempt of the mothercountry to impose taxes on the latter—culminated in the

year 1775 and produced bloodshed . The revolted colonists ,not content with recovering the independence of their owncountry , were ambitious enough to attempt to reduce bothCanada and Nova Scotia , and at first there seemed to beevery reason to believe they would succeed . The people ofSunbury , or rather the great majority of them ,

were in sym

pathy with their kindred in New England , and before thewar was over , showed their d isloyalty by stronger meansthan mere words .Nex t season , the rebels induced the Indians to join them ,

a nd the Chiefs of the tribes on the St. John entered into aspecial contract at Boston to a id their cause and destroy theBritish . No less than six hundred warriors assembled near

[f istory of Sa int 59

the Gemsec with hostile intention : the inhabitants of Maugerville , being therefore placed in a most perilous position ,took refuge in their little fort at Oromoc to . The few familiesa t St. John—who were joined by Mr. William Hazen aboutthis time—were also in imminent danger of being murdered.

On the 24th of September , 1777 , Mr. Michael Franklin ,the Ind ian Commissioner

,made a treaty with the Mallicites

and Micmacs a t Fort Howe , St . John, and succeeded in obtaining the treaty the Indian Chiefs had made and signed a t

Boston . Messrs . White and S imonds , who were also en

gaged in the work of reconc iliation ,were captured by the

Indians , and had nearly perished before they were liberated .

So faithless were the Indians , that they assembled again in1779, and they were not appeased unti l they had receivedpromises of large presents . In the Append ix will be foundMr. Franklin ’s letter to the Indian Chiefs , and the invoiceof the goods sent , which are qu i te interesting . This was thelast attempt a t an Indian war .

The post a t Fort Howe was held by a small force underthe command of Captain S tudholm . He commenced theexport of masts f rom S t. John for the use of the Navy , and

the first cargo of these arrived at Halifax November 22nd,1780 . During t he following winter a second cargo was gotready a t St. John , consisting of upwards of two hundredst icks for masts , spars , and bowsprits , and they were shippedon board a transport in May , 1781. These operations , incons iderable as they were , naturally drew workmen to St . John,and mark the beginning of the trade of this now busy City.

New England privateers were , however , very active onour coast at that time , and threatened to strangle the infantcommerce of our port . In May , 1781, they captured aschooner belonging to Captain Shefli eld , laden with goodsfor St. John , but she was retaken by a volunteer force fromCornwall is .

60 History of Sa int

In 1782 the cutting of spars on the R iver Saint Johnwent on without interruption , and the settlements continuedto grow in population . In this year St. John had become aPort of Entry , James White being the first Collector of Customs . The tonnage which entered Saint John that yearamounted to 144 tons , and the vessels which cleared amounted to 165 tons .

The following is a list of the vessels which enteredcleared a t the port of St . John in that year

ENTERED . TONS .

R osanna, 17Betsy , 10

Escape , I o

Polly , 10

Sally , 10

Lark, 18

R anger , 12

Prosperity ,Unity,Speedy ,

Little Tom ,

Total tonnage ,

CLEARED .

R osannaPeggyBetsy,Escape ,Polly ,

Sally ,Lark ,R anger ,Prosperity,Unity,Little Tom ,

Monaguash,

Total tonnage ,

[f istory of Sa int 7onn. 6 1

Such was the shipping of Saint John a century ago ,

A tolerably correct idea of the state of the settlements onthe St. John R iver at the close of this year , m ay be gathered from a letter written by Amos Botsford , an agent forthe Loyalists , who had been examining the country with aview to settlement . He says , the inhabitants of the St . JohnR iver are “ computed to be near a thousand men able tobear arms . He says also ,

“The settlers are chiefly poor

people who come here and get their living easi ly . They cutdown the trees . burn the tops , put in a crop of wheat or Ind ian corn which y ields a plentiful increase . These intervalswou ld make the finest meadows . The uplands produce wheatboth of the summer and winter kinds , as well as Indiancorn . Here are some wealthy farmers , having flocks of cattle . The greater part of the people , except the township ofMaugerville , are tenants , or seated on the bank without leaveor license

,merely to get their living.

CHAPTER V .

Land ing of the Loyal ists ; Lay ing out the City ; Bui ld ing a placeofworship ; “

Old Coflee House First chi ldren born ; ThePresbyteriansmake preparations to bui ld a church First GreatFire ; R eception of Governor Carleton His Counc i l The

first Trials ; New Brunswick S t . John incorporated by RoyalCharter ; Civic Officers First weekly Paper published in NewBrunswick ; Navigation of the St. John R iver comm enced ;Shipping ; “A Negro Boy for sale First meetingof the General Assembly of N. B. ; One of the early School T eachers ;Precautions taken against Fire ; The burningof Bened ict Arnold

’s store ; Trinity Church The WindMi l l St .Andrew ’s.

Soc iety ; The Royal Arm s ; Preparations against Invasion ;Visit of the Duke of Kent to N. B . ; Fear of the French ;Boundary Comm ission ; The People of N. B . contribute stg.

to the m i l itary chest.

N the z l st January , 1783 , a treaty of peace was signedbetween Great Brita in, France , and Spain . The warthus ended, thousands of d isbanded troops were t e

moved from New England to New Brunswick . A numberof Acadians who had established themselves at Frederictonwere ordered to remove for the purpose of accommodatinga party of dis charged soldiers . These poor people , who hadlong been the sport of fortune, were finally settled at Madawaska

,where their descendants now occupy an extensive

and tolerably well cultivated d istrict. I t had been supposedthat the Acadians who had been driven from Frederictonhad at last found a resting place , but in the settlement of theBoundary Dispute one part of the Madawaska district hadbeen assigned to the British , and the other to

,the United

States , and the divisional line has placed the same peopleunder two di fferent Governments .

(62)

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64 [f istory of Sa int

until the 18th ofMay ,—a day that should never be forgotten

by their descendants , or by the inhabitants of the City whichthey founded. When the Loyalists reached St . John , civilization had made such small advances against the ruggedmight of nature , that , with the exception of a small clearingabout Fort Howe , the whole si te of the present City and ofPortland, was a dense forest. The landing of the Loyalists ,in most cases , was effected at the Lower Cove , near the oldSydney Market House .

At this time , the general improvement of the countrycommenced with extraordinary vigor. The Governmentoffered every protection and assistance to those who had lefttheir native homes , and sacrificed , in many instances , theties of consanguini ty and affection to their King and theBritish Constitution.

A few log huts were the only bui ld ings a t that time onthe site of St. John, and the first care of the Loyalists was toprovide shelter for themselves and thei r families . Just afterthey first landed they lived in tents , then temporary shedswere erected , and afterwards residences of a more substantial character. Most of the dwellings erected were built oflogs , and the first framed house finished by the Loyalistswas a place of worship . This build ing stood on the east sideofGermain Street , between Duke and Queen S treets , on lotNo. 121, now owned by Mr . Jas . McMillan. About eighteenmonths before the arrival of Dr. Cooke , the first Episcopalclergyman , this building, which was thirty - six by twentyeight feet , was purcha sed for a church , but owing to the wantofmoney and other causes , i t was in such an unfinished stateas to be very inconvenient and uncomfortable for the performance of Divine worship . Dr. Cooke a t once set to workto remedy the evil , a Vestry was called , and ninety poundsraised from the principal inhabitants , with which they ceiledthe house , and erected a gallery a t the front and a t each end .

(A)Three islands above the Fal ls. (B)Mounta ins ri singup from the ma inland , si tuateda bout. two leagues from the river . (C)The fa l l i n the river . (D)Shoalsw herevessels, whenthe t ide is out, are liab le to run aground . (E)Cab in where the savages forti fy themselves.

(F)A pebbly point where there is a cross. (G)An Island a t. the entrance of the river.

(H) A sm a l l river com ing from a li ttle pond . (I )Arm of the sea—dry a t low ti de . (L)Twol i ttle rocky islets. (M)A sma l l pond . (N) Two brooks. (0) Very dangerous shoa ls a longthe coast, wh ich ar e dry a t low tide . (P)Way by which the savages carry thei r canoes i npassingthe fa l ls. (Q)Place for anchoringwhere the ri ver runs wi th ful l current .

[fl sfory of Sa int yo/m. 65

This building was used by the Episcopalians unti l Old

Trini ty” was opened on Christmas Day ,

1791. The groundon which this bu i lding stood was purchased

,with the build

ing , for £ 140 , and until the year 18 19 the ground in the rearwa s occasionally used for the purposes of burial . ThomasHorsfield ,

Esq— from whom Horsfield Street took its name ,

a nd who was for a long time a Warden of Trinity Churchwas the last person interred there . This bu i ld ing was subsequently used as a place of worship by the Methodists andBaptists , and the m eetings of the Common Council and theCourts were also held in this bu i ld ing until 1798 . I t was anhumble ed ifice , however , and the people determined to becontent with nothing less than a church . In laying out theCity , a lot was reserved for a church and burial ground inthat part of the City adjoining the south side of Union S treetwhich ground is now known as the “

Old Bury ing Ground .

The intention was to bu i ld a church on i ts south - west corner , a nd the frame for i t was cut off the ground on whichthe Court House now stands .

The Governor of Nova Scotia—which then inc luded thepresent Province of New Brunswick— a t the time of the arrival of the Loyalists , was John Parr , Esq . , and St . john wasat first named Parr Town , after that gentleman. The townwas laid out in 1454 lots ,* and granted to the Loyalist famil ies residing here , there being 1184 grantees in one grant atS t . john, and 93 in another . The plan of Parr Town ” wasdrawn by Paul Bedell , and is dated December 17th , 1783.

The City on the eastern side of the harbour ex tendedfrom Sheffield S treet on the south , to Uni on S treet on thenorth ; all to the southward of Sheffield S treet was reservedfor fortifications , and al l to the north of Union Street wasgranted to Messrs . S imonds ,White , and Hazen. The names

For L ist of Gra ntees , see Appendix E.

66 History of Sa int yo/m.

by which many of the streets were originally designated,were quite d ifferent from those by which they are at presentknown ; for instance

Charlotte Street was called Studholm StreetDuke Street Bulkeley Street.Queen Street Charlotte Street.Main Street Fanning Street .King Street East Great Georges Street .

Water S treet had no existence in those days , and in manyplaces the water washed the shore as high as the westernline of Prince William S treet. Dock Street was a narrowfootpath along the edge of a rocky clifi

‘

, where people had tohold on by the roots of the trees to avoid rolling down uponthe beach . The way from Portland was across the flatsfrom York Point, and three years elapsed before a bridgewa s put across .From Green ’s Alley (which runs from Prince William to

Water Street) to Lower Cove , there was a finely gravelledline of beach, which was the original highway leading fromthe Lower to the Upper Cove. As soon as the surveyorhad marked out the line of the several streets , the Loyalistscommenced the erection of what was to be their futurehomes . They had been dwelling in tents and huts for somepart of the summer .Mr . Thatcher Sears , father of Messrs. Edward and John

Sears , bu i lt his house on the north side of King Street . Mr.

Wood, the tobacconist, built his house on what is calledVernon’ s Corner , north - east corner of Germain and KingStreets . Ward ’s Corner, and Kent ’ s (now Foster’ s)Corner

,were also built upon .

The“ Old Coffee House ,

" which occupied the site of thebu ilding now occupied by the Maritime Bank, was also putup at this time . A short time previous to i ts erection

, Mr .

Sears was offered the lot on which it stood for a Spanish

His/my of Sa z'

zzt 67

doubloon'

and a gallon of “

old Jam aica Here, of an even

ing for years and years , the old m en of the place used to sitand gossip , a nd smoke , a nd sip their toddy ; here , in 1815 ,

they met to learn the news of the war between France and

England , and read the story ofWaterloo four or five monthsafter it was fought and won . In this sort of Shakspea retavern, the leading merchants of the day met and chattedover large sales , and compared notes . Here

,a verbal com

m ercia l agency was established , and here delighted gossips ,met and told each other all about every one else ’ s affairs .There were Ben Jonsons

’

in those days who wrote dramati cpieces and showed them to their friends over a cup of hotspiced rum . Poets . too , ful l of the tender passion , sighedout hexameters of love in that old Coffee House .

”

From the time of their land ing up to the period whenhis house was suffic iently advanced for their reception, Mr .

Sears and his family ha d been l iv ing in a tent pitched on thetop of the rock just about the head of the present NorthMarket Wharf. In that tent the late Mrs . Bagshaw wasborn

,being the first female child born of Loyalist parents

after the land ing. The late Benjam in Stanton was the firstmale chi ld born in the city . Lieutenant Andrew Stockton,

*

who was married on the 4th of April , 1784 , was the first m an

married in Parr Town. Several houses were erected aroundthe Market Square , or , as it was origi nally called ,

“

The Pub

li c Land ing.

”[t wa s t/za t portion of tile bea t /z where the

L oy a lists/ inst stepped on si mref rom t/zez'

r boa ts . Such rapidprogress was made in the erection of houses that in the briefspace of one year from the landing of the Loyalists , twohundred and seventy - six stores and dwellings were erected .

Abou t the year 1783 the Presbyterians then resident inthe City of St . John met for the purpose of organiz ing , and

* See Appendix .

68 History of Sa int yo/m.

taking such steps as might be necessary to secure a place ofworship . A Committee was appointed consisting of JohnBoggs

,Andrew Cornwall

,James R eed , JohnMenzies , Chas .

Ma cPherson,Wm . Henderson,

John Gimm ill, and R obertChill ies

,who applied to the Government for a grant of land

for that purpose . In answer to this application, they receiv

ed a R oyal grant of that land which is now known by theNOS . 1 to 10 inc lusive

,lying on the north side of Queen

S treet,between Sydney and Carmarthen Streets . The grant

i s dated 29th of June , 1784 , being in the reign of KingGeorge I I I . , a nd was issued under the great seal of theProvince of Nova Scotia , in which Prov ince St . John thenwas

,under the name of Parr Town.

In 1784 , that portion of the Province of Nova Scotiawhich we now call New Brunswick was constituted into aseparate P rovince , and General Thomas Carleton was appointed Governor on the 16th of August .

On the 18th of June , 1784 , a l i ttle more than one yearafter the land ing of those Loyalists who first came to SaintJohn

,or Parr Town, as it was then called ,

the first of theseries of great conflagrations with which our City has fromtime to time been visited , took place , and in its results wasas unfortunate to a large number of the inhabitants , as ha sbeen any event which has transpired from that period to thepresent time

,excepting the great fire of 1877.

A gentleman who had obtained a lot somewhere in theneighborhood of the ground on which the Centenary Churchnow stands , had cut the trees and

.

piled them and the brushinto heaps in the usual manner for burning. The summerhad been one of great drought . Everything of a vegetablenature had been rendered as dry and ignitable as tinder .The brush heaps were all in read iness for the match . The

morning was calm , with the very slightest breath of air fromthe south . The owner , judging from his isolated position,

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70 History of Sa int yo/zn .

Ford and Stephen Kent , and stood on Elliot R ow .

I t was not saved by water , but by the deep trenches whichwere dug around it . For some weeks previousto the fire

,a party had been cutting and preparing timber

on King Square for the erec tion of a church on the southwest corner of what is now called the Old Burying Ground .

The R everend Mr . Beardsley ,who came here as Chaplain to

the Forces,was frequently to be seen with his coat off, and

broad axe in hand ,working away at the frame . The fire ,

however , destroyed the timber , and the project was abandonedf

’

Shortly after this event , a large number of the Loyalistswho had drawn lots in the City , and on which they had builttheir log houses , which were now destroyed , moved into thecountry and took farms ,— some to Little R iver , others toLong R each

,Bellisle Bay , and the Kennebeccasis .

Many of the old 42nd Highlanders who cam e here withthe Loyalists , had drawn lots on the line of Union Street ,running eastward from what has long been called “

GoldenBall ” corner

,and ha d erected houses thereon. The fire de

stroyed them all . S even houses were burnt at the Falls ,and a woman and child were burnt to death by the same fire .

The old Highlanders , as they had stood“ shoulder to

shoulder ” for so many years , resolved to stick together , andhew out for themselves a home in some other part of theProvince . These homes were eventually established on theNashwaak , opposite the present City of Fredericton

,where

large numbers of their descendants are to be found at thepresent day , and who answer to the names of McPherson,

McL eod ,McL ean,

Sutherland,etc . , etc .

In October , 1784 , Mr . Thomas Carleton , the Governorof the new Province of New Brunswick , arrived at Halifaxwith his family from London,

in the Sa int L awrence, Capt.Wyatt, after a passage of eight weeks . On Sunday ,

the 213t

f fistory of Sa int yo/i n . 7 1

November , at 3 o’ clock in the afternoon

,he arrived at Saint

J ohn with his lady and family ,having crossed the Bay from

Digby in six hours in the sloop R a nger , Cornelius Hatfield ,master . He received an enthusiasti c welcome from the L oya lists . A salute of seventeen guns was fired from the LowerCove battery as the R a nger entered the harbour , and as helanded a similar salute was thundered from Fort Howe.A great concourse of the inhabitants received him withshouts of welcome , and escorted him to the house of Mr.

George Leonard ,corner of Union and Dock Streets , which

had been fitted up for his reception. On his entering thehouse , the c rowd gave him three cheers , and cries of

“ Longlive our King and Governor .”

On Novem ber zand ,1784 ,

Mr . Carleton’ s Commissionas Governor was read , and on the same day he was sworninto office , as Captain - General and Commander - in- Chief.On this day he also held his first Council .

The names of the gentlemen composing that body, whoseduties were both Legislative and Executive , were as follows :

George Duncan Ludlow ,2 2nd November , 1784 .

Abijah Ward , .

James Putnam ”

Gabriel G. Ludlow , .

I saac Allen,

William Hazen,

Jonathan Odell ,Gi lford Studholm ,

27th November , 1784 .

Edward Winslow , 4th December ,Daniel Bliss , . 18th Ju ly , 1785 .

Joshua Upham ,2nd June , 1786 .

Beverly R obinson, Jr. ,16th April , 1790 .

George Leonard , 7th February ,1791.

John Saunders , . grd May ,1793.

Christopher Billop,18th February ,

1797 .

The dates given are those on which each gentleman tookthe oath and his seat for the first time at the Council Board .

72 History of Sa int yo/in.

The seven gentlemen who took their seats at the Counci lon the 22nd day ofNovember , 1784 , composed the first Legisla tive body that was ever convened in New Brunswick .

The meeting was held at the residence of Thomas Carleton ,Esq . , the Governor . I t was from that gentleman that thewestern portion of our City took its present name .

* The

Hon. Gabriel G. Ludlow was President of the Council , andfor a short period subsequently ,

Commander - in - Chief of theProvince . A tablet to hi s memory was placed in the eastend of

“Old Trinity ,

”near the Chancel . The Government

has since been administered by a number of persons styledLieutenant - Governors , or in their absence or demise , by thesenior member of the Executive Counc i l for the tim e being.

The new Governor was addressed by the inhabitants ,who called themselves a number of oppressed and insu ltedLoyalists , and congratulated him on his arrival to checkthe arrogance of tyranny , crush the growth of injustice , andestablish such wholesome laws as are , and ever have been,the basis of our glorious Constitution.

”They added that

they were formerly freemen, and again hoped to be , underhis auspices .

The first Chief Justice ofNew Brunswick was George D .

Lud low , and the assistant Judges were James Putnam ,I saac

Allen , and Joshua Upham . All were sworn in on the sameday ,

— the 25th November , 1784 . The Supreme Court wasopened for the first time in New Brunswick on Tuesday ,

February I st , 1785 . I t met in the bu i ld ing on GermainStreet already referred to , which the Loyalists bu i lt for public worship . The Hon. G. D . Ludlow and Hon . James Putnam were on the bench . After the formal opening of theCourt , the Commission appointing the Judges was read , and

also the appointment of Ward Chipman as Attorney General , and of Colin Campbe l l as Clerk of the Courts .

Ca rleton wa s formerly ca lled Conway .

His/or (y‘ Sa int Yolin. 73

The first Grand Jury were the following :R ichard Lightfoot . John Kirk .

Francis DeVeber. John Cam p .

William Hard ing . J ohn Colville .

Henry Thomas . John Hazen.

John Smith . Munson Jarvis .John Boggs . Oliver Arnold .

Caleb Howe . David Melville .Isaac Bell . R ichard Bonsall .James Ketchum . Luke D . Thornton .

Anthony Narraway .

On February 3rd , a true bi ll was found against NancyMosely for the m urder of John Mosely . The prisoner wasarraigned , tried ,

and found gui lty of manslaughter the sameday , and the Petit Jury on that occasion, the first impannelled , were as follows :

Frederick Devoe . George Wilson.

Abel Flewelling . Samuel T i l ley .

John Wiggins . Forbes Newton .

Caspar Doherty . James Pickett .John Cooke . James Suveneer.

Jesse Marchant . Jerem iah Worden.

On the same day , Mi chael a nd Abraham Mings , mulattoes

,were found gu i lty of burglary ,

the latter being recom

mended to mercy . On the 4th , Peter A . Corman was foundgu i lty of highway robbery , and Peter Thatcher of grandrobbery. On the day following , which wa s Saturday , NancyMosely ,

who prayed the benefit of the clergy , was sentencedto be branded on the left thum b with the letter M, and dis

charged . On the same day the first capital sentences werepronounced ,

— Peter A . Corman, Abraham Mings , MichaelMings , and William Thatcher being sentenced to be hanged“on Friday night , between the hours of eleven and one

o ’ clock ”Thatcher a nd Abraham Mings were afterwards

pardoned ,on cond i tion of leaving the Province ; the other

two were duly hanged on Gal lows Hill ,— the height of land

74 ffistory of Sa int 701m.

overlooking the Mi ll Pond to the eastward of Fort Howe .Thus was the usual Anglo—Saxon desire to exemplify theadvanced state of civil ization which the Province had a t

ta ined,by hanging somebody ,

satisfied .

”

The first brick house bui lt in the City was erected byNoah Disbrow, Esq , and stood on the corner of GermainStreet and “ Cooper ’s Alley ,

"

now called Church Street.In 1765 , the country bordering on the R iver Saint John

was called the County of Sunbury , but in 1784 all that partofNova Scotia lying north of the Bay of Fundy was constituted a distinct Province , and named New Brunswick . The

names of the original eight Counties into which New Brunswick was d ivided

,are : Saint John , Westmorland , York ,

Charlotte , Northumberland , King’ s , Queen

’ s , and Sunbury.

These Counties were confirmed by law February loth, 1786 .

On May 17th , 1785 , Parr Town and Carleton were by R oyalCharter erected into a City , to be called the City of St. John.

The new City was bounded“

by a line to commence and

beginning near Fort Howe , at Portland Point , at low waterm ark , and thence running a d i rect line to a small point orledge o f land at the causey by the old water m ill , thenceeast north - east until a d irect l ine shal l strike the creek running through Hazen 's marsh on the east side of the easternd istrict aforesaid thence along the course of the said creekto its mouth thence by a line running south , nineteen degrees west into the Bay , until i t meets a line running eastfrom the south point of Partridge Island , and along the saidline to the said point ; thence by a di rect l ine to a point onthe shore , which is at the south - east extremity of a line running south forty—two degrees east from the R iver St. Johnto the Bay of Fundy , and terminating the town lots of thewestern distric t aforesaid ; thence along the said l ine northforty - two degrees west to the R iver Saint John aforesaid ,

a nd continuing the said course across the said river unti l it

History of Sa int ya/zu . 75

m eets the opposite shore , and from thence along the northshore of the said river until i t meets theopposite shore , andfrom thence along the north shore of the said river at lowwater mark to Portland Point aforesaid .

”The City was

d ivided into six Wards , v iz .

,King ’s

,Queen’ s

,Duke ’ s

,Syd

ney , Guy’ s , and Brook

’ s,each of which were to be repre

s ented by an alderman and a n assistant . The civic officersa ppointed and named in the Charter were : Gabriel G. Lud

low, Mayor ; Ward Chipman,R ecorder ; Bartholomew

Crannell , Common Clerk George Leonard , Thomas Menz ies , William Paine , William Pagan , Stephen Hoyt , and

John Holland , to be Aldermen ; and John‘

Colwell, MunsonJarvis , R ichard Seaman,

Fitch R ogers , John Ness , and

Adino Paddock, to be Assistants . George Leonard was ap

pointed Chamberlain and Treasurer ; James Stewart andAmos Arnold , Marshals ; Ebenezer Holly , High ConstableLodwick Cypher , James Birmingham ,

Philip Henriques ,James McNeal, William Cooper , and , John McGill, Constables . John Hazen was appointed Coroner ; and WilliamSandford Oliver

, Sheriff.The County of Saint John,

situated a t the mouth of theR iver Saint John

,occupies a long and narrow belt of land

form ing the north coast of the Bay of Fundy , between CapeEnrage and Mace ’s Bay ; being upwards of eighty miles inlength , a nd upon an average not more than ten miles inbreadth . It contains the Parishes of Portland , Carleton ,

Lancaster, St. Martins , and S imonds . The entire shore is

rocky ,and frequently bounded by precipi tous and over

hanging cliffs.On the 11th of October , 1785 ,

the first number of theR oy a l Ga zette a nd New B runsw ick Advertiser was pub

lished at Saint J ohn by Christopher Sower , King’ s printer.

This was the first weekly paper publ ished in New Brunswick . In this year , during the month of December , William

76 History of Sa int_70/zn.

Cobbett , a man afterwards famed as a newspaper writer,came to St . John from England , with a number of recruits ,to join the s4th R egiment . The barracks at that periodwere on the top of Fort Howe hill , in Portland .

"

Twas onthe top of that high hi ll that Cobbett is said to have commenced the study of English grammar, and not very far fromthence , where he made love to the pretty lass who subsequently became his wife .In August

,1784 , Nehemiah Beckwith , afterwards a resi

dent of Fredericton , bui lt a scow or tow boat to ply betweenParr Town and St . Ann ’s ,— the first attempt to establishregular communication between the two places . From suchan humble beginning did the trade of the R iver Saint Johntake its rise.The first vessel launched in New Brunswick after the

close of the revolutionary war , was built by Captain Younghusband . The vessel was bui lt at a place called Hunter ’sCove ,

”and now known by the name of Drury

’ s Cove , formerly one of the most beautiful and romantic spots on theriver, but the erection of mills , etc. , has taken a good dealof the rom ance out of the place . I t was a favorite resort withthe Indians

,and the first road which led from the City to the

settlements on the Kennebeccasis and Hammond R ivers , wascarried across the head of this Cove by a wooden bridge ofancient fashion, the remains of which sti ll existed within thepas t forty years . The two next vessels of which we haveany account were built by an Association or Joint StockCompany in the North Market Slip . One of these was calledthe Fr iends/zip; Stephen Humbert , Esq .

, subsequently became her owner

,and in compliment to the old gentleman ’s

trade , which was that of a baker, the old folks ” nicknamedher Humbert ’ s Bread Basket.” The next vessel of whichwe have any record , was that bu i lt by General Arnold , and

launched in the spring of 1786 . The General had contracted

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78 ffistory of Sa int 7o/i n.

day of February ,1786 . The session was held in a build ing

on the north side of King Street, known as the“ Mallard

House ,” which stood on the lot next below where Horsfall

Sheraton had their place of business previous to the GreatFire of 1877 .

“The House having met pursuant to writ issued from

Chancery for the election of a House of Assembly for theProvince

,the Clerk of the Crown delivered to William

Paine,Esq .

,Clerk of the Assembly , the returns made by the

d ifferent Sheriffs of members elected to serve in the Assembly .

”The usual oaths were administered by the Hon. James .

Putnam to the mem bers , he being the Commissioner, underthe great seal of the Province , appointed for that purpose .

When the following gentlemen took their seats

Jonathan Bliss, Saint John.

Ward Chipman,

Christopher Billop,

William Pagan ,Stanton Hazzard ,

John McGeorge ,John Coffin, . King ’s County .

Ebenezer Foster,Samuel Dickerson, Queen ’s County .

John Yeomans ,W i lliam Paine , Charlotte County.

Captain Clinch,

R obert Pagan,

James Campbell ,Wi l liam Hubbard , Sunbury County .

R ichard Vandeburgh,Daniel Murray , York County .

I saac Attwood .

Daniel Lynam ,

Edward S telle ,Amos Botsford , Westmorland Co .

Mr. Kinnear .Elias Hardy , Northumberland Co..

History of Sa int yo/in. 79

The Sol icitor General and Mr. Paine were requested to waitupon His Exce l lency the Governor, and acquaint him that theHouse was m et , and waiting his commands. His Exce l lency theGovem or sent a m essage to the House requiring the ir attendance .

The House attended , and His Excel lency was pleased to directthem to return and elect a Speaker, and present him to - morrowat e leven o ’c lock . The m em bers returned to the ir House and

proceeded to the e lection of a Speaker, whenAmos Botsford , Esq .

was unanimously e lected , and immed iately conducted to and

placed in the Chair. House adjourned .

”

WEDNESDAY , 4th January, 1786.

The House be ingm et, they waited upon His Excel lency, andpresented the ir Speaker. He wa s pleased to approve of the ircho ice. The Speaker dem anded the privi leges that were usual lygranted to the House of Comm ons. His Excel lency replied thatthey shou ld enjoy al l the privileges that he was authorized to givethem by His Majesty’s instructions .

MONDAY , 9th January, 1786.

His Exce l lency the Governor sent a message to the House ,requesting the ir presence in the Counci l Chamber ; accord ingly,Mr. Speaker, with the House , attended ; and being returned , Mr.

Speaker reported that His Exce l lency was pleased to make thefol lowingSpeech to both HousesGentlemen of the Counci l

Gentlemen of the House of Assembly

A meetingof the several branches of the Legislature for thefirst tim e in this new Province is an event of so great im portance,a nd must prove so conduc ive to its stability and prosperity , that Ifee l the highest satisfaction at seeing His Majesty ’s endeavours toprocure the inhabitants every protection of a free Governm ent inso fair a way of be ingfinal ly successful .

“ The preced ingwinter was necessari ly spent in guarding thepeople against those numerous wants incident to the ir pecul iarsituation

,and the summer ha s been employed as wel l in the pro

secution of this essential business as in d ivid ing the Province andestabl ishing the several Offices and Courts of Justice requisite forthe security of the farmer whi le engaged in raising a support forhis fam i ly . And now,

that the season of the year renders trave l

80 History of Sa int yo/m.

ing conimodious,and al lows you le isure to attend the publ ic busi

ness without interruption to your private a fla irs, I ha ve cal ledyou together, in com pliance with the R oyal instructions , that youm ay put a finishing hand to the a rduous task of organizing theProvince by re - enacting such of the Nova Scotia laws as are applicable to our situation, a nd passing such Bills as y ou shal l judgebest calculated to maintain our rapid advance towards a com pleteestablishm ent in this country .

”

Gentlem en of the Council“That branch of the laws which rela tes to the old Province

which relates to crim es and m isdemeanours,I would recommend

to your first consideration. They are for the m ost part, if not

altogether, extracted from the Statute Law of England , and w i l lbecom e our best security of the qu iet and perm anent enjoymentof private l iberty and property .

“As it m a y in som e insta nces perhaps adm it of a doubt , whatpart of those laws extend to th is Province , and which are lost byerection of a d istant adm inistration , it wi l l be m ost e l igible byrenewing them to leave no possibi li ty of uncertainty in a m atterso nearly affecting the happiness a nd peace of the comm unity.

“Those laws also which relate to the execution of justice, c ivi l

a nd crim inal , m ake another im portant object to your attention.

And as the assistance of the Judges wi l l be requ ired in form ing orrenewing them , they wi l l of course , I suppose , origina te with you.

”

Gentlem en of the Assembly

“Among the num erous subjects which w i l l fal l under your cons ideration,

after you have adopted such Acts of the Province ofNova Scotia as you m a y find necessary or proper , I would pa rticula rly point out a Bil l provid ing for the e lection of m em bers toserve in the General Assem bly, a nd for regu lating al l such e lections , as wel l as determ ining the qual ifications of e lectors . A lawregistering anew al l grants of lands ly ing within the Province , andm ade before our d ivision from Nova Scotia , is necessary for a scertaining titles oresta tes , and wi l l prove of the greatest use to the irpreservation. I am therefore instructed to recomm end it .”

Gentlem en of the Counci l : and

Gentlem en of the Assem bly :

I shal l decl ine entering further into the pa rticular objects that

[f istory of Sa int yo/m. 81

m a y be proper for your consideration in the course of!the presentSession, but w i l l leave them to be occasional ly comm unicated bym essage . In the m ean tim e , I have the ful lest confidence that youwi l l enter on the publ ic business with a hearty disposition to joinm e in whatever m a y tend to the welfare of th is infant colony .

“The l iberal ity of the British Governm ent to the unfortunate

Loyal ists in general , and the pecul iar munificence and parentalcare of our most Grac ious Sovere ign to those of them settled inNew Brunswick , cal l loud ly for every return that a n afi‘ectiona te

and favoured people ca n m ake . And I am persuaded that youcannot show you r gratitude on this behalf for the many unexam

pled instances of national a nd R oyal bounty better than by prom ot ing sobriety , industry, and the practice of re l igion, by d iscou raging al l party d istinctions am ongst us, and incu lcating the utm ostharm ony between the new ly arrived Loyal ists and those of His

Majesty’ s subjects form erly resident in this Province .

“ And , gentlem en ,it is w ith real pleasure I declare that our

p rospects are so favourable that your exertions for these beneficia lpu rposes can scarce ly fai l to render this Asylum of Loyalty theenvy of the neighbouring States, and that by exerc ising the artsof peace , they who have taken refuge wi l l not only be abundantlyrecom pensed for thei r losses , but be enabled to enjoy thei r connection with the Parent State , and retain the i r al legiance for thebest of K ings , which the i r conduct ha s proved they prize beyondal l other considerations. ”

The Attorney General , Solicitor General , R obert Pagan,

Captain Clinch , and Samuel Dickerson were appointed aCommittee to prepare an address in answer to the speech .

On the l oth of January ,1786 , Col . Billop, Mr. Foster ,

and Mr .Hubbard were appointed a Committee to bring in

a Bill against “ the profanation of the Lord ’ s Day, called

Sunday ,and for suppressing immoralities .

”On the same

day Col . Billop moved for leave to bring in a Bill for preventing a multiplicity of law su i ts .”

On the 17th January , 1786 , Brooke Watson , Esq . , M. P .

for the City of London,was unanimously chosen Agent for

this Province .

F

82 History of Sa int 7 olm.

On Thursday ,26th January ,

1786 , complaint having beenmade that George Handyside had been gui lty of publiclyspeaking and uttering opprobrious words in contempt and

breach of the privileges of the House , and tending to excitesedi tion

,the Sergeant—a t - Arms was ordered to take him into

custody . Witnesses were examined,and he was “

foundgu i lty of having spoken and uttered opprobrious words inhigh contempt and breach of the privileges of this House .”

Whereupon, ordered ,

“That he ask pardon on his knees ,

and be reprimanded by the Speaker , and stand committeduntil he obey this order .

”

“

The said George asked pardon of the House on hisknees , was reprimanded by the Speaker from the chair andd ischarged ,

paying fees .

The first session of the New Brunswick Parliament closedon the 15th March , 1786 . Christopher Sower was appointedto print the journals of the session .

The second session of the Legislature was opened on the14th February ,

1787 , and closed on the 8th day of March .

John R yan was appointed to print the journals .The third session of the New Brunswick Legislature was

opened at Fredericton on Friday ,18th of July, 1788, and

closed on Friday , August 2nd . The removal took placebecause Governor Carleton then said the City of St . Johnwas not safe, and the Seat ofGovernment should be removedto a safe place .

The following is an advertisement of one of our fi rstschool teachers :

“William'

Green wi l l open an English School for the educationof Youth on Monday , 20th of Apri l , at his house, Brittain Street,near Captain Elm e ’s. There wi l l be taught the fol lowing branchesof Literature , in the m ost approved order, from the best authorsused in the principal Academ ies of Grea t Britain and Ireland

,

name ly

History of Sa int yolzn. 83

R ead ing, per quarter, £0 7 6

R ead ing, with Engl ish Grammar and proper accent, 10 0

Writing, 10 oArithm etic , 12 6

Book - keeping and Merchants ’ Accounts, 17 6

Geom etry , Surveying, Navigation, Diall ing and other parts ofMathem atics , accord ing to agreem ent. Also, the Use and Projection ofMaps and Charts

,after a natural , easy, and conc ise method ,

w ithout bu rden to the mem ory.

N. B .—Those parents that wi l l give him a preference in the

tutorage of the ir chi ldren m ay depend on the strictest attentionbeing paid to the ir natural genius and their moral abilities.

“W I LLIAM GREEN.

Saint John, N. B .,6th April , 1787 .

The first Mayorof the City of St. John was the Hon. G.

Ludlow . He received his appointment April 4th , 1787 . Inthe early days of our City , immediately after each annualcivic election , the old and new members of the Board wouldd ine together at the “ Coffee House .In April , 1787 , ‘

the people of Saint John dec ided to takeactive measures for protection against fire

, and accordinglythe following document was drawn up

“We , the subscribers , taking into our serious consideration thealarm ing situation of the City for want of fire - engines and publicwe l ls

,shou ld a fire break out in any part of it ; and , at the same

time,be ing sensible of the present inabi l ity of the City Corpora

tion to advance money for the purpose , do several ly prom ise topay the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of St . John(or to such persons as they shal l appoint), the several sum s annexed to our nam es as a loan upon interest, for the purpose of importing from London two su itable fire - engines, and for sink ing asuffic ient number of public wel ls in the C ity.

Wh ich said several sum s the said Corporation have engagedto pay to each separate subscriber with interest annual ly, as soonas their funds wi l l enable them to do so, as appears by an abstractfrom the m inutes of the Comm on Counci l , dated the 20th of

March last.“C ity of St . John, N. B.

, sth Apri l , 1787.

84 ffistory of Sa int 7olm .

Gabrie l G . Lud low, (Mayor,Ward Chipm an (R ecorder, )Jonathan Bliss, (Attorney GeneralJames Putnam , (Judge ,)Christopher Billop,Zeph . K ingsley,Samue l R anda l l ,Gi lbert Hanford,Isaac Be l l ,Robert Parker,Bened ict Arnold ,W i l l iam VVyley,Mark Wright ,C . C . Hal l Co.

,

W i l l iam Pagan,John Colwe l l ,

Thomas Bean,Francis Gi lbert,

Sam ue l Hal let ,W i l l iam Hazen,Jam es R uon

,John Ca lifl,Isaac Lawton,Samue l Mi l ls ,Paul Bedel l ,W i l l iam Wanton

, (Col lector of Custom sAd ino Paddock

,M. D .

,

McCa ll Codner,Thom asH orsfield

John McGeorge ,Thom a s Ell iot,Wi l l iam Bainey,Thom son R eed , 1

Christopher Sower, (K ing’s printer,)W . S . Oliver, (Sheriflj)Wil l iam Whittaker,Peter Quin,Charles Warner,Abia ther Cam p,James Peters,Daniel Micheau,Fitch Rogers.Edward Sands,

HO O O

(N

MCA

UI

CII

U!

01

01

01

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

On the 2md February, 1786, the Corporation paid PeterFleming £136 6s. Set. for two fire - engines . These must haveproved ineffectual , for the reader wil l notice that the aboveloan was made up hardly a year afterwards , and the present

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86 History (y’ Sa int yolin.

contempt by suspending his effigy in public labelled Tra i tor ,in such a position as to be easily seen from his house . I twas then committed to the flames amid loud huzzas .Every year his unpopularity increased ,

and in 1794 he closedhis business

,sailed for the West Indies , and then for Eng

land , and there made his permanent abode . He came toSt . John in

The bui ld ing first used as a church on Germain S treetwas never consecrated , or bore any name , but was only usedas a temporary place of worship unti l a more suitable building could be erected . In June

,1788 , two lots on Germain

Street were granted by General Coffin and Mr . Cochrane ,and two lots on Studholm (now Charlotte S treet) weregranted by Thos .Whitlock , Esq .

,a Vestryman and Church

warden,as a site for the Episcopal Church . The corner

stone of Old Trinity Church was laid by R ight R ev .

’

CharlesInglis

,D . D . ,

the first Bishop of British North America , onWednesday ,

Aug . 20,1788 . The bu i lders were Messrs . Bean

and Dowling ; the former was afterwards a member of theVestry . The Church was bui lt of wood , and consisted onlyof a nave a nd two side aisles . At the western end was acupola

, in which a bel l was afterwards placed . The bui ld ingwas wide in proportion to its length originally , to allow forfuture enlargement by increasing its length , and on twooccasions the build ingwas thus enlarged . The first R ectorof the Parish was the R ev . George Bisset , A . M. , who d iedin 1788 .

The lot on which the Hotel Dufferin now stands wasbought in 1780 by Mr . Thomas Horsfield for six pounds fiveshill ings

, and sold by him five years later for five pounds toa number of gentlemen who erected a grist mil l there. Thisbuilding , which was a wind mill , was the first mill erectedafter the landing of the Loyalists . I t was erected by whatis called a Joint S tock Company, and stood on a high ledge

17 istory of Sa int yo/m. 87

of rock which extended from the rear of Trini ty Church tothe Old Burying Ground . As grist mills driven by waterpower were soon after erected in the neighborhood of the

City— one of which was situated at what is now called theMarsh Bridge , and owned at one period by Mr . Bartlettthe wind mill gradually fell into d isuse , and in 1800 was converted into a R efuge for the Destitute .

"

The St . Andrews Society of Saint John, N. B ., was insti

tuted in 1798. On the 8th day ofMarch in that year a num !

ber of gentlemen— natives of Scotland and of Scottish descent—m et together , and agreed to form themselves into aSoc iety for benevolent purposes . They adopted a Constitution

, and elected the following members for the first year asoffice bearers of the Institution

William Pagan , President .Wi l l iam Campbell

,Vice President .

Francis Gi lbert , T reasurer .John Black

, Sedreta ry .

The first quarterly meeting was held on May 3rd , A . D .

1798 , and from that tim e down to the present the quarterlyand anniversary meetings have been regularly held and

punctually attended ,and the purposes for which it was esta

blished have been found to be fully answered . The presentmembership is abou t 175 , besides those who are consideredas honorary .

The first sermon was preached in Trini ty Church onChristmas Day , 1791, by R ev . Dr. Mather Byles , the second

R ector of that Parish . The following year a bell was putup

, a nd in 1803 stoves for the first time were placed in thechurch . Mr . Bean, one of the contractors for the building ,was the gentleman who , in June , 1811, when the churchwanted to borrowA200 ,

agreed to lend i t this sum on the express cond ition that the insurance policy then on the building should be at once cancelled . An order was passed,

88 History of Sa int ‘

7onn.

cancelling the policy without delay . Thus was Trinity , orthe time , without insurance . Had Mr. Bean ’s ideas prevailedin 1877 , the congregation , in all l ikelihood , would mourn theloss of which was the amount that was on the building a t the time of the fire in that year .In a letter from Edward W inslow , Muster Master Gen

eral of the British Army in Nova Scotia , to Ward Chipman ,Esq .

,then in St . John , dated at Halifax , March 25th, 1785 ,

he states that the R oyal Arms now in Trini ty Church , St.John

,were forwarded from Halifax to St. John to be placed

in the Counc i l Chamber or some other public room . Fromthe same source it is known that they were brought to Halifax along with the British troops when they evacuated Boston, March 17th , 1776 , where they hung in the CouncilChamber of the old Town House between , i t is thought , theportraits of Charles I I . and James I I . They are a most venerable reli c of past history, and known to be more than acentury old . I t is easy to imagine how eagerly they werecarried off by the Loyalists , and with what pride they becamepossessed of this emblem of R oyalty. They were first setup in the temporary place of worship in Germain Street,and by resolution of the Vestry passed December 8th ,

1791,

they were removed to Trini ty Church .

In 1792 Mr. Wm . Thom pson presented Trinity Churchwith a bell

,for which he received a cordial vote of thanks .

This bell was in active service unti l 1857 , when the bellwhich was destroyed by the fire of 1877 was placed in position.

In 1793 a war broke out between Great Britain andFrance , a war which , with two short intermissions , was destined to last for twenty - two years . A Provincial regimentwas a t once raised in New Brunswick , of which GovernorCarleton was Colonel , and Beverly R obinson was LieutColonel . On the 6th ofMay , intelligence was received here

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90 History of Sa int 7 olm.

a nd the officers of the garrison. His grandson , the Princeof Wales , was entertained in this same house , which is stillstanding. The Duke of Kent , who seems to have been ina n enormous hurry ,

left St . John in the Zebra the same evening, amid the salutes and cheers of the inhabitants , and thefiring of guns from the batteries .

In 1795 there was considerable fear of French attacks ,both in Saint John and Halifax , and the Provincial regiment was ordered from Fredericton to St . John. Privateer vessels , sailing under French colors , were at this timemaking havoc among the merchant vessels of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . The House of Assembly addressedthe Lieutenant Governor on the subject of procuring cru isers or guard ships to be stationed on the Bay of Fundy.

Add i tional defences were also erected at S t . John at the instance of the Lieutenant Governor , which the House refusedto vote money to pay for . William Campbell was in this

year appointed Mayor of St . John,

— an office which he continued to hold for more than twenty years .

In 1796 , the Commissioners , under the 5th article of theTreaty of Ghent , to determine which was the true St . Croix ,were appointed . Ward Chipman of St . John was appointedAgent on behalf of His Brittanic Majesty , and E . Winslow ,

Secretary of the Commission. In 1798 the Commissionersgave their decision

,which was that the Scouda c was the true

St . Croix of Champlain.

In 1799 the Duke of Kent , who ha d been in England forhis health

,returned to Nova Scotia . The Corporation of

St . John sent him an address of welcome . The people of

New Brunswick also showed their patriotism this year bysubscribing sterling as a voluntary contribution tothe military chest for 1798.

CHAPTER VI .

S lavery ; A publ ic Fast ; The St . John Dog T a x ; The St . JohnG ramm ar School ; R ejoicing on rece ipt of news of Battle ofT rafalgar ; Germ ain Street Method ist Chu rch ; Wa r withFrance

,and its influence on St . John ; T rinity Church .

R IOR to the beginning of the nineteenth century ,i t

was not unfrequent to see Negro slaves advertised forsale in the R oy a l Ga zette . Finally , the legal ity of

s lavery was tested before the Supreme Court . On February18th

,1800 . the Supreme Court d ivided equally on this ques

t ion ,the Chief Justice and Judge Upham hold ing slavery to

be legal in this Province , and Judges Saunders and Allenc ons idering slavery to be illegal On October 16th

,1809, a

Negro woman named Nancy ,was advertised for sale in

the R oy a l Ga zette by Daniel Brown, and a good title guaranteed ,

so that at that time slavery was stil l deemed toexist in New Brunswi ck .

In 1800 the war with France was going on with as muchvigor as ever

, and on the 4th of Ju ly of that year a publi cfast was proclaimed in this Province on account of i t .

In 1801, most of the Counties received grants to a id themin erecting court houses and jai ls . In the same year theDuke of Kent interested himself regarding the construction

of a road between Halifax and Quebec . The fam ous SaintJ ohn dog tax was also passed this year , the money realizedtherefrom to be for the support of the poor . The roads of

New Brunswick , about th is time , seem to have been in a badcond i tion , for in January ,

1803 , D . Campbell reported that

there were not ten mi les of road in the Province fit for awheeled carriage , except in the County of Sunbury . In this

year a change was made in the boundary lines of the severalwards on the east side of the harbour .

(91)

92 fi ts/ary of Sa int 7o/m.

In 1805 the St . John Grammar School was opened , withR oger \ '

iets , assistant minister of Trinity Church , m aster .The school was established by law March 5th , 1805 . The

original members of the Board , nine in number, who arenamed in the Act of Incorporation, held their first meetingin the City Hall on the roth of the same month , a nd werethe following :

Y'rs of M'

ship.

The R ector of T rinity Church (R ev . Mather Byles, D . 9

The Ma yor of the City (W i l l iam Campbel l, Esq ), 11

The R ecorde r of the City (W’ard Chipm an, Sn), sat as R ecorde r seven years.

The Hon. George Leonard ,11

The Hon. Jonathan Bliss (Chief Justice), 7

The Hon. W i l l iam Pagan,

14

John'

Rob inson,Esq ,

23

John Black , Esq , 4

Hon. Thomas Wetm ore (Attorney General ), 6

The first Clerk and Treasurer of the Board was Ward Chipm an

, Sr .

, Esq .

The Gram m ar School bui ld ing , which stood on the S . E .

corner of Germain and Horsfield Streets , was a plain woodenhouse of rather squat appearance . I t was erected on twolots of land , 80 feet front and 250 feet deep , which were purchased from Thomas Horsfield , Esq . , for the sum of g100.

Mr . Viets held the position ofMaster til l his appointment in1814 to the R ectory of Digby , where he d ied in 1839, agedfifty

- four years . One of the teachers,after Mr . Viets , was

James C . Brimmer , who d ied at his residence , Horsfield

Street , February 25th , 1825 , aged forty - six years . In theearly years of the Grammar School , young ladies were adm itted .

SCHOOL HOU R S .

During the months ofMay , June , July and August , the

Wollestook Ga ze tte ,Janua ry i st , 1883.

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94 f of Sa int

I t was through his exertions that the chapel was built . Formany years this commod ious bu i ld ing was the only place ofworship that this body of Christians had in this City .

*

In 1808 the people of St . John seem to have been undera good deal of anxiety with regard to the war with France,for in January of that year an order was passed that no vessel or boat should be allowed to leave the harbour of SaintJohn without the countersign. In the same year , on Februa ry 12 th

, Gabriel G . Ludlow ,the first Mayor of St . John

,

di ed , and was buried in Carleton. He ha d been Presidentand Commander - in - Chief of the Province from the year1803. In June

,Capt . Shore with two com panies of Feu

cibles , wa s sent to garrison Sydney ,Cape Breton . Among

the events of this year m ay be mentioned an accident whichhappened to the St. Andrews packet Speedy . While lyingat anchor , a whale or some other sea monste r fouled itselfwith her cable

, and actually dragged her from her anchorage, a distance of more than three miles , to the very greatconsternation of those on board .

In June , 1809, the 1015 t regiment , which had been in

garrison at St . John,was sent to the West Indies , and part

of the New Brunswick regiment was sent to St . John to takei ts place. During the summer the troops were employed inmaking a road from St . John to Fredericton . In the same

year , a duty was laid on Baltic timber , while that of the colonies was left free ; from which circumstance , the trade of theProv ince rapidly increased .

In the following year , 1810 , a tower was added to TrinityChurch , during the bu i lding of which , Mr . John Venningfell from the staging on the south side of the tower , and wasinstantly killed . This melancholy accident occurred on May

2 2nd ,1810 . In the same year the organ was placed in the

Stewa rt’

s H istory of the Grea t Fire of St. John.

History of Sa int 7 o/tn. 95

church . I t was made in London,Eng , and was brought

out in the ship B rothers, owned by the Hon.William Pagan,

who for a number of years was a Vestryman of Trini tyChurch , and who most liberally remitted the freight , whichamounted to a hundred guineas . A gentleman now residing in New York , but for many years a resident of St . John,

tells the following story in a letter to the Globe of September 10th , 1881 :

One evening,he (old Governor Smyth) came gal loping on

horseback to where I was,with other boys , engaged in play op

posite our school,and asked m e if I and Tom Halse l l would do

h im a favor. Oh yes, General , ’ each said, ‘with pleasure .

’ ‘We l lthen,

’ said he , ‘m eet m e at the Church at 4 P . M.

, and blow for m e

whi le I practise a certain piece of m usic .

’ Four o ’c lock cam e, andall hands were there .

‘Now then boys, ’ says the General , ‘blowcarefu l ly a nd stead i ly , for when I get through, you w i l l see the insideof the organ.

’ Of course we d id our best. At the finish , the old

sinner told us to ‘

put the ladder up and go inside,and be very

carefu l not to touch any of the pipes, etc .,and whenwe got into the

m idd le of the organ to cry out , and he wou ld play a l ittle, whichwou ld appear l i ke smal l bi rds in a wood .

’ Al l went very nicely,unti l som e great partition in the rear l ifted , and out cam e the thundering tones of the great organ, louder than thunder. Tom and I

sprang for the door and m ade one jum p in among the pews , notwaiting to go down the ladder. The Governor, hearing the noisem ade by our jum p

,rushed to us

,and we both dec lared the whole

rear of the organwas smashed . Oh b0ys!boys!you have ruinedm e

,

’ exc laim ed the Governor. We l l,

’ said he , ‘the m ischief beingdone

,we m ay as we l l go hom e .

CHAPTER VI I .

Germain Street Baptist Church ro4th R egiment ; St . John a FreePort ; Preparations for bu i ld ing a Steamboat ; The TownClock ; The first St . John Sunday School Vt’ a r of 1812 ; FirstRom an Cathol ic Service he ld in S t . John ; Presbyterian Chu rch ;An Ox roasted whole on K ing Square Arrival of em a nc ipa ted

S laves ; The New Brunswick Fenci bles d isbanded ; The Genera l Smy t/z; Fire Masonic Hal l ;A shock of Earthquake ;The“Old K i rk ;” First National School ; The Gramm ar School ;

The Old Poorhouse burnt ; Bay View Hote l ; Shipbui lding ;Stephen Hum bert.

N the Germain Street Baptist Church was organized , and the first building erec ted by them was of wood ,

on the site of the present substantial ed ifice . Groundwas broken in 1818 , and the large frame bu i lding was openedfor serv ice July 12th of the same year . Such m en as JohnM. Wilmot , Thomas Pettingill and Jeremiah Drake , werethe main supporters at the t ime . William S tenning and

Thom as Hard ing purchased the site , and the former gentle

man superintended the bui ld ing of the edifice .

In 1811, everything pointed to a war between GreatBritain and the Uni ted States . The New Brunswick Fencibles were on February 18th gazetted as His Majesty

’s104th regiment. On October I st of the same year , fiveCommissioners of Customs , for a spec ial revenue enquiry ,

arrived at St . John, and on the same day an order in Council was passed proclaiming Saint John a Free Port. On the

3oth of October , the freedom of the c ity was granted toLieut - Colonel McCarthy , of the R oyal Artillery ,

who wasabout to leave the Province.On the 9th of March , 1812 , an Act was passed “ to eu

Stewa rt’

s H istory of the Great Fire of Sa int John.

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‘98 f—[z'

story of Sa int 7o/m.

Counci l on December 24th, 1814 , resolved to act on the suggestions of the Church Corporation , and took upon themselves the duty of having the clock wound up and kept inrepair. Edward Taylor assisted in putting up the clock ,and assumed control of i t unti l Mr. William Hutchinsontook charge of it . One very severe winter , when Mr. Taylorhad charge of the clock , the ice froze the hands fast to thed ial , so to remove it he took his son Thomas up in thecupola

,lifted him over the rai l , held him by the ancles head

downwards , and told him to knock away the ice with thehatchet which he had given him for the purpose. Previousto 1857 this clock had only three d ials , but in that year afourth was added .

In 1812 , the long impending war came . War was notformally declared by the United States against Great Britainuntil June 18th ,

but the colonists had made preparations forit long before . A public fast was proclaimed in New Brunswick

,but while the people were praying they were also

sharpening their swords . On the 9th of March an Act waspassed appropriating the sum of to His Majesty, indefence of the Province . This was a handsome donation ,for the total revenue of the Province at that period was only

United States privateers soon began to swarm on the

coast. and the Saint John people went into privateering ontheir own account. A large number of men - of- war alsocruised in the Bay of Fundy , so that, between the arrival ofprize vessels and the excitement attending the news fromthe seat of war , matters were kept pretty lively in St. John .The people on the borders ofNew Brunswick

,on both sides

of the line , took no part in the contest, and this wise neutra lity, while it prevented useless bloodshed, also left no bitter memories after the war was over . General Smyth , theAdministra tor of the Province , on the 3rd of July , issued a

History of Sa int yo/zn. 99

Proclamation forbidding any one under his command fromoffering any molestation to the United States people liv ingon the fronti ers of New Brunswick

,or interfering w i th thei r

goods or coasting vessels . I t mav be stated in passing,that

the war was very unpopular not only in Maine , but throughout the whole of New England . “ 7hen the declaration of

war reached Boston, al l the vessels in the port except three ,immed iately hoisted their flags half mast

, and the peoplesoon compelled the three to follow the example of the others .On the Canad ian frontier and on the sea , however , the con‘

flict was maintained w i th vigor . Towards the close of this

year , various defensiv e works were erec ted in Saint John.

The Martello Tower on Lancaster Heights was erectedFort Frederick wa s repaired and strengthened

, and batteri eswere erec ted on Partridge Island and other prom inent points .A prominent pentagonal work was proposed to be erectedat the mouth of the Nashwaak .

A shocking occurrence happened on the 5th of December

,1812 . which deeply concerned the peop le of St . John.

H . M. brig of war Plumper , bound from Halifax to St . John,

was wrecked near Dipper Harbour , and upwards of fiftypersons on boa rd of her were drowned . She was a t welve

gun brig , was commanded by Lieutenant J . Bray , and had

in specie for St . John . This was probably the mostfatal shipwreck that ever took place in the Ba y of Fundy .

There was at this time a demand for more troops in \VesternCanada , and accord ingly the New Brunswick regiment , thel o4th ,

was ordered to march overland to Quebec. Theyleft St . John under the comm and of Major Drummond on

Febru ary 11th ,1813 ,

the people helping them out , as fa r asthe roads were passable , in sleighs . Beyond that , the journey was performed on snow - shoes . This march , considering the season of the year , and the character of the countrytraversed ,

m ust take its place among the greatest marches

100 History of Sa int yo/m.

recorded in history . I t is safe to say, that such a marchcould not have been performed by any other men than thehardy forest pioneers of North America. The regimentreached Quebec as compact and perfect as when it left St.John , without losing a man. Arnold lost more than threehundred in the shorter route by the Kennebec, and duringa mild season of the year ; yet Arnold

’s march has beenlauded as a wonderful proof of the vigor of the continentaltroops in 1775 , while this great march of the sons of theLoyalists is scarcely ever mentioned.

The departure of the 1o4th regiment left St. John somewhat bare of troops , although their places were in part supl ied by the 2nd battalion of the 8th regiment , which remainedhere. In compliance with the wish for more arms , SirGeorge Prevost sent from Halifax ten twenty - four poundersfor the batteries on Partridge Island , and a thousand standsof muskets , by the store ship D i ligence , but this vessel wasdriven ashore in a snow storm on Beale ’s I sland , to the westward of Machias. The vessel and what was saved of hercargo , fell into the hands of the enemy. About this time , aNew Brunswick Fencible regiment was raised by GeneralCoffin for the defence of the Province , and considerablenumbers of militiamen from Westmorland and other Counties were brought to St. John to assist the R egulars in garrison duty .

The first service held by a clergyman of the R omanCathol ic denomination was in the City Hall , Market Square ,by R ev . Charles French in 1813. St. Malachi ’s Chapel wasopened by that gentleman on October I St, 1815 . Amongthe priests who succeeded him in that place were FatherMcQuade , who in 1819 had thirty women and thirty—fivemen for a congregation , and Fathers McMahon, Carrol , andDumphy . Mr. Carrol came from Halifax

, and was thenephew of the first R oman Catholic Bishop of the Maritime

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102 ffistory of Sa int 7 oi m.

close . The war between Great Britain and the United Stateswas brought to a close a few months later .

The conclusion of this war brought a curious emigrationto Saint John. Many of the black slaves of Maryland and

Virginia had availed themselves of the presence of the British navy in Chesapeake Bay ,

and had taken refuge in theBritish m en - of- war . Three hundred of these emancipatedslaves arrived here on the 8th of June , 1815 , and the peoplewere a good deal puzzled how to dispose of them . Theywere subsequently settled at Loch Lomond, where their descendants are still numerous .News of the total defeat of Bonaparte at Waterloo was

received at St. John towards the close of July , and of coursethe people rejoiced

,as loyal citizens should . A patriotic

fund was raised in all the colonies , as well as in the mothercountry , for the families of the slain, and of the severelywounded

,in that great battle . The large sum of

was subscribed in St . John, the first sixteen names on onel ist opened here giving £470. A theatrical performance wasgiven in the old theatre at the corner of Drury Lane andUnion S treet , which realized £20 . That was the last timethe building was used for theatrical purposes .On the 2oth of June , 1815 , sixty - two

'

yea rs to a day before the Kirk was burned

,the land on which it was to stand

was conveyed to the Committee appointed , by James Grigorand wife , for the sum of £250,

which sum was granted forthat purpose by the Legislature . In the same year thebuilding was completed and opened . R ev . Dr . Waddellfather of the late Dr . Waddell , who for many years was anElder of the Kirk—preached the first sermon in the newchurch .

Towards the close of 1815 , orders were received to disband the New Brunswick regiment of Fencibles , which had

[7 ’ istory of Sa int yo/zn. 103

been raised by General Coffin, and they were d isbandedaccord ingly on the January following .

On February I St , 1816 , the first advertisement of a steamboat to be run between St . John and Fredericton was published in the R oy a l Ga zette, and on the 11th of April thesteamboat Genera l Smy t/z was launched at St . John . She

was owned by J . Ward , R . Smyth , H . Johnston , and P . Frazer , and a considerable degree of d i ligence seems to havebeen exhibited in fitting her out , for she arrived at Fredericton on her first trip on the 2 rst of May . She was comm anded by Captain Segee .

The crops in this year all failed ,

— the failure being theworst since 1805 . In this year also a fire broke out in alarge two storey bu i ld ing on the corner of Germain and

Britain S treets , occupied by a military physi cian namedDavis . The doctor and his son were saved from burningby their nex t door neighbor . A party of soldiers were emgaged next day sifting the ashes , a nd searching for si lverwhich had been melted ,

but not a trace of i t was found .

*

In the same year, 1816 , on the 4th ofJune , another grantof land was made to the Committee of the Kirk by the Cor

pora tion of St . John,Wm . Campbell , one of the Committee ,

being then Mayor , and Charles J . Peters , Clerk . The landthereby conveyed consisted of that public lot of land marked18 in the plan of the said city , lying on the south side ofQueen S treet , between Sydney and Carmarthen Streets , andextend ing to the rear of the lots on S t . James ’ Street. Thislot of land wa s then a field ,

but it has since been laid off

into thirty build ing lots , which are all now under lease .

The bu i lding known for many years as the old MasonicHall

,stood on the corner of King and Charlotte Streets , and

was commenced by the Free and Accepted Masons in 1816 .

I t was decided to erect this Temple of Masonry at a meet

Stewa rt’

s H istory , page 14.

104 History of Sa int yonn.

of the Craft held Apri l I st, 1816 . The lot of land was leasedfrom the Corporation of Trinity Church , and on the 28th ofSeptember following , the corner stone , on which was inscribed the following , was laid :

“This stone of the Masonic Hal l was laid on the 281h of Sep

tember,1816, of the era of Masonry‘

5816, and the reign of Georgethe Third , K ing of the United K ingdom of Great Britain and Ire

land ,in the Mayoralty of John R obinson

,Esq ., by Thomas Wet

more , Esq ., H . M. Attorney General of N. B.

, as Grand Ma ster ofthe Soc iety ofMasons, Nova Scotia , and the jurisprudence thereof.”

The movement was not successful in a pecuniary sense,for in 1819 the building was sold by Sheriff

’

s sale , at the suitof James Hendricks . The purchaser was Israel Lawson .

Mr. Lawson had the bu i lding completed , and leased thethird or upper storey to the Masons . The room was sixtyby thirty feet , with two large ante - rooms . I t was in thisroom that al l the concerts , balls , public parties and publicmeetings in the city were held for many years .*

On the 2md of January, 1817 , General T . Carleton,who

had been Lieutenant Governor of the Province since its firstinception,

d ied in England at the age of eighty - one . Gen

eral Smyth became Governor in his place .On the lgth of February of the same year , the New

Brunswick regiment. the famous ro4th, was reduced . I t wasin this year that the first brick house was erected in S t . John

,

the bu i lding on the corner of Germain and Church S treets .At this time , the estimated population of New BrunswickwasIn May , 1817 ,Ta slight shock of earthquake was felt in

St . John. On the 27th of May of the same year , R ev . Dr.Burns arrived at St . John and preached in the Kirk

,choos

ing for his text Ps. cxii . 1. He was accompanied,amongst

others , by Mr. Alexander Lawrence and George Lawrence,

Stewart's History , page 31. 1’ Ne'w s, J anua ry 3151, 1855 .

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106 h'istory "

of Sa int yo/zn.

a nd Peter Drake . The Secretary - Treasurer was Edward J .

Jarvis , afterwards Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island .

Mr. Bragg opened a grocery store at the corner of Germain and Princess Streets , long known as

“ Cheap Corner .”

He was successful in business , and bought the historic bu i lding at the corner of King a nd Cross S treets , where GeneralBened ict Arnold lived from 1786 to the fall of 1791, and

Attorney General Bliss from the latter year to 1811. Mr.

Bragg removed to Digby, and there died .

One of the old schoolmasters of St . John was AlexanderMcL eod . He taught in the bu i lding that was first used bythe Episcopalians as a place of worship , and afterwards as aCourt House

, on Germain Street , between Queen and DukeS treets . Mr. McLeod retired from teaching , to engage inmerchandise , in 1815 . At his death in 1833 , at the age ofs ixty , he was County Treasurer and Coroner .Bernard K ierm an came from Ireland in 18 11, and was

noted for his mathematical acqu irements . The astronomical portions of the New Brunswick Almanacks were preparedby him as a compensation he received £5 . Mr . K ierm an

was City Surveyor , and one of the first Wardens of St . Malachi ’s (R . C .) Chapel . In 1824 he left for Sou th America .

PU BLI C GRAMMAR SCHOO L .

“ Notice is hereby given, that the public G rammar School ofth is City wi l l be re - opened on Tuesday the first of Decem ber next ,under the d irection of Mr. Jam es Patterson, Preceptor, late ly engaged by the Board of Directors. It is requested that the namesof al l scholars to be sent on the opening of the School m ay begiven in at the office of His Worship the Mayor, before that day.

By order of the President and Directors ,“ WAR D CH IPMAN

,Town Clerk .

Saint John , N. B . , Novem ber 23 ,Dr . Patterson, in 1840 . had the degree of LL . D . confer

red on him by a Scotch University . He continued as Head

[f istory of Sa int 7 olm . 107

Master of the Grammar School for over forty years , andd ied Aug ust 10th , 1875 , in his seventy - eighth year .In 18 18 , the old “Wind Mil l

,

” or the old Poor House,

as it was afterwards called , was used as a barracks , at thetime when one - third of the militia were called out for a fewmonths , when war with the United S tates was threatened .

On the 16th of January , 18 19, about m id - day ,this bu i lding

was burned down.

* The build ing now standing on this site ,formerly known as the

“

Old Hazen House,was erected by

Dr . Thomas Paddock .TThe building, I for many years known as the Bay View

Ho tel , a structure that reminded the spectator of the old

Feudal times , when castles were residences of the great , waserected in the year 1819 by Henry Wright , Esq . ,

Collector,

a nd used as a private residence up to about 18 years ago .

I t was bu i lt by days work , and in those days the workmenreceived their pa y every Saturday night in Spanish doubloons . Mr . HenryWright d ied in 1829, and the house thenfell into the occupancy of the late Wm . Wright , AdvocateGeneral , a nd John Boyd , M. D . Mr. Wilson was the lesseelatterly, a nd i t became an hotel under his management .This build ing was destroyed by the great fire of 1877 .

I n June , 1819, about emigrants , mostly d isbandedsoldiers , landed in St . John. An Emigrant R egis ter Officewas established here in October of that year , and for some

years after that time the number of emigrants who annuallycame to St. John was large. I t was the beginning of a periodof great commercial prosperity ,

which well nigh ended inutter ru in .

On the 313t December , 1819, S t . John was visited by atremendous storm , which wrecked many vessels in the harbour.

' Nerus, St . John,

Ma rch roth ,1861 .

TStewa rt’

s Hi story ,page 74 . I lb. , page 70.

108 ffistory of Sa int yo/m.

From the year 1786 to 1820, shipbuild ing did not progress with that rapid ity , or to that extent in this Province ,which might reasonably have been expected in a country sobountifully supplied with timber suitable for that purpose .It was not from want of the proper knowledge , or energy ofcharacter on the part of i ts inhabitants , but from their pecul iar position as colonists , having no voice in the making oftreaties with other countries , by which the commerc ial operations of our Province were to be controlled . R estrictionsand impediments of various des criptions were being repeatedly thrown in our way ,

many of which emanated from themother country ; whilst other difficulties with which ourtrade had to contend ,

were caused by embargoes placedupon our free intercourse with the United S tates . Yet, inthe face of all the accumulated d ifficulties , and the many sad

revulsions in commercial affairs which have periodicallyvisited us and so deeply affected our communi ty , from 1825

the shipbuild ing of St . John attained to that state of perfection and magnitude which the most sanguine could not haveexpected , and has been the means of giving to some of ourmechanics a world wide celebrity . This port has placedupon the ocean some of the finest specimens of naval architecture that float upon i ts bosom .

In 1818 a n editorial was published in the Ci ty Ga zette ,

reflecting upon the members of the House . The Sergeanta t - Arms was ordered to bring the ed itor

,William Durant

,

to its bar. On appearing , Mr. Durant said that the edi torialwas written by Stephen Humbert , a member of the House .After a reprimand ,

Mr. Durant was discharged . Mr. Humbert

,consequent on the illness of his wife (followed by her

death), was not in his seat . He wrote to the Speaker , however , and the explanation not being satisfactory , he wasexpelled . A new writ was issued , and the following Cardappeared

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CHAPTER VI I I .

Bank ofNew Brunswick ; The Fisheries The first cargo of Dealssent to England ; The Packet Wellington , Fire ; The WaterCom pany ; Fire at Ind iantown ; The Court House .

N 1820,March 2oth , the Bank of New Brunswick was

established. This Institution stil l exists , with greatlyincreased capital and augmented prosperity . The tradeof Saint John was increasing so fast that in October of thissame year , there were about a hundred square rigged vessels in the harbour .In May , 182 1, a general meeting was held of the stock

holders of the Banking Company that had been organizedthe year before under the name of the Bank of New Brunswick . At this meeting , some honored names were read ,and the following gentlemen were present Henry Gi lbert,Hon. John R obinson , Nehemiah Merritt , William Black ,Ezekiel Barlow , Thomas Millidge , Ward Chipman, Jr . , Za l

mon Wheeler , Hugh Johnston, Jr., R obert W . Crookshank

,

R obert Parker , Jr. , S tephen Wiggins , and Hugh Johnston ,Sr.

* On the 7th day of May the Directors were chosen ,and the Bank was ready for business . The first Presidentwa s the Hon . John R obinson, and the other Directors forthe year were—Wm . Black , Ezekiel Barlow ,

Lewis Bliss,

Ward Chipm an, Jr . ,R .W . Crookshank , Sr.

,Henry Gi lbert,

Hugh Johnston , Nehemiah Merritt, Thos . Millidge , R obertParker , Jr.

,Zalmon Wheeler , and Stephen Wiggins . The

Hon. J . D . Lewin was made President in 1857 , and WilliamGirvan , Esq .

, was chosen Cashier onMarch 1811, 1862 .

The following is a list of prizes awarded at the St. JohnGrammar School for the term ending September 3rd , 1821

Stewa rt'

s H istory of the Grea t Fire of Sa int John.

History of Sa int yo/m. 111

For the superior class , to John M. .R obinson I St class,

R obert Peters 2nd class , \Villiam Black 3rd class , JamesBetts and R obert Duncan Wilmot 4th class , John M. VVil

mot and James Gale ; 5th class , George P . Sancton.

A curious custom prevailed in Saint John formerly withrespect to fishing in certain localities . The coast within thejurisdicti on of the City was parcelled out into lots of variousdegrees of eligi bility , commenc ing with No . 1, and decliningin value to No . 100 and upwards . A sort of lottery wasformed of these numbers every year , and in the month ofJanuary , the Freemen of the City were entitled to draw inthis lottery for the fishing berths thus numbered . The person who drew No . 1 made his first choice , and so on in suc

cession and as the num bers were often drawn by personsnot actually engaged in the fisheries , the privileges were soldto fishermen at various prices , from £50 to 1.

In 1822 the first cargo of deals was sent to England fromthe port of St . John.

From 1818 to 1823 the lead ing packet which sailed between St . Johnand New York wa s a one - masted sloop calledthe II/l

'

ngton ,owned by Noah Disbrow . Her cabin a c

comm oda tions were not spac ious , rather too much for one,

a nd not enough for two , but such as they were , travellerswere compelled to put up with them .

Captain R euben Crowell made his appearance here fromNew York about 1825 or

’

26 in a very fine packet , and continned on the route for a number of years .

In 1823, a very serious fire occurred . I t began on Disbrow ’ s wharf, and took along with it nearly both sides ofPrince S treet : the old wooden bu i lding on the latter street , occupied unti l 1877 by the D a ily Telegraph newspaper

,alone escaped . The lot on which this bu ild ing stood

cost Ad ino Paddock five shill ings in 1786 . During this fire ,over forty houses were burned , and the loss of property wa s

112 History of Sa int 7olm.

estimated a t which in those days was felt to beenormous .In the spring of a fire commenced in a small

cooper ’ s shop , about halfway down Merritt’s wharf, and the

build ing was so small and frail that two stout men—had theypossessed the thought to have done so—could have pitchedthe whole affair into the a djoining slip , and thereby saved alarge amount of property from destruction. This fire extended northwardly to Johnston

’s wharf, now the FerryLanding ; southward ly to Lovett

’s slip , destroying everydwelling house and store on Disbrow ’

s and Merritt ’s wharvesa nd on both sides of Water Street between Princess Street

(or as that locality on Water Street was more commonlycalled ,

Johnston’s Steps) and Lovett’s slip before mentioned .

From Water Street it extended through to Prince WilliamS treet , and consumed every building on the west side of

the said street between the corner'

opposite the CommercialBank and the premises on the corner of Duke S treet , whichhad been but a short time previously the residence of Gov!

ernor Smyth , and at a later period that of Zalmon Wheeler,Esq. Four build ings on the east side of Prince WilliamS treet were also destroyed . Upwards of forty large storesa nd dwellings , with a number of out - bu i ldings , bes ides alarge amount of other valuable property were consumed on

this occasion .

I t was formerly the custom to sell water i about the streetsof this City at a penny a bucketful . The chief wells were inK ing Square , Block - house Hill , Princess S treet near Cha rlotte , Queen Square , the foot of Poor - house Hill

, and inPortland . In 1820, however , agitation was made for a better supply of water ; but i t was not till 1825 that the questiontook definite shape , and an Act for the Incorporation of a

News, March esth , 1861. TStewa rt'

s H istory ,pages 83-

4 .

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CHAPTER I!.

The steam er Henrietta ; Partridge Island Light House destroyedby fire ; The Water supply ; The fiftieth Anniversary of the

Land ingof the Loyal ists ; JohnWard, Sr., Esq., the Father of

the City ; The Cholera at St . John The St. John Bridge Co. ;

The St. John Hote l ; Burning of the R oya l Tor ; Great Fireof 1837 ;The first steam er ascends theMeductic Rapids ; Nineteen persons lose their l ives in the Fal ls ; The News, the firstPenny Paper in the British Empire ; The Centenary Church ;Great Fire of 1839; St . John as it was in 1839; The O ld Com

m ercia l Bank ; Chubb’s Corner.

N 1831 the steamer Henr ietta began to ply between St .John and Annapolis and on December 2oth of that yearthere was a very destructive storm in the Bay of Fundy .

In January, 1832 , Partridge Island Light House was destroyed by fire .In March , 1832 , Hon. Wm . Black , James White , George

D . R obinson , Hut ohnston,James Hendricks , R obert W .

Crookshank, R obert Parker , R i chard Sands , Charles S i

monds , William Leavitt , Nehemiah Merritt , John Ward ,Thomas Barlow, John M.Wilmot, Thos. Millidge , ZalmonWheeler

,Wm . B . Kinnear, Lauchlan Donaldson , James T .

Hanford and Noah Disbrow,had an Act passed for the In

corporation of the Saint John Water Company. I t startedwith a subscribed capital of five per cent. of whichwas to be paid within the year from the date of the passageof the Act. The shares were placed a t £5 each , and Directors were to be elected every year. The Board was to number thirteen, and seven of the old Directors were to remainin office each year. In 1834 a new Act was passed, amending the one which wa s sanctioned two years previously, butthe Company was not regularly organized until 1837 . Col.Baldwin, C. E. , during this year made surveys , and on his

(H 4)

[t istory of Sa int yo/m. 115.

advice the first practical attempt at bringing the water intothe City from Lily Lake was made . An Engineer was appointed , and under his management the first City WaterWorks were built . The water was not brought— as in theopinion of eminent engineers it shou ld have been—di rectlyfrom Lily Lake to the City by i ts own gravitation , but wastaken from the tail near Gi lbert ’s mill

,and conducted thence

by a sluice to a reservoir or cistern , which was placed a few

yards to the south - west of the Marsh Bridge. An engineand pumping house was erected over the cistern ; a steamengine and gear were procured , and the water was sentthrough a ten inch main to the reservoir

,which was on

Block - house Hill . The water was first brought through thepipes to the City in October , 1838. The supply passedthrough a very l imited number of pipes , and the inhabitants ,up to 1850 , could only get water two hours each morning .

The Com pany , from its first organization, suffered the pangsof financial troubles . The stock ha d met with many takerswho subscribed read i ly ,

but when cal led on for their payment

, failed to respond . A loan of was receivedfrom the Legislature , which relieved the Company somewhat for the time . In 1850 , an appeal was made to the c i tizens on publi c grounds , and they were earnestly soli cited totake up the new shares which were offered . The moneyfrom this source was to be applied to the bringing of waterfrom Little R iver at Scott ’s mill , five miles d istant from theCity . This course had been recommended by C . W . Fairbanks , Esq .

,C . E.

, of Halifax , under whose supervision thewater had beenintroduced into that city. The City took upnine hundred shares , and private individuals bought thebalance . The site at Scott ’ s mill was purchased , a smalldam built, and a twelve inch main four and a half miles inlength , was laid . This main the Company connected withthe ten inch main that was laid in 1837

—8 . The same main

116 History of Sa int yoli n .

i s stil l perfect, and to - day works as well as ever . In 1852

a n Act was passed authoriz ing a further increase in the capit al to the amount of to be made preference stock .

T his was necessary to meet the growing demand of con

sumers , and to enable the Company to extend their pipesthrough the streets .

In July ,1832 ,

a vessel from New York brought a case ofcholera to St . John,

but she was promptly quarantined . InO ctober of this year, two steamers , the Woodstock and

IVa ra’, went up Grand Lake and brought down two hund red chaldrons of coal , the first brought to St . John fromthat place since the landing of the Loyalists .May 18th , 1833 , was the fiftieth anniversary of the Land

ing of the Loyalists . At St . John the day was ushered inby the firing of cannon. In the evening , a d inner was givenby the Corporation : among the guests were many old Loy

a lists . The chair was taken by His Worship the Mayor ,John M. Wilmot , with the Lieutenant Governor , Sir Archibald Campbell , ou his right , and the father of the City , thevenerable JohnWard , on his left. The speakers were JudgeBliss

,Judge Chipman, Attorney General Peters , Solicitor

General R obert Parker, Colonel Turner, Major Greaves ,Hon. John S imcoe Saunders , S tephen Humbert , ThomasHarding , and Gregory Vanhorne . When the toast of “ thed ay we celebrate

” was given, a salute of fifty guns was firedfrom King Square by the City Artillery . To the toast theChief Justice , their Honors the Judges of the Supreme Court ,and the Professional Gentlemen of the Bar ; m ay they evermaintain and support the principles of justice and honor

,

”

the Solicitor General responded

Mr. Mayor, as a descendant of an American Loyal ist, and am ember of the Legal Profession, I trust I m ay be excused in m ak

ing a few remarks, whi le returning thanks for the honor done tothe Bar of the Province .

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118 H istory if Sa int yoli n.

In this work , a few words about John Ward , Sr. , Esq . ,

the “ Father of the City ,

” will not be out of place . At thecelebration of the semi - centennial ofthe Land ing of the Loya lists just referred to , he was honored with a seat on the leftof His Worship the Mayor.Major Ward arrived at Parr Town late in the fall of 1783.

The regiment was the last that left New York . The transports were laden with provisions and clothing. The landingwas at Lower Cove . They tented under canvas for thew inter on the old barrack square . The ground was coveredwith snow , so the tents were covered wi th spruce cut 011

Partridge Island ,and brought up in the boats of the trans

ports . The winter was one of great severity, and many died ,

especially women and children . As Major Ward could not

get a house,he lived in his army tent , and there on the 18th

of December , 1783 , his son John was born .

Major Ward afterwards removed to Sussex , King’ s Co. ,

and it was from him that Ward ’ s Creek took its name . Hesoon returned to Saint John , and commenced business as amerchant, resid ing at the corner of King and GermainS treets . In the Genera l Smy th, the first steamer on theR iver St . John , he had an interest. He was also interestedin the S t. George , which. had a copper boiler , and in the

j o/zn Wa rd and Freder icton. In 1809, 1816 and 1819, Mr.

Ward was elected one of the members for the County of St .

J ohn . On the 18th of May, 1843 , the sixtieth anniversaryof the Landing of the Loyalists , the Corporation of

' the Citywaited on him at his residence and presented him with ana ddress . He died in 1846 , in the g3rd year of his age .

His presence was commanding and dignified . MajorWard had four sons and two daughters . William was captain of a vessel of his father ’s , and died in the West IndiesJanuary, 1814 , aged 35 years .Caleb for a time followed the sea, and afterwards was a

[fistory of Sa int 119

merchant . He d ied August 3 I st , 182 1, in his 42nd year ,leaving three sons and t wo daughters .John died in 1875 , aged 91 years . Charles , the las t of

the second generation , d ied in his 92nd year , January 3oth ,

1882 ,in consequence of a fall .

In cholera broke out in Saint John, and boats forFrederi cton were ordered to stop at the Short Ferry for inspection. On November 8th , there were 103 cases of cholera in this c ity ,

and ha d been 47 deaths . In the same yeara census of the Province was ta ken, and the population of

S t . John County was ascertained to beAbou t the year 1835 , the ferry stea mer L a dy Hea d was

run to Frederi cton w i th Governor and Lady Head on board ,

and some of the farmers were ploughing on the first ofJanuary .

In 1835 an Act to Incorporate the St . John Bri dge Company was passed . The object was the erection of a bri dgeover the Falls . The Corporators named in the Act wereB . L . Peters , R . M: Ja rvis , Nehemiah Merritt , John R obertson, James Peters , Jr .

, James Hendr icks , Dav id Hatfield ,

R obert Crookshank , R obert R ankin,R . F. Haz en, E .

L . Jan i s , Char les S imonds , E . B . Chandler , \Ym . Crane ,Hugh Johnston , Thomas

'

\e r,John \V. \Y eldon, and Jed

dadiah Slason. The ca pital stock of the Company was toconsist of The bri dge was buil t of w ood , consisting of truss - work at the sides , 15 feet in height. The sitewas about a quart er of a mile on the lower S ide of the present suspension bridge . The span between the abutm entswas 430 feet , and the height of the bri dge above the waterwas 100 feet. On each side of the bridge a la rge chain wasthrown across in order to afford stagi ng for the workm en,

and perhaps intended to remain there permanently . The

J anua ry 24 th , 13

120 ffistory of Sa int 7olm.

work was carried on at both ends , and when near being connected in the centre , one of the chains broke

,and the whole

superstructure fell into the river on the 7th of August , 1837.

As the accident happened at the breakfast hour , about 9A.M. ,

only seven of the Workmen were killed : had the accidenthappened half an hour later , the number would have beenfully S ixtyUp to the house on the south - west corner of Char

lotte and King Streets , which had been commenced by theFree Masons , was known as the Ma sonic Hall , but after this

year its name was changed . The St . John Hotel Companywas formed, and the bu i lding was purchased from Mr. Lawson and converted into an hotel . I t was cal led the St. JohnHotel , and Mr. Cyrus Stockwell opened i t on May 24th,

1837. He was its first proprietor . This was the first hotelbuilt in Saint John , and i t was here that Governor GeneralPoullett Thompson and Lord Elgin stopped , and all thenotables who from time to time visited the city.

On Tuesday, October 25th , 1836 , the steamer R oy a l Ta r

was burnt in Penobscot Bay. The R oy a l Ta r left St. Johnon Friday, the 21st of October , having on board seventy - two

passengers, and a crew consisting of twenty - one persons ,

making a total of ninety—three human beings . There wasalso on board a caravan conta ining a number of fine animalsbelonging to a menagerie which had previously been exhibited in this Province ; besides an omnibus , horses , wagons ,etc . etc.In consequence of boisterous weather , the boat was de

ta ined a t Eastport , Little R iver , and Machias Bay ; and on

Tuesday the 2sth ult. , when crossing Penobscot Bay , theywere again under thenecessity of coming to anchor . Soonafter this , fire was discovered immediately over the boilers ,

4‘Stewa rt’s H istory of the Grea t Fire

, page 31.

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122 ffistory of Sa int yolin.

people must have been , when the snow and ice were onthe ground , and not a shelter covered the heads of theaffl icted women and tender babes . The fire originated onPeters ' wharf, and extended up to the ferry landing . Bothsides of Water Street , and Prince Will iam Street betweenCooper ’s Alley (Church Street) and Princess S treet weredestroyed . The old Nichols house was saved ; it was occapied then by Solomon Nichols , a nd stood on the south - eastcorner of Cooper’s Alley and Prince William Street. It wasa fine stone and brick bui ld ing , and i t was a marvel that itwas not carried away with the rest ; but it stood like an oasisin the desert

,or the old sentinel who was left on guard and

forgotten after the army had fled . One hundred and fifteenhouses were consumed , and nearly the whole business portion of the city. One million dollars worth of property wasdestroyed .

On April 3oth of the same year , steam navigation on theSaint John R iver took a decided advance . The steamerNovelty reached Woodstock , being the first steamer thatsucceeded in ascending the Meductic R apids . On May 20ththe Provincial Banks al l suspended specie payment , in sympathy with the money panic which overwhelmed Americaat that time. This year was signalized by troubles in LowerC anada , and in consequence , the 43rd regiment was marchedoverland from Fredericton to Quebec , leaving the formerplace on the i 6th December, and reaching their destinationon the 28th of December.On the zud August, 1838, a dreadful calamity happened ;

by the upsetting of a boat in the falls , nineteen persons losttheir lives . In this year the St. John Mechanics

’ Institutewas established , Beverly R obinson , Esq . , being its first Pres ident .

In the same year the first penny paper ever published inthe British Empire was started in St. John , as a tri - weekly

fl it/ary of Sa int yalm. 123

morning paper with a weekly issue , by George E . Fenety ,

Esq . The name of this paper was the St. j o/mNews . I t

has the honor of being the oldest on the list of Saint Johnpape rs now in existence. I t was original ly about foolscaps ize , but from time to t ime was enlarged

, and in 1863 was

the largest morning paper in S t . John. I ts founder was ana dvocate of Liberalism , and was especially earnest i n hisa dvoca cy of responsible governm ent , which he had the sati sfaction of seeing an established fact. I t was through thekindness of Mr. Fenety that I succeeded in getting a gooddeal of the informati on contained in this paper, as he had acomplete fi le of the News from the date of the first issuedown to 1863 , which he wa s kind enough to place at myd isposal for an unlimited time .

The year 1839was the centennial of Methodism ,—John

\Vesley , one hundred years before , having planted the Me

thodist Church in England . The corner stone of the OldCentenary , as i t is now called , had been laid the year beforeby John Ferguson , who d ied at St . John February zud ,

in h is 85th year. On the 17th of August, 1839, the hund redth anniversary was held in the Germain S treet Church ,S t. John . The Speakers were R ev . R obert Alder , one of theS ecreta ries of the London Miss ionary Society ; Hugh Bell ,Esq . ,

Halifax ; R ev . Mr. Knight, R ev . Wm . Temple. JamesCarson

,Esq . ,

Dublin Mr . J . Avard , Westmorland ; and theR ev . Sampson Busby . The subscription at the close of themeeting was J£I ,452 . On the following day , Sunday the18th of August, 1839, the Centenary Church , St. John , wasopened . The R ev . Mathew R ichey , Principal of the Wesleyan Academy ,

Coburg , Upper Canada , preached i n them orning ; the R ev .William Croscomb , Windsor, Nova Sco

tia , in the afternoon . The evening preacher was the R ev .

R obert Alder .The year 1839wa s memorable for the boundary disputes ,

124 His/ary of Sa int 7M”.

bringing Great Britain and the United States to the verge ofwar. St . John was intensely excited, but, fortunately , warwas averted .

On August 17th , 1839, a large fire took place in St. John .

It commenced in a store on Nelson Street occupied by HughIrvine - Co. , shipbuilders , about the head of Donaldson ’swharf, as i t was then called . This fire was caused by theignition of a cask of spirits while in the act of drawing : itconsumed every store and dwelling house on the NorthMar

ket wharf, Donaldson’s wharf, Lawton

’s wharf, and so on toUnion S treet , up Union Street , through Dock Street to theMarket Square , ending a t the foot of Chipman

's H il l . The

residence of Sheriff Oliver was consumed at th is time , andalso the handsome stone bu i lding which for several yearswas the residence of Governor Smyth . The bu i ldings destroyed at this fire were about 125 , and the value of theproperty in goods and houses was estimated atBy the efforts of the 69th regim ent ofArtillery who managedthe ordnance engine

,the fire was prevented from extending

up Union Street. I t was calculated that nearly three thousand people were rendered homeless .I t was a common practice with many of the leading mer

chants of St . John to assemble each fine summer afternoonafter the business of the day was over , on the north side ofKing Square , where a fine play ground had been prepared,and engage in a game of cricket or base ball . This practicewas continued until about 1840 . Feats of agi l ity and strengthwere greatly in vogue and frequently practised . One gentlem an carried four fifty - sixes from the old Coffee House

(foot of King S treet) to Gold ing's,on the top of the hill

beyond the Cathedral , without stopping to rest .After the great fire of 1839just mentioned , the people of

St . John became seriously alarmed , and at a special sessionof the Legis lature held in September of the same year , an

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126 History of Sa int yolzn.

being in circulation . They were known as“ shin - plasters .

In 1840 they were suddenly cried down , and as almost everyone had his pockets ful l of them , all suffered in proportionto the brass they had on hand . Two or three persons inPortland set up m ints on their own account , and m anufac

tured N. S . coppers by the ton , from iron and other spuriousstuff, all of which passed current, and nobody seemed to carewho made them ,

or where they came from , so long as theypassed .

The corner stone of the old Commercial Bank buildingwhich stood on the S . E . corner of Prince William and Princess S treets , was laid in 1839, and a grand Masonic demonstra tion took place , R ev . Dr. B . G. Gray officiating. HenryGi lbert, Esq . was the President of the Commercial Bank a tthe time .Chubb ’s Corner has been the place for many years where

stocks , debentures , bonds , and all other such securi ties weresold at public auction , as well as by private sale . Shortlyafter Mr. Chubb was burned out by the great fire of 1839,he put up a build ing on what is still known as Chubb

’ s Corner. He succeeded in 1811 to the business which had formerly been carried on by Mrs. Mott , wife of the King ’sprinter

,for whom Mr. Chubb conducted the work‘ of the

establishment after the death of her husband . In 1842 , Mr.

Samuel Seeds was admitted partner in the firm,together

with the eldest son of Mr . Chubb,H . J . Chubb . In 1846,

the latter d ied, and the surviving partners continued the

business unti l the spring of 1855 , when Mr. Chubb died,

leaving his share to Mr. Seeds and his two sons , ThomasChubb and G. J . Chubb . In 1863 Mr. Seeds retired, andthe brothers remained in business unti l 1865 , when G. J .Chubb , Esq .

, bought out his brother’s interest, and the firm

has continued under the old style of H . Chubb Co . eversmee .

CHAPTER !.

The newMarket House ;Foundation Stone ofMechanics’ Institutelaid ; A new Jai l ; Eight Stores on Prince Wi l l iam Streetburnt The R eform ed Presbyterian Church ; Fire in Portland ;The old Custom House ; The L a dy Colebrook, a new ferrysteamer, launched ; Another large fire in St. John ; The Country Market ; R iots ; St . Paul’s Church first opened St . Luke ’sChurch opened ; The first plate glass introduced into St. John;The St. John Ga sWorks ; Forty m ore bui ld ings burnt ; Theold Burial Ground c losed ; The first Telegraph L ine into St.John ; St. David ’s Church organized ; The K ingStreet fire ;A second attempt to bridge the Fal ls .

HE new Market House which stood in the centre ofthe Market Square , was opened in 1840 ; and thetheatre a t the Golden Ball corner , which was caleu

lated to seat about six hundred persons , was in full blast inthat year.On the 27th of May , 1840, S ir John Harvey laid the

foundation stone of the S t . John Mechanics ’ Institute building.

—a building inseparably connected with the social andeducational interests of th is City. The build ing was com

pleted and opened for the first time in December of the same

year. On this occasion the Hall was crowded , and themeeting was addressed by Dr . Gesner.On Wednesday , July 2zud

,1840, the R ight Hon . Poul

lett Thompson , Governor General of Canada , arrived in St.John in the steamer Nova Scoti a from Windsor, at half- past10 A.M. He was received by S ir John Harvey , the Mayor ,the Magistrates of St. John , and by a grand procession ofthe military, trades , etc . Upwards of t en thousand personswere present.

128 HtSfO/j ’ of Sa int 7o/zn.

The following advertisement appeared in the ”ET /{frC/zronicle of July 24th, 1840 :

Tenders wi l l be received at the Ma yor’ s office unti l Sa turdaythe sixth day of June next at 12 o ’c lock at noon,

from persons ( lesirons to contract for a new gaol in this City, accord ing to a plana nd spec ification to be seen at the Mayor’s ofii cv.

Comm ittee : Black , John Hum bert , Pe ters ,

Robinson. Saint John, May 8th ,

In this year the population of St . John County was foundto be The population of the City proper wasThe increase since the census of 1834 had been very large .On Wednesday , March 24th , 184 1, eight fine stores on

the east side of Prince \Villiam S treet , with several buildingsin the rear , were destroyed by fire , which was discoveredabout A . M. Mr. Matthew Holdsworth , of HoldsworthDaniel

, the wife of Mr . Ca v iland (a journeyman tailor)and his two children, perished in the flames . The motherlost her life in endeavoring to save her children . All thebuildings destroyed were of wood , having been erected sinceJanuary, 1837 , on a part of the ground left bare by the conflagra tion of the 14th of that month .

Public meetings were held about this time to petitionHer Majesty against the removal of duties on Balti c timber,by which colonial wood was protected .

The R ev .McL . Stavely , who was the first minister of theR eformed Presbyterian Church in the place , arrived in theship Eagle August 3rd , 1841, having been ordained ministera t Kilbrought, I reland , June 12th of the same year. Hepreached his first sermon in the first R eformed PresbyterianChurch , which was then in the building in Lower Cove , opposite the publi c schools known as the Wheeler property.

In 1850 the Lower Cove church was sold , and the churchwhich formerly stood on the corner of Princess and SydneyStreets was erected.

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130 flistory of Sa int yon”.

had been burnt to the last fragment, the ship , which was a mass ofhard wood timber, to the am ount

'

of som e hundreds of tons, continned to burn in al l the splendor of awfu l grandeur.

The loss by this fire was estimated at 5

The bui lding formerly occupied as a Custom House ,situate on the site of the present Custom House , was builtabout the year 1841 by the late John Walker , Esq . , and de

signed by him as a Governm ent warehouse. I t cost Mr.

Walker He did not succeed , however , in havingit accepted as such by the Government , and i t was purchasedby Mr. McLeod of St . John

,and Alexander Keith , Esq . , of

Halifax , and used as a Custom House . The Governmentof Canada bought it from George McLeod , Esq .

, M. P. , afew months previous to the great fire of 1877 . It was roomy ,

and well adapted for Customs purposes . When the Dominion Government took it off Mr . McLeod

’

s hands , theyfitted it up completely .

On September 3oth , 1841, a new ferry boat called theL a dy Colebrook, was launched at Carleton . Her enginesof thirty horse power were built at the Phoenix Foundry.

On October 14th of the same year , a new bell for TrinityChurch was landed from the ship B r itt

'

s/z Queen from London. The weight was seventeen hundred pounds , and i t wasthe largest in the Province at that time .

On Monday , November 15th , 1841, this doom ed Citywas again visited by that devastating element , fire , whichcame upon the City like the whirlwind of heaven , unlookedfor and irresistible , sweeping away the fairest as well as therichest portion of the City . The fire commenced near thelower end of the south Market Wharf, and terminated inPrince William Street. The wind was south - west at thetime

, and blowing fresh , and but for the invaluable supply ofwater from the water works , might have swept every building between the scene of the destruction and the back shore .

[fistory of Sa int 7onn . 131

The fire broke out at half- past 10 o ’clock P. M. Fourteenthree - storey wooden bu i ldings and two four - storey brickbui ld ings on the south Market Wharf ; seven three - storeyand one smaller build ing on Ward Street ; four three - storeywooden and one three - storey brick on Water S treet ; twofour—storey brick and one two - story wooden bu i ld ing on

Market Square,and three three - story wooden bu i ldings on

the west side of Prince William S treet , were entirely destroyed .

* The large brick Market House in Market Square ,which was occupied by butchers in the ground flat

,and used

for civic offices in the second storey , was also destroyed .

This bui ld ing could have been saved ,but was lost through

gross carelessness . Incendiarism was rampant , a nd thegreatest excitement fi lled the public mind . One of the mostd istressing features of this disaster was that the fire wentover the same ground that it did in the great fire of 1837 .

The bu i ldings were consequently all new , a nd m any of thesufferers , who were young in business , lost their entire stockof goods , while those of longer stand ing had to undergo thefiery ordeal three times within the space of three years . On

Novem ber 3oth of the same year , an attempt was made toset Trini ty and St . John Churches on fire abou t P . M.

Fortunately ,the fire was di scovered a nd extingu ished before

much damage was done .

Unti l about the year 1842 ,King S treet was used as the

Country Market , i t being the custom for people who hadproduce to d ispose of, to back their carts up against the

curbstones on either side of the street . Soon after this , the

old wooden shed which occupied the position of the presentsubstantial structure , was erected ,

a nd King S treet was left

free to carriages and pedestrians . I t was also the custom

up to this time to use the head of King Street , in front ofwhere the old bell tower stood , as a hay market .

Stewa rt’

s History of the Grea t Fire, page 17.

132 History of Sa int yon”.

Several times during June and July of 1842 , St . John wasthe scene of savage riots by a desperate gang of villains ,who paraded the city in a body, and maltreated any personsto whom they happened to take a d islike . On July 12th

they collected near a house used by a Mr . Lowrey as a ballcourt

,where a Union Jack was displayed decorated with

orange ribbons . These premises were savagely assaultedand abused ; and various other di sorders were committedby the mob throughout the day . Towards evening theyundertook to make a tour of the c i ty , and murder or maltreat any (to them ) obnox i ous ind ividuals they might meet .Crossing King Square they c ame across a m an whom theypounced upon l ike so many demons , and severely beat himwith sticks and stones . If i t had not been for the

/

tim ely

arrival of a couple of police officers , he' must soon have

become a victim to their cruelty . They then moved downKing Street to the Market Square . His Worship the Mayorwas severely hand led ,

— no respec t being paid either to hisage or to his office . Several of the rioters were taken prisoners,but as often rescued : at last three of their numberwere captured and lodged in jail . About this time , 7 o

’

c lockP . M. ,

the Mayor called out the special constables : the callwas nobly responded to , and in about half an hour after thenotice had been posted , 150 of the volunteers had assembledat the Court House , where they were div ided into detachments , and marched through the c i ty during the remainderof the night . The mob dispersed to their dens at this m ovement , and no further mischief was done by them . With apraiseworthy forbearance , so says the C/w

'

onie/e of July1sth ,

“ the d ifferent Orange Institutions in this c i ty dec linedany public procession on the 12th of that m onth , but dinedtogether at their d ifferent places of meeting , so that theycould not be blamed for unnecessarily provoking a breachof the peace.

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134 History of Sa int yo/m.

of which sum was contributed by the Hon. Cha rles imonds ,

also the ground on which it stood , valued at £400 .

The first plate glass that was introduced into Saint Johnwas put into the doors and windows of Messrs . DohertyMcTavish

’

s place of business about the year 1844 . Soonafter i t was put in place , a m an from out of town, wishing toenter the store one day ,

qu ietly put his foot through one of

the large sheets of glass . As the m an had probably neverseen any larger than a n 18 x 12 inch pane before , there wasperhaps some excuse for his conduct .

The Saint John Ga s Works * were commenced in 1844 ,

and completed in the following year , during which time aconsiderable num ber of street mains were laid down, so thaton September 18th, 1845 , the manufactory was first put inoperation

,and our streets first lighted with gas . During

the year 1846 the number of consumers was 247 , the totalam ount of gas consumed amounting to som e cubicfeet. By a steady and gradual increase , the number of

consumers had reached 1500 , and the consumption somecubic feet in 1866 . The extent of street mains

laid down up to 1866 amounted to more than 36 miles ; thetotal length of service pipe was sti ll greater so that the m ainand serv ice pipes composed a total length of about 75 miles .Fifteen street lamps were all that were put up the first year .On the 29th of July ,

1845 , forty dwel l ings and storeswere destroyed on Peters’ wharf and Prince William Streetby fire , which took its start in a bu i ld ing on Water Street .

In 1846 there were 186 vessels bu i lt in St . John County .

DIED t—On Wednesday m orning at his residence on K ingStreet, in the g3rd year of his age , John Ward , Esq .

, who ha d longbeen considered and justly held the title of

‘Father of the City .

’

The late Mr . Ward was born in Westchester County, in the thenSt . John Tetegv‘ap/i , Februa ry 9th , 1867.

1‘ St . John New s

, Friday , August 7th ,1846.

[f istory of Sa int Yonn. I 35

British province of New York . He entered the army in 1776, and

was frequently in action. At the peace of 1783 he embarked withhis regiment , the ‘Loyal Am ericans , ’ for this Province , where thecorps a fter a short tim e were d isbanded . Mr. Ward then em

barked in comm ercial pursu its , and at his'

death was the seniorhalf- pay officer, as wel l as the oldest m erchant in New Brunswick .

The deceased ha s fil led m any public situations in this Colony.

For many years he represented the County of St . John in the General Assem bly, and for a long period commanded the m i l itia ;wh i le his nam e ha s stood first in the Comm ission of the Peace, assenior Justice in this City and County , for a n

'

umberof years. Thus,ful l of years and honors, ha s departed one who ha s l ived an un

blem ished l ife , and who carries with h im to the grave the highestesteem and m ost profound respect of the whole community, towhom his noble and venerable appearance , his strict integrity and

am iable d isposition, have long been fam i l iar.In 1847

* i t was resolved by the Corporation of TrinityChurch to divide the Parish , and have a Church built inLower Cove by voluntary subscription , and to insure its success a bond of £1000 due from St . John Church to Trinitywas handed over as an endowment fund .

About this year the old Burial Ground was closed , andin 1848 a Charter was obtained from the Provincial Legisla ture incorporating the St . John R ural Cemetery Company ,

with a capital of in shares of £2 10s . each . Mr. M.

Stead was the architect.The year 1848 was one of numerous public meetings in

St. John . On May 3rst there was a publi c meeting in favorof free trade with the United S tates ; and on June 2oth therewas a meeting against the repeal of the navigation laws . Inthis year an electric telegraph was established between SaintJohn and Calais .

The first telegraph line running into St . John was built

by the New Brunswick Telegraph Company , R obt . Jardine ,Esq

. ,President . Mr. L . A . Darrow was the Contractor and

St. John New s , April 15th , 1861.

136 History of Sa int yotm.

first Superintendent of the l ine . The first office was openedin January ,

1849, in a little shop on the Nichols property ,

next to Messrs . McMillan. Mr . James Mount was the firstOperator . From this loca tion the office was probably nextremoved to the Merritt property . known as the “ Bee Hive

,

”

and afterwards to the Wiggi ns building on R ocky Hill .The first month ’s receipts were only about $56 , and for sometime the amount of business done was so small that onlyone operator was required to transmit all the messages .

On July 12th, riots again occurred in Saint John.

As the Orange procession was pas sing R ankine ’s bakery anumber of guns were fired , upwards of fifty shots were heard ,

which resu lted in the death of at least a dozen persons . The

military were called out , and were kept stand ing at ease inthe Market Square . A field - piece was drawn up by a Company of the R oyal Arti llery at 10 P . M. and placed at the footof Dock Street , to be ready in case of emergency to rakethe entire street . In this year one of the permanent ornaments on King Square was a gallows .

The congregation of St . David ’s Church was organizedin 1847 in connection with the Free Church of Scotland .

The first pastor was the R ev . John Thompson,A . M. , and

subsequently D . D . For some time after the congregationwas organized , services were held in St . Stephen

’s Hall onthe corner of King Square and Charlotte Street . The bui lding is still stand ing, and is occupied by D . Breeze , Esq .

, and

others as a place of business . On the 15th of August , 1849,the foundation stone of a church— the wooden structure , withwhich the residents of St . John were for many years familiar—was laid with appropriate ceremonies . Old St . David ’ swas erected upon the same site upon which the new churchnow stands , a fine sightly position, having a frontage on

Sydney S treet of 100 feet, and extending westward 200 feet .

*New s,July 13th ,

1849.

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138 of Sa int yo/m.

of deals , one deal to lap another perpendicularly , each pro

jecting four feet beyond the previous one laid .

” All thatbe required was deals enough , so several of our public spirited citizens kept him supplied . After building out 100 feetover the boiling pot below , be one fine morning d iscoveredthat his bridge was beginning to cant or show a downwardtendency . He was off in the next boat ,

”and has never

since been heard of in St . John.

CHAPTER !I .

St . Jam es ’ Church ; Water carriers ; The first Industrial Exhibition ; The Suspension Bridge ; The old Fire Bel l - tower ; TheBlock - house removed Trade of St . John in 1851

—2 The firstSod of the E . N. A. Rai lway turned ; The St . JohnWaterCom pany transfer their property to the City ; Earthquake ;Corner stone of Carleton Presbyterian Church laid ; Canterbury Street opened N. B . Telegraph Co . E . N.A. R ai lwayopened ; The Dramatic Lyceum ; Fire in Portland ; D isc iplesof Christ ; Old Trinity enlarged ; Leinster Str ’t Baptist Chu rchorganized R ejoicings on account of laying ofAtlantic Cable ;St . Jude ’s Church , Carleton Dom inion Savings ’ Bank .

HE Parish of St . James was set off from that of Trinityin the year 185 2 , but the church build ing was erectedin the summer of 1850 by the congregation of Trini ty

Church . The d ividing line between the two Parishes wasQueen S treet . The first R ector of the church was the R ev .

John Armstrong , who was succeeded by his son , R ev . Wm .

Arm strong, who remained in charge until he was succeededby the present clergyman,

R ev . 0 . Troop in 1882 . The firstbu i ld ing—of which Mr. Stead was the architect—was of theGothic Cruciform style of architecture , without a tower, andwas constructed of wood . This building was destroyed bythe great fire of 1877 , and was replaced by the present substantia l structure of stone . The first Wardens were the lateMessrs. John M. R obinson and William Wright.

In October , 1850,there were six hand fire - engines in use

in St . John ; a new engine , hose cart, and 1000 feet hose having been purchased in that month . On Nov . t st , 1850 , the

Waverley hotel on King Street was opened by Mr. Williams .I t was the custom in Saint John, up to 1850—1, to carry

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140 ffistory of Sa int yolin.

around water for sale . It was known as tea water , and wasused principally for cooking . The last waterman was JamesArmstrong he took the water from what was known as the“ Dole well , which was between Carmarthen and Wentworth S treets , underneath where C . H . Peters ’ hay store nowstands on Union Street . The price charged was a halfpenny per pail ,—most families of moderate size ta king fromtwo to five pails per day .

On September 9th , 185 1, the first Industrial Exhibitionever attempted in St. John was opened under the auspicesof the St . John Mechanics ’ Insti tute . An exhibition bu i lding was erected for the occasion, which was 120 feet inlength , 65 feet in breadth , and 36 feet in height inside. The

architect of the bui lding was Mr . Stead , and the bu i lder wasMr. Cochran. On the following day , September loth ,

theintroduction of water works into the City was public ly recognized by means of a procession which was nearly a mile inlength , and which consisted of three bands , the varioustrades , societies , etc. The water was turned on at the abideau by His Worship the Mayor, and at the fountain inKing Square , which was then used for the first time

,by the

Lieutenant Governor .In October , 1851, the suspension bridge across the R iver

St . John near its mouth , was commenced . The projectorwas W . K . R eynolds , Esq . On Sunday , November 28th,

just after the chains had been thrown across , a young manfrom Carleton , a carpenter by trade , walked across fromCarleton to St . John on one of the chains . The bridge issupported by ten wire cables , five on each side

,each cable

containing three hundred wires , which were all bo iled in linseed oil before being laid together . The distance betweenthe towers is 630 feet , and the length of the cables is 1030feet . The towers , which are of Spoon Island grani te laid incement, are 53 feet in height. The width of the roadway

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142 H’istory of Sa int 7a m.

of travel which centred in St . John in 1851 m ay be imaginedfrom the fact that people were carried by steamer onthe single route from St . John to Fredericton.

On the occasion of the turning of the first sod of theEuropean and North American R ailway , September 10th ,

1853, a’grand procession of trades , fire com panies , Free

Masons , etc . , with five ba -nds paraded the city . The proces

s ion was one hour in passing any given point , and was twomiles in length walking four abreast . The first sod of therai lway was turned by Lieutenant Governor Sir EdmundHead . In the evening there was a grand display of fire

works and a ball .At the Falls

,near St . John, is one of the largest beds of

Plumbago in America,which has been successful ly used for

manufacturing British,Lustre ,

”and for preparing moulds

for i ron castings . In 1853 , abou t pounds were exported from it . There are also large deposits of gypsum in

St . John County . Good marble is found near St . John and

Musquash .

In 1854, St . John was again visited by the Asiatic cholera .

In April , 1855 , an Act was passed to allow the St . JohnWater Company to transfer their property and works to theCity Corporation and Sessions . This step was deemed prudential for m any reasons , the chief of which was the greatd ifficulty the Company experienced in running the waterand sewerage systems separately . The conveyance wasmade . The

'

Act authorized the Commissioners to issue debentures bearing six per cent . interest, payable half yearly ,

and redeemable at periods not exceed ing forty years fromtheir date . Two of the Commissioners , one of whom shouldbe chairm an

,were to be appointed by the Com m on Council ,

and another by the County Sessions . John Sears , Esq . ,was

the first chairman, with the late John M. Wa lker and JohnOwens , Esqrs . , as Commissioners . The first step taken by

History of Sa int yo/m. 143

the Commission was the improvement of the works . The

dam at Little R iver reservoir wa s built h igher and stronger,

and during the progress of operations on it , i t burst twice,and Gi lbert Murdoch , Esq . , the Chief Engineer , narrowlyescaped drowning on one of these occasions . A twenty - fourinch main was laid from the reservoir for most of i ts length

,

beside the ten inch main put down in 1850 . This cameacross the Marsh Bridge and was connected , along with thetwelve inch main running up Brussels Street , to the reservoir ; a twelve inch main upWaterloo Street ; a twelve inchmain which went by the City R oad to Portland , and mainswhich have been put down later . The reservoir in LeinsterStreet was also thoroughly improved . From this time , im

provem ents have constantly been made , so that now thereis hard ly a single house of a ny importance in the city thatis not supplied with water from this source .

A public meeting * was held in the Mechanics ’ Institutein January , 1855 , at which Judge Parker presided , in orderthat the sympathy of the people of St . John might be enlistedin favor of an Orphan Asylum . In the same year an Act ofIncorporation was passed by the Legislature . Soon after

,

a build ing was secured , and the first orphan was receivedinto the Home in September , 1856 .

On February 8th , 1855 , a slight shock of a n earthquakewas felt in St . John. The corner stone of the PresbyterianChurch

,Carleton

,was laid Friday , 19th of September

, 1855 ,

by the Hon. John R obertson . This building costIn this year also S tubbs

’ hotel , afterwards the R oyal , wasopened t he cost of the bui ld ing , which was four storeys inheight

,was In June , 1856 , Canterbury Street was

a thoroughfare for the first time .

In 1856 ,when the lines of the New Brunswick Telegraph

Company were leased by the American Telegraph Company,

News , November 27th , 1861.

144 History of Sa int Yonn.

from whose hands the lease afterwards passed to the Western Union,

the office was removed to the R itchie building,

R ocky Hill , where i t remained unti l 1866 , when it was removed to Mr . Scovil

’

s premises , where Marshal l’ s Insurance

Block now stands , occupy ing half the bu i lding. In 1856 ,

there were only three instrum ents in use , and during theexcitement following the Trent Affair in 1861, when it wouldbe supposed the wires were in constant use , one operatordid all the telegraphing.

On March 17th ,1857 , the first steam engi ne on the Euro

pean and North American R ailway was put in motion , andwitnessed by an assemblage of several thousand persons .At 3 o

’clock the train, consisting of engine , tender , and threecars

,left the station and proceeded up the Marsh about three

and a half miles , where the rails terminated , accomplishingthe distance in about twelve minutes .The Dramatic on the south side of King

Square , was opened June 15th , 1857 , for the first time . At

the time of its erection it was the finest bu i lding of the kindin Saint John. Its seating accommodation was about ninehundred. I t was a cosy and we ll arranged building, and wasone of the most popular places of the kind in the city. Afew months previous to the great fire of 1877 , by which itwas destroyed , the bu i ld ing was sold to the Irish FriendlySociety , by whom it was used for concerts , entertainments ,etc .On Friday , September r1th , 1857 ,Ta fire on Main Street,

Portland,destroyed worth of property . A fine ship

of 1500 tons , which was bu i ld ing at Messrs . J . R . R eed ’sshipyard ,

was only saved by the greatest effort. One hundred and fifty families were burnt out .

About 18571the Disc iples of Christ (Christians) moved

St.JohnNews,1857. 1

‘ Ih. , September 14, 1857.I Stewart

’

s History of the Grea t Fire, page 100 .

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146 History of Sa int‘

7oli n .

was erected , the bu i ldings being heated by steam , and them achinery driven by water power . In 1866 . yardsof cloth of all kinds were m anufactured , and thirty men,women and children were employed .

The building formerly occupied as a Savings’ Bank was

built in the year 1859 by the Saint John County ProvidentSociety , which up to this time had an office in the old

Commercial Bank bu i lding . In 1872 the Dominion Governm ent took it off their hands , had i t thoroughly renovatedand changed , and commenced operations in i t in 1873 as aDominion Savings ’ Bank .

On Wednesday , July 18th, 1860, at 8 o’clock , A. M .

, thefirst train ran over the entire route from St . John to Moncton .

CHAPTER !II .

A change of currency in St. John ; Visit ofPrince ofWales to NewBrunswick ; Mooring Anchors put down in St. John Harbour ;St .Mary ’s Church opened ; The Saint John Gymnasium Com

pany ; Fire Departm ent ; Victoria Skating R ink ; VictoriaHote l ; Queen Square ; N. B. Historical Soc iety organized ;Victoria School House bui lt ; Great Fire of 1877 .

January I St , 1860, there was a change of currencyin St . John from the old system of pounds , shill ingsand pence , to the decimal currency. A great many

persons,however

,refused to make the change in their way of

keeping their books so , for several years after that event,several of our leading firms kept their accounts in pounds ,shill ings and pence , and rendered their bills in dollars andcents.

The visit of H . R . H . Albert Edward, Prince of Wales ,to New Brunswick during his progress through the BritishNorth American Colonies and the Uni ted S ta tes , was anoccasion of much loyal and patriotic rejoicing. The Prince ,after visiting Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, reached SaintJohn by the steamer Styx , from Windsor, N. S . , August 3rd,1860 .

Here he was received by Governor Sutton with aroyal salute and a graceful and appropriate address, andwas escorted for a mile to the residence of the late Mr. Chipman

,selected for his lodgings , through streets lined with

double ranks of enthusiastic but orderly citizens , who , as theca rriage passed , fell into line behind i t , forming an immenseguard of honor . Triumphal arches , waving flags , and playing fountains adorned the streets , and the bells were ringing

out a welcome. Within the spacious grounds of the house,(147)

148 History of Sa int yonn.

two thousand school children—the boys all in black , the girlsal l in white— ranged in order

,and as the Prince drew near ,

they greeted him with the National Anthem , and by throwingflowers before him . During the levee at the Court House ,the ci ty was splendidly i lluminated with lamps and trans

pa rencies . All the streets were ornamented , to prepare forthe Prince ’ s passage

,by arches , flags , and fountains ; and

when he crossed the river a nd v isited Carleton,the fire com

panies , in their zeal , unharnessed the horses , and themselvesdrew his carriage in triumph through the streets .

The cost to St . John of the Prince ofWales ’ visit, wa s

£764 , besides $850 given by the Provincial Government,and exclusive of expendi ture on the Court House .

In 1861, mooring anchors were put down in our harbour . They were purchased for the city , by order of theCommon Council , by Thoma s McAv ity , Esq .

, then Mayor.In this year another census was taken , and the pOpula t-ion of

the City of S t. John proper was being an increase ofin the last decade . The population of the County was

found to be In November of this year, Parks’ Cot

ton Factory , which then employed about fifty persons , wa sopened . The first cotton was taken from the loom in thismill on May 13th , 1862 .

In St . Mary’s (Episcopal) Church was opened . I t

was built by private subscription,amounting to The

architect was Mr . Stead . In the same year the Poli ce Station on Chipman's Hill was in course of construction.

In the summer of 1863 the St. John Gymnasium ( jointstock) Company began building the Gymnasium ,

which waslocated opposi te Saint John’s Presbyterian Church , KingS treet east . I ts d imensions were 40 x 80 . The cost was alittle over $5000 . The bui ld ing wa s heated by steam , well

News , November t 8th , 1861.

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150 History of Sa int yonn.

In 1874 , the substantial railing of iron and granite whichnow encloses Queen Square , was erected . Previous to thistime the Square was surrounded by a dilapidated woodenrailing

,which was originally a good deal similar to that

enclosing the old Burial Ground . The fence had supplieds ome of the inhabitants of that quarter of the city with kindl ing wood for a couple of years , until at last the Common‘Counci l determ ined to erect something that would not be souseful for lighting fires

,so the result was the present sub

stantia l structure . S til l , I grieve to say , i t does not preventsome of our public spirited citizens

,who are fortunate enough

to possess cows or horses,from turning their animals out to

pasture on the Square during the summer and autumn. Ihave myself counted one horse , two cows , and seven goatsin a single day , graz ing on this beautiful piece of verdure

,

undisturbed , save by the numerous curs which frequent thatneighborhood

,or by some children on their way home from

school,who chase them for their own amusement.

OnWednesday , September 9th , 1874 , a meeting was heldin the Directors ’ room of the Mechanics ’ Insti tute for thepurpose of organizing a New Brunswick Historical Society.

This was done , and at a subsequent meeting held on Nov .

24th of the same year , the Constitution and By- Laws were

submitted and adopted .

The Victoria School House , which was a solid brickbui lding , was begun in the spring of 1875 , and was occupiedin May of the following year. The architects were Messrs .McKean Fairweather

,under whose supervision the bui ld

ingwas erected by Messrs . Flood and Prince . The cost ofthe building was and the heating apparatus

, in whichover five miles of pipes were used , costOn Wednesday the 2oth of June , St . John was

Stewa rt’

s H istory of the Grea t Fire of Sa int John.

History of Sa int 7 01m. 151

visited by one of the most destructive fires ofmodern times .I t was more calamitous in i ts character than the terrible conflagra tion which plunged portions of Chicago into ruin , andlaid waste the great business houses of Boston a few yearsago . In a relative sense . the St . John fire was a greater calamity , and i ts people for a time suffered sterner hardships .The fire in the large American cities was confined to certainlocalities , but in S t . John an immense area of territory wasdestroyed in the incred ibly short space of nine hours , andfully two - fifths of the entire city was laid in ashes , and onethousand six hundred and twelve houses levelled to theearth . Two hundred acres were destroyed . All that partof the ci ty south of King Street,— regiments of houses ,stores , and public build ings were burned , and the fire wasonly stayed when the water - line prevented its going further .The boundary of the burnt d istrict followed a line on theeastern a nd northern sides of Union Street to Mi l l S treet ,Mi l l S treet to Dock Street , northern and eastern sides ofMarket Square , centre of King Street to Pitt Street , PittS treet to i ts junction with the water ; thence around by theharbour l ine to the starting point . The Great Fire— for wemust d istingu ish it by that title , since in vastness i t overpowers all s imilar calamities which have befallen St. Johnoriginated in the late Joseph Fa irwea ther’s bu i lding , YorkPoint

,Portland ,

at on Wednesday afternoon,20th of

June. All efforts of the firemen were checkmated at everyturn by the fierce north - west wind , which was blowing aperfect gale . In a few minutes the fire spread with alarmingrapid ity , and houses went down as if a mine of powder had

exploded and razed them . The wind lifted from the roofsimmense brands and sparks, and by 3 o

’ clock the ci ty wasin flames at a dozen points . Lower Cove was on fire , andthe dryness of the houses rendered them as useless to withstand the blaze as bits of paper would have been . The

152 History of Sa int 7onn.

engines were powerless, and the firemen

,though they work

ed l ike heroes , availed but l ittle . I t was a fight of water andhuman endurance against fire , and the fire prevailed in the

end . As nearly as can be ascertained , the entire destructionthroughout the city reached upwards of twenty - seven mill ions of dollars . The number of people rendered homelessfoot up to about and the number of families to about

The insurance on merchandise , furniture , and buildings

,amounted in the aggregate to about seven mill ions of

dollars . Of this sum the North British and Mercanti le Insurance Company paid nearly a million of dollars , their lossbeing the greatest of any of the twenty - three Companies thendoing business in St . John.

This fire was the last important event in the history of

St . John , so here I will bring this work to a close , and willonly add , that I have endeavored ,

as fa r as I possibly could ,to give a fair and impartial record of the events of our City

’shistory , and I hope that due examination of this work willprove that this endeavor has not been altogether a failure.

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APPENDI! A .

TH IS letter was written by Thomas Gorges to GovernorWinthrop of New England , at the time LaTour went toBoston for a id against d ’

Aulnay ,who was besieging his fort

at the St . John. I t has been preserved by Hutchinson inhis Original Papers ,

”and is also to be found in Hazard ’s

S tate Papers , Vol . 1, page 498.

PISCATAQUAKE,28th June , 1643.

R ight Worthy S ir,—I understand by Mr. Parker that you hadwritten to m e by Mr. Short , which asyet I have not received . It

cannot be unknown to you the fears that we are in since L aTour ’sprom ise of a id from you , a nd I doubt not only those parts whicha re naked , but al l N. E . wi l l find D

’Aulnay a scou rge . He hathlong wayted (with the expense of neer £800 per month) forthe apprehend ing of this supply, and if al l his hopes shal l be frust ra ted through you r a yd , you m a y conceive where he wi l l seekefor satisfaction . If a thorough worke cou ld be made that he m ightbe utterly ext irpa ted ,.

I shou ld l ike it we l l otherwise, it cannot bethought but a sold ier a nd a gentlem an wi l l seeke to revenge himself

,having 500 m en, 2 shipps

,a gal ley and three pinnaces we l l

p rovided . Besides, you m a y please to conce ive in what m anner

he now besieges L aTour. His Shipps l ie on the S . W . part of theIsland at the entrance of St . John

’s R iver, w ith inwhich side is only

the entrance for shipps ; on the N. E . l ie his pinnaces ; It cannotbe conceived but he w i l l fortify the Island , which Wlll debar theentrance of any your shipps , and force them backe , shewing thewi l l

, having not the power to hurt him . I suppose I shal l leavefor England in this shipp . I am not as yet certa yn. which makesm e forbear to be large at this tym e

,or to desi re your commands

thither. Thus in has te I rest .“ Your honouringe friend and servant,

"THO . GO RGES .

APPENDI! B .

THE following is part of a mortgage given by L aTour, ofhis Fort

,to Gibbons , for money advanced to a id him against

D’

Aulnay . The document is among the records in the R ecord Office of Suffolk County, Massachusetts , and is copiedin Hazard ’s S tate Papers

,Vol . I . ,

page 541. I t is dated the13th May , 1645 :

This Indenture made between Sir Charles St . Stephen, Lordof L aTour in France, and Knight Baronet of Scotland , of the one

part ; and Sergeant Major Edward Gibbons of Boston in NewEngland

,Esq .

, of the other arte , Witnesseth, that the said Monsieu r Lord of LaTour for an in consideration of the ful l sum of

£ 2084 to him the said Monsieu r in hand paid by the said SergeantMajor Edward Gibbons, and also for d ivers other good causes andconsiderations him the said Monsieur hereunto especial ly moving,hath granted

,bargained

,sold , enfeofed and confirm ed , and by

these presents doth grant , bargain, sel l , enfeof and confirm untohim the said Sergeant Major Edward G ibbons, his heirs andassigns, al l that his fort cal led Fort LaTour and planta con withinthe northern part ofAm erica, wherein the said Monsieur togetherwith his fam i ly hath of late m ade his residence , situate a nd beingat or near the m outh of a certain river cal led by the name of St .John’s R iver together with the amm unition a nd weapons of wa ror instruments of defence and other im plem ents , necessaries, andutensi ls there used , or be longing to the sam e Fort or planta conas theyare contained and spec ified in an inventory hereunto an

nexe 3’

APPEND I! C .

Fr om Murdoelz’

s History of Nova Scotia .

PEDIGR EE OF THE FAMI L Y OF LATOU R .

Claude Thurgis de Saint Etienne , sieur de LaTour. Hisson was Charles Amador de L aTour, who by his first m a r

riage had children, viz . : Jeanne,born 1626 ,

married to

(156)

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I 58 Appendices.

(o) Anne Marie de LaTour, who was married 1September , 1712 , to Jean Baptiste Porlier, by whom was bornClaude Cyprien Porlier, born 27 April , 1726 .

(c) A son .

(a’

) Jeanne de LaTour, married 19 November , 1703 , to!Jacques Pontif, Chirurgien. Their daughter , Jeanne Pontif,was baptized 9November , 1706 .

3 . Charles de LaTour, born 1664 ; was unmarried in1703 .

4 . Anne de LaTour, born in 1664 ; who was married toJacques Muis , sieur de Poubom cou . In 1686 they are statedto have three boys ; and in 1707 , to have four sons and fivedaughters : of which children

(a ) Jacques d’

Entrem ont , in 1723, was married to Ma r

guerite Am iraut.

(o) Phill ipe d’

Entremont married Therese de St. Castin4 December , 1707.

(5) Anne d’Entremont married Ensign de Sa illan 18

July , 1707.

(a’

) Jeanne d’

Entrem ont, married to M. de Chambon 11

February, 1709.

(e) Charles d’

Entremont married Marguerite Landry 1

September , 1712. They had a son, Charles , born 1716 .

(f ) Joseph d’

Entremont married Cecile Boudrot 14 C ctober , 1717 . They had a son , Joseph , born in 1719.

Marie Muis , daughter of Jacques Muis and Anne St .Etienne

,was married 12 January, 1705 , to Francoise du Pont

du Vivier .

5 . Marguerite de LaTour, born 1665 , who was marriedto Abraham Muis , dit Plem a rch , or Pleinm ara is. In 1703She was a widow , and had seven children livin June 27 ,1705 , she was again married to Sergeant J . F . illate. The

children ofMarguerite , by her first husband , Abraham d’

Entremont—Marguerite , born 1681 Charles , born 1683 ; Phill ipe Madelaine (married April , 1707 , to J _

. F Channiteau)Marie Joseph (married to R ene Landry October ,Anne

,buried in 1704 , at 6 or 7 years ; and another child .

APPEND I!D .

THE following original letter and invoice were presentedtoAbraham Gesner , Esq . , by James White , Esq .

, formerlyn h Sheriff of Saint John . A copy of it is to be found inGesner ’ s History of New Brunswick :

To the clzief Capta ins andprincipa l Indians of theR iver St. j ohn :“ Brethren, —I am much concerned I cannot see you as I in

tended ou the 2sth of this month but Major Studholm wi l l m eetyou for m e , who wi l l te l l you the sentiments ofm y heart.

“ Brethren,—K ing George wants masts for his ships, and ha sem ployed people to provid e them on the R iver St . John

, dependingon you to protect the workmen in cutting them and conveyingthem to Fort Howe .Brethren,

—The Governor sends you som e presents, whichMajor Studholm wi l l del iver to you . They are intended to bindfast your prom ise that you wi l l p rotect the mast- cutters.

“ Brethren,—K ing George, m y grac ious m aster, ha s sent me alarge quantity of presents for you they are now on the water onthe ir way to Hal ifax . When they arrive, I shall del iver them toyou in person.

“These presents the K inggives you for del iveringupto me the

treaty you had entered into with the Counci l at Boston.

“ I salute you, and am your affectionate brother,(S igned) MICHAEL FRANKLIN .

Windsor, 181h May,Invoice of sundry articles sh ipped atWindsor, 4th instant, on

the schoonerMenaqna slza , Peter Dousett, m aster, for Fort Howe,by order of S ir R ichard Hughs, Comm issioner of His Majesty ’sNavy, to be iven as presents to the Ind ians of the R iver St . Johnand its ne ighbourhood by Major Studholm ,

in such manner andproportions as he shal l think proper, to induce the said Ind ians toprotect the workm en and others in provid ingmasts for the King’

s

Navy, v iz.

50 pair Blankets, 3 piecesWh ite Kersey,4o Shirts, 60 Mi l led Caps,1 p iece Blue Stroud , 40 Worsted Caps,yards Blue and Scarlet Cloth, 50 Castor Hats,

I OO Rin s, 200 Flints, 294 cwt. Shot,54 ya r s R ibbon, 100 ards em bost Serge,

cwt. Shot, 1 arrel Gunpowder.3 pieces Blue Stroud, 100 Hoes,1 cask of W ine, sent by Mr. Franklin for the squaws and such

men as do not drink rum .

(S igned) MICHAEL FRANKLIN.

Windsor, 181h May,(159)

APPENDI! E .

NAMES OF THE PER SONS WHO DREW Lor s IN PAR R TOWN, 1784.

Dock Street,west.

Thomas Leona rd,Thom a s Ba rker

,

Sam ue l and Daniel Ha l lett,Jam es Sayre ,Wi l l iam Ha rding,Frederick Hawser

,

John Bedel l ,Joseph Bede l l,

Prince Wi lliam Street, west.

Henry, Thomas,Gerard

,Claud

i us, and Abraham Frost,John Colvi l le and Thos.Wh itlock

,

James Peters,R icha rd Hulet

,

Wi l l iam Al len,James Ha rrison

,

Will iam Frost,John Cam p

,Pol ly Dibble ,Col in Cam pbel l ,Jacob Bel l ,Cha rles Thom as,MatthewGi lford and AbrahamDePeyster,

S amue l Denning Street,Bradford Gi lbert,Joseph Hoyt,Abiatha r Camp

,Jun.

,

Abiatha r Camp, Sen.

,

W i l l iam S. Oliver,

Nahum Jones,Thom as Pagan

,

John Gorum ,

Patrick Weldon,East side of Dock Street.

Paul Bedel l ,Joseph Bede l l ,

( 160)

Frederick Hawser,Wi l l iam Ha rd ing,John Sayre and Fam i ly,John Sayre, J un.

,

George Leona rd, Jun .,

George Leona rd,West side of Prince William

Street, resumed.

Gi lfred Studholm ,

John Studholm,

John Knutton,Wi l l iam Knutton,Ea st side of Prince William

Street, north.

Ebenezer Bridgham ,

Thom as Menzies,Jam es Codner,George Dunba r,Benjam in Lester,Danie l Michia ,Sa rah Ell ison ,

T imothy Clowes,James Peters,R icha rdI saac Al len,

56

Wa lter Cha loner, 58

Wi l l iam Lewis and Jno. Ryan, 59Fy ler D ibble (the heirs), 60

Col in Cam pbel l , 61

W i l l iam K ingston, 62

John Sm ith , 63

Constant Conner, 64

Samuel DenningStreet, 65

Am asa Arnold , 66

Jam es Proud,

67

Anthony Narraway, 68

Abiatha r Camp, Sen.,69

Wm . Sanford Oliver,

70

Joshua Santaeroix, 71

Thom as Pagan, 72

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162 Appendices .

Wi l l iam Hubba rt, 165

JohnWatsonWright, 166

Wm . Anderson, 167

Shubal Stevens, 168

I saa c Bel l, 169

West sideof S dneyStreet,North E.

corner o noens Square, com .

G. L. Menzies, 170

Lydia Chase, 171

JonathanWi l l iams, 172

Wm . Underh i l l, 173

Wi lmot Veal, 174

Andrew Stockton, 175

Cha rles Theel , 176

Wa lter Campbel l , 177

DuncanMcKay, 178

Solomon Stevens, 179Nathan Horton

,180

Henry McGibbons,

181

East side of Carma rthen Street, a tCha rlotte Street.

Benjam in and Hugh Knight, 182AndrewMcCann, 183

Edward Murray, 184

Nath. Monday, 185

West side of Carma rthen Street, a tStormont Street.

Thomas Hanford,R ichard Pa rtelow,

Joseph Alwa rd,Simon Stevens,East si de of Charlotte Street,

south.

CharlesMatthewson, 190

John Boss, 191

JohnMcKay, 192

Hugh McKay 193

P itt Street, Ornat. a t South sideStormont Street.

CraytonMcCrea , 194

Ca leb Howe, 195

Wi l l iam Atkinson, 196

R icha rd Hol land, 197

East side 0 P itt Street, on S. S. ofkarlotte Street.

AngusMcDonald, 198

Alexander McLannon, 199Hugh McCinley, 200

Duncan McCrea , 201

South side of Union Street, a t .N. E.

corner of Prince Wm. Street.

Amos Botsford,Esq., 202

,203

Major Thomas Ba rkley, 204JosephWintworth

,Bazi l Jackson,

John Beatie,Daniel Ha l lett,Samue l Ha l lett,Sam ue l Hallett,Ca leb Jones,Joseph Ha l lett,Susannah Ful lerton,David R ouse

,Edward Phi lps,Jonathan Sterl ing

,

James Hen]y,James Love

,

Isa ac Cu l len,Henry White,

Thom as Young ,Lewis Townsend,JohnNoble,Joseph Swift,Ross Curr ie,Jam es Eccles

,

John Crista l],Moses Holt,Ca lebMcKenzie

,

Stephen Potts,

Wm . Kean,Moses Hallett

,

Wa lter Steuart,W i l l iam Shortly,Wi l l iam Kel ly,Jam es El l is

,JM .,Peter Wh ite,

George Bla ir,Dan ie l Ross,Cha rles PerryWi l l iams,Wm . McElroy,Danie l McDougle,Da vid Bruce,Alexander McDonnald

,

John Peblis,James Cameron,

Dona ld McKenzie,John McKenzie,James MONab

,

Jam es R oss,

Andrew Sproul ,George Pebbles

,

R obertMcKay,Daniel McKay,Dan ie l McL eod

,

John Frazier,Henry McKa y

,

\Vm . McPherson,McKay,Franc is McKay ,

John Sutherland , J r.,

Daniel R obertson,John Wa aer,

John Sutherland ,

Appendices.

264

265

To the end,no name

,wh ich ends

275 North East Corner El l iotR ow.

NO name from above unti lNo. 284.

Jona than Packan,Sa rah Granger ,Tunis Vanpe lt,Wi l l iam Humphrey,Edwa rd Tay lor ,John Mercer,Davidson Ha rtshorn,Stephen Col l ,Da vid Dunham ,

Sa rah Vanpe lt,Andr ian L esserge,I saac Ingham ,

Thom as Crad dock ,Thomas Melvell,John MeR obert ,Aswold A lwood,I sa ac Dunham ,

Thos. Ti lton,

Corne l ius Wynnott,Jam es R ipley.

John Greenwood,John Dnnham ,

Stephen Kent,Oli ver Tay lor,John Forde ,Joseph Scr ibner,John Brown,

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

163

Luther Eva rts,

312

Joseph Cla rke, 313

Nehem iah Cla rke, 314

Wi l l iam Hawley, 315

Nicholas Egan, 316,317

Clement Lucas,Jun.

,318

Clem ent Lucas, Sen.,

319

South side, West end Elliot R ow.

Lewis Abstone, 320

Na thanie l JohnstOn,Hugh Brown,

Thom as Butler,

John Dane,R a che l Kent

,

J ames Butler,John Pray ,Peter Kane,George Pack ,John Gould, J un.

,Peter Thornton,

Ma ry Sti lwel l ,Samuel R udolph Brash,Henry Hoight ,B imbin Decker,Ma ry Ha rden

,

Isaac Bo a rt,

Wm . Be ell,

Danie l Putnam ,

Ca therine Gould,Abraham Gould,Thom a s Mi l l igan,Joseph Alwood ,Cornel iusMa rsh

,

No name to the end

North side,East end Grea t

Georges Street.

Thom as Wi l l iams,N0 name ,

Wa lter Fowler,Aa ron Fowler,N0 name toPh i l ip Shepherd,Conrad B enol,Edwa rd Ell is,Wm . Naylor ,Wm . Springer,Finlay McCaskill,Christopher Hind,

I 64 Appendices .

Wm . Hambl in,

Hugh Ka in,

Andrew Josl in,T hom as LeachPaul Beardsley,C ha rlotte Wiggins,R ache l Chichester

,

B enjam inAl len,

J am es Davison,

Abra ham Pettinger,J acob T i l l

,

John Al lbright ,David Cable

,

Mathias Stocker,Lewis Shambier,

North side of KingStreet,Ea st end.

Thom as White,Wi l l iam Chase ,Sylvanus Whitney,Sa ra h Bucklon

,

Seth Seely,Patrick R odgers

,

R obert \Vood,

I sa iah McCa rty ,

Wi l l iam Ryan,Jam es Sutter

,

Jam es Stodda rd,R obert Hicks

,

Tha tcher Sea rs,Sam

’ l Dickinson and R ich’d

Squ i res, 398

James Innis, 399

Cha rles Loosley , 400

George Manning,

401

South side of K ingStreet, west.Cha rles McPherson

,402

Thom a sMul l in, 403

A lexander R eed,

404

John Durney, 405

John Portivus, 406

GerardusClowse,

407

Drummond Simpson, 408

Jerem iah R egan,

409

Dinni s Combs, 410

Thom as Fowler,

411

JohnWa rd , 412

James Ca rr ington, 413

Thom as Col l ins,

Mord ica Lester,Jacob Lester

,

R obert Mel vin,Peter Gaynor,

414

415

416

417

418

South side of Grea t Georges Street,west.

Cornel ius Fowler,

Robert Sneeden,

Thom a s Dawson,

Wi l l iam Stringham,

Able Sand,R obert Sand,Douga ld Cam pbel l

,

Al len Cumm ing,Francis Crannel,

Wm . West,Danie l McKay,

Ma ry Cranne l l ,Wm . Founds

,

John R ay,Ma ry Lawton,

Ma ry Lawton ,

\Vi lliam Ashford,Arthur Maddock

,

N0 nam e,Foster Hutchinson

,Foster HutchinsonIshm ael Ca tle

,Hugh Murray,Moses Simpson,Lewis Ba rry,Nancy DeVeber,Ensign Francis DeVeber,N0 name to the end at

445

446

450

North side of L einster Street, ea st.No name toHenry Notman,No nam e toJohn Hicks,

7

John Baker ,James Crabb,Joseph Tom l inson,James Nanwaning,No nam e to nor for

Henry Dyer,John Sm ith,

455

456

461

462

463464

465

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166

Burtis,

J ames Ga y nor,Hugh McKeel,Abraham Banker,Francis Vanderwa ter,John Ashburn

,Hugh Quinton,Abraham Waters,Samuel Hurst,Samue l Thom as,

W i l l iam Bowen,T imothy Peck ,Joseph Sm ith ,George Sm ith

,

Sam ue l Lockwood ,Oliver Ba i ly,Henry Tisda le ,

Appendices .

South side of St. Georges Street,ea st.

Wi l l iam Tyng, 595 , 596, 597 ,599

,603

,604

George McCa ll,

Gilfred Studholm ,

J ohn Menzies,Thom as Seymour,John Barns,John Gembell,Edwa rd Pryer,Edmond Scott,J ohn Ham i lton

,Henry El l is,\Va lter Thom as

,Henry Thom as,

Able Fluelling,Amos Moss

,

John Hitchcock,

John Ma rks,

John Waterbury ,Wi l l iam Verm illia ,David Stephens,David Close,John Kel ly,George Kay,Ma ryWi l l iam Thom as,

Samuel Dufl'

ee,

Joseph Thorn,

W i l l iam Thorne,

W i l l iam Lorton,

Gi lbert Pete ,JohnWiggins,

James Haddow,

Jam es Huston,

George Young,Wi l l iam Durie,John McDonald,John Montgomery,Edwa rd Cam p

,

John Davis,Da vid McNam ara

,

John Morrison, Jun.,

Sa rah Webb,Stephen Crab

,

John Crab,Jnu .

,

Joseph Ba i ley,John Stea l ,Samuel Combs,Joshua Ha rdcastle,N0 name,Anchimas Havi land.

N0 nam e,

Joshua Currie,

No name,

Adrian Shea rm an, 657

George Ferr is,

658

Jacob Meyer , 659

Ga rret Dykeman, 660

No name,

661

R icha rd Curry , 662

David Curry, 663

N0 name, 664

Wi l l iam Wh ite , 665

Na than Wh itney, Jnu .,

666

North side of Orange Street, ea stNo nam e to nor for

R icha rd Bonsa l ,No nam e to nor for

Nathan Wh itney ,Wi l l iam Pa rker,Wi l l iam Fa rrell ,No name to nor forDuncan R uthson,

No nam e to nor for

Elisha Woolsey,Thom asWha ley ,No name to nor forDaniel Dunham

,

Benjam in Appleby,Morr is Woolten,R icha rd Hateby,John Fer uson,

John Tay or,

Thom as Honsby,Peter L ivong,James Binnington

,Cha rles McGinley,R obert Ca i rns,J ohn Sutherland

,Henry Decker,Alexander Mi lne,Amos Tuttle,Asbel l Sti les,John Adams

,

George Tucker,Wal ter McAlpine,T imothy Pa rker,Ma ry Campbe l l ,

Appendi ces .

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

South side of Orange Street, west.R obert Campbel l

,

R obert Campbel l , J r .,

Alexander Garden,

Wi l l iam Ca rey,Peter Drost,

John Sm ith,Benjam in Carstin,I sa iah Castin,Burney Ha rmond,Zacha riah Dobbs,John S ickles,W i l l iam Cl inton,Mi les Sweeny,A

‘

ndrew Curtis,John R obinson,Wm . Campbel l ,Peter McAlpine,Moses Shaw,Francis Bowen,Adam Brown,No name to nor for

Jonathan Clews,N0 name to the end

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

7 17

718

7 19

720

721

723

724

725

726

727

729

730

742

North side of Morris Street, east.No nam e to nor forR icha rd Cantinell,John Orin,

167

Aa ron Olmstead,J ohnMurne,JamesMcFarland,Wi l l iam Gerrard,Wm , Scably,Wm . Al l ison, 763

Ja cob Sm ith, 764

Wm . Burns, 765

Daniel Keef, 766

Wi l l iam Ca le, 767

Sam ue l Burnitt,

768

W i l l iam Whiting, 769

Ch ristopher Rupert,

770

Shadrach Christy, 771

No name for 772

John Lent,

773

No name, 774

Jam esWheaton, 775

Da vid Blakeney, 776

Wm . Blakeney, 777

R obert Spence,

778

John Thornton, 779

North side of Duke Street, east.Anthony Rogers, 780

Joseph Alstine, 781

Elisha Davis, 782

Justice Sherwood, 783

Samuel Cla rke, 784

Thom as Qu i le, 785

Thom as Sm ith ,786

Lodowick Cypher, 787

Benjam in Lefergee, 788

George Bakter, 789

Ur ia h Wr ight, 790

Abraham Higgins, 791

John B . Ful lerton, 792

StephenThom as, 793

Ezekiel Bram in, 794

Alex . Mont omery, 795

Da vid Hol ridge, 796

Wm . Sm ith , J un.,797

Benjam inMuirsonWoolsey, 798

Joseph Conie, 799

Sam ue l Hughes, 800

Patr ick Daniel, 801

Thomas Fa irwea ther, 802

Sam ue l Horsie, 803

Thom as Thomas, 804

I ra tnra Cleveland, 805

I 68 4ppe7m'z

'

f es .

John Shaw, 806 Micajoh Coombs, 852

J oseph Gi lmour, 807 W idow Jacobs, 853

Simon Lugrin, 808 Danie l Wa ters,

854

R obert Ca rl isle, 809 N0 nam e, 855

an'

i runda o 6South side of Duke Street, west. 31l Rodgers'T

Q ’ 327Jasper Stimenson, 810 No name 858Mi les Cunningham

,811 R eubin F

'

ineh 859Michael Dunfield

,812 John Ga l laway 860Patrick McCowen

, 813 No name to or }ior 874Jam es Travers and IsaacDickenson

,

North S ide of Jllecktinburgh Street,Joseph Gaucher, 603t

Thom as Burden,

Andrew Lloyd,John Ha rney,Moses GreenoughChristopher Lanca ster

,

John Thorp,

John Tom l inson,

\Vi lliam Ha rris,

W i l l iam Mi l ler,

R icha rd Gregory,Jonas Ca rle

,

John Dan,

JohnMi l ls,Thomas Castor

,

Samue l StreetAbijah WaterNicholas Bawland

,

James Birm ingham ,

John Street,El ias Norton,Nicholas Sagurby,Mawrice Fluel l in

,

David Purdy,South side of Morr is Street

W i l l iam Sickles,John Green,

Angus McIntyre ,Daniel Bostwick ,Dorathy K ingston,Jane Mi l l i an

,

Thom as a lker,

Wi l l iam Cornwa l l,

Thom as Crawford,John Elelsey,Nathanie l Brundage,Ca leb Spragg

,

Math ias Crissie,

John McCa ll,Benj am in Hersan,

Mordica i Sta rkey,No nam e to or for

Peter McCa ti'

,

N0 nam e for

Francis Casti lla,Edwa rd Lee

,

John Gibson,No name

,Henry Van Al l in,

Wi l l i am Van Al l in,Justice Ea rl ,Fanny Vanderbelt,John Heslap,Mi les Ga rdner,No nam e

,

John Connol ly ,Lawrence Ca rr ,John Vansciver

,

Daniel Gi l l is,Edwa rd Ba rton,James Ph i l ips

,

John Algee,

Thom as Berry,Joseph Beck ,Widow Sa rah Lester,John Hughes

,

John Jones,

Thom as Peters,

George Ga rdner,James Black ,

875

876

877

878

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899900

901

902

903

904

905

906907

908

909

South side of Meclclinburgh Street,commencingwest.

Nathaniel Ja rvis,

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I 7o Appendices.

J ohnWhite, 1010

John Connor, 1011

John Crawford, 1012

James Keif, 1013

South side of Queen Square, west.

Char les Cook, 1014

Thom as Ba r low,1015

J ohn Crawford Peterson, 1016

Noah Turnel l , 1017

Wi l l iam Dona ld,

1018

Wm . Di l lon,

1019

Nathaniel Goram ,1020

Elijah Ca rd, 1021

S ilvester Hul l , 1022

Freder ic Shannon, 1023

S outh side of Cha rlotte Street, west,commencingeast side of

Ca rma rthen.

Henry Fowler, 1024

Weeden Fowler,

1025

James Fowler, 1026

Joseph Anderson, 1027

John Bookhout, 1028

G i lbert Thei l , 1029

Josiah Ga ins, 1030

John Jordan, 1031

James Jordan, 1032

T imothy Daniel , 1033

C ha r les Peters, 1034

N0 name to nor for 1038

Wi l l iam Farrel , 1039

Burrows Wadd ington, 1040

Pa trick McNamara , 1041

Nicholas Ald, 1042

James Sm ith , 1043

No name to nor for 1046

Thom as Freeman,

1047

No name to the end 1049

North side of Stormont Street, east.

Wi l l iam Britton, 1050

James Britton, 1051

J oseph Britton, 1052

J ohn Lambert, 1053

Edwa rd Ba i les, 1054

Peter Clement, 1055

J ohn Sheldon,

1056

R obertMcCrea , 1057

James K inghorn,Thomas Downer,R ufus Sm ith,R a lph Sm ith,Wm . Johnston,Denis Connel ly,Abner Hampton,Cornel ius Johnston,George Rogers,John Kennedy,John Kennedy, Jun.,

Wm . Kennedy,Uriah Dra ke,Jam es Worden,Pau l Bampton,Josiah Brundage,George Heydicker,John Crandy,JohnMcDonald,James Morehouse,Wm . Mi les,Jno . McDonnald, Jr.,

John Owens,Wi l l iam Marquester,Joseph Forrester ,John Moasley,Thomas More,Ma rga ret Peel ,North si de of St. JamesPreci lla Sm ith,Da vid Elmstone,Wi l l iam Wi l l iams,Stent R aymond,Moses Gregory,Wm . L. Booni e,John Sha rp,R obert Cra ig,Pau l Mercereau

,

Alexander Ba l lentine,Abel A. Hardenbrook

,

Wi l l iam Perrine,Josiah Patterson,John Davidson

,Pau l Mercereau, SenPh i l ip Ea r l,

Wi l l iam Compton,Na than iel Nei l

,Christopher Hargile,Ma ry Thompson,

Appendices .

Wi l l iam Ma rk, 1108

Ansel Bourne, 1109

Wi l l iam Mel ick, 1110

Luke D. Thorn ton, 1111

Ma rtin Trecartin, 1112Thomas Cla rke, 1113Chapman Judson

, 1114Ashu r Dunham

, 1116

South si de of St. J ames Street, west.George Y ounghusband, 1117

Oliver Bourdebt, 1118

Peter McPherson, 1119

Ch ristianWa rner, 1120I saac Stewa rt, 1121Thom as Bul kley, 1122

Hendr ick Day, 1123

Francis Young, 1124

Franc is Ayma r, 1125

L enthwa it, 1126Mi les Obrin and J ob Townsend

, 1127Na thaniel Ha rned

, 1128Samue l Leydecker, 1129

Samuel Sm ith, 1130\Villi am Day, 1131

Adino Paddock , 1132

Freder ick Devoe. 133

Conrad Hendricks, 1134

John Day, 1135

R obert Y ounghusband, 1136

R achel A. Cra ig,

1137

John Dem ill,

1138,1139

John Cla rke, 1140

John Donherda , 1141

Cha rles Brown, 1142

Jehiel Partelow, 1143

Peter Switrer, 1144

South side of Stormont Street, u'

est.

Daniel Wiggins, 1145

Na than Sm ith, 1146

Thomas Sm ith, 1147

Andrew Heister, 1148

Alexander McDonnald, 1149

John Hamm i l, 1150

John Chubb,

1151

Thomas Barnes, 1152

Da vid McDonnald 1153

G i lbert Purdy, 1154

171

I saac Havi land,Sillick Dan,Francis Noble,Adia h Sherwood,Michae l Cotter

,

David Hatfield ,Danie l Hatfield

,

Danie l \Va rd,

Abra ham Hatfield,I saac Hatfield,Thom as Ca rpenter

,

R icha rd Lesl ie,Thom as Cofli eld,Sam ue l Jones

,

Ely Branson,Cha r les Schorewoolf,Wi l l iam Sm ith,John Hustace

,

Danie l McIntosh,Da vid Purdy,

Kane,\Vhi teman

,

I sa ac Atwood,

John Mi l ler,Stephen Stocker,Andrew Mi l ler,

11551156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

11761177

1178

1179

1180

North side of Great B r ita in Street.Joseph Majet,John Wh ite,HenryMorrison,Thomas Donoho,Da vid Cole ,MelanthonThorn,George Everts

,

George R igby ,Edwa rd Gard iner,John Ba rberie,Anthony Ala ir,Ol l iver Barberie,Gabr ie l Strange,John Ma rtin

,

Samuel Nichols,JohnWatt,And rew Nelson,Jona than Sherwood,Cha rity Geon,Sam uel Ti l ley.J ames Mascaline,T imothy Huston,

1189,

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

172

JohnMount,Joseph Tidd,Wi l l iam Webbs,Duke MurphThomasWal er,Ca leb Ca rver,Wm . (Ba ird)Da rg,Absa lom Holmes

,

James Peck ,Michae l Butler ,R ichard Edwa rds,Dona ld Campbel l ,Joshua Pike

,

John Curry,Thomas Elmes,Thomas Prout,Samuel Mi res

,Cornel ius Dennis,

Alexander Ingles,

James Watson,Wi l l iam Gray ,Thomas Sm ith,John Grindley,JohnWi l l iams, Sen.

,

JohnWi l l iams, J un.

,

Joseph Green,Andrew Cornwa l l ,John Pa ul ,Alexander Cla rke,Ham i lton Davidson

,

John K i rk,Thom as Elmes,

W'

est of Germa in StreetEbenezer Spurr

,

John McKay,John Ross,Hugh McKay,Cha rlesMa tthews,James Stewa rt,Oll iver Bourdett,South side of Grea t B rita in Street,

west.

Ma rket Place,John Forrester

,

JohnWh ite,James Ol l iver,Matthew Pa rtelow,Edward Da lzel l

,

Appendices .

I sabel la Wiggins,Widow Ca therine Glasser,I saac Taylor,Jam es Laughton,John Forrester

,Juh .,

R ice R aymond,El isha. Case,

R icha rd Lightfoot,

Danie l Sickles, J unJohn Lownsbury,George Wi lson

,

James Cla rke,

Ma ry Brown,Ma ry Ann Hachet,Elisha Ha lsey ,John Crawford

,

Abijah Ba rker,

Da vid McLure,Lewis Huston

,

Samuel Bawue,

Ma ry, Anna , John, and Dan'lMcGibbons,

Thom as R enshaw,Ph i l ip Scureman,

Joshua Brownel l ,Henry Traphager,John Picket,Jerem ia h Worden,George Brewerton,Danie l Cameron,James Brewa rton,Henry Ferguson,Jacob Sm ith,David Newman

,

Thomas Fowler, JM . ,

Danie l Cumm ings,Abraham Bunkerhoof

,

Thom as Stanley,Jam es Higby,R icha rd Rogers,R eubenWi l l iams

,

Charles Loosley,Sa rah Lounsberry,

1244

1245

1246

1247

12481249

1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

126912701271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

North side ofMa in Street, east.Cha rity French,Ma ry Lester,John Althouse,George Ewa rt,

McDonald,

12861287

12881289

1290

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I 74 Appendices .

Casper Efl'a ,Zapha r Hedden,John Briggs

,

John Ha l l,

Gorham Ham i l ton,David Prentice,David Leon,George Henry,Duga l McPherson

, Sen.,Christopher Blades,

R andolph Snowden,John Cooke,Forbes Newton,Benjam in Fa i rweather

,

Michael Frazier,Henry Peck ,Wi l l iam Peck ,John Stevens,Berna rd Mul l in,John Bowines

,Henry Nea l ,Joseph Alwa rd,Peter Tregli th,J am es Pickett

,

John Stewa rt,

South side of Shefield Street,R icha rd Bonsa l l ,Robert Angus

,

David Bever idge,Peter Fi tzsimmons

,

Alexander Morton,

James Drummond,

Wi l l iam Stewa rt,

R obert Napier,

James Henry,Jam es Boyne ,R obert Sm ith

,

R obert Chi l l ish,

DuncanMcLeod,

John R obb,

Wi l l iam Green, 1427

J ohn \Va tson,1428

Jam es Cuthbert, 1429

Arch iba ld McLean, 1430

Jam es Pea l,

1431

Peter Stewa rt,

1432

James Scott, 1433

No nam e,

1434

John Mitchel l , 1435

R icha rd Stocka ll, 1436

Zapher Hedden, 1437

Samuel Burns, 1438

Peter Butler, 1439

Wi l l iam R eed, 1440

Jacob Cook,

1441

John Bel l,

1442

N0 nam e,

1443

John McAlpine, 1444

Michae l McClarken, 1445

Stevens Baxter, 1446

Josiah Dykem an,

1447

Frederick Sprick, 1448

John Hagamon, 1449

Joseph Nickerson, 1450

Thom as Nickerson, 1451

Thom as Gr iffin,

1452

W i l l iam Elsworth,

1453

Ma rga ret Stutes, 1454

Framingon back shore, between Sta ;moa t and Charlotte Streets,

commence south.

James Brett, 1455

Jam es Gunn,

1456

John Jones,

1457

John Case, 1458

John Burges, 1459

John Sm ith, Ol l iverArnold, Tho’sHandford Munson, Jas . Hoytfour lots in Prince Wm . Street,granted by Governor Ca rleton.

APPENDI! E . Continued .

NAMES or PER SONS WHO DR EW LOTS IN CAR LETON,1783.

Andrew,George

,

Andrew,R obert

Austin,Ca leb

Adam s,Jam es

Adnett,

Armstrong, R icha rd

Ambrose,Micha e l

Ambrose, Ma rga ret

Anderson, James

Al len,John

Brothers,Joseph

Brothers,Wi l l iam

Brick ley , JamesBowm an,Andrew

Bea ty , Edwa rd, jr.

Bea ty ,Edwa rd

, sr.

Bea ty, Pol lyBea ty, JosephBea ty ,

'

Wi l l iamBrawn

,R icha rd

Bla i r,David

Britton,John

By les, Ma ther, jr .

Bone l , JosephBrundage,John

Brundage, Jerem i ahBunce

,Joseph

Boyce , John (hei rs)Ba rden , PeterBean, JohnBu rtis, Wi l l iamBlum e

,John L .

B lackee , Jam es

Brook , JesseBa rchus, JohnBliss,Jona than

Bul l , R icha rdBought, JohnB ullerworth ,

Moses

Bucket, Wi l l iamCla rke, Wi l l iam

121 122Colden,Thomas

Corey, GideonCamp, HielCamp, Nei lCox, Wi l l iamCrowel, Thom as

Crowel, Sa rahCrowel, JosephChew

,Joseph

Ca thran,Alexander

Ch ipm an,Wa rd

Campbe l l , R icha rdlampbell, Col l inCampbe l l

,Wa lter

Cam pbe l l,Dona ld

Campbel l,Cha rles

Campbe l l,Hugh

Campbel l , Douga ldCooper , JosephCooper , Edwa rdCoffin,Wi l l iam

Coffin,John

Coffin,John

Coffin,Jona than

Coffin,I saac

Coffin,Thom as A.

Coffin,Na thaniel

Cock , John, jr.

Cock,John

,sr.

Cock,Sara h

Cock,Wi l l iam

Cock,Kelah

ClaytonCa rpenter , Wi l l iamCougie, JohnCraft

,John

Cul ly , JohnCozens, SamuelDrummond

,Jacobina

Drummond,Ann

I 76 Appendices .

Drummond, Alexa nder 105

Drummond , Ann 106

Davis, Burrow 111 112

Duffe l], James 127

Duffe l], Edwa rd 320

Dowl ing, Lawrence 153

Dom inick , Francis 169

Dowl ing, Abraham 216

Davison, J . 239 424 425

Dickenson ,Nathanie l 428 436

Dickenson,Hannah 548

Ellis,Jesse 126

Erskin,Cha rles 132 133

Esk, John L . 150

Ecc les,Jam es 315

Fennemore,R icha rd 55

Fay ,Henry E . 92 93 94 95

138 139

Frink,Nathan 110 123 250 251

Forester, Ma ry 131

Freem an,Lewis 190

Fra zer,Wi l l iam 337

Fra zer, Lewis 380

Fra zer,Ol iver 351

Fra zer,Jam es 426 427

Faulkner, John 441

Forbes, James 44

Gi l les, Arch iba ld 1 613

Gerean, Ba rnett 22

Gerra rd, Wi l l iam 69

Glazier, Bearmsly (he i rs)156 157Glover , Andrew 213

Hutchinson, Wi l l i 13 106

Hutchinson,John 44

Hol land, John 113 114

Hol land,R icha rd 57

Hol land , Hannah 59

Hol land , R icha rd D . 68

Hol land, Joseph W. 134

Ha lliblade, Peter 42

Horn, Peter 74

Ham i l ton, George 87

Hoy t, Stephen 107

Hoyt, Stephen J . 333

Hoyt, Joseph Z. 334

Ha rris, George 118

Ha rris,Wi l l iam 125

Ha les,Ha rris W. 140 141

Hil l,John 174

Henderson, John 200

Howser , JacobHewlett, R icha rdHanford , Thos. 3rd

Hanford,Thos.

Hewstis, Ph i l ipHazen,John

Ha ines, MathewHam pton

,Andrew

Hampton, AbnerHunsinger,Phi l ip

Higby,Uria h

Howa rd,John

Hunt,Crosby

Hem locke, Thos.

I sler, HenryJOsl in, JohnJefi’

ray , AstionJones, SimeonJones, Edwa rdJackson. Ha rryJam es, Benj am inJobs, Samue lK ing

,Luke

K ing, DavidKnox

,Thom as

Knapp, Moses

Kea ting, AnnKi lberbrook, GodfreyKerley, R icha rdLeonax , AlexanderLawton

,Jam es

Lawton, JohnLawton,Elizabeth

Lawton, Isa ac 479

Lawton, Thom a s 480

Lewis,John 32

Lewis, Thom a s 90

Lazenby , R a lph 43

Lane, George 75

Lane , James 77

Lane,Edwa rd 78

Lovett,Jonathan 46 47

48 49 50 51 53 60 61 62 63

64 65 66 67 52 601

Lovett,Danie l 108 142 143

Long,John 96

Lingley, Joseph 151

Loveday, Thom as 435

Ludlow, Ga briel G. 196 197 198

Lawson, John 338 352

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178

Vanpelt, SamuelWh itlock , Will iamWh itlock

,Jonathan

Wh itlock,John

Wort, ConradWi tchwise, PeterWorden

,John

Wi lcox,Robert

Wi lbourn, Wi l l iamWoolsey, Benjam inWinslow,

EdwardWinslow, HannahWinslow

,Penelope

Winslow,Sa rah

Wheeler,Sa rah

Wa l lace,John

Wetmore, David B .

Wetmore,Timothy

Wetmore,Timothy T.

Wetmore,Luther

Wetmore,Thomas

Appm dices .

509

307

7

508

510

117

147

148

167

201

202

226

227

230

260

389

265

267

269

295

311

Wetmore, JohnWetmore, Wi l l iamWa tson

, JohnWi l l iamson, GeorgeWright, ThomasWright, AlexanderWi lson

,Jacob

Wa rd, JacobWa rd

,John

Wi l la rd, AhiJahWood , JosephWel l ing, Wi l l iamWe l l ing

,Peter

Weaver, GeorgeWea ver, FrederickYoung, Wi l l iamYoung, HenryYoung, PeterYoung, AbrahamYea rs, ThomasYeomans, Ely

APPEND I! 13.

l lAzAun’

s S '

rA'

ria l’A l' li R S, VOLUME l ., PAoE 497.

Cb/u/ of a Id ler/ ram Mr . Ifna’

ccot/ 10 Governor about'

/ , u Toma

(no'

re nm son’s O R IG INAL

In-zAun S IR

I am glad that LaTour hath not a yd from us ; a nd I couldwish he m ight not have a ny from the ships ; [fo r a s long as L aTournu l h a ulney a re opposites they wi l l weaken one another. IfLu

'

I‘

our should preva i l a ga inst him we should undoubted ly havean i l l ne ighbour ; His father a nd himse lfe , as I am informed , ha veshe d the blood o f some English al ready , and ta ken away a pinnacea nd goods from Mr. Al le rton. lt were ( I think ) _

oed that thatbusine ss were c lea red be fo re hee had e ither ayd or ibertie to hi reships , yea , o r to de part.

S ir,it is no t the m a nner a broad to suffe r stra ngers to view forts

o r fortific a tions a s those stra nge rs have done . I must needs say ,tha t l feu re we shal l have l ittle com fort in having anything to doewith these idolatrous Frenc h . The countrey herea bouts is muchtroubled tha t they a re so entertayned and have their libertie a s

they ha ve to bring sold iers ashore , and to suffer them to tra ynethe i r m en. And grea t je a lousies the re are that it is not D ’

Aulneythat is a ymed at ; see ing such a stren th wi l l neither sute such am ore ( les igne a nd La

’

l‘

our a m an 0 weak estate as it is said .

he refo re other m en’

s hands are employed , and purses too for

some other service But I leave al l these things to your seriousconsiderations, desxre ing the Lord to guide you there in to theglorie and peace of the churches he re , to whose gra ce l comm ityou and hum blie re st .

Yours trulie ever,Jo . ENDECOT'

r.

lgth o f the 4th, 1643.

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