THE WASH INGTON

ELECTRICAL

HAND

Being a Guide for V isitors fromAbroad

Attending the InternationalElectri

cal Congress, St. Louis, Mo .

September, 1 904

Washington, B. (11.

Publ ished under the auspices of

The American Institute of

Electrical Engineers0

1 904

Copyrigh ted byA M E R I C A N I N S T I T U T E O F

ELECTR I CAL ENG INEERS1 904

AS TO THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.

MONG t h e c i t i e s w h e re commerce re i g n s a n dma n u fact u re s h ol d sway t h e re i s kee n compet i t i o n . T h ere i s o n l y o n e Nat i o n a l Cap i ta l .T h o u g h a s core of comm u n i t i e s s c rambl e for

s u c h l oca l d i s t i n ct i o n a s may be ex tracte d from t h e se l fapp l i e d te rm “met ropol i s ,

” t h e re i s o n l y o n e ce n te ro f go v e r n me n t o f t h e U n i ted State s . By d i n a n d roa ra n d rat t l e a n d smoke h u n d red s of tow n s deser v e d l yac h i eve ra n k i n t h e rea l m of i n d u s t ry. t h ere i s o n l yo n e i n comparabl e re s i d e n ce c i ty i n t h e U n i t ed S tate s .T h a t i s t h e c i ty of “fashington ; t h e c i ty t h at c h a rmsme n a n d de l ig h t s wome n a t a l l se a so n s o f t h e yea r .VV ashington

’s gove r n me n t i s n ot of t h e so — cal l ed

pop u l a r form , b u t i t c omes n eare r to be i n g pop u l a rw i t h a l l t h e part i e s d i rect l y co n ce r n e d t h a n a n y o t h e rva r i e ty of m u n i c i p a l gove r n me n t ope rat i n g i n t h i s co u nt ry at t h i s t ime . T h ree Commi s s i o n e rs are appo i n t edby the Pre s i de n t o f t h e U n i t ed S tate s T h e se Commi s s i o n e rs — freq u e n t l y termed t h e t r i u mv i rate byt h o se w h o wo u l d p re fe r ot h e r commi s s i o n e rs — framee s t i mate s for t h e m u n i c i pa l s u s te n a n ce o f t h e D i s t r i c to f Col u mbi a , u rge Co n gres s to pe rm i t t h e D i s t r i c t o f

Col u mb i a to spe n d t h e mo n ey w h i c h t h e D i s t r i c t ra i se st h ro u g h taxat i o n , a n d t h e n , w h e n appropr i a t i o n s are

made , see t h a t t h ey a re p rope r l y d i sb u rsed . T h e Commi s s i o n e rs a re ge n e ra l l y me n o f p rom i n e n ce — o n e o ft h em i s req u i re d by t h e l aw to be a n office r i n the

Corp s of En gi n ee rs of t h e Army— a n d i t i s s u perfl u o u st o add t h a t t h ey a re sc r u p u l o u s l y h o n e s t . As a co nseq u e n ce

,al l mo n eys are e xpe n ded as t h e l aw d i rec t s

a n d w i t h o u t t h e d i sco u n t i n g i n te r v e n t i o n o f a Boardo f Al derme n a n d a Commo n Co u n c i l . T h e n o v el ty o ft h i s co n d i t i o n m u s t appea l s t ro n gl y to pe r so n s whoh a v e re s i de d i n c i t i e s w h e re t ax — paye rs

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c o n t r ib u t i onsare rega rded a s l egi t i mate spoi l s fo r t h e c i ty

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s fa t h e rsa n d t h e i r fr i e n d s . T h e i dea t h a t t h e peopl e of t h e D istrict o f Col u mb i a ge t a dol l a r

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s wor t h o f mate r i a l for

6’

The Wa s h i ng t on

a dol l a r m u s t be ex t remel y fas c i n a t i n g to t h e p l u ckedAmer i c a n who - h a s breat h ed t h e atmosp h e re of m u n icipal= ca re l e s s n e s s , n ot t o say corr u p t i o n .

‘ So i t come st o pas s t h a t

,e v e n w i t h i n s u ffic i e n t approp r i a t i o n s

,

Was h i n gto n i s t h e mos t de l i g h t f u l of Amer i c a n c i t i e sbeca u se i t i s t h e be s t gove r n ed ; beca u se i t s m u n icipa la dmi n i s t ra t i o n i s unmunicipally b u s i n e s s - l i ke a n d

,

com

pletely de v o i d of d i s h o n e s ty’s ta i n t .

M ISUNDERSTOOD RELATIONSH IP.

One of t h e i mporta n t t h i n gs not ge n era l l y u n de rs tood by t h e p u b l i c at l arge i s t h e pec u l i a r re l a t i o n s h i pex isting

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between t h e Ge n e ra l Gover n me n t a n d t h eo t h e r t ax - payi n g re s i de n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Col u mbi a .T h at re l a t i o n s h o u l d be o f i n t e re s t to eve ry Ame r i ca n .T h ere i s a n i mpre s s i o n ab road i n t h e l a n d— freq u e n t l yev i de n t i n Co n gres s— “ t h a t Was h i n g to n i a n s a re me n d ic a n t s

,depe n de n t u po n

,

t h e n a t i o n al bo u n ty, u n t axed or

l i g h t l y taxed , a n d d ra i n i n g, vamp i re - l i ke,t h e l i fe

b l ood of every Co n gre s sma n ’s t ax - b u rde n e d constitu

e n t s . ’ I f s u c h a n impres s i o n h ad a n y fo u n dat i o n i nfact , Was h i n gt o n

’s grow t h wo u l d soo n reac h p h en ome n a] p ropor t i o n s. T h e h u ma n de s i r e t o ge t a sm u c h a s poss ib l e for n ot h i n g wo u l d g i ve t h e D i s t r i c ta pop u l a t i o n o f more t h a n a m i l l i o n w i t h i n a decade .T h e t r u t h i s t h a t \V ashingtonians pay t h e i r s h are o f

al l b i l l s a n d a re not i n deb ted i n a n y wav e i t h e r t o t h eGe n e ra l Go v e r n me n t or to t h e compo n e n t p ar t s t h e reo fw h i c h a re l oc ate d w i t h o u t t h e l im i t s of t h e D i s t r i c t ofCol u mb i a .I n J u n e

,1 783 , Co n gre s s w a s i n se s s i o n i n Philadel

p h i a . Some of t h e Re v o l u t i o n ary sol d i e r s h adgr i e v a n ce s , a n d t h ey t h reate n i n gl y orga n i z e d a n dma rc h e d toward t h e t h e n sea t of Go v e r n me n t . Bot ht h e S t a te a n d l oca l a u t h or i t i e s co n fe s se d t h emse l ve su n abl e to co n t rol t h e i n vade rs , so Co n gres s fl ed precipitately. T h u s w as t h e n ece s s i ty for a t r u l y Nat i o n a lCap i ta l d r i v e n h ome

,a n d as t h e re s u l t came t h e Con

stitutional p ro v i s i o n w h i c h l e d to t h e ce s s i o n of t e rr itory

,t e n m i l e s sq u are

,by Maryl a n d a n d V i rgi n ia— t h e

D i s t r i c t o f Col u mb i a— t h e s i te o f w h at Pre s i de n t \Vas hington cal l e d t h e Federa l C i ty, w h i c h , i n 1800, becamet h e seat of Gover n me n t .

E l e c t r i cal H a nd b o o k 7

I n al l t h e or ig i n al c i ty s i te‘

t h e re were ac re s .T h e or ig i n a l ow n e rs do n ated to t h e U n i t ed S tate s fors t ree t s a n d a l l eys ac res

,a n d 982 add i t i o n al ac re s ,

d i v i ded i n t o b u i l d i n g l ot s . T h e U n i t e d Statest h e n p u rc h a se d for i t s own u se s 54 1 ac res more , its.

tota l h ol d i n g amo u n t i n g t h e n t o ac re s . Al l t h att h e or i g i n a l ow n e r s rece i ved were 982 ac re s , s u bd i v i ded i n t o l ot s . I t wa s prov i ded t h a t the.

54 1 ac re s p u rc h a sed for p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s i te s a n d rese rvations s h o u l d be pa i d fo r o u t o f t h e fi rs t proceedso f t h e l ot s do n a ted t o t h e Gover n me n t . T h i s wasdo n e ; so t h e Gove r n me n t d i d not pay eve n one ce n tfor t h e v as t q u a n t i ty o f so i l i t ow n s i n t h e D i s t r i c t ofCol u mb i a .

I n a rece n t Board o f Trade p u b l i cat i o n t h e t h e np re s i de n t o f t h e o rga n i z a t i o n sketc h ed br i efly t h e con

ditions w h i c h p reva i l e d a s to t h e N at i o n a l Cap i ta lpart n e rs h i p from t h e t ime o f t h e i n i t i a l agreeme n t s a sto mai n t e n a n ce u n t i l t h e year 1878, w h e n t h e orga n i cl aw n ow i n operat i o n wa s e n acted .

“T h e or igi n a l ow n e r s 0f “Was h i n gt o n “

,s a i d t h e

w r i te r,

“ do n ate d nve— seve n t h s of fithe

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city’s s o i l a n d

y i e l ded t h e r i g h t o f se l f — go v e r n me n t t o t h e Nat i o n o nt h e u n de rs ta n d i n g a n d impl i e d agreeme n t t h a t t h eNat i o n wa s t o b u i l d u p h e re a mag n i fice n t cap i ta l , ati t s own expe n se , re imb u rs i ng i t s e l f i n pa rt from t h ep roceeds o f t h e s a l e o f t h e do n ate d l ot s . A prete n t i o u sc i ty was p l a n n ed

,a n d l ot s we re sol d by t h e Gover n me n t

on t h e s t re n gt h of t h i s u n der s ta n d i n g. Patr i ck He n rycompl a i n ed t h a t t h e re s i de n t s of t h e D i s t r i c t m ig h t ,u n de r t h e arra n geme n t ,

‘e n j oy e xc l u s i ve emol u me n t st o the great i n j u ry of t h e re s t of t h e peopl e ,

’ a n d p amp h l e t p rote s t wa s e n te re d aga i n s t Co n gre s s mee t i n g al lt h e n eed s of t h e cap i ta l , o n t h e gro u n d t h at t h e i n de

pendence a n d se l f - re spect of i t s c i t i z e n s wo u l d be degraded . I t wa s from t h e begi n n i n g , i n t h eory a t l ea s t ,t h e c i ty o f t h e Nat i o n

,a n d n ot t h e c i ty o f i t s re s i de n t s ,

a n d t h e p r ima ry respo n s ib i l i ty for i t s de v e l opme n t h a sa l ways bee n i n eq u i ty u po n t h e Nat i o n , a n d t h e re s ide n t s , w h o h ave n o vo i ce i n t h e d i spos i t i o n of

“

the

8 The Wa s h i ng t o n,

mo n ey e xacted from t h em , are t h e i n c i de n ta l co ntributors. I n sp i te o f t h i s co n ceded re l at i o n of Nat i o nand cap i ta l , t h e l oca l t a x — payers of t h e D i s t r i c t fot h ree - fo u r t h s o f a ce n t u ry were compe l l e d t o as s u me

prac t i ca l l y t h e e n t i re b u rde n o f cap i t al - mak i n g, t h eN at i o n v i o l at i n g a n d. n egl ec t i n g t h e obl i ga t i o n s w h i c hit h ad i n c u r re d . I n 1878 t h e amo u n t of t h e contribu

t i o n s o f t h e re s i de n t tax - paye rs toward t h e e xpe n se s o ft h e c ap i ta l were fixe d by l aw a t one— h a l f t h e t ota lamo u n t , t h e N at i o n ta rd i l y a n d i n adeq u a t e l y f u l fil l:ing i t s or i g i n a l agreeme n t.

’

TREES. PARKS , HOMES.

‘

Co u n t l e s s s h ade t ree s a n d sco re s o f m i l e s of broadasp h a l t ed s t ree t s wo u l d o f t h emsel ve s make Was h i n gt o n wort h y of a v i s i t , b u t t h ey are o n l y two of the

ma n y i tems w h i c h go to make u p t h e s u m total of u rba nde s i rab i l i ty. Scat tere d l i be ra l l y t h ro u g h o u t t h e l e n gt hand bread t h o f t h e c i ty are pa rks (ofli cially k n ow n a sGo v e r n me n t re se rvat i o n s ) . Some of t h e se park s a reme re l y gras s - p l a n te d t r i a n gl e s

,co n t r ib u t i n g to t h e

fa s c i n a t i n g geomet r i ca l de s i g n w h i c h ca u se d i t to bes a i d t h a t l V ashingt on was mode l e d a f te r Ve r sa i l l e sa n d Ve rsa i l l e s f rom a sp i de r’s web .

” Ot h er s a re greatsq u are s or c i rc l e s w h e re s t ree t s a n d ave n u e s co n v e rge ;a se t t i n g of emera l d for c h o i ce pl a n t s a n d flowe rs , a n dfreq u e n t l y s i t e s for s tat u e s of sol d i e r s. s a i l ors a n ds t a te sme n . St i l l o t h e r s co v e r e x te n s i v e te r r i tory. RockCreek

.

Park co n ta i n s more t h a n e i g h tee n h u n d redac re s ; t h e Z ool og i ca l Park h a s n ea r l y two h u n d redacre s : t h e Mal l s t re t c h e s from t h e Cap i tol t o t h e Potomac . By

- a n d — by t h e re w i l l be a n o t h e r grea t pa rk .

F or yea r s ma n a n d mac h i n e ry h a v e to i l ed to c h a n ge“t h e o n ce — n o i some a n d pe s t i l e n t i a l r i v e r mars h e s i n t o apl e a s u re gro u n d

,a n d t h e b u l k o f t h e work h a s bee n

do n e . I n c l o se d w i t h i n a s t ro n g sea — wal l t h e ol d r i v e rbed h a s bee n t ra n s formed i n t o t re e - grow i n g so i l u n t i lt h e re i s a v a s t expa n se o f h i g h gro u n d w h i c h i n t h en ear f u t u re w i l l be pl aced i n t h e keep i n g o f l a n d s capega rde n e r s to t h e e n d t h a t t h e p u b l i c may be plea sed .e dified a n d p h ys i ca l l y bet te red .

S u b u rba n \Vas h i n gto n i s ex tremelv bea u t i f u l . I t i s

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k

bea u t i f u l eve n w h e n compared w i t h t h e c i ty. I tabo u n d s i n fea s t s o f la n d scape

,i n h i g h l a n d s i te s a n d

wood l a n d re t rea t s , i n s u pe rb d r i ve s , c rys ta l s t ream s ,fi n e t rave l fac i l i t i e s a n d t h e bes t o f good soc i e ty. Fromt h e sw i ft - flowing a n d di s t u rbed Potomac on t h e we s t ,ove r t h e h i l l s a n d val l eys o f t h e n o rt h a n d ea st

,a ro u n d

t o t h e now broade r a n d maj e s t i c r i ve r on t h e s o u t h ,t h e re i s a co n t i n u o u s c h a i n o f s u bd i v i s i o n s w i t h i n t h el i n k s o f w h i c h t h e n ew - comer may fi n d e n o u g h of

p i c t u re sq u e var i e ty to p u zz l e h i m w h e n h e de s i re s to

make c h o i ce . Here i s a n a t t ract i ve fie l d for t h e investor. Was h i n gto n ’s growt h i s n o l o n ge r a mat te r o fs u rm i se .D i ver s i ty o f a rc h i te ct u re i s o n e of t h e re aso n s whvWas h i n gto n i s s u c h a des i rabl e p l ace of re s i de n c e .Years ago ma n y c i t i e s became e n amored of ce r ta i ns tyl e s of a rc h i te c t u re , a n d i t seemed a lmos t i mpos s i bl efor a n y co n s i de rabl e n u mber o f peopl e to depa r t fromt h e des ig n s w h i c h p l ea se d t h e i r fat h e rs a n d gra n dfat h e rs. T h ere h a s n eve r bee n auv s u c h forma l i sm i nW a s h i n gto n . No l o n g row s of u n d i s t i n g u i s h abl eho u se s prec i s e l y a l ike i n e v e ry e xte r n a l a n d i n te r n a lde t a i l , a n d mo n oto n o u s a t a l l t ime s , de st roy Was h i n g ~

t o n 's c l a im to m u n i c i pa l i n d i v i d u a l i ty. Arc h i tec t u ra li n depe n de n ce i s t h e r u l e a n d i t has worked admi rab l y.I n s tea d of wear i s ome l a n e s of re d br i cks , w h i t e doo rs teps a n d gree n b l i n d s a re t h e e s t h e t i c p rod u c t s of

moder n b ra i n s a n d sympat h e t i c h a n ds . T h i s q u a l i ty i sby n o mea n s co nfin e d to t h e great ma n s i o n s ; i n fac t ,i t i s more commo n i n t h e l e s s p re te n t i o u s h omes .Ho u se h ol d ar t i s a n otab l e Was h i n gto n c h a racter i s t i c.

V ITAL FIGURES.

Some fig u re s a re co n f u s i n g. Some are u n t r u t h f u l .‘

Some are u n at t ract i ve . T h e v i t a l s ta t i s t i c s o f t h e National Cap i t a l a re c l ea r

,acc u rate a n d gra t i fy i n g. \Vi t h

a tota l pop u l a t i o n c l o se l y approx ima t i n g t h ree himd red t h o u s a n d

,i n 1902 t h e w h i te dea t h rate was

pe r t h o u sa n d i n h ab i ta n t s , t h e n u mbe r o f t h a t c l a s sbe i n g abo u t two h u n d red t h o u sa n d , fi v e h u n d red . T h ecol ored res i de n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Col u mb i a n u m ~

e re d t h e n s omet h i n g l i ke n i n e ty t h o u s a n d a n d t h e i r

E l e c t r i cal Ha n d boo k 1 1

deat h rate was T h e w h ol e deat h r ate wa sSmal l a s t h e rate i s— swol l e n , h owever , by t h e m u c hl a rge r morta l i ty of t h e n egro— it l e s se n s s te ad i l y.Twe n ty - fo u r years ago t h e w h i t e deat h ra te wa sw h i l e t h e col o red morta l i ty was rep re se n te d byS i n ce t h a t t ime med i ca l s c i e n ce a n d ed u cat i o n h avewro u g h t wo n de r s ; not spasmod i ca l l y , b u t co n t i n u o u s l ya n d sol i d l y. S h a l l ow wel l s h ave bee n fi l l e d u p , mar s h e sd ra i n e d a n d s t reet s c l ea n ed

,water - s u pp l y i n c rea sed ,

mi l k ca re f u l l y i n spec ted,food ad u l te rat i o n s so u g h t a n d

l ocated , s u r face d ra i n age s toppe d a n d sa n i ta t i o n t a u g h t .Co u n t l e s s efl

'

orts t o de fe n d t h e p u b l i c from i t se l f a n di t s h a rd l y l es s act i v e e n em i e s h ave bro u g h t fort h marve l o n s re s u l t s . A vi gi l a n t a n d eflicient Heal t h Depa r tme n t h a s so t ake n adva n tage o f t h e b road h i g h waysa n d t h e n a t u ra l sa n i t a ry co n d i t i o n s a s t o re n de r t h ei n h ab i t a n t s p roo f aga i n s t a n y scare o f a n epidemic.

I n n o o t h e r c i ty i n t h e co u n t ry i s t h e re l e s s c h a n cefor t h e sp read i n g abroa d o f a n y p l ag u e - l i ke affl i c t i o n .

A commo n comm u n i ty weak n es s i s boa st f u l n e s s a s tot h e l oca l c l imate . Was h i n gto n doe s not boas t of i t sc l imate , b u t i t ext ract s a great dea l o f q u i e t satisfac

t i o n from t h e fac t t h a t i n t h e s u mmer i t i s m u c h cool e rt h a n a re ma n y c i t i e s to t h e n ort h o f i t . So u t h e r nb reez es o f w h i c h so ma n y ce n t e r s o f pop u l a t i o n s com

p l a i n d u r i n g t h e s u mmer sea so n reac h Was h i n gto ncool ed by a t h o u s a n d m i l e s of i n t imacy w i t h t h e Atla n t i c Ocea n a n d more t h a n two h u n d red o f m i l e s o f

c l o se comm u n i o n w i t h t h e C h e sape ake a n d t h e Potomac. Eve n w h e n t h e days a re rea l l y h ot t h e s u n ’sh ea t h a s not t h a t dead l y effect i v e n e s s w h i c h i s commo n i n more n ort h e r n c i t i e s . T h e l oca l record o f s u ns t roke s a n d h e at p ros t rat i o n s s h ows almos t e n t i re imm u n i ty from fatal ca se s ; a record w h i c h co n t ra s t ss t ro n gl y w i th t h a t made i n the de n se l y i n h ab i t ed a n d

n a rrow st ree t s of s u c h c i t i e s a s New York,fo r in

s ta n ce . T h ere h ave bee n t ime s , too , w h e n VV ashingt o n h a s l u x u r i a te d i n warmt h w h i l e regi o n s m u c hn ea re r t h e eq u a to r h ave s h i ve re d i n t h e c l a sp o f t h ei ce k i n g. T h ere i s p robab l y no p l ace i n a l l t h e ea ste r n

1 2 The IV a s hi ng ton

port i o n o f t h e U n i te d S ta te s w h e re t h e tempe rat u rei s more n ea r l y eq u abl e t h a n i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Col u mbi a .Ma n y i n val i d s come to Was h i n gto n d u r i n g t h e fal la n d rema i n u n t i l i t i s t ime to v i s i t t h e mo u n t a i n s o rt h e s eas h ore . T h e fac t t h a t Was h i n gto n i s s i t u ated in

t h e great peac h - grow i n g be l t i s p roo f co n c l u s i ve a s tot h e mi l d n e ss o f i t s c l imate.

TH E BEST SCHOOL IN TH E COUNTRY.

As a n ed u cat i o n a l ce n te r Was h i n gto n h a s ma n y ad

va n tages ove r ot h e r Amer i ca n c i t i e s . O n e i n e v e ryfive h u n dre d o f i t s i n h ab i t a n t s i s a s c ie n t i s t of moret h a n l oca l rep u t e. Now h ere i n a l l t h e We s te r n Hemis

phere ca n t h e re be fo u n d s u c h a vas t s tore o f ed u cational mate r i a l . Here i s t h e o n l y p l ace w h ere t h e studvof t h e Gover n me n t of t h e grea t rep u b l i c i s pos s i b l e .Here i s t h e mac h i n e ry w h i c h accomp l i s h e s so m u c h .Here , a l l t h e year ro u n d , t h e e xec u t i ve bra n c h p u t s i nope rat i o n t h e p l a n s commi t ted t o i t s keep i n g by t h a tbody w h i c h d i rec t l y rep re se n t s t h e peop l e . Years m ig h tprofit ab l y be spe n t by s t u de n t s i n ob se rv i n g t h e met h odsof pre s i de n t s , cab i n e t officer s , c h i e fs of b u rea u s ,c l e rk s a n d eve n t h e h o l de r s of h u mbl er pos i t i o n s.Here Co n gre s s mee t s a n d a ffords ampl e opport u n i tyfo r t h e care f u l i n ve s t i gato r i n to o u r l egi s l a t i ve met h ods .H i t h e r come t h e pol i t i c i a n s

,t h e seeke rs a fter office ,

t h e ma n i p u l a tor s o f t h e “ p u l l s ,” t h e s tate sme n w i t h o u t

v i s i b l e mea n s of s u pport, t h e c l a im a n t's , t h e me n w h oh ope to be b u t n eve r are.Obj ect l e s so n s , h owever , are n ot t h e o n l y l e s so n sta u g h t i n Was h i n gto n . Here i s the grea t Li b ra ry o fCo n gre s s

,h o u se d i n a mag n ifice n t s t r u ct u re t h e decor a

t i o n s o f w h i c h are t h e admi ra t i o n of the ar t wor l d ; al i b ra ry t h at seems to l ack l i t t l e of comparat i v e com

pleteness. Here are t h e gover n me n t departme n t s , eac hr i c h i n mate r i a l for s t u dy. Here i s t h e Smi t h so n i a nI n s t i t u t i o n a n d Nat i o n a l M u s e u m. Here i s t h e Corcora n Gal l e ry o f Ar t

,a grea t col l e c t i o n sp l e n d i d l y

s h e l te re d . Here a re u n i ve rs i t i e s a n d col l ege s a n ds c h ool s i n p ro f u s i o n . A p u bl i c l i b rary, o n l y rece n t l ye s tab l i s h ed

,wi l l soo n

,i t i s h oped , be s u ffic i e n t l y de

veloped t o s u ppl y t h e l i te rary dema n d s o f t h i s mor e

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 1 3

t h a n o rd i n a ry i n t e l l i ge n t comm u n i ty. T h e b u i l d i n g i nw h i c h t h i s l i bra ry h a s i t s h ome i s a n o tabl e contribu

t i o n t o a rc h i tec t u ra l Was h i n gt o n .Was h i n gto n h a s s t ro n g soc i a l te n de n c i e s , a n d t h e se ,comb i n e d w i t h t h e refi n e d cosmopol i ta n c h a rac te r of“lashington

'

s pop u l at i o n , add l a rge l y to t h e c i ty's at

tractiveness a s a p l a ce of re s i de n ce . Here may befo u n d t h e bes t repre se n ta t i ve s of E u ropea n

,As i a t i c

a n d Ameri ca n c i v i l i z a t i o n ; some of t h em prom i n e n t i nt h e ofli cial worl d , o t h e rs co n sp i c u o u s i n b u s i n e s s ai

fa i r s ; st i l l o t h e rs co n te n t o n ly on e n j oy i n g t h e fr u i t so f t h e i r to i l a n d t h e rem n a n t o f t h e i r days .

Offic i a l Was h i n gto n i s n otabl e. W'

h i l e Co n gre s s i si n s e s s i o n t h e re ca n not pos s i b l y be compl a i n t of d u l ln es s . T h ere a re ba n q u e t s a t t h e Exec u t i ve Ma n s i o n ;Pre s i de n t i a l recep t i o n s to t h e S u p reme Co u rt , t h eD i p l omat i c Corp s , t h e Ho u se s of Co n gre s s , t h e Armya n d Navy

,a n d t h e ge n e ra l p u b l i c ; week ly recep t i o n s

by membe rs o f t h e Cab i n e t ; D i p l omat i c Corp s “ a td i n n e r s gal o re ; al l t h e va r i e t i e s o f te a s ;

t h eate r pa rt i e s w i t h o u t n u mber ; a n d a j u d i c i o u ssp r i n k l i n g o f opport u n i t i e s to be a t o n ce fa s h i o n ab lea n d c h ar i t ab l e . I t s h o u l d be u n de r s tood , h owever , t h a tWas h i n gt o n soc i e ty i s n o t w h o l l y offic i a l nor i s i t altoge t h e r ope n to t h e pos se s so r of a n y p l ace i n t h e

B l u e Book. No n - official Was h i n gto n h a s a soc i a l c i rc l ei n w h i c h may be fo u n d ma n y de l i g h t f u l peop l e w h oseq u a l i t i e s a re so l i d a n d e n d u r i n g ; t h e be st e l eme n t s o fa l l soc i a l l i fe a n d wort h y rep re se n ta t i ve s o f t h e me nand wome n w h o h ave made t h e c i ty w h a t i t i s -a

Cap i ta l of w h i c h t h e Nat i o n i s j u s t l y p ro u d .Was h i n gto n i s we l l eq u i pped w i t h p l ace s o f rat i o n a lam u seme n t. T h ere are first- c l a s s t h eater s a n d seco n dc l as s t h e ater s a n d eve n t h i rd - c l a s s t h eate rs . I n t h es u mmer t ime t h e re a re co n t i n u o u s t ro l l ey exc u rs i o n s togl e n s a n d gro v e s a n d l ake s ; r i v e r exc u rs i o n s ma n yt ime s a day ; ra i l road t r i p s to fre s h , brack i s h o r sa l twate r ; a n d garde n s devo t ed ma i n l y to t h e sa l e of

l i q u o rs w h i c h i n ce rta i n se a so n s of t h e yea r a re s u pp osed t o h ave cool i n g prope r t i e s.

E l e c t r i ca l H a n d - bo o k 1 5

Li g h t ma n u fact u r i n g co u l d not find a more co n ge n i a lh ome t h a n i n or i n t h e immed i ate v i c i n i ty o f t h e D ist r i e t o f Col u mb i a . At t h i s t i me t h e e n ormo u s wate rpowe r o f t h e Po tomac i s u n u sed , b u t t h e day of s u c he xt ravaga n t a n d i n ex c u sabl e was te f u l n e s s i s rapidlv

pass i n g. A compa n y i s n ow p l a n n i n g t o co n ve rt i n toe l ec t r i ca l force t h e r u s h i n g tor re n t s o f t h e r i v e r a tGre at Fa l l s a n d to co n vey t h a t same force i n t o t h ec i ty for i l l u m i n a t i n g a n d prop u l s i ve p u rpose s. T h atb reac h w i l l p robabl y re s u l t i n t h e dow n fa l l o f t h e wa l lw h i c h h a s u n t i l n ow s h u t out t h e i n d u s t r i o u s w h oh ave l o n g gr i eved at t h e i r i n ab i l i ty to t u r n to mo n eymak i n g u se t h e h u n d re d s o f s i te s a v a i l ab l e for t h el e s s obj e ct i o n ab l e va r i e t i e s of ma n u fact u re s . T h ere i sa b i g l oca l marke t for a l mos t a n y k i n d o f a fac toryp rod u c t. Coa l i s bro u g h t d i rec t l y by ca n a l f rom t h em i n e s i n t h e C u mberl a n d d i s t r i c t

,a n d t h e re i s amp l e

ra i l a n d r i ve r t ra n sport at i o n .

S team comm u n i cat i o n w i t h t h e n ort h , s o u t h , ea s t a n dwe s t i s ma i n ta i n e d by t h e Pe n n syl v a n i a Ra i l road

,t h e

Ba l t imore O h i o Ra i l road,t h e C h esapeake

O h i o Ra i l road , t h e So u t h e r n Ra i l road , t h e At l a n t i cCoas t Li n e a n d t h e Seaboa rd A i r L i n e . Elec t r i c ra i lroad s ope ra te a s far so u t h a s Al exa n dr i a , V a. ; n ort h t oRock v i l l e , Md ; e as t to La u re l , Md ,

a n d we s t t o Cabi nJ o h n B r i dge , Md . Al l t h e p rom i n e n t s u b u rb s a ree l ect r i ca l l y co n n ec te d w i t h t h e c i ty. Steamboat s e rv i cei s co n s t a n t . T h ree o f t h e fi n e s t o f r i v e r boat s a re r u n

be twee n Was h i n gto n a n d Fort re s s Mo n roe , Nor fo l ka n d Newport News . O t h e r good boa t s r u n t o Mo u n tVer n o n , Mars h a l l H al l , Ri ve r V i ew ,

Glymo n t , C h ape lPo i n t , Col o n i a l Beac h , Pi n ey Po i n t , a l l t h e ot h e r Potomac l a n d i n gs i n M aryl a n d a n d V i rgi n i a , a n d u p t h eC h e sapeake to Bal t imore .

THE REPUBLIC IN M IN IATURE.

“lashington'

s f u t u re i s as s u red . T h e day of do u bti n gs

, of fe a rs. a n d o f l i t t l e t h i n gs , h as depa rted fore v e r. Pre s i de n t Noye s

,of t h e Was h i n gto n Board o f

Trade,p u t t h a t v e ry h app i l y w h e n h e s a i d T h e ward

o f t h e n a t i o n w i l l n e v e r aga i n be s ta r v ed a n d i l lt reate d by i t s g u a rd i a n , o n ce co n temp t u o u s , n ow grow n

1 6 The Wa s h i n g t on

pro u d a n d affe ct i o n ate . I n t h e p re se n t par t n e r s h i p of

n at i o n a n d n at i o n ’s c i ty t h e forme r h a s e n dor se d t h el a t t er’s p romi se to prospe r as we l l a s t o pay. T h eswel l i n g p rospect s o f ot h e r p l ace s t h a t a t t ract me nmay col l ap se , mi n e ra l depos i t s may fa i l , t a r i ff c h a n ge smay r u i n t h e b u s i n e s s of a ma n u fact u r i n g tow n

,fick l e

commerce may fl ow i n ot h e r c h a n n e l s,b u t t h e for t u n e

o f t h e rep u bl i c a n d i t s cap i ta l a re i n sepa rabl y i n te rwo v e n

,a n d

,w h i l e t h e S tate s o f t h e U n i o n e n d u re a n d

flo u r i s h Was h i n gt o n a s t h e n a t i o n ’s c i ty w i l l s h ow for t ht h e rep u b l i c i n m i n i at u re

,re spo n d i n g i n i t s ow n grow t h

to t h e n a t i o n a l deve l opme n t a n d pro sper ity.”

ELECTR ICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THEUNITED

STATES.

T wo u l d n ot be u n fa i r or u n sa fe to t ake t h e e l ec t r i ca l

deve l opme n t o f a peopl e . or t h e e xte n t t o w h i c h a

n a t i o n u se s e l ect r i ca l app l i ca t i o n s , a s a ga u ge of its

c i v i l i z a t i o n ; a n d from t h i s po i n t of v i ew t h e dat a

h e rew i t h g i ve n a s t o t h e e x te n t o f t h e ind u s t r i e s t h a t

a re based o n e l ec t r i c i ty i n t h e U n i te d Stat e s may h av e

more t h a n a pa s s i n g val u e . So fa r a s i s k n ow n , t h i s

co u n t ry i s t h e o n l y o n e i n w h i c h a s u s t a i n ed e ffo rt h a s

bee n made by t h e Gover n me n t to s u bmi t to t h e s ta t i s t i

ca l p roce s se s of ce n s u s i n q u i ry t h e w h ol e ra n ge of t h e

e l ect r i ca l arts ;‘

but i t i s be l i e v ed t h a t i n a few yea r s

s im i l a r fig u re s w i l l be obt a i n ab l e for al l port i o n s o f t h e

c i v i l i z e d worl d,e n ab l i n g a n y co u n t ry to meas u re i t s e l f

w i t h ot h e r s a s to i t s u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e t e l egrap h,t h e

te l ep h o n e,t h e t rol l ey, the e l ec t r i c l i g h t , t h e e l e ct r i c

motor a n d o t h e r k i n d re d app l i a n ce s by mea n s of w h i c h

i n te l l i ge n ce ca n be sw i ft l y t ra n sm i t ted,d i s t a n ce s be

s h o rte n e d , t h e da rk n e s s b r i g h t e n ed , l abor l e s se n e d , a n d

s i ck n e s s a l l e v i at ed . Wh i l e some fig u re s h ave bee n ava i l

ab l e a s to ce rt a i n b ra n c h e s o f e l ec t r i ca l work. i n var i o u s

co u n t r i e s , a t d i ffe re n t t ime s , t h e rap i d growt h of t h i s

e sse n t i a l l y moder n dep a rtme n t o f d i scove ry a n d en

deavor re n de rs i t highly’

necessary t h a t eve ry c i v i l i z ed

co u n t ry s h o u l d n ow f u r n i s h for i t se l f a n d o t h e r s a l l

t h e se i mporta n t base s of compar i s o n .

As to t h e U n i t ed S tate s o f Amer i ca,i t seems o n l y

n at u ra l t h a t w i t h i t s t i me — co n s u mi n g remote n e s s fromthe Old \Vorl d. i t s v a s t n a t u ra l re so u rce s

,i t s e n e rge t i c

p op u l a t i o n , a n d i t s be n t for i n d u s tria l o rga n i z at io n ,

1 8 The Wa s h i ng t o n

a s soc i a te d w i t h a n u n u s u a l kee n n e s s o f t h e i n ve n t ive

fac u l t i e s,t h e re s h o u l d h ave bee n ma n i fe s te d a sw i ft ap

p rec i at i o n o f al l t h e be n efi t s t h a t p ract i ca l e l ec t r i c i tyco u l d bes tow . He n ce , a s a matte r of fact , t h e ave rage

a n n u a l e xpe n d i t u re pe r h e ad o f t h e pop u l a t i o n i n t h eU n i ted S tate s of Amer i ca i s v i r t u a l l y n ot l e s s for e l e c

trical c u r re n t a n d s u pp l i e s t h a n for da i l y bread . S u c h a

st ateme n t , w h i c h may a t firs t gl a n ce appear a s to u n d i n g,is ea s i l y te s te d . T h e o u t l ay a n n u a l l y on act u a l appa

rat u s i s eq u a l t o $2 pe r h ea d . T h e tol l p a i d to t h e t ro l

ley sys tem s of t h e co u n t ry i s $3 or bet te r pe r h ead. T h e

e a r n i n gs of t h e e l ec t r i c l i g h t compa n i e s are j u s t abo u t

$ 1 per h ead , w h i l e t h e va l u e of t h e se rv i ce g i v e n by i so

lated p l a n t s i s recko n ed as app roac h i n g t h e s ame

amo u n t. T h e ear n i n gs o f t h e te l egrap h compa n i e sreac h ro u g h l y 50 ce n t s pe r h ead , a n d t h e te l ep h o n e com

panies ge t s l i g h t l y bet te r t h a n $ 1 pe r h ead . To t h e se

it ems m u s t be added t h ose d u e to t h e o u t l ay on a l o n g

l i s t of ot h e r se rv i ce s,i n c l u d i n g e l ect r i c i ty i n m i n e s

,in

med i c i n e , i n e l evator s , i n a u t omob i l e s, e t c., a n d i t w i l l

be see n t h a t a tot a l,f u l l y a u t h e n t i ca te d i n a l l re spect s

,

i s re ac h e d o f at l ea s t to $9 per h ead pe r yea r.S u re l y s u c h a n e xpe n d i t u re i s not s u rp as se d or eve n

eq u a l e d i n a n y ot h e r co u n t ry i n t h e worl d . I t i s eq u a l l yce rta i n

,a s t h u s demo n s t rate d , t h a t t h e Amer i ca n of to

day l i ve s a s m u c h by e l ec t r i c i ty a s by b read .

T h e i n d u s t r i a l b ra n c h e s of Ameri ca n e l e ct r i c a l deve l

opment may n ow be take n u p i n b r i e f re v i ew , u s i n g t h e

dat a c h i efly t h a t h a s bee n sys temat i ca l l y co l l a te d s i n ce

t h e l a s t ge n e ra l ce n s u s of 1900- 1 by t h e U n i te d S ta te s

B u rea u o f t h e Ce n s u s i n Was h i n gto n , w h e n for t h e firs t

t ime a n i n ve s t i gat i o n was made sepa rate l y a s to t h e p rod u c t i o n o f e l ec t r i ca l apparat u s a n d s u pp l i e s — an i n q u i ryt h a t w i l l be repeate d i n t h e ma n u fact u r i n g ce n s u s of

1905 , a s req u i re d by Co n gre s s . T h e a v e rage growt h i n

s u c h p rod u c t i o n i s fo u n d t o h ave bee n a t t h e rate o f 1 5to 20 pe r ce n t . for t h e la st twe n ty year s. He n ce t h e e s t i

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20 The IV a s h'l ng to n

t h e co u n t ry. I t m u s t , moreove r , be recol l e c te d t h a t allo f t h i s appa rat u s se rve s a s a n u n de rl y i n g co n s t i t u e n t ofgreat p u b l i c se r v i ce systems and pl a n t s for ra i l waywork , l i g h t i n g, t e l ep h o n y, t el egrap h y, e tc . ; so t h a t i nt h e w h ol e i n d u s t ry t h e act u a l i n c rea se i n i n ve s tme n t

,ia

e l u s i ve of re al e s tate,b u i l d i n gs

,l i n e co n s t r u ct io n t rack

,

e n gi n e s , waterw h ee l s, et c ., wo u l d rep re se n t not fa r s h ortof T h e a n n u a l i n c re a se i n cap i ta l i z at i o n i nt h e s t ree t ra i l w ay fie l d a l o n e i s now abo u ta l t h o u g h , o f co u rse, cap i t a l i z a t i o n i s n ot t o be t ake n assy n o n ymo u s w i t h i n ve s tme n t .T h e Te l egrap h i s t h e ol de s t p u b l i c se rv i ce i n d u s t ry int h e U n i te d S tate s o f Amer i ca , a s i t i s e l s ew h e re , b u t , a st h e fig u re s s h ow , i t i s a l s o t h e smal l e s t. I n deed , eac hn ew i n d u s t ry h a s appare n t l y ro l l e d forward w i t h a b i gger wave , t h e t e l egrap h , t e l ep h o n e , e l ec t r i c l i g h t a n de l ec t r i c ra i l way eac h be i n g l a rge r t h a n i t s p re dece s so ri n s t r i c t orde r a n d s u cce s s i o n . Wh et h e r t h i s re l at i o n ofmag n i t u de w i l l be ma i n t a i n ed

,ca n n ot be fore to l d

,b u t i t

h a s pe rs i s te d for some year s , a n d e n co u rage s t h o u g h t f u lspec u l at i o n a s to t h e p l ace t h a t e l ec t r i c powe r i s n owtaking universally for t h e p rop u l s i o n a n d ope rat i o n of

mi l l s,factor i e s , mi n es , dock s , pr i n t i n g p l a n t s a n d a t h o u

s a n d ot h e r k i n d s of i n d u s t r i a l e s t abl i s h me n t. I t i s a l l,

h oweve r,ev ol u t i o n a ry from t h e te l egrap h .

T h e D i re c tor of t h e Ce n s u s h a s i s s u e d a p re l im i n a ryreport o n t h e commerc i a l t e l egrap h sys tems o f the

U n i te d S tate s for t h e yea r e n d i n g De cembe r 3 1 , 1902 .

T h e report i n c l u de s o n l y commerc i a l te l egrap h compa n i c s ow n ed a n d ope rate d w i t h i n t h e U n i te d S tate s ,w h i c h we re i n ope rat i o n d u r i n g a n y port i o n o f t h e year,n o s t at i s t i c s be i n g gi ve n fo r fore i g n te l egrap h com

panies operat i n g i n t h e U n i ted State s .N u mber o f compa n i e sCommo n stock : - 1 )A u t h or i z ed

,par va l u e

I s s u ed,pa r val u e

Gros s i n c omeTota l expe n seD i v i de n d s a n d i n t e re s t o n bo n d sNet s u rp l u s

E l ec t r i ca l H an d b o o k 9 1

Mi l e s o f w i re ope ratedN u mber o f mes sage s se n t d u r i n g 1902 .

N u mber of t e l egrap h office s .Batte r i e s i n officesPr imary— N u mber o f ce l l sSt orage — N u mbe r o f ce l l s

( 1 ) Exc l u s i ve o f t h e c ap i ta l i z a t i o n of the Posta lTe l egrap h Cabl e Compa n y

,w h i c h wa s reporte d a s

I t i s to be obse rved i n pas s i n g t h a t h e re i n a re iac l u de d n o fig u re s of ra i lway te l egrap h — t h e ste am ra i lroads of t h e co u n t ry a l l h a v i n g e l aborate mes sage a n ds i g n a l se rv i ce s , b u t p re se n t i n g n o ge n e ra l s t at i s t i c s .O n e import a n t b ra n c h o f te l egrap h y t h a t m u s t n ot beo v e r l ooked

,h owe v e r , i s t h a t o f t h e m u n i c i p a l e l ec t r i c

fire a l a rm a n d pol i ce pa t rol sys tems . In regard to t h e se ,the Ce n s u s Office h a s i s s u e d t h i s yea r a n i n te re s t i n g re

port , t h e firs t of i t s k i n d . From t h i s i t appears t h a t i n1 902 t h e re we re 764 fire al a rm systems , w i t h m i l e so f pol e l i n e ow n ed a n d m i l e s l e a sed ; wi t h a tot a lw i re o f m i l e s , o u t o f w h i c h pe r ce n t . wasu n de rgro u n d i n 859 mi l e s o f co n d u i t . D i s t r i b u t e d a l o n gt h e se c i rc u i t s we re s i g n a l l i n g boxe s or s tat i o n s ,o f w h i c h were o n pol e s or post s a n d i nboot h s , e t c. ; or o n e t o t h e m i l e of c i rc u i t , ro u g h l y. I n1902 t h e se boxe s reporte d fi re a l arms

,or be twee n

two a n d t h ree to t h e m i l e of c i rc u i t . T h e ce n t ra l officeappa rat u s compr i se d 1 55 ma n u a l t ra n smi tt e rs , 295 a u tomat i c t ra n sm i t te rs

,a n d 452 rece i v i n g regi s te r s of a l l

k i n d s , gro u ped at t h e v a r i o u s ce n t ra l offices or fireheadq u a r te rs . T h e se we re a s soc i a te d w i t h re

ceiving a n d t ra n sm i t t i n g c i rc u i t s,co n n ec te d w i t h

2 14 te l egrap h sw i t c h boa rds , a n d w i t h 62 te l ep h o n esw i t c h board s w i t h a tot a l capac i ty of d rop s orl i n e s . T h e s i n gl e c i rc u i t s " exte n d i n g from headquar

te rs a n d ret u r n i n g t h e reto were 442 . C u rre n t was f u rnished by ce l l s o f pr ima ry ba t te ry a n ds torage ce l l s . No very defin i t e data ca n be gi v e n a s toempl oyee s a n d sal a r i e s , as t h e d u t i e s a re so freq u e n t l yc ombi n ed w i t h t h o se of ot h e r or n o n - e l ec t r i ca l work ,

22 The Wa s h i ng t o n

b u t t h e fig u re s of 55 l a rge r sys tem s s h owed 84 sa l ar i e doffic i al s a n d c l e rks ea r n i n g pe r a n n u m , a n d 8 18wage - ea r n e r s w i t h t ot a l wage s of O f t h e s e

55 systems , 2 5 were fire a l a rm exc l u s i ve l y, 2 1 pol i c epat ro l ex c l u s i ve l y

,a n d 9 a comb i n at i o n of t h e two .

T h e pol i ce pat ro l system i s of l a te r deve l opme n t t h ant h e fi re a l a rm

,w h i c h date s back to 1852 , a l t h o u g h at

l e a s t o n e pol i c e se rv i ce goe s back to 1867. I n 1902 t h e rewere 148 pl a n t s of t h i s c h a racte r . T h ey h a dmi l e s of w i re ove r h ea d a n d m i l e s u n de rgro u n d i n27 1 "mi l e s of co n d u i t ow n ed by t h e dep ar tme n t s a n d i n

502 mi l e s of l e as ed co n d u i t . T h e c i rc u i t s were occ u p i edby s i g n a l l i n g boxes a n d te l ep h o n e boxe s

,

w h i l e t h i s eq u i pme n t was s u pp l eme n ted by spec i a lte l ep h o n e s. Ove r a l l t h e s e i n s t r u me n t s pol i c eca l l s we re se n t or rece i ved , of w h i c h werete l ep h o n i c a n d we re s i g n a l l e d . T h e ce n t ra loffice eq u i pme n t s emb race d 83 ma n u a l t ra n sm i t t e r s , 30a u tomat i c t ra n sm i t ter s

, 439 rece i v i n g regi s te r s , re

ceiving c i rc u i t s , 983 t ra n sm i t t i n g c i rc u i t s , 70 t e l egraphsw i tc h board s a n d 187 t e l ep h o n e sw i tc h boa rd s, w i t h a

to ta l capac i ty of drops or l i n e s ; ce l l s of

p r imary batte ry a n d cel l s of s torage bat tery. T h ed i s t r i b u t i o n of ca l l s t at i o n s wa s abo u t o n e to two a n d ah a l f mi l e s of c i rc u i t , w i t h a da i l y ave rage o f more t h ant e n ca l l s pe r box . Broad l y speak i n g

,t h e te l ep h o n e ap

pea rs to h ave bee n u se d fo u r t i me s a s m u c h a s t h e p l a i ns i g n a l box . I n New York Ci ty a spec i a l p at ro l te l ep h o n e sys tem was i n t rod u ce d i n 1903

—

4 by w h i c h the

New York Te l ep h o n e Compa n y f u r n i s h e s a t a re n t a labo u t 660 pol i ce te l ep h o n e s t at i o n s on Ma n h at ta n I s l a n d.T h e l a te s t ava i l ab l e a u t h e n t i c fig u re s of t h e te l ep h o n ei n d u s t ry a re t h ose of t h e Ce n s u s Office for t h e yea r1902 , be i n g t h e fi rs t dat a of t h e k i n d se c u red offic i a l l y i nt h e U n i t e d Sta te s . T h e se s t at i s t i c s do n ot i n c l u de a n yre l at i n g to p r i vate te l ep h o n e work

,i . e.

,pr i vate sys tems

n ot co n n ecte d w i t h ex c h a n ges,a l t h o u g h a great dea l o f

work wa s d i s c l o se d i n t h e way of co - ope ra t i ve .

“ r u ra l”

or fa rmer” l i n e s,w h i c h rea l l y rep re se n t e xc h a n ges

st i l l i n a fo rmat i v e s tage a n d co n s t i t u t i n g t h e “ n ew mate r i a l ,

” so to speak,for l a rge n e twork s .

24 The Wa s h i n g t o n

Cox srkucrro x , EQmPM EN T, Erc.

Number of systems

M i les of s ingle W ire 4 , 779 , 57 1

Telephones of all k inds 2 ,

Number of subscri bers 736

Number of automatic pay

stat ions 73 , 887 73 , 869

Number of’

all other pay

s tat ions 48 , 393 48 , 009

Farmer or rural l ines ownedby com. sys tems

Number of 1 5 , 593 1 5 , 598

Mi les of s ing le W ire 1 3 8 , 426 426

Numbe r of telephones 1 2 1 , 905

Number of party ( 1 ) 248 , 908

Number of telephones on

party l inesNumber of publ ic exchangesNumber of pri vate branchexchangesManual swi tchboards , totalnumberCommon battery systemMagneto system

Automatic ” 2

Mes or talks during year,to tal No 555 , 345 4 , 071 ,

Local 4 , 4 , 539

Long d istance and 1 20, 704, 854 1 1 9 , 996, 5 3 1

.Employees and WagesSalaried ofiicials and clerksTotal number 1 3 , 958

Total salaries $9 , 885 , 886 59 ,

Wage- earnersTotal av erage 64, 628 63 , 630

Total $ 26, 369 , 735 $26, 206, 065

Re v enue and ExpensesTotal re venue $86, 825 , 536 $86, 5 22 ,

2 1 1

Total expenses ( includ ingtaxes and fixed charges except int. on bonds ) 60

,

D i v i dends pai d . 719

Interest on 768

Net surp lus( 1 ) Urban party l ines(2 ) Rural party l ines.(3 ) Includes asse ssments

994

(2)

166

$ 14, 290

998

$ 163 .670

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 25

CON D ENSED BALANC E SH EET .To tal . Commercial . Mutual .

T otal assets

Cons truct ion and eq ui pment(including real es tate and

telephones )Stocks and bonds o f O thercompanies 9 , 938 , 3 42

Machinery, too ls and supp l ies 9 , 689 .69 1

B i l l s and accounts recei vableCash and depos i ts 1 2 ,

29 1 , 840

Sundries 344 , 764

Total l iab i l i t ies 45 2 , 1 72 , 546

Capi tal s tock 69 7

BondsCash invested (unincor. sys

B i l l s and accountsSundriesNet surp lus and reser v es

I n add i t i o n to t h e rep or t s obta i n e d from commerc i a l

a n d m u t u a l te l ep h o n e sys tems , s h ow n i n t h e above t abl e ,t h e burea u se c u re d repor ts o f “ i n depe n de n t"

farmer or r u ra l l i n e s h a v i n g m i l e s of s i n gl e wir

a n d te l ep h o n e s . T h e se fig u re s added to t h e t ota l s

fo r t h e commerc i a l a n d m u t u a l sys tem s gi ve a gra n d

tota l fo r t h e co n t i n e n ta l U n i ted S ta te s o f sys temsa n d l i n e s

,m i l e s o f s i n gl e wi re a n d

t e l epho n e s .

A n u mbe r of commerc i a l sys t ems operate i n r u ra ld i s t r i c t s

,b u t comb i n i n g t h e to ta l s for farme r or r u ra l

l i n e s ow n e d by commerc i a l sys tems,m u t u a l sys tems a n d

i n depe n de n t fa rme r or r u ra l l i n e s g i v e s a to ta l o f

sys t ems a n d l i n e s , mi l e s of s i n gl e wi re a n d 266.

968 te l ep h o n e s , ope ra ted exc l u s i v e l y i n r u ra l d i s t r i ct s .

I n add i t i o n t o t h e s tat i s t i c s p re se n t ed above for th

co n t i n e n ta l U n i ted S ta te s , report s we re rece i v ed for o n e

commerc i a l sy s tem i n Al a ska a n d se v e n i n Hawa i i , h avi n g a tota l o f mi l e s of s i n gl e wi re. te l ep h o n e s

o f a l l k i n d s , mes sage s o r ta l k s d u r i n g t h e

26 The W a s h i ng t o n

yea r , tot a l reve n u e , t ot a l expe n se s (inc l u d i n g t axe s a n d fixe d c h a rge s ) , a n d pa i d i nd i v i de n d s

,l e av i n g a n e t s u rp l u s of

U n t i l a few yea rs ago t h e w h ol e te l ep h o n i c deve l opme n t o f t h e U n i te d S tate s wa s do n e u n der t h e aeg i s oft h e Be l l sys tem .

” Wi t h t h e e xp i ra t i o n of f u n dame n t a lBe l l p a te n t s , a moveme n t deve l oped , s t r ik i n g a n d w i desp read

,k n ow n a s t h e “ i n depe n de n t ,

” as t h e re s u l t o fw h i c h compe t i t i o n h a s bee n deve l oped o n a l a rge scal epe c u l i a r ly i l l u s t ra t i ve o f t h e e n e rgy a n d r ap i d i ty w i t hw h i c h e n t e rp r ise s a re o fte n p u s h e d i n Amer i ca . A neq u a l i ty i n de v e l opme n t w i t h t h e Be l l syst em h a s bee nc l a imed

,i n deed , a n d i t i s n ece s sa ry t o n ote t h e fact, a s

ma n y te l ep h o n i c compar i so n s be twee n t h e U n i t e d S tate sof Amer i c a a n d ot h e r co u n t r i e s based on Bel l s t at i s t i c sa l o n e are obv i o u s l y er ro n eo u s a n d fa r f rom doi n g j u st i c e to t h e fact s . I t may be do u bte d w h e t h e r t h e i n depe n de n t” s t a t i s t i c s , ex t raord i n a ry a s t h ey are for t h ev e ry s h o rt pe r i o d o f t ime over w h i c h t h ey exte n d

,eq u al

t h o se o f t h e Be l l sys tem , twe n ty - five yea rs old ; b u t t h eym u s t be t ake n i n t o acco u n t . I t wo u l d appea r f rom t h efig u re s above t h at t h e cap i t al i z a t i o n pe r te l ep h o n e i n st a ll a t i o n i s abo u t $ 195 . I t i s ge n era l l y co n ceded from the

fac t t h a t t h e Be l l sys tem i s l a rge l y ce n te re d i n t h e c i t i e s,

t h a t t h e cap i ta l i z at i o n fo r t h e Be l l i n s t a l l a t i o n s Wo u l dn ece s s ar i l y be h ea v i e r t h a n for t h o se i n t h e i n depe n de n tn e twork s . On t h e ba s i s of $ 195 ove r t h e e n t i re i n d u s t ry ,a n d accept i n g t h e Be l l s ta t i o n s a t t h e e n d of 1 902 a sbe i n g o n l y i t wo u l d appea r t h a t t h e Be l l inve stme n t wa s m u c h t h e l a rge r h a l f. T h e tota l reve n u ei s p l ace d at n e ar l y b u t a t o n l y $50 per s t at i o n t h e Be l l fig u re s wo u l d rep re se n t a t t h e e n d o f 1902

or n ea r l y 75 per ce n t . T h e tota l of s i n gl ew i re for t h e w h o l e i n d u s t ry i s p l ace d at m i l e s.T h e Be l l sy s tem at t h e e n d o f 1902 h ad s l i g h t l y moret h a n h a l f t h i s . T h e tota l n u mbe r of te l ep h o n e t a l k s i sg i ve n a s s l i g h t l y o v e r for t h e w h o l e industry, w h i l e t h e fig u re s for t h e Be l l sys tem for 1902

were gi ve n i n t h e a n n u a l report o f ‘ t h a t year asT h e i n c rea se i n t h e i n ve s tme n t i n t e l ep h o n y i s

s u ppo sed to reac h from fifty to seve n ty - five mi l l i o n s a

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

28 The lV a s hi ng ton

Total . Pri vate. Munic i pal .Number o f establ ishments 8 15

Cost of p lants S502 , 1 8 1 , 5 1 1 $ 22, 020, 473

Earnings fromoperat ion, to tal 83 , 585 , 4 10 76, 748 , 554 856

From l igh t serv ice 69 , 6, 748 , 863

Are 43 7 192 245

Commerc ial or 8, 443 , 280 8

,203 , 1 14 240,

166

Publ ic 1 3 , 867, 078*3 ,

1 49 , 079

Incandescent l igh ting. 44, 272 , 494 3 , 3 59 , 61 8

Commerc ial or 4 1 , 3 8 ,668 , 096 2,868

,296

Publ ic 2 , 736, 102 2 , 244 , 780*49 1 , 3 22

A ll other electrical 1 3 , 87, 993

Income from all other service 01 3 1, 4 3 1 761 1 28

,249

G ross income 78 , 1 80 , 3 18 105

ExpensesTotal 62

, 44 2 , 088 987

Salaries and wages 989 267

Supp l ies and materials . 22, 8 14 , 758 2 , 422 , 29 1

Rent o f stat ions and omces 1,285 , 540 1

,270, 798 14 , 748

Taxes 2, 654 , 065 2 , 643 , 945 1 0 1 20

Insurance 886, 445 820

,804 65 , 64 1

Miscel laneous 227 6,645 , 567 348, 660

Interest on bonds 240

Estimated value if paid for at pre vai l ing rates.

T h e ave rage n u mbe r o f emp l oyee s, wi t h tota l sa l a r i e sand wages , was a s fo l l ow s

Total . Pri vate.A v erage number of emp loyees and

total salaries and wagesSalaried officials andSalariesWage- earnersWagesForemen and inspectorsWagesEngi neers and firemen

WagesL inemen

WagesA ll oth er emp loyee sWages

T h e powe r p l a n t eq u i pme n t was

P

sszzsrszsm m M

grNumber 4, 861

Horsepower 04 1 1,

147 , 018

Water wheels

Horsepower82

‘s,63 2.880

9 57

9 469

s

E l ec t r i c a l H an d b o o k 929

Generating lantDynamosg Total . Prn ate.

D irect- current , constant vo l tageNumber 3 .8 20 3 .402 4 18

Horsepower 44 1 , 62 1 4 1 8.088 23 , 53 3D irect- current, constant amperageNumber 3 , 53 7 2

, 955 582

Horsepower 195 , 43 1 3 7, 763A l ternating and po lyphase currentNumber 4 , 284 822

Horsepower. 978 , 428 887, 740

T h e o u tp u t o f t h e ge n e ra t i n g eq u i pme n t a n d t h e n at u re o f t h e appa ra t u s co n s u m i n g c u r re n t we re a s foll ow s :Output of stat ion Total . Pri vate. Munici pal .K i lowat t hours— total foryear 2

, 507, 05 1 , 1 15 2, 3 1 1 ,L ine construct ion

Mi les mains and feeders 1 2,

10, 936, 603 1 , 53 3 , 89 1

L igh ting ser v ice :Arc lampsTotal number.. 3 85 , 208

Commercial or pri vate 167 , 709Publ ic 2 1 1 , 706

Incandescent lampsTotal number 5 2 1 060

Commercial or pri vate 1 7, 55 2 , 756 1 1 1 645Publ ic 453 , 765 3 70, 949 82 .8 16

T h ese fig u re s a re s u bj ec t t o t h e corre c t i o n o r e n l a rgeme n t o f t h e 1 18 s t ree t ra i l way compa n i e s n ote d above .T h e se compa n i e s s h owed a n aggregate o ffrom s u c h se rv i ce , of w h i c h was from commercial l i g h t i n g a n d from p u b l i c l i g h t i n g,w h i l e no l e s s a s u m t h a n wa s ea r n ed frommotor serv i ce . T h i s i n come wa s de r i ved from t h e ope rat i o n o f are l amps , of w h i c h we re ope na n d e n c l o se d

,i n commerc i a l u s e ; a n d

ope n a n d e n c l osed,i n p u b l i c u se . I n t h e way o f

i n ca n de sce n t l i g h t i n g t h e re were l amp s i n serxi ce, of w h i c h t h e va s t maj or i ty, or we re of 16

ca n d l e — powe r ; w h i l e a l l b u t o f t h e l a rge r n u mbe rwe re i n commerc i a l a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d f rom p u b l i c u s e .As to mo tor se rv i c e

,t h e s t ree t ra i l w ay compa n i e s repor t

s u pp ly i n g c u rre n t to s t a t i o n a ry mo tor s o fh o rse — powe r capac i ty. T h ere we re al so mete rsont h e c i rc u i t s . As h a s bee n n oted

,t h e se a re t h e fig u re s

g i v e n by 1 18 compa n i e s keep i n g separate acco u n t s t h a te n abl ed t h e comp i l a t i o n o f t h e se de ta i l ed s ta t i s t i c s .T h e re we re

,h owe v e r , 2 52 compa n i e s w h i c h ge n e ra ted

c u r re n t for sa l e for l i g h t a n d power p u rpo se s .I n ad d i t i o n t o t h e eq u i pme n t s h ow n abo v e

,t h e re we re

empl oyed i n t h e ce n t ra l s t at i o n s 193 boos te rs , w i t h acapac i ty o f h o rse - powe r

,a n d 1 3 2 ro tar i e s , wi t h a

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 3 ]

capaci ty O f h orse - powe r. As to s u b - s ta t i o n apparat u s

,t h e n u mbe r a n d h orse - powe r o f s torage ba t te ry

ce l l s,t r a n s formers

,rot ary co n ve rte r s a n d m i sce l l a n eo u s

e q u i pme n t i n s u b - s t a t i o n s we re req u i re d to be reportedseparate l y. T h e tota l s a re s u mmar i ze d i n t h e fol l ow i n gt ab l e

Pri vate Munici palTotal. Stations. Stations

1: t:

4 5 3 4 5 B 4 5Kind Of equipment.if

3 E B E g5 O o O o O 0

Z I sl Z I a. Z I 3 14

Storage battery cel ls 8 , 388 25 ,284 8 , 3 88 25 , 284

Transformers 2, 5 25 420 ,

667 2, 490 4 19 , 368 35 1 , 299

Rotary 163 162 1 10

Misce l laneous 140 2 1 , 443 1 3 5 5 1 74

I n add i t i o n t o t h e s torage bat te ry ce l l sin s u b - s ta t i o n s , w i t h a capac i ty of h orse - power,t h e re were ce l l s. w i t h a capac i ty of h o rsepower

,reported for t h e ma i n powe r p l a n t s , mak i n g t h e

n u mbe r of ce l l s for al l c l a s se s o f s torage bat te r i e sw i t h a capac i ty of h o rse - power . I t w i l l , of co u rse.be u n de rs tood t h at t h e capac i ty of t h e s t orage bat ter i e sc a n n ot be take n i n defi n i te h orse - powe r , t h a t depe n d i n gs o m u c h o n t h e rate of d i s c h a rge ; b u t t h e fig u re s h e regi ve n we re s u c h as a re j u st ified by t h e report s from t h ece n t ra l s t at i o n s as t o bat te ry o u tp u t o f c u r re n t. al

t h o u g h irwas n ot fo u n d fea s ib l e t o red u ce t h i s t o h or sepower — h o u rs

,t h e rate of d i s c h a rge va ry i n g somew h a t

i n defin i t e l y.I n add i t i o n t o t h e 2 2 5 t ra n s forme rs i n s u b st a t i o n s ,w i t h a n i n d i cated capac i ty of 420 667 h o rse - p ,owe r the i e

a re o n co n s u me r s’ c i rc u i t s , w i t h a t ota l capac i tyof h or se -

p0\\ e r, mak i n g a n aggregate o f 209 676t ra n s forme rs

,w i t h a capac i ty of h or se - powe r.

T h e m i sce l l a n eo u s eq u i pme n t co n s i s t s l a rge l y of motorge n e rator set s a n d boos te r s .As to t h e o u tp u t n oted , i t i s n a t u ra l t h a t some diffic u l ty wo u l d be e xper i e n ce d i n e l i c i t i n g i t , e spec i a l lyw i t h p l a n t s ca rry i n g c h i efly a n are l i g h t l oad , or nu

c h ecked by co n s u mpt i o n mete rs . T h e re were reported.howeve r , co n s u me rs’ mete r s

,of w h i c h pe r

ce n t . were e l ec t ro - mec h a n i c a l , t h e ot h e rs be i n g c h em ical . Eac h s ta t i o n wa s req u i red to report i t s k i l owat tho u r a v e rage pe r day a n d t h e tot a l for t h e yea r , a n da l so t h e h or se -

powe r of t h e c u r re n t ave rage pe r day a n dthe tota l for t h e yea r. I n t h e maj o r i ty of t h e s tat i o n sn o record i s kep t o f t h e o u tp u t of c u rre n t , a n d t h eamo u n t s reporte d a re l a rge l y e s t imate s based on t h evol tage a n d amperage of t h e mac h i n e s w i t h re fe re n ce tothe h o u rs o f Ope ra t i o n . T h e ave rage k i l owatt - h o u r o u t

3 2 The W a s h i ng t on

p u t of c u rre n t.

per day for a l l s t at i o n s i s and

t h e t ot a l fo r t h e Year T h e h or se — powerh o u r s o f c u r re n t

,ave rage pe r day , i s a n d the

t ota l fo r t h e year T h e s t at i o n s ope ratedu n de r p r i v at e Ow n e r s h i p reporte d 92 per ce n t ,

a n d t h oseu n de r m u n i c i p a l co n t ro l o n l y 8 per ce n t . of t h e t ot alk i l owat t a n d h or se — powe r - h o u r s o f c u r re n t . T h e t ota ldy n amo capac i ty o f ce n t ra l s tat i o n s was h or sepower , or, ro u g h ly, abo u t k i l owatt s . As t h e ave r ~

age k i l owa t t - h o u r o u tp u t o f c u r re n t pe r day i s s h ow n toh ave bee n i t appea rs from t h i s t h a t t h e e l e ct r i c l i g h t s tat i o n s a re a bas i s of a v e rage da i l y operat i o n for s i x h o u rs , or, app rox imate l y, 2 5 per ce n t . of

t h e i r pos s i b l e capac i ty of p rod u c t i o n o f c u r re n t . As thegro ss ear n i n gs from ope ra t i o n a re s h ow n to h a v e bee ns l i g h t l y ove r a n d t h e t ot a l p rod u ct i o n of

c u r re n t fo r the yea r to be k i l owat t - h o u r s , i tappea r s t h a t t h e ear n i n gs pe r k i l owat t - h o u r were n otq u i t e 4 ce n t s . On the ot h e r h a n d , i t i s n ot t o be u n de rs tood t h a t t h e ce n t ra l s ta t i o n s are abl e to se l l a l l thec u rre n t . t h a t t h ey p rod u ce , a s t h e i n e v i t abl e l o s se s betwee n t h e sw i t c h board a n d t h e co n s u mer s’ l amp s and

motors red u ce t h e appare n t e ar n i n g capac i ty.

T h e fo l l ow i n g s tateme n t s h ows t h e n u mbe r of arc

a n d i n ca n de sce n t l amp s repor ted by pr i v ate a n d m u n i c ipa l s t at i o n s a s u se d for commerc i a l or ot h er p r i vate andp u b l i c ser v i ce , a n d al so t h e tot a l a n n u a l i n come fromeac h va r i e ty o f l amp

,w i t h t h e a v e rage i n come per

l ampArc Lamps. Incandescent Lamps.

q3 q;a 3 0 N L U

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I t ms 3 5 33 Ei; 3e O

w 0 8 “3 .2 §E

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5 0

gg E“

5 3 g 3Pri vate stat ions 8 ‘5 $3 a.g; 8 ‘5 2 Q4

Number o f 166, 723 16, 2443 , 853 3 72 , 740

Total income 5 13 , 87 1 646 $39 , 039 , 557 $2 , 257, 927A v erage income per

lampMunici pal stationsNumbe r Of lamr 5 , 793 45 , 002 1

, 494 , 53 1 82, 9 20

Total income <24o, 166 $3 , 296

A verage income perlamp $4 1 .46 $69.98 $ 1 92

Estimated v alue 1 f'

pa1d for at pre vai l ing rates.

E l e cu nwa l If a n d b o o k: &9

T h e re we re s ta t i o n a ry powe r motor s o f a l lk i n d s co n n e cte d w i t h a capac i ty o f h or se - powe r

,

reported a s be i n g i n ope rat i o n by pr i vat e s t at i o n s,a n d

w i t h a capac i ty of h or se - powe r,i n ope ra t i o n

byi

m u n i c i pa l s tat i o n s , maki n g a n aggrega te o fs t at i o n a ry motor s , w i t h a capac i ty o f h or sepowe r. NO i n c l u s i o n was made , h owever , o f fa n mo

t or s,nor o f t h e ra i lway motor car s se rved .

As to the c i rc u i t s empl oyed i n t h e i n d u s t ry,t h e fol

l ow i n g fig u re s were reporte d :Per cent .

gU,I tems . 0 '

6 2. 5 5 z:

N«1 o 1. 0 0

0 cc 5 iii cc a

1 8 (n Ea. Ea a“

.

1 7

UndergroundMains 9 2 5

14 5 3 99 4O v erh ead*Mains 63 86 7Feeders 75 9 0

Submari neMains 3 2 16 0 89 2

8 5 1

Includes 79 50 mi les O fmains and mi l es O f' feeders for e lectric rai lway service owned by l ighting company .

As to t h e c i rc u i t s empl oyed , t h e re we rem i l e s o f mai n a n d fe ede r w i re s reporte d for bot h priva t e a n d m u n i c i pa l s ta t i o n s . Of t h i s tota l

,

mi l e s , or pe r ce n t , were reporte d by p r i vate s tat i o n s , a n d m i l e s , or pe r ce n t

,by m u n i c i pa l

s ta t i o n s . T h e ma i n s a n d feede r s fo r u n de rgro u n d c i rc u i t s mea s u re d m i l e s

,or per ce n t . o f

t h e t ota l , a n d t h e ove r h ead c i rc u i t s 1 169763 5

mi l e s,or pe r ce n t . Comparat i v e l y few st a

t i o n s h a v e a record of t h e act u a l l e n gt h of t h e w i re"s t r u n g a n d ready for se r v i ce

,b u t t h e amo u n t s re

porte d we re care f u l e s t imate s p repared by, or u n de r

the d i rect i o n o f, t h e ma n ageme n t o f eac h s tat i o n . In

se v era l i n st a n ce s i t was fo u n d t h a t e l ec t r i c l i g h t s t at i o n ss u pp l i ed c u rre n t to e l ec t r i c ra i l way compa n i e s

,a n d t h a t ,

i n t h e maj or i t y o f s u c h c a se s , t h e ra i l way compan i e sow n ed t h e ma i n a n d feede r w i re s o v e r w h i c h t h i s c u r

3 4 The Wa s h i ng t o n

re n t was s u pp l i e d . T h ere were,h oweve r

,mi l e s

o f mai n s a n d feede rs for e l e ct r i c ra i l way se rv i ce ow n edby t h e ce n t ra l s ta t i o n s . T h e se q u a n t i t i e s we re i n c l u dedi n t h e s tat i s t i c s p rese n te d .T h e n ex t a n d l a rges t b ra n c h o f e l ect r i c i n d u s t ry to berev i ewed i s t h a t of s t ree t ra i l ways . T h e ge n era l da tao f t h e Ce n s u s Office repor t for 1902 are gi v e n i n t h et ab l e s be l ow for s ome 987 compa n i e s , of w h i c h 8 1 7 were“ operat i n g” a n d 1 70 l e s sor . T h e fi rs t t abl e s h ow s t h en a t u re of t h e systems a s compare d w i t h 1 890, w h e n t h efir s t a n d o n l y p rev i o u s s t ree t ra i l way ce n s u s w a s take n

Per cent. o f1 9 02 . 1 8 90. increase.

u lCHARACTER O F 0 8 o {8POWER5 ; Miles of Mi les o f

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2 8 z 8

84 ; 761

E lectric 747 1 26 0

Animal 67 506 1868 195 4Cab le 26 240 69 55 7 +50 , 7S team 9 74

* 8 8 176, 2

Inc ludes 1 2 48 m i les o f track dupl icated in reports o f differentcompanies .

“l" Inc ludes 6 06 mi les Operated by compressed air.I Decrease .

T h e fo l l ow i n g t abl e re v ea l s t h e v a st grow t h i n cap i ta lization :

ITEMS. 1 9 02. 1 8 9 0.

Number o f 9 87Cost of construction and

equ ipment $2 , 167,Capi tal s tock issued 572 960

Funded debtEarnings from 5247 5 53 9 99Operating expend i turesPercentage operat ing ex

penses ofNumber of passengercarsNumber oi' fare passengerscarriedNumber Of employees

Exclus ive O f salaried Omcials and clerks.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

3 6 The W a s h i ng t on

T h e deta i l s f u r n i s h e d o f t h e i n d u st ry a re o f t h e mos ti n te re s t i n g a n d var i ed n at u re . I t i s t o be remembere dt h a t a t t h e t ime o f t h e repor t t h e Ma n h at ta n El evatedsys tem i n N ew York h ad n ot bee n comp l e te ly e l e ct r i fie da n d t h a t a n u mber of i n te r u rba n sys tem s n ow i n ope rat i o n were u n f u r n i s h ed . T h ere were 766 compa n i e s re

port i n g t h e u se of e l e c t r i c i ty or o t h e r mec h a n i ca lmot i v e powe r . T h e mot i ve power , h oweve r, was not a l lge n e rate d i n t h e 805 powe r - h o u se s s h ow n , a s some compa n i c s re n ted mot i ve power from l i g h t a n d powe r compa u l e s .S team was u sed by 540 compa n i es a s t h e p r imary

mot i v e powe r t o ge n e rate e l ect r i c c u r re n t . T h e s ta t i st i c s co n ce r n i n g s team powe r c l a s s i fy t h e e n g i n e s accordi n g t o h or se — powe r. T h ere we re

,i n a l l

,e n g i n e s

,

w i t h a tota l h o rse - powe r of or 556 h o rsepower pe r e n g i n e . O f t h i s n u mber e n gi n e s werereporte d a s h av i n g 500 h ors e — power or u n de r eac h

,a n d

a tot a l h orse - power of or a n a v e rage o f 265 fo reac h e n g i n e. T h ere we re 43 1 e n gi n e s h av i n g a h or sepower o f ove r 500 b u t u n de r eac h

,t h e t ota l h o r se

power be i n g or 69 1 per e n g i n e , a n d 3 17 e n g i n e sh a v i n g a tota l h o r se — power o f more t h a n 1 000 eac h , t h et ota l be i n g h o rse - power , or pe r e n gi n e.T h e re were 1 59 wate r w h ee l s emp l oyed , w i t h h or sepowe r o f u se d a s t h e p r imary power i n t h e ge nc rat i o n o f e l ect r i c c u rre n t . T h e a v e rage h or se - powerpe r wa te r w h ee l wa s 3 29 . T h ere were 1 29 w h ee l s o f 500h orse — power or l e s s , 1 2 of ove r 500 a n d u n de r a n d18 of a n d u n de r O f t h e tot a l h o rse - power

,

or pe r ce n t , was reported by 16 compa n i e si n t h e S t ate s o f Cal i for n i a , Georgi a, Mai n e , Mi n n e so t aa n d New York . T h e repor t a l so s h ow s 1 5 gas e n g i n e so f h or se — power u sed for mi s ce l l a n eo u s p u rpose s ;301 a u x i l i a ry s team e n gi n e s were reported , wi t h h or sepowe r of u se d by 84 compa n i e s for mi scel l a n eo u s

p u rpose s , d r i v i n g p u mp s , e tc. T h ere were s teamboi l e r s reporte d

,w i t h a n i n d i c ate d h orse - power O f 903 ,

205 . T h e n u mbe r o f s team bo i l e r s exceed s t h e n u mbe rof mai n a n d a u x i l i a ry s team e n gi n e s by w h i l e t h eh o r se — powe r o f t h e e n gi n e s exceeds t h a t o f t h e bo i l e r ‘

E l e c t r i ca l H a n d b o o k 0 1

by T h e a v e rage capac i ty of t h e bo i l e r s i s 2 34h or se — power. D i rec t - c u r re n t a n d a l te r n a t i n g - c u rre n t dy

namos were segregat ed accord i n g to t h e h or se - power ,a n d be l ow a re g i v e n t h e tot a l s for t h e U n i te d S tate s

A l ternat ingD irect Current. Current .

Generators. Number H . P. Number H . P.Total 972 , 3 1 4 44 1 23 1 , 924

500 H . P. or under 2, 3 24 3 29

O ver 500 H .P.butunder 3 28 2 18, 93 4 54

H . P. and o ver 209 58 1 3 3 , 57 1

T h e u se o f d i rec t - c u rre n t mac h i n e s , eac h h av i n gh or se - powe r or over, was reporte d by 59 compa n i e s .T h e u se o f smal l mac h i n e s s t i l l p re dom i n a te d , moret h a n t h ree — fo u rt h s of a l l t h e mac h i n e s be i n g rate d at 500h or se - powe r or l e s s. t h e i r comb i n e d h o r se — powe r be i n g

o r pe r ce n t . of t h e t ota l for a l l c l a s se s . T h ede t a i l e d s ta t i s t i c s o f a l te r n a t i n g c u rre n t a re p re se n te d i na s u ppl eme n ta ry t abl e . T h ere were 44 1 a l te r n at i n gc u r re n t ge n e ra tor s reported . w i t h a tota l of

h o rse - power. T h e se mac h i n e s were u se d by 163 compa n i c s , a n d o f t h i s n u mber 1 28 reported t h a t c u r re n twa s ge n e ra te d for sa l e for l ig h t or powe r , Co n s i de r i n ga l l mac h i n e s o f t h i s s ty l e

,t h e aver age h or se - powe r pe r

mac h i n e was 526. T h ere we re 2 2 mac h i n e s for eac h ofw h i c h t h e i n d i cated powe r wa s more t h a n h or s epowe r. T h ere were 2 19 compa n i e s u s i n g a u x i l i a ry el e ctrical eq u i pme n t o f s ome c h a racte r a n d 105 w h i c h 0p

erated s u bs ta t i o n s . T h e a u x i l i a ry eq u ipme n t co n s i s te do f t ra n s formers , s t orage bat te r i e s , boos ter s , a u x i l i a ryge n e rators , rota r i e s , a n d e l e ct r i c motor s u sed i n p l a n t ors u b stat i o n s for m i sce l l a n eo u s work .T h e tota l k i l owat t — h o u r s a n d h or se — power o f c u r re n tfor t h e yea r a n d t h e ave rage pe r day are s h ow n fo r eac hc ompa n y, w i t h t ota l s for eac h S tat e a n d t h e U n i tedSta te s . I n a few case s t h i s i n format i o n was not ava i lab l e , a n d i n ot h e rs t h e compa n i e s were n ot i n ope rat i o nd u r i n g t h e e n t i re year , s o t h e tot al s s h o u l d n ot be ac

cepted as exact. I t appea rs t h a t t h e powe r p l a n t s n oted ,doi n g a n e l e ct r i c a l service, ,

rep0rted a n o u tp u t for t h ev ea r of 397 k i l owat t - h o u r s , or k i l owat t - h o u r s da i l y, t h i s be i n g ro u g h ly b u t n ot exact l y

3 8 The Wa s h i n g t o n

eq u i v al e n t t o h or se - powe r - h o u r s fo r the

yea r,or h orse - power - h o u r s d ai l y. He n ce theh orse — powe r o f dy n amo capac i ty wo u l d appea r

to be emp l oye d o n t h e a v e rage as n earl y as poss ib l ese v e n h o u r s da i ly, w h i c h , al l t h i n gs co n s i de re d , i s p robab l y ve ry c l ose to t h e mark.T h e fig u re s for l i n e co n s t r u ct i o n s h owedmi l e s of s i n gl e t rack ope ra ted by e l ec t r i c i ty, of w h i c h

pe r ce n t , or mi l e s emp l oyed t h e ove r h eadt ro l l ey. A l arge p roport i o n of t h i s was spa n w i re co ns t r u c t i o n . Woode n pol e s very l a rge l y p redomi n ated.T h ere were m i l e s o f feede r w i re co n s t r u c t i o nr eported

,o f w h i c h per ce n t . was over h ead . T h e re

we re m i l e s of d u c t ready for u se , on mi l eso f d u c t ; b u t o n l y m i l e s of feede r w i re was underground. T h e co n d u i t s compr i s ed m i l e s of

i ro n p i pe .No fewe r t h a n ca r s o f al l c l a s se s wererep orte d . T h e re we re pas se n ge r car s a n d

car s u se d for e xp re s s,work or ot h e r

p u rposes . Compar i n g "t h e n u mber o f p a s se n ger s

carr i e d a n d t h e pas se n ge r — car m i l e age w i t h th

n u mber of car s , it appear s t h a t e ac h car car r i ed o n t h eave rage pas se n gers a n d t ravel e d m i l e s d u ri n g t h e yea r

, or n ea r l y 50 mi l e s every day in t h e yea r.O f t h e pa s se n ge r car s

,were c lose d a n d

ope n . Comb i n at i o n c l ose d a n d Ope n cars were reportedby 106 compa n i e s , t h e t ot a l n u mbe r be i n g of w h i c h

or pe r ce n t,were u se d by 22 compa n i e s i n

Cal i fo r n i a . Comb i n a t i o n p a s se n ge r a n d e xpre s s ca r swe re u se d by 99 compa n i e s , t h e n u mbe r be i n g 2 39 . Carsused

'

for more t h a n o n e se rv i ce were e n u mera te d o n l yo n ce ; for i n s t a n ce , ca r s c ar ryi n g pas se n ger s a s we l l a smate r i a l a n d ma i l we re cl a s s ified a s pa s se n ger cars . T h eu se o f e xp re s s , fre ig h t or ma i l car s wa s reporte d by 206compa n i e s . T h e s n ow pl ow s reporte d do not in

clude s n ow pl ow a t t ac h me n t , b u t o n l y s n ow p l ow cars .S imi l a r l y t h e 790 sweepe rs i n c l u ded o n l y sweepe r car s .Cars u se d bot h a s sweepe rs a n d a s s n ow p l ows we reco u n te d o n l y o n ce

,e i t h e r a s p l ow s or a s sweeper s .

T h e re were cars p rov i de d w i t h e l ect r i ca l eq u i pme n t ; a n d a s t h e road s ope rate d e i t h e r i n w h ol e o r i n

E l e c t r i ca l H a n d b o o k 3 9

pa rt by e l ec t r i c powe r reporte d a t ot a l o f ca rs o f

al l c l a s se s , t h e n u mbe r h av i n g eq u i pme n t of t h i s c h a r

acte r wa s pe r ce n t . of t h e t ot a l .

O f t h e tot a l ca r m i l eage , t h e pas se n ge rcar s t rave l ed m i l e s , or pe r ce n t ,

a n d

fre i g h t , ma i l , or ot h e r exp re s s ca r s , or

per ce n t . I n comp u t i n g t h e c ar m i l e age a n d t h e ca r

h o u rs , w h e re a road Operated one or more t ra i l e r s,or

,i n

some cases , a‘

train o f ca rs , t h e e n t i re comb i n a t i o n wasco n s i de re d a s one ca r. T h e t ot al , t h e re fore , co n t a i n s ace rta i n amo u n t o f t ra i n m i l eage

,a n d a l l owa n ce s h o u l d

be made for t h i s fac t i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e average fa repa s se n ge r s pe r ca r — mi l e a n d car - h o u r. T h e fare pa s se n

ger s pe r ca r - mi l e for a l l c ompa n i e s ave raged a n dra n ged from for t h e C h i cago Ge n e ra l El e c t r i c Ra i lway Compa n y, Oi C h i cago , I l l ., t o for t h e Mo n onga h e l a I n c l i n e Pl a n e Compa n y, of Pi tt sb u rg

,Pa . I t

was i mpos s i bl e t o Obt a i n i n format i o n co n ce r n i n g carh o u r s from a l a rge pe rce n tage of t h e compa n i e s . How

e v e r , 389 compa n i e s f u r n i s h e d t h i s i n format i o n . T h e i rtota l ca r - h o u r s fo r t h e Yea r amo u n te d t o ofw h i c h pas se n ge r ca r s formed or pe rce n t , a n d fre i g h t , mai l , expre s s a n d ot h e r carsor pe r ce n t . T h e fa re pa s se n ge rs pe r car - h o u r fort h e compa n i e s report i n g bot h factor s ave ragedNo fewer t h a n 286 compa n i e s reporte d t h a t t h ey we reca rryi n g ma i l

,a n d t h e compa n i e s i n t h e aggregate re

port ed t h e ow n i n g a n d ope rat i n g o f a s ma n y as 3 50pl e as u re parks .

As to t h e l i g h t i n g o f t h e cars,t h e re we re ca rs

o f all c l a s se s , of w h i c h were l i g h te d,a n d o f t h e se

h ad e l ec t r i c l i g h t s . I f t h e l i g h t s we re ave rageda t 10 t o t h e ca r, i t wo u l d rep re se n t n ear l y l ampsi n da i l y se rv i ce o f t h a t n a t u re . More t h a n h a l f t h e ca rsare reported a s be i n g h eated , a n d o f t h e se orpe r ce n t . were warmed by e l ect r i ca l appa rat u s

,a n d

or pe r ce n t . by s tove s,h ot water , e tc. Nor

i s t h i s a l l , for t h e Ce n s u s O ffice wa s care f u l t o i n q u i re a st o t h e e xte n t o f e l ect r i c l i g h t i n g i n t h e s h op s

,ca r ba r n s.

e t c ., o f t h e s t reet ra i l way compa n i e s , a n d i t appea rs t h a t

40 The Wa s h i n g t on

n o fewe r t h a n are l amps a n d i n ca n de sce n tl amps were t h u s emp l oyed .

By mak i n g a sepa rat i o n of t h e roads i t was fo u n dt h a t abo u t 300 compa n i e s co u l d be co n s i de re d a s Ope ra t i n g i n te r u rba n l i n e s . T h e i r t ota l s i n gl e t rack amo u n te d to m i l e s , a n d t h e i r tot a l e ar n i n gs from op

crat i o n fo r t h e year t o to ta l opera t i n g expe n se s were t h e n e t ear n i n gs be i n g856. T h e s i n gl e t rack of t h e s e compa n i e s formed 39pe r ce n t . of t h e tot a l for al l compa n i e s , a n d t h e i r ope rat i n g ea r n i n gs 1 7 per ce n t . of t h e t ota l e ar n i n gs fromoperat i o n . T h e i n te r u rba n t raffic , t h e re fore , formed i n1 902 o n l y a ve ry sma l l p roport i o n of t h e t ota l e l ec t r i cr a i lway b u s i n e s s . T h ere we re abo u t 56 compa n i e s , w i t h

m i l e s o f s i n gl e t rack,t h a t ope rat ed w h at may be

c l a s se d a s fa s t l o n g d i s t a n ce i n t e r u rba n l i n e s. Eac h o ft h e se compa n i e s ope rate d a t l ea s t 20 mi l e s o f road

,t h e

ave rage l e n gt h of s i n gl e t r ack pe r compa n y be i n gm i l e s . T h e max im u m r u n n i n g spee d o u t s i de c i ty l i m i t sw a s a t l eas t 2 5 mi l e s pe r h o u r. T h e t ot a l operat i n ge ar n i n gs amo u n te d t o a n d t h e Operat i n g e xpe n se s t h e n e t ea r n i n gs be i n gW h i l e t h e re were 67 compa n i e s u s i n g a n imal powe ra n d m i l e s of t r ack ope rate d by s u c h p ower , t h egreate r p roport i o n o f t h e t rack was ow n ed by compa n i e sw h i c h u s e d ot h e r mot ive power o n a port i o n o f t h e l i n e.T h e re were o n ly 53 compa n i e s w h i c h u se d a n imal powe re xcl u s i v e ly

,a n d t h e i r s i n gl e t rack amo u n te d to

m i l e s,be i n g a n ave rage of abo u t t h ree m i l e s for eac h

compa n y. I t i s .s t ra n ge t h a t t h e New York Ci ty regi o n ,i n w h i c h t h e mos t adva n ce d e l ec t r i ca l app l i a n ce s are i nu se 011 t h e s t ree t ra i l ways , i s a l so t h e h ome of t h e antiquated h or se ca r. Almos t h a l f of t h e t rackage ope ra te d by a n imal power i s l ocated i n Ma n h a tt a n

,a n d t h e

Dry Dock, Eas t B roadway a n d Bat te ry Rai lway i s thl a rges t road operate d by a compa n y u s i n g a n imal powe re xc l u s i ve l y. Wit h t h e excep t i o n of New York , t h e rewe re o n l y s i x p l aces i n w h i c h more t h a n five m i l e s oft rack were ope rate d by a n ima l powe r i n 1902 . T h ecabl e , w h i c h fi ft ee n years ago h ad s u c h br i g h t p rospec t s ,is n ow a n t i q u a te d . T h ere a re o n l y two st ree t ra i lways

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 41

operate d e xc l u s i ve l y by cabl e power. From t h e Ce n s u sb u l l e t i n t h e re appea red t o be twe l ve roads of t h i s c h a ra cte r

,b u t t e n o f t h em a re i n c l i n e d p l a n e s .

T h e s t ree t ra i l way s o f t h e co u n t ry gave empl oyme n tt o l abor o n a l arge scal e . T h e compa n i e s we re s ervedd u r i n g 1902 by wage - ea r n e rs , t o w h om t h ey pa i d

i n wages — a very l a rge proport i o n of t h e i rt ota l i n c ome of T h e re we re al sos al a r i ed offic i a l s a n d c l e rk s emp l oyed , to w h om

7 16 wa s pa i d i n sa l a r i e s . I t i s i n te re st i n g t o n ote t h ewage scal e .

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t h a t i n t h e U n i t ed St ate s i n 1890 t h e a v e rage n u mbe r ofs t reet ca r r i des pe r i n h ab i t a n t wa s 3 2 . I n 1902 , u n de rt h e e l e ct r i ca l regime , i t wa s 63 , a n d i n t h e Nort h Atl a n t i c S ta te s i t h ad r i se n from 66 to 1 24. T h e t rafficear n i n gs o f abo u t w i t h a pop u l a t i o n i n1900

— 1 o f wo u l d make t h e ave rage expe n diru re pe r i n h ab i ta n t for s t ree t ca r t rave l of j u s t o v e r $3per h ea d . Acc i de n t s were q u i te n u mero u s

,t h e re be i n g

pe rso n s k i l le d a n d i n j u red, of t h e k i l l e d 265 ,

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The W a s h i n g t on

ca r r i ed pas se n ge rs of a l l k i n d s , o f w h ompa i d f u l l

,w h i l e t h e o t h e r s e n u me rate d had

e v i de n t l y t h e be n efit of free t ra n s fe rs — t h e fla t rate of

5 ce n t s , w i t h free t ra n s fe rs t o o t h e r l i n e s , be i n g a commo n a n d u n i ve rs a l p ract i ce i n Amer i ca .T h e e ffec t o f e l ec t r i c i ty u po n t h e deve l opme n t o fs t ree t ra i l way t raffic h a s o fte n bee n re fe rre d to

,b u t i

aga i n emp h a s i z e d i n t h e fig u re s b ro u g h t o u t by t h e 1904

ed i t i o n of“Amer i ca n S tree t Ra i l way I n v e s tme n t s ."

T h i s ex ce l l e n t compe n d i u m gi v e s amo n g ot h e r t h i n gs as u mmary o f t h e ea r n i n gs of 3 10 s t ree t ra i l way compa n i e si n t h e U n i t ed S tate s ; a n d v e ry i n t e re s t i n g dat a are ihc l u ded . T h e n u mbe r o f t h ose report i n g rece i pt s of ove r

a n n u a l l y h a s i n c rea se d from 38 to 42 ,a n d al l

of t h e se compa n i e s s h ow a n i n c rea se i n gros s rece i pt sw i t h one spec i a l excep t i o n . T h e average ra te o f incre a se i n t h e re ce i p t s i n 1903 ove r 1902 was i n t h i s gro u ppe r ce n t ; i n t h e seco n d gro u p , i n c l u d i n g compa n i e s

ove r i t was per ce n t ; i n compa n i e s o v er

i t w a s pe r ce n t ; i n compa n i e s ove rt h e i n c rea se was pe r ce n t

,a n d i n t h e fift h gro u p of

comp a n i e s, over i t wa s pe r ce n t . T h e ge ne ra l a v erage i n crea se for 1903 ove r 1 902 was pe rce n t . T h i s i s ce rta i n l y a h eal t h y ra te o f i n crea se . T h efig u re s o f t h e U n i te d Sta te s Ce n s u s office s h owed t h a tt h e gro s s rece i pt s o f a l l t h e s t ree t ra i lway compa n i e s for1 902 were n ea r l y I f t h e rate o f 8% pe rce n t . i n c rea s e be appl i e d to t h i s , t h e gros s ear n i n gs for1903 for t h e s t ree t ra i l ways of Amer i c a wo u l d reac h t h es u m of n ot fa r s h or t o f T h e re seems to ben o l im i t

,i n fac t

,to t h e expa n s i b i l i ty o f t h e s t reet ra i l

way i n d u s t ry u n der t h e reg ime o f e l ec t r i c i ty ; a n d a s t h eyea r s go by i t w i l l be ve ry i n te re s t i n g to t ra ce t h e e ffec tof e l ect r i c i ty i n i n c rea s i n g t h e t raffic o f t h e s team ra i lroads to w h i c h i t i s app l i e d . I t wo u l d appea r, fromt ime to t ime

,t h a t ot h e r mode s of t rac t i o n . l i ke t h e a u to

mob i l e, for i n s t a n ce , or t h e b i cyc l e

,mig h t h ave some

eff ec t 011 s t ree t ra i lway t raffic ; a n d we are n o t v e t ve ryfa r away from t h e t ime w h e n some s t ree t ra i lw ay ma nagers t h o u g h t t h ey we re go i n g t o l ose a l l t h e i r i n comebeca u se so ma n y peop l e h ad take n t o r i d i n g b i cyc l e s t o

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

44 The Wa s h i ng t on

e l ec t r i c p u mp s , fa n s, h o i s t s , d r i l l s , e tc . ; w h i l e l at te r lye l ec t r i c p l ace r gol d m i n i n g h a s sp r u n g u p a s a n i n d u st ry,

’

ove r 40 dredge s ope rate d by e l e c t r i c power be i n gnow i n s t a l l ed i n Ca l i for n i a . I n fac t

,i t i s l arge ly on

acco u n t of e l e ct r i c m i n i n g t h a t m uch o f t h e lo n g d i sta n ce powe r t ra n sm i s s i o n of t h e Far Wes t h a s bee nd o n e . I n fac t , t h e l o n ge s t t ra n sm i s s i o n system i n t h ewor l d , from t h e S i e r ras a cros s t h e S tate of Cal i for n i ato Sa n Fra n c i s co a n d t h e s h ore s of t h e Pacific— 2 3 2

h a s bee n deve l oped by t h e S ta n dard - Bays Co u n t i e sCompa n i e s on t h e wate r powe rs at firs t u t i l i z e d i n ap r im i t i ve way for mi n i n g p u rpo ses .T h e u se o f e l e ct r i c motor s i n m i l l s a n d factor i e s a n do t h e r i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s h a s v i rt u a l l y grow n i n t o a v as tfie l d o f i n d u s t ry by i t s e l f. T h e reve l a t i o n s of t h e twel ft hU n i te d S tate s ce n s u s were i n t h i s re spec t l i t t l e s h or t o fe xt raord i n a ry. I n dea l i n g w i t h t h e ma n u fact u re s o f t h eco u n t ry, n o fewe r t h a n e s tab l i s h me n t s or factor i e s came u n de r cons i d erat i o n . T h e e xte n t t o w h i c hh a n d - powe r i s s t i l l re so rte d to

,ev i de n c i n g t h e oppor

tunity for smal l e lect r i c motors , may be i n fe r re d fromt h e s i n g u l a r fac t t h a t o f t h e se h a l f - mi l l i o n e s tabl i s hme n t s o n l y reporte d power. I n ot h e r word s , i no n l y 3 3 per ce n t . of t h e

“ s h op s” i n t h e U n i te d S tate s h adi t p a i d to i n s t a l l o rd i n a ry mec h a n i ca l power, or a ga i nof o n l y 5 per ce n t . i n t e n year s. S team co n t i n u ed , of

co u r se , t o be t h e great p r imary power a n d h ad r i se nr ap i d ly

,be i n g, as t h e report s h ow s, not l e s s t h a n . 8,742 ,

4 16 h or se — powe r i n 1900 out of a tot a l ofh or se — powe r. T h i s i s pe r ce n t

,w h erea s i n 1890 i t

w a s o n ly pe r ce n t. Water - powe r , o n t h e o t h e rh a n d

,h a s go n e Off ; for, a l t h o u g h i t h a s r i s e n in b u l k

f rom h or se - power to t h e pe rce n tageof t h e tota l i n 1900 was o n l y a s compare d w i t hin 1890.

I t appeared f u rt h e r t h at t h e e l ec t r i c power ow n e d a n dre n te d fo r ma n u fact u r i n g work was o n l y abo u t 4 perce n t. of t h e t ota l , t h e fig u re s be i n g h or se - powerow n ed

,i n motor s

,a n d h orse — power re n te d.

B u t t h i s s h owed aga i n of pe r ce n t . over t h e fig u re so f 1890,

w h e n t h e e l ec t r i c motor h ad n ot fa i r l y come i n .

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 45

Moreo v e r,t h e fac t de se rve s n ote t h a t, w h i l e e l ec t r i c

powe r re n ted was hor se — powe r , a l l ot h e r powe rre n ted was o n l y h o rse - powe r. I n t h e e arl y dayso f t h e motor i t wa s p roposed to re n t o u t a l l t h e motorsa s a mea n s o f i n t rod u c i n g t h em , a n d t h e p rac t i ce ga i n e dco n s i de rab l e vog u e

,b u t

,as t h e above s t a t i s t i c s prove ,

peop l e n ow b u y a n d ow n t h e i r own motors , a n d t h ecompa n i e s a re n ot b u rde n ed w i t h a n i n ve s tme n t i t wo u l dh ave bee n ext reme l y d iffic u l t to ma i n t a i n free frome n ormo u s r i sk o f det r ime n t a n d depre c i at i o n . “lli at

t h i s wo u l d h ave mea n t may be i n fe rred from t h e s t ateme n t t h a t i n 1900

- 1 t h e New York Ed i so n Compa n y te

porte d h or se - powe r o f motor s co n n e cte d to i t sc i rc u i t s. or t h i r ty t ime s a s m u c h a s i n 1890. At $75 perh or se - power

,t h i s wo u l d imp l y a n i n ve s tme n t by the

compa n y o f n earl y fo u r m i l l i o n s i n mac h i n e ry t h a t i two u l d h ave h ad to watc h o v e r w i de l y s cat te re d te r r i to ry.

Ob v i o u s l y t h e p l a n o f se l l i n g motors o u t r i g h t h a s n otc h ecked t h e i r a dopt i o n , i n v i ew o f s u c h p h e n ome n a l inc reases. J u s t h e re i t may be n ote d a s f u rt h e r e v i de n ceof ext raord i n a ry growt h i n powe r se rv i ce t h a t i n 1904

t h e Ed i so n ma i n s i n New York a re s u pp ly i n g n ot l e s st h a n h o rse - powe r to e l ect r i c motor s 0 11 Manhat

t a n I s l a n d . A f u r t h e r i l l u m i n at i n g fac t i s t h a t i n \ 1 902o n e of t h e l a rge r e l ec t r i c ma n u fac t u r i n g compa n i e s re

ported t h e p rod u c t i o n of s tat i o n a ry power motor s

,a n d a n i n crea se i n t h a t ye ar al o n e o f 40 per ce n t . i n

e l e ct r i c motor dr i ve eq u i pme n t s .From t h e da t a abo v e gi ve n a n i dea may per h ap s befo rme d a s to t h e ra n ge a n d scope o f t h e e l ec t r i ca l a r t si n Ameri ca . A ro u g h s u mmar i z at i o n of t h e fig u re s maybe gi v e n i n co n c l u s i o n . Fi v e o f t h e bra n c h e s c i ted i11e l u de

, 394 000 empl oyee s o f al l k i n d s . T h e amo u n t ofcap i t a l i n t h e s ame bra n c h e s reac h e d I two u l d not be fa r o u t of t h e way to pl ace t h e tot a l n u mbe r o f pe rso n s empl oyed d i rec t l y by el ec t r i c i ty i n t h eU n i t e s o f Amer i ca i n 1904 a t a n d t h e cap i ta l i z at i o n of a l l t h e e l ect r i ca l i n d u s t r i e s at

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 47

THE NAT IONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

HE B u rea u o f Sta n da rd s was orga n i z e d J u l y 1 ,

1901 , a s o n e o f t h e b u rea u s of t h e Trea s u ry D

partment. On J u l y 1 , 1903 , i t w as t ra n s fer red ,al o n g w i t h ce rta i n ot h e r bureaus, '

to t h e newlve s tabl i s h e d Depar tme n t o f Commerce a n d Labor.T h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e B u rea u of S ta n da rd s a re b r i eflys tate d i n t h e Act o f Co n gres s by w h i c h i t was e s tablished. T h e B u rea u i s t o acq u i re a n d co n s t r u c t w h e nn ece s sa ry cop i e s of t h e s t a n da rd s adop ted or recog n i z edby t h e go v e r n me n t , t h e i r m u l t i p l e s a n d s u bd i v i s i o n s ; t omake acc u rat e compar i so n s w i t h t h e se s ta n dard s of in

struments a n d s ta n da rd s empl oyed i n s c i e n t ific i n ve s t i

gations, e n gi n ee r i n g, ma n u fact u r i n g, commerce a n d ed ucational i n s t i t u t i o n s ; t o co n d u c t re searc h e s pe r ta i n i n g toprec i s i o n meas u reme n t s a n d to dete rm i n e t h e p h ys i ca lco n s ta n t s a n d prope rt i e s o f mate r i a l s . T h e B u rea u i sa l s o to f u r n i s h s u c h i n format i o n co n ce r n i n g s ta n dard s ,met h od s of meas u reme n t , p h ys i ca l co n s ta n t s a n d t h ep rope rt i e s o f mate r i a l s a s may be a t i t s d i spo sa l

,a n d i s

a u t h or i z ed to exe rc i se i t s f u n c t i o n s for t h e Gover n me n to f t h e U n i te d State s

,for State or m u n i c i p a l go v e r n

me n t s,for s c i e n t ific soc i e t i e s

,ed u ca t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s

,

corpora t i o n s , fi rm s or i n d i v i d u a l s,a n d

,a s a mat te r o f

i n te r n at i o n a l co u rt e sy, somet imes se rve s fore i g n gover nme n t s . No fees are col l ec te d for se rv i ce s pe r formed fort h e n at i o n a l o r S ta te gove r n me n t s ; from ot h e r s a reaso n ab l e fe e i s c h arged.

Buildings and Site.

To car ry out t h e se f u n c t i o n s adeq u ate l y req u i re s l a rge,

wel l - eq u i ppe d a n d f u l l y ma n n e d p h ys i ca l a n d c h emi call aborator i e s. To t h i s e n d Co n gre s s h a s approp r i a ted

for a s i te , for two b u i l d i n gs,a n d $22 5 ,

000 for appa rat u s a n d eq u i pme n t . T h e s i t e l i e s i n t h en ort h we s te r n s u b u rbs o f \Vas h i n gt o n

,abo u t t h ree a n d

one - h a l f m i l e s from t h e Trea s u ry a n d fee t fromCo n n ec t i c u t Ave n u e , j u s t n or t h o f Cl eve l a n d Park. I t

The W a s h i n g t on

i s 3 50 fee t above t h e Potomac , a n d i s t h e h i g h e s t gro u n di n t h e v i c i n i ty. Compl ete freedom from t h e j a rr i n g o fs t reet t raffic i s a s s u red , a n d mag n e t i c d i s t u rba n ce s d u et o t h e o n l y e l ec t r i c ra i l way i n t h a t immed i ate regi o n areve ry s l i g h t . T h e se b u i l d i n gs h ave bee n so p l a n n e d and

l ocated t h at ad d i t i o n a l b u i l d i n gs may be added a s t h eybecome n ece s sary.O n e b u i l d i n g i s compl eted a n d occ u p i ed a n d t h e ot h ei s n e ar i n g comp l et i o n . T h e l a rge r o f t h e two b u i l d i n gs,w h i c h i s c a l l e d t h e p h ys i ca l l abora tory, wi l l p rov i de fo rt h e grea te r port i o n of t h e e xpe r ime n ta l work

,i n c l u d i n g

e spec i a l l y t h a t p ar t w h i c h req u i re s to be kep t free frommec h a n i ca l a n d mag n et i c d i s t u rba n ce s

,a n d t o t h i s e n d

i t w i l l co n t a i n s carce ly a n y mac h i n e ry. I t w i l l a l soco n t a i n t h e office s for admi n i s t ra t i o n , t h e l i brary, a n d a

wel l - eq u i ppe d c h em i ca l l aboratory. T h e mec h a n i ca l l aborato ry co n t a i n s t h e mec h a n i ca l p l a n t

,i n s t r u me n t s h op

a n d l abora tor i e s for t h e h e a v i e r k i n ds of expe r ime n talwork

,w h ere co n s i de rab l e powe r or l arge e l ect r i c c u r

re n t s a re req u i re d . T h e se two b u i l d i n gs are u n i te d by aspac i o u s t u n n e l

,t h ro u g h w h i c h t h e a i r d u c t s of t h e

h e at i n g a n d ve n t i l a t i n g sys tem , s team , gas a n d wate rp i pe s

,a n d e l ec t r i c c i rc u i t s are t o be car r i e d from the

mec h a n i ca l t o t h e p h ys i ca l l aboratory.

Heating and V entilation of the Buildings .

T h e h eat i n g a n d ve n t i l a t i n g of a l aborato ry i s a ma tt e r o f firs t importa n ce , a n d h a s i n t h i s ca se rece i ve de spec i a l at te n t i o n . I n h e a t i n g a b u i l d i n g by t h e do u bl ed u c t sys tem h ot a i r from one d u ct i s m i xed w i t h cool e r ,tempe red a i r from a seco n d d u c t i n s u c h p roport i o n a sto h ol d t h e temperat u re of t h e room co n s ta n t

,t h e p ro

port i o n s of t h e h ot a n d tempered a i r be i n g reg u l a te d bva pa i r of dampe rs , t h e l a t te r be i n g a u tomat i ca l l y con

t rol l e d by mea n s o f a t h e rmos tat . Eac h room of ab u i l d i n g, t h e re fore , has i t s ow n s u pp ly fl u e

,reg u l at i n g

damper s a n d t h e rmos tat . T h e l a t te r may be se t a t a n yde s i red tempe ra t u re wi t h i n t h e ra n ge of t h e appa rat u s .If n ow i n h ot wea t h e r t h e h ot - ai r d u c t o f w i n te r car r i e sa i r take n from o u t o f door s

,s ay a t 85 degree s F .,

a n dt h e tempered — a i r d u c t car r i e s a rt ific i a l l y cool e d a i r

,say

E l ec t r i ca l H an d b o o k

a t 60 degree s. a mi x t u re o f t h e two may g i ve a roomt empe ra t u re o f 75 degree s w h e n t h e t empe ra t u re wo u l dot h e rwi se be 80 degree s or h i g h e r. T h e t h e rmost a t wi l ladj u s t au tomat i ca l l y t h e p roport i o n s o f cool ed a n d nu

cool ed “air, so a s t o h ol d t h i s t emperat u re co n s ta n t , t h u spre v e n t i n g t h e u s u a l grad u a l i n c rea se o f tempe rat u re a st h e day progre s se s . By a readj u stme n t o f t h e t h e rmosta t a n y ot h e r co n s t a n t t emperat u re ca n be se c u re d , provided i t i s wi t h i n t h e ra n ge of t h e system .

Not o n l y doe s t h i s sys tem make pos s ib l e a u t omat i ct emperat u re co n t rol i n s u mme r— a most import a n t e n di n i t se l f— b u t i t a l so se c u re s a h u mi d i ty co n t rol . For bvcool i n g a i r i t s moi s t u re i s pa rt l y remo v ed .

-

" i t h t h i s sys tem of h eat i n g i n wi n te r a n d cool i n g i ns u mmer

,wi t h a u t omat i c temperat u re co n t rol a n d exces s

o f moi s t u re remo v ed by refrigeration, the do u b l e w i n dowso f t h e l abora to ry may be kep t t i g h t l y c l ose d , a n d a n atmosphere fa v orabl e fo r ex pe r ime n t a t i o n sec u re d a t auvt ime

,s u mme r or w i n t e r. T h e c l osed do u b l e w i n dow s

w i l l a l so e ffec t u a l l y keep o u t d u s t a n d d i r t , two of t h ee n emi e s o f t h e e xper ime n ta l i s t . -Vi t h gas

,compre s se d

a i r , vac u u m ,h ot a n d col d wate r , i ce wate r a n d d i s t i l l e d

water a lways at h a n d ; wi t h col d br i n e . ca rbo n d i ox i dea n d l i q u i d a i r a l ways a v a i l ab l e for l ow tempera t u re s

,a n d

ga s a n d e l e ct r i c f u r n ace s ava i l ab l e for h i g h tempe rat u re s ; w i t h d i rec t e l ec t r i c c u rre n t s , at pote n t i a l s u p to

vol t s a n d c u rre n t s u p t o ampere s , a n d st i l lh i g h e r a l te r n at i n g vol tage s a n d l a rge r a l te r n a t i n g c u rre n t s a l ways ava i l ab l e

,i t i s be l i eve d t h a t t h e fac i l i t i e s

a n d appl i a n ce s n ece s sa ry for ca r ry i n g 011 a w i de ra n geof expe r ime n t s u n de r favorab l e co n d i t i o n s wi l l be fa i r l ywel l rea l i ze d .

The Mechanical Laboratory.

T h e mec h a n i ca l l aboratory i s b u i l t o f dark re d b r i ck ,t r immed wi t h I n d i a n a l ime sto n e . T h e b u i l d i n g i s 1 3 5

fee t lo n g eas t a n d we s t , 48 fee t w i de a t t h e e n d s , a n d 58fee t i n t h e ce n t ra l po rt i o n . I t s ta n d s on gro u n d s l op i n gtoward t h e n ort h , so t h a t t h e ba seme n t s tory i s w h o l l yabove gro u n d o n t h e n or t h , b u t i s o n l y a few fee t abovegro u n d 0 11 t h e so u t h . A n exte n s i o n o f t h e ba seme n t.

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52 The IV a s hi ng ton

i ce i n 24 h o u rs . Li q u i d a i r a n d l i q u i d h ydroge n mac h i n e s w i l l be adde d i n t h e n e a r f u t u re . A l arge ta n kfil l e d w i t h cal c i u m c h l or i de br i n e i s l ocated i n t h e s u bba seme n t j u s t u n de r t h e re fr i ge rat i n g mac h i n e

,a n d eu~

abl e s col d” to be sto red eq u i val e n t to te n t o n s of i ce .T h i s may be u se d a t n i g h t or t o s u pp leme n t t h e mac h i n e i n t h e h ot te s t pa rt of t h e day w h e n de s i re d .T h e a i r - cool i n g c h ambe r co n t a i n s a se t of co i l s of

ga l v a n i z ed i ro n p i pe t h ro u g h w h i c h co l d br i n e i s p u mped

,a n d t h e a i r to be coo l ed i s b l ow n ove r t h e se co i l s .

On one s i de o f t h i s room space i s re se rved for p l ac i n gapparat u s w h i c h i t i s de s i re d to cool or t o pe r form a nexpe r ime n t a t t h e low t emperat u re o f t h i s room .

T h e s torage bat te ry room i s 61 fee t l o n g, a n d co n ta i n sseve ra l bat te r i e s

,w h i c h f u r n i s h c u r re n t to motor s driv

i n g a l te r n a tor s , ve n t i l at i n g fa n s , t h e mac h i n e s of t h ei n s t r u me n t s h op

,l i g h t s i n t h e b u i l d i n gs w h e n t h e eu

gi n e s are n o t r u n n i n g, a n d c u r re n t for expe r ime n ta lp u rpo se s.

The Instrument Shop.

T h e l a rge room o n t h e fi rs t fl oor j u s t above t h e b o i l e rroom i s t h e i n s t r u me n t s h op . T h i s i s a n importa n tfea t u re of a n y p h ys i ca l l abora tory w h e re re searc h i s carr i ed 011 . S i x l at h e s o f d i ffere n t s i z e s a n d s ty l e s

,a u n i

v e rsa l m i l l i n g mac h i n e,pl a n e r s h ape r

,d r i l l p re s s ,

gr i n de r,c i rc u l a r s aw a n d ot h e r mac h i n e s h ave bee n in

s t a l l ed,a n d a compl et e eq u i pme n t o f h a n d tool s p ro

vided. T h e mac h i n e s a re d i rect l y d r i ve n by e l e c t r i cmotor s

,so t h a t n o ove r h ea d s h a ft i n g i s u se d. A stock

room adj o i n s t h e i n s t r u me n t s h op.

Direct and Alternating CurrentTesting Laboratories .

T h e h eavy c u r re n t t e s t i n g l aboratory i s p rov i ded w i t hfo u r l a rge s to rage ce l l s

,w h i c h

,w h e n j o i n e d i n paral l e l ,

w i l l g i v e a c u r re n t o f ampere s at t h e o n e - h o u rrat e of d i s c h a rge . T h ey w i l l be c h arged i n se r i e s a n dmay be d i s c h a rged s i n gl y or t oge t h e r i n any combina

t i o n . Ammete r s , s h u n t s a n d record i n g wat tmeter s forh eavy c u rre n t w i l l be te s te d h e re . T h e adj acent room ,

w h i c h i s d i re c t l y o v e r t h e dy n amo room , i s u s e d fo rte s t i n g al te r n a t i n g — c u rre n t i n s t r u me n t s . T h i s i n cl u de s

E l e c t r i ca l H and b o o k 5 3

a n e xami n a t i o n o f t h e i r be h a v i o r 0 11 d i ffe re n t l oads. atd i ffe re n t t empe rat u re s , w i t h c u r re n t s of d i ffe re n t fre

quencies, d i ffe re n t powe r factors , a n d d i ffere n t , waves h ape s . Compl ete spec ificat i o n s of t h e se factors are s u pp l i e d w h e n de s i re d w i t h t h e re s u l t s of t h e te s t.On t h e seco n d floor i s a n ot h e r e l e c t r i ca l l abora tory for

al t e r n at i n g a n d d i rec t — c u r re n t expe r ime n t s , s t u dy of

t ra n s forme rs , co n de n se r s a n d cabl e s u n de r re l a t i ve l yh i g h e l ec t romot i ve force s. T h e adj ace n t room w i l l cont a i n t ra n s formers for obta i n i n g s t i l l h i g h e r al te r n a t i n gvol tage s fo r te s t i n g i n s u l a t i o n re s i s ta n ce s ; a n d instrume n t s for meas u r i n g a l te r n at i n g vol tage s u p tovol t s or h i g h e r w i l l be te s te d h e re . A storage bat te ryo f sma l l ce l l s , gi v i n g pote n t i a l s u p t o vol t s a n dc u r re n t s u p to 1 ampere a t t h i s vol tage i s to be ins ta l l ed . Two rooms 0 11 t h i s floor are u se d for t h ep h otomet r i c st u dy a n d ca l ib rat i o n o f i n ca n de sce n t l amps ,gas l amps

,Ner n s t l amps , e tc. Immed i a te l y above , 011

t h e at t i c fl oor , i s a l a rge room for a rc — l amp p h otometry.T h e h yd ra u l i c l aborato ry e xte n d s t h ro u g h t h e seco n dand at t i c s tor i e s , gi v i n g a maxi m u m h e i g h t o f ove r 25

fee t . I t i s u se d for te s t i n g ga s a n d wate r mete rs,p re s

s u re ga u ge s,a n emomete rs

,s te am i n d i cator sp r i n gs

,e tc .

Prov i s i o n h a s bee n made for a merc u ry co l u m n i n t h ee l e v ato r s h a ft , so t h a t i t ca n be obse rved from t h e e l evator p l a t form .

The Phys ical Laboratory

T h e p h ys i ca l b u i l d i n g,l i ke t h e mec h a n i c a l b u i l d i n g

,i s

b u i l t of dark red br i ck a n d I n d i a n a l ime s to n e,t h e firs t

s tory be i n g e n t i re l y of s to n e a n d t h e u ppe r s tori e s t r i mmed w i t h s to n e. T h e b u i l d i n g i s 1 72 fee t l o n g, 55 feetw i de , a n d fo u r s tor i e s h i g h , bes i de s a baseme n t a n dat t i c . I t faces t h e so u t h , ove r l ook i n g t h e c i ty of “l as hington.

T h e corr i do r ex te n d s t h e e n t i re l e n gt h o f t h e fi rs tfloor ; t h e e xte r i o r of t h e b u i l d i n g i s so de s i g n e d t h a t i fi n t h e f u t u re a dd i t i o n a l b u i l d i n gs s h o u l d be n ee ded t h eymay be p l aced o n e on t h e ea s t a n d t h e o t h e r 011 t h e we sto f t h i s b u i l d i n g a n d co n n ec ted to i t by a n a rcade ope ning i n to t h e co rr i dor o f t h e fi r s t fl oor. T h e baseme n t i s

C ITY PO STOFF I CE.

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k

e xcavated u n de r t h e ce n t ra l port i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g a n du n de r t h e corr i dor , t h e fo u r l a rge rooms at e i t h e r e n do f t h e gro u n d floor h a v i n g co n c ret e floor s , u po n w h i c hp i e rs may be b u i l t a s t h ey a re fo u n d n ece s sa ry. I n o n eo f t h e ba seme n t rooms a s torage ba t t e ry w i l l be i11sta l l ed ; t h e ot h e rs w i l l be u se d a s co n s ta n t - temperat u rerooms for exper ime n ta l p u rpose s w h e n eve r t h ey a ren eeded . O n l y ce rta i n spec i a l k i n d s o f work wi l l req u i ret o be co n d u c te d i n t h e se ba seme n t rooms

,a s al l rooms

0 11 t h e fi r s t a n d seco n d floor s w i l l be p ract i ca l l y co ns ta n t — tempe ra t u re rooms

,h av i n g h ea v y wa l l s a n d do u

bl e w i n dow s a n d a u t omat i c t empera t u re reg u l a t i o n .

The Pipe and W ire Shafts .

Betwee n rooms 1 a n d 2, n ex t t o t h e o u te r wal l , i s a

ve r t i ca l s h a ft t h ree fee t sq u a re , e x te n d i n g from t h ebaseme n t t o t h e at t i c . I n corre spo n d i n g pos i t i o n s i n t h eot h e r t h ree q u a rte r s of t h e b u i l d i n g are t h ree s i m i l a rs h a f t s . Al l p i pe s for d i s t r ib u t i n g ga s, compres se d a i r ,a n d v ac u u m , h ot a n d col d wate r , i c e wate r, d i s t i l l e dwate r

,co l d br i n e , a n d a l l t h e e l ec t r i c w i r i n g for l ig h t i n g

a n d expe r ime n ta l p u rpose s a re ca r r i e d u p t h ro u g h t h e ses h a ft s . A door Ope n s i n t o eac h s h a ft 0 11 eac h fl oo r

,

maki n g eve ryt h i n g acces s ib l e w i t h o u t t h e ma i n p i pe s a n dwi re s be i n g expose d i n t h e l aborato r i e s . On eac h floorbra n c h e s a re bro u g h t o u t from t h e wate r p i pe s to t h es i n k s , from the a i r a n d ga s p i pe s to work tab l e s

,a n d

from t h e d i s t r i b u t i n g w i re s i n t h e s h a ft t o a smal lsw i t c h board

,t h e re be i n g one s u c h sw i t c h boa rd fo r eac h

s u i te o f two or t h ree rooms i n eac h q u arte r of t h eb u i l d i n g. T h e w i re s j o i n ed to t h e se l oca l sw i t c h boa rd sr u n to a ma i n sw i t c h board n ea r t h e n ort h door o f thfir s t floor

,a n d t h e n ce t r u n k l i n e s r u n t h ro u g h t h e t u n

n e l t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i n g sw i tc h boa rd of t h e dy n amo room .

T h u s , t h ro u g h t h e se two mai n sw i tc h board s a n d a l ocall abora tory board , a n y c i rc u i t i n a n y l abora tory roommay be co n n ec ted to a n y ot h er c i rc u i t i n a n y ot h e r l aboratory room or t o a n y ba t te ry or ge n e rato r i n t h emec h a n i ca l b u i l d i n g. T h e s torage bat te ry i n t h e baseme n t w i l l be so co n n e c ted to t h e ma i n sw i tc h boa rd t h a ta n y n u mbe r o f ce l l s from o n e to t h e tota l n u mber may

5 6‘

The W a s h i n g t o n

be j o i n e d to a n y l aboratory c i rc u i t , a n d a n a u to - t ra n sforme r w i l l s im i l a r l y gi ve a n y al t e r n a t i n g v ol tage re

q u i red . Al te r n at i n g c u r re n t s of d i ffe re n t p h a se s a n df req u e n c i e s may be h a d a t a n y pl ace by co n n ec t i n g t ot h e p rope r mac h i n e i n t h e dy n amo room .

The Laboratory Rooms .

Rooms 1 a n d 2 w i l l be u se d a s re se arc h l abora to r i e sand for p rec i s e meas u reme n t s i n ma ss , l e n gt h a n d ca

pacitv. Rooms 2 1 , 2 2 a n d 3 4 w i l l be u s ed fo r te s t i n gwe ig h t s a n d mea s u re s . Rooms 1 1 , 1 2 a n d 14 w i l l beuse d for re sea rc h l abora tor i e s i n co n n e c t i o n w i t h v ar io us me t h ods o f mak i n g p rec i se ma s s , l e n gt h a n d capacity meas u reme n t s , i n c l u d i n g op t i ca l met h od s a n d opt i ca li n s t r u me n t s . Rooms 3 1 a n d 3 2 w i l l be u se d a s ge n er alr e searc h l aborator i e s , espec i a l l y for opt i cal work . Room2 3 w i l l be u se d a s a l abora to ry fo r t e s t i n g watc h es ,c h ro n ome ter s , c l ocks , t u n i n g fo rk s , a n d ot h e r t i mep i ece s .Rooms 8 a n d 9 w i l l be u sed for resea rc h i n h ea t a n d

t h e te st i n g o f t h e rmometer s a n d pyrome te r s for measu r i n g t empe rat u re s o u t s i d e t h e ra n ge o f merc u ry t h ermometers.

Rooms 16, 1 7, 18 a n d 1 9 wi l l b e u se d for i n v e s t i gat i o nand t h e t es t i n g of re s i s ta n ce s ta n dard s

,re s i s t a n ce boxe s

a n d s h u n t s ; s ta n dard ce l l s, a n d i n s t r u me n t s u se d i nmeas u r i n g res i s ta n ce a n d e l ec t romot i v e force s .Rooms 28 a n d 29 a re to be occ u p i e d by t h e mag n et i c

laboratory,a n d rooms 36, 38 a n d 3 9 are to be emp l oyed

for t h e i n v e s t i gat i o n a n d te s t i n g of s ta n da rd s o f ca

pacity a n d i n d u c ta n ce a n d for s t u dy i n g probl ems i nw h i c h capac i ty a n d i n d u c ta n ce are i n v ol ve d .

Offices and Library.

T h e t h i r d fl oor p ro v i de s spa ce at one e n d for a l ec ~

t u re room a n d two rooms for apparat u s a n d s u ppl i e s ;at t h e o t h e r e n d for t h e l ib rary a n d read i n g room

,a n d

in t h e ce n t ra l por t i o n for t h e offices o f adm i n i s t rat i o n .T h e se rooms were p l ace d o n t h e t h i rd fl oor i n orde rt o devo te t h e two l owe r floors so l e l y t o l abora tory p u rpose s .Room 60, 011 t h e fo u rt h fl oor

, wi l l a ccommodate t h ework i n me rc u r i a l t h e rmomete rs

,i n c l u d i n g ord i n a ry,

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 7

p rec i s i o n a n d c l i n i c a l t h e rmomete rs . Rooms 69 a n d 79 ,

a t t h e ea s t e n d o f t h i s floor , w i l l be u se d tempora r i l y a sl u n c h rooms . T h e o t h e r room s o f t h i s floor a re be i n gfit t ed u p as a c h em i cal l aboratory , fo r work i n a n al yt i ca l ,p h ys i ca l a n d e l ec t ro - c h em i s t ryOn t h e fift h , or a t t i c floor, a re t h e p h o tograp h i c rooms

and s to rage rooms .

Organization of the Work of the Bureau.

t h e work o f p l a n n i n g a n d b u i l d i n g l abora tor i e sand de s i g n i n g a n d co n s t r u ct i n g t h e s omew h a t e xte n s i v eand i n manv re spect s u n i q u e eq u i pme n t of t h e s ame h asbee n go i n g 0 11 , t h e B u rea u h a s bee n e ff ect i n g i t s orga n ization a n d de v el op i n g i t s work i n tempora ry q u ar te rs .

t h e B u rea u of S ta n dard s was orga n i z ed i t s u pe rseded t h e office o f S ta n da rd We ig h t s a n d Meas u re s a n dacq u i re d i t s eq u i pme n t ; t h e old office s i n t h e Coa s t a n dGeodet i c S u r v ey b u i l d i n g we re re t a i n e d , a n d by t h ec o u r te sy o f t h e s u pe r i n te n de n t o f t h e Coa s t a n d Geodet i e S u r v ey seve ra l add i t i o n a l rooms pro v i ded i n t h eadj o i n i n g b u i l d i n g. A year l a te r a n e i g h bor i n g res ide n ce was re n te d a n d co n ve r ted i n t o a tempora ry l abo ra to ry a n d i n st r u me n t s h op .I n t h e se temporarv q u a r te r s t h e B u re a u h a s not o n l y

ga t h e re d toge t h e r a co n s i de rabl e eq u i pme n t o f apparat u s a n d do n e a grea t dea l o f p rel im i n a ry work

,b u t i t

h a s do n e s ome te st i n g for t h e gover n me n t a n d t h e p u bl i c a n d n ot a l i t t l e re sea rc h . T h e q u a n t i ty o f te s t i n gdo n e h a s bee n l im i te d pa r t l y by a n i n s u ffic i e n t fo rce

,

pa rt l y by t h e i n compl e t e eq u i pme n t o f appara t u s,a n d

pa r t l y by lack of space . T h e work of t es t i n g,h owe v e r ,

has bee n rap i d l y i n c rea s i n g d u r i n g t h e pa s t yea r .

The Personnel.

T h e ac t e s tabl i s h i n g t h e B u rea u p ro v i de d for fo u rtee npos i t i o n s a t a n aggrega t e salarv o f T h e n ex tye ar ( 1902 -

3 ) t h e n u mber was mereased to twe n ty — fo u ra t a n aggregate s a l a ry o f T h e t h i r d year

( 1903 -

4 ) t h e n u mbe r was i n c rea se d t o fifty— e i g h t,wi t h

a n aggregate sa l a ry o f For t h e p re se n t fis ca l

yea r t h e re a re a l toge t h e r i n t h e B u rea u seventv- one

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60 The W a s h i ng t on

ma n y year s co n n ec te d w i t h t h e office of Sta n dardwe i g h t s a n d Meas u re s . He i s a s s i s t ed by L. G. Hoxto n

(U n i v er s i ty of V i rgi n i a ) , R . Y. Fer n e r (U n i ve rs i ty o fWi sco n s i n ) , N . S . O sbor n e (Mic h i ga n S c h oo l o f M i n e s ) ,L. L. Sm i t h

,a n d G . W. Eastma n (M . I .

2 . H eat and Thcrntometry,u n de r t h e c h a rge o f D r.

C. \V . W’a i d n e r (Jo h n s H opk i n s U n i v e rs i ty ) , as s i s te dby Dr. G . " . B u rge s s (M . I . T . a n d U n i ver s i ty o f Par i s )and Mr. H . C . D i ck i n so n (“filliams a n d Cl ark U n i v e rs ity) .

3 . Light and Optical Instruments , u n de r t h e per so n a lc h a rge o f P ro fe s so r St rat t o n

,a s s i s te d by D r. P. G.

N u t t i n g (U n i ve r s i ty of Cal i for n i a a n d Cor n e l l ) , Mr. F.

J . Ba te s (U n i ve r s i ty of Nebraska ) , a n d Mr. B . J .Spe n ce r .

4. Engineering [It-Sll‘

l u n de r t h e c h arge of Mr.A . S . Merr i l l (M . I .

5 . The Office, u n de r t h e c h a rge o f t h e secre tary, Mr.He n ry D . H u bbar d (U n i ver s i ty o f C h i cago ) , as s i s te d byMr. D . E. Do u ty (Cl ark U n i v er s i ty ) , l i b rar i a n , s i xc l e rk s a n d two mes se n ge rs .6. The Instrument Shop, w i t h M r. Oscar G. La n ge ,c h i e f mec h a n i c i a n , fo u r ot h e r mec h a n i c i a n s a n d twoapp re n t i ce s

,a n d t h e woodwork i n g s h op , wi t h two wood

workers .

Divis ion II.

D i v i s i o n I I compr i se s s i x sec t i o n s , a s fol l ow s :1 . Resistance and Electronzotive F orce, u n de r t h e

c h arge of Dr. F. A . \V olff (Jo h n s Hopk i n s U n i v er s i ty ) ,a 5 5 1s t ed by Dr. G . W . Middlekauf (Jo h n s Hopk i n sUniversitv) a n d Mr . C. R . T h u rma n (U n i ve rs i ty of

V i rg i n i a )2 . Magnetism and Absolute .ll easnrenzent of Current,u n de r t h e c h a rge o f Dr. " . E. Guthe (U n i ve rs i ty of

U n i v e rs i ty o f M i c h i ga n ) , a s s i s te d by Mr . C .

M . J-anskv (U n i ve rs ityof M i c h iga n ) .

3 . Inductance and Capacity,u n de r t h e pe rso n a l c h a rge

of Professor Rosa,a s s i s t ed by “

Dr. N . E. Dor sey ‘

(Jo h n s‘

Hopk i n s U n i ve r s i ty ) a n d Mr. F. W. Gro v e r (M . I . T .

and

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 61

4 . Electrical Measuring Instruments, a l so u n de r theper so n a l c h a rge o f Pro fes so r Rosa , as s i s te d by Dr. M .

G. Ll oyd (U n i vers i ty o f Pe n n sy lva n i a ) , H . B . Brook s

(O h i o S tate U n i ve r s i ty ) , C. E. Re i d (P u rd u e ) , a n dF. S . D u r s t o n (Wesl eya n ) .

5. Photometry, u n de r t h e c h arge o f M r . E. P. Hyde

(Jo h n s Hopki n s U n i ve rs i ty ) , as s i s te d by Mr. F. E.

Cady (M . I .6. Engineering P lant, u n de r t h e c h a rge o f t h e e n g in ee r

,Mr. C. F. Spo n s l er (Pe n n syl va n i a S tate Col l ege )

Divis ion "I.

D i v i s i o n I I I compr i se s t h e c h em i ca l work of t h e B urea u . At pre se n t t h e pe rso n n e l of t h i s d i v i s i on i n c l u de s ,be s i des t h e c h em i s t

,o n l y t h e as soc i ate c h em i s t , Dr. H .

N . S toke s (Jo h n s Hopk i n s U n i ve r s i ty ) a n d t h e a s s i s t a n tc h em i s t

,Dr. Water s (Jo h n s Hopk i n s U n i ve rs i ty ) . T h i s

work i s re l a t i ve ly l a te i n i t s orga n i za t i o n , fo r t h e rea s o nt h a t t h e B u rea u h a s h ad no p l ace i n w h i c h to deve l op ac h em i ca l l aboratory. T h e n ew b u i l d i n gs a re n ow readya n d a compl ete c h em i ca l l aboratory w i l l s h ort l y be ins ta l l e d in o n e of t h em .

The Vis iting Committee.

T h e v i s i t i n g commi t tee i s co n s t i t u te d as fol l ow s : Dr.

I ra Remse n,Pre s i de n t o f J o h n s Hopk i n s U n i ve rs i ty

,

Dr. He n ry S . Pr i t c h e t t , Pres i de n t o f Mass ac h u se t t s I nstitute of Tec h n o l ogy ; Pro fes s or Edward L. N i c h o l s ,Cor n e l l U n i v e rs i ty ; Profe s sor El i h u T h omso n , Ly n n ,Mas sac h u se t t s ; Mr. Alber t Ladd Colby, Meta l l u rg i ca lEn g i n ee r , New York .

T h e se ge n t l eme n mee t i n Was h i n gto n a t l ea s t o n c eeac h yea r, a n d , a fte r rece i v i n g a repor t from t h e d irec tor

,make a t h o ro u g h exam i n a t i o n of t h e work of t h e

B u rea u . O n t h e ba s i s of t h i s e xam i n at i o n t h ey pre se n ta repor t to t h e Secret a ry o f Commerce a n d Labor

,mak

i n g s u c h recomme n dat i o n s a s t h ey t h i n k p rope r. T h i scommi t tee h a s a l ready bee n o f m u c h se rv i ce to t h eB u rea u , a n d i t i s be l i eved t h a t i t w i l l a l so se rve a valuable p u rpose as a med i u m of comm u n i ca t i o n be twee nt h e sc i e n t ific p u b l i c a n d t h e B u rea u .

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 63

Publications .

T h e p u bl i ca t i o n s o f t h e B u rea u co n s i s t o f ( I ) t h eD i re ctor

'

s A n n u a l Report to t h e Sec re tary of Commerce a n d Labor ; (2 ) the B u l l e t i n , co n ta i n i n g paper sby membe rs of t h e B u re a u

,i n c l u d i n g sc i e n t ific i n ves t i

gations a n d de sc r i pt i o n s o f met h od s o f te s ti n g ; (3 )Ci rc u l a r s o f I n format i o n

,co n t a i n i n g a n n o u n ceme n t s re

ga rd i n g t e s t i n g, sc h e d u l e s o f fee s , a n d spec i a l t ab l e s a n dart i c l e s of ge n era l i n te re s t .

The Sc ientificWork— Divis ion 1, Section I.

T h e s c i e n t ific work a n d te s t i n g w h i c h t h e B u rea u i sdoi n g a t p re se n t or for w h i c h p repa rat i o n s are i n p rog ~

re s s may n ow be br i efly sta ted by d i v i s i o n s a n d se ct i o n su n de r w h i c h t h e work i s s u bd i v i ded .ll

’

eights and Ill easures , i n c l u d i n g t h e de te rm i n a t i o no f l e n gt h s

,mas se s a n d v o l u me s .

T h e B u re a u po s se s s e s a t t h e p rese n t t ime two i r i d i o

pl a t i n u m cop i e s of t h e i n te r n a t i o n a l meter , t o w h i c h a l ll e n gt h s a re re fer red , a n d t h e appa rat u s for compar i n go t h e r ba rs w i t h t h em .

I t w i l l be remembered t h at i n 1893 Co n gre s s adoptedt h e i n te r n at i o n a l mete r a s t h e f u n dame n t a l u n i t o fl e n gt h , co n t i n u i n g t h e ra t i o

'

of t h e yard to t h e me te r a s

36 t o At t h e s ame t ime t h e i n te r n at i o n a l ki l o

g ram was adop te d a s t h e f u n dame n t a l u n i t o f mas s .T h u s t h e ol d s ta n dard yard of 1840 a n d t h e T roy po u n do f the mi n t o f 1827 were s u pe rs eded , a n d h e n ce a l lmea s u re s of l e n gt h a n d mas s i n e i t h e r met r i c or Eng

li s h sy s tem are now re fe r re d t o t h e i n t e r n at i o n a l mete ra n d k i l ogram .

T h e B u rea u i s at p re se n t p repared t o de termi n e thel e n gt h of a n y sta n da rd from I dec imete r t o 50 meter s.a n d al so to cal ib ra te t h e s u bd i v i s i o n s of s u c h s ta n da rd sa n d to de te rm i n e t h e coefiicient of expa n s i o n o f t h esame for ord i n a ry ra n ge s of temperat u re . T h e B u rea ui s a l s o p repared a t t h e prese n t t ime to compare basemeas u r i n g appa rat u s a n d s tee l t ape s .T h e t u n n e l co n n ec t i n g t h e p h ys i ca l a n d mec h a n i ca l

laborato r i e s w i l l be fit ted out w i t h fac i l i t i e s for com

pa r i n g t h i s k i n d o f appara t u s. T h i s t u n n e l i s 1 70 fee t

The W a s h i n g t on

l o n g, 7 fee t w i de , a n d 8 fee t h i g h , a n d fac i l i t i e s w i l l be

p rov i ded for compar i n g t ape s u p to 50 mete r s i n l e n gt ha n d t o l ay o u t a base of t h e same l e n gt h w i t h a n e rrornot greate r t h a n o n e pa r t i n two or t h ree m i l l i o n

,ove r

w h i c h bas e - mea s u r i n g appa rat u s may be te s te d. Mea n swi l l a l s o be pro v i ded for r a i s i n g t h e temperat u re to ,

say, 40 degree s C.

,a n d l ower i n g to 10 degree s C., fo r

t h e de term i n at i o n of t empe rat u re coeffic i e n t s of apparat u s s u bm i t t ed .

T h e B u rea u pos se s se s two i r i d i o - p l a t i n u m cop i e s o ft h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l k i l ogram a n d a l so t h e n ece s sary worki n g s ta n da rd s to v e r i fy ma sse s from mi l l i gram to20 k i l ograms . T h e b al a n ce s n ow o n h a n d i n c l u de an u mber of t h e be s t Amer i c a n a n d E u ropea n make s .Capac i ty meas u re s from I mi l l i l i te r t o 40 l i t e r s may

be s t a n da rd i z e d.T h e de te rm i n a t i o n of t h e de n s i ty o f sol i d s a n d o fl i q u i d s i s a par t o f t h e work of t h i s se ct i o n as wel l a st h e t e s t i n g o f a n ero i d barometer s .T h e B u rea u h a s bee n cal l e d u po n to adv i se t h e office r s of s t at e a n d c i ty se al e r s o f we i g h t s a n d mea s u resrega rd i n g t h e p roper eq u i pme n t o f t h os e offi cer s a n dt h e met h od s to be p u r s u e d i n per form i n g t h e i r f u n ct i o n s .

Divis ion 1, Section 2.

Thernzometry and Pyrometry. Fac i l i t i e s h a v e now

bee n p ro v i de d fo r t h e te s t i n g of merc u r i a lt h e rmometers i n t h e i n te rva l — 30 degree s C . to + 550

degree s C. T h e te s t i n g o f to l u e n e,pe t rol e u m - e t h e r a n d

pe n t a n e t h e rmome te r s,a n d coppe r — co n s t a n t a n t h e rmo

co u p l e s for l ow temperat u re work,w i l l be u n de rtake n

i n t h e n ea r f u t u re , t h e ra n ge exte n d i n g dow n-

t o abo u t200 degree s C.

T h e s ta n da rd s ca l e o f temperat u re adopted by t h i sB u rea u for work i n t h e i n te r v a l —

30 degrees to + 1 00

degree s C. i s t h e sca l e of t h e h ydroge n gas t h e rmome ter .As pr imary s ta n dard s t h e B u rea u n ow h a s fi ftee n

Tonnelot a n d Ba u d i n t h e rmomete r s t h at h ave bee nca re f u l l y s t u d i ed a t t h e I n te r n at i o n a l B u rea u a n d al soi n te rcompared h e re .

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 65

As primarv s ta n da rd s i n t h e i n t e r v a l 100 t o 600 degree s C . t h e B u rea u po s se s se s some Spec i a l l y de s i g n edp l a t i n u m re s i s ta n ce t h e rmome te r s , bot h o f t h e compen

sa ted a n d po t e n t i a l l ea d type , toge t h e r w i t h re s i s ta n c eb r i dge s a n d o t h e r apparat u s de s i g n e d t o afford t h eh i g h e s t acc u racy a n d co n ve n i e n ce i n work i n g.

As seco n da ry a n d work i n g s ta n da rd s i n t h e i n t e r v a l100 degree s C. t o 550 degree s C.

,t h e B u rea u h a s a num

be r o f merc u ry t h e rmomete r s co n s t r u c te d o f Fre n c hh a rd gl a s s a n d o f Je n a boro s i l i ca te gl a s s . T h osei n te n ded for work abo v e 300 degree s C. h a v e t h e spaceabo v e t h e merc u ry fi l l e d w i t h d ry N or CO ,

gas u n de r

pres s u re .

I n t h e i n te r v al 0 degree s C . to — 200 degree s C . t h es ta n da rd s cal e o f t empera t u re i s aga i n t h a t o f t h eh yd roge n gas t h e rmome t e r. a n d h e re a l so t h e p l a t i n u mre s i s ta n ce t h e rmome te r se r v e s to de fi n e t h e sca l e . A sseco n da ry a n d work i n g s ta n dard s i n t h i s i n te r v a l t h eB u rea u h a s a n u mbe r o f to l u e n e t h e rmomete rs a n dc opper - co n st a n ta n t h e rmo - co u pl e s : a n d i n add i t i o n somepe t rol e u m - e t h e r and pe n ta n e t h e rmome te r s fo r u se a slow a s — 180 degree s C .

T h e scope of t h e te s t i n g work i n t h i s fie l d. w h i c h i srap i d l y i n c reas i n g. i s somew h at var i ed . I t i n c l u de s thce r t ificat i o n o f p rec i s i o n t h e rmome te r s to be u se d i nsc i e n t i fi c work

,t h e ce r t i fica t i o n of s ta n da rd s u se d by

make r s o f t h e rmome te rs , of t h e rmome t e rs u sed i n impor t a n t e n gi n ee r i n g te s t s , a n d o f spec i a l type s o f mechanical t h e rmome te rs u sed i n i n d u s t r i a l ope ra t i o n sT h e te s t i n g o f c l i n i ca l t h e rmome te r s forms a n i mportar.par t o f t h e work of t h i s se ct i o n . Spec i a l appa ra t u s ha ;bee n de s i g n ed a n d co n s t r u c ted to e n abl e t h i s work 1

be ca r r i ed on w i t h t h e greate s t rap i d i ty a n d pre c i s io n

Spec i a l fac i l i t i e s h a v e bee n p ro v i ded for h i g h t em

perature t e s t i n g , s u c h a s t h e s ta n da rd i za t i o n a n d testii ‘ :o f n ea rl y al l k i n d s of h i g h t emperat u re mea s u r i n g i '

struments, i n c l u d i n g t h e rmo — co u pl e s,pl a t i n u m re s i s ta n

t h e rmome te rs. expa n s i o n a n d opt i ca l pyromete r s ; t'

c

dete rm i n a t i o n o f t h e me l t i n g po i n t s o f me t al s a n d a"l oys : t h e dete rm i n at i o n of spe c i fic h ea t s a n d coefiicie i ts

66 The W a s h i n g t on

o f e xpa n s i o n a t h ig h tempe rat u re s,a n d t h e de te rm i n a

t i o n of t h e ca l or i fic va l u e o f f u e l s .For t h i s p u rpose t h e l aborat ory h a s bee n eq u i ppe dw i t h ga s b l a s t f u r n ace s ; e l e ct r i c f u r n ace s w h i c h w i l lmai n ta i n for h o u rs t emperat u re s a s h i g h aso r degree s C co n s ta n t to w i t h i n a few degree s ; e l ec t r i c a l l y h eate d b l ack bod i e s ; a n d t h e mecess ary acces sory appa rat u s , s u c h a s pote n t i ometers , special re s i s t a n ce br i dge s , record i n g pyrometer s , e tc.As p r imary s ta n d ard s for work i n t h e i n t e rva l 600degree s C . t o degree s C.

, t h e rmo - co u pl e s obta i n e dfrom var i o u s so u rce s a re u sed . T h e se co u p l e s are re

fe rre d to t h e sca l e o f t h e n i t roge n gas t h e rmomete r bymeas u reme n t of t h e i r e l e ct ro - mot i v e force at k n ow ntempera t u re s

,v i z ., t h e mel t i n g or freez i n g po i n t s o f

some of t h e metal s .T h e h i g h t emperat u re s ca l e u se d by t h i s B u rea u i sbase d o n t h e mel t i n g a n d freez i n g po i n t s of t h e me ta l sa s dete rm i n ed by Holbor n a n d Day, a n d i s a reproduc

t i o n of t h e h i g h tempe ra t u re sc al e u se d by t h e P h ys ik a l i s c h - Tec h n i s c h e Re i c h sa n s ta l t.

Division l — Section 3 .

Light and Optical Instrunzents.— T h e work o f t h i s

sec t i o n h a s rece n t l y bee n i n a u g u rate d,b u t i t ca n n o t

be f u l l y de v e l oped u n t i l t h e P h ys i ca l B u i l d i n g i s oc

cupied.

I n ve s t i gat i o n s o n e l ec t r i ca l d i s c h a rge s i n gase s , to dete rm i n e amo n g ot h e r t h i n gs t h e co n d i t i o n s n ece s sary forp rod u c i n g a gi ve n spec t r u m by s u c h a l i g h t so u rce , a n da ca re f u l s t u dy of pol ar i s cop i c mea s u reme n t s , w i t h special re fe re n ce to t h e ac c u rate de te rm i n a t i o n o f t h e pe rce n t age o f p u re s u ga r i n a samp l e , h a v e bee n car r i e d on

d u r i n g t h e pas t year . T h e B u re a u h a s a l s o u n de rtake n ,a t t h e req u e s t o f t h e Trea s u ry Depar tme n t , to s u pe rv i se t h e work of pol a r i s cop i c a n a l ys i s of s u gar i n all

t h e c u stom h o u se s o f t h e co u n t ry.

Divis ion l— Section 4 .

Engineering Instruments — T h e work n ow be i n gdo n e i n t h i s s ec t i o n i n c l u de s t h e t e s t i n g o f gas

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 69

For d i re c t l y de te rmi n i n g t h e ra t i o o f two n earl y eq u a lco i l s a spec i a l se t of ra t i o co i l s a n d a fo u r - d i a l s h u n tbox h a s bee n co n s t r u c t ed w h i c h e n ab l e s t h e rat i o t o beread o ff d i rec t l y t o pa r t s i n a m i l l i o n . t h e d i a l s read i n gre spe ct ive ly . 1 per ce n t . .0 1 pe r ce n t . .00 1 per ce n t .

,a n d

.000 1 pe r ce n t . Ot h e r spe c i a l appa ra t u s h a s bee n b u i l to r i s u n de r way for mak i n g p rec i s i o n mea s u reme n t swi t h a m i n im u m o f l abor i n t h e ob se r v a t i o n s a n d com

putations.

A co n s i de rabl e amo u n t o f te s t i n g h a s bee n do n e byt h i s sec t i o n , c h i efly res i s ta n ce s ta n dard s a n d res i s ta n ceboxe s , b u t i n c l u d i n g al so a v a r i e ty . o f ot h e r appa ra t u s .

Divis ion ll— Section 2.

Magnetism and Absolute of Current.

T h e work o f mag n e t i c t e s t i n g. rece n t l y i n a u g u rate d ,i s abo u t to be e n l a rged . Two impor t a n t re sea rc h e s .n ame ly , a s t u dy o f t h e s i l v e r v ol tame t e r a n d a redete rm i n a t i o n o f t h e e l ec t ro — c h em i ca l eq u i v al e n t o f s i l ve ra n d o f t h e ab sol u t e v a l u e o f the \Ves to n a n d Cl a rks ta n da rd ce l l s . h a v e bee n u n de r wav d u r i n g t h e pas tyea r . A n ew absol u t e el ec t ro - dvnamometer i s be i n gb u i l t for t h e l a t t e r i n v e s t i gat i o n .

Divis ion ll — Section 3 .

Inductance and Capacity — A ca re f u l studv of mi caa n d pape r co n de n se rs h a s bee n made. i n c l u d i n gt h e mea s u reme n t of t h e i r capac i t i e s by d i ffe re n t met hods, t h e e ffec t o f t i me o f c h a rge u po n t h e i r mea s u redcapac i ty

,a n d the de te rm i n at i o n of absorp t i o n , l e akage

a n d temperat u re coeffic i e n t s . Co n de n se rs h a v e bee n p u rc h a sed from v ar i o u s maker s i n En gl a n d. Fra n ce , Germa n y a n d Ameri ca . a n d compa r i so n s made w i t h a v i ewof de t ermi n i n g the be s t pe r forma n ce to be obta i n e d frombo t h m i ca a n d pape r co n de n sers w h e n u sed a s mea s u re so f capac i ty. Some ve ry i n t e re s t i n g a n d v a l u abl e re s u l t sh a v e t h u s bee n obta i n ed . Two l a rge a i r co n de n se rsh a v e rece n t l y bee n co n s t r u c te d to be u se d a s s ta n dard s .A n ew form o f ro ta t i n g comm u ta tor for u se i n dete rm i n i n g capac i t i e s in absol u te mea s u re h a s rece n t l y bee ncompl e ted i n t h e i n st r u me n t s h op a n d h a s bee n u se d i nt h i s work .

70 The Wa s h i ng t on

A co n s i de rab l e n u mber o f s ta n da rd s of i n d u ct a n ceh ave bee n acq u i re d a n d a grea t dea l of work h as bee ndo n e i n compar i n g i n d u c ta n ce s a n d de te rm i n i n g t h e i rva l u e s abso l u te l y. T h e B u rea u i s n ow i n a pos i t i o n t omake acc u rate mea s u re s o f bot h capac i ty a n d i n d u cta n ce a n d t o compare a n d te s t co n de n se r s or i n d u ct a n ces t a n da rd s for t h e p u b l i c . A co n s i derab l e amo u n t o ft e s t i n g o f t h i s k i n d h a s a l re ady bee n do n e .

Divis ion lI— Section 4 .

Electrical .Measuring Instruments — T h i s sect i o ni n c l u de s bot h a l te r n at i n g a n d d i rec t — c u r re n t in

struments ( i n c l u d i n g i n s t r u me n t s fo r mea s u r i n gh eavy c u r re n t a n d h i g h pote n t i a l ) , e xcep t t h ose p recision i n s t r u me n t s i n c l u de d i n Sect i o n 1 . Some te s t i n gof ammete r s , v ol tme t e rs

,wat tmete r s a n d wat t - h o u r

me te rs h a s bee n do n e fo r t h e p u b l i c , b u t t h e p r i n c i pa lwork do n e so fa r h a s bee n p reparatory. Ma n y instrume n t s h ave bee n p u rc h a se d from t h e bes t i n s t r u me n tmakers at h ome a n d ab road

,a n d ot h e r i n s t r u me n t s

h a v e bee n de s ig n e d a n d b u i l t i n own o u r s h op s . M u c ho f t h e apparat u s p u rc h a sed h a s bee n t e s t ed , a n d i n someca ses a l te red a n d imp ro v ed

,a n d met h od s of meas u re

me n t h a v e bee n i n ve s t i gated .I n add i t i o n t o d i rec t - c u rre n t ge n e rator s a n d s toragebat te r i e s

,t h e fol l ow i n g eq u i pme n t of ge n e rator s for al

ternating c u r re n t h a s bee n acq u i red :1 . A smal l 1 20- cycl e a l te r n a tor

,s i n gl e — p h a se , s u i t ab l e

for v ol tmete r or co n de n se r te s t i n g.2 . A t h ree - p h a se 1 20- cyc l e a l t e r n ato r d r i v e n by a n ihve r ted rotary u sed a s a motor a n d i t se l f c ap ab l e of

giv i n g a t h ree - p h a se 60- cyc l e c u r re n t .

3 . A pai r of 60— cyc l e t h ree - p h a se revol v i n g fie l d a l te rnators ( d i rec t — co n n e ct ed to a d r i v i n g motor ) , of w h i c hone ca n h a v e i t s a rmat u re rotated by a h a n d w h ee l w h i l er u n n i n g

,so t h a t i t s c u rre n t i s d i sp l aced i n p h a se w i t h

re spe ct to t h e ot h e r . Us i n g o n e o f t h e se ge n erator s fort h e mai n c u rre n t (w h i c h by u se of t r a n s formers may bem u l t i p l i e d a t red u ce d vol tage ) a n d t h e ot h e r for t h epot e n t i a l c u r re n t

,a n y de s i re d power fac tor may be oh

tained a n d wat tme te r s a n d wat t — h o u r me te r s co n ven i e n t l y

E l ec t r i c a l H an d b o o k 7 1

t e s te d u p to a capac i ty o f ampe re s a n d a n y des i re dvol tage.

4. A pa i r of two — p h ase a l t er n a tor s , s u r face - wo u n d ,a n d g i v i n g c u r re n t s o f n ea rl y s i n e wa v e form (d i rec tco n n e cted to a d r i v i n g motor ) , one a l t e r n a t or gi v i n g 60cyc l e s a n d t h e ot h e r 180, arra n ged so t h a t t h e two armat u re s may be p l aced i n se r i e s a n d t h e wa v e fo rm var i edt h ro u g h a co n s i derab l e ra n ge by varyi n g t h e mag n i t u dea n d p h a se of t h e t h i rd h a rmo n i c . T h i s i s u se f u l i ns t u dy i n g t h e e ffect s o f v ary i n g wa v e — form o n t h e i n d ic at i o n s of meas u r i n g i n s t r u me n t s o f d i ffe re n t k i n d s .For s t u dy i n g t h e e ffect s o f va r i at i o n s of freq u e n cy t h espeed ca n be va r i ed betwee n w i de l im i t s , a n d for h i g h e rfreq u e n c i e s t h e h i g h er freq u e n cy mac h i n e may be u se da l o n e . Tra n s former s a re a r ra n ge d to c h a n ge t h e se twop h ase c u r re n t s t o t h ree - p h a se w h e n des i red .

5 . A n ot h e r t h ree —mac h i n e se t h a s rece n t l y bee n addedto t h e eq u i pme n t . T h i s co n t a i n s two 60- cyc l e t h reep h a se a l te r n ator s

,w i t h adj u s tabl e p h ase re l a t i o n a n d

s u r face w i n d i n gs,gi v i n g n earl y s i n e wa v e form .

Spec i a l a t te n t i o n h a s bee n gi v e n t o t h e mat te r o f accurately mea s u r i n g freq u e n cy , p h a se a n d wa v e — form. a swel l a s a l te r n a t i n g vol tage s , c u r re n t s a n d power. T h e sel a tte r q u a n t i t i e s a re mea s u red by mea n s of i n s t r u me n t sw h i c h admi t o f acc u rate ca l ibrat i o n w i t h d i rec t c u rre n t sa n d e l e ct romot i v e force s , t h e l at t e r be i n g mea s u red bvpote n t i omete r s. u s i n g s t a n da rd re s i s t a n ce s a n d Westo nce l l s , t h e e . m . f. o f t h e l a t te r be i n g. of co u rse , k n ow ni n te rm s o f t h e s ta n da rd Cl a rk ce l l s o f t h e B u rea u .T h u s a l l c u rre n t , vol tage a n d powe r meas u reme n t s.bot hd i rec t a n d al te r n at i n g, a re re fe rre d to s ta n da rd re s i s ta u ce s a n d s ta n da rd ce l l s .

T h e al te r n at i n g i n s t r u me n t s empl oyed a re a s free a spos s i b l e from errors d u e to i n d u cta n ce. eddy c u rre n t sa n d capac i ty. Corre ct i o n s are appl i e d for t h e e ffect s o fsmal l re s i d u a l i n d u ct a n ce s w h e n n ece s s ary. T h e a l te rn at i n g ge n e ra tor s empl oyed a re d r i ve n by motor s ope rated from storage ba t te r i e s , e n abl i n g t h e speed a n d vo ltage to be ma i n ta i n e d ve ry u n i form a n d mea s u reme n t st o be made w i t h great p rec i s i o n . T h u s freq u e n cy

,vol t

7 . The Wa s h i ng t o n

age, powe r factor a n d wa v e form a re co n t rol l e d a n dva r i ed as de s i red. a n d e v e ry e ffor t i s made to sec u reacc u ra te mea s u reme n t s .T h e B u rea u i s n ow prepa red to te s t a l te r n a t i n g vol tme te rs , ammete r s or dy n amomete rs

,wat tmeter s. wa t t

h o u r me ter s,p h a se a n d powe r facto r meter s. freq u e n cy

i n d i c ator s a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r apparat u s .I n t h e t e s t i n g of d i rec t - c u rre n t i n s t r u me n t s t h e Eurea u i s now prepa red to h a n d l e appa rat u s of capac i t i e sup t o ampere s a n d vol t s . A l arger s toragebat te ry i s be i n g i n s ta l l e d w h i c h w i l l g i v e c u rre n t s u p to

ampere s at 4 v ol t s , or ampe re s a t 2 v ol t s,

a n d a h i g h pote n t i a l bat t e ry o f se v e ra l t h o u sa n d volts

w i l l be i n s ta l l e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u re .

Divison II, Section 5 .

Photonzctry— Af te r do i n g co n s i de rabl e preliminarv

work , t h e B u rea u i s n ow p repa red to t es t a n d ce rtify i n ca n de sce n t l amp s to be u se d a s s ta n da rd s , a n d h a sal re ady do n e a co n s i de rabl e amounut o f te s t i n g of t h i sk i n d for ma n u fac t u re rs a n d ot h e rs .A co n s i d erabl e n u mbe r o f i n ca n de sce n t l amp s ta n da rd s h a v e bee n obta i n ed from t h e Re i c h s a n s ta l t , t h erat i o o f t h e ca n d l e to t h e He f n e r u n i t be i n g t ake n a s 1

t o .88. T h e se re fere n ce s t a n da rd s a re , of co u rse , o n l yoccasionallv u se d. a n d t h e mea n of t h e v a l u e s o f se v e ral16— ca n d l e powe r l amps i s t ake n a s t h e s ta n da rd o f the

B u rea u . Exact cop i e s of t h e se w i l l be added from t imet o t i me

,so t h a t i f a c h a n ge i n auv l amp i s de tecte d i t

may be d i s carded wi t h o u t i mpa i r i n g t h e completeneST

o f t h e se t . T h e c u r re n t a n d v ol tage empl oyed i n te s t i n glamps a re mea s u re d by a pote n t i ome te r a n d ca n bema i n ta i n ed v e ry co n s ta n t . Work i n g by t h e s u b s t i t u t i o nmet h od. i t i s pos s ib l e to make very acc u ra te compar i so n sa n d t h u s to s ec u re v e ry e xac t cop i e s o f t h e s ta n dard s ofthe B u rea u .T h e p u rpose o f t h e B u rea u i s n o t to u n de rtake , a tl ea s t for t h e p re se n t

,t h e commerc i a l te s t i n g of i n ca n

de sce n t l amps ( apa r t f rom t h e te s t i n g do n e fo r t h e government) , b u t t o v e r i fy l amps t o be u se d as s ta n d ard s

and to make spec i a l i n v e s t i ga t i o n s o f l amps s u bmi tte d

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k

fo r t h e p u rpose . To t h i s e n d n o e ffort w i l l be spa re dto ma i n ta i n re l i ab l e sta n da rd s a n d t o ce rt i fy cop i e s w i t hthe h i g h e s t pos s ib l e pre c i s i o n .

Division Ill — Chemistry.

As a l ready s ta ted , t h e c h em i cal d i v i s i o n was l a te i nbe i n g i n a u g u ra ted . As i de from t h e imme n se a s s i s ta n cew h i c h a c h em i ca l l abora tory ca n re n de r to p h ys i ca l investigations. t h e d i v i s i o n o f c h em i s t ry w i l l h a v e import a n t f u n c t i o n s i n i t s re l at i o n s t o t h e c h em i ca l i n te re s t so f the co u n t ry. a n d to t h e c u s tom s se r v i ce a n d ot h e rde pa rtme n t s o f t h e go v e r n me n t . Some c h em i ca l worki s n ow be i n g ca rr i ed o n . a n d de ta i l e d pl a n s are be i n gdeve l oped fo r t h e c h emi cal l abora tory immed i ate l y t o bei n s ta l l e d i n t h e p h y s i c a l l abora tory now approac h i n gc ompl e t i o n .

The Ex pos ition Laboratory.

In add i t i o n t o t h e e x h ib i t w h i c h t h e B u rea u i s mak i n gi n t h e Go v er n me n t B u i l d i n g at S t . Lo u i s . i t h a s u n de rt ake n . at the req u e s t o f t h e a u t h or i t i e s o f t h e Ex posi

t i o n , to i n s t a l l a n d ope rate a n e l ec t r i ca l t es t i n g l aborato ry i n t h e El ec t r i c i t y B u i l d i n g d u r i n g t h e Expos it i o n .T h e work t o be do n e wi l l i n c l u de t h e v e r i fi ca t i o n o f

mea s u r i n g i n s t r u me n t s t o be u se d bv t h e I n te r n a t i o n a lJ u ry o f Awards i n te s t i n g el ec t r i ca l mac h i n e ry a n d t h et es t i n g for t h i s j u ry o f i n st r u me n t s and appara t u s s u bmitted by ex h ib i tors i n compet i t i o n . I t i s ob v i o u s t h a tthe i n t r i n s i c mer i t s o f a n e l ec t r i ca l i n s t r u me n t ca n n otbe e n t i re l y de te rmi n ed bv i n spec t i o n . b u t o n l y by r igo rous t e s t. a n d t h a t a f u l l y eq u i pped te s t i n g l aborato ry ca nre n de r import a n t se r v i c e to a j u ry o f awa rd s i n t h e import a n t a n d re spo n s i b l e d u t i e s w h i c h t h e l a t te r i s ca l l edupo n to pe r fo rm .

T h i s laboratorv i s l oca ted a l o n g t h e ea s t s i de o f t h ee l e c t r i c i ty b u i l d i n g. so u t h o f t h e ea s t e n t ra n ce . T h espace a s s ig n ed to i t i s n ea rl y 200 fee t l o n g by 2 3 fee tw i de . A se r i e s o f rooms h a v e bee n co n s t r u c t ed. al l o fw h i c h . e x cep t t h e office. h a v e bee n eq u i pped for l aboratorv p u rpo ses . A re fr i ge rat i n g mac h i n e h a v i n g a ca

pacity eq u i v a l e n t t o t h e mel t i n g o f t e n to n s o f i c e i ntwe n ty — fo u r h o u rs. i n s t a l l ed bv t h e Carbo n da l e Mac h i n e

74 The Wa s h i ng t o n

Compa n y a s a n ex h i b i t,i s be i n g u se d i n co n n ect i o n w i t h

t h e ve n t i l a t i n g mac h i n e ry a n d h eat - reg u l a t i ng app arat u st o co n t ro l t h e t emperat u re a n d h u m i d i ty of t h e atmos

phere i n t h e l aborator i e s. Pi e r s a n d ot h e r s u b s ta n t i a ls u pport s fo r appa rat u s h ave bee n i n s ta l l e d , a n d eve rye ffor t h a s bee n made t o prov i de t h e fac i l i t i e s a n d apparat u s n e ce s sa ry to do p rec i s i o n te s t i n g.I n add i t i o n to doi n g t h e offic i a l te s t i n g for t h e J u ryo f Award s

,t e s t i n g for ot h e rs w i l l be do n e a s fa r a s

p ract i cabl e . For s u c h work c h arge s ,w i l l be made ac

co rd i n g to t h e reg u l a r sc h e d u l e o f fee s o f t h e B u rea u .T h e l abora tory al so se rve s a s a work i n g ex h ib i t

,a n d

v i s i t or s are adm i t te d a t ce rt a i n spe c ifie d t imes . Fort h i s rea so n t h e ex h i b i t of t h e B u rea u i n t h e Gover n me n tB u i l d i n g i s l a rge l y h i s t or i ca l a n d ed u cat i o n a l a n d ma i nly devote d t o s u bj e ct s ot h e r t h a n e l ec t r i c i ty.

The Scope of the W ork of the Bureau.

T h e i n te n t i o n o f t h e B u rea u i s to prov i de every fac i li ty n e ce s s a ry fo r expe r ime n t a l work , bot h for re searc ha n d te s t i n g

,a n d to h ave a s u ffic i e n t force o f e n g i n ee rs ,

fi reme n , e l ect r i c i a n s a n d ot h e r a s s i s ta n t s s o t h a t these rv i ce may be ava i l ab l e a t a n y or al l t ime s . T h e i ns t r u me n t s h op i s a l ready we l l e s t abl i s h ed , a n d t h e ex pectation i s to keep i t s o wel l ma n n ed t h at a n y o f t h e v a r ious sec t i o n a l l aborator i e s ca n be p rompt ly se rved w h e neve r t h e work of t e s t i n g or re searc h make s t h e se rv i cesof a mec h a n i c i a n n ece s sa ry.I t i s t h e co n s t a n t p u rpose of t h e B u rea u t o co — operatew i t h i n s t r u me n t —maker s a n d ma n u fact u re rs

,to t h e e n d

t h a t t h e i r o u tp u t of i n s t r u me n t s a n d apparat u s may beimproved . Not s imp l y to ce rt i fy e r rors or cr i t i c i se re

sults, b u t to a s s i s t i n pe r fec t i n g t h e p rod u c t i s t h e a im .

I n t h i s w ork t h e B u rea u h a s so far e n j oye d t h e confi

de n ce a n d co - ope ra t i o n o f ma n u fact u rer s t o a grat i fy i n gdegree . I t was la rge l y to mee t t h e i r n eed s t h a t t h e Eurea u w as orga n i z ed , a n d i f by se rv i n g t h em t h e s t a n dard

‘

of exce l l e n ce o f Amer i ca n - made i n s t r u me n t s a n d mac h i n e ry i s r a i s e d

,t h e B u rea u w i l l h ave se rved t h e p u b

l i c a l s o . In seve ral spec ific i n s ta n ce s a marked improveme n t of t h i s k i n d i s a l re ady see n

,d u e d i rec t ly to the

i n fl u e n ce of t h e B u rea u of Sta n d ard s.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

TRANSPORTATION

AND

ILLUM INATION.

78 The Wa s h i ng t on

Here was Built the First Conduit Railroad.

IRST o f Amer i ca n c it i e s t o p o sse s s a compl e te,

pas se n ge r - ca rryi n g,co n d u i t — e l ect r i c road was

t h i s c i ty of Was h i n gto n . T h e st u dy o f i t s a n t ece de n t s , i t s birth,

'

its t ro u b l e s , i t s growt h a n di ts s u c ce s s wo u l d r i va l a n y n ove l i n i n t e re s t . F or t h ep u rpose s of t h i s book a ro u g h l y — ske tc h e d h i s tor i cal outl i n e m u s t s u ffice .

I t i s re a so n ab ly ce rta i n t h a t i n eve ryt h i n g pe r ta i n i n gto t h e adaptatio n of mot i ve power for s t ree t ra i lwayp u rpos es t h e c i ty o f Was h i n gto n h a s bee n one of t h emost co n sp i c u o u s ce n te rs o f expe r ime n ta t i o n . T h e rea ~

s o n for t h i s me n t a l,fi n a n c i a l a n d mec h a n i ca l act i v i ty i s

f o u n d i n a n u n comprom i s i n g p u b l i c se n t ime n t adve rs eto the over h ea d co n s t r u ct i o n commo n to al l c i t i e s o nt h e co n ti n e n t

,New York a n d Was h i n gto n a l o n e ex

cepted.

Forty - two yea rs ago t h e n at i o n a l cap i ta l made t h e ac

q u a i n t ance of i t s firs t s t ree t - ra i lway compa n y ; a new

ve n t u re , a n d for a l o n g t ime mos t u n p rofit abl e . T h e nfo l l owed a q u ar te r o f a ce n t u ry of h ors e — ca rs ; co nductorless, o n e - h orse cars i n l a rge pe rce n tage , ye t aff ord i n g fac i l i t i e s s u ffic i e n t for t h e n ee ds o f a n o n — ma n ufacturing a n d o n l y p ar t i al l y commerc i a l comm u n i ty.

D u r i n g mos t of t h ose twe n ty - five years t h e re was no

g rea t s u b u rba n growt h , b u t s u dde n l y t h e farm i n g re

gi o n aro u n d t h e c i ty (ye t w i t h i n the l im i t s of t h e Fede ra l D i s t r i c t ) was tra n s formed i n t o at t ract i ve s u bd i v i s i o n s , br i s t l i n g w i t h wo n de r f u l c rop s o f s u rveyors

’

pegs a n d l i be ra l l y marked w i t h i n v e s tme n t - at t rac t i n gs i g n s . Bea uty spot s p rev i o us l y u n k n ow n to t h e p u b l i cwere c l eve r ly exp l o i t ed , w h i l e a l l t h e va r i e t i e s of pers u a s i o n w ere s t re n u o u s l y operate d t o t h e e n d t h a tt h o u sa n d s o f c h a rm i n g h omes dot the de l i g h t f u l co u nt ry w h i c h s t re tc h e s i n t o Maryl a n d a n d V i rg i n i a .

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 7

C h eap a n d speedy t ra n spor t at i o n was one o f t h e pr imary e s se n t i a l s t o se t t l eme n t . T h at co u l d not be f u rnished by h or sefle s h , s o t h e ra i l road m i n d t u r n e d toward ot h e r

,more mode r n a n d more rap i d met h od s o f

“ gett i n g t h e re . ’

To t h i n k o f cab l e for s u c h a p u rposewo u l d h a v e bee n abs u rd l y e xt ravaga n t , so the over h eadt rol l ey was i n sta n t l y agreed u po n a s t h e t h i n g fo r t h ee n v i ro n s . Wh e n t h e re was e ffort t o ex te n d po l e s a n dw i re s i n to t h e c i ty p rope r t h e n fol l owed o u t c ry a n ds t r i fe .Al l egat i o n s a n d p l e ad i n gs i n be h a l f o f ove r h ead co n

st r u c t i o n we re me t w i t h w h at p roved to be a n ove rw h e lm i n g combi n at i o n o f fac t a n d a rg u me n t p re se n te dby Mr. T h eodore W. Noyes.a s soc i a t e ed i t or — in— c h i e f o f'

T h e Eve n i n g S tar , who i n s i s ted t h a t i f a co n d u i topera te d road co u l d be commerc i a l l y s u cce s s f u l i n B u dape s t t h e re was n o reaso n w h y a s im i l ar ve n t u res h o u l d fa i l i n W'a s h i n gto n . For yea rs t h e re was ragi n gco n t rove rsy a n d s u rp r i s i n g i n fl u x o f i n ve nti ve sugges

t i o n . Storage bat te r i e s a n d p n e u mat i c motors wereamo n g t h e more p romi n e n t c l a ima n t s for recog n i t i o n ;bot h met h ods s u cceeded i n ac h i e v i n g fr i e n d s

,c red i t ors

a n d ma n y i n te re s t i n g col l ec t i o n s of n o n - n egot i ab l e sc r i pand n o n - sa l abl e sc rap.Espec i a l l y s t ro n g was t h e light be fo re t h e D i s t r i c ta n d Appropr i a t i o n s Commi t tee s of Co n gre s s ; t h e i n te rested, t h e d i s i n te re s te d a n d t h e u n i n t e re s ted we re h ea rdf u l l y a n d free l y. Al l t h e i l l s c ommo n or asc r ibed tot h e exposed t ro l l ey - wi re we re d u l y a n d compl e te l y ca talogued a n d p u bl i s h e d , accompa n i e d by margi n a l re fe rences, foot - n ote s , fire - l o s s s tat i s t i c s a nd morta l i ty t abl e s s u ffic i e n t t o compl ete l y ove rt h row t h e ca u se o ft h ose who h e l d t h e o v e r h ea d t ro l l ey i n h i g h e s teem as arap i d - t ra n s i t met h od , b u t w h o were , per h ap s , a t r i flet h o u g h t l e s s a s to t h e p robab l e effec t s o f obst r u c t i n gpol e s a n d w i re s i n

‘

t h e s t reet s of t h e n a t i o n ’s mos t bea ut i f u l c i ty.Res u l t i n g from t h i s s t r u ggl e came l egi s l at i o n forb i dd i n g f u rt h e r t ro l l ey tre spa s s a n d a u t h or i z i n g “ a n y compa n y a u t h or i z ed by l aw to r u n ca rs p rope l l ed by h orse si n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Col u mbi a t o s u bs t i t u te for h orse s

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 8 1

e l ect r i c powe r by storage or i n depe n de n t e l ec t r i c ba t t e r i e sor u n de rgro u n d wi re or u n de rgro u n d cabl e s moved bys team power.”

Two compa n i e s — t h e Cap i t a l T ract i o n a n d t h e Col u mb i a— l os t l i t t l e t i me i n accep t i n g t h e s ta t u te . T h ey proceeded t o i n s t a l l t h e e xpe n s i ve a n d ge n e ra l l y t ro u bl esome cabl e

,pre fe rr i n g a demo n s t ra ted mec h a n i ca l s u c

ce s s t o a n y of t h e pa r t i a l ly deve l oped pl a n s w i t h w h i c ht h e i r n e i g h bor— t h e Me t ropol i t a n — was st r u ggl i n g. For

t h e Me t ropol i t a n t h e cab l e was a n ab so l u t e impossibili ty

,i t s ma i n l i n e h av i n g a pe rce n tage of c u rves fa r

beyo n d t h e eco n om i ca l capac i ty o f c abl e powe r i nst ree t - ra i l road ope ra t i o n .Mea n w h i l e t h e re h a d bee n fa i r t r i a l o f a co n d u i t system o n U S t ree t a n d Fl or i da Ave n u e , not bv auv mea n ssa t i s fac tory

,b u t s u ffic i e n t l y s o t o demo n s t rate for t h e

fi r s t t ime i n t h i s co u n t ry t h e workabilitv o f a mod ifiedB u dapes t i dea . Rad i ca l de fect s i n co n s t r u c t i o n a n di n s u l a t i o n fin a l l y made t h e proj ec t i n ope ra t i ve j u s tabo u t t h e t ime w h e n Co n gre s s s tepped i n t o p u t t h efi n i s h i n g t o u c h e s to a d i s t re s s i n g s i t u a t i o n a n d . nu

de s i g n ed l y, to compel t h e s u cce s s w h i c h m ig h t o t h er

w i se h a v e s u ff ere d l o n g de l ay.“T h e Met ropol i t a n Compa n y m u st aba n do n h or se

fle s h a s i t s car - mo v i n g power wi t h i n two yea rs. or forfe i t i t s fra n c h i se.” sa i d t h e s u preme Legi s l a t u re , i n ef

fect.“

Li kew i se ,” s a i d t h e s ame body

,a l i t t l e l at e r

,

"

i tm u s t pay ce r t a i n pa v i n g taxe s w h i c h i t d ec l a re s i t doe sn o t owe

,or i t s c h a r t e r wi l l be for fe i ted wi t h i n e i g h t ee n

mo n t h s .”

For fo u r ye ar s from t h e a n t i - eq u i n e p ro v i s i o n t h e rewere expe r ime n t s. co n t ro v er s i e s. t h re a t s a n d p romi se s ,u n t i l finally— l at e i n t h e s u mmer o f 1894— a l egi s l a t iveagreeme n t was se t for t h i n a n Ac t of Co n gre s s w h i c hfo rmal ly req u i re d t h e Met ropol i t a n Compa n y t o operatei t s car s by t h a t u n de rgro u n d sys tem w h i c h t h e compa n y , as t h e re s u l t s o f i t s exper ime n t s , be l i eved to bet h e o n l y sys tem mec h a n i ca l l y a n d fin a n c i a l l y capab l e . I twa s r i sky b u s i n e s s

,b u t t h e compa n y won out.

A n d so i t c ame to be t h a t Was h i n gto n was t h e fir s tc i ty i n t h e Weste r n Hemi sp h e re to pos se s s a n d bep ro u d o f a compl e t e smoo t h l y - ope rat i n g a n d p u bl i cs a t i s fy i n g co n d u i t e l e ct r i c ra i l road .

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WA SH ING TON RA ILW AY AND ELECTR I C COMpANY ’s STAND ARo PLOW .

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 85

to n,t h e Br i g h twood Ra i lway Compa n y. t h e VV ashing

to n,VV oodside a n d Fore s t Gl e n Ra i l way a n d Power

Compa n y, the Georgetow n a n d Tennallytown Railwav

Compa n y,t h e W'a s h i n gto n a n d Rock v i l l e Ra i l way Com

pa n y. t h e “Was h i n gto n a n d Gl e n Ec h o Ra i l road Compa n y. t h e Was h i n gto n a n d Gre at Fa l l s El e c t r i c Ra i l wayCompa n y

,a n d t h e Cap i ta l Ra i l way Compa n y. Al so h e

sec u red co n t ro l ‘o f t h e U n i ted State s El e c t r i c Li g h t i n gCompa n y a n d t h e Potomac El e ct r i c Powe r Compa n y ,be l i e v i n g t h a t t h ey mig h t be ope rated i n h a rmo n y w i t h

t h e ra i l road s .I t wa s a bol d v e n t u re . I t wo u l d h a v e bee n a bol d

v e n t u re h ad a l l t h e compa n i e s bee n i n w ork abl e co n d it i o n . T h e prope rt i e s h ad n ot mere l y to be p u rc h a se d ;se v e ral o f t h em h ad to be w h o l ly reb u i l t , w h i l e t h e rewas ab u n da n ce of opport u n i ty for n ece s sa ry a n d ex pen

s i ve pa t c h i n g. More t h a n fo u r m i l l i o n s o f dol l a rs we respe n t i n reco n st r u c t i o n . Large s u ms were d i sb u r sed i nt h e reb u i l d i n g o f t h e Br i g h twood a n d t h e Fores t G l e nl i n e s . T h e n t h e re was t h e reco n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Georgetow n a n d Tennallytown a n d t h e b u i l d i n g of t h e Was hington a n d Rock v i l l e . Steel br i dges w i t h s t o n e ab u tme n t s s u pe rse ded t h e decayed t re s t le work on t h e Was hington a n d Great Fa l l s l i n e , a n d t h e e n t i re road wa sdo u b l e - t r acked . To ca ta l og u e t h e work do n e a n d torec i te i n de ta i l t h e expe n d i t u re s so l i beral l y made wo u l dweary t h e re ade r .\V hile t h e work of co n s t r u c t i o n a n d reco n s t r u ct i o na n d repa i r was be i n g p u s h ed

,s t re n u o u s e ffort s we re

a l so be i n g made to adapt t h e eq u i pme n t o f t h e var i o u sl i n e s t o t h e u se s of t h e compa n i e s a n d t h e pat ro n i z i n gp u bl i c . I n a l l t h e h i s tory of s t reet ra i l road i n g t h e rewas p robab l y n e v e r s u c h a m u se u m o f eq u i pme n t a st h a t w h i c h p a s sed i n to t h e pos se s s i o n o f t h e sy n d i ca teve ry k n ow n varietv of ca r

,a l l t h e k i n d s of t r u cks

,w i t h

motors a n c i e n t a n d moder n a n d co n t ro l l e r s ra n g i n gfrom t h e firs t a n d t h e wors t to t h e l a s t a n d the be s t .T h e n t h e me t h od s o f h a n d l i n g ma n y h u n d red s o f em

ployes h ad to be sys temat i z ed . Eac h road h a d bee n r u na ft e r i t s ow n fa s h i o n , a n d s omet ime s t h e fa s h i o n wa s av e ry ol d o n e . T h e br i n gi n g o f a l l t h e se i n h a rmo n i o u s

E l ec t r i c a l H an d b o o k 8 7

e l eme n t s— a n imate a n d i n a n i mate— i n t o some sembl a n ceo f order w as a t reme n do u s ta sk , t h a t a t t i me s , espec i a l l yw h e n t h e fi n a n c i a l co n d i t i o n s t ook a t u r n for t h e worse ,seemed t o be al mos t i mpos s i b l e.Nece s sa r i l y t h e re was a grea t dea l o f exper ime n t i n g,

a n d some of t h i s t ook p l ace eve n be fore a n y se r i o u seffort was made t o we l d t h e l i n e s i n t o a system . Occasionally one o f t h e expe r ime n t s wo u l d prove s u c ce s s f u lfrom t h e pop u l a r po i n t of v i ew , b u t more freq u e n t l y i tme t wi t h so m u c h d i sapp rova l a s to ca u se t h e ma n ageme n t m u c h embarra s sme n t . Afte r a w h i l e t h e re wa s asa t i s fact ory co n d i t i o n , s o fa r as roadways were co ncer n ed , a n d t h e n t h e re came bet terme n t a s to ca rs a n deq u i pme n t . Co i n c i de n t w i t h t h e se t h i n gs was t h e t ry i n gout of t h e t ra n s fe r q u e s t i o n

,a prob l em of h u ge dimen

s i o n s a n d fil l e d w i t h a lmost a s ma n y i n t r i cac i e s a s t h e rewere pas se n ge rs to be ‘co n s i de re d . As to sc h ed u l e s

,

t h e re were ma n y op i n i o n s , a n d a s most o f t h e se wereexp re s sed i n s u c h a way a s t o at t rac t t h e w i de s t pos s i bl eat te n t i o n , t h e s i t u a t i o n wa s bot h i n vol v ed a n d n o i sy.Out of i t a l l t h e re came — a n d i n s u c h a s h ort pe r i od o ft i me t h a t e v e n t h e most cr i t i ca l we re amazed — a systemo f t ra n sportat i o n w h i c h i s a s u rp r i s e t o eve ry v i s i to ra n d a grat ifica t i o n to eve ry res i de n t . Of co u rse i t i ss t i l l s h or t o f per fect i o n . I t w i l l a lways be more or l e s sde fec t i v e

,beca u se i t i s co n t ro l l e d by h u ma n be i n gs

,a n d

per fe ct i o n i n h u ma n be i n gs i s n ot expec ted,b u t i t w i l l

be bet te r a yea r from n ow t h a n i t i s to — day, a n d i t w i l lbe be t te r two year s from n ow t h a n i t w i l l be a twe l vemo n t h h e n ce . I t i s t h e p l a n of t h e ma n ageme n t t os te ad i l y imp rove t h e ro l l i n g s tock u n t i l t h e eq u i pme n ti s p ract i ca l l y o f o n e type . Eve n w h e n t h a t h a s bee naccompl i s h e d i t i s n ot s u pposed t h a t i t w i l l re s u l t i nexpre s s i o n s o f u n u s u a l p l ea s u re

,b u t i t i s be l i eved t h at

t h e great maj o r i ty of t h e p u b l i c w i l l be we l l sa t i sfied.No c i ty i n t h e U n i te d S tate s h a s ra i l road s w h i c hgi v e to t h e p u b l i c so m u c h o f a r i de for so l i t t l e mo n eya s Was h i n gto n . For fo u r a n d one - s i x t h ce n t s a pa sse n ge r ca n be t ra n sporte d comfortab l y a n d speed i l yfrom t h e n ort h e r n bo u n dary o f t h e D i s t r i c t t o t h eso u t h e r n mos t rai l road po i n t ’way beyo n d

i

Anacostia

E l ec t r i c a l - H a n d b o o k 8 9

or from t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e on t h e e a s t t o t h e D i s t r i c tl i n e on t h e we st . S u c h t reme n do u s l y l o n g r i de s for ins i g n ifica n t fa re s a re n o t t h e re s u l t o f Co n gre s s i o n a l enactment ; t h ey h ave bee n arranged

~ by t h e compa n i e sbeca u se i t i s t h e p l a n t o e n co u rage r i d i n g. In ot h e rc i t i e s i t may be pos s i bl e t o t ra v e l a s fa r for five ce n t sas o n e may t ra v e l h e re u po n te n de r o f one o f t h e s i xt i cket s w h i c h may be p u rc h a se d fo r 2 5 ce n t s , b u t i n n oo t h e r c i ty o f l o n g r i de s , e xcept New York. i s t h e passe n ge r ca r r i ed o v e r a n u n dergro u n d el ec t r i c sys temw h i c h cost more t h a n permi l e o f do u b l e t rack .El s ew h e re i s t h e i n fin i te ly c h eape r a n d es t h e t i ca l l y l e s sde s i rab l e o v e r h ead trollev. w i t h i t s obst r u c t i ve pol e sa n d exposed w i re s . s t ree t s a re c l ea r a n di t s ca r se r v i ce abo u t a s n ea r i de a l a s i t co u l d be a t t h i st ime .Wi t h i n t h e c i ty t h e re i s s t i l l room for some t h i n g o fe xte n s i o n . Rece n t l y t h e Was h i n g to n Ra i l way a n dEl e c t r i c Compa n y— w h i c h

,w h i l e i t c o n t rol s a l l t h e ra i l ~

road s n amed a t the o u t se t , co n s i s t s o n l y of t h e o l dMet ropol i t a n . Col u mbi a a n d \'Vas h i n gto n a n d GreatFal l s compa n i e s— e x te n de d i t s Co n n ec t i c u t Avenue lineto Park S t ree t , Mo u n t Pl ea sa n t. a n d n ow t h e A n aco s t i aa n d Po tomac R i v e r Ra i l roa d Compa n y i s e xte n d i n g i t sEl e v e n t h S t ree t l i n e i n t o Holmead Ma n or , so a s to prov i de accommodat i o n s for w h at soo n p rom i se s to be at h i ck l y se t t l e d port i o n o f t h e c i ty. Away out i n Mar vl a n d t h e t rack s o f t h e C i ty a n d S u b u rba n Ra i l way co nn eet w i t h a l i n e n ow r u n n i n g to La u re l , a n d probab l ys oo n to be e xte n ded t h ro u g h El l i cot t C i ty to Ba l t i more .T h e firs t e l ec t r i c l i n e to Ba l t imore

, howe v e r. wi l l comei n t o Was h i n gto n o v e r t h e t rack s o f t h e \Vas h i n gto nRa i lway a n d El ec t r i c Compa n y. a n d h ave i t s t e rm i n u sa t F i f tee n t h a n d H S t ree t s n o r t h ea s t. from w h i c h po i n tpa sse n ge rs w i l l be co n v eyed to t h e var i o u s part s o f t h ec i ty o v e r t h e l i n e s o f t h e system . Al l o f t h e se t h i n gsmea n m u c h t o s u b u rba n “ l

ashington,a n d t h ey mea n a

grea t de al for t h e c i ty a n d i t s b u s i n e s s . T h e c i ty merc h a n t p rospe r s beca u se n ew c u s tome rs are t ra n spor tedto h i s s tore s . T h e ow n e r , of o u t l y i n g real e s ta tea c h i e v e s wea l t h beca u se d i st a n ce i s a n n i h i l at ed by rap i d

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E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 98

POTOMAC ELECTR IC POWER COMPANY.

NTIL twe n ty - t h ree yea rs ago no e ffor t h a d bee nmade to u se e l ec t r i c c u rre n t fo r l i g h t i n g p u rpose s in Was h i n gto n . O f co u r se , t h e re werel aboratory exper ime n t s l o n g pr i o r to t h a t t ime ,

a n d t h e re was occa s i o n a l d i sp l ay o f i n d i v i d u a l i n te re s tw h e n t h e re came n ews o f mode r n i l l u m i n at i n g me t h od sp u t i n commo n pract i ce e l sew h e re

,b u t no o n e h ad

made a n y commerc i a l a t t empt a t e l ec tr i c l i g h t i n g w i t h ~

i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Col u mbi a .T h a t firs t effort do u bt l e s s dwel l s i n t h e memor i e s of

ma n y peopl e . T h e Soc i e ty o f t h e A rmy of t h e C u mbe rl a n d was h ol d i n g i t s re u n i o n a t t h e n a t i o n a l cap i t al

,

a n d t h e re was a great dea l o f p u b l i c co n ce r n a s to the

p roceed i n gs o f t h e soc i e ty. Mo n ey wa s co n t r ib u t ed byt h e c i t i z e n s i n o rde r t h a t t h e ce l ebrat i o n m ig h t be com

pletely s u cce s s f u l . O n e o f t h e p roj ec te d p l a n s of e n te rtainment i n c l u ded t h e i l l u m i n a t i o n o f Pe n n syl va n i aA v e n u e from t h e Peace Mo n u me n t t o t h e Trea s u ryB u i l d i n g . T h e i dea aro u se d great e n t h u s i a sm a n d t h e rewas w h ol e sa l e ma n i fe s ta t i o n o f i n te re s t i n t h e work o fs u spe n d i n g a rc l amps abo v e t h e ce n te r of t h e ave n u ea t co n s i de rab l e i n te r v al s . A dy n amo was importe d fo rt h e occa s i o n a n d was be l ted to a n e n gi n e i n a T h i r tee n t hS t reet s awmi l l . \V h e n t h e appo i n t e d t ime a rr i v ed t h ea v e n u e wa s t h ro n ged w i t h peopl e who were a n x i o u s tosee t h e p romi se d t ra n s format i o n o f n i g h t i n t o da v .T h e t ra n s format i o n d i d n ot take p l ace . Al l t h e wayfrom t h e boi l e r room to t h e ca rbo n s t h e re was a l l s or t so f t ro u bl e , a n d t h e wa i t i n g m u l t i t u de s aw n ot h i n g moret h a n a n occa s i o n a l gl ow or a sp u t te r i n g s u cce s s i o n o fspark i n g e ffort s to do b u s i n e s s .Out of t h a t ve ry d i s t re s s i n g fa i l u re came s u cces s .T h e v e ry mag n i t u de o f t h e d i sappo i n tme n t ope rate d o na few mi n d s w i t h s o m u c h of fo rce t h a t i n a l i t t l ew h i l e t h e re was orga n i z ed a compa n y w h ose member sp roceeded to wre s t l e w i t h t h e ma n y d iffic u l t i e s i n t h eway of ma i n t a i n i n g a n effic i e n t e l ec t r i c l i g h t p l a n t .

The lV a s hi ng ton

T h a t compa n y we n t t h e way of so ma n y compa n i e s , a n da l i t t l e more t h a n a ye ar t h e rea fter was orga n i z ed t h eU n i te d State s El e c t r i c Li g h t i n g Compa n y ; w h e n , fort h e fi rs t t i me

,was t h e e lect r i c l i g h t p ropos i t i o n p l aced

u po n a b u s i n e s s ba s i s . I t was a ve ry smal l b u s i n e s s ,t h o u g h

,for a t t h e fir s t a n n u a l meet i n g t h e report

s h owed - t h a t t h e re were o n l y n i n e ty - o n e arc l i g h t s a n done h u n dre d i n c a n de sce n t l i g h t s i n ope rat i o n . Sat i sfied wi t h t h e p rospect s , h oweve r, t h e compa n y p roceededto i n c rea se i t s eq u i pme n t a n d to reac h o u t for b u s i n e s s .T h e firs t was easy

, so l o n g a s t h e re was mo n ey ava i labl e . T h e seco n d w as s l ow beca u se t h e re w as pop u l a rt im i d i ty a s t o t h e e l ec t r i c c u r re n t , a n d t h e re was s t ro n goppos i t i o n from orga n i z a t i o n s i n t e re s te d i n t h e b u r n i n go f o il a n d ga s .From t h e o u t se t t h e U n i te d S t ate s Ele ct r i c L i g h t i n gCompa n y was i n t e n t u po n u s i n g o n l y t h e mos t moder nde v i c e s a n d me t h ods . Rea l i z i n g t h a t t h e c i ty wa s en

t i t l e d to a l l pos s i b l e co n s i dera t i o n , i t p roceeded to l ayco n d u i t s so t h at i t s ma n y l i n e s wo u l d be be n eat h t h es t ree t s u r face s . T h a t was a n ext remel y e xpe n s i ve p roposition,

b u t i t w as app re c i a te d by t h e p u b l i c a n d by a l lw h o be l i e v ed i n t h e bea u t ifica t i o n o f Was h i n gto n . Today t h e compa n y’s co n d u i t sys tem i s a mode l i n everyre spect .F or abo u t two years Pe n n syl va n i a Ave n u e h ad amo n opol y o f p u bl i c a rc l ig h t i n g— l i g h t i n g fo r w h i c ht h e compa n y was n ot rem u n e rate d— a n d t h e n a n u mbero f p roper ty h ol de r s a n d merc h a n t s o n F s t reet dec i de dt h a t are l i g h t s we re n ee ded o n t h e i r t h oro u g h fa re ; sot h ey s u bsc r i bed a s u ffic i e n t s u m a n d t h u s made exce ll e n t s h ow i n g o f t h e sp i r i t w h i c h gave t o F s tree t a nu n a s s a i l ab l e b u s i n e s s s u p remacy.F or two weeks i n J u l y, 1885 , gas , oil a n d ot h e r anc i e n t i l l u m i n a n t s were temporar i l y i n comp l e te pos se ss i o n o f t h e c i ty

,a fire h av i n g de s t royed t h e l i g h t i n g

c ompa n y’s p l a n t . Two weeks a fte r t h e fi re a l l of t h ep r i n c i p a l l amps we re aga i n i n ope ra t i o n

,a n d be fo re t h e

c l ose of t h e year t h e re were more t h a n two h u n d reda rc l amps a n d n ea r l y t h ree h u n dre d i n ca n de sce n t l ampsre n de r i n g sat i s facto ry se rv i ce.

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 95

S i n ce t h a t t ime t h e grow t h h a s bee n s teady. C h a n ge so f admi n i s t rat i o n h a v e occ u rred. ol d eq u i pme n t h a sbee n rep l aced by n ew

,b u i l d i n g h a s s u cceeded b u i l d i n g,

u n t i l n ow t h e Potomac El ec t r i c Powe r Compa n yw h i c h h a s rece n t l y ab sorbed t h e U n i te d S ta te s El e c t r i cLi g h t i n g Compa n y - s u pp l i e s a l l of t h e power n eededfor e l ect r i c l i g h t i n g p u rposes a n d n ear l y a l l t h e powe rn eces s a ry fo r t h e ope rat i o n of t h e ra i l road s co n t rol l edby t h e Was h i n g to n Ra i l way a n d El ec t r i c Compa n y.As eac h i n d i v i d u a l ra i l way compa n y eq u i ppe d i t sroad e l e ct r i c al l y

,a power p l a n t was b u i l t for i t , a n d

w h e n t h e roads now form i n g t h e sys tem were co n sol ida ted. feede rs we re rea r ra n ged a n d p l a n t s interconnected i n s u c h ma n n e r a s to prod u ce t h e bes t obta i nbl e re s u l t s u n de r t h e e x i s t i n g co n d i t i o n s . Ra i l wayge n e rato r s were remo v e d from t h e George tow n Met ropol i ta n Ra i l road p l a n t t o t h e l i g h t i n g compa n y’s p l a n t ,a t Fo u r tee n t h a n d B S t reet s n o rt h we s t

, w h i c h i s ve ryn ea r t h e ce n te r of t h e c i ty.T h e 550- vol t d i rec t - c u r re n t i s f u r n i s h e d by ( I ) t h eo l d Co l u mbi a Ra i l way pl a n t a t t h e e xt reme eas t of t h ec i ty ; (2 ) t h e p l a n t o f t h e o l d Met ropol i ta n Ra i l roadCompa n y at t h e ex t reme so u t h of t h e c i ty, o n Fo u r— a n da- h a l f S t ree t so u t h we s t ; t h e p l a n t o f t h e Po

t omac El e c t r i c Powe r Compa n y,l ocate d at t h e ex treme

we s t , a t T h i r ty — t h i rd a n d " S t ree t s n ort h we s t ; a n d

(4 ) by t h e p l a n t a t Fo u rtee n t h a n d B S treet s n or t hwe s t , w h i c h i s a l i t t l e we s t o f t h e ce n te r o f t h e c i ty.I n add i t i o n , a s u b sta t i o n i n Was h i n gto n S t ree t , abo u ta b l ock from t h e Pe n s i o n Office , co n ta i n s a l a rge s to rage ba tte ry a n d a sw i tc h board so a rra n ge d t h a t t h es u b s ta t i o n i s p ract i ca l l y a “ c l ea r i n g h o u se" for s t reetra i l way c u rre n t . Feede rs from a l l of t h e p l a n t s a n dcabl e co n n ect i o n s w i t h a l l t h e n ea r - by l i n e s a re bro u g h tt o t h i s sw i t c h board. a n d i t i s h e re pos s i bl e to t i e t oge t h e r a l l o f t h e l i n e s e l ect r i ca l l y

,w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e

bat te ry, t o u se t h e ba t te ry to a s s i s t one or more c i rc u i t s i n depe n de n t l y, or by mea n s of a booste r to a s s i s ta n y o n e o f the ma i n s ta t i o n s .From t h e p l a n t a t T h i rty - t h i rd a n d " St reet s twop h ase c u rre n t i s d i s t r i b u ted to t h ree s u b s t at i o n s l oca ted

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k

i n t h e s u b u rb s . T h e se s u ppl y c u rre n t fo r t h e ope rat i ono f some of t h e s u b u rba n ove r h ead t rol l ey l i n e s . The

two - p h a se feede rs a l so pa s s t h ro u g h t h e ma i n s u bs ta t i o n in Was h i n gto n S t ree t .T h e two — p h a se sys tem of d i s t r i b u t i o n i s grad u a l l ybe i n g d i sp l ace d by t h e t h ree - p h a se sys tem , c u r re n t fo rw h i c h i s f u r n i s h ed by a 2 000— k i l owat t t u rbo ge n e ra to ro f t h e C u r t i s t ype , w h i c h wa s rece n t l y i n s ta l l ed i n t h ep l a n t a t Fo u rtee n t h a n d B S treet s n or t h we st .T h ree — p h a se c u r re n t w i l l be t ra n sm i t t ed to bot h l i g h t ‘

i n g a n d ra i l way s u bs t a t i o n s , a n d i s a l so co n ver te d i n tos i n gl e - p h a se c u rre n t for s u b u rba n l i g h t i n g.T h ese p l a n t s

,w i t h t h e i r comb i n ed capac i ty o f abo u t

h or se - power,t u r n t h e w h ee l s t h a t r u n on more

t h a n 160 mi l e s of s t reet - ra i l way t rack s a n d t h a t ope ra tei n ca n desce n t l amp s by t h e h u n d re d t h o u s a n d

,more t h a n

a t h o u s a n d st reet a rc l amp s,a n d i n depe n de n t motor s

aggrega t i n g n ear l y h or se - power.T h e i n c rea se i n t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e e l ect r i c l i g h t a n dpower i s bes t s h ow n by some compar i s o n s betwee n t h eo u tp u t o f t h e p l a n t for seve ra l year s b ack .At t h e t i me of t h e co n so l i dat i o n o f t h e two compet i n gcompa n i e s , i n 1 898, t h e t ota l d i rec t - c u rre n t l oad wa s

ampere s ; o n e year later t h e peak l oad h a d inc rea sed t o ampere s , a n d i n December, 1903 , t h epeak l oad was amperes . D u r i n g t h i s pe r i od t h es u b u rba n l i g h t i n g by t h e al te r n at i n g sys tem al so l argel yi n c rea sed i n vol u me .T h e pre se n t l i g h t i n g s t at i o n a t Fo u rtee n t h a n d BSt ree t s n o rt h we s t was n ew i n 1897, a n d was de s i g n edw i t h t h e i dea t h a t i t wo u l d be amp l e i n capac i ty fo rt e n yea rs at l ea s t . T h e n ew pol i cy w h i c h wa s inaugurated by t h e ofificials of t h e co n so l i da ted compa n i e s re

sulted i n a n i n c rea se i n o u tp u t i n t h e firs t year o f 65pe r ce n t ., a n d i n five ye ars h a s s h ow n t h a t a n ew s t at i o n o n m u c h b roader l i n e s m u s t s h ort l y be co n s t r u ct ed .T h e tota l co n n ec te d h or se - power i n motor s a t p re se n ti s Tota l l amps co n n ec te d

,Tota l equiva

l e n t co n n ec te d l oad i n 190 1 wa s 16- ca n d l epowe rl amp s ; i n 1904 i t i s 16- ca n d l epower l amps .T h e c u r re n t i s t ra n sm i t t ed t h ro u g h h u n d red s o f t o n s

2000 " . W. STEAM TURB INE , POTOMAC E LECTR I C POW ER C0.

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100 The W a s h i n g t o n

rap i d l y a s a n y reaso n ab l e pe rso n co u l d de s i re . Localp u b l i c s e n t i me n t h a s exp re s se d i t se l f ve ry s t ro n gl y on

t h e q u e s t i o n of w i re s — ra n g i n g from t h e ma n w h o ob

jected t o t h em“ beca u se t h ey make t h e E n g l i s h spar

row s’ feet sore to t h e me n w h o ad v a n ce t h e be st o frea so n s w h y t h e obst r u c t i o n s s h o u l d be i n t er red — so

t h e co rporat e p r i de o f \Vas h i n gto n i s do i n g l a rge s h a reof t h a t work o f p u b l i c i mp roveme n t w h i c h w i l l s oo nmake t h e n a t i o n 5 cap i ta l bea u t i f u l beyo n d compare .

E l ec t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 10]

THE SYSTEM OF THECAPITAL TRACTION CO.

HE fi rs t s t ree t car se rv i ce i n Was h i n gto n wa s beg u n i n J u l y , 1862 , w h e n t h e Was h i n gto n a n dGeorgetow n Ra i l road Compa n y ra n i t s firs t h or seca rs o n Pe n n syl va n i a Ave n u e . The

’

Pennsyl

va n i a Ave n u e l i n e h a s bee n ope rate d w i t h o u t i n te rr u pt i o n s i n ce

,a n d a s t h e p u b l i c’s n eed s for se rv i ce i n o t h e r

s ec t i o n s were ma n i fe s te d , t h ey h ave bee n met by t h eot h e r l i n e s a n d va r i o u s exte n s i o n s .

i t bec ame appa re n t t h a t t h e h o rs e ca r was notadeq u ate

,i n t h e l at e r ’

80’s,t h e compa n y co n s i de re d w h at

form of mec h a n i ca l sys tem wo u l d be s t mee t t h e co nditions. T h e o v e r h ead t ro l l ey sys tem , t h e n j u s t beg i nn i n g to be ge n e ral l y u sed , was prope r l y n ot a l l owed i nWas h i n gto n

,a n d t h e c abl e

,t h e o n l y ot h e r s u cce s s ful

met h od of p rop u l s i o n t h e n ava i l ab l e , was adop te d . The

Seve n t h S t ree t l i n e wa s firs t eq u i pped , a n d immed i a te lya fte r t h a t was p u t i n ope rat i o n

,i n 1890, work was beg u n

on t h e ot h e r l i n e s , s o t h a t A u g u s t. 1892 , fo u n d a l l theWas h i n gto n a n d Georgetow n Ra i l road’s sys tem operatedby cab le . T h i s sys tem co n t i n u e d to gi ve sa t i s fac toryse rv i ce u n t i l Septembe r , 1897, w h e n t h e b u r n i n g o f t h ec ompa n y's l a rge ce n t ra l p owe r s ta t i o n , at Fo u rtee n t hS t reet and Pe n n syl va n i a Ave n u e , p u t a l l t h e l i n e s e xcept Seve n t h S t ree t out of commi s s i o n . T h e fi re oc

c u r red a fte r I I at n i g h t , b u t t h e d i s ab l ed cab l e ca r s werh a u l e d off t h e s t reet a n d t h e t ra i l ca r s s t a rte d o u t w i t hh or se powe r o n a reg u l a r sc h ed u l e t h e fol l ow i n g mor ni n g.

I n themea n t ime t h e co n d u i t e l ec t r i c system h ad bee nde v e l oped a n d prove n sat i s fac tory o n t h e Me t ropol i t a nRa i lway Compa n y’s l i n e s i n Was h i n gto n a n d al s o i nNew York , so t h e compa n y

’s d i rec to rs dec i ded not to re

b u i l d t h e cabl e powe r s ta t i o n , b u t to eq u i p t h e e n t i reroad w i t h t h a t sys tem . Fort u n a te l y

,t h e co n c re te cab l e

c o n d u i t wa s we l l adapte d to t h e e l ec t r i c system,a n d

work was soo n beg u n on the t rack,powe r s tat i o n a n d

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E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 105

Road= bed Cons truction.

T h e co n d u i t system i s p rac t i c a l l y t h e s ame a s t h a ti n u s e by t h e New York s u r face l i n e s a n d t h e ot h e r l i n e si n Was h i n gto n . Powe r fo r t h e e n t i re co n d u i t sys tem i sf u r n i s h ed from a powe r s t at i o n o f - k i l owat t capaci ty

,l ocated on t h e C h e s ape ake a n d O h i o Ca n al , be twee n

T h i r ty - seco n d a n d Potomac S t reet s n o rt h we s t . Powerfor t h e over h ead l i n e i s f u r n i s h ed by a sta t i o n s i t u a tedat t h e n o rt h e r n te rm i n u s o f t h e C h evy C h ase l i n e .

T h e co n d u i t sys t em embrace s two s tandard type s , o n e ,i n c l u d i n g twel ve m i l e s o f do u b l e t rack, i s a reco n s t r u et i o n o f t h e cabl e road. a n d t h e rema i n de r was b u i l t es

pecially for t h e e l ec t r i c sys tem . T h e fi rs t ( s h ow n i nF ig. 1 ) co n s i s t s o f a co n c rete co n d u i t 36 i n c h e s deepw i t h 6- i n c h w h ee l ra i l a n d s l ot ra i l s u pporte d on cas ti ro n yoke s. spaced 4 fee t 6 i n c h e s ce n t e r to ce n te r . T h eT - s h ape d co n d u c tor ra i l s

,we i g h i n g 2 3 po u n d s to t h e

ya rd , a re s u pporte d by porce l a i n i n s u l a tor s w h ose cas ti ro n cap s a re bol te d to t h e l ower fl a n ge of t h e s l ot ra i l .T h e co n d u c tor ra i l s a re 3 1 fee t 6 i n c h e s l o n g a n d a res u pported a t ea c h e n d a n d i n t h e ce n te r. T h e i r j o i n t sa re bo n ded w i t h two 0000 fl e x i b l e coppe r bo n d s .

In reco n s t r u c t i n g t h e cabl e road for t h e e l ec t r i ca l syst em i t wa s t h o u g h t be s t to p rov i de a dr i p u n de r t h e s l otra i l , s o t h a t s u r face wate r wo u l d fa l l t o t h e gro u n d att h e s l o t be twee n t h e co n d u ctor ra i l s

,i n s t ead o f fo l low

i n g t h e l owe r s u r face of t h e s l ot ra i l a n d fa l l i n g o n t h ec o n d u cto r ra i l s . To p ro v i de t h i s

,a sma l l a n gl e i ro n wa s

r i vete d o n t h e u n de r s i de of t h e s l ot ra i l w h i l e i n i t spos i t i o n i n t h e s t ree t . Al l sec t i o n s of s l o t ra i l rol l ere spec i a l l y fo r t h e co n d u i t e l e ct r i ca l sys tem a re p rov i dedw i t h t h i s d r i p ro l l e d o n t h e ra i l .

T h e o n l y d i ff e re n ce s be twee n t h e compa n y’s p re se n ts ta n da rd co n st r u ct i o n a n d t h e reco n s t r u cte d cab l e roada re i n t h e deta i l s , t h e dep t h be i n g 2 5 i n c h e s i n s t ea d of

the 36 i n c h e s w h i c h was n ece s sa ry for t h e cabl e road ,a n d deepe r ra i l s a re u sed

,8 - i n c h for w h ee l ra i l a n d 7

i n c h for s l ot . T h e deep co n d u i t h as u n q u e s t i o n abl y co ns iderable adva n tage s , d u e t o be t te r dra i n age fac i l i t i e sand l e s s l i ab i l i ty to s h ort c i rc u i t s from w i re s or ot h e r

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ice The Wa s h i ng t o n

u n de r t h e bo i l e r s,a s we l l a s p l ac i n g coa l i n t h e b u n ke rs .

T h e coa l b u n ke r s a re d i v i ded i n to t h ree p ar t s ; t h ema i n b i n is V — s h aped a n d r u n s t h e e n t i re l e n gt h o f t h ebo i l e r room

,de l i ver i n g coa l t h ro u g h mea s u r i n g h opper s

a n d c h u te s d i rec t l y to t h e h opper ove r eac h grate ; t h esmal l e r coa l b u n ke r s a re a l s o V - s h aped a n d are s i t u a te dove r t h e back of t h e bo i l e r s. T h ey a re o n l y u sed fors torage p u rpo se s . T h e coa l b i n s a re s u pporte d on t r u s se se recte d o n co l u m n s a t t h e s i de wal l s a n d a row of columns dow n t h e ce n te r of t h e fire room . T h e b i n wa l l sco n s i s t of a rc h e s Spr u n g betwee n I be ams . T h e a rc h e sa re o f co n c rete formed w i th a fl a t i n te r i o r s u r face on

corr u gate d i ro n arc h p l ate s,w i t h a t h i ckn e s s of co n c re te

a t c row n of arc h o f 3 i n c h e s . T h e tota l capac i ty of t h ecoal b i n s i s abo u t t o n s

,w i t h a dd i t i o n a l s torage

capac i ty o f abo u t to n s i n t h e yard s .

Bo iler Equipment.

T h e bo i l e r p l a n t co n s i s t s of e i g h t bo i l e r s , a rra n ged i nfo u r bat te r ies . Eac h bo i le r i s o f 3 50 n om i n a l h orsep ower a n d i s o f t h e Babcock Wi l so n h or i z o n t a l wate rt u be type

,ma n u fact u re d by t h e A u l tma n Tayl o r Ma

c h i n e ry Compa n y. Eac h bo i l e r h a s a wate r h eat i n g s u rface o f abo u t sq u a re fee t

,w i t h grate a re a o f 75

sq u a re fee t . T h ey are ope rate d u n de r a n orma l s te amp re s s u re of 140 po u n ds , a n d t h e t u be s we re o r i g i n a l l yte s te d u n der a h yd ros t a t i c p re s s u re O f 300 po u n d s . T h ega se s from al l bo i l e r s pas s t h ro u g h br i ck fines to a ce ntrally l ocate d s tee l s ta ck 1 50 fee t h i g h by 9 feet i n te r n a ld iamete r, l i n e d w i t h re d br i ck . T h e c h im n ey i s a n c h oredto a b r i ck fo u n da t i o n b u i l t dow n to bed rock . Lockedamper reg u l a tor s are p rov i ded o n eac h fl u e . T h e coali s de l i ve re d t h ro u g h h oppe rs i n f ro n t o f eac h bo i l e r i n toRo n ey mec h a n i ca l s toke rs

,dr i ve n by smal l We s t i n g

h o u se e n gi n e s . T h e se s toker s h ave proved ve ry sat i sfac to ry w i t h t h e George’s Creek s em i - b i t u m i n o u s coal ,gi v i n g good comb u s t i o n

,w i t h p ract i ca l l y n o smoke com

i n g from t h e s t ack u n de r o rd i n a ry c i rc u msta n ce s .

Steam and Water Piping.

T h e bo i l e r fee d wate r i s t ake n from t h e C h e sapeakea n d O h i o Ca n a l

,fl ow i n g a l o n gs i de t h e s tat i o n , i n to a

c o n c rete wel l u n de r t h e e n gi n e room , t h e n ce i t i s l i fte d'

E l ec t r i c a l H and b oo k 109

by a n a u toma t i cal l y co n t rol l e d t a n k p u mp i n t o a

ga l l o n t a n k s i t u ate d back o f t h e bo i l e r s . From t h i s ta n k

t h e feed wate r pa s se s t h ro u g h two Loomi s - Ma n n i n g fil

te r s h av i n g a capac i ty of ga l l o n s i n twe n ty - fo u r

h o u rs,a n d from t h e re i t i s force d by Dea n e bo i l e r p u mps

t h ro u g h t h e h ea te rs i n to t h e bo i l e r s . Pro v i s i o n i s madefor s u pp l y i n g wate r from t h e c i ty ma i n s i n to t h e t a n k ,a n d a n emerge n cy wate r feed l i n e i s p l aced back o f t h e

bo i l e r s,s u pp l i e d by two Met ropol i t a n i n j e ctors .

T h e ex h a u s t f rom eac h ma i n e n g i n e pa s se s t h ro u g h i t sow n Ber ryma n feed wate r h eate r t o i t s ow n Dea n e j e tco n de n se r

,t h e n ce t h ro u g h a ca s t — i ro n d i sc h a rge p i pe

i n to t h e ca n a l . A n i n depe n de n t I4— i n c h sp i ra l r i vete d

e x h a u s t p i pe i s a l s o p rov i ded for e ac h e n g i n e . T h e e xh a u s t f rom t h e co n de n se r s

,p u mp s a n d l i g h t i n g e n gi n e

a l l p a s s t h ro u g h a l a rge Be rryma n h eate r s i t u a te d i n t h eboi l e r room . A space was l e ft i n t h e bo i l e r room for a neco n om i ze r

,b u t n o n e h a s a s ye t bee n i n s ta l l e d

,t h e fl u e

gas es pas s i n g d i rec t l y to t h e c h i m n ey. T h e ave ragetempe ra t u re o f t h e fee d wate r a fte r p as s i n g t h ro u g h t h ed i ffe re n t h ea te r s i s abo u t 18 1 degree s F.

T h e ma i n st e am p i pe l i n e i s on t h e l oop system,a

ma i n 1 2 ~ i n c h h e ader r u n n i n g t h e e n t i re l e n gt h of t h eb u i l d i n g on t h e n or t h s i de a n d a n a u x i l i a ry 10— i n c h o n eon t h e s o u t h . T h e se are co n n ec te d at eac h e n d a n d al s oby a n 8 - i n c h eq u a l i z i n g ma i n r u n a l o n g t h e d i v i d i n gwal l be twee n t h e e n g i n e a n d bo i l e r rooms . Al l be n d s i nt h e s team ma i n s a re made on a l o n g rad i u s

,a n d i t was

u n n ece s sa ry to pro v i de a n y expa n s i o n j o i n t s. Gateva l ve s a re p rov i ded i n t h e h e ade rs

,so t h a t a n y u n i t

,

e i t h e r e n gi n e or bo i l e r, ca n be c u t o u t a n d repa i r s madewi t h o u t i n te r fe r i n g w i t h t h e s team s u pp l y.

Engine Room.

T h e ma i n ge n e ra t i n g u n i t s a re five i n n u mbe r,e ac h

co n s i s t i n g o f a n 800 h or se - powe r e n gi n e,d i re c t con

nected to a G . E. 52 5- k i l owat t , 600- vol t ge n e rato r. T h e

e n gi n e s a re 20x40x42 - i n c h ta n dem compo u n d,r u n n i n g at

(00 revo l u t i o n s pe r m i n u te , made by t h e E. P. Al l i sCompa n y , w i t h t h e we l l — k n ow n feat u re s of t h i s type .

1 10 The W a s h i n g t on

T h e ge n e ra tors are s t a n da rd Ge n e ra l El e c t r i c , e i g h tp ol e mac h i n e s

,compo u n d wo u n d

,gi v i n g a v ol tage of

550 a t n o l oad , a n d 600 at f u l l l o ad .

As two of t h e fee de r l i n e s are q u i te l o n g for d i rec t

c u r re n t work, t h e i r p re s s u re i s i n c re a se d by motor

dr i ve n booste r s . T h ree of t h e s e boos te r se t s a re p ro

vided, p l aced i n t h e e n gi n e room be twee n t h e mai nu n i t s ; e ac h co n s i s t s o f a 600- vol t , 6— pol e s h u n t moto

d i rec t co n n ecte d to a ser i e s ge n e rator , w i t h a c apac i ty

o f 550 amperes a n d 180 volt s , gi v i n g a s t ra i g h t l i n e c h ar

acteristic from o to 1 00 vol t s w h e n Ope rate d at a speed

o f 600 revol u t i o n s pe r m i n u te .

T h e sw i tc h boa rd i s abo u t 50 fee t l o n g a n d i s s i t u at e d

a l o n g t h e so u t h s i de of t h e e n g i n e room abo u t 5 fee t

from t h e wa l l . I t co n s i s t s O f a s ta n d ard pa n e l for e ac h

g e n e rato r, a tot al o u tp u t p a n e l co n ta i n i n g wattmete r a n d

amme te r ; two pa n e l s for eac h pa i r o f feede rs ; pa n e l s for

eac h booste r motor ; two p a n e l s w i t h sw i t c h e s , a l l ow i n gi t h e r o f t h e t h ree boos te r s to be t h row n o n e i t h e r o f

t h e two feeders w h ose p res s u re i s to be ra i sed ; a r h eos ta t p a n e l ; a n d a p a n e l co n t rol l i n g t h e 600— v ol t l i g h t i n gand power c i rc u i t s abo u t t h e b u i l d i n g.

As t h e sys tem fed i s a meta l l i c c i rc u i t w i t h n e i t h e r s i de

g ro u n ded, eq u a l sw i t c h i n g fac i l i t i e s a re p ro v i de d fo

eac h p o l e o f eac h fee de r , a n d do u b l e — t h row sw i tc h e s are

u se d,s o t h a t t h e po l ar i ty ca n b e re v e rse d o n eac h c i r

u i t . T h i s i s do n e t o p ro v i de aga i n s t s h or t c i rc u i t s

w h i c h m ig h t occ u r f rom gro u n ds occ u r r i n g on d i ffe re n t

s i de s o f two d i ffe re n t C i rc u i t s .

I n add i t i o n to t h e 600— vol t u n i t s,t h e re i s a d i rec t

c o n n ec te d 50- kiloivatt, 1 2 5— vol t l i g h t i n g set . T h i s p ro

vi de s l i g h t s for t h e power s ta t i o n for t h e compa n y 's

s h op s,w h i c h are s i t u at e d ac ros s t h e c a n a l

,a n d al so for

t h e ma i n office b u i l d i n g a n d car ba r n a few bl ock s awayThe s t at i o n i s we l l l i g h t e d n at u ra l l y by n u mero u s w i nfl ows a n d ar t ific i a l l y by n u mero u s arc a n d i n ca n desce n tlamps . I n ca n desce n t l amps o n bot h 600— vol t a n d 1 2 5

vo l t c i rc u i t s are d i s t r ib u te d ove r t h e w h ol e b u i l d i n g.

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STANDARD PLow — CAP ITAL TRACT ION Co.F i g. 4.

E l ec t r i c a l H and b o o k 1 18

Car Equipment.

T h i s compa n y h a s not fol l owed t h e p rac t i ce o f ma n yo f t h e Amer i ca n

' c i t i e s i n u s i n g l o n g e i g h t - w h ee l ca rs ,b u t t h e i r c i ty eq u i pme n t co n s i s ts e n t i re l y o f 20 t o 26

foot ca rs , ope rate d i n t ra i n s o f o n e motor ca r a n d one

t ra i l e r. A compl e te eq u i pme n t i s ca r r i ed o f ope n a n dc l osed ca r s, bot h motor s a n d t ra i l e r s. a n d i t h a s p rove nq u i te sa t i s fac tory o n acco u n t of t h e fl ex i b i l i ty of t h es e r v i ce . Ope n t ra i l e r ca r s c a n be ope rate d t h ro u g h aco n s i de rab l e port i o n o f t h e m i l d w i n t e rs “lashingtonu s u a l l y h a s , a n d t h ey a re q u i te pop u l a r wi t h t h e road spat ro n s . T h i s w oul d. of co u rse , be i mpos s i bl e w i t h s i ng l e car s. a s a compl e t e ope n u n i t wo u l d not be de s i redor pe rm i t t ed . T h e t ra i l e r system al so make s i t conven i e n t to q u i ckl y c h a n ge t h e se rvi ce from ope n to c l o sedca r s a t t i me s o f h ea v y s u mmer ra i n s . I t h a s a l s o bee nfo u n d t h a t t h e t ra i n of two l i g h t ca rs i s more eco n om ic a l Of power t h a n t h e h e av i e r s i n gl e car s. t h e a v erageco n s u mpt i o n o n t h e w h o l e l i n e be i n g k i l owa t t — h o u rpe r t ra i n m i l e a t t h e s ta t i o n sw i t c h board . A vi ew o f

o n e o f t h e se mi xed t ra i n s i s s h ow n i n F ig. 3 .

Al l mo tor ca rs are mo u n te d o n “

Lord Bal t i moret r u cks , eac h t r u ck be i n g eq u i pped w i t h two 3 5 h or sepowe r G . E. motor s . Al l ca rs a re l ig h te d electri

cal l y a n d t h e c l osed motor s h e ated i n t h e same ma n n e r.

One of t h e mos t import a n t pa rt s of t h e eq u i pme n t o ft h e co n d u i t e l ec t r i c system i s t h e dev i ce u se d to co n veyt h e e l ect r i c i ty from t h e co n d u cto r ba r n s to ‘t h e ca r ,k n ow n a s t h e p l ow . T h e p l ow u se d by t h e Cap i ta l T ract i o n Compa n y i s t h e Ge n e ra l El e c t r i c Compa n y’s Form8, wi t h se v e ra l impro v eme n t s s u gge s t ed by e xpe r i e n ce.T h i s p l ow i s s h ow n i n Fig. 4 . T h e two ca s t — i ro n s h oe sare p re s sed aga i n s t t h e co n d u c tor ra i l by s tee l l ea fsp r i n gs . T h e se sp r i n gs are s u pporte d by i ro n yoke sw h i c h a re fa s te n e d to t h e mapl e p l ow bot tom . T h i s mae

p l e a n d a s h ee t o f so ft r u bbe r give t h e n ece s sary i n s u l at i o n . T h e c u r re n t pa s se s from t h e i n n e r s i de o f t h es hoe thro u g h a s h ort p i ece o f l amp cord u se d a s a f u set o t h e l owe r e n d o f t h e l ead . T h e l ead s a re co n t i n u o u ss t ra n d s o f coppe r w i re r u n n i n g from t h e co n n ec tor on

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E l e c t r i ca l H an d b oo k 1 1 7

THE TELEPHONE PLANT OF WASH INGTON.

HEN t h e Was h i n gt o n t e l ep h o n e pl a n t was fi rs tco n st r u cte d , t h e w h o l e co n cept i o n o f t h escope o f t h e serv i ce was v e ry d i ffe re n t fromt h e pre se n t . Te lep h o n e s we re for t h e u s e O f

large fi rms , a n d for a few o f t h e ve ry l u x u r i o u s i n t h e i rre s i de n ce s . For t h e o rd i n a ry per so n i t was a n eme r

ge n ey se rv i ce , t o be u se d v e ry m u c h a s t h e te l egrap h ,w h e n i t wa s es se n t i a l t o comm u n i ca te q u i ck l y. A grea tdepa rtme n t of t h e Fede ral Gove r n me n t u se d o n l y two o rt h ree s ta t i o n s

,a n d

,i n deed , t h o u g h t t h ey n ee ded n o

more . P u bl i c pay st at i o n s we re few a n d far betwee n .a n d i t wa s O fte n n e ce s sa ry t o walk h a l f a m i l e t o reac ho n e .T h e p l a n t req u i re d for s u c h a sys tem was ext reme ly

s imp l e,j u dged by p rese n t s t a n da rd s . Te n year s ago t h e

p rospec t o f more t h a n o n e e xc h a n ge for Was h i n gt o nh ad n ot e v e n bee n co n temp l at ed . Except for a few o ft h e ma i n l ead s

,n ot h i n g b u t ope n w i re o n pol e l i n e s was

t h o u g h t of. Ev e n a fte r t h e l o n g d i s ta n ce l i n e s wereo pe n e d to Was h i n gto n i t was not expec te d t h a t t h e ave rage st at i o n wo u l d n ee d to be eq u i pped for s u c h se rv i ce ,as t h e s u bs c r ibe r co u l d go to t h e l o n g d i s ta n ce Office fort h e v e ry excep t i o n a l o u t — of- t ow n ca l l .T h e old carbo n - b u t t o n or B l ake t ra n sm i t te r

,wi t h o n e

cel l o f Le Clanche batte ry, was i n ge n e ra l u s e ; a n d t h el i n e , e xcep t for t h e s h o rt l e n gt h i n cab l e , was of i ro nand gro u n de d . T h e mag n eto sw i tc h board

,w i t h i t s

large d rop s a n d j ack s. was n e ce s sa r i l y of sma l l capac i ty.T h e d rops we re se l f — re s tor i n g , h oweve r , t h a t i s , t h es h u t te r was a u tomat i ca l l y c l ose d w h e n t h e ope rator answered, a n d a s l a te a s seve n yea r s ago t h i s was consid

e re d t h e h e i g h t O f sw i tc h board deve l opme n t .Wi t h i n t h e pa s t decade

,h owe v e r

,t h e w h o l e concep

t i o n o f t h e u se a n d p l ace i n o u r l i fe O f te l ep h o n e se r v i c eh a s u n de rgo n e a compl ete c h a n ge . T h e b u s i n e s s h a dbee n . de v e l oped a l o n g t h e old

’

lines u n t i l t h e l i m i t seemed

1 18 The Wa s h i ng t o n

10 be reac h e d , a n d for a t i me growt h was a lmos t a r ~

re s te d . T h e n q u i te s u dde n l y t h e re was w h at m i g h t beca l l e d a renaissance i n t h e t e l ep h o n e b u s i n e s s . Pi o n ee r sh e re a n d t h e re b l azed t h e way, a n d s h owed a n ewp l ace for t h e se rv i ce i n t h e affa i r s of me n . Lowe r ratesc h e d u les were de v e l ope d ; the ol d , i n fl ex i b l e fl at ra te swere s u pe r se ded by eq u i t abl e mes sage rate s c h e d u l e s ,u n de r w h i c h e ac h s u b scr i be r pa i d for w h at h e got, a n di t became pos s i bl e t o o ffe r r ate s w h i c h wo u l d appea l t ot h e smal l u se r .T h e dema n d for te l ep h o n e se rv i ce t h e n grew fas te rt h a n t h e p l a n t co u l d be p rov i de d . T h e i de a was ga i n i n ggro u n d t h at t e l ep h o n e se rv i ce w as for a l l c l a s se s j u s t a sd i s t i n c t l y a s t h e mai l s e rv i ce o r t h e gas a n d wate r s u pp ly. T h e ma n w h o co u l d n o t afford eve n t h e bot tomrate s h o u l d h a v e acce s s to a pay s t at i o n w i t h i n h al f ab l ock a n d t h e p r i v i l ege of ca l l i n g for a n om i n a l c h arge.T h i s n ew i dea dema n ded a n e n ormo u s a n d ve ry comp l exp l a n t . A n u mber of exc h a n ge s were req u i re d w i t h p rov i s i o n s fo r t r u n k i n g betwee n ; a n d a s i t became impracticable t o car ry t h e i n c rea se d n u mber o f l i n e s ove r h ea d ,

t h e s u bway sys tem h ad to be great ly exte n ded a n d en

larged. T h e ol d mag n e to s t at i o n — ba tte ry p l a n t co u l d notbe adopte d t o meet t h e n ew co n d i t i o n s .T h e e n gi n ee r s , de s i g n e rs a n d maker s of appara t u s h adkept pace w i t h t h e devel opme n t, a n d were ready to f u rn ish n ew eq u i pme n t o f wo n de r f u l l y i mp roved c h a racte ra n d mos t exq u i s i te l y adap te d to t h e p u rpo se i n h a n d .I t rema i n e d, h oweve r, t o l ay o u t a p l a n t w i t h d u e regardto p re se n t a n d f u t u re n eed s , a n d t h e n co n s t r u c t i t ; a n da l l t h i s h a s take n , n a t u ra l l y, a good dea l of t ime a n dmo n ey. I t was n ece s sa ry to p l a n a s fa r a h e ad as poss i b l e , a n d t h e n t o b u i l d i n s u c h a way t h a t n o mat terhow or w h ere t h e f u t u re deve l opme n t m ig h t come

,i n

stat i o n s or i n traflfic, add i t i o n s m i g h t be made a s i n t egra lpart s of t h e ex i s t i n g system a n d w i t h o u t s ac r ific i n g a n ypa rt o f i t .T h e s t u dy made a s a ba s i s fo r t h e se p l a n s wa s .mos tt h oro u g h a n d ve ry i n te re s t i n g. Fi rs t , a l a rge map of

t h e c i ty was care f u l l y bl ocked Off i n va r i o u s co l ors,eac h

i n d i ca t i n g a ce rta i n grade o f b u s i n e s s,re s i de n ce or ofli

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1 20 The Wa s h i ng t on

ex te n d i n g to t h e roof of eac h b u i l d i n g. Normal l y t h es ta n d - p i pe i s co n n ecte d w i t h l a rge t a n k s on t h e roo f,kep t f u l l by e l e ct r i c p u mp s

,w h i c h are a u tomat i c al l y

s t a rte d t h e i n s ta n t t h e wate r p re s s u re becomes red u ce d .Sa n d b u cket s a re p l e n t i f u l l y s u pp l i e d aro u n d t h e exc h a n ge a n d term i n a l rooms

,a n d e l sew h e re i n t h e b u i l d

i n g c h em i ca l e xt i n g u i s h e r s o f t h e most improved typea re a t eve ry t u r n .T h e ma i n e xc h a n ge b u i l d i n g, l oc ate d i n abo u t t h e ce nte r o f t h e c i ty

,i s t h e l a s t t o be comp l e ted

,a n d co n t a i n s

t h e compa n y’s ge n e ra l office s,as we l l a s t h e ce n t ra l of

tice,w i t h a cap ac i ty of l i n e s . I t i s a s i x - s tory

a n d baseme n t b u i l d i n g, abo u t 50x 1 5o fee t i n s i z e , a n d i sb u i l t of gra n i t e , w h i t e br i ck a n d ter ra cot ta . T h e Nor t he xc h a n ge b u i l d i n g, s i t u a t ed abo u t one a n d a q u arte rmi l e s n o rt h o f t h e Ma i n exc h a n ge

,i s o f abo u t t h e same

d ime n s i o n s a n d mate r i a l s , excep t t h a t i t i s o n l y fo u rstor i e s h ig h . T h e Eas t a n d Wes t exc h a n ge s

,a s t h e

n ame s imp ly, cove r Eas t a n d Wes t Was h i n gto n re

spectively. Eac h i s of two s tor i e s a n d ba seme n t , a n d i sb u i l t of br i ck , w i t h s to n e t r i mmi n gs .T h e fi ft h ce n t ra l offi ce

,w h i c h i s n o t ye t b u i l t

,i s

p l a n n e d to be l ocated abo u t o n e m i l e n ort h o f t h e p rese n t Nort h office

,o n t h e h e i g h t s , w h ere t h e re i s so m u c h

of p re se n t a n d prospec t i v e i n c rea se i n re s i de n ce se r v i ce ,and wh ere the c i tymust p u sh out i n t h e f u t u re .

“ A brief “ de scr i p t io n o f t h e Nor t h exc h a n ge, w h i c hseems i n e v e ry way a mode l o f ce n t ra l ofli ce a n d e n g in ee r i n g co n s t r u c t i o n

,w i l l suflice for a l l .

O n t h e fi r s t floor o f t h e b u i l d i n g i s a n ti p — t ow n b u s in e s s office , w h ere pat ro n s may pay t h e i r b i l l s , make arra n geme n t s for se rv i ce , et c. T h e e n t i re seco n d floor is

u s e d as a te rm i n a l r oom, a n d i t s ge n e ro u s d ime n s i o n s ,w i t h amp l e l ig h t o n t h ree s i de s , make i t u n u s u a l l y we l l

adapt ed to t h e p u rpose . T h e s tee l frames, racks a n dcab l e r u n s were p u t i n for t h eul t imate capac i ty o f t h esw i t c h boa rd d u r i n g t h e co n s t r u c t i o n of t h e b u i l d i n g, a n dare bo l te d to t h e i ro n floor beams a n d to t h e ce i l i n gbeams above : t h ey a re t h u s v i r t u a l l y a par t o f the b u i l ding and w i l l c arry t h e max im u m we i g h t a n d s t ra i n w i t ho u t sag or v ib rat i o n . T h e 1 2 k i l owat t motor ge n erator s

E l ec t r i ca l H a n d b o o k 1 2]

for c h argi n g t h e s torage bat te r i e s , a n d t h e r i n g i n g mac h i n e s

,bot h i n d u p l i ca te

,a re as sol i d a n d fre e from

v ibrat i o n a s i f b u i l t on rock .

I n t h e te rm i n a l room t h e u n de rgro u n d cabl e s come u pt h ro u g h a l o n g

,n a r row br i ck s h a ft a l o n g t h e s i d e wal l

t o t h e ba se o f t h e ma i n frame .” I n a firep roo f t ro u g hu n de r t h e floor , eac h c abl e i s pot - h eaded a n d tw i s teda n d r u bbe r — cove red w i re sp l i ced on. T h e se co n d u c to r sare t h e n l ed i n a b u n c h a l o n g a n a rre s te r s t r i p o n t h e“ma i n frame ,

” w h e re p ro v i s i o n i s made t o ca rry t o t h egro u n d a n y ex ces s o r fo re i g n c u r re n t w h i c h mi g h tcome from t h e l i n e . T h e w i re s a re h e re c ro s s - c o n n ec tedi n ot h e r word s , t h e i r a rra n geme n t , w h i c h wa s geograp h i ca l a s t h ey came from t h e u n de rgro u n d cabl e s

,i s

c h a n ged to correspo n d w i t h t h e n u mbe r s t h ey are ass i g n e d in~ t h e sw i t c h board . T h ey are t h e n ca rr i e d i nsw i t c h board cab l e s ove r l i g h t s tee l frami n g to t h e in

termediate d i s t r ib u t i n g frame ,” w h i c h pe rm i t s t h e d i s

tribution o f l i n e s for a n swer i n g p u rpo se s amo n g t h eva r i o u s ope rat i n g pos i t i o n s O f t h e sw i t c h boa rd i n s u c ha way a s to mai n ta i n a p rope r l oad at e ac h .Ob v i o u s l y t h e rate o f ca l l i n g i n a n y gro u p o f l i n e s i ss u bj e c t to great fl u c t u at i o n , a n d i t ca n n ot be expecte dt h a t t h e s ame n u mbe r o f l i n e s w h i c h co n s t i t u t e a fa i rl oad to — day may be a fa i r l oad a mo n t h or s i x mo n t h sh e n ce . I t i s t h e re fore n ece s sa ry to h a v e some met h odo f gi v i n g pa r t of t h e l i n e s t o a n ot h e r ope rato r to ah

swe r w i t h o u t c h a n ge o f n u mbers,or

,i n o t h e r words

,

w i t h o u t a l te r i n g t h e i r po s i t i o n i n t h e m u l t i p l e pa r t of

t h e board . T h i s i s accompl i s h e d t h ro u g h t h e i n te r

med i ate . Wh e n i t i s co n s i de re d t h a t a u n i form degreeof h i g h effic i e n cy o f ope rat i n g i s e xpec te d d u r i n g t h eb u s i e s t h o u r of t h e b u s i es t day i n t h e year

,i t ca n be

rea l i ze d h ow importa n t i t i s to pro v i de a met h od forco n t i n u a l l y adj u s t i n g t h e n u mbe r O f t h e l i n e s a n swe redfrom eac h pos i t i o n .I n t h e t e rm i n a l room are a l so l ocated t h e rack s o f

re l ay s w h i c h Operate t h e v a r i o u s l amp s i g n a l s i n t h esw i t c h boa rd ; t h e me s sage regi s te r s w h i c h reco rd t h en u mbe r of compl e ted ca l l s made by eac h me ssage rates u b s c r ibe r ; t h e v ar i o u s ge n e ra tor u n i t s , a n d powe r

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1 94 The Wa s h i ng t on

Wh i l e fra n k l y a ma n u al l y opera te d boa rd , i t i s so n ear ly

a u tomat i c i n i t s f u n c t i o n s t h a t t h e work of t h e Ope rator

has bee n re d u ced to t h e mere ac t of mak i n g t h e co n n ect i o n w i t h t h e de s i red n u mber a n d p re s s i n g t h e b u tto n .

At t h e cabl e t u r n i n g sect i o n , w h ere t h e cabl e s come u pfrom t h e i n t e rmed i ate frame , t h e boa rd s ta rt s a ro u n dthe room i n two d i rec t i o n s , t h e

“A” board,or subscrib

e rs’ sec t i o n s

,p roceed i n g to t h e l e ft

,a n d t h e “ B” board

,

or i n com i n g t r u n k sect i o n s , go i n g too

t h e r i g h t. T h e e xte n t of t h e “A” sec t i o n s w i l l n at u ra l l y depe n d u po n t h en u mbe r o f ope rato rs’ pos i t i o n s req u i re d to a n swer t h ef u l l n u mbe r of l i n e s p rov i de d for , w h i c h i n t u r n depe n d sla rge l y u po n t h e ave rage of ca l l i n g ; b u t t h e growt h o fthe

“

B‘ sec t i o n s w i l l d epe n d u po n t h e d e v e l opme n t of

o t h e r e xc h a n ge s a n d t h e co n seq u e n t i n c rea se of vo l u meo f i n com i n g t raffic.

T h e fami l i a r p r i n c i p l e o f m u l t i p l e sw i t c h board s,

w h i c h req u i re s t h at e v e ry l i n e s h a l l appear i n i t s app roximate j a ck o n ce i n e v e ry se ct i o n , or w i t h i n t h e reac h ofe ve ry ope rator , t h e re be i n g t h ree Ope rato rs to e ac h se ct i o n

,n at u ra l l y fixe s t h e l im i t o f s i z e o f t h e sw i tc h boa rd

in accorda n ce w i t h t h e s i ze of t h e j ack s a n d t h e com

pactness w i t h w h i c h t h ey ca n be p l aced i n t h e boa rd .T h e smal l e s t j ack now i n u se m u s t be p l ace d w i t h inc re d ibl e compact n e s s w h e n o n e co n s i de rs t h a t at l ea s tt h ree w i re s m u s t be sol de re d to sp r i n gs i n t h e rea r o fe ac h

,to pe rm i t t h e Ope rator t o reac h te n t h o u sa n d of

t h em .

T h e p roce ss of operat i n g, i de n t i ca l w i t h t h a t i n a l lrece n t Be l l e xc h a n ge s , i s b r i efly a s fol l ows

W h e n t h e t e l ep h o n e i s l i fted from t h e h ook a t t h es u b sc r i be rs

'

s ta t i o n a t i n y l amp i s l i g h te d j u s t above t h e“ a n swe r i n g j a ck” w i t h w h i c h i t i s a s soc i ated . T h e op

crat or take s one of a pai r of fl ex ib l e cords a n d i n se rts“t h e p l u g a t t h e e n d i n t h e a n swer i n g j ack i n d i ca ted ,a u tomat i ca l l y ex t i n g u i s h i n g t h e l i g h t

,w h i l e w i t h h e r

o t h e r h a n d s h e h a s t h row n a “ l i s te n i n g key” co n n ec t i n gher w i t h t h e ca l l i n g party. I n m u c h l e s s t ime t h a n i tt ake s to t e l l i t s h e h as a s ce rta i n e d t h e n u mbe r wa n ted ,t es ted t h e l i n e t o se e i f i t was i n u se by to u c h i n g t h e t i p

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 9 57

of t h e ot h e r p l u g to t h e r im o f t h e j ack cal l e d,i n se rte d

t h e p l u g,pre s sed t h e r i n gi n g key i n l i n e w i t h t h e co rd

u sed,a n d c l ea re d o u t t o h a n d l e a n ot h e r ca l l .

I n t h e key s h e l f, or h o r i z o n ta l par t of t h e sw i t c hboa rd

,t h e re a re two s u pe rv i so ry l amps for eac h pa i r o f

cord s . Wh e n t h e Ope rator p l u gged i n t o t h e cal l e d s u bsc r i be r’s j ack

,t h e l amp corre spo n d i n g to t h a t cord im

med i ate l y l i g h te d a n d rema i n ed so u n t i l t h e ca l l e d par tya n swered . Wh e n bot h part i e s h a n g u p t h e i r rece i ve rsbot h s u pe r v i so ry l amps b u r n

,a n d t h e ope rato r d i s co n

n eet s bot h cord s . I f o n ly o n e l amp s h o u l d l i g h t. t h eope rator wo u l d k n ow t h a t w h i l e o n e party was t h ro u g hta l k i n g t h e ot h e r s t i l l de s i red at te n t i o n a n d wo u l d actaccord i n gl y.Sel ec t i v e r i n gi n g i s p rov i ded for two a n d fo u r - party

l i nes , a n d t h e ope rator , by p re s s i n g t h e appropr i a te b u tton

,ca n ca l l a n y s t at i o n o n t h e l i n e w i t h o u t r i n g i n g t h e

ot h e r be l l s . By a n i n ge n i o u s dev i ce t h e l as t b u t to n i n ase r i e s t o be pre s sed i s i n d i cate d , so t h a t i f t h e ope rat orfin d s i t n ece s sary t o r i n g aga i n s h e doe s n ot h ave to depe n d ou h e r memory to k n ow w h i c h s tat i o n on t h e l i n ewa s wa n ted .

Wh e n a party'

in some ot h e r e xc h a n ge i s a sked for,t h e ope ra tor p re sse s a sma l l b u t to n

,w h i c h co n n e ct s her

t h ro u g h w h at i s k n ow n as a n “ orde r — up c i rc u i t w i t ht h e “ B” opera tor i n t h e ca l l e d e xc h a n ge

,a n d repeat s the

n u mbe r. T h e “ B”operat or te s t s t h e l i n e ca l l ed for,a n d ,

i f n o t i n u se,co n n ec t s i t w i t h a n i d l e t r u n k l i n e be

twee n t h e two exc h a n ge s , at t h e s ame t ime ca l l i n g backt h e n u mbe r of t h e t r u n k so a s s i g n e d . T h e “A”ope ra to rt h e n co n n ec t s t h e ca l l i n g s u b scr iber w i t h t h e de s i g n ate dt r u n k

,a n d t h e co n n e c t i o n i s compl e te . T h e “ B” op

erator p re s se s t h e appropr i ate r i n gi n g key, w h i c h i s h e l ddow n by a mag n e t i c c l u t c h

,ca u s i n g t h e be l l a t t h e ca l l ed

s tat i o n to r i n g i n t e rm i tte n t l y u n t i l t h e te l ep h o n e i s answered, w h e n t h e me re act o f l i ft i n g t h e rece i v e r off t h eh ook re l ea se s t h e mag n e t i c c l u t c h a n d s top s t h e r i n g i n g.Ab u n da n t p ro v i s i o n i s made i n t h e exc h a n ge fo r t h ema n ager a n d c h i e f ope rator’s de sk s, w h i c h a re m i n i at u re sw i t c h board s i n t h emse l ve s a n d for t h e

“ i n format i o n a n d mo n i t o r Operators . Al l ma n n e r o f i n forma

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E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 1 29

From one or two e xte n s i o n te l ep h o n e s t h e se rv i cen a t u ra l l y grow s t o a p r i vate bra n c h e xc h a n ge

,or

,a s a

rece n t wr i te r te rmed i t ,“ a sa te l l i te ex c h a n ge .” I n t h i s

sys tem t h e p r i n c i p l e Of t h e exc h a n ge i s app l i ed to t h es u bsc r ibe r

'

s p rem i se s . As ma n y s tat i o n s as may be re

q u i red , o n or Off t h e p rem i se s, are w i re d to a smal lsw i t c h boa rd

,w h i c h i n t u r n i s co n n ec ted w i t h t h e p u b l i c

exc h a n ge by two or more t r u n k l i n e s . T h e w h ol e i si deal l y flex ibl e a n d ca n be adapte d exac t l y to t h e s u bscr i be r

’

s pa rt i c u l a r n eed s i n e v ery d i rec t i o n .T h e Ope rator a t t h e p r i vate bra n c h exc h a n ge i s one oft h e grea te s t b u s i n e s s a i d s o f t h e day . S h e n ot o n lyfac i l i t a te s o u tgo i n g t raffic

,b u t act s a s a most a dmi rabl e

se l ec to r a n d d i st r ib u to r o f i n com i n g ca l l s . T h e advantage of h a v i n g t h e se ca l l s a l ways a n swered by a co u rteous, t ra i n ed te l ep h o n e c l e rk , i n s te ad o f by a n y o n ew h o h appe n s al o n g, i s be i n g more a n d more ge n e ra l lyapprec i ated . T h e i n te r n a l t raffic be twee n t h e seve ra ls tat i o n s o f a p r i vate b ra n c h e xc h a n ge i s a l s o o f ve rygreat va l u e i n t h e co n d u c t of a n y b u s i n e s s. Pr i vateb ra n c h e x c h a n ge se rv i ce i s see n eve ryw h e re i n VV ashington. Hote l s a n d apa rtme n t h o u se s a re p ract i ca l l y a l ls o eq u ipped , a n d , i n deed , a t el ep h o n e h a s come to be a sm u c h expecte d i n a h ote l room or i n a n apa rtme n t a se l ec t r i c l i g h t a n d s te am h eat . T h i rty pe r ce n t . ofa l l t e l ep h o n e s i n Was h i n gto n a re co n n ec ted w i t h pr i va t ebra n c h exc h a n ge sw i tc h boa rd s . T h i s p roport i o n i s e xceeded i n o n l y o n e c i ty i n t h e wor l d .A n i n te re st i n g fea t u re of t h e b u s i n e s s i n \Vas h i n gto ni s t h e se r v i ce s u pp l i e d t h e Federal Gove r n me n t . Eac hdepartme n t h a s a compl ete p r i vate b ra n c h exc h a n ge sys ~

t em,de s i g n ed e spec i a l l y t o mee t i t s va r i o u s a n d i n d i

v i d u a l req u i reme n t s . I n some ca se s t h e s i t u a t i o n i s me tby a l a rge n u mbe r o f te l ep h o n e s , al l c o n n ec ted to one

sw i t c h boa rd ; i n ot h e r depa r tme n t s t h e re i s one mai nsw i t c h boa rd wi t h seve ra l s u b s i d i a ry sw i tc h boa rd s i n t h evarious b u rea u s , eac h co n n ec te d d i rec t t o t h e exc h a n geo f t h e te l ep h o n e compa n y , a n d al l t i e d toge t h e r w i t h ii ireriial t r u n k s . T h e re s i de n ce s Of some ofiicials a re co nnected w i t h t h e i r departme n t board s . T h e re are al s od i rec t l i n e s from t h e v a r i o u s p r i vate bra n c h exc h a n ge s

180 The Wa s h i n g t o n

‘t o t h e office of t h e l o n g d i s ta n ce compa n y,t h u s sec u r i n g

d i rec t co n n ec t i o n for l o n g d i s ta n ce cal l s . T h e va r i ous

depa rtme n t s of t h e Go v e r n me n t are al so co n n e cte d w i t h

e ac h o t h e r by “ t i e l i n e s .”

T h e re s u l t i s a grea t se l f - co n ta i n e d sys tem o f ove r

two t h o u sa n d t e l ep h o n e s , i dea l l y mee t i n g e v e ry poss i bl e

d ema n d for depa rtme n ta l a n d i n te r - depa rtme n ta l com‘munication, a s we l l a s for l oca l a n d fore i g n te l ep h o n es er v i ce . T h e Pre s i de n t ca n s i t a t h i s desk a n d be i n

i n s t a n t comm u n i ca t i o n w i t h a n y member of h i s Cabi n e t o r w i t h some one a t h o u sa n d m i l e s away. T h e

head o f a departme n t ca n co n fe r i n a mome n t w i t h h i sl i e u te n a n t s in

'

Was h i n gto n or a t d i s ta n t po i n t s ; a n dc l ear dow n t h e l i n e to t h e l owes t c l e rk

,b u s i n e s s ca n

be e xped i t ed i n a way w h i c h wa s n ot dreamed of te n

year s ago. I t m ig h t a lmos t be sa i d t h a t t h e te l ep h o n e

w i re s a re t h e n e rve s o f t h e Gove r n me n t,e n ab l i n g a n

imp u l se a t t h e h ea d to be fe l t i n s ta n t l y a t t h e v e ry e xtremity.

For t h e s t ra n ge r. for t h e pa s ser — by, for t h e ma n w h oc a n n ot affo rd se rv i ce , pay s t at i o n s a re everyw h ere, vary ~

ing i n fac i l i t i e s from a s i n gl e te l ep h o n e i n a cor n e rdr u g s tore or grocery, at te n de d bv t h e p ropr i e t or , to t h el arge i n s ta l l at i o n i n h ote l s , ra i l way s ta t i o n s a n d o t h e rp u b l i c p l ace s

,eq u i ppe d w i t h s eve ra l l i n e s a n d boo t h s.

a n d at te n ded by t h e compa n y’s ope ra tor s a n d me s se nge r s .

I n t h e co u n t ry s u r ro u n d i n g Was h i n gto n a n u mber o fsmal l e xc h a n ge s h a v e bee n e s t ab l i s h ed , w i t h t h e obj ec to f compl e t e l y cove r i n g t h e te l ep h o n e fie l d not o n l y bymeet i n g e v e ry pre se n t dema n d

,b u t by p l ac i n g fac i l i t i e s

i n a dva n ce of t h e req u i reme n t s . To exc h a n ge s l oca te do u t s i de o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Co l u mb i a a smal l tol l c h a rgei s made. No add i t i o n a l c h arge i s made , h owe ver, for

- cal l s to a n y exc h a n ge l oca te d i n t h e D i s t r i c t . Ampl e fac ilities are p ro v i de d for ta lk i n g w i t h a l l l o n g d i s ta n cepo i n t s

,a n d t h o ro u g h l y effic i e n t se r v i ce a t mode rat e

c h a rge s has made t h e fami l i a r p h ra se , “

Do n ’t t rave lte l ep h o n e , 3 h o u se h ol d word.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

U. S. PATENT OFF ICE.

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 1 3 3

ELECTR ICITY IN THE ARMY.

ON MOLT"E h a s sa i d t h a t war i s t h e o n l ysc i e n ce t h a t l ays u n de r t r ib u te a l l o t h e r sc iences. Amo n g al l t h e ot h e r sc i e n ce s u se d i nt h e a rt o f wa r , pos s i b l y n o n e h a s h ad a s e x

t e n ded an appl i ca t i o n i n re ce n t days as t h a t o f e l ectricity. T h e e l ect r i ca l se r v i ce o f t h e a rmy i s d i v i dedi n t o t h e se r v i ce o f comm u n i cat i o n

,w h i c h i n c l u de s a l l

d e v i ce s a n d appara t u s for t ra n sm i t t i n g i n te l l i ge n ce— t h ecabl e

,t h e te l egrap h , t h e te l ep h o n e. a n d w i re l e s s t e l eg

raphy. I n t h e for t ificat i o n s l i g h t i s n eeded for t h emagaz i n e s a n d ga l l e r i e s

,searc h l i g h t s to i l l u m i n a te t h e

c h a n n e l s a n d co v e r t h e to rpedo fie l d s a n d for n i g h t s i gnalling,

a n d powe r to move t h e h e avy g u n s , work t h es h ot - h o i s t s a n d a l l a u x i l i a ry mac h i n e ry i n t h e compl icated p l a n t of a moder n fort ificat i o n . Afte r t h e var i o u sapp l i a n ce s a n d pl a n t s h a v e bee n i n s t a l l ed by t h e d i fferent s u pp l y b u re a u s of t h e s e rv i ce

,t h e a r t i l l e ry i s

c h a rged w i t h t h e i r ope ra t i o n a n d w i t h t h e work i n g of

t h e s u bmar i n e m i n e fie l d s . T h e E n g i n ee r Corp s of t h ea rmy co n s t r u c t s a l l t h e gun empl aceme n t s a n d m i n i n gcasemate s , b u i l d s a n d i n s t a l l s t h e powe r p l a n t s, a n df u r n i s h e s motors a n d acces s or i e s for ope rat i n g t h e s h o th o i s t s a n d t h e sea rc h l i g h t s . T h e Ord n a n ce Depa r tme n t , i n a dd i t i o n to f u r n i s h i n g t h e armame n t , prov i de smotor - co n t ro l l e d system s for e l evat i n g a n d t ra i n i n g t h eg u n s i n az i m u t h ; a n d t h e S ig n al Corp s of t h e a rmyp rov i des a l l t h e compl ica ted appa ra t u s fo r t h e sys tem of

fi re co n t ro l a n d d i rec t i o n of t h e bat te r i e s i n add i t i o nto i t s work of be i n g c h arge d w i t h t h e ge n e ra l sys tem o f

fie l d comm u n i c at i o n fo r t h e a rmy. T h e e n gi n ee r i n gco n d i t i o n s u n de r w h i c h e l ec t r i c i ty i s app l i ed a re e s se ntially t h e s ame a s i n commerc i a l prac t i ce , b u t a re p rosecuted u n de r con d i t i o n s w h i c h o f n ece s s i ty m u s t be moree xact i n g a n d difli cult. Effic i e n cy a n d ce rt a i n ty o f op

crat i o n o u twe i g h i n t h e p rob l em of des i g n t h e cos t o fi n s ta l l a t i o n a n d eco n omy o f ope rat i o n . Ma n y i n ge

1 84 The W a s h i n g t on

n i o n s mea n s a n d met h od s of t h e app l i cat i o n of e l ectricity t o t h e m i l i ta ry se rv i ce h ave bee n de v i se d fromt ime to t ime , b u t a l arge n u mber p roved o f l i t t l e va l u e ,as t h ey h ave bee n e i t h e r too compl i ca te d or too de l icate . No dev i ce or appa ra t u s w h i c h ca n n ot s u r v i vel ack o f at te n t i o n a n d sk i l l e d s u pe r v i s i o n , expos u re t oweat h e r

,ro u g h h a n d l i n g i n t ra n spor t at i o n , or t h e ef

fee t o f t h e bl a s t o f h eavy g u n s , w i l l p rove o f val u e att h e c r i t i ca l mome n t o f i t s u s e at t h e t ime of act u a lbat t l e .U n fort u n a te l y for effic i e ncy, t h e t ec h n i c a l corp s o fa n army i s a v e ry sma l l p roport i o n of i t s tot a l s t re n gt h ,a n d t h e pay of t h e e n l i s te d me n i s n ot s u ffic i e n t t o p rovea n i n d u ceme n t t o me n sk il l e d i n t h e fi se of e l e ct r i c i ty.w h o are m u c h be tte r p a i d for t h e s ame work in c i v i ll i fe

,t o e n l i s t i n o u r se r v i c e. O n e of t h e greate s t l im

itations of i t s deve l opme n t i n t h e s e rv i ce h a s bee n l a ckof app rec i a t i o n by Co n gre s s o f i t s import a n ce , a n d t h eco n seq u e n t l ack o f n ece s s ary approp r i at i o n s .T h e S ig n a l Corp s of t h e army i s c h a rge d w i t h the

co n s t r u ct i o n,repa i r a n d Operat i o n o f m i l i t ary te l egrap h

l i n e s,a n d t h e d u ty o f col l ec t i n g a n d t ra n sm i t t i n g infor

matio n for t h e army by te l egrap h or ot h e rw i se .Wh i l e t h e importa n ce a n d v al u e o f rap i d mea n s of

comm u n i c at i o n i n t h e commerc i a l wor l d h ave bee n demonstrated by t h e expe r i e n ce o f .ove r o n e - h a l f a ce n t u ry ,a n d t h e e n ormo u s amo u n ts of cap i t a l i n ve s te d i n t h et e l egrap h

,te l ep h o n e a n d cab l e

,s u c h mea n s of com

munication a re abso l u te l y es s e n t i a l t o s u cce s s i n mod

er n war,w h ere t ime i s o n e o f t h e mos t i mporta n t o f

co n t rol l i n g factors . El e c t r i c i ty i s t h e most pote n t age n ti n our c o n t ro l t o effec t s u c h a s av i n g o f t ime .T h e s e rv i ce of comm u n i ca t i o n i n t h e S i g n a l Corp s i sd i v i de d i n to fie l d a n d for t re s s work . For fie l d workt h e te l egrap h

,t e l ep h o n e

,cab l e a n d w i rel e s s te l egrap h y

are n ow empl oyed .T h e S i g n a l Corp s o f t h e a rmy i s a t p re se n t operat i n ga sys tem o f m i l e s o f l a n d l i n e a n d m i l e s o fcabl e i n t h e P h i l i pp i n e I s l a n d s , mi l e s of . land l i n ew h i c h h a v e bee n co n s t r u cte d i n t h e pa s t two year s i nface o f t h e t reme n do u s c l imat i c a n d topograp h i ca l d i f

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186 The Wa s h i n g t o n

fiel d o n l a n d i n t h e f u t u re , b u t , at t h e p re se n t o u t l ook ,i t is m u c h more s u i ted to t h e ope rat i o n s afloat t h a na s h o re .Be fore t h e o u tb reak of t h e war w i t h Spa i n t h e cab l eope rat i o n s of t h e S ig n a l Corp s were co n fi n e d to ma i nta i n i n g t h e l im i ted systems o f cabl e comm u n i cat i o n betwee n t h e v a r i o u s fort s i n t h e h a rbor s o f t h i s co u n t ry.Wh e n t h e exped i t i o n a rr i ved o ff t h e coas t o f C u ba , n earSa n t i ago

,t h e Fre n c h cabl e l e ad i n g to t h a t po i n t wa s

c u t,a n d. t o avo i d del i cate q u e s t i o n s of n e u t ral i ty, t h e

fir s t war cabl e eve r l a i d by our gover n me n t wa s r u nf rom G u a n ta n amo to S ibo n ey by t h e S i g n a l Corp s a n dco n n ecte d w i t h t h e m i l i t a ry l i n e t o S h a fte r’s headquart e rs

,so t h a t t h e W h i t e Ho u se w as o n l y twe n ty m i n u te s

i n t ime awav f rom t h e fir i n g l i n e i n a n e n emy’s co u n t ry.As soo n a s t h e P h i l i pp i n e I s l a n d s were occ u p i e d ,i n te r - i s l a n d comm u n i ca t i o n became so e s se n t i a l t h a t t h eS i g n a l Corp s was cal l e d u po n to t ake u p t h e q u e s t i o nof deep - sea cabl e e n g i n eer i n g. Apart from i t s v al u e a sa mea n s o f comm u n i c at i o n , t h e e s t abl i s h me n t of t h eP h i l i pp i n e cabl e sys tem gave t h e Amer i ca n manufacturers a n opport u n i ty t o e n gage i n t h e p rod u c t i o n of

deep - se a cabl e , a n d h a s re s u l t ed i n t h e e s t ab l i s h me n t ofs u c h p l a n t s a s w i l l i n f u t u re e n ab l e u s to obta i n a t h omet h i s mos t i mporta n t war mate r i a l

,a n d n ot p l ace t h e

gover n me n t a t t h e mercy o f fore ig n p rod u ce rs,w h ose

fr i e n d l y i n t e re s t c a n n ot a lways be co u n te d u po n .I n t h e ear l i e r emp l aceme n t s a n d batte r i e s des i g n e d forsea - coas t de fe n se no pro v i s i o n wa s made for u s i n g el e ctricity, n ot beca u se t h e de s i rab i l i ty o f i t s u s e was n o tco n s i de re d or u n de rs tood

,b u t from a de s i re to mo u n t

a s ma n y g u n s a t var i o u s l oca l i t i e s a s poss i b l e , u s i n g the

ve ry l im i te d app ropr i at i o n s rece i v ed from yea r to yearfor t h i s p u rpose ra t h e r t h a n for p u rpose s n ot abso l u te l yn eces sa ry. As t h e work s for de fe n se a dva n ce d , sma l lava i l ab l e bal a n ce s were expe n ded for l i g h t i n g ba t te r i e sal re ady compl e ted or n ea r l y s o. Wh ere t h e emp l aceme n t s offe red ava i l ab l e room

,s u c h p l a n t s were i n s t a l l ed

i n t h e-

batte ry ; w h e n s u c h was n ot t h e case, smal lpower - h o u se s we re co n s t r u c te d n ea r t h e bat te r i e s fort h e p u rpose

,a n d i n s ome ca ses two or more ba t te r i e s

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 18 7

were l i g h t e d from t h e same p l a n t , b u t t h i s wa s rat h e r

u n u s u a l . S u c h p l a n t s were n ece s s ar i l y smal l . ope ra tedi n s ome case s by s team powe r , w h e n t h e smokes t ack or

s t eam escapeme n t co u l d gi v e no pos s i b l e c l u e to a n eu

emy,b u t i n t h e maj o r i ty of ca se s t h ey we re ope rated by

a ga s e n g i n e . T h e l amps ra n ged i n v ol tage from 80 to100 ; ge n erators , sw i t c h boa rds , et c ., were ar ra n ged tos u i t t h e pa rt i c u l a r co n d i t i o n s a t t h e bat te ry u n de r co ns i de rat i o n a n d the mo n ey a v a i lab l e . T h e se p l a n t s wereprovi ded w i t h a smal l s torage bat tery a s a re se rve , toobvi a te t h e n ece s s i ty o f ope ra t i n g t h e e n t i re p l a n t eve ryt ime t h e l i g h t s we re des i red , a n d i n t h e i r e n t i re ty weres o s imp l e t h a t a n i n te l l i ge n t e n l i s te d ma n was ab l e t oope rate t h em .

T h e n u mbe r of s u c h pl a n t s i n s ta l l ed wa s comparat i ve l y smal l , a n d t h e s u bj ec t h ad bee n regarded a srat h e r i n a n expe r ime n ta l s tage , b u t s u ffic i e n t e xpe r i e n ceh a d bee n had t o warra n t a se r i o u s co n s i de ra t i o n o f thes u b j e c t , w i t h a v i ew to appl yi n g e l ec t r i c i ty i n a l l g u nbat te r i e s for f u r n i s h i n g l i g h t a n d al so for s u pp l y i n gpowe r to ra i se t h e p roj ec t i l e s of t h e l a rge r cal i b red g u n sfrom t h e l e v e l of t h e magaz i n e s or s h ot rooms to t h eg u n p l a t fo rms . T h u s far , i t m u s t be u n de rs tood , t h eempl aceme n t l i g h t i n g a n d t h e powe r for ope rat i n g t h eamm u n i t i o n h o i s t s we re a l o n e co n s i de re d. s o t h a t t h eco n d i t i o n s t h a t s u c h i n s ta l l at i o n s we re de s i g n ed to mee twe re : I n te rm i t te n t se rv i ce , i n e xpe r t a n d non- co n t i nuous at te n da n ce , a n d expos u re o f t h e ge n erato r a n dsw i t c h board appa ra t u s to t h e moi s t u re o f t h e emp l aceme n t s

,s i n ce compl ete protect i o n aga i n s t a l l k i n d s o f

fire f rom a h os t i l e flee t wa s ad v i sabl e .

Wh i l e ce n t ra l i z at i o n wa s.

co n s i de red de s i rab l e , i t wasn ot t o be car r i e d beyo n d t h e l im i t s w i t h i n w h i c h t h es ta n dard vol tages o f al l pa rt s o f t h e system co u l d bema i n ta i n e d w i t h a rea so n abl e expe n d i t u re o f coppe r , so

a t some post s w h e re t h e bat ter i e s were co n s i derab l ed i s t a n ce s apa r t t h e re m i g h t be two or more pl a n t s .T h e power - h o u se s we re to be i n o n e o f t h e ba t te r ie s.i f room were a v a i l ab l e. or i n a bomb — proo f s t r u c t u reb u i l t for t h e p u rpose a n d t o be d i v i ded : For s t eam

1 3 8 T he Was h i ng t on

pl a n t s,i n t o rooms for boi l e r s. fo r e n g i n e s a n d ge n e ra

tor s,a n d for acc u m u l a tor s ; for o i l e n g i n e s , i n to rooms

for e n g i n e a n d dy n amo , for cool i n g t a n k s , i f req u i red ,a n d for acc u m u l a to r s . T h e o il e n gi n e h a s gi ve n con

siderable t ro u b l e w h e re u sed , beca u se t h e e n gi n e d i dn ot a ccommodat e i t se l f q u i ck l y to fl u c t u at i o n s i n t h el oa d

,a n d o n a cco u n t o f t h e imposs i b i l i ty of sec u r i n g

me n i n t h e i mme d i a te v i c i n i ty compete n t to t ake ca reof t h e e n g i n e a n d to make repa i r s i n case of a n acc ide n t or i n j u ry. Co n seq u e n t l y t h e s te am pl a n t was advocated.

T h e co n s i de rat i o n s gove r n i n g t h e p rob l em are as foll ow sI . T h e grea te s t probability

'

that t h e p l a n t wo u l d beready for se r v i c e a t a n y f u t u re t ime , h av i n g i n v i ews impl i c i ty of de s i g n a n d f reedomfrom de te r i orat i o n .2 . U n i form i ty of met h od s of operat i o n a n d o f met hods o f co n s t r u c t i o n , so far a s t h e l a t t e r i n v ol ve d t h eforme r .

3 . Eco n omy of operat i o n .

4 . Eco n omy o f fir s t cos t .

5 . H ig h commerc i a l effic i e n cy.

A v e rt i c a l bo i l e r a n d a ge n e rat i n g se t,co n s i s t i n g of

a ve r t i ca l h i g h — speed e n gi n e d i re c t — co n n e c te d to a d i re ctc u rre n t

,compo u n d - wo u n d

,m u l t i po l a r dy n amo

,t h e eu

gi n e a n d dy n amo re s t i n g o n a commo n bed — p l ate,ar e

adopte d for al l f u t u re i n s t al l a t i o n s . Rese rve s i n t h eform of acc u m u l ator s Were i n s ta l l e d i n a l l bat t e r i e s o f6- i n c h ca l i bre g u n s or greate r , t h e i r capacitv t o be determined by t h e l i g h t i n g l oad o n l y w i t h o u t re fe re n ceto t h e powe r l oad repre se n te d by motor - dr i v e n mac h i n e ry , as t h e h a n d - operat i n g dev i ce s a re i n t h em se l v e sa sat i s fa ctory rese rve . R eserve s for t h e bat te r i e s t o t h esmal l e r g u n s are made portabl e . T h e re ser v e s ared i s t r ib u ted so t h a t a s i n gl e acc i de n t or i n j u ry w i l l n o td i s ab l e bot h t h e ge n e ra tor a n d t h e re se r v e s a t t h e s amet ime

,a n d a l s o i n orde r t h a t a n y i n j u ry to o u t s i de w i r

i n g l ead s to t h e ce n t ra l ge n e ra t i n g pl a n t could not d i sabl e t h e re se r v e s . U n der t h e se co n d i t i o n s t h e re ser v e sa re d i s t r i b u t ed amo n g t h e v a r i o u s bat te r i e s. t h e re serve

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140 The Wa s h i ng t on

work , by t h e Q u a r te rma ste r'

s Departme n t w h e n a u t h orized by t h e C h i e f o f En gi n eer s ,

“ prov i ded t h a t t h e n eed so f de fe n se s h a l l h a v e p recede n ce o v e r pos t l i g h t i n gor powe r s u pp l y i n a n y ca se i n w h i c h bot h u s e s ares im u l ta n eo u s l y de s i red .” I t wa s f u r t h e r ordered t h a ti n f u t u re , w h e n f u n d s pe rm i tte d , t h e E n gi n ee r Depar tme n t s h o u l d co n s t r u c t s u c h d u c t s

,se r v i ce w i re s

,e tc ., a s

m ig h t be n ece s s ary t o de l i ver c u r re n t t o t h e b u i l d i n gsa n d t o t h e ex te r i or l i g h t s . T h e Q u a r te rmas te r

’

s De

partment was t o w i re t h e b u i l d i n gs,f u r n i s h t h e ex te r i or

l amps a n d to s u pp l y a l l p l a n t s u se d for pos t l i g h t i n gw i t h t h e n e ce s s ary mate r i a l s a n d f u n d s for t h e i r rep a i ra n d p re se r v at i o n . A t h i rd se rv i ce was t h e reby imposed .T h e Q u a r termaste r

’s Depar tme n t a n d t h e Ar t i l l e ryCorp s de s i red for s u c h l i g h t i n g o f post s l ow pote n t i a ls e r v i ce t h ro u g h o u t

,mai n l y o n t h e gro u n d o f s impl i c i ty

a n d beca u se of t h e c h ara cte r o f l abor t h at wa s to beemp l oyed i n ope rat i n g t h e p l a n t ; a ce n t ral l y - l ocate dp l a n t

,d u e co n s i de rat i o n be i n g h ad to p rotec t i o n aga i n s t

h os t i l e fire, acce s s i b i l i ty for s u pp l i e s , e tc . ; t h a t t h e p l a n tbe s u ffic i e n t l y l arge for doi n g a l l t h e work co n n ec tedw i t h t h e for t ifica t i o n s , a n d a l te r n ate l y for pos t a n db u i l d i n g l i g h t i n g ( i n o t h e r word s , t h e l a rger o f t h e setwo se rv i ce s wo u l d go v e r n t h e s i z e , as s u m i n g d i rec tc u r re n t mac h i n e s to be u se d ) ; t h a t t h e ge n e rator u n i tbe s u bd i v i de d

,t h e reby p rov i d i n g two e n g i n e s a n d ge n

erators, so t h a t i n c ase of i n j u ry t o e i t h e r h a l f t h e ot h e rwo u l d be ava i l ab l e for t h e more n e ce s s a ry p u rposes ;a n d

,fi n a l l y

,t h at a l l w i re s be u n de rgro u n d rat h e r t h a n

o v er h ead,i n o rde r t o red u ce t h e cos t of ma i n te n a n ce .

Wi t h t h e se add i t i o n a l se r v i ce s t h e o r i gi n a l co n d i t i o n swere c h a n ged .T h e f u l l e s t p os s i b l e e l ec t r i ca l dema n d a t a n y m i l i t arypos t w i l l embrace

,t h e re fo re :

I . Searc h l i g h t se r v i ce .2 . Empl aceme n t ser v i ce .

3 . Garr i so n se rv i ce.A n d t h e e n g i n ee r office r m u s t de s i g n h i s p l a n t fo rt h e se t h ree se r v i ce s .T h e sea rc h l i g h t se rv i ce req u i re s c u r re n t for a n u mbe r

of searc h l i g h t s t o be u se d i n co n j u n c t i o n wi t h t h e bat

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b oo k 14]

teries pl aced i n t h e i r v i c i n i ty. T h e n u mbe r a n d s i ze o ft h e se l i g h t s for a n y pa r t i c u l a r pos t i s defin i te l y k n ow ni n ad v a n ce .

T h e fo r t ifica t i o n se r v i ce req u i re s c u rre n t fo r l i g h t si n t h e va r i o u s rooms o f eac h emp l aceme n t. on eac h g u npl at form , i n t h e ra n ge — finding s t a t i o n s ; c u rre n t forpower to work t h e motors for amm u n i t i o n se r v i ce. fort ra n s fe rr i n g , e l evat i n g a n d depres s i n g t h e g u n s a n d t oope rate a mac h i n e s h op fo r m i n o r repa i r s t o t h e g u n sa n d car r i ages. a n d. fin a l l y, c u rre n t for t h e rece n t lyadopted te l a u t ograp h system co n n ec t i n g t h e ra n gefi n d i n g s t at i o n s w i t h e ac h ot h e r a n d wi t h t h e i r re

spective bat te r i e s .

T h e garr i so n se r v i ce req u i re s c u rre n t for l i g h t i n g t h egro u n d s a n d b u i l d i n gs

,i n c l u d i n g ba rrack s

,q u ar te r s , h o s

pitals, s t ore h o u se s , etc ., w h i c h may be i n c l o se p roximitv t o t h e ba t te r i e s or a t co n s i derab l e d i s ta n ce fromt h em , depe n d i n g o n t h e s i z e a n d co n fig u ra t i o n o f th

re se r v a t i o n .

I n ge n e ra l , t h e u se o f ae r i a l ma i n s a n d b ra n c h e s forgarr i so n l i g h t i n g. i n c o n form i ty w i t h t h e p re v a i l i n g p raet i ce of low pote n t i a l c u r re n t d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a l l b u t t h el a rge s t c i t i e s , i s rega rded as fea s i bl e i n ca se s w h ere nuderground mai n s wo u l d be u n d u l y expe n s i ve .A sys tem o f s u bmar i n e m i n e s u s u a l l y i n v ol ves s ta

tionary t orpedoe s p l a n ted u n de r wa te r. a n c h ors fcr

h o l d i n g t h em i n pos i t i o n , cab l e s for co n n ec t i n g t h eme l ec t r i ca l l y w i t h t h e s h ore

,a n d ope ra t i n g appa ra t u s i n

a s h e l te red po s i t i o n o n s h ore .

By far t h e greater par t o f a l l s u bmar i n e m i n e s a ree l ec t r i ca l l y ope ra ted from t h e s h ore . T h i s fol l ow s d irectly from a co n s i de rat i o n o f t h e co n d i t i o n s t o be meti n d ev i s i n g a system of mi n e s. I t i s ve ry de s i rab l e fora m i n e to expl ode a u toma t i ca l l y w h e n s t r u ck by a host i l e v e s s e l ; b u t i t i s eq u a l l y des i rab l e fo r i t nor to ex

plode i f i t i s s t r u ck by a fr i e n d l y v e s se l : t h e de fe n ses h o u l d a l so be abl e t o exp l ode the mi n es a t w i l l fromt h e s h ore

,i n ca se a h os t i l e v e s se l come s n ea r : b u t seem s

l i ke l y to mi s s t h em . Al l t h e se t h i n gs a re re n de red poss i bl e by m i n e s e l ec t r i ca l l y Ope ra ted from t h e s h ore .

142 T he Wa s h i ng t o n

Com i n g n ow to t h e e l e c t r i ca l a rra n geme n t s,i f fir i n g

we re by j u dgme n t a l o n e , n o t h i n g wo u l d be n ee ded b u t ac i r c u i t f rom t h e fir i n g ba t te ry t h ro u g h t h e de to n ator si n t h e torpedo to ea r t h

,w i t h a fir i n g key i n t h e ca se

ma te . Ev e n v e ry de fec t i v e i n s u l a t i o n wo u l d not i n te rfe re w i t h t h e work i n gs o f t h e sys tem ,

i f t h e bat t e ry wase n d u r i n g a n d s u ffic i e n t l y powe r f u l . I t wo u l d i n te r fe rew i t h t h e da i l y te s t s , h owe v e r , bec a u se o f t h e var i a t i o n si n re s i s ta n ce w h i c h wo u l d occ u r e v e n i f n o l eaks orot h e r de fec ts de v e l oped i n t h e t orpedo i t se l f. I f fir i n gi s by co n tac t a l o n e , t h e n ece s s ary arra n geme n t s a re al i t t l e more comp l ex .

I n orde r to admi t o f da i l y e l e c t r i ca l t e s t s— w h i c hm u s t i n c l u de t h e c i rc u i t t h ro u g h the de to n ator s to beof a n y va l u e— t h e re m u s t be a co n t i n u o u s c i rc u i tt h ro u g h t h e torpedo : i t m u s t be o f h ig h re s i s t a n ce ;so t h a t eve n i f t h e fir i n g ba t te ry i s on, i t ca n n ot fire t h emi n e . T h ere m u s t be a c i rc u i t - c l o se r i n s e r i e s w i t h t h ede to n a tor s , a n d i n pa ra l l e l w i t h t h e h i g h re s i s ta n ce.W h e n t h e m i n e i s s t r u ck

,t h e c i rc u i t - c l o se r a ct s

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o pe n s u p a c i rc u i t o f l ower res i s t a n ce t h ro u g h t h e “detonators. I t i s a s s u med t h at t h e deto n a tor s a re of t h etype h avi n g a cont i n u o u s b r i dge of fine w i re , s u rro u n ded by some f u lm i n a t i n g s u b s ta n c e, a n d de s i g n e d for are l a t i v e l y l a rge c u rre n t u n de r modera t e e . m . f. T h i s i st h e mos t cer ta i n a n d re l i ab l e form , a n d i s a lways easyto obta i n . I f t h e fir i n g bat te ry i s o n , t h e t orpedo s h o u l de xp l ode w h e n t h e c i rc u i t - c l os e r ac t s .I t i s de s i rab l e , h owever , to k n ow w h et h e r a t o rpedoi s s t r u ck

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ot h e r ca u se,e v e n i f t h e m i n e i s n ot to be fire d. More

o v e r,i t i s obj ec t i o n ab l e t o keep t h e cab l e s u n de r s u c h

h i g h v ol t age as i s n ece s sa ry i n a fir i n g ba tte ry. I tt h e re fo re becomes des i rabl e t o h a v e a n o t h e r ba t te ry o fv e ry co n s ta n t e . m . f. al ways o n t h e c i rc u i t . I t s e . m . f.

.a n d a l l t h e re s i s ta n ce s i n c i rc u i t s h o u l d be so p roportioned t h a t n orma l l y a t i n y c u r re n t i s a l ways flow i n g ;but w h e n a c i rc u i t - c l ose r ac t s. t h i s c u rr e n t s h o u l d i nc rea se t o s u c h a po i n t t h a t i t w i l l d rop a s i g n a l , s h owi n g to w h i c h t r i p l e gro u p t h e torpedo bel o n gs. a n d al soc l o se the c i rc u i t o f t h e fir i n g ba t t e ry t h ro u g h t h e cor

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The Wa s h i ng t o n

u se d i n co n n e c t i o n w i t h s t orage bat te r i e s t o s u pp l y c u rre n t to t h e va r i o u s c i rc u i t s

,i t w i l l re ad i l y be see n t h a t

t h e sw i t c h board p rob l em i n t h e casemate i s n ot a s imp l e o n e .I f

,i n a dd i t i o n t o a u tomat i c fi r i n g , i t i s de s i re d to u s e

j u'

dgme n t fir i n g, i t s h o u l d be po s s i b l e to sw i t c h out t h eh i g h re s i s t a n ce i n t h e m i n e , or e l s e h ave t h i s re s i s ta n cei n t h e form o f t h e p r imary of a n i n d u c t i o n co i l

,wi t h

a dd i t i o n a l de to n ator s i n i t s seco n dary c i rc u i t ; i n t h i sc ase , a n i n te rm i t te n t or a l t e r n a t i n g c u r re n t of h i g hpote n t i a l a n d smal l v ol u me flow i n g i n t h e p r ima rywo u l d i n d u ce a fir i n g c u rre n t i n t h e se co n dary. Aw h ol e t r i p l e gro u p wo u l d t h e n be fire d , a n d t h e corresponding core of t h e m u l t i p l e cabl e wo u l d be de tac h e dfrom t h e Ope rat i n g apparat u s a l toge t h e r , u n t i l s u c h t imea s t h e m i n e s co u l d be rep l aced.I n p u re l y a u t omat i c fi r i n g, t h e h i g h re s i s t a n ce m ig h tbe om i t te d a l t oget h e r , b u t t h e n a break i n t h e c ab l e corewo u l d g i ve t h e s ame i n d i ca t i o n a s a m i n e i n n ormalco n d i t i o n ; a n d t h e t orpedo i t se l f m ig h t be fi l l e d witnwate r a n d s u n k t o t h e bot tom w i t h o u t t h e fact be i n gd i s covered .

T h e da i l y te s t s co n s i s t i n mea s u r i n g t h e re s i st a n ce sof t h e v ar i o u s c i r c u i t s a n d te s t i n g a l l mo v ab l e p art s i nt h e ope ra t i n g ca sema t e . Damage to t h e system a l waysa ffec t s t h e se te s t s , a n d t h e expe r t

’ e l ec t r i c i a n i n c h a rgem u s t l ea r n t o i n fe r from h i s te s t s w h at i s t h e p robab l en at u re o f t h e damage .I t w i l l rea d i l y be see n t h a t excep t for p u re l y j u dgme n t fir i n g

,t h e i n s u l a t i o n re s i s ta n ce o f cab l e s andjo ints

m u s t be very h i g h,a n d m u st rema i n so. D eta i l s of ap

para t u s ac t u a l ly i n u s e h a v e bee n om i t ted , beca u se t h eyare c l a s sed as co nfide n t i a l ; b u t e n o u g h h a s bee n sa i d tos h ow to a n e l ec t r i ca l e n gi n ee r t h a t s ubmar i n e m i n i n gp re se n t s some p rob l em s t h a t dema n d se r i o u s at te n t i o n .Not t h e l ea s t of t h e se i s t h e prob l em Of j u n c t i o n - boxe sw h i c h w i l l a l l ow of rap i d j o i n t i n g work of a q u a l i tys u ffic i e n t l y good to w i t h s ta n d s u bmers i o n i n se a wate rfor mo n t h s a t a t ime. A n ot h e r ser i o u s p rob l em i s t h ec ab l e i t s e l f. I t t ake s t i me to make i t . I f i t i s kept i ns t ore , e i t h e r wet or d ry , t h e i n s u l a t i o n become s br i t t l e

E l ec t r i ca l H an d b o o k

a n d w h e n t h e c abl e i s u n wo u n d from t h e ree l s. i n l ayi n g , t h e i n s u l a t i o n c rack s . H i t h e r t o t h e cab l e u sed fort h i s p u rpose h a s bee n i n s u l at ed. t aped . a n d a rmored .

Wh i l e t h e work h a s bee n o f a h ig h grade,i t seems t o some

o f t h e be s t a u t h o r i t i e s t h e a rmy m u s t soo n come to t h eu se o f cab l e h a v i n g a l ead co v e r i n g o u t s i de o f t h e insulation a n d s t ee l w i re a rmor o u t s i de o f t h e l e ad .

T h e n , a s l o n g a s t h e l ead i s i n t ac t , crack s i n t h e i n s u l at i o n w i l l be Of n o co n seq u e n ce . B u t t h i s form o f cab l eaga i n w i l l be h ea v i e r

,h a rde r t o h a n d l e

,more diflficult

to sp l i ce , a n d co n s i de rab l y more expe n s i ve t h a n t h e a rmored cab l e wi t h o u t t h e l e ad .

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,

w i t h o u t e l ec t r i ca l co n n ec t i o n s from t h e s h o re , t h u se l im i n a t i n g t h e c ab l e . Per h aps t h e deve l opme n t o fw i re l e s s t el egrap h y may u l t ima te l y make t h i s pos s i bl e .

DOM E OF T H E CAP ITOL .

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]48 The Wa s h i ng t on

a s t h e Batt l e Se rv i ce a n d Li g h t i n g Se rv i ce .’ T h eba t t l e se r v i ce compr i se s a l l l i g h t s be l ow t h e p rotect i vedeck

,i n c l u d i n g t h os e i n e n gi n e a n d fi re rooms

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z i n e s,st ore room s

,a n d t h e l i ke ; a l l l i g h t s a t g u n s , am

m u n i t i o n h o i s t s,w i n c h e s , cra n e s a n d ot h e r a u x i l i ar i es

w h ose ope rat i o n may be req u i re d d u r i n g ac t i o n ; s i g n a ll i n g l i g h t s

,t h e s h i p’s r u n n i n g l i g h t s , a n d o n l y suflficient

ot h e r l i g h t s i n p as s age s to afford co n v e n i e n t acces s t ot h e va r i o u s port i o n s of t h e s h i p. Wh e n n ece s sary t oi n s ta l l a l i g h t i n a l oca t i o n w h i c h mi g h t re n de r i t v i s i bl eby t h e e n emy

,a bat t l e l a n te r n” i s u sed , t h i s l a n te r n

be i n g fit te d w i t h a s l i d i n g s cree n w h i c h a l l ow s t h e l i g h tto s h i n e o n l y o v e r a n a rc of abo u t 90 degree s , and ca nbe e n t i re l y s c ree n e d i f req u i red

,t h i s fe at u re be i n g identi

ca l w i t h t h a t of t h e ord i n a ry b u l l ’s — eye or dark l a n t e r n .T h e b at t l e s e rv i ce w i l l effi c i e n t l y l i g h t a l l p ar t s o f t h es h i p s u bj ec t t o acce s s d u r i n g ac t i o n , a n d a l l ot h e r a u x i liaries w h ose ma n i p u l at i o n a n d Ope rat i o n d u r i n g act i o n i se s se n t i a l

,b u t a t t h e same t ime to s h i e l d al l l i g h t s aga i n s t

e xte r n a l v i s i b i l i ty.T h e l i g h t i n g se rv i ce i n c l u de s al l l i g h t s not i n c l u de d i nt h e bat t l e se r v i ce

,s u c h a s l i g h t s i n s t ate rooms , offices.

mes s rooms , c rews’ sp ace s, a n d t h e l i ke , a n d a l so s u p

p l i e s c u rre n t t o t h e desk a n d bracke t fa n s i n officers’

q u arte r s . To effic i e n t l y l i g h t e ac h of t h e se ves se l s re

q u i re s t h e u s e of e l eve n h u n dre d fix t u re s , of w h i c h abo u t

730 are o n t h e bat t l e se rv i ce , t h e rema i n der be i n g on t h el i g h t i n g se rv i ce .T h e fixt u re s u sed a re s impl e i n de s i g n a n d n e at i n ap

pearance, t h e type s mos t u se d be i n g t h e s te am t i g h tgl obe a n d t h e ce i l i n g fixt u re. T h ese co n s i s t o f a cast i n gw h i c h h a s a bos s i n t o w h i c h t h e co n d u i t c ar ry i n g t h ew i re s t ap s , a n d a kn u ckl e t h rea d i n t o w h i c h t h e gl a s sgl obe s c rew s , t h e l amp socke t be i n g sec u red to t h e c a s ti n g by mac h i n e s c rews

,a r u bbe r gaske t i n te rve n i n g. T h e

st eam — t i g h t gl obe i s p rote cte d by a s to u t metal g u ard,a s

s h ow n i n t h e i l l u s t rat i o n .‘

T h i s type o f fixt u re i s madei n t h ree type s , d i ffe r i n g o n l y i n t h e met h od of . support ;

t h at s h ow n i n Fi g. I i s t h e b u l k h ead type a n d i s sec u re dby a b racke t c a s t i n o n e w i t h t h e co n i c a l - cap

,t h e ot h e r

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d u i t a l o n e,a n d t h e deck type

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t e rs t h e fixt u re from t h e s i de i n st ead o f t h e top,t h e fix

t u re be i n g s u pporte d by a b racke t ca s t ac ros s t h e tOp o f

t h e co n i ca l cap .The ce i l i n g fixt u re i s u sed i n pa s sage s a ro u n d t h e of

ficers’ q u a rter s , i n recept i o n cab i n s , mes s rooms , a n d t h e

l i ke. a n d i s t h e s ta n dard o v e r h ead l i g h t fo r a l l l ocat i o n s ,i n w h i c h t h e fixt u re i s n ot l i abl e t o i n j u ry. T h e s teamt i g h t gl obe i s u se d i n e n gi n e a n d fire rooms , amm u n i t i o npa s sage s

,s to re rooms

,a n d i s t h e s t a n dard fixed l i g h t for

all l oca t i o n s w h e re t h e fixt u re i s s u bj ec t t o i n j u ry.

S i x h a n d — co n t rol p roj e cto rs,or sea rc h - l i g h t s

,w i l l be

i n s ta l l e d . T h ese w i l l be l ocate d , one o n a p l a t form att h e ba se o f t h e fore topmas t , two o n t h e fly i n g b r i dge ,one on a p l at fo rm at t h e base o f t h e ma i n t opmast

,a n d

two o n a p l a t form on t h e ma i n mas t we l l above t h e a f te rb r i dges . Eac h proj ec to r w i l l be eq u i pped w i t h a h o r izontal l amp des i g n e d fo r bot h h a n d a n d a u tomat i c feed .Eac h l i g h t w i l l Ope rate on a 1 2 5

— v ol t c i r c u i t i n se r i esw i t h a reg u l a t i n g r h eos tat

,wi t h 60 vol t s acros s t h e a rc .

Motors w i l l be u se d for t h e fol l ow i n g p u rpo se s : (a)To dr i ve ve n t i l a t i n g fa n s a n d bl owe rs

, (b) ca r ry i n g amm u n i t i o n f rom magaz i n e s to h o i s t s , (c) h o i s t i n g amm unition, (d ) t u r n i n g t u rret s , (e ) e l e v at i n g a n d dep res s i n g

gun, (f) rammi n g s h e l l s i n t o t h e breec h o f g u n s , (g )to opera te deck w i n c h e s , ( 11 ) t o ope rate boat c ra n e s ,(j) t o w h i p amm u n i t i o n from t h e ma i n deck to t h ebr i dge a n d m i l i ta ry tops , (k) for l a u n d ry mac h i n e ry ,( I) for d r i v i n g too l s a n d i n mac h i n e s h op , (m) for Opc rat i n g a u tomat i c power door s , (n) for Ope rat i n g fre s hwate r p u mps a n d sa n i t a ry p u mps

, (0 ) fo r d r i v i n g a i rc ompre s sor s for c h a rgi n g t orpedoe s .T h e v e n t i l a t i n g sys tem compr i se s thirty~ three fixe dfa n s , vary i n g i n s i z e from t h o se req u i r i n g a fract i o n o fa h or se - powe r eac h fo r t h e i r Ope rat i o n to 80- i n c h s tee l

pl at e fa n s req u i r i n g I I h or se — power eac h . Eac h Of t h eabo v e fa n s w i l l be d r i ve n by i t s own i n depe n de n t s h u n two u n d e l e c t r i c motor

,d i rec t - co n n ec ted , t h e co n t ro l

pa n e l co n ta i n i n g t h e u s u a l s ta rt i n g re s i s t a n ce fit te d w i t ha u t omat i c Overl oad a n d n o vol tage rel ease . Al l fa n s a redes i g n e d to de l i ve r t h e i r s pe c ified amo u n t O f a i r a t a

The Wa s h i n g t on

p re s s u re o f I o u n ce w h e n r u n n i n g a t n ormal speed,b u t

a re capabl e of be i n g d r i v e n a t abo u t do u bl e n orma lspeed , i n w h i c h ca se t h e a i r i s de l i v e red at a p re s s u re o f1 72 o u n ce . T h e speed co n t ro l i s e ffe c t ed by v a ry i n g t h ere s i s ta n ce ex cep t for t h e smal l e r fa n s

,i n w h i c h cas e re

sistance i n se r i e s w i t h t h e a rma t u re w i l l co n t ro l t h espeed .I n a dd i t i o n to t h e abo v e , eac h s h i p w i l l be s u pp l i edw i t h s i x smal l por t abl e e l ect r ic fa n s , eac h co n s i s t i n g o fa h orse - power se r i e s mo tor mo u n t ed o n a commo ns h a f t w i t h a n ex h a u s t e r w h i c h i t d r i ve s at a speed o fabo u t re v ol u t i o n s pe r m i n u te , ca u s i n g a de l i ve ry o fabo u t 500 c u b i c fee t of a i r per m i n u t e ( f ree ex h a u s t )T h e se se t s a re v e ry compac t

,t h e ove ra l l d ime n s i o n s

be i n g abo u t 1 8x 18x 1 2 , a n d we i g h approx ima te ly 100

po u n d s . T h ey a re u sed for tempora ry ve n t i l atio n w h e nn e ce s s ary to work i n s u c h l ocal i t i e s as are n o t reac h e d byt h e ma i n ve n t i l a t i n g sys tem , s u c h a s do u bl e bot toms , ins i de Of boi l e r s a n d t h e l i ke . Eac h of t h e se se t s i s s u pp l i e d w i t h two 2 5

— foo t l e n gt h s of ca n v a s h ose w i t hco u pl i n gs pe rm i t t i n g o f a t tac h me n t t o i n l e t a n d o u t l e t ofex h a u s te r or t o at tac h toge t h e r, form i n g a 50

- footl e n gt h

,w h i c h ca n be co n n ec te d to e i t h e r t h e i n l e t or t h e

o u t l e t of t h e ex h a u s te r.T h e office rs" q u ar te r s

,ward rooms a n d t h e l i ke are l i b

erally fit t e d w i t h de sk a n d b racke t fa n s , t h e forme r be i n g1 2 i n c h e s i n d i amete r, r a ted a t I — 1 2 h or se — powe r , t h el a t te r 16 i n c h e s i n d i ame te r rate d a t 1 - 6 h orse - power.Forty —five O f t h e forme r a n d e i g h t o f t h e l at te r w il l bei n s t a l l e d on ea c h v e s se l .A t a comparat i v el y rece n t d ate a s h i p

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s v e n t i l a t i n gsys t em co n s i ste d o f a few l arge - s i z ed b l ower s , ge n e ral l yl oca te d i n pa i r s w i t h l a rge ma i n d u c t s h a v i n g ma n yt u r n s

,be n d s a n d w i t h b ra n c h e s l ead i n g to t h e va r i o u s

compar tme n t s . T h i s sys tem req u i re d a n exce s s i n a i rp re s s u re a t t h e fa n i n o rde r t o ma i n ta i n a ce rta i n h eada t t h e d i sc h a rge outlet

,. owing t o t h e l o s s by fr i c t i o n of

t h e p i pe s a n d t o t h e i n d i rec t l ea d s of t h e ma i n d u c t s .Ma n y o f t h e p r i n c i pa l wa te r — t i g h t b u lk heads we rep i e rced by t h e d u c t s a n d t h i s n ece s s i t ate d t h e u se of

va l v e s so i n s t a l l e d a s t o be o f co n v e n i e n t ope ra t i o n ,

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The W a s h i n g t o n

ve s se l s t h e ma i n broad s i de bat te ry was i n s t a l l e d i n amore or l e s s Ope n compartme n t , w h i c h w o u l d re n derpos s i b l e t h e s u pp l y i n g of amm u n i t i o n to more t h a n oneg u n f rom t h e s ame h oi s t . T h e n ew arra n geme n t i nw h i c h a g u n wo u l d be temporar i l y re n de red hors de

combat by a fa i l u re of i t s i n d i v i d u a l amm u n i t i o n h o i s tadd s to t h e importa n ce o f t h i s e l ec t r i ca l app l i cat i o n a n dt h e re l i a n ce w h i c h m u s t be p l ace d i n t h e e l ec t r i c motora n d i n t h e ab i l i ty o f t h e s h i p 's p l a n t to f u r n i s h t h e necess a ry power u n de r a n y a n d a l l co n d i t i ons .Eac h ammuniton h o i s t motor w i l l be s h u n t wo u n d ,re v e rs i b l e

,e n c l os ed

,d u s t a n d mo i st u r e t i g h t

,w i t h s u i t

ab l e ope n i n gs (fi t t ed w i t h wate r - t i g h t cove rs ) to a l l owi n spect i o n a n d adj u s tme n t to b r u s h r i ggi n g a n d t h e l i ke .Motors w i l l be geared to t h e amm u n i t i o n h o i s t sp rocke t s , eac h a rmat u re s h a ft be i n g fit t e d w i t h a sol e n o i dbrake

,w h i c h w i l l se t a u t omat i c al l y a n d p reve n t t u r n i n g

of t h e armat u re i n ca se o f fa i l u re o f t h e l i n e. vol tage .Eac h of t h e s i x t u r re t s w i t h i t s re spe ct i v e pa i r of g u n sw i l l be eq u i pped fo r e l ec t r i ca l rota t i o n . T h i s w i l l bedo n e by fi t t i n g eac h t u r re t w i t h two motors o f eq u a lcapac i ty

,e i t h e r o n e o f w h i c h w i l l be capabl e of operat i n g

t h e t u r re t i n c a se o f fa i l u re o n t h e pa r t of t h e ot h e r,al

t h o u g h n ormal l y t h ey w i l l bot h ope ra te i n pa ra l l e l . F or

t h e 1 2 - i n c h t u r re t s two motor s O f n ot l e s s t h an 2 5 h orsepowe r w i l l be i n s t a l l e d i n eac h

,a n d for t h e 8 — i n c h t u r

re t s,two motors o f n ot l e s s t h a n 1 5 h orse — power w i l l be

i n s ta l l e d i n e ac h . T h e Ward Leo n ard sys t em o f co n t rolw i l l be u sed .A motor ~ ge n e ra to r

,de s i g n e d for compara t i ve l y h i g h

speed a n d co n seq u e n t l y compac t a n d not o v e r - h eavy,w i l l be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e barbe t t e o f eac h t u r ret . T h emotor e n d w i l l be co n n ec te d d i re c t to t h e ma i n p owe rb u s - bar s o f t h e ma i n sw i tc h board.T h e ge n e ra tor te rm i n a l s a re l e d d i rec t to t h e t u r n i n gmotor te rm i n a l s

,t h e fie l d of t h e ge n e rator e n d o f t h e

motor ge n e rator be i n g l ed t h ro u g h a va r i ab l e re s i s ta n ce,t h e l a t t e r be i n g co n t ro l l e d by t h e t u r re t ope rator. I t w i l lbe re ad i ly see n t h a t t h e motor , h av i n g a sepa rate l y e xc i te d fie l d

,w i l l r u n a t a spee d p roport i o n a l to t h e im

pre s se d a rmat u re vo l tage,t h e l at te r be i n g depe n de n t on

E l e c t r i ca l H a n d b o o k 1 5 3

the fie l d c u rre n t o f t h e ge n e ra t i n g set , w h i c h i s co ntrol l ed by t h e t u rre t ope rator ; a n d f u r t h e rmore , the

motor spee d w i l l be defin i te fo r a n y fixed pos i t i o n of t h eco n t rol l e r h a n d l e

,a n d t h a t speed w i l l be mai n ta i n ed

aga i n s t a n y a n d a l l va r i at i o n s o f l oa d , d u e to fr i c t i o n ,l i s t i n g o f t h e s h i p , t h e impac t O f a s h e l l , u p to t h e po i n twh e re a f u se b l ow s or a c i rc u i t — b reake r i s t h row n .Eac h t u rre t g u n i s mo u n t e d on t r u n n i o n s a n d e l evated

o r dep re s se d to t h e p rope r a n gl e by mea n s of a n e l ec t r i cmo tor . As t h e g u n s are bal a n ce d on t h e t r u n n i o n s

,t h e

e l e v a t i n g or g u n tra i n i n g motor s mere ly h a v e t o o v e rcome t h e fr i c t i o n l oad ; or i n ca se a s h e l l i s i n se rte d i nthe breec h of t h e g u n p r i o r to t h e e l evat i o n o f t h e g u nt o t h e p rope r a n gl e , t h e t ra i n i n g motor i s s u bj ec te d t o al oad i n e xce s s o f t h e fr i c t i o n l oad i n dep res s i n g the

m u zz l e,a n d a l oad smal l e r t h a n t h e f r i c t i o n l oad i f ele

vating t h e m u z z l e . Eac h 1 2 - i n c h g u n w i l l be eq u i ppedwi t h a 5 h o r se — powe r g u n - e l e v at i n g mo tor

,a n d eac h 8

i n c h g u n w i t h a h or se - power g u n - e l eva t i n g motor.T h e se meter s w i l l be s h u n t w o u n d , reve rs i b l e , e n c l o se d ,wate rp roof

,w i t h t h e u s u al h a n d h ol e s for i n spect i o n .

R h eos t at i c co n t ro l w i l l be u sed .

For rammi n g t h e s h e l l s i n to t h e b reec h o f t h e 1 2 - in-e'

n

a n d 8 - i n c h g u n s , a rammer motor’ i s i n s t a l l e d

,one fo r

eac h g u n . T h e se motors a re se r i e s wo u n d a n d s u bj ec tto l oad s w h i c h a re. l a rge l y i n one d i rec t i o n . T h ey opera te t h e rammer t h ro u g h a fr i ct i o n d r i v e so adj u s t e d t h a ti n ca se t h e s h e l l i s se t h ome be fore t h e motor i s s topped .t h e c l u tc h w i l l s l i p be fore t h e motor d raws s u ffic i e n t c u rre n t to t h row t h e c i rc u i t - breake r. Eac h I2 — i n c h g u n w i l lbe eq u i pped w i t h a 7 h o r se - powe r rammer motor a n de ac h 8 - i n c h g u n w i t h a 5 h orse - powe r ramme r motor .Eac h t u r re t g u n h a s i t s i n d i v i d u a l ammuniton h o i s t

,

w h i c h work s o n t h e p r i n c i p l e o f cabl e s or h o i s t i n g ropeswi n d i n g on a n d off a d r u m w h i c h i s ac t u a te d by a ne l ec t r i c motor . T h e motors w i l l be ope rate d t h ro u g h aco n t rol l e r w i t h a s i n gl e h a n d l e w h i c h w i l l a l l ow s u dde nre v e rsa l ; t h e ca r ry i n g of t h e l oad i n e i t h e r d i re ct i o n ; t h ea u tomat i c l ock i n g O f t h e d r u m aga i n s t ro tat i o n i n e i t h e rd i r ec t i o n

,w h e n t h e c u rre n t s u pp l y i s c u t off

,a n d t h e

ope rat i o n o f t h e motor w h e n u n de r a n y l oad o n eac h o f

The Wa s h i n g t o n

five speed s . For t h e 1 2 — i n c h g u n s t h e motor s m u st h a n

d l e a l oad o f abo u t po u n d s , a n d w i l l be Of abo u t

30 h or se - powe r eac h . For t h e 8 - i n c h gun s t h e motor s

m u s t h a n d l e a l oad o f abo u t po u n d s , a n d w i l l be

abo u t 8 h o rse - powe r eac h .

Eac h s h i p w i l l be fi t ted w i t h s i x do u b l e — h eadedw i n c h e s

,two fo rward o n t h e ma i n deck , two o n t h e up

pe r deck in t h e wa i s t of t h e s h i p , a n d two we l l a ft on ihe

q u ar te r deck . T h e se w i n c h e s w i l l be u sed i n coal i n gs h i p

,h a n d l i n g a n c h o rs a n d i n s t ow i n g cargo . Eac h

w i n c h w i l l be ope ra ted by a 2 5 h or se - powe r motor.T h e se motor s w i l l be se r i e s wo u n d

,reve r s i bl e

,e n c l o sed

,

wate r - t i g h t,a n d de s i g n e d t o w i t h s t a n d s t ra i n s d u e to in

c rea se of speed on s u d de n remova l of t h e l oad . T h e twoforward ma i n deck w i n c h e s m u s t e ac h be capabl e of

h o i s t i n g a - po u n d l oad at a speed of 300 fee t pe rm i n u te

,a n d t h e s ame l oad at a speed o f 3 0 fee t per

mi n u te ; t h e two u ppe r deck w i n c h e s to h o i s tp o u n d s l oad at a speed o f 300 fee t pe r m i n u t e , t h e q u a rte r deck w i n c h e s to h o i s t a -

p0und l oad at 300 fee tpe r m i n u te , a n d a - po u n d l oad a t 50 fee t per m i nu t e . Spec ificat i o n s a l l ow a n Op t i o n be twee n ge ar i n g a n de l ec t r i c de v i ce s for Obt a i n i n g t h e n ece s sary speed var i at i o n s .

Two boa t cra n e s w i l l be u se d to h a n d l e t h e s h i p’sboat s a n d l a u n c h e s. of w h i c h eac h s h i p car r i e s a suffi

c i e n t n u mbe r to fl oat h e r e n t i re compl eme n t of over 800me n . T h e c ra n e s w i l l be e l ec t r i ca l l y Ope rate d w i t h s epa rate mo tors for h o i st i n g a n d for rota t i n g. Cra n e re

quirements spe c i fy a h o i s t of po und s at a speed o f2 5 fee t pe r m i n u te , a n d a rot at i o n at t h e ra te of o n e revolution per m i n u te , w h i l e car ry i n g t h e abo v e l oad a n dw i t h t h e s h i p h ee l e d to 10 degree s . Motor s w i l l be en

c l o sed,wate r — t i g h t a n d re v e rs i b l e , t h e h o i s t i n g motor

be i n g se r i e s wo u n d . Hoi st i n g motors w i l l be abo u t 50h o rse - power eac h , a n d ro ta t i n g motors abo u t 30 h orsepower e ac h . Bo t h motor s w i l l be l ocated o n a p l a t formw h i c h re v ol v e s w i t h t h e cra n e . T h e re v o l u t i o n emb rac i n g a compl e te ro t at i o n , i t w i l l be n ece s s ary to l eadt h e e l ec t r i c w i re s to the c ra n e motors t h ro u g h co n tac t

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OPERAT ING ROOM , W IRELESS TELEGRAPHF i g. I .

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 5 7

A w i re l e s s te l egrap h o u tfit w i l l be s u ppl i ed O f t h el at e s t a n d mos t appro v ed type . A typ i ca l ope rat i n g roomi s s h ow n i n Fi g. I , t h e ar ra n geme n t Of appa rat u s be i n gpe r h aps s omew h at more compac t t h a n wo u l d be fol l owedi n s h o re i n s ta l l at i o n s ; b u t , a s a l l space o n a bat t l e s h i pi s a t a p rem i u m , a more l ibe ral a s s i g n me n t of room fort h i s eq u i pme n t c a n n o t be made . T h e “ ae r i a l” ca n besee n comi n g t h ro u g h deck o v e r h e ad t h ro u g h a heavvebo n i t e i n s u l a to r. T h e “ gro u n d" i s obta i n ed by co n n ec ti n g d i rec t to t h e h u l l o f t h e s h i p .A n exte n s i ve appl i cat i o n o f e l ec t r i c a l appa rat u s w i l lbe fo u n d i n t h e sys tem s o f comm u n i cat i o n aboard t h e seve s se l s . Abo u t n i n e ty v o i ce p i pe s w i l l be i n s t a l l e d

,most

o f w h i c h w i l l be fi t ted w i t h s u i t ab l e e l ec t r i c ca l l i n g dev i ce s in t h e s h ape o f p u s h b u t t o n s. be l l s , b u zze rs a n da n n u n c i at or s .A l ibe ra l d i sp os i t i o n o f p u s h b u t to n s i n t h e officers

’

q u a rte rs a l l ow t h e cal l i n g of t h e va r i o u s pa n t r i e s. orde rl i es

,mes se n ge r s a n d t h e l i ke

,to t h e va r i o u s s ta te rooms

,

cab i n s , office rs a n d me s s rooms a s req u i re d . A tel ep h o n esystem compr i s i n g some twe n ty - five l i n e s , r u n n i n g to ace n t ra l s ta t i o n

,wi l l be i n st a l l e d . I n a dd i t i o n se v e ra l p r i

v ate l i n e s a re i n s ta l l ed,s u c h a s be twee n n av i gator’s

s ta te room a n d dy n amo rooms,be twee n c h i e f e n g i n ee r’s

s t a t e room a n d e n gi n e room,be twee n s u rgeo n ’s s t at e

room a n d d i spe n sary , a n d t h e l i ke .I n t h e v a r i o u s l i v i n g space s o f eac h s h i p , s i n gl e - s t rokee l ec t r i ca l l y - operated go n gs , 1 2 i n c h e s i n d i amete r, a rei n s ta l l ed . T h e se go n gs ca n be ope rate d al l s i m u l t a n eo u sly, from e i t h e r t h e capt a i n

’s s ta te room , p i l o t h o u se ,co n n i n g tower

,o r exec u t i v e office rs s ta te room . T h e

c i rc u i t c l o se rs a re a u tomat i c i n ope rat i o n a n d r i n g t h ego n gs co n t i n u o u s l y for t h i r ty se co n d s w h e n se t i n mo ~

t i o n . T h e se s i g n a l s , k n ow n a s ge n e ra l a l a rm go n gs , a reu sed for cal l i n g t h e me n to q u a rter s .Located i n space s be l ow t h e p rotect i v e deck a n d at t h ema i n h at c h e s l e ad i n g be l ow t h i s deck , war n i n g s i g n a l s ,or wate r — t i g h t door al a rms , are i n s ta l l e d . T h ese co n s i s to f so l e n o i d s ope rat i n g a p l u n ge r i n s u c h a ma n n e r a s t oforce a i r t h ro u g h a w h i s t l e , w h i c h g i v e s fort h a s h r i l lso u n d . T h e se war n i n g s i g n a l s a re a l l capabl e o f be i n g

1 5 8 The W a s h i ng t on

operated e i t h e r from t h e q u arte r deck or t h e p i l o t h o u se .

T h ey a re u se d to gi v e t h e s i g n a l for c l o s i n g al l w ater

t i g h t door s a n d h a t c h e s , w h i c h i s do n e w h e n d a n ge rfrom col l i s i o n or o t h e r ca u s e i s i mm i n e n t .

T h e rmos tat s are i n s ta l l ed i n a l l coal b u n ke r s a n d

magaz i n es a n d a l l s t orerooms co n t a i n i ng comb u s t i bl e

mate r i a l . T h ey co n s i s t o f a h e l i ca l meta l co i l h av i n g ah i g h t empe rat u re coeffic i e n t . T h i s co i l i s mo u n te d w i t h

one e n d free,i n s u c h a ma n n e r t h a t t h e tor s i o n al effe ct

p rod u ced by a s l i g h t r i se i n tempera t u re ca u se s a s l i g h td i sp l aceme n t of t h e free e n d. T h i s c l o se s a n e l e c t r i cc i rc u i t

,w h i c h l ea d s to a d rop o n a n a n n u n c i a tor l ocate d

u n de r t h e eye o f t h e cap t a i n ’s o rde r l y. T h e se t h e rmo

s t at s a re e n c l o se d i n a h e a v y compos i t i o n ca se a n d are

s u ffic i e n t l y s t ro n g to a l l ow t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n a n y por

t i o n o f a coa l b u n ke r. I t i s c u s tomary to i n st al l t h emwe l l dow n i n t h e b u n ke rs a t abo u t t h e dep t h w h i c h e x

perience d i c t a te s i s mos t s u bj ec t t o spo n ta n eo u s combus

t i o n .,Coal b u n ke r a n d s to re room t h e rmos tat s a re se t

for 200 degree s F .,a n d magaz i n e t h e rmos tat s for abo u t

100 degree s F. A tota l o f 1 7 1 t h e rmos t at s w i l l be i n

s ta l l e d o n eac h v e s se l,of w h i c h abo u t 70 w i l l be i n coa l

b u n ke r s a n d 67 i n s t ore rooms , eac h gro u p be i n g o n a

sepa ra te a n n u n c i a t or.

El ec t r i c revo l u t i o n i n d i cators w i l l be i n s ta l l e d i n t h e

p i l o t h o u se a n d co n n i n g tower fo r s i g n a l l i n g t h e n u mber

o f re v ol u t i o n s of ea c h ma i n e n g i n e s h a ft . T h e s e i n d i

cators w i l l be o f t h e “ t i ck — t a ck” type , eac h revol u t i o n o f

t h e s h a ft c l o s i n g t h e c i rc u i t t h ro u g h a n e l ec t r i c mag n e t

o n t h e i n d i cat ors,w h i c h i n t u r n d raws dow n i t s a rma

t u re a n d ca u se s a po i n te r t o v i b rate t h ro u g h a n a n gl e o f

abo u t 30 degree s . Eac h i n d i ca tor h a s a po i n te r a n dmag n e t for “ a h e ad ' a n d “ a ste r n ,

' co rre spo n d i n g to for

ward”a n d reve rse rotat i o n of t h e e n gi n e s.

El e c t r i c e n g i n e te l egrap h s l ocate d i n t h e p i l o t h o u se

a n d i n t h e co n n i n g towe r, w i t h i n d i cat ors i n eac h e n g i n e

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160 The W a s h i n g t on

u se d to s i g n a l w h e n c r u i s i n g i n sq u adro n fo rmat i o n . A

w h i te l i g h t s i g n a l s “ s team i n g a h ead,

” a p u l sat i n g o fw h i t e l i g h t “ s l ow i n g dow n ; a red l i g h t “ e n gi n e ss t opped ; a red l i g h t p u l s at i n g, go i n g a ste r n .

Eac h s h i p w i l l c a rry two n igh t s i g n a l l i n g se t s . T h e s e

se t s co n s i s t of fo u r do u b l e l a n t e r n s s u spe n ded o n a l adde r from a n o u t r i gge r n ear t h e t r u ck of e ac h mas t.Eac h l a n te r n co n s i s t s of two 3 2 ca n d l e - power l ampsmo u n ted i n p re s sed gl a s s Fre s n e l l e n se s

,one l amp o f

e ac h do u bl e l a n te r n be i n g mo u n t e d i n a re d l e n s,t h e

ot h e r s i n a w h i t e l e n s . T h e l a n t e r n s w i l l b e sp ace d 1 2

fee t apar t . By mea n s of a s u i tab l e keyboard o n t h ebr i dge, t h e red or t h e w h i te l i g h t i n a n y or al l l a n t e r n sor a n y combi n at i o n of re d a n d w h i t e l i g h t s on t h e fo u rl a n te r n s (o n l y one l i g h t o n eac h l a n te r n ) ca n be i l l uminated. By mea n s o f a p re — a rra n ged code of s i g n al s

,

mes sage s ca n be t ra n sm i t t e d t o a n y s ta t i o n w i t h i n r a n geof v i s i b i l i ty of t h e l i g h t s . T h e u se of two n i g h t s i g n a ll i n g se t s , o n e s u spe n de d from t h e foremas t sw i n gi n go u tboard to port

,t h e ot h e r from t h e mai n mas t swi n g i n g

o u tboard to s ta rboa rd , perm i t s s i g n a l l i n g to a n y s t at i o nrega rd l e s s of i t s bear i n g to t h e s h i p’s h ea d ; w h ereas w i t ho n l y one n i g h t s i g n a l l i n g se t t h e re l a t i v e l ocat i o n of thes h i p a n d t h e s ta t i o n to w h i c h i t i s de s i ro u s of s i g n a l l i n gm ig h t be s u c h t h at t h e mas t from w h i c h t h e l a n t e r n s a res u spe n de d wo u l d i n te rcep t t h e pat h o f t h e l i g h t a n d re nde r t h e s i g n a l i n d i sce r n i b l e. T h e keyboard i s mo u n tedon a pede s t a l a n d i s e n c l o sed i n a case w i t h a h i n gedcove r. T h e appa rat u s i s s i m i l a r i n appeara n ce to a typew r i te r keyboard

,a n d t h e depre s s i o n o f a s i n gl e key d i s

p l ays t h e d es i red comb i n a t i o n of l i g h t s . A cab l e o f 16

co n d u ctor s r u n n i n g to t h e l a n te r n s e n te r s t h e keyboardt h ro u g h a det ac h ab l e wate r — t i g h t co u p l i n g.

A s u mmat i o n o f t h e e l e c t r i c a u x i l i a r i e s o n eac h s h ipwi t h t h e p robab l e max im u m c u rre n t req u i re d by eac hgro u p

,bot h for “ i n a ct i o n” a n d for “ c r u i s i n g effic i e n cy”

i s g i ve n i n t h e fol l ow i n g t abl e . I n e s t imat i n g c u r re n treq u i re d fo r t h e va r i o u s motors

,effic i e n c i e s v aryi n g from

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”guns 70

Gun e le vat ing mo tors , 8"

gunsGun rammermotors , 1 2

”guns

Gun rammermotors , 8”guns

Turret turning motors , 1 2”

gunsTurret turning motors , 8”guns

Smoke blowers .

DeckBoat cranes , ho ist ingBoat cranes, rotat ingWh i p ho ists 1 30 65Laundry motorMachine shop motorPowder doorand hatches 3 50 1 20 V3Fresh water pumps .

Sani taryA ir compressors. 840 1

Total 78 4919969? 193 3450

Rammer motors not operati ve during ho ist ing of ammunit ion.

T h e e n t i re e l e ct r i c eq u i pme n t of eac h s h i p aggregatesampe re s , w h i c h , a t t h e sta n dard vol t age of 1 2 5 ,

corre spo n d s t o k i l owat t s ; a n d t h e tota l power req u i red by a u x i l i a r i e s w h i c h a re Ope ra t i v e i n ac t i o n

,cor

re spo n d s to 885 ampere s , or k i l owat t s for t h e l i g h ti n g a n d p roj ec tor l oad

,a n d ampere s , or 724 k i l o

wa t t s for t h e powe r l oad,mak i n g a gra n d to tal o f

1 62 The W a s h i ng t o n

As ma n y of t h e ba t t l e a u x i l i a r i e s are of s u c h a n a t u re asto be s u bj ec t to i n te rmi t te n t se rv i ce , t h e p robab l e max im u m bat t l e l oad i s we l l be l ow t h i s fig u re

,t h e e s t imate d

va l u e s be i n g as i n d i ca ted i n t h e n ex t to t h e l a s t co l u m n,

v i z . : 630 ampere s or k i l owatt s for t h e l i g h t i n g a n dp roj ec tor l oad , a n d ampere s or 43 1 k i l owatt s fort h e power l oad , mak i n g a gra n d tot a l o f 5 10 k i l owat t s .As p rev i o u s l y st a ted , two i n depe n de n t power p l a n t sw i l l be i n s ta l l ed o n eac h s h i p , a n d are des i g n a te d a s t h efo rward dy n amo room a n d t h e a fte r dy n amo room.

Bot h w i l l be l oca te d be n e at h t h e p rote ct i ve deck o n ap l a t fo rm w h ose l e v e l comes betwee n t h e u pper p l at forma n d t h e l ower p l at form

,t h i s spec i a l p l a t form be i n g n ec

e s s a ry t o se c u re s u ffic i e n t h e adroom to i n s ta l l t h e ge nerating s et s . T h e fo rward dy n amo room i s l ocate d betwee n t h e forward magaz i n e s a n d t h e bo i l e r space s

,t h e

a fte r dy n amo room be twee n t h e bo i l e r space s a n d t h ema i n e n g i n e rooms .Fo u r 1 00- k i lowat t , 1 25

- vol t ge n e rat i n g se t s w i l l be ins t a l l ed in eac h dy n amo rooms T h e se se t s w i l l b e d i re c tco n n ec ted , t h e e n g i n e s be i n g vert i ca l c ro s s compo u n d ,o f t h e e n c l o sed type a n d fi t t ed w i t h forced l u br i cat i o n .Eac h dy n amo room is capab l e o f h a n d l i n g indepen

dently t h e e n t i re bat t l e l oa d . T h i s a rra n geme n t wasco n s i de re d i mpe rat i ve i n v i ew o f t h e e xte n ded app l i cat i o n o f t h e e l ec t r i c d r i ve to t h e importa n t b at t l e a u x i liaries a n d i n v i ew of t h e da n ge r o f t h e e l e ct r i c . p l a n tbe i n g re n de red i n ope rat i ve from t h e fo l l ow i n g ca u se s :

(a) Dy n amo room re n de re d u n inh ab i tab l e by breaki n g o f a s team p i pe . (b) Dy n amo room re n de red un

i n h ab i t ab l e by flood i n g o f t h e compartme n t . (c) Ge nerators or e n g i n e s be i n g damaged by h eavy s h or t c i rc u i t s . (d) D amage to compartme n t by s h e l l from t h ee n emy.D i s t r i b u t i o n o f e n e rgy to a l l b at t l e s e rv i ce w h e n one

dy n amo room i s out o f commi s s i o n a n d u n i n h ab i t abl en e ces s i ta te s e i t h e r d u p l i ca t i n g t h e w i r i n g to e ac h aux i liary, v i z o n e c u r re n t l e ad i n g from eac h dy n amo roomw i t h a t h row — ove r sw i tc h a t eac h a u x i l i a ry ; or w i r i n gfrom d i s t r i b u t i o n board s w h i c h a re l ocate d e xte r n a l toa n d ve t capabl e o f e l ec t r i c co n n ec t i o n t o eac h dvnamo

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164 The Wa s h i ng t o n

U n de r n orma l co n d i t i o n s d u r i n g a ct i o n eac h distribution

’

board w i l l be e n ergi ze d o n ly from i t s adj ace n t dyn amo room ; b u t i n t h e eve n t o f o n e dy n amo room be i n gp u t out o f commi s s i o n , t h row - over sw i t c h e s o n i t s adj ace n t d i s t r i b u t i o n board w i l l e n ab l e t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n boardto e n e rgi ze f rom t h e ot h e r dy n amo room . T h i s prov i s i o n pe rm i t s t h e ope rat i o n of e v e ry e l e ct r i ca l a u x i l i aryaboa rd t h e s h i p

,a l t h o u g h e i t h e r dy n amo room may be

out o f commi s s i o n .As a f u r t h e r s a feg u ard, t h e fee de rs fo r ce r ta i n of t h ec i rc u i t s w h i c h a re of max im u m import a n ce d u r i n g act i o nw i l l be w i re d from eac h d i s t r i b u t i o n boa rd w i t h a t h rowover sw i t c h o n t h e fa r e n d o f eac h feede r

,i . e., at t h e

l ocat i o n of t h e a u x i l i a ry w h i c h t h e fee de r s u pp l i e s . T h i sa r ra n geme n t pe rmi t s t h e ope rat i o n of t h e se a u x i l i ar i e seve n w i t h o n e dy n amo room a n d t h e adj ace n t distribut i o n boa rd out of commi s s i o n , or w i t h one dy n amo roomt h e remote d i s t r i b u t i o n boar d wrecked

,t h e l a t te r ca se ,

h owever,be i n g h i g h l y imp robab l e .

T h e t u r n i n g motors o f eac h t u r re t a re,as s t ate d pre

viously, operate d f rom a motor ge n e rator l ocated i n thet u rre t barbe t te

,t h e motor ge n e rator for eac h t u rret be

i n g s u pp l i ed a n d co n t rol l e d from a pa n e l l ocated i n thebarbet t e , t h i s p a n e l co n ta i n i n g a t h row - ove r sw i t c h a n dw i re d wi t h a fee de r t o eac h d i s t r i b u t i o n board , as out

l i n e d abo v e .As h e reto fore s t ated

,eac h t u r re t i s eq u i pped w i t h two

amm u n i t i o n h o i s t motors,two g u n - e l evat i n g motors ,

two rammer motor s,a n d two smal l smoke - b l ower mo

tor s . T h e se var i o u s motors are s u pp l i e d from a u x i l i a ryd i s t r i b u t i o n boards l ocated one i n eac h t u r re t

,t h e se

board s i n t u r n be i n g s u pp l i ed w i t h a t h row - over sw i t cha n d w i red w i t h a feede r from eac h d i s t r i b u t i o n board .T h e i n c a n de sce n t l i g h t s i n t h e e n g i n e rooms are w i re dfrom two ma i n s , o n e for eac h e n gi n e room. By mea n sof t h row - ove r sw i tc h e s a n d a feede r from eac h distribut i o n board , t h e l i g h t s i n e i t h e r e n g i n e room ca n be s u pp l i ed from e i t h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n board . A s im i l a r arra n geme n t i s p rov i ded for l i g h t i n g t h e bo i l e r space s .Al l ot h e r c i rc u i t s a re w i re d to b u t o n e d i s t r i b u t i onboard , t h e forward d i s t r i b u t i o n board co n t rol l i n g 4 1 c i rc u i t s , t h i s n u mbe r i n c l u d i n g o n e — h a l f t h e c i rc u i t s w h i c hare w i red w i t h d u p l i ca te fee de r s a s o u t l i n ed above . Of

E l ec tr i ca l H an d bo ok

t h e se , 9 c i rc u i t s a re for l i g h t i n g , 3 for sea rc h l i g h t s , a n d29 for powe r . T h e a fte r d i st r i b u t i o n boa rd s u ppl i e s 42c i rc u i t s

, 8 o n l i g h t i n g, 3 on se arc h l i g h t s,a n d 30 o n

powe r.T h e dy n amo l ead s from t h e ge n e rat i n g se t s to t h e

ge n e rato r w i l l be o f ce n t imete r s r u n i n two ca

b l e s o f ce n t imete rs eac h . T h e l i g h t i n g feede rs ,r u n n i n g from eac h ma i n ge n e rato r board to eac h d i stribution board w i l l be o f ce n t i mete rs eac h . T h epowe r feeder s from eac h ma i n ge n e rator boar d to eac hd i s t r i b u t i o n boa rd w i l l be of ce n t imete r s eac h .r u n w i t h t h ree cabl e s .Ge n e rator sw i t c h board s l ocate d one i n e ac h dy n amoroom a n d co n t rol l i n g t h e fo u r 100- k i l owat t u n i t s i n t h a tdy n amo room w i l l e ac h compr i se a ge n e rator pa n e l , ap ower feede r pa n e l

,a n d a l i g h t i n g feede r pa n e l . T h e

ge n e rator pa n e l w i l l be so a rra n ged t h a t a l l t h e apparat u s for co n t rol l i n g eac h u n i t w i l l be i n a ve rt i ca l l i n ea n d w i l l co n s i s t of a s i n gl e - pol e c i rc u i t — breake r

,a vol t

mete r,an ammete r , fie l d reg u l a tor

,a s i n gl e - pol e sw i t c h

pe rmi t t i n g t h e co n n e c t i o n of o n e l ead o f t h e mac h i n eryt o t h e l i g h t i n g b u s — ba r , a s im i l a r sw i t c h for co n n e c t i o nt o t h e powe r b u s — bar

,a n d a sw i t c h t o t h e commo n n egc

t i ve b u s a n d a swi tc h to theeq u a l i z e r b u s . T h e l ig h t i n gfeede r p a n e l w i l l c o n t a i n a re cord i n g ammeter

,to mea s

u re t h e e n t i re l oad on t h e pa n e l , t h e feede r s.one t o eac hd i s t r i b u t i o n board

,eac h l e ad i n g t h ro u g h do u bl e - po l e

swi t c h e s a n d c i rc u i t — breaker s . T h e power feeder pa n e lco n ta i n s s im i l a r apparat u s

,b u t of t h e req u i s i te capac i ty.

Wi t h t h e except i o n o f cer ta i n t h ro u g h l e ad s i n t h el ower pa s sages

,t h e e n t i re i n s ta l l at i o n w i l l be w i red i n

s tee l e n ame l e d co n d u i t . Wir i n g be twee n ge n erators a n dsw i t c h boa rds w i t h i n t h e dy n amo rooms , a n d t h e t h ro u g hl e ads me n t i o n e d above w i l l be i n s ta l l e d o n porce l a i n insulators

,meta l s t rapped a n d se c u red d i rec t to h u l l .

Al l w i re of a n d u n de r ce n t i meter s w i l l be tw i nco n d u ctor ; s i z e s i n exce s s o f ce n t imete r s w i l l bei n s t al l e d as s i n gl e co n d u ctor , a separa t e co n d u i t be i n gu se d for eac h l eg o f a c i rc u i t .T h e i n s ta l l a t i o n , e x c l u s i ve of i n te r i or comm u n i c a t i o n s ,w i l l req u i re approx imately fee t o f wi re we i g h i n g

po u n d s .

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1 68 T he Wa s h i ng t o n

t h i n l aye r of co n c ret e (abo u t 3 i n c h e s ) , t h e n a h a l f i n c ho f Ne u c h a te l a sp h a l t , t h e n abo u t 9 i n c h e s of co n c rete, i ns ec t i o n s 16 fee t l o n g, t h e keys be twee n t h e var i o u s sec

t i o n s be i n g fi l l e d w i t h Be rm u dez asp h a l t,a n d t h e w h ol e

i n s i de s u r face cove red - w i t h t h e asp h a l t . T h e h eavy s i dewal l s a re 6 fee t t h i ck a t t h e bot tom, 6 fee t deep , a n dabo u t fee t t h i ck o n t h e top

, not co u n t i n g t h e mol deds to n e cop i n g. T h ey are i n 40- foo t l e n gt h s

,w i t h a sq u are

key h o l e be twee n adj ace n t l e n gt h s fi l l e d w i t h Be rm u dez

a sp h al t . T h e s i de w al l s re s t u po n a do u bl e row of

p i l e s , a n d i n add i t i o n t h e re i s s h ee t p i l i n g compl e te l y

a ro u n d t h e deep pa rt of t h e t a n k. T h e s h a l l ow part o f

t h e tank'

at t h e so u t h e r n ex te n s i o n i s a l s o car r i e d o n

p i l i n g, a s i t act u al l y ove r h a n gs t h e wate r.

T h e l aw a u t h or i z i n g t h e co n s t r u ct i o n of t h e mode lbas i n a l s o a u t h o r i z ed expe r ime n t s t o be made for p r iva te s h i pb u i l de rs

,p rov i ded t h ey de frayed t h e act u a l cos t

of t h e s ame , i t be i n g u n de rs tood , of co u rse , t h a t s u c h

e xpe r ime n t s s h o u l d n o t i n te r fe re w it h n ava l work. T h i s

be i n g t h e ca se,i t w as n ece s sa ry to l ay o u t t h e p l a n t w i t h

a v i ew to t h e rap i d a n d eco n om i ca l t u r n i n g o u t o f rou

t i n e exper ime n t s, a n d to t h i s e n d t h e e n deavor h a s bee nt h ro u g h o u t to u se mac h i n e ry for as ma n y of t h e operat i o n s a s p os s i b l e . T h e fore i g n ta n k s i n v ar i ab l y u se pa raffine for t h e co n s t r u ct i o n o f mode l s , a n d ge n e ra l l y maket h em from 1 0 to 14 fee t l o n g. T h e c l imate o f Was h i n gton

, h owever , i s so warm i n t h e s u mmer t h a t i t w a sfo u n d impos s i bl e to obta i n paraffine t h a t wo u l d ret a i n i t sr i gi d i ty s at i s factor i l y

,a n d

,moreover

,i t w as t h e de s i re

of t h e B u rea u t o make t h e mode l s as l arge a s pos s i b l e ,t h u s e l im i n a t i n g o n e s o u rce of i n acc u racy i n app l y i n gt h e mode l expe r ime n t s to f u l l - s i z ed s h i p s . For t h e sereaso n s wood was adop te d a s a mate r i a l fo r t h e model s ,a n d a fte r s ome d iffic u l ty a sa t i s facto ry var n i s h wa sfo u n d w h i c h re n de red t h e s u r face of t h e wood to a l l inte n t s a n d p u rpose s abso l u te l y wate r — t i g h t . T h e s ta n da rdl e n gt h o f mode l u se d i s 20 fee t . A mode l 20 fee t l o n gmay n o t seem m u c h l a rge r t h a n one 1 2 fee t l o n g, b u tw h e n i t i s remembe re d t h a t t h e d i spl aceme n t s o f t h e se

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 169

two a re respect i ve l y a s a n d i t w i l l be see nt h a t t h e 20- foot mode l i s n ea r ly five t ime s t h e s i z e o f t h e1 2 — foot mode l .

T h e me t h od o f b u i l d i n g t h e model s i s a s fol l ow s : T h e

l i n e s”of t h e ve s se l’s h u l l a s deve l oped by i t s des i g n e r s

i n va r i abl y i n c l u de a body pl a n gi v i n g sect i o n s a t mod

eratelv c l o se i n te rva l s . From t h i s body p l a n n ew sect i o n s are d raw n t o t h e p rope r s i z e for a 2o- foot mode l .by mea n s o f t h e e i dograp h or l arge pa n tograp h . T h es ese ct i o n s a re c u t o u t o f pape r , a n d t h e n t ra n s fe rre d t owoode n boa rd s w h i c h a re s awed t o s h ape . T h e se boardsa re t h e n e re cte d i n t h e i r p rope r re l a t i ve pos i t i o n u po nt h e e rect i n g t abl e. eac h boa rd se c t i o n be i n g c l ampe d i n av er t i ca l p l a n e . Thev are t h e n cove red wi t h bat te n sabo u t IA i n c h t h i ck , a n d taper i n g from ami ds h i p s towards t h e e n d

,mak i n g a former " mode l , t h e s u r face of

w h i c h i s p l a n e d smoo t h . I n c u t t i n g out t h e sec t i o n s. all owa n ce i s made fo r t h e t h i ck n e s s of t h e bat te n s

,w h i c h

h a v e to be n a i l e d u po n t h em . Mea n w h i l e a ro u g h b l ocko f s u c h s h ape a n d d ime n s i o n s t h a t t h e fin i s h ed modelca n be c u t from i t h a s bee n p repa red , by gl u i n g toge t h e ru n de r p re s s u re i n a l a rge h yd ra u l i c p re s s p i ece s o f p l a n kro u g h l y c u t t o a n appropr i a te s h ape . T h i s bl ock i sp l aced u po n t h e u ppe r t abl e of the model c u tt i n g mac h i n e. t h e “ former ‘ mode l be i n g p l aced u po n t h e l owe rt ab l e . T h e mode l c u t t i n g mac h i n e work s u po n t h ep r i n c i p l e o f t h e B l a n c h a rd l at h e

,a rol l e r t ra v e rs i n g t h e

s u r face of t h e former” model a n d saws or c u t te r swork i n g u po n t h e s u r face of t h e model p rope r . T h eb u l k o f t h e mate r i a l i s remo v e d from t h e b l ock bymea n s o f t h e saw s

,w h i c h are s h i fted al o n g a s h or t d i s

ta n ce a t a t ime . Rota ry c u t te r s a re t h e n appl i e d w h i c hfi n i s h t h e s u r face of t h e mode l ve ry cl o se to t h e des i re ds h ape . T h e mode l i s t h e n remo v ed from t h e c u t t i n g mac h i n e a n d fin i s h e d bv h a n d ; a ve ry smal l amo u n t of

h a n d work,h owe v e r

,be i n g fo u n d necessarv. I t i s t h e n

ready for var n i s h i n g, a n d t h e at tac h me n t o f a n y appe ndage s

,s u c h a s b i l ge kee l , s t r u t s , e tc . I t i s fin a l l y t ake n

to t h e mea s u r i n g mac h i n e a n d care f u l mea s u reme n t s a remade of i t s exac t form a n d s h ape w h i c h not o n l y e n ab l e

1 70 T he Was h i ng t on

t h e s ta ff t o de te rm i n e w h et h e r t h e mode l rep re se n t s thel i n e s des i red , b u t g i ve s a n ex ac t record o f t h e act u a ls h ape .T h e mode l i s n ow ready for t h e tow i n g expe r ime n t s .T h e car r i age r u n s u po n e i g h t w h ee l s a n d spa n s t h e f u llw i dt h o f t h e bas i n . T h e pl a t form i n t h e ce n te r

,car ry

i n g t h e reco rdi n g appa rat u s , ca n be r a i s e d or l owered at

w i l l . El ec t r i c i ty i s u s ed to dr i ve t h e carr i age,a n d i t

may be me n t i o n e d i n c i de n ta l l y t h a t i t i s u se d fo r all

mec h a n i ca l work i n co n n ect i o n w i t h t h e mode l ta n k.T h e spee d o f t h e c arr i age i s var i e d n o t o n ly by mak i n gv ar i o u s comb i n at i o n s of t h e fo u r motors— one to eac hpa i r o f d r i v i n g w h ee l s— b u t by co n t rol l i n g t h e o u tp u t oft h e ge n era tor i n t h e powe r s ta t i o n

,w h i c h i s

,per h ap s

,

1 00 yards from t h e t a n k. T h i s co n t ro l i s on t h e WardLeo n a rd sys tem a n d i s ve ry s im i l a r to t h a t u s e d to co nt ro l t h e mot i o n o f h e avy t u r ret s on boa rd s h i p . Bymea n s of a res i s ta n ce box o n t h e car r i age t h e c u r re n tt h ro u g h t h e fie l d co i l w i n d i n gs o f t h e ge n e rator i s inc rease d or decre as e d at w i l l . T h e revol u t i o n s of the

ge n e rator be i n g kep t co n s ta n t by a de l i ca te gover n o r,

t h e amo u n t o f c u r re n t ge n era te d var i e s w i t h t h e amo u n tof c u r re n t t h ro u g h t h e fie l d co i l s o f t h e mag n e t. The

w h o l e of t h e c u rre n t ge n erate d i s p as se d t h ro u g h themotors , a n d i n p ract i c e i t i s fo u n d t h a t a ve ry exactreg u l at i o n of speed i s ob ta i n e d by t h i s comb i n at i o n .T h e ca rr i age i t se l f

,w i t h i t s fi t t i n gs, we i g h s i n the

n e i g h bor h ood of 2 5 to n s , s o t h a t i t a l o n e forms a k i n do f flyw h ee l a n d i s n ot s u bj ec t to s u dde n va r i a t i o n s of

speed . T h e speed of t h e car r i age ca n b e va r i e d from1 — 10 k n ot a n h o u r , or 10 fee t pe r m i n u t e t o 20 k n ot s a nh o u r

,or fee t per m i n u t e . T h e p r i n c i pa l diflficulty

i n co n n ec t i o n w i t h t h e u s e o f h i g h speed s, w h i c h , w h i len ot n ece s s ary for t h e b u l k of t h e expe r ime n t s , w i l l be ofgrea t va l u e i n ce r ta i n spec i a l e xpe r ime n t s , i s to s top the

car r i age w h e n i t i s o n ce u n de r way. T h e e l ect r i ca l cont ro l a ct s a s a brake , beca u se w h e n t h e c u rre n t i s s h u toff t h e motors become ge n e rators , b u t t h i s co u l d not bere l i e d u po n for h i g h speeds , s i n ce t h e sudden rush of

c u rre n t d u e to pos s i bl e u n sk i l l f u l ma n i p u l at i o n , mig h tt h row t h e c i rc u i t b reake rs

,t h u s ope n i n g t h e c i rc u i t and

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1 7? T he Wa s hi ng t on

tricity i s e n l i s te d . T h e record i n g d r u m i s , a s u s u a l ,fi t te d w i t h appa ra t u s for re co rd i n g t h e t ime a n d d i st a n ce . T h e res i s ta n ce i s meas u re d d i rec tly by a sp r i n ga rra n geme n t

,w h i c h i s p l aced u n de r n eat h t h e c arr i age .

T h e forward e n d of t h e spr i n g i s a t ta c h e d to a b racketw h i c h i s s c rewed forward or back by an e l e c t r i c motor ,a n d a r i gi d arm r u n s u p from t h e br acke t , w i t h a p e n c i lreco rd i n g i t s p os i t i o n o n t h e d r u m . T h e record t h e n i sof t h e pos i t i o n o f t h e forward b racke t . T h e a fte r e n dof t h e sp r i n g t ake s h o l d of a sma l l cro s s - h ead, t o t h eo t h e r e n d o f w h i c h aga i n i s a t ta c h e d a tow i n g rod ,w h i c h t ake s h o l d o f t h e mode l . T h i s cros s - h e ad h as avery s l i g h t p l ay be twee n s top s i n t h e a fte r fixed bracke t ,a n d w h e n i t to u c h e s e i t h e r s top c l ose s a n e l e c tr i c a l cont ac t

,w h i c h aga i n t h rows a n e l e ctr i c c l u t c h , by mea n s of

w h i c h t h e motor,r u n n i n g al l t h e t ime , s c rew s forward

or back t h e forward bra cket,t h u s i n c rea s i n g or decreas

i n g t h e te n s i o n o f t h e sp r i n g u n t i l t h e co n t ac t i s ope n e daga i n .T h ere a re ma n y refi n eme n t s w h i c h c a n n ot be i n d i

cated i n t h i s b r i e f de s cr i p t i o n ; for i n s t a n ce, t l: e operatorca n t h row e i t h e r c l u t c h a t w i l l or s et t h em to worka u tomat i ca l l y. I n p ract i ce

,w h e n abo u t to make a r u n ,

t h e ope rator work s t h e b racke t forward to t h e immed i ate v i c i n i ty of t h e po s i t i o n w h i c h h e k n ow s i t w i l la s s u me d u r i n g t h e r u n . t h e approx iate speed of w h i c hh e k n ows . T h e ca rr i age i s t h e n s ta rted , a n d a ft er au n i form spee d h a s bee n obta i n ed

,w h i c h

,for speed s u p

t o 1 2 kn ot s,i s d o n e w i t h i n 50 fee t , h e t h rows i n by a

s i n gl e mot i o n o f one h a n d l e t h e a u tomat i c appl i a n ce sw h i c h s ta r t t h e dr u m , a n d record t ime, d i s ta n ce a n d re

sistance. I n t h i s way t h e re s i s ta n ce pe n h a s to moveb u t a smal l d i s ta n ce .t o rea c h t h e pos i t i o n of eq u i l i b r i u ma n d a lmos t immed i a te l y become s steady. I t w i l l be seent h a t w i t h t h i s dev i ce fr i c t i o n i s e l im i n a te d . T h e acc ur acy obta i n ab l e depe n d s u po n t h e c l o se n e s s w i t h w h i c ht h e a u tomat i c st ops at t h e a fte r e n d o f t h e sp r i n g ca nbe se t . I n p ract i ce i t i s fo u n d t h a t t h ose ca n be s e t togive a p l ay o f abo u t 1 -

50 of a n i n c h , a n d a s the sp r i n gsw i l l e x te n d to i n c h e s. t h e re s u l t s obta i n ed a re p rac t i ca l l ye xac t a s i n d i cat i n g t h e p u l l o f t h e sp r i n g.

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k 1 73

I t n ow rema i n s t o descr i be t h e me t h od by w h i c h t h eamo u n t o f t h i s p u l l c a n be de te rmi n ed i n a n y i n s ta n ce .T h ere i s fit te d a t t h e s ta r t i n g e n d of t h e ba s i n a k i n d o f

we i g h i n g mac h i n e w i t h o n e ve r t i ca l a n d o n e h o r i z o n t a la rm . T h i s i s de l i ca te l y bal a n ced , a n d w h e n t h e mode lh a s bee n co n n ected u p a n d i s ready for t ow i n g, a ce rt a i n sp r i n g be i n g i n u s e

,t h e ve r t i ca l a rm , or rat h e r a

k n i fe e dge w h i c h bea r s u po n t h e ve rt i ca l a rm , i s con

nected to t h e mode l . A k n ow n we i g h t i s t h e n p u t i n tot h e s ca l e pa n a tt ac h ed to t h e h or i z o n ta l a rm . T h e a u tomat i c a t tac h me n t i n co n n ec t i o n w i t h t h e dy n amomete rsp r i n g i s t h row n i n t o gea r a n d t h e we i g h i n g mac h i n e i ss c rewed forward or backward u n t i l i t i s i n pe r fec t b ala n ce , a n d t h e reco rd pe n record i n g t h e pos i t i o n o f t h esp r i n g i s a t re s t . I t i s ev i de nt t h e n t h a t t h e p u l l o f t h esp r i n g i s e xac t l y eq u a l to t h e we ig h t i n t h e s ca l e pa n .T h ere a re a n u mber of pe n s w h i c h ca n be . shifted pa ra l l e l t o t h e record i n g pe n and se t i n a defin i t e po s i t i o nto re co rd u po n t h e d r u m . O n e o f t h e se pe n s i s se t tocorrespo n d to t h e pos it i o n o f t h e re s i st a n ce pe n

,t h e n

a n ot h e r we i g ht i s p u t i n t o t h e sc al e pa n , a se co n d pe ns et t o re cord t h e re s i s ta n ce , a n d so o n . I t i s e v i de n tt h e n t h a t w h e n the r u n i s made t h e se fixed pe n s markoff u p o n t h e pape r a sca l e for re s i st a n ce , avo i d i n g al lc ompl i cat i o n s o f co r rect i o n s for t emperat u re of spr i n gor a n y t h i n g e l se . A compl ete do u bl e o u tfit o f spr i n gs i sa l re ady prov i de d for meas u r i n g re s i s ta n ce from 1 u p to

500 po u n d s , a n d for spec i a l work add i t i o n a l spe c i a lsp r i n gs w i l l be obta i n ed .I n co n n e ct i o n w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f tempe rat u re , i t i simposs i b l e t o avo i d a ce rta i n va r i a t i o n of t h e t emperat u re of t h e wate r , b u t a s ampl e h eat i n g fac i l i t i e s a rep rov i ded

,a s i n d i ca ted i n t h e p i c t u re s Of t h e b u i l d i n g

,

w h ere t h e h eate r p i pe s a re s h ow n , i t i s not expectedt h a t t h e var i at i o n o f tempera t u re d u r i n g t h e year w i l lbe s u ffic i e n t t o n ece s s i t at e correct i o n i n t h e re s u l t s of

expe r ime n t s o n t h i s ac co u n t . T h e ba s i n i s fi l l e d fromt h e wate r sys tem of Was h i n gto n .a n d w i l l h o l dgal l o n s . Two e l ec t r i ca l ce n t r i f u gal p u mps a re p rov i ded ,t h e l a rge r o f w h i c h w i l l empty t h e ta n k i n abo u t fo u rh o u rs . T h e sma l l e r p u mp i s a 4 - i n c h p u mp u se d for

1 7 T he Wa s h i ng t on

d ra i n i n g t h e l a s t wate r from t h e bas i n a n d a l so for

p u mp i n g t h e wate r from o u t s i de t h e ba s i n t o avo i d t h e

pos s i b i l i ty o f u n d u e p re s s u re u po n i t i n ca se i t i s l e f tempty for some t ime . T h i s i s n ece s sary, s i n ce t h e bas i nis b u t a s h o r t d i s ta n ce from t h e Potomac R i ver, a n de xte n d s 8 or 9 fe e t be l ow mea n l ow t i de l eve l . A ga u gei n d i cate s t h e l eve l of t h e o u t s i de wa te r , w h i c h i s fo u n dt o be

,a s a r u l e

,abo u t 6 fee t bel ow t h e water i n t h e

bas i n .T h e l eakage from t h e bas i n.w h i c h i s ve ry s l i g h t, a n d

the evaporat i o n are made u p w i t h filte re d water,a n a n i

mal bo n e fi l t e r be i n g i n s ta l l e d w i t h a capac i ty o f from

50 to 1 00 gal l o n s pe r m i n u te , depe n d i n g u po n t h e t u rb idity of t h e wate r. I n p ract i c e a sma l l s t re am o f fre s hfi l te re d wate r i s kep t r u n n i n g i n t o t h e bas i n a l l t h e t ime ,and t h e l eve l i s ma i n ta i n e d w h erever de s i re d by a n ad

justable overflow.

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The Was h i n g t o n

T h e a n n u a l e xpe n d i t u re o f seems fab u l o u su n t i l we h ave see n a n a n a l ys i s of t h e work do n e a n dt h e s tock ca rr i e d by t h e office. Wh e n we fi n d ove remp l oyee s , t o s ay n ot h i n g of v i s i to rs a n d b u s i n e s s c a l le r s

,we apprec i ate t h e n ece s s i ty fo r t h e e i g h t e l ec t r i c

pas se n ge r e l evato rs,a l l of w h i c h co u l d h a n d l e t h e w h o l e

c rowd from t h e fi r s t t o t h e top floor e v e ry twe n ty m i nu t e s .Wh e n we l ear n t h at t h e a n n u a l co n s u mp t i o n of pape r,for book p r i n t i n g a l o n e , i s re ams fl at

,a n d 1 10,

000 reams i n ro l l s ; t h a t s h ee t s o f B r i s to l a n dcardboa rd a re u se d ; t h a t reams o f cove r p ape r

,

reams o f w r i t i n g p ape r,

reams of typewr i te rp ape r

,reams of ma n i l a a n d t i s s u e pape r, a n d

reams of coate d book p ape r a re u se d e ac h yea r— t h e nwe grasp t h e u t i l i ty of t h e five b i g fre ig h t e l evator s , all

e l ec t r i c . O n e of t h e s e a t t h e s i dewal k,to car ry pape r

from t h e baseme n t t o t h e firs t floor,w i l l l i f t

po u n d s 1 00 fee t a m i n u t e. A n ot h e r of t h e f re i g h t e l evators h a s a capac i ty of po u n d s 1 50 fee t a m i n u t e.T h e ot h e r t h ree w i l l h a n d l e po u n d s 3 50 fee t am i n u t e . I t w i l l be see n a t o n ce t h a t t h e office i n e l evators a l o n e h a s t h e capac i ty o f a good - s i z ed e l ec t r i cra i l way for pa s se n ge r s a n d fre i g h t a n d n eed s i t a l l .From t h e s t a n dpo i n t o f o u tp u t , t h e fact s a re aga i n ex

traordinary. From 30 t o 3 5 to n s of pape r a re co n s u medby p re s se s a l l r u n by e l ect r i c motors . Somevo l u mes o f depar tme n ta l report s are car r i e d i n s to re.A n i n c i den ta l i tem i s T h e Co n gre s s i o n a l Record.”

w i t h a p rese n t da i l y c i rc u l at i o n,w h i c h i s be i n g in

c rease d, of w h i l e Co n gre s s s i t s , a s i n gl e i s

s u e h av i n g reac h e d 192 page s. T h i s m u s t catc h t h ema i l t ra i n s a t abo u t A. M . T h e n t h e officei s i n c o n s t a n t read i n e s s for s u dde n dema n d s madeby Co n gres s . T h e famo u s report o f t h e b l ow i n g u p of

t h e Ma i n e i s a n i n s ta n ce. Co n s i s t i n g of 298 pages of

te x t,24 f u l l page e n grav i n gs a n d o n e l i t h ograp h i n co l

ors, t h e ma n u s c r i p t wa s rece i ve d a t P. M . o n e day,a n d t h e p r i n te d repor t l ay on every de sk i n t h e Se n a tea n d Ho u se n e x t mor n i n g at IO. Bes i de s ot h e r pe r i odicals, s u c h a s

“T h e Pate n t Office Gaze t te,a re t h e m i l

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 77

l i o n s o f p amp h l e t rep r i n t s from t h e Record,w h i c h t h e

l aw - make rs so ge n e ro u s l y scat t e r amo n g t h e i r constitu

e n t s . T h e n t h e re are t h e b i l l s a n d re sol u t i o n s o f w h i c ht h e Se n ate d u r i n g t h e l a s t se s s i o n ordered pr i n t e da n d t h e Ho u se o f t h e se o n l y became l aws .T h e Pr i n t i n g Office h a s h ad at one t ime twe n ty to n s offi n e type a n d r u l e work sta n d i n g for t h e Ce n s u s Office .T h e sto rage va u l t s u n de r t h e s i dewal k s h a v e a capac i tyo f e l ec t rotype p l ate s .On a lmos t e v e ry floo r spec i a l e l e ct r i c c i rc u i t s h ave

had t o be r u n t o s ome p i ece o f appa ra t u s or line of mac h i n es . T h u s for compl e x i ty of d i s t r i b u t i o n i t wo u l d beh a rd to matc h t h e e l e c t r i ca l eq u i pme n t of t h e office

,

w h ose da i l y co n s u mpt i o n of c u r re n t compare s w i t h t h a tof a l a rge ce n t ra l s t at i o n .

Power Plant.

T h e power p l a n t o f t h e Pr i n t i n g Office i s fla n ked bvt h e old a n d n ew w i n gs , w h i c h toget h e r form t h e p re se n te s tabl i s h me n t . T h e powe r — h o u se i s a br i ck b u i l d i n gl 1 2 x 1 34 fee t i n p l a n . a n d i s d i v i ded l o n g i t u d i n al l y betwee n t h e e n gi n e a n d ge n e rato r room a n d t h e bo i l e rroom . Wh i l e i n a se n se o f e v ol u t i o n a l growt h

,t h e

pl a n t i s e s se n t i a l l y a well~ plauned u n i t a s i t s ta n d s .T h e firs t p l a n t wa s p u t i n some yea r s ago i n t h e old

b u i l d i n g,a n d p rov i n g s u cce s s f u l . b u t o u tgrow n , i t w a s

aba n do n e d and a n ew power — h o u se was e rected . T h ework of mov i n g wa s a d i ffic u l t u n de r tak i n g, a s i t h a d tobe do n e w i t h o u t i n te r fe r i n g w i t h t h e ope rat i o no f t h e pl a n t . I t w as e ffec te d

,h owe v e r , very

smoo t h l y by t h e c h i e f e l ec t r i c i a n a n d e l ect r i ca l e n g in ee r

,a n d t h e c h i e f e n gi n eer . T h e pl a n t t h e n

i n s ta l l e d wa s adeq u at e to t h e req u i reme n t s o f t h eo l d office a n d co n s i s t e d o f one 300 k i l owatt , 1 2 5

vo l t ge n e rato r,r u n n i n g a t 1 50 re v ol u t i o n s pe r minut, ,

a n d one 1 2 5 k i l owat t ge n e rator of s ame vol tage a n dspeed

,bot h ge n e rator s be i n g b u i l t by t h e Crocke r

\V heeler Compa n y , a n d bot h e n g i n e s by t h e E. P .

Al l i s Compa n y. Wh e n ex te n s i o n s t o t ake careo f t h e n ew office came u p , o n e o f t h e mosti mporta n t p robl em s was t h a t of co n t i n u i n g t h e

1 78 The Wa s h i n g t o n

l owe r vol tage or of adop t i n g 2 50 vo l t s . I t was fi n a l lydec i ded to ad h e re to t h e o l d p re s s u re of 1 2 5 vol t s , a n dt h e a dd i t i o n a l co n t rac t wa s p l aced for two more Crocke rW h ee l e r ge n e rato r s of 600 k i l owat t capac i ty, 1 00 revolu

t i o n s pe r m i n u t e,a n d two e n g i n e s o f corre spo n d i n g

capac i ty. T h e se ge n erator s,o f t h e m u l t i pol a r type

,were

req u i re d to be o v e r — compo u n ded 5 per ce n t ., at f u l l l oad ,w i t h se r i e s co i l s s o p ropor t i o n e d a s to ove r - compo u n dby reg u l ar eq u a l i n c reme n t s p ropor t i o n a l to t h e o u tp u tbe twee n one - q u arte r a n d f u l l l oad

,w i t h a max im u m

var i a t i o n a t ge n e rator term i n a l s n ot exceed i n g 1% vol t sw h e n r u n n i n g w i t h i n 1% per ce n t . of s t a n da rd spee d

,

t h i s ove r - compo u n d i n g be i n g red u ced i n t h e reg u l a r operation of t h e p l a n t t o 3 per ce n t . by t h e u se of Germa ns i l ve r s h u n t s to t h e ser i e s fie l d s . T h e compo u n d i n g i sa l s o so arra n ge d a s to pe rm i t t h e ge n e rator, a fte r h av i n g“ b u i l t u p” a n d w h e n r u n n i n g a t s tandard vol tage

,be i n g

t h r ow n i n c i rc u i t a n d tak i n g i t s p rope r p roport i o n o ft h e tot a l l oa d. T h e ge n e rator s h ave a g u a ra n t ee d ef

ficiency of 94 pe r ce n t . a t f u l l l oad, a n d w i l l w i t h s ta n da n ove r l oa d o f 2 5 per ce n t . co n t i n u o u s l y for fo u r h o u r s ,a s we l l a s mome n t ary overl oad s o f 50 per ce n t . At 2 5p er ce n t. over l oad t h e effic i e n cy i s pe r ce n t .T h e fo u r e n gi n es a re a l l c ros s compo u n d d i rec t — co n

nected, t h e sma l l e r o n e s be i n g re spec t i vel y 1 0x 19 x30 a n d16x3 ox3o ; w h i l e t h e two n ew l arge r o n e s a re of t h es ame s i z e

,n ame l y

,2 2 x44 x42 . T h e sma l l mac h i n e s a re

a r ra n ged t o r u n 1 50 revol u t i o n s pe r m i n u te , a n d a res u pp l i ed w i t h s te am at 1 2 5 po u n d s p res s u re , e x h a u s t i n gi n t o ba romet r i c co n de n ser s . T h e e n gi n e s a re fit te d w i t ha u t omat i c va l v e gea r a n d h ave separa te e cce n t r i c s forope rat i n g t h e s t eam a n d ex h a u s t va l ve s on t h e l owp re s s u re s i de . The reg u l a tor i s o f t h e s ta n da rd heavvwe i g h t type , opera t i n g t h e c u t - off cams o f bot h e n g i n e s ,a n d h a v i n g i n co n j u n c t i o n a sa fety s top , w h i c h g u a rd st h e e n g i n e i n ca se of t h e breakage o f t h e gover n o r be l t .A var i a t i o n of l e s s t h a n 2 per ce n t . i s g u a ra n te ed betwee n n o l oad a n d f u l l l oad .I n a dd i t i o n t o t h e gover n o r bel t s a fety s top, t h e re i sp ro v i de d a n ext ra go v e r n or w h i c h ope rate s a s top v a l vep l a ced above t h e t h rot t l e v a l v e i n t h e s team p i pe , s o

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D IRECT CONNECTED MATRI" TR IMMER ,GOV ERNMENT PRrx rrx G O FF ICE.

E l ec t r i c a l H and b o o k 1 8 ]

Boiler Room.

Be fore pa s s i n g to co n s i de r ot h e r de ta i l s o f t h e ge nc ra tor room. n ot e m u s t be made h e re o f t h e bo i l e rpl a n t . w h i c h i s o f somew h a t u n u s u a l tvpe i n t h i sc l a s s of work. a n d w h i c h compr i se s e i g h t 300 h o rsepowe r mar i n e type Scotc h bo i l e r s . T h e se boi l e r s a reb u i l t for a w ork i n g p re s s u re o f 1 50 po u n d s , u n de r t h ed i rec t i o n o f U n i ted S tate s s u pe r v i s i n g i n spector s fos team boi l e r s. a n d s team i s s u pp l i ed t h ro u g h a n 8 - i n c hdrv p i pe a n d n oz z l e t o t h e ma i n l i n e o f s team p i pes .

Switchboard , Etc.

T h e ma i n fea t u re s o f t h e bo i l e r. e n gi n e a n d ge n e rato req u i pme n t h a v i n g bee n co n s i de re d. i t i s t i me to speak of

t h e o t h e r not l e s s impor ta n t pa r t s of t h e p l a n t .s u c h a s t h e sw i tc h boa rd , w h i c h i t s e l f co n s t i t u t e s as t r i k i n g e l eme n t o f t h e e n semb l e . I t w i l l h ave bee nga t h e re d from w h a t h a s bee n sa i d t h a t t h e Pr i n t i n g Office i s o n e o f t h e s h ow pl ace s of Was h i n gt o n

,a n d t h e

power — h o u se i s a pa rt w h i c h v i s i tors a l way s take i n .T h e h a n d some skyl i g h t ed room i s v ery l ig h t

,n ot o n l y

beca u s e o f t h e gl a s s mo n i to r roo f. b u t o n acco u n t of the

i n t e r i o r l i n i n g o f gl az ed w h i t e b r i ck t o a h e i g h t o f 9feet. w i t h red ~ faced br i ck abo v e . T h e ga l l e ry floor a n dt h a t of t h e e n g i n e room i n fro n t o f t h e sw i t c h boa rd a n da ro u n d t h e s i de i s o f marb l e mos a i c i n fig u red pa n e l s ;w h i l e w i t h i n t h e b ra s s ra i l i n g a ro u n d t h e ge n e ra t i n gu n i t s t h e floor i s composed o f cas t - i r o n p l a te s . T h e roo ft r u s se s a n d t h e t ra v e l i n g c ra n e a re pa i n t ed i n a n agreabl y coo l s h ade o f gree n

,a n d t h e tota l e ffect o f t h e room

i s exce l l e n t t h e machinerv a n d t h e sw i tc h board be i n gse t off i n a r t i s t i c re l i e f. T h e c ra n e i s a n e l ec t r i c o n e o f2 5 to n s cap ac i ty a n d s u ppor ted by co l u m n s o f 6— i n c hheavv wro u g h t — i ro n p i pe fil l e d w i t h co n cre te se t abo u t14 fee t apar t . T h e gi rde rs are braced to t h e s t r u c t u ra lframework of t h e b u i l d i n g

,a n d t h e se l a t e ra l b race s s u p

por t t h e s t eam h eade r in t h e room .

T h e swi t c h board i s o f a p i n k i s h gray Teu

h e s see ma rb l e, 82 fee t l o n g a n d 9 fee t h i g h . s ta n d i n g

abo u t 6 fee t from t h e wa l l a n d acce s s ib l e from bot he n d s . T h e re are two set s o f b u s - bars , o n e for l i g h t a n d

1 82 The Wa s h i n g t on

one for power , a n d t h i s s u bd i v i s i o n of se rv i ce i s ma i n

tained thro u g h o u t t h e b u i l d i n g, a l t h o u g h t h e ge n e rat i n g

sw i tc h e s a re do u bl e — t h row , s o t h a t a n y ge n e rator ca n

t ake care of e i t h e r se t . T h e se sw i t c h e s are a l so do u bl e

po l e,t h e eq u a l i z e r sw i t c h e s be i n g sepa rate . A

ampere t i e - in sw i tc h h a s also bee n p rov i de d o f t h e

c i rc u i t — breake r type w i t h o u t t h e a u t omat i c t r i ppe r , fo r

co n n ec t i n g t h e two se t s of b u s se s toge t h e r. T h ere i s

l i kew i se a l a rge s i n gl e - pol e , s i n gl e — t h row sw i t c h fo rco n n ec t i n g toge t h e r t h e l i g h t a n d powe r eq u a l i ze rb u s se s

,i n case two ge n e rat ors s h o u l d be Ope rat i n g o n e

on l i g h t a n d t h e ot h e r on powe r w i t h t h e t i e - in sw i tc hc l o sed . Eac h o f t h e feeder sw i t c h e s i s do u b l e - pol e ,do u bl e - t h row

,s o t h at t h ey ca n be i n depe n de n t l y t h row n

on e i t h e r se t o f b u s — bar s . T h e boa rd i s v i r t u a l l y i n twosect i o n s

,t h e l ate s t se ct i o n . for co n t ro l of s u pp l y i n t h e

n ew b u i l d i n g,co n s i s t i n g o f n i n e pa n e l s , w i t h a l e n gt h

o f 34 feet — two ge n e rator p a n e l s a n d se v e n fee de r.Here t h e fee de r sw i t c h e s are i n two rows . O n e se t o fb u s se s exte n d s a l o n g t h e m i ddl e o f t h e pa n e l s in t h erear of t h e boa rd , w i t h co n n e ct i o n s t o fee d bot h row so f sw i t c h e s

,t h e u ppe r o n e s w h e n t h e sw i t c h e s a re i n t h e

dow n pos i t i o n a n d t h e l ower o n e s w h e n t h e sw i tc h e sare i n t h e u p pos i t i o n . T h e ot h e r gro u p of b u s - bars i ss u b d i v i ded i n t o two se t s

,one for t h e u ppe r pos i t i o n of

t h e u ppe r row of sw i t c h e s a n d t h e ot h e r w i t h l e s s coppe r be i n g i n s ta l l e d o n l y as a sa fety prov i s i o n for t h el ower pos i t i o n o f t h e l ower row . Al l t h e fee de rs a rep rotecte d by c i rc u i t — breake rs mo u n te d o n marb l e pa n e l sa t t h e rear of t h e board , a n d t h e ge n e rator s a l s o a rep rotec te d by c i rc u i t - breake r s be h i n d t h e boa rd , w h i c hca n be t h row n by mea n s of p u s h b u t t o n s o n t h e fro n tof t h e boa rd . T h ese breake r s co n s i s t of two 5 ,oooampere do u bl e — pol e c i rc u i t — breake r s ; 28 do u bl e - pol eb reake rs o f 300 amperes ; a n d 28 do u b l e - pol e 600— ampe rebreake rs . T h e co n t ract o n t h e n ew boar d cal l e d for t h etwo — ampere

,do u b l e - t h row k n i fe sw i t c h e s ; two

- ampere do u b l e - pol e s i n gl e - t h row k n i fe sw itc h e s ;o n e - ampe re

,s i n gl e - pol e , s i n gl e — t h row , a n d 56 600

ampere do u b l e - pol e do u bl e - t h row k n i fe sw i t c h e s,a l l of

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E l ec t r i c a l H an d b o o k 1 85

Back o f t h e boa rd exte n d s a r u bbe r — cove red wal k a n da l adde r d rops dow n t o t h e e n gi n e room ba seme n t ,w h ere t h e system of d i s t r ib u t i o n from t h e board may besa i d to begi n .

Power Distribution.

A n exte n s i ve a rt i c l e co u l d be w r i t te n u po n t h i s s u bj ce t

,i n vol v i n g a s i t doe s det a i l s of w i r i n g, d i s t r ib u t i n g

boards , co n d u i t cab l e s , e tc ., i n p robab l y l a rge r a rrayt h a n fo u n d i n a n y ot h e r b u i l d i n g i n s ta l l a t i o n i n t h eco u n t ry. A n i dea o f i t s mag n i t u de i s obta i n ed , h owever , w h e n we co n s i de r t h e mate r i a l u s ed in t h i s e l e ctrical work. i n c l u d i n g l i n ear fee t o f te r ra co n d u i t ;

feet of fl e x ibl e meta l co n d u i t ; p i ece s of

l e ad b u s h i n g for t h e fl ex i bl e co n d u i t ; from o u t l e ta n d j u n c t i o n boxe s ; p i ece s of e n ame l ed p i pe ; 145 ,8 1 1 fit t i n gs of al l k i n d s ; fee t o f w i re of a l lc l a s se s , or abo u t 75 mi l e s ; C. S . sw i tc h e s ; 9 1 d i st r ib u t i n g ce n te r s ; fee t of l e ad t u b i n g a n d 807 fee to f - i n c h b l ack p i p e

,c u t - o u t s ; 2 a u tomat i c

sw i t c h e s ; a n d ca st i n gs o f a l l k i n d s .

Press Driving.

T h e Gover n me n t Pr i n t i ngOffice was one o f t h e fir s te s tabl i s h me n t s t o t ake u p t h e d i rec t app l i ca t i o n o f mot o rs to p r i n t i n g mac h i n e ry

,a n d a more t h oro u g h s t u dy

of t h e s u bj e c t h a s p robabl y bee n made at t h i s p l a n t t h a na t a n y o t h e r p l a n t of t h e s ame c h a racte r i n t h e wor l d .

Be fore t h e p u rc h ase o f t h e. motors,a compl ete i n ve s t i

gation was i n s t i t u te d by t h e P u bl i c Pr i n te r. Ast h e re we re o n ly a few e stabl i s h me n t s i n w h i c h motorsh ad bee n app l i e d d i rec t to p r i n t i n g mac h i n e ry

,

a compa ra t i vel y sma l l amo u n t of dat a co u l d bega t h e red , a n d t h e re fore ma n y o f t h e me t h odso f appl i ca t i o n were or ig i n a l . T h e fi rs t spec ifications i s s u e d by t h e Gover n me n t Pr i n t i n g Offi ce cov

e red t h e f u r n i s h i n g o f a l ot o f abo u t s i x ty motor s a n dfo u r ge n e rator s a n d a sw i t c h board . T h e motor s we rewo u n d for a pre s s u re of 1 20 vol t s

,t h i s vol tage be i n g

d ec i ded u po n f rom t h e fact t h a t a l a rge par t o f t h e l oadwas l i g h t i n g , a n d i t wa s des i red n ot to h a v e separa tege n erator s for ope rat i n g t h e motor s .

1 86 The W a s h i ng t o n

I n t h e or i g i n a l i n s t a l l a t i o n t h e motor s i n p rac t i ca l lya l l c a se s we re gea red to t h e re spect i ve mac h i n e s , t h i smet h od of appl i ca t i o n be i n g at t h a t t ime co n s i de re d t h emos t adva n tageo u s .I n t h e ca s e o f a n u mber o f r u l i n g mac h i n e s , some Spe

cial speed red u ce r s we re empl oye d a n d t h e motor s o f

one- s i x t h h or se — power capac i ty we re co u p l e d d i rec t t ot h e re d u ce rs . T h ere we re abo u t t h i r ty of t h e se combinations i n s t a l l e d a t t h a t t ime . I n co n t rol l i n g t h e speedo f t h e motor s app l i e d to t h e var i o u s p re s se s a n d ot h e rmac h i n e s w h e re va r i at i o n i n spee d was de s i re d , re s i s ta n ce i n s e r i e s w i t h t h e a rmat u re wa s emp l oyed , i n mos tc ase s re s i s ta n ce be i n g sepa ra te f rom t h e cont rol l e r.T h e co n t rol l e r wa s p l ace d i n a pos i t i o n co n ve n i e n t t ot h e ope rato r. I n a few i n s t a n ce s i t wa s fo u n d adv i s ab l eto i n s ta l l a motor dr i v i n g a gro u p o f mac h i n e s s u c h a st h a t i n t h e e l ec t rotype fo u n d ry. At t h at t i me i t wa s notdeemed w i se t o a t tempt to app l y motors to individualmac h i n e s w h ere t h ey d i ffe re d i n c h a r acte r to s u c h a next e n t

,a n d e spec i a l l y a s to t h e q u e s t i o n o f speed.

As a res u l t of t h e be n efit s s h ow n by t h e i n t rod u c t i o nof e l ec t r i c power, pa rt i c u l a r l y from t h e po i n t o f inc rea sed o u t p u t

,motor s were added f rom t ime to t ime

u n t i l p ract i ca l l y a l l s h a f t i n g i n t h e old b u i l d i n gs w ase l im i n a te d. I n some of t h e l a te r i n s ta l l at i o n s d i rec tco n n e c te d type motors we re u se d i n d r i v i n g ce r ta i n type sof p re s se s . I n t h e s e ca se s t h e motor was mo u n te d o nt h e p res s s h a ft

,t h e mac h i n e be i n g bol te d d i rec t l y to t h e

frame of t h e p re s s . I n some of t h e se i n s ta l l at i o n s , fie l dweake n i n g

,bes i de s re s i s t a n ce i n se r i e s w i t h a rmat u re.

was i n t rod u ce d a n d fo u n d sat i s fac tory. T h e q u e s t i o n ofre l i ab i l i ty be i n g a n i mporta n t fac to r, i n s tead o f depe n di n g on f u se s t o p rotec t t h e motor s i n ca se o f e xce s s iveove r l oads

,i t was dec i ded to prote c t eac h motor w i t h

a c i rc u i t - breake r . T h i s h a s bee n fo u n d to be a n e xcellent i n v e s tme n t.

T h e n ew office i s t h e mos t comp le t e a n d u n iq u e p l a n to f i t s s i z e i n t h i s or a n y co u n t ry. T h e b u i l d i n g a l o n eco n t a i n s ove r 600 motor s i n s i z e s from 1 —6

'

t o 100

h or se - power. I n t h e n ew eq u i pme n t ma n y n ove lmet h od s of appl i ca t i o n h ave bee n evol ved , t h i s

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1 8 8 The Was h i n g t on

t h e mo u n t i n g o f t h e co n t ro l l i n g appa ra t u s wh e re i t i sh a n dy, a n d a t t h e s ame t i me p ro tec ted from mec h a n i ca li n j u ry or from co n t ac t w i t h d i r t , c h i p s , or i n s h or t , a n yt h i n g t h a t wo u l d i n te r r u p t or i n t e r fere wi t h i t s p rope ropera t i o n .

I n t h e office a re five two — revol u t i o n p re s se s. w h i c hare remarkabl e for t h e i r compac t n e s s a n d n eat appeara n ce . T h e same q u a l i ty c h a racter i z e s t h e d r i v i n g e l eme n t a n d t h e ma n n e r i n w h i c h i t h a s bee n embod i e d .

I t co n s i s t s o f a 5 h orse - powe r motor l ocated j u s t u n de rthe bed, s o t h a t t h e sp rocke t by w h i c h i t d r i v e s t h ro u g ha s i l e n t c h a i n to t h e mac h i n e i s g u a rde d by t h e s tep s a n dp l a t form at t h e s i de o f t h e pre s s. T h e fi v e pre s se sare a l l o f t h i s type .

One o f a l i n e o f mac h i n e s of a l a rge r s i z e t h a t des e rve s spec i a l me n t i o n i s a fl at - bed , two - revol u t i o n p re s s ,s h ow n . T h i s o n e i s a l s o c h a i n - dr i ve n from amotor

,i n t h i s ca se , o f 7% h orse - powe r. T h e pre s s h a s

a s soc i a te d w i t h i t a n a u tomat i c p ape r feede r,w h i c h i s

be l t - d r i ve n by a 1 h o rse — powe r bi- pol ar motor. Bo t h oft h e se motor s are l ocate d i n o u t - of— t h e - way pos i t i o n s .and practicallv add n o t h i n g to t h e sp ace req u i red by t h emac h i n e p rope r.

M iscellaneous Printing Office Work.

So m u c h for p re s s d r i ve . Wh i l e i t co n st i t u te s t h emore impor ta n t s i de of t h e p l a n t Opera t i o n s a n d t h e

g rea te s t pe r ce n t . of t h e p owe r l oad , i t ca u se s l e s s pe r

plex ity i n t h e ma t te r o f a rra n gi n g sat i s fac tor i l y t h a nma n y o f t h e smal l e r t h o u g h i n d i sp e n sabl e mac h i n e s.s u c h , for examp l e

,a s t h e s t i tc h e r s. T h e se are

c o n n ec te d by t h e be l t wi t h h orse — powe r mo tors .mo u n t e d o n bra cket s w h i c h a re bol te d t o t h e s u pport i n gcol u m n of t h e mac h i n e n e ar t h e ba se . T h e motor s t a r te ri s mo u n ted o n t h e l e f t - h a n d s i de of t h e co l u m n , so t h a tt h e o u tfit i s entirelv se l f — co n t a i n ed , a n d t h e floor abo u tthe ba se i s e a s i l y kep t free from l i t te r.

I n t h e e l ec t ro typ i n g depar tme n t s two l ow v ol tage ge nerating se t s s u pp l y t h e c u r re n t . T h e se co n s i s t o f ge ne rators d i rec t - co n n e c te d to a n d mo u n ted o n t h e s ame

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 89

ba se w i t h 3 5 h or se - power motor s . Two rap i d depos i

t ors a re a l s o u se d fo r t h e same work . Afte r t h e forma

t i o n o f t h e e l ec t rotype p l a te s i t i s n ece s sa ry t o t r ima n d fin i s h t h em .

Most o f t h e fi n i s h i n g apparat u s i s be l t - d r i ve n,i n al l

ca se s by motors . Eac h mac h i n e pos se s se s me r i t s of i t sow n i n t h e pl ac i n g of t h e part s w h e re t h ey a re out of

t h e way a n d p rotecte d , ye t at a l l t ime s eas i l y ac ces s i bl e .T h e ad v a n tage o f a v o i d i n g o v e r h ead be l t s i s s t r i k i n gl yi n d i c ated

, w h e re. i f t h ey were t o be gro u pd r i v e n

,t h e i r n u mbe r a n d c l o se spac i n g wo u l d make t h e

p robl em a n i n t r i ca te o n e. particularlv s i n ce i t wo u l d be

n ece s sa ry to l i m i t t h e i r p os i t i o n s to a l l ow for s t ra i g h tbe l t l i n e s .

Arra n geme n t s h a v e j u s t bee n made for a

f u rt h e r i mport a n t a dd i t i o n to t h e p r i n t i n g p re s s

eq u i pme n t i n t h e s h ape o f t h e n ew Hoe p res s

to ge t out t h e l a rge r ed i t i o n now req u i re d o f

t h e'

Co n gre s s i o n a l Record " T h e mac h i n e 1

for p r i n t i n g a n d fo l d i n g t h e Re cord.‘ de l i v e r i n g t h e

prod u c t i n s i g n at u re s o f e i g h t page s a t t h e ra t e o fpe r h o u r. or s i xtee n p age s a t t h e ra te o f pe r h o u r .

I t i s co n s t r u c t ed o n t h e rotary p r i n c i p l e,p r i n t i n g from

c u r v ed s te reo typed pl a te s u po n webs o f pape r s u pp l i edfrom two rol l s. o n e at eac h e n d o f t h e mac h i n e . Afte rbe i n g pr i n t ed t h e two web s a re a s soc i ate d a n d l e d to ac u t t i n g a n d fol d i n g mec h a n i sm l ocate d m i dway i n t h el e n gt h of t h e mac h i n e. from w h i c h t h e s h ee t s are delive red u po n mov i n g ap ro n s . T h e e n t i re l e n gt h o f t h emac h i n e i s 24 fee t ; h e i g h t , 9 fee t ; w i d t h , 6 fee t . T h epower req u i re d to dr i v e t h e mac h i n e a t spee d i s 30 h or sepowe r, a n d a motor of s ta n dard type , mak i n g 825 re v ol u t i o n s pe r m i n u t e , i s empl oyed , pl aced be l ow t h e fo l di n g a n d de l i v e ry mec h a n i sm u po n t h e bed pl a te o f t h emac h i n e . A n ot h e r motor o f 7% h or se — powe r , 875 revo ~

l u t i o n s pe r mi n u te , i s a l s o u sed at t ime s , w h e n i t i s necessa ry to mo v e t h e p re s s s l ow ly ( abo u t 6 per ce n t . of f u l lspee d ) , i n o rde r to

“ l ea d" t h e pape r .

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1 99 The Wa s h i ng t on

by i ro n cove r s , a l l co n n ec t i o n s be i n g sol dered

to l u gs . T h e s l ab s a re mo u n te d u po n i ro n or s l at e ba se s,

s o t h a t every p re ca u t i o n may be take n agai n s t acc i de n t.

I n ca se s w h e re work i n g temperat u re s a re mode rate,

t h e apparat u s i s ope rated on 1 1 7 vol t s . Wh ere h i g h t em

peratures a n d rap i d rate s o f imp art i v i ty are req u i red ,l owe r v ar i ab l e vo l t ages a re u sed . T h e se a re se c u red byt rans l a t i n g appl i a n ce s co n s i s t i n g o f rotary co n v e rte rs

a n d t ra n s formers w i t h seve ral t ap s on se co n da r i e s . T h eext reme ra n ges o f e n e rgy de n s i ty i n var i o u s app l i a n ce sare from to 40 wat t s pe r sq u a re i n c h s u pe rfic i a l a re a.

The Matrix Drying Tables— T h e se a re emp l oyed for

p repa r i n g t h e mat r i ce s u se d i n p r i n t i n g t h e Co n gre ss i o u a l Record .” T h e be d i s s u pported u po n a mas s i vepede st a l to w h i c h a n ap ro n i s a t ta c h e d . T h e p l ate n i sco n t rol l ed by a h eavy do u bl e sc rew i n yoke bol t ed to t h epede st a l . T h e bed a n d apro n are h eated , eac h h av i n gs epa rate co n t ro l l e r s . Grea t care was n e ce s s ary to se c u rea u n i fo rm tempe rat u re ove r work i n g s u r face s .

”f or Stripping Tables . Afte r t h e ca se s h a v e bee nu s e d t o make e l ect rotype s h e l l s t h ey are p u t u po n t h es t r i pp i n g tabl e s w h i c h me l t t h e wax . T h e wax i s collected i n a g u t te r , w h i c h empt i e s i n t o t h e wax ket t l e s .A var i abl e temperat u re w i t h i n moderate l i m i t s i s de s i rab l e , accord i n g to t h e amo u n t o f work to be do n e .

Wax Melting "ettles — T h e wax i s col l e c te d i n t h e sefrom t h e s t r i pp i n g t ab l e a n d free d f rom grap h i te a n dd i r t a n d fre s h e n e d a n d tempered . A pai r o f ke t t l e s arep l aced s i de by s i de a n d a t tac h ed to a dr i p pa n to fac i l it at e t h i s p roce s s . T h e d r i p pa n i s a t tac h ed t o t h e s t r i pp i n g t ab l e on one s i de a n d to a po u r i n g t ab l e on t h eot h e r s i de . T h e h eate rs are a r ra n ge d to gi ve eq u al t em

peratures to t h e wal l s o f t h e ket t l e s a n d t o pre v e n ts corc h i n g a n d u n n ece s sa ry des t r u c t i o n o f t h e v o l at i l ee l eme n t s i n wax .

Case W'

ar-

z-ning Cabinet — Be fore t h e ca se s a re p u t nu

de r h yd ra u l i c p re s se s t h e wax i s s o fte n e d a t a moderatetemperat u re so as to gi ve acc u rate impre s s i o n s . T h ewarm i n g cab i n e t i s a c h ambe r w i t h rack s i n w h i c h a

E l e c t r i ca l H an d b o o k

n u mbe r of case s may be p u t t o so fte n t h e wax . El e ct r i ch ea te r s are s o d i s t r i b u te d a s to gi v e a u n i fo rm ly d i ff u se dh ea t t h ro u g h o u t the '

chamber.

Case lV arming Tabla — In t h e c a se warmi n g cab i n e tt h e wax i s so fte n ed eq u a l l y t h ro u g h o u t. T h e ca se wa rmi n g t abl e i s de s i g n ed to h ea t t h e ca se o n t h e u ppe r s u rface o n l y so a s to sec u re a fi rme r back i n g. A h ea te dp l ate i s p l aced h o r i z o n ta l l y abo v e t h e t ab l e u po n w h i cht h e ca se s re s t w i t h t h e wax fi l ms u pward . T h e h eat i ngi s effecte d by ra d i a t i o n from a u n i fo rml y d i s t r ib u te de n e rgy s u r face .W

'

ax "nife Cutting -Down Machine — Afte r t h e ca se sh ave bee n u n de r t h e h ydra u l i c p re s se s t h e wax i s u n eve na n d ragged aro u n d t h e impre s s i o n s. T h i s mac h i n e h a sa movabl e be d u po n w h i c h t h e ca se re s t s . I t i s t h enpas se d u n de r a care f u l l y h eate d k n i fe , w h i c h remove s al lp roj ec t i o n s w i t h o u t de faceme n t . T h i s i s a n i n s t r u c t i veexampl e o f t h e greate r refi n eme n t i n p roce s se s w h i c hh a s bee n made pos s i b l e by e l ectr i c h e at i n g.Builders

’- U17 Tool H eaters. -

‘Be fore t h e ca se i s p u t int h e e l ec t rop l at i n g bat h , i t is n ece s s ary to b u i l d u p par t sof t h e s u r face by mel t i n g wax to r u n u po n d i ffe re n tpo i n t s. T h i s i s do n e by h ea te d coppe r too l s. T h e s etoo l s are h eate d upon h oode d e l ect r i c s tove s p rov i de dw i t h b road too l s u pport s.Sweating- On Machine — In some c l a s se s of work i t i smore des i rabl e t o mo u n t e l ec t rotype s u pon meta l back st h a n u po n boxwood bl ock s . Ste reotype meta l b l ocks o feq u a l t h i ck n e s s are h eated u po n a n e l ec t r i c p l ate w i t h afilm of s ol de r a n d fiux betwee n t h e bl ock a n d t h e e l e ctrotype. Wh e n t h e sol de r film i s mel ted t h e bl ock i sp l ace d u n de r a l i g h t p re s s w h i c h cool s i t u n de r p re s s u re .A n e l ect r i ca l l y h e ated p l a te make s t h i s p roce s s economically pos s i bl e , ow i n g to eq u a l tempe rat u re ove r t h ew h ol e s u r face

,so t h a t seve ra l e l ec t rotype s may be sweat

ed o n to t h e i r re spec t i ve bl ock s a t o n ce .Soldering

- Iron Heaters — To correc t e l ec t rotype s a n di n se r t n ew l et te r s i t i s n ece s sa ry t o u se l i g h t so l de r i n gi ro n s h eated ve ry hot. El e c t r i c s ol de r i n g i ro n s w i t hco rd s a t tac h e d h ad bee n fo u n d u n s u i tab l e fo r t h i s work .

Sol de r i n g - i ro n h eate rs , capabl e of r u n n i n g co n t i n u a l l y a t

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1 96 T he Wa s h i ng t on

F inishers’

Tool H eaters — In gi l d i n g a n d i n b u r n i n gs h eep sk i n for fi n i s h i n g cove rs of var i o u s p at te r n s

,tool s

o f va ry i n g s i z e s a n d s h ape s are empl oyed. T h e temperat u re r a n ge i s ve ry great. T h e max im u m i s h i g h e n o u g hfor pyrograp h y, t h e m i n im u m afford s a l ow h eat fo rgi l d i n g. Wh ere pyrograp h i c h ea t i s req u i red, smal l rece s se d p l ate s a re h eated very h ot, u po n w h i c h tool s of

varyi n g de s i g n are h eate d by co n d u c t i o n . T h e s e h eate dp l ate s are co n t ro l l e d by var i ab l e vo l t age. I n add i t i o n

,

removab l e p l ate s a re p rov i ded to accommodate the severa l p at te r n s of t oo l s employed. I t may be n ote d t h a ti n t h e bra n c h b i n dery at t h e Li b rary of Co n gres s theh eate d pl a t e s a re p l ace d ve rt i ca l l y above eac h ot h e r i n a ni n s u l ate d c h amber, w i t h p roj ec t i n g fl a n ge s fo r s u pporti n g h a n d l e s. Va r i abl e temperat u re s in t h e c h ambe rs aresec u red by vary i n g t h e amo u n t o f h e at i n g s u r face .Pamphlet Covering Machines — T h e p amp h l e t s p repared in i n fi n i t e n u mbe r are cove red by mac h i n e s w h i chrap i d l y gl u e t h e backs a n d p l ace t h e pape r cove rs on.

T h e back s of t h e pamp h l e t s are gl u e d by pas s i n g ove r aw h ee l w h i c h t u r n s i n a l a rge s h a l l ow gl u e p a n . The

gl u e p a n i s of h e avy co n s t r u c t i o n a n d so des i g n e d w i t hre l a t i o n to mass a n d h eate r s u r face as to req u i re nowater bat h .Seal-ing Wax Melters .

— T h e se are small h eate d too lsu sed to me l t sea l i n g w ax i n s i t u a n d smoot h e t h e waxso a s to prepa re i t for t h e s ea l g i v i n g a n eat , s t ro n gwafe r.Work on t h i s l arge a n d u n i q ue i n s t a l lat i o n wa s beg uni n a co n se rvat i v e way i n 1898. Eac h year, as re s u l t s hecame co n c l u s i ve

,smal l add i t i o n s in var i o u s l i n e s were

t r i ed. T h e so l e co n s i de rat i o n , a s i de from d u rab i l i ty of

h eat i n g app l i a n ce s a n d dep rec i a t i o n factor, was w h et h er

a var i abl e co n t ro l l ab l e temperat u re i n c re ased prod u c t i o ns u ffic i e n t l y to p ay for t h e greate r cos t of t h e h e at teq u i re d . T h e a n swe r was in t h e affirmat i ve, a n d e l ect r ich e at i n g appl i a n ce s h ave now bee n u se d i n eve ry proce ssreq u i r i n g h eat except i n g t h e s te reotype meta l pot s.A grea t n u mber of h eate rs are u sed , a n d i n s o la rgea n i n s tal l a t i o n t h e depre c i at i on of every pa rt of everyh eate r m u st be co n s i de re d. Ve ry l arge fac tors o f sa fetyhave bee n a l l owed . I n h i g h tempera t u re work t h e eu

ergy h a s bee n t ra n s l a te d to vol tage s gi v i n g max im ummec h a n i ca l s t re n gt h t o re s i st a n ce s a n d e n s u r i n g effec tiveness i n Ope rat i o n . T h i s may be l i ke n ed t o t h e t ra n sformat i o n s n ece s sa ry in e n ergy for e l e ct ro - p l at i n g.

E l ec t r i ca l H a n d b o o k 1 9 7

A n i n s ta l l at i o n rep re se n t i n g ye a rs of s t u dy a l o n g t h i sl i n e i n vol ve s ma n y n ew feat u re s , a n d i t i s be l i eved t h a tmore at te n t i o n h a s bee n pa i d to t h e sa l i e n t fe at u re s embod i e d in t h i s apparat u s t h a n i n a n y e l e ct r i c h eat i n g installation h i t h e rto made . T h i s t reatme n t of t h e s u bj ec t.w h i l e i t may appe ar lo n g, i s , i n fac t , very s u perfic i a l ,b u t i s l im i ted by co n s i d erat i o n s a s to t h e ge n e ral sc‘opeo f t h e p rese n t a rt i c l e. As a matte r of fac t

,t h e e lect r i c

h e at i n g pl a n t of t h e office i s from i t s n ove l ty a n d i t sbea r i n g on a s t i l l u n devel oped bra n c h of t h e e l ect r i ca la rt s a n d i n d u s t ry wort h y a l l t h e sp ace h e re devote d tot h e e l ect r i ca l eq u i pme n t of t h e office a s a w h o l e .

1 98 . The Wa s h i ng t on

ELECTR ICAL DEPARTMENT , D ISTR ICT OF

COLUMBIA.

HI S bra n c h of t h e m u n i c i pa l gove r n me n t of t h eD i s t r i c t o f Col u mb i a was e stabl i s h ed i n J u l y,1898. Prev i o u s t o t h a t t ime severa l b u rea u s h a dport i o n s o f t h e work to do , b u t on t h e above

date i t wa s bro u g h t u n de r o n e head . T h e depar tme n th a s s u pe r v i s ory a u t h or i ty over t h e e l ec t r i ca l work in

co n n ec t i o n w i t h t h e fol l ow i n g

El e c t ric l i g h t i n g a n d power compa n i e s , s t ree t railwavcompa n i e s , t e l egrap h a n d te l ep h o n e compa n i e s, a n d t h eaters, h a l l s a n d ot h er p l ace s of p u b l i c a s sembly. T h em u n i c i p a l co n t ro l ove r t h e sem i - p u b l i c corporat i o n s i sco nfin ed to t h e u se by t h ose compa n i e s of t h e p u b l i csp ace . T h e depar tme n t a l s o h a s c h arge of t h e l i g h t i n gof t h e D i s t r i c t w i t h ga s , n ap h t h a a n d e l ec t r i c l amps . I ta l s o ope rate s a n d mai n ta i n s a comp l ete fire- a l arm system

,a pol i ce p at rol system a n d a te l ep h o n e sys tem co n

nected w i t h t h e v ar i o u s ofli ces a n d res i de n ce s of offi

cials a n d a l l m u n i c i pal b u i l d i n gs .

Al l work i n co n n ec t i o n w i t h t h e l i g h t i n g of t h e p u bl i c s t reet s i s do n e by p r i vate corporat i o n s

,operat i n g

u n de r a n n u a l co n t r act s w i t h t h e D i s t r i ct . All mate r i a la n d l abor u s e d i n t h i s work i s s u pp l i e d by t h e v a r i o u sco n t rac t i n g compani e s a t a fl at rate pe r a n n u m for eac hl amp ma i n ta i n e d . T h e depa rtme n t i n spector s gi v e ca ref u l at te n t i o n t o t h e c h aracte r of serv i ce f u r n i s h ed byt h e compa n i e s a n d b r i n g al l mat ter s of de l i n q u e n t se rvi ce to t h e i r n ot i ce . Al l c h a n ge s a n d exte n s i o n s to t h el i g h t i n g system are orde red t h ro u g h t h e departme n t ,t h e compa n i e s do i n g t h e n ece s sa ry work w h e re v er re

q u i red . T h ere are n ow ma i n t a i n ed t h ro u g h o u t t h eD i s t r i c t ga s l amp s of t h e old s tyl e flat- flame

b u r n e r, 950 Wel sbac h gas l amp s , Wel sbac h naph

t h a l amps, 900 i n ca n desce n t e l ec t r i c l amp s o f 2 5 - ca n d l e

power eac h,a n d 990 e l ec t r i c arc l amps . T h e i n ca n

de sce n t e l ec t r i c l amps are u sed pr i n c i pa l l y i n t h e s u bu rba n port i o n s of t h e D i s t r i c t , - w h e re over h ea d w i re sare not obj e ct i o n abl e.

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9200 The' Wa s h i n g t on

s u ffic i e n t space i n i t s co n d u i t s a n d on i t s ove r h ead l i n e sfor t h e w i re s a n d cabl e s of t h e fire— a l a rm a n d pol i cep at ro l and te l ep h o n e sys tems . Adva n tage i s t ake n o ft h i s t o a great e xte n t , a n d t h e depar tme n t n ow h as i nt h e t e l ep h o n e co n d u i t s 42 mi l e s o f cabl e co n t a i n i n gm i l e s of co n d u c tor s . Wh e n t h e work of t h e p re se n tfisca l yea r i s compl e ted t h e u n de rgro u n d cabl e s w i l lp rac t i ca l l y reac h a l l po i n t s w i t h i n t h e c i ty l im i t s . VV henev e r a fire - al a rm box , a patro l s t at i o n , a sc h oo l , a ne n gi n e h o u se

,pol i c e s t a t i o n

, or ot h e r p u b l i c b u i l d i n g i sl ocate d n ear t h e co n d u i t s of t h e compa n y co n n ec t i o n sare made t h ere to by t h e depa r tme n t a n d a l l o v e r h eadWi re s removed . Neat or n ame n t al post s are u sed forSu pport i n g t h e fire- a l arm a n d pat ro l boxes , on top of

w h i c h l i g h t s are-

mai n ta i n e d t o i l l u m i n ate s t ree t de s i g n at i o n s a n d t o f u r n i s h a re d l i g h t i n c as e of t h e fire- a l armboxesAbo u t 2 30 pol i ce — pa tro l s t at i o n s are ma i n t a i n e d

,eac h

p re c i n c t h av i n g i t s ow n separate sys tem. w i t h t h e boxe sl ocate d w i t h i n i t co n n e c ted d i rect l y t h e reto. T h eseboxe s co n ta i n t el ep h o n e s as wel l a s s i g n a l l i n g dev i ce sa n d a re o f grea t a s s i s ta n ce to t h e pol i ce departme n t i ni t s work.T h e te l ep h o n e system compr i se s sw i tc h boards for 3 50s tat i o n s

,abo u t 2 50 of w h i c h a re i n s e r v i ce . All t h e

D i s t r i c t office s a n d m u n i c i pal b u i l d i n gs a n d t h e re s ide u ce s of t h e more import a n t offic i a l s are co n n ecte d tot h e sys tem .

T h e depa rtme n t a l so d raw s u p p l a n s for t h e w i r i n gof a l l m u n i c i pa l b u i l d i n gs a n d s u perv i s e s t h e i n s t a l l at i o n o f t h e w i re s a n d apparat u s .A n import a n t fea t u re of t h e work of t h i s depar tme n ti s t h e i n spe ct i o n of a l l e l ec t r i c a l w i r i n g a n d apparat u si n s t a l l e d i n b u i l d i n gs

,bot h p u b l i c a n d p r i v ate . T h e

a u t h or i ty for t h i s i n spect i o n wa s gra n te d by Co n gre s s a ti t s l a s t se s s i o n

,

“a n d add i t i o n a l i n spec tor s we re p rov i dedfor t h a t p u rpose . A compl ete se t o f r u l e s a n d reg ulations go vern i n g el e ct r i ca l w i r i n g were d raw n u p.ba sed o n t h e req u i reme n t s o f t h e N at i o n a l Boa rd o fF i re U n derwr i t er s . Act i v e work u n de r t h e se n ew reg ulations bega n on Sep tembe r 1 of t h e pre se n t year.

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 2201

H e rea ft er t h e pl a n s for a l l n ew w i r i n g m u s t be app ro v edby t h e depa rtme n t be fore pe rmi s s i o n w i l l be gra n ted“

fo r t h e i n s ta l l a t i o n , a n d i n spect i o n s w i l l be made fromt ime to t i me d u r i n g t h e p rogres s of t h e work . As fa ras po ss i bl e , i n s pect i o n s w i l l a l s o be made o f al l p remises w h e re e l ec t r i c c u r re n t i s u se d a n d w h e re v e r defective w i r i n g i s fo u n d to ex i s t i t w i l l be ordered e i t h e rremo v ed or p u t i n sa fe co n d i t i o n .T h i s depa r tme n t h a s bee n mos t act i v e i n t h e ma t t e r

o f removi n g w i re s a n d po l e s from t h e s t ree t s w i t h i nt h e b u i l t — up port i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t . Ai ded by t h e l egi slat i o n e n ac te d by Co n gres s from t ime to t i me on t h i ss u bj e c t, a n d by t h e remarkab l e p u b l i c sp i r i t o f t h e co r

porations co n ce r n e d , t h e depar tme n t h a s s u cceeded i nkeep i n g t h e s t reet s fa i r l y c l ear of t h e se obs t r u c t i o n s .T h e p r i n c i pa l w i re s w h i c h now rema i n ove r h ead a ret h os e o f t h e te l egrap h compa n i e s

,a n d l egi s l at i o n i s

l ooke d for at t h e n ex t se s s i o n o f‘ Co n gre s s gra n t i n g t h enece s sa ry authoritv for t h e i r remova l .

209 The Wa sh i n g t on

ITINERARY FOR WASHINGTON,

September 20, 1 904.

Arr i va l o f t ra i n P . R . R . depot . A . M .

Break fa s t a t New Wi l l a rd h ot e l , Fo u rteenth a n d Pe n n syl va n i a ave n u e A . M .

Leave for B u rea u o f S ta n da rd s from Pif

teenth a n d New York a v e n u e A . M .

Arr iva l a t B u rea u o f S t a n d ard s . A . M .

Lea v e B u rea u a t A . M .

Arr i v e a t U. S . Cap i to l . A . M .

Le ave Cap i to l a n d p roceed on foo t to t h eLi bra ry of Co n gre s s a t A . M .

Afte r a b r i e f i n sp ect i o n o f t h e Li b rary b u i l ding t h e p a rty w i l l rep a i r t o t h e ca fe on

t h e t op floor , w h ere l u n c h w i l l b e s e rveda t P . M .

Afte r l u n c h eo n — at 2 P. M.— t h e p arty w i l l be d i v i d ed

i n to gro ups a n d v i s i t s p a i d to o n e of t h e fo l l ow i n gl i s t of pomts of i n t e re s t

1 . Ce n t ra l S tat i o n s .2 . Tel ep h o n e Ce n t ra l s .

3 . Na v y Ya rd , i n c l u d i n g t h e Exper ime n ta l Mode l

ga sh] , t h e G u n S h op s , a n d t h e W i re l e s s Te l egrap hta tro n .

4. T h e Go v e r n me n t P r i n t i n g Office.

5. Mo u n t Ve r n o n .6. T h e T reas u ry, Wh i te Ho u se , Sta te , War a n dNavy Dep a r tme n t s , a n d Corcora n Ar t Ga l l e ry.7 . Was h i n gto n Monument.

.

Bureati of E n grav i n g a n dPr i n t i n g, Sm i t h so n i a n I n s t i t u t io n a n d Nat i o n a l M u s e u m .

S u ppe r a t New Wi l l a rd h ote l P. M .

Tra i n l eave s P . R . R . s ta t i o n for P h i l ade lp h i a a t P . M .

Pas s e s t h ro u g h B a l t imore P . M .

Pas se s t h ro u g h Wi lm i n gto n P. M .

Pas se s t h ro u g h C h es ter P. M .

Arr i ve s P h i l ade lp h i a , B road s t ree t P. M .

The se v e ra l gro u p s d u r i n g t h e af te r n oo n w i l l beu n d e r t h e ca re a n d g u i d a n ce of l oca l members of t h eI n s t i t u te. who wi l l s ee i n e ac h ca se t h a t t h e i r pa rt i e sret u r n to t h e h ote l i n amp l e t ime .

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904 The W a s h i ng t o n

F rom Was h i n gto n to P h i l ade lp h i a v i a t h e Pennsylva n i a ra i l road t h e d i s ta n ce i s m i l e s , a n d t h e maj orp ort i o n of t h e te r r i to ry t rave rsed i s agr i c u l t u ra l i n i t su s e s . T h ree c i t i e s l i e be twee n t h e te rm i n i of t h e t h reeh o u r a fte r - dark j o u r n ey— Bal t imore , Md , Wi lm i n gto n ,Del., a n d C h e s te r , Pa.Bal t imore

,n ea r ly for ty - two mi l e s from t h e Nat io n a l

Cap i ta l,h a s a pop u l a t i o n o f a n d i s t h e b u s i e s t

a n d mos t p rosp ero u s of t h e So u t h l a n d c i t i e s . S t i l ls u ffe r i n g f rom t h e s h ock o f t h a t conflagration w h i c hde s t royed n ea r l y one hu n d red m i l l i o n s of dol l a r s’

wort h of p rop e rty, i t h a s n ev er t h e l e s s p u s h ed va l i a n t lytoward a reco n s t r u ct ed b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t a n d grea tcommerc i a l grow t h . Fo u r h u n d red m i l e s of e l ec t r i cra i lw ay, ove r t h e t rack s o f w h i c h r u n abo u t s i x tee n

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h u n d red ca rs , aff ord t h e t rave l i n g p u b l i c ex ce l le n t acc ommodat i o n .W i lm i n gto n , Del., i s m i l e s f rom Was h ingt o n .A h i v e o f i n d u s try , w h ere p eop l e co n t r i b u t en o tab ly to t h e co u n t ry’s o u tp u t o f ma n u fact u re s . Wi t ha n i n ve s ted cap i ta l o f abo u t fi ft ee n m i l l i o n s o f do l l a rst h e p rod u c t s exceed twe n ty m i l l i o n s a n n u a l ly.C h e s te r, Pa., t h i r t ee n m i l e s s o u t h eas t of Philadel

p h i a , h a s abo u t t h i r ty - s i x t h o u s a n d i n h ab i ta n t s,t h e

maj or i ty emp l oyed i n grea t e s tab l i s h me n t s,t h e o u tp u t

o f w h i c h p e r cap i t a i s t reme n do u s ; t h e to ta l c reatedv a l u e i n 1900 ( t h e yea r o f t h e l a s t ce n s u s ) be i n g

E l e c t r i c a l H an d b o o k 905

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAG E.

I n t rod u c to ry— T h e C i ty of"Wa s h i n gt o n

El ec t r i ca l De v e lopme n t i n t h e U n i t ed S tate s .

T h e Nat i o n a l B u rea u of S ta n d a rd s .

Tra n sporta t i o n a n d I l l u m i n a t i o n — t h e De v e lop

me n t o f t h e Co n d u i t Sys tem of S tree t Ra i l

road s

T h e Was h i n gt o n Ra i lway a n d El e c t r i c Compa n y . .

T h e Potomac El ec t r i c Power Compan y

The Sys tem of t h e Cap i ta l T rac t i o n Compa n y

T h e Te l ep h o n e P l a n t o f Was h i n gt o n

El e c t r i c i ty i n t h e Army

El e c t r i c i ty i n t h e Navy

T h e Gover n me n t Te s t i n g Ta n k for S h ip Mode l s

a t t h e Was h i n gt o n Navy Ya rd

El e c t r i c i ty i n t h e Gove r n me n t P r i n t i n g

T h e El e c t r i ca l D ep a rtme n t , D i s t r i c t o f Co l u mb i a .

I t i n e ra ry fo r v i s i tors i n Wa s h i n gton on Sep tem

be r 20, 1904

Auf l/V iedersclzen

Map of Was h i n gto n .