Coronation Rites - Forgotten Books

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Ma c:

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e Camb ridge Handb ook s Liturgic al

GENERAL EDI T ORS

H . B . SWE T E, D .D .

J. H . SRAWLEY, D .D .

CORONAT ION R IT ES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERS I T Y PRES S

C. F . CLAY ,MANAGER

1 01mm: FE T T ER LANE , E C .

f ninhurgb xoo PR INCES S T REE T

am am : G. P. PUT NAM'

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B umbag, M a nta annmamas : MACM ILLAN AND c o. , Ln .

aro mas: J . M . DEN T AND son s , LT D.

T HE MARUZEN -KABUSH IKLKAI SHA

All n igh/s

T he Coronation of Henry I of E ng land

TORONAT ION RIT ES

‘

Rec tm'

and Via : of M inting

CORONAT ION R I T ES

REGINALD MAXWELL WOOLLEY,B .D .

Rec tor and Vic ar of M intingE x amining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Lin c oln

Camb ridge

at the Un ivers ity Press

I 9 1 S

Qtamhrihgz

PR INT ED BY JOHN CLAY,

AT T HE UNIVERS IT Y PRES S

%9 Q 07 0 55

NOT E BY T HE EDI T ORS

HE purpose of T im Cambr idge Handbooks oj

I/itwrgz'

c a l S tudy is to offer to students whoare entering upon the study of Liturgies such helpas may enable them to proceed with advantage tothe use of the larger and more techn ic al works uponthe subject which are already at their service.

T he ser ies will treat of the history and rationaleof the several rites and ceremon ies which have founda place in Christian worship

,with some account

of the ancient liturgical books in which they are

contained. Attention will also b e called to the

importance which liturgical forms possess as express ions of Christian conceptions and beliefs .

Each volume will provide a list or lists of the

books in which the study of its subject may b epursued, and will contain a table of Contents and

an Index.

T he editors do not hold themselves responsiblefor the opinions expressed in the several volumesof the series . While offering suggestions on pointsof deta il, they have left each wri ter to treat hissubject in his own way, regard being b ad to the

general plan and purpose of the series .

PREFACE

HILE it is hoped that this book may prove

of service to those who Wish to study the

history and structure of the Coronation Rite, it will

be evident that a subject so large c an only be treated,in the space at my disposal , in outline. T hose who

wish for more detailed information must b e referred

to the texts themselves .

May I also here point out that since the Rite

was probably never used twice in identically the

same form in any country, and s ince it was thus

in a continually fluid state, the‘

Recensions ’ intowhich the rites of the different countries are here

and generally divided, are to a certain extent

arbitrary, and must b e taken as marking periods

at which the rites reached certain stages of developement ?

Both Dr Swete and Dr S rawley have by their

cri ticisms added considerably to the accuracy of thebook . T o Dr Srawley in particular I am muchindebted for his patience in the discussion of various

PREFACE

doubtful points that arose, and also for the trouble

he has taken with the proof during the passage of

the book through the Press . I am indebted, too, to

the Rev. Chr . S chmidt for going over my translation

of the S candinavian documents . I have to thank

M . H. Omont for permission to reproduce the min ia

ture of Nic ephorus Botoniates, and Mr H. YatesT hompson for like permission in the case of the

picture of St Louis . All the photographs, exceptof this last named picture , were made by Mr Donald

Macbeth . Lastly I must express my sense of

obligation to the readers and printers of the Univers ity Press for the care with which they have

printed the book .

R . M. W .

August 23, 19 15.

CON T ENT S

B IBLIOGRAPHYCHAP.

I . Early c onc eptions of Kingship, and religious

rites in c onnec tion with a King’s ac c es sionI I . Ceremonies in c onnec tion w ith the Inaugura

tion of a Roman Emperor in pre-Chris tiantimes . T he Origin of the Chris tianCorona tion Rite in the fifth c entury. T he

Byzan tine Rite of the ten th c en tury and

its developements . T he Corona tion of a

Russ ian Cza r . T he Ab ys s in ian RiteI I I . T he Or igin of the Rite in the Wes t . A

twofold sour c e. T he seventh o c entury Riteof the Con sec ra tion of a King in S pain ,and the Imperia l Rite of the Holy Roman

Empire

IV. T heWes tern Imperial Rite of the Corona

tion ofan Emperor atRome. T he ac c ountsof the Corona tion of Charlemagne. T he

earlies t forms and their la ter developements

V. T he Corona tion of a King . T he Anglo

S ax on Cons ec ra tion . T he Rite of the

so-c a lled Pon tific al of Egbert, and the

developemen t of the English Rite .

PAGE

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PLATES

T he Coronation of Henry I of

England

(Reproduc ed from B .M . Royal MS .

15 . E . iv. Photograph by DonaldMac b eth .)

T he Emperor Nic ephorus Boton iates in hi s imperial rob es

(MS . Coislin 79 fol. 2, b ib l . nationaleParis . Reproduc ed from Omon t ,H .

,Fac -simile

’

s desminia tures des

plus a nc iens MS S grec s de la

b ib liotheque na tiona le. Photograph b y Donald Mac b eth . )

T he Emperor Charles V in his Coro

nation robes

(Reproduc ed from F. Boc k , Kleinodien ales Izei lz

'

gen ro‘

misc lzen Reic lws

deutsc her N a tion . Photographb y Donald Mac b eth . )

T heAnointing of S tLouis of Franc e

(Reproduc ed from H . Yates T hompson

,Book of Hours of J oan 1 1 ,

Q ueen of Nava rre. )

tofac e p. 55

tofa c e p . 99

B IBLIOGRAPHY

A. DOCUMENT S

I . Ea srnaN Rrrns .

1 . Cons tantinople.

ConrNus CUROPALA'rEs . De ofic z

‘

is Consta ntinopoli

ta nis . (Bonn,CONS T ANT INUS PORPHYROGENIT US .

aula e Byzantinae. (Bonn ,GOAR, J .

-Euc hologion . (Par is ,T HEOPHANES . Chronographia . (Bonn ,

2. Russia.MALT ZEW,

A. D ie heil ige Kré‘

nnng . In B itt Dan/cund Weihe-Gottesd iens te der or thodox -loa tholisehen Kir c hedes Morgenlandes . (Berlin ,

MET ALLINOS,E . Imper ia l a nd Royal Coronation .

(London ,

3. Ab yss inia.

LOBo, J ERONYMO. VoyageHis tor ique d’Ab issinie, T ra

duite da Por tuga is , c ontinue’

e et angmente’

e de p lus iew s

Disser ta tions , Lettres, et Me'

moires . Par M . Le Grand,

Prieur de Neuville-les-Dames et de Prevessin. (Paris ,c c x x v m. )T ELLEZ

,BALT HASAR . T he T ravels of the J es uits in

Ethiop ia transla ted in to E ng lish. (London ,

xi i B IBLIOGRAPHY

I I . WE S T ERN RIT E S .

1 . T HE IMPER IAL R I T E.

DUCHE SNE,L. Liber Pontific a lis . 2 vols . (Paris ,

1886

H I 'I‘T ORP, MELOH IOR . De divinis Ca thol ic ae E c c lesia e

ofic iis . Par is,1610 .

MAB ILLON, J . Museum I ta l ic um,2 vols . (Paris ,

1687 For Ordines Romani , see also M igne, P .L.

Lx x vm .

MAR T ENE,E . De a ntiguis ec c lesiae r itibus . (An twerp ,

1763)

(T he first edi tion of this work pub lished in 1 702 doesnot c on ta in all the doc umen ts whic h are found in the

editions of 1736 onwards . )PANVINI US and BEU T HER . I naugura tio, Cor ona tio

,

E lec tiogue a l iquot Impera torum, etc . (Hanover,

PEE T Z,G. H . Monumenta German iaeH istor ic a . (Han

over ,

Pontific a le Roma num. (Ven ic e,Pontrfic a le Romanum Clementis VI I I et Ur ban i

PP . VI II a uc torita te rec ognitum. (Louvain , n .d. Other

edd.

,Pari s

,1664, Rome, 1738

WAI T Z,G. Die Formeln der deuts c hen Konigs und

der r b’

misc hen Ka iser -Kr b’

nung . (Got tingen,2 . T HE CORONAT ION OF A K ING.

(a ) England .

GREENWELL, W. T he Pontific a l of Eg ber t Ar c hb ishopof York . (Surtees S oc .

,vol. x x vn .

WICKHAM LEGG,J . Mis sa le ad usum E c c les ia e West

monaster iensis , vols . II . and III. 1893

WICKHAM LEGG, J . T hree Corona tion Orders .

WICKHAM LEGG, J . T he Order of the Cor ona tion ofKing J ames I . (Russell Press , London ,

B I BLIOGRAPHY xii i

WICKHAM LEGG,L. G. Eng lish Corona tion Rec ords .

(Westmins ter,WORDSWORT H, CHE . T he Ma nner of the Corona tion of

King Cha r les I of Eng la nd .

T heForm and Order of the S ervic e tha t is to beperformedand of the Ceremon ies thata re to beobserved in the Corona tionof T heir Majes ties King Edwa rd VI I and Queen Alex anderin the Ab bey Chur c h of S . Peter , Westminster , on T hursday,the 26th day of J une, 1902. (Camb ridge,

T heForm and Order of the S ervi c e tha tis to bep erformeda nd of the Ceremonies tha t a re to be observed in the Coronation of T heir Majesties King George V and Queen Ma ry in

the Abbey Chur c h of S . Peter,Westmins ter , on T hursday,

the 22nd day of J une, 19 1 1 . (Ox ford,

(b ) Franc e.

MENARD, H . D . Gregor i i Papae I . Liber S a c ramen

torum. Paris,1642 . (Repr inted in M igne, P .L. Lx x a )

DEWICK, E . S . T he Cor ona tion B ook of Cha r les V afF ranc e.

F ranc orum Regum Capitula ria , in Migne, P .L.

c x x x vn l .

GODEFROY, T . Le Ce'

re'

monia l Franpois . (Par is,MDCXLIX . )MAR T ENE, op . c it.

MAS SON ,F . Le sac re et le c ou ronnement de Napoleon

(Par is,Proc es Ver ba l de la Ce

’

re'

monieda S a c re et da Couronne

ment de LL. MM . L’E npereur Napoléon et L

’Impe

’

ra tr tc e

J osephine. (Paris, An

(0) Rome.

Hrr'ronr, 0p . c it.

MAB 'rEN E, Op . c it.

MABILLON, op . c it.

B IBLIOGRAPHY

(d) M ilan.

MAGI S 'I ‘RE T T I , M . Pontific ale in usum ec c les . Medio

lanensis nec non Ordines Ambrosian i . (Milan ,PEE T Z

,op . c it.

(e) Germany .

PER 'r z,op . c it.

MART ENE,op . c it.

(f ) Hungary .

MAR '

I‘ENE , op . c it.

PANVIN IUS and BEU’I‘HER, op . c it.

(9 ) S pain .

DE BLANCAs , J . Coronagiones . (Caragoc a,QURIT A, GERONYMO. Los c inc o lib ros p r imeros de la

segu-nda pa rte de los a nales de la c orona de Aragon .

(Caragoc a, MDCX .)PEROT IN ,

M . Liber ordinum. (Paris ,Y

’

ANGUAs Y M IRANDA, J . M . Cronic a de los Rey

de Nava rra . (Pamplona ,

(h) Papal .LECT OR, Looms . Le Conc lave. (Paris ,LECT OR, LUCIUS . L’Elec tion papa le. (Paris ,MAB ILLON, Op . c it.

GRIssELL, H . DE LA G. S ede va c ante. (Ox ford,S ac ra rum c aer imonia rum sive rituum ec c lesiastic orwn

S . Rom. E c c lesiae Libr i tres . (Venetiis , MDLXXXII .)

(11) Other Countries .

Ac ta Bohemic a .

Ac tus Corona tionis seren . Dn . F rederi c i Com. Pa l.

Dom. Regem et Reg inam

Bohemiae. (Prague,Allernaad igst app roberet Ceremoniel ved Der es

". Ma

jestceter Kong Chr is tia n den Ottendes og Dronning Ca roline

BIBLIOGRAPHY XV

Ama lias forestaaende, hoie Kron ings og S a lvings Ac t

p aa F rederiksborg S lot, S ondagen den J uni,1840.

Hendes Majestcet Dronninges a l lerhb'

ieste Fo‘

dselsdag . A.

Seidelin . (KjOb enhavn ,Burn

,J OHN MARQ UE SS OF . S c ottish Corona tions . (Alex .

Gardner ,

COOPER, J . Four S c ottish Corona tions . (Ab erdeen ,

Syvende’s c g Dronning Maud

’s Kroning i T rondhjem

’s

Dom/c ir lc e Aar 1906. S teen’ske Bogtrykk eri, Kr . A.,

1906.

Kurtze Bes c hreibung wie Ihr . Konig l . Majest. zu

S c hweden Karolas XI : zu Upsa hl is t gehrb‘

net worden.

Aus dem S c hwedis c hen verdeutsc het.

Oral/ting vid Deras Majestc'

iter Konung Car l den

Femtondes oc h Drottning Wilhelmina F reder ika Alex andraAnna Lovisas Krb

‘

ning oc h Konungens B ylining vid

Riksdagen i S toc kholm. 1860 .

WICKHAM LEGG,J . An Ac c ount of the Anointing of

the First King of Prussia in 1701 , in Ar c h. J ourn . LVI .

pp. 123 if. 1899 .

B . SPECIAL T REA T ISES

I . T HE VES T MENT S .

BOOK, F. Die Kleinodien des heil . rb’

misc hen Reic hes

deuts c her Nation . (Leipz ig,BR IGHT MAN, F . E . T he Coronation Vestments . In T he

Pilot,vol . VI . pp. 136, 137.

WICKHAM LEGG, L. G.,op . c it.

I I . VARI ous .

Bouqum ,M . Rec ueil des histor iens des Gaules . (Paris ,

x vi BIBLIOGRAPHY

BB IGH 'I‘MAN, F . E . Byza ntine Imperia l Corona tions .

In J ourna l of T heologic a l S tudies , I I . 359 f. (Cited as

DE SDEVIS E S DU DEZERT , G. Don Ca r los d'Aragon .

(Paris ,DIEMAND, A. Da s Ceremoniell der Ka iserkrb

‘

nungen

von Otto I b is F riedr ic h I I . (Mun c hen ,HEYLIN, P. Cyp r ia nus Ang l icus . (London , MDCv u I . )LECLEBCQ , H . Dic tionna ire d’a r c he'olog ie et de liturg ie

c hre’

tienne. (Paris . In progres s . ) Cited as DACL,

Charlemagne.

’

LIEBERMANN F. DieGesetze der Angelsa c hsen . (Hallo,

PRYNNE . Canter burie’s Dooms . (London ,WILSON, H . A. T he Eng lish Cor ona tion Orders .

J . T h. S t. I I . 481 fi’

.

2 PRE-CHRISTIAN CEREMONIAL

ofAgamemnon‘

,and s tands in a very special relation

to the Deity . In ancient Rome it was the same ;and when in Rome and Athens kingship was abolished,still it was necessary to have an dpxmv Baowha is or aRex Sacrorumtoperform the special priestly functionshitherto belonging to the king .

In view then of the sacred character of the kingit is only natural to expect to find some religiousceremonial accompanying his access ion to his offi ce,and although in theWes t there is little or no directevidence of this, in the Eas t there is found in veryearly times a solemn religious ceremony consecratingthe king to his office.

T he first actual reference to the consecration of aking occ urs in the T el - c l-Amarna correspondence.

In one of the letters Ramman-Nirari a Syr ian kingwriting to Pharaoh speaks of the consec ration of his

father and grandfather , and that by unction with oil”.

In the Old T estament there are a numb er of

instances of the consec ration of a king by anointing

1 I I. II . 101 .

gm o'm

'

iw 'r pov 3x 4” T Op év"H cpaw 'ros "rip e T c éx

"He o s "i n duk e Al l Kpovim d isa r m,

Aim-ni

p dp a Zeits define dw x 'r éptpdis duaf ddhc eu fl éhom r hnft

’

w 'mgAir rtip 6 a il -r e Hated"

'

A'rpét m tnéw Xa u'

iv '

un set: dis fluvimc wv é’

M ar ev w ol éa pm Oe e'

a‘ry ,

Afr r a‘

p 6 a im-e Ouéc r

' '

A'

yanép vom hei r s (popfiva t.

CI. 1. 205, and S oph . Phil . , 137—140 .

v i x en

I CI A

sta r v y a , r a p 7 0 Bel ow

Ai ds c x iivr‘rpov2 Win c kler , T he T el-el oAma rna letters , p . 99 .

BEE -CHR IST IAN CEREMON IAL 3

with oil, a rite parallel to the consecration of a priestor prophet. In the parable of the trees of Lebanonin the Book of Judges (ix . the consecration of aking by anointing with oil is regarded as the generaland accepted custom. Accordingly we read (1 Sam.

ix—x i) of the first Israelitish king Saul being solemnlya nointed by the prophet Samuel on his election as

king . In the ac c ount of the inauguration of Saul, ifwe may use the term, thr ee distinct features are

noticeable

(1 ) He is anointed with Oil, and so is endowedwith special gifts , for the Spirit of the Lord comesupon him.

(2) T here is a ‘Recognition or acceptance of

him as king by the people.

(3) King and people make a joint covenant

David was anointed at first privately by Samuel,and by this unction he was endowed with the Spiri tof theLord ‘

from that day forward ’ (1 Sam. x vi .

But he was twice again anointed as king publicly,and in each case in connection with his recogn itionby the people, on the fir st occas ion when he was

made king by the men of Judah (2 Sam. ii . and

on the second when he was made king over all Israel

(2 Sam. v. Moreover on the sec ond occas ion weread of a covenant being made King David madea league with them in Hebron before the Lordand they anointed David king over Israel. ’ In thec ase of Solomon (1 Kings i . 38 we are givenmore information as to the ceremonial used. Solomon

1— 2

4 PRE -OHRIS T IAN CEREMONIAL

riding on the royal mule goes in proc ession to Gihon ;he is anointed from a horn of oil outof the tabernacleby Zadok the high-priest trumpets are blown and

the people acclaim him with the c ry God save KingSolomon .

’

He is brought and enthroned on David’sthrone.

In Israel and Syria we find kings consecrated inlike manner by unction . T hus we read of Elijahbeing charged to anoint Hazael to b e king over Syriaand Jehu king over Israel (1 Kings xix . 15, T he

somewhat informal manner in which Jehu was a

nointed by a son of the prophets (2 Kings ix . 1 ii . )may have been due to the special circumstances of

the case, or it is poss ible that there was a more

gradual development of the ceremonial in Israel thanin orthodox Judah.

T he fullest account given in the Old T estamentof a coronation is that of Jehoiada (2 Kings xi . 12 if ) .Here is the first actual mention of the crowning, andthere are a number of separate ceremonial acts .

(1 ) T he crown is set on the king’

s head by thehigh-priest.

(2) T he king is given the‘ testimony

,

’

for whichwe should probably read the regal

(3) He is made king and anointed .

(4) He is acclaimed by the people, ‘God savethe King .

’

(5) A covenant is made not only between the

1 Wellhausen’

s emendation "WI NS ?"‘th e b rac elet ’ for mmthe testimony ' is very temp ting . If ‘ tes timony ' stands , it prob ab ly refer s to some doc ument c ontain ing th e laws and c us toms ofthe kingdom.

PRE -CHRISTIAN CEREMONIAL 5

Lord and the king and the people, b ut also betweenthe king and the people.

Here then we have investiture with crown and

perhaps with other regal ornaments . A recogni tionis probably implied in the express ion ‘ they madehim king .

’

He is anoin ted and acclaimed. T he

c ovenant made between king and people is, to use alater phraseology, the coronation oath. _

It was his

refusal to make a satisfactory covenant with his peoplethat was the occas ion of trouble between Rehoboamand Israel.At a much later period Isaiah refers to Cyrus as

the Lord ’s anointed.

’

T he prophet’s language mayb e merely metaphorical, b ut on the other hand mayimply that the anointing of a king at his access ionwas a rite common to the whole East. In later timesthere was a ceremon ial crowning of a Pers ian king ,a s we happen to know fromAgathias

’

story of unusualcircumstances attendantupon the coronation ofSapor‘.Reference has been made above to certain regal

ornaments mentioned in the accounts of the coronations of various Jewish kings . T he crown and

regal bracelets are mentioned among Saul’

s kinglyornaments (2 Sam. i . T o these may perhaps beadded the shield (2 Sam. i . and the spear

( 1 S am. xviii . 10, xxvi . 7,

1 Agathis s , Hist , rv. 25.

2 In 1 S am. x viii . 10 , wher e the AN . reads there was a javelinin S aul

'

s hand ,’

a javelin should b e the spear ,’

whi c h seems to

immy tha t the spear in ques tion was a spec ial weapon . T he word

used here nun is the same as in 1 Sam. x x vi . is transla ted

6 PRE -CHRISTIAN CEREMONIAL

Ezekiel (xxi . 26) mentions the crown and diademin connection with Zedekiah as the Special insigniaof the king . T here is also special reference made toroyal robes distinctive of kingly rank (1 Kings xxii .10, but there is no evidence as to the nature ofthese robes .

If the book of Esther c an b e relied on ,there was

a definite royal apparel used by the Pers ian kings aswell as a ‘ crown royal ’ (Esth . vi . and a ‘ crownroyal ’ is alsomentioned in connection with the queen,in the case of both Vashti and Esther (i . 1 1 , ii .T here c an b e little doubt that crown and royal ves turereach back to remotest antiquity.

CHAPTER II

T HE ORIGIN OF T HE CHRIS T IAN

CORONAT ION RI T E

T HE Christian rite of the sacring of kings doesnot derive its origin from the older Jewish rite,though doubtless during the process of its developement it borrowed deta ils from the older ceremony.

T he origin of the ri te must be sought in Con

stantinople, and from the Byzantine r itual the ideaof the Western ri te is ultimately derived. But whatthen is the origin of the Byzantine rite itself ? Itis the Chr istian developement of the ceremoniesconnected with the inauguration of the RomanEmperors in pre

—Chr istian times . Of these ceremonies we have no very full or detailed account,but although we have no exact and complete recordof the actual ritual used, yet certain historians tellus in somewhat general terms of what happened onthe access ion of various Emperors . For example,the circumstances of the election of T acitus to theEmpire in 275 were as follows 1

1 Vop is c us , T ac itus , 3—9 .

8 T HE EASTERN R ITE

T he Senate was convoked and asked to elect anEmperor , and T acitus the Princeps Senatus on risingto give hi s Opinion was suddenly ac claimed Emperorby the whole Senate, with the acclamation T acitusAugustus, the Gods preserve you. You are our

choice, we make you Princeps , to you we committhe care of the republic and the world. T ake up

the Empire bythe Senate’

s author ity. T he honourwhich you deserve is in keeping with your life, yourrank, your character etc . , and the acclamationsconclude with the repetition of the formal words ,‘ T acitus Augustus, the Gods preserve you.

’

He

was thereupon elected, and the Senate proceeded tothe Campus Martins, where its choice is announcedto the people in these words ‘You have here,Sanc tissimi M ilites et Sac rati ssImI Q uirites , theprince whom the Senate has elected in pursuanceof the vote of all the armies

,I mean the most

august T acitus ; so that he who has hitherto helpedthe republic by his votes, will now help it by hiscommands and decrees .

’

T he people greet the an

noun c ement with the acclamation :‘Most fortunate

Augustus T acitus , the Gods preserve you,’

and the

rest that it is customary to say. Lastly the Senate ’schoice is proclaimed to the army, and the customaryDonative is g iven .

Pertinax was suddenly and irregularly acclaimedby army and populace without waiting for the S enateto make an election . T hereupon he proceeded tothe Senate, and after delivering an address to thesenators he was acclaimed by all, and received from

1 0 T HE EASTERN RITE

and more of a form,and new customs gradually c ame

into being . A considerable developement is noticeablein the account of the inauguration of Julian ,

thoughthe whole ceremony in his case was under the circumstances somewhat informal and makeshift. It is thearmy which elects him. In spite of his protests heis accla imed as Emperor ; he is then elevated on ashield ; and finally he is crowned, a torque servingtemporarily to represent the diadem. Afterwards ,we are told, he as sumed a gorgeous diadem atVienne l . T he elevation on a shield, which henceforward always occurs in the inauguration ceremon ies,appears for the first time at Jul ian ’

s access ion to theimperial throne. It was a custom followed amongthe T eutonic tribes”, and was doubtless introducedby the T eutonic soldiers who formed so importanta part of the Roman armies at this time. T he

diadem,whi ch is of oriental origin, was perhaps

introduced by Aurelian . It seems to have beenhabitual ly used by Constantine

,and there was a

gradual advance dur ing this period in the matterof ceremon ial and the sumptuousness of the imperialvestments.T here is no S ign, for some time after the acceptance

of Christianity as the relig ion of the Empire, of anyChristian influence on the rites of inauguration . Itis not until the time of the Emperor Leo I that wemeet with the coronation r ite in the relig ious senseof the term. In the year 457 the Emperor Leo I

1 Ammianus Mar c ellinus , x x . 4 . 17, and x x x . 1 . 4.

9 Tac itus , Hist , I V. 15.

T H E EASTERN RITE 1 1

was formal ly crowned and invested as Emperor withreligious rites . Constantine Porphyrogenitus ‘, towhom we owe so much of our knowledge of the c ourtfun ctions and ceremonial of the Byzantine per iod,describes the rite which took place at the access ionofLeo. T he new Emperor , accompan ied by the highofiic ials of the Empire, went down in state to the

Hippodrome,in which was gathered together a vast

concourse of people. Here he ascended a loftytribunal in view of all the people and was greetedwith acc lamations . A man iatis (apparently a kindof fillet) is placed upon hi s head, and another in hishand

,amid the cheers of the people. T hen under

the cover of a testudo, raised by the c and ida ti, he is

arrayed in the imperial ves tments , and so shewshimself to the people, with the diademon his headand the imperial shield and spear in his hands . He

is thereupon greeted with the ritual formula, M ightyand vic torious and august, p rosp erously, p rosperously.

M any yea rs , Leo Augustus, thou sha lt reign . God

will keep this rea lm, God will keep this Chri stian

rea lm, and other such things . T he Emperor thenmakes a speech to the people, and promises the

customary Donative.

Nic ephorus, T heodoretheReader, and T heophanes,as sert that Leo was elected by the Senate, and thatthe diadem was set upon hi s head by the PatriarchAnatolius ’ , b ut Constan tine does not make any

1 De c aer im. , I . 91 .

9 Nic ephorus , H . E . , x v. 15, Theodorus Lec tor , H . E . , n . 65 ,

Theophanes , Chronog rap hia , I . 170 (ed . Bonn ,


reference to any act of coronation by the Patriarch,and does not mention him at all

, except as beingamong the high officials who accompan ied the

Emperor to the Hippodrome. Evidently as yet thePatriarch took no very public or prominent part inthe ceremonial .We are told more, however , in connection with

the inauguration of the Emperor Anastasius I in49 1 1 . On the death of Zeno, the choice of his

successor to the Empire was left in the hands of

the Empress Ariadne. T he Senate summoned thePatr iarch to exhort her to make a worthy choice,and she chose as Emperor Anastasius the S ilentiary .

After the funeral of Zeno,Anastasius takes up his

position before the portico of the great T riclin iumand the magistrates and Senate require ofhiman oaththat he will retain no pr ivate grudge against anyone,and that he will rule the Empire well and justly .

T he Patriarch Euthymius then demands an oath inwr iting”that he will make no change in the Faith or

Church, and that he shall S ign the Chalcedon iandogmas . Anastas ius then proceeds to the Hippodromeand enters the triclin ium from which the Emperoris wont at race times to rec eive the adoration of

the Senate . He is clothed in the golden-stripedDib etesion (a tunic reaching to the knees) , girdle,greaves, and royal buskins , his head being uncovered.

T he military standards are in the meanwhile lying1 Cons tant. Porphyr . , ale c aerimomi s , I . 92 . These ac c oun ts

of ear ly inaugurations are prob ab ly taken b y Cons tantine fromc on temporary ac c oun ts .

2 Theophanes , Chron.,I. p . 210.

T HE EASTERN RITE 13

on the ground, to sign ify, apparently, the vacancy ofthe throne. T he people acclaim him

,he is raised on

a shield, and a c ampiduc tor places a torque abouthis head . T his las t is perhaps a perpetuation of themakeshift coronation of Julian with a mili tary torque.

T he standards are then lifted up, and people and

soldiery together acclaim the Emperor . T he Emperorre-enters the tr iclinium,

and is invested with theregalia. T he Patriarch says a prayer whi ch isfollowed by the Kyr ie eleeson ,

and then the Patriarchinvests the Emperor with the imperial chlamys (the

'

purple robe), and sets a gorgeous crown upon hishead . After this the Emperor goes to the Kathi smaand shews himself to the people, who greet him withthe c ry Auguste, EeBa o r e

’

. T he Emperor thenproceeds to address the people in a special ritualformulary, a book contain ing which is put into hishand for the purpose.

EMPEROR. I t is manifest tha t human p ower de

pends on the will of the sup r eme Glory.

PEOPLE . Abunda nc e to the wor ld As thou hast

lived, so rule. I nc or r iqot rulers for the wor ld"andso on .

EMP. S inc e the most serene Augusta Ar iadne

with the assent of the illustrious nob les a nd by the

elec tion of the glor ious S ena te and mighty a rmies ,a nd the c onsent of the sac red p eop le, ha ve advanc ed

me, though tmwilling and hesita ting , tha t I should

assume the c a re of the Emp ire of the Romans , agree

ab ly to the c lemenc y of the Divine

PEO. Kyrie eleeson. Son of God, ha ve mer cy upon


him. Ana stasie Auguste, tu vinc a s l God will hoop

the p ious Emp eror . God gave thee, God wi ll keep

thee"and so on .

EMP. I am not ignorant how great a weight is

PEO. Wor thy of the Emp ire" Worthy of the

T rinity" Worthy of the City. Out with the in

formers . ( T his las t is doubtles s an unauthor isedinterpolation . )

EMP . I p ra/y Almighty God tha t as ye hoped

to be, in this c ommon c hoi c e of your s, so ye mayfindme to be in the c onduc tof af a irs.

PEO. He in whom thou belie/vest will save thee.

As thou hast lived, so reign . P iously hast thou lived,

p iously reign . Ar iadne,thou c onquerest/ Many be

the yea rs of the Augusta " Restore the a rmy, restore

reigned, so do much more to the sameeffect) .EMP. B ec a use of the happyfestiva l of our Emp ire,

I will bestow 5 solidi and a p ound of silver on ea c h

ma n .

T hese a re the p rayers of all. T hese ar e the p rayer s

Holy Lord, ra ise up thy wor ld . T he fortune of the

Romans c onquers . Anastasius Augustus , thou

guerest l Ariadne Augusta , thou c onquer est l God

hath given you, God will keep you.

EMP . God be with you.

T he Emperor then proceeds to the church of

T HE EASTERN RITE 1 5

S t S ophia and lays as ide his crown in theMutatorium,

and it is depos ited in the sanctuary. He then offers

his gifts , and returning to theMutator ium reassumeshis crown

,and thence returns to the pa lace .

In the account which he gives of the inaugurationof Leo the Younger in 474

1

, Constantine illustratesthe c eremonies observed at the inauguration of one

a ssociated in the Empire dur ing his father’

s lifetime.

T he rei gning Emperor, ac compan ied by the

S enate and by the Patri arch Ac ac ius , proceeds tothe Hippodrome, where the populac e and soldieryare already as sembled . T he Emperor standingbefore his throne begins to addres s the troupe, whopray him to be seated . Saluting the people the

Emperor seats himself, and the con course greetinghim with cries of Augustus,

’

beseeches him to crownthe new Emperor . T he Magister and Patriciansthen lead forward the Caesar , and plac e him on

the Emperor’s left hand . T he Patr iarch recites aprayer to whic h a ll answer ‘Amen.

’

T he Praepos itusthen hands a crown to the Emper or, who himselfsets it on the Caesar ’

s head , the people shouting‘ Prosperously, prosperously, prosperously.

’

T he

Emperor seats himself, while the new Emperoraddresses the people who greet him with shouts of

Augustus .

’

T he Eparch of the city and the Senatec ome forward and present the new Emperor, acc ordingto custom,

with a modiolon ,or crown ofgold. Finally

the Emperor adth '

esses the soldiery, and promis es the

1 De

16 T HE EASTERN RITE

In these descriptions we still find a remin iscenceof the old election by the Senate, ratified by thesoldiery and people. T he military assent is signifiedby the raising aloft on the shield, and by the

imposition of the military torque, which was retainedas late as the time of Justin II . Leo I also receiveda second torque in his right hand, which may perhapsb e identified with the second golden crown given toLeo II . T he mean ing of this second crown is not

clear, b utMr Brightmanl has suggested that it may

represent author ity to crown consorts in the Empire.

T he acclamations evidently follow a fixed ritual, andthe imperial speech is a written document.

We are told in these ac c ounts of inaugur ations some

thing oi the imperial ins ign ia. T he imperial tun ic

(on x dpts difiqrfim s a bpdx k afior, a bpox hafiov 8¢Brrrfimov)was of white

,and when girded with the b elt reac hed

to the knees . T he b el t was a c inc ture of gold

jewelled . T he gaiters (r ouBia ) were purple hose. T he

b uskins (x anwdyca ) were of c rimson ,with gold emb roider iesand rosettes . T he purple paludamentum reac hed to the

ankles,was apparelled wi th gold, and was fastened on the

right shoulder wi th a jewelled morse . T he diadem was

a b road gold jewelled c ir c let wi th pendants over the ears .

It is to b e noticed that the inauguration of an

Emperor took place at first in theHippodrome. It isnot until the days of Phokas (602) that we find theceremony being performed in a church . T he EmperorPhokas was crowned by the Patriarch Cyriac us inSt John in the Hebdomon ; Heraclius (610) by thePatriarch in St Philip in the Palace Heraclius II in

1 J . T h. S t. , 11 . p . 375.


crown on the head of his son . T hereupon the process ion returns to the Great Church.

In the tenth century we have from the pen of

Consta ntine Porphyrogen itus1 a full description of

the ceremon ial of the coronation of an Emperor,except for the actual prayers used . T hese howeverc an be found elsewhere, for there are extant twopatriarchal Euchologia belonging to this same period ,one of the end of the eighth century, the famousBarberini uncial codex, and the other the GrottaFerrata codex of the twelfth century ? T hese bothcontain the r ite

,and it is noticeable that it is the

same in both books, except for the fact that thesec ond includes the coronation of an Empress . T he

r ite therefore had remained unchanged from at leastthe end of the eighth century until the twelfth .

T he description given by Constantine is as follows .

T he Emperor proceeds to the church of St Sophiaand enters the Horolog ion , and the veil being raised

,

passes into theMetatorion, where he ves ts himselfwiththe Dib etesion and the T z itzakion (a mantle, probablyflowered) , and over them the S agion (a light cloak) .Entering the church with the Patriarch he lightstapers at the silver gates between the narthex and

the nave, and passes down the nave until he c omes

to the platform before the sanctuary, which is calledthe Soleas . Here before the Holy Doors leadingthrough the Eikonostasis he prays and lights more

1 De c ac rimomss , I . 38 .

2 Goar , E uc hologion pp. 9243 . T he tex t given is that ofthe Grotta Fer-rats c odex , showing the var iations between it and

the Barb er ini tex t .

T HE EASTERN RITE 1 9

candles . T he Emperor and the Patriarch then goup into the Ambo, where the Chlamys or imperialrobe, and the Stemma or crown

,have already been

set out on a table. T he Patr iarch then says the‘ Prayer over the Chlamys ,

’

and the chamberlainsput it on the Emperor. T he Patriarch next saysthe

‘ Prayer over the Crown,’

and at the end of ittakes the crown and sets it on the Emperor ’s head,and the people c ry Holy, holy, holy,

Glory be to God

on high a nd on ear th p eac e, three times ; and thenacclaim him, Ma ny be the yea rs of N . , the grea t

E nperor and Augustus .

If it is the son of a reigning Emperor who isb eing crowned as an associate Emperor, the Patriarch

g ives the crown into the hands of the Emperor, whohimself sets it on his son

’

s head,the people crying ,

He is worthy, and the standards are dipped in

obeisance.

After the Coronation the Laudes follow.

CANTORS . Glory be to God on high, and on ea rth

p eac e. T he people likewise thrice.

CANT. Goodwill among Christian men . T he

people likewise thrice.

CANT. God ha s had mer cy on his peop le. T he

people likewise thrice.CANT. T his is the grea t day of the Lord. T he

people likewise thrice.

CANT. T his is the day of the life of the Roma ns .

T he people likewise thrice.

CANT. T his is the joy and glory of the wor ld .

T he people likewise.


CANT. On whic h the c rown of the hingdomm .

T he people likewise.

CANT. . . ha s worthily been set up on thy head.

T he people likewise thrice.

CANT. Glory be to God the Lord of a ll. T he

people likewise.

CANT. Glory be to God who ha th c rowned thy

head. T he people likewise.

CANT. Glory be to God who dec la red thee (743dyaSer

’

faw l 0 6) Emperor . T he people likewise.

CANT. Glory be to God who ha th thus glorifiedthee. T he people likewise.

CANT. Glory be to God who ha th thus app r oved

thee. T he people likewise.CANT. And He who ha th c rowned thee, N ,

with

his own ha nd . T he people likewise.

CANT. p r eserve thee long time in the

purp le. T he people likewise.

CANT. With the c onsor tAugustae and theP r inc esborn in thep urp le. T he people the same.

CANT. Untothe g lory and up lifting of the Romans .

T he people the same.

CANT . M ay God hea r your p eop le. T he peoplelikewise.

CANT. hfany, many, ma ny.

R . M any yea r s, for ma ny yea rs .

CANT. Long life to you, N N , Emp erors of the

Romans .

CANT. Long life to you,serva nts of the Lord.

T H E EASTERN RITE 21

CANT. Long life to you, N N , Augustae of the

Roma ns .

R . Long life to you.

CANT. Long life toyou prosper ity to the sc ep tres .

CANT. Long life to you, N . , c rowned of God.

CANT. Long life to you, Lords , a nd to the

Augustae, and to the P r inc es bor n in the purp le.

T he cantors proceed ; But the Cr eator and Lord

of a ll things, (the people repeat) who ha th c rowned

you with his own ha nd, (the people repeat) wi ll

multip ly your yea rs with the Augustae and the

P r inc es born in the purp le, (the people repeat) untothe p erfec t sta bi liment of the Romans .

Both choirs then chant Many be the yea rs of the

Emper or s , etc .,and the Emperor descends , wearing

the crown, into the Metatorion ,and seated upon his

throne, the nobles come and do homage, kiss ing hisknees . After which the Praepositus says At yourservic e, and they wish him M any and p rosperous

yea r s .

T heLiturgy now proceeds, and theEmperor makeshis Commun ion.

T he ceremon ial at the coronation of an Empress ‘

was much the same as that observed in the caseof the Emperor. T he coronation act, however , wasperformed not by the Patriarch b ut by the Emperorhimself. If the Emperor was married after his

1 De c aerimomzs , I . 39 .


access ion, the whole ceremony of the crowning of his

consort took place immediately after the wedding ,and not publicly in the church of St Sophia

,but as

a pr ivate court function in the Augusteum.

T he Euchologia, as has been mentioned above,give the text of the prayers used, which Constantineonly indicates . T hey are as follows ‘

As the Emperor stands with bowed head withthe Patriarch in the Ambo a deacon says the Ecteneor Litany .

T he Patriarch then says the prayer over the

Chlamys, secretly0 Lord our God, King of hings, and Lord of

lords, who through S amuel the p rophet didst c hoose

thy servant David, and didst anoint him to be hingover thy p eop le I srael ; hea r now the supp lic ation

of us though unwor thy, and loc h for th from thy holy

dwell ing p lac e, and vouc hsafe to anoint with the oil

of gladness thy fa ithful servant N , whom thou hast

been p leased to esta b lish as hing over thy holy p eop le

whic h tho uha stmade thine own by thep rec ious b lood

of thine Only- begotten Son. Clothe him with power

from on high ; set on his head a c rown of p r ec ious

stones ; bestow on him length of days set in his r ight

hand a sc ep tre of sa lva tion ; sta b lish him upon the

throne of r ighteousness ; defend him with the pa nop ly

of thy Holy Sp ir it ; strengthen his a rm ; subjec t to

him a ll the ba rba rous na tions ; sow in his hea r t the

fea r of T hee, and feeling for his subjec ts ; preserve

him in the b lameless fa ith ; mahe himmanifest as the

Gear , E uc hologion pp . 924 ff.

T HE EASTERN RITE 23

sure guar dian of the doc tr ines of thy Holy Catholic

Churc h ; that he may judge thy peop le in r ighteous

ness , and thy poor in judgement, ( and) save the sons

of those in wa nt ; and may be an heir of thy heavenly

king dom. (He goes on aloud) For thine is the might,a nd thine is the kingdom and the power . Amen.

T he Patriarch then hands the Chlamys with itsfibula to the Vestitores , who array the Emperor in it.

(If however it is the son , or daughter , or the wifeof an emperor who is to be crowned, the Patriarchhands the vestment to the Emperor, who hims elfputs it on the person to be crowned . )T he Patriarch then says the ‘ Prayer over the

Crown .

’

PATRIARCH . P eac e be to a ll .

DEACON. B ow your heads .

PATR IARCH . T o T hee a lone, King of mankind,has he to whom thou hast entr usted the ea rthly

kingdom bowed his nec k with us . And we p r ay

T hee, Lord of all, keep him under thine own shadow ;

strengthen his kingdom; grant that he may do c on

tinua lly those things whic h ar e p leas ing to T hee ;

make to crui se in his days r ighteousness a nd abunda nc e

of pea c e ; that in his tranquillity we-may lead a

tra nquil a nd quiet life in all godliness and gravity.

For T hou a r t the King of peac e, and the S aviour

of owr souls and bodies , and to T hee we asc r ibe glory.

Amen .

T he Patr iarch then takes the crown from the

table, and sets it on the Emperor ’ s head, saying :

I n the name of the Fa ther , and of the Son, and

24 T HE EAST ERN RITE

T he Emperor is then communicated .

Here however there is apparently a disagreementbetween theEuchologia and the accountofConstantinePorphyrogen itus . T he Barberin i Euchologion of the

eighth century states that the Patriarch celebratingthe liturgy of the Presanc tified admin isters to himthe lifegiving commun ion ,

’

and the Grotta FerrataEuchologion of the twelfth century speaks of thecommunicating the Emperor with the presanc tifiedS acrament, while Constantine says nothing of theEmperor being communicated in the reserved Sacrament, b ut implies that he was communicated in theordinary course ofthe Li turgy. It has been suggestedby Mr Brightman

l that ‘the apparent discrepancy

may b e expla ined by supposing that the ecclesiasticalrubrics are drawn up on the assumption tha t theCoronation will not neces sarily b e a festival witha Mass , while the Court ceremonial assumes that itwill be.

’

He goes on to point out that ‘

in ordinarycases of acc ession the coronation was generallyperformed at once, festival or no festival : in the

case of a consort , when the day could b e chosen ,

it was generally a festival .’

T he Greek ri te in its final development is foundin the wr itings attr ibuted to Codinus Curopalates

'

(c.T he Emperor proceeds to the church of St Sophia,

and theremakes his profession of faith both in wri tingand orally, reciting the Nicene Creed and declar ing

1 J . T h . S t. , 11 . p . 383 and n . 2.

9 De ofic i is Cons ta ntinopolita nis , c . x vu. (Bonn ,

T he Emperor Nic ephorus Botoniates in h is imperia l robes

T HE EAS T ERN RITE 25

his adhes ion to the seven Oecumen ical Councils ,profess ing himself a servant and protector of the

Church, and promis ing to rule wit-h clemency and

justice. T hen he proceeds to the tr iclinium calledthe T homaite‘, and medals are s c attered among thepeople, and he is raised aloft on a shield. He thenproceeds once more to St Sophia, where screened bya wooden screen erected for the purpose he is clothedin the imperial vestments the Sakkos (the dibetesionor dalmatic) , and the Diadema which havealready been blessed by bishops . T heLiturgy is nowbegun , and before the T r isagion ,

at the LittleEntranc e, the Patri arch enters the Ambo and

summons the Emperor . T here in the Ambo the

Patriarch recites the‘ Prayers composed for the

anointing of Emperors ,’ par t secretly and part aloud ,

and the Emperor having uncovered his head, thePatriarch anoints him in the form of a cross saying ,‘He is holy,

’

the people repeating the words thrice.

T he Patriarch then sets the crown on the Emperor ’shead saying,

‘He is worthy,’the people repeating

this also thrice. T hereupon the Patriarch aga inrec ites prayers , doubtless the second prayer ‘ T o

T hee alone.

’

If however the Emperor to be crownedis a consort, associated during his father

’

s lifetime,the Patriarch g ives the crown to the Emperor, whohimself crowns his colleague.

1 T he T homaite tric linium was a par t of the imperial palac eadjoining S t Sophia .

9 It is to b e notic ed that some of the imper ial ins ignia havec hanged their names . T he aerat e was on c e equivalen t to the

a-r éyua it is now synonymous wi th the {aim".

26 T HE EAST ERN RITE

If the Empress is to b e crowned, she takes up herposition in front of the Soleas , and the Emperorreceiving the already consecrated crown from the

Patriarch, himself sets it on her head.

T he Emperor and Empress being now crowned,they go to their thrones, the Emperor holding in hishand the Cross -sceptre the Empress her Baiou or

wand, both remaining seated except at the T risagion ,

Epistle,and Gospel . When the Cherubic Hymn i

begun at the Great Entrance the chief deaconssummon the Emperor to the entrance of the Prothesisand he is invested with the golden Mandyas (a vestment something like a cope) over his Sakkos and

Diadema, and so vested , holding in his right handthe Cross - sceptre and in his left a Narthex or wand ‘,he leads the procession at the Great Entrance invirtue of his ecclesiastical rank as Deputatus or

Verger . He goes up to the Patriarch and salutes him,

and is then censed by the second deacon, who says,T he Lord God remember the might of thy kingdomin his Kingdom, always , now and ever , and for ever

and ever ,’

all the clergy repeating the words. T he

Emperor greets the Patriarch, and putting off the

mandyas returns to his throne, r ising only at the

Creed, the Lord’

s Prayer , and the Elevation . If he

is not prepared to commun icate he remains seateduntil the end of the Liturgy. If however he isprepared to commun icate, he is escorted to the

sanctuary by the deacons , and censes the altarand the Patriarch, and is censed by the Patriarch .

1 Prob ab ly the b adge of his offic e as Deputatus .

T HE EAS TERN R ITE 27

T hen c ommitting his crown to the deacons he iscommun icated after the manner of a pries t. Whenhe has made his communion ,

he replaces his crownand return s to his throne. After the Liturgy is over ,he receives the Antidoron, and is blessed by thePatriarch and by the bishops present, and kissestheir hands . T he choirs sing an anthem called thedva r etx an

, and the Emperor is acclaimed by the

people, and so returns in process ion to the pa lac e.

In this account the most important fea ture is theexplicit mention of the unction . T here is no defin iteallusion hitherto in any account to any anointing inthe Eas tern ri te

,until the time of the intruding

emperor Baldwin 1, who was crowned with a Latinrite in 1 214.

In 1453 Constantinople was taken by the T urks,and the Greek Empire came to an end. But the

Greek coronation rite still survives, and is used inthe Russ ian tongue at the coronation of the Czars ofRussia ‘, who regard themselves as the suc cessors of

the Greek Caesars .

T he Russian Czar is crowned at Moscow in the

Cathedral of the As sumption (Uspenski Sobor ) . T heimperial process ion is met at the church door by theMetropolitan,

who blesses the Emperor and Empresswith holy water and censes them. Enter ing the

church they make their devotions and ascend to theirthrones . T he l o18t Psalm is sung, after which the

1 SeeMaltz ew ‘Die heil igeKrb‘

nung’

in B itt Da nk und Weihe

Gottesdiens te dc r or thodox -katholis c hc n Ki rc he des Morgc nland c s

(Ber lin 1897) pp . 1—60 ; E . Metall inos , Imp erial and Royal

Corona tion (London


Emperor is interrogated as to his belief, and recitesin a loud voice the Nicene Creed . T hen is sung the

hymn OHeavenly King , 0 Paraclete,’

and after theLitany (S ynapte) the hymn ,

‘OLord, save thy people’

is sung thrice, and the lections follow at onc e ; theProphecy (Is . x l ix . 13 the Epistle (R0 . xii . 1and the Gospel (Matt. xxii . 15 T he Emperornow assumes the purple robe, ass isted by the

Metropolitan who says,‘

In the name of the Father,

’

etc . T he Emperor bares his head and the Metropolitan making the sign of the cross over it and

laying on his hand recites the prayer, O Lord our

God’

(c p . p . and then the prayer of the Bowingof the head

,

‘ T o T hee alone ’

(c p. p . T he

Metropolitan now presents theCrown to theEmperor,who puts it on his head, the Metropolitan saying,‘ In the name of the Father ,

’

etc .,and then proceeding

to explain the symbolical mean ing of the crown .

Next the Metropolitan g ives the S ceptre into theCzar ’s right hand and the Orb into his left, saying,‘ In the name of the Father,

’

etc . , and explaining thesymbolical meaning of these ornaments .

T he Czar then seats himself on his throne and

the Czarina is summoned . T he Czar takes off his

Crown and with it touches the brow of the Czarina,and then replaces it on his head . He then setsa smaller Crown on the Czarina’s head

,and she

immediately assumes the purple robe and the Orderof St Andrew.

T hereupon theAr chdeacon proclaims the titles oftheCzar and Czarina, and the clergy and the assembled

T E E EASTERN RITE 29

company do homage by making three obeisances to

T he Czar then g ives the Sc eptre and Orb to theappointed officers , and kneeling down says a prayerfor himself that he may worthily fulfil his high ofii c e,after whi ch the Metropoli tan says a prayer on his

b ehalf. T e Deum is sung and the Liturgy proc eeds .

T he Anointing takes place after the Communionhymn (Kowww x civ) . T wo bishops summon the Czar ,who takes his stand near theRoyal Gates, the Czarinaa little behind him, both in their purple robes, andthere the Czar is anointed on the forehead, eyes,nostrils, mouth, ears , breast, and on both sides of hishands by the senior Metropolitan, who says : ‘ T he

seal of the gift of the Holy Ghost.’

T he Czar ina isthen anointed with the same words, b ut on her fore

head only .

After he has been anointed, the Czar is conductedthrough the Royal Gates and receives the HolySacrament in both kinds separately, as if he werea priest, and then are given the Antidoron and winewith warm water , and water to wash his mouth and

hands. T he Czarina is communicated in the usual

manner at the Royal Gates,and is given the Anti

doron, wine, and water .

T he Father Confessor reads before the imperialpair, who have returned to their seats , the T hanks

giving for Communion . After the di smissal theArchdeacon says the royal anthem,

wokvxpéwov, the

choir repeating thrice the last part,‘Many years ,

’

and the clergy and laity then present congratulate


their Majesties , bowing thr ice towards them. T he

Metropolitan presents the cross for the Czar and

Czarina to kiss , and the imperial process ion leavesthe church.

T HE ABYSS INIAN RITE

A curious and unique variety of the Eas tern r itesurvives to this day in Abyss inia‘.T he Negus enters Axum in state, accompanied by

his principal officers . At a little distance from the

church he alights , and his progress is barred by acord held across the road by young girls . T hricethey ask him who he is, and at first he answers thathe is King of Jerusalem, or King of S ion, and at thethird interrogation he draws his sword and cuts thecord, the girls thereupon crying out that he ver ily istheir king , the King of S ion . He is met at the

entrance of the church (or sometimes apparently in atent which is perhaps a moveable church)

”by theAbuna and the clergy, and enters to the ac c ompaniment of music. He is anointed by the Abuna withsweet oil, all the priests present singing psalms themeanwhile. He is next invested with a royal mantle.

Finally a crown of gold and s ilver , in the shape of a

1 Voyage his tor ique d ’

Abiss inie da B . P . J erome Lob o, traduiteda Portuga is , c ontinuée et augmentée de p lus ieurs d is sertations , etc .

pa r M . Le Grand (Paris hmc c x x vm ) p . 252 f. ; T he travels of the

J esuits in E thiop ia , b y F . Bal thasar Tellez (London pp . 49 f. ,

184. T he former of these wr iter s has made use of the latter , andso the two author ities are not independen t .

3 I am us ing here the ac c oun t given b y Tellez of two difierent

CHAPTER III

T HE ORIGIN or T HE WE S T ERN RI T E

T HE Eastern ri te was one and one only. T herewas only one monarch in the East to be crowned, andtherefore the rite was subject only to a natural andinternal development.When, however, we turn to the history of the

Western ri te , we approach a verymuchmore intr icatematter , for the contemporary western documentsgive only general accounts and are not explicit as todetails .

In the old Empire the coronation of the Emperortook plac e always at Constantinople and never atRome, and therefore the old rite was essentiallyEas tern . When, however, the Neo-Roman WesternEmpire came into existence, and Charlemagne wascrowned at Rome on Chris tmas day 800, there cameinto existence a Western Imperial rite . T here isno record of the forms used, nor do we even knowfor certain what took place on that occas ion, b ut we

may perhaps presume that the POpe intended to dowhat was proper on the occas ion of the accession of

OR IGIN or T HE WES TERN R ITE 33

an emperor , and followed the ConstantinOpolitan

ritual in outline, while it seems probable that theactual prayers used were Roman compos itions madefor the occas ion . Here

,at any rate

,in the coronation

of Charlemagnewe have the beginnings of the Roman

But if the coronation of Charlemagne marks theorigin of the Western imperial rite, it does notmarkthe introduction into the West of the rite of the

consec ration of a king , for such a ri te had alreadybeen in existence in Spain some two centuries beforethis time. Whether this Span ish rite, whi ch appearsto have been well es tablished in the seventh century,was an independent religious developement of theceremonies which seem to have been observed at theinauguration of a new Chieftain among most of thenorthern peoples , or whether the idea of it was inany way borrowed from Constantinople

,there is not

sufficient evidence to show.

T he S panish rite was , as has been said, wellestablished in the seventh century . In the c anons ofthe sixth council of T oledo in 638 a reference is madeto the oath taken by a Spanish monarch . JulianBishop of T oledo in his H istor ia Wambae’ gives ashort descr iption of the anointing of King Wamba ,at which he himself was present in 672, and in his

account speaks of the customs observed on suchoccas ions . It is then abundantly clear that a

consecration ceremony was observed at the access ion

c . 4 (P . L . x c vx .

W. C. B .

34 ORIGIN OF T HE WESTERN RITE

of the kings of Spain some two centuries before therite of the coronation was introduced at Rome.

But not only in Spa in did such a rite exist beforethe introduction of the imperial rite at Rome. It isfound in existence in the eighth century in France,and probably it was used there before this da te . We

read how the first of the Caroling ian kings sought theofficial recognition of his dyna sty from the Church,and that in response to his appeal Pope Zacharias,‘ lest the order Of Christendom should b e disturbed

,

by his apos tolic authori ty ordered Pippin to b e

created king and to b e anointed with the unction of

holy He was accordingly consecrated in 750

by St Boniface, on which occasion we are told thathe was elected king according to the custom of the

Franks2 ; and to make assurance doubly sure he wasa second time consecra ted by Pope S tephen himself,who came over the Alps for the purpose and ‘

c on

firmed Pippin as king with the holy unction, and

with him anointed his two sons Carl and Carloman tothe royalFor England , if we leave out of consideration the

Pontifical of Egbert, which cannot b e ascr ibed to

Egbert with any confidence and of which the dateis uncertain , we have only scanty evidence of the

1 Reginonis Chron ., s . a . 749 . Portz , M . G. H i s t. S c rip t , I . 556.

9 I b id . 8 . a . 753. Dom Cab rol , DACL ,

‘B retagne (g randec ol . 1238 , th ink s that itwas fr omEng land that the c us tomof un c tionpas sed in to Fr an c e, and that it was imported there b y Bon ifac e ,h imself an E nglishman . But this is a very prec ar ious theory inv iew of the s c anty evidenc e for E ngli sh c oronations dur ing thisperiod . S ee pp . 58—60 .

3 B eg in . Chron . , s . a . 752 . (Por tz , l .o.)

ORIGIN OF T HE WES TERN R ITE 35

existence of any coronation ceremony b efore the

tenth century, though we read oftwo isolated ins tan c esin which, in Northumbr ia and in Mercia, under specialcircumstances, kings are said to have been c on

secrated ’ during the eighth century‘.

T here rema ins the fact, then, that in Spain in theseventh century it was the custom to consecrate theVisigothic kings wi th unction, and a similar practiceappears in France during the eighth century in c on

nec tion with the new dynas ty inaugurated by Pippin .

For England the evidence is s light, though we read ofkings being consecrated in two isolated instances .

T hi s evidence is earlier in date than the period at

which the exigencies of the Roman Empire called animperial r ite into existence at Rome. T hus therewere in the West two separate and distinct introduc tions of the consecration rite, the first into the

Visigothic kingdom of Spain from which,in all

probability, the Frankish and Anglo-Saxon r iteswere derived ; the second in Rome on the occas ionof the renaissance Of the Western Empire. Aboutthe end of the ninth century these two rites began toinfluence one another, and from the Roman rite of

the coronation of an Emperor a Roman ri te of thecoronation of a King was produced.

In the cons ideration of the different Wes tern ri tesand their developements , perhaps the method mostconven ient to follow is, first to treat of the imperialri te, and then of the royal. T hough this methodhas its disadvantages from the point of view of the

1 See p . 58 f.

36 OR IGIN OF T HE WES TERN RITE

interaction of the two rites upon each other, yet onthe whole it is the s implest and clearest way of

treating the many varieties of r ite that accumulatedin process of time.

NOT E

T here seems to be no evidence of the existence ofany coronation ri te among the Br itons . Gildas issometimes quoted as evidencing the existence of aBritish rite. He says as follows ‘Kings were anointed,and not by God, b ut such as stood out more cruelthan other men and soon they would b e butchered

,

not in accordance with the investigation Of the truth,for others more cruel were chosen in theirIt is pla in that this language is merely metaphorical .T here is a passage occurr ing in Adamnan

’

s life ofSt Columba which is more to the pointz . It speaksof an ordination (ordinatio) ofKing Aidan by thesaint. ‘And there (i.e. in Iona) Ai dan coming tohim in those same days he ordained (ordinam

'

t)king ,

as he had been hidden . And among the wordsof ordination he prophes ied things to b e of his sonsand grandsons . And laying his hands upon his head,ordain ing him, he blessed him.

’

I do not think that this occurrence c an be regardedin any sense of the word as a consecration of Aidan .

It appears to be nothing more than a very solemn

bless ing. T he word Ordina tio is cur ious, but it isprobably referring to the laying on of the hand inbenediction .

1 Gilda s , de ex c idio B ri ta nn iae, 0 . x xx .

9 Adamnan , Vit. S . Columbani , In . 5.

CHAPTER IV

T HE WES T ERN RI T E OF T HE CORONAT ION

OF AN EMPEROR AT ROME

T HE Western coronation r ite came into existenceon the foundation of the Neo-Roman or Holy RomanEmpire by Charlemagne. T he ri te by which he wascrowned was evidently regarded as the equivalent tothat used at Constantinople, for the c ontemporaryaccounts claim that the ceremony was carried out

more antiquorum.

’

T he two earliest accounts of the coronation of

Charlemagne agree closely but give only scantydetails . T he Chronic le of hi b issac l describes the

event thus . Now on the most holy day of theNativity of theLord, when the king arose from prayerat Mass before the tomb of the blessed apostle Peter,Leo the Pope with the counsel of all the bishops andpriests and the Senate of the Franks and also of the

Romans, set a golden crown on his head, in the

presence also of the Roman people, who cried ° T o

Charles the Augustus crowned of God, great and

1 Chron .Moiss . , s . a . 801 (for Por tz ,M . G.H . S c r ipt. , r. 305.

38 T HE ROMAN IMPER IAL R ITE

pacific Emperor of the Romans,life and victory.

And after the Laudes had been chanted by thepeople, he was also adored by the Pope after themann er of the former pr inces .

’

Very much the same is the account given by theLiber Pmi tific a lis

l.

‘After these things , the dayof the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Chr ist arriving ,they were all again gathered together in the aforesaidbasilica of the blessed Apostle Peter . And then thevenerable and b enefic ent pontifi

'

with his own handscrowned him with a most precious crown . T hen all

the fa ithful Romans, seeing the great care and love

he had towards the holy Roman Church and its

Vicar,unanimously with loud voice cried out, by the

will of God and the blessed Peter, key-bearer of thekingdom of the heavens , " T o Charles, the mostpious Augustus crowned of God, great and pacificEmperor of the Romans, life and victory.

”Before

the sacred tomb of the blessed Apostle Peter, invoking many saints

", thrice was it said ; and he was

constituted by all Emperor of the Romans . In the

same place the most holy priest and pontiff anointed1 Duc hesne, Lib . Pontific a lis , -n . p . 7.

3 Plur es sanc tos invoc antes ,’

i .e. the Laudes spoken of in the

Chron . of Moissac .

"Les ‘Laudes’

sont une eerie d'

ac c lamations

dan s lesquelles on invoque lo Chr is t , les anges , et les sa ints pour laper sonne qui est l

’

objet de la c ér émonie.

”Duc hesne , op . c it. II . 37,

n . 33 . T heLaudes were not ex c lus ively a feature of the c oronationr ite , b ut had a plac e in any pub li c fun c tion of whic h any grea tpersonage was the c en tr e. Laudes in very muc h the same form

as usual here had b een used on a previous oc c as ion in honour of

Charles as King of the Frank s and Roman Patric ian . S ee Dom

Lec ler c q , DACL , Char lemagne ,’c ol . 786. An ex ample of the

Laudes will b e foun d on p . 43.

40 T H E ROMAN IMPERIAL R IT E

constituted the surprise. T he occurrence of the

Laudes need not present any difli c ulties to the viewthat the whole affair was unexpected , for as we haveseen they were a familiar part ofgreat public functions,and i t is possible that the people were led on suchoccasions by official cantors, as we know was the

practice at Constantinople.

But the most important question connected withCharlemagne

’

s coronation is, Was Charles anointed ?T here is no reference whatever to any anointing inthe contemporary accounts ofthe Chr onic le of Moissac

and the Liber P ontific a lis , nor yet in other almostcontemporary matter such as the verses of the P oetaS a x o

'

, or the Chronic le of Regina”. T o this must be

added the fact,inconclusive in itself, tha t there is no

mention of any unction in the earliest extant Orderof the Western imper ial r ite , that of the GemundenCodex. On the other hand it is expressly stated bya contemporary eastern historian, T heophanes , thatCharlemagne was anointed

‘

from head to and

this statement is repeated by a later Greek wr iter ofthe twelfth century, Cons tantine Manasses , who adds ,after the manner of the JIfCharlemagne was notanointed but only crowned

1 Poeta S ax o, de ges tis Ca roli .Pos t laudes igitur di c tas et summus eundem

Praesul adoravit, s ic ut mos deb itus olim

Pr inc ipib us fuit antiquis .

3 B eg in . Chron . , s . a . 801 ,‘Leo Papa c oronam c apiti imposuit ;

et a onneto Romanorum populo ter ac c lamatum est,’

etc . (Portz ,l .o.

3 Chronogr ap hia ,I. p . 733.

Compend . Chron. , P . G. c x x vn . 389 .

T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL RITE 41

by the Pope, then his coronation was str ictly in ao

c ordanc e with the ri te of Cons tantinople, for it isprobable tha t there was no unction in the Easternrite at this date

,and thus the Western rite on its

first introduction into the West would b e s imilar inits outstanding feature to the Eas tern ri te.

Of course the use ofan unction at the consecrationof a king had long been the central feature of the

Western r ite of the Consecration of a King . But

i t must be borne in mind that Charlemagne was herebeing crowned as Roman Emperor, and that he hadbeen anointed as King of the Franks on the occas ionlong ago of his father Pippin ’

s anointing as FrankishKing at the hands of Pope Stephen . Moreover itis added in the Liber Pontific a lis that after the

coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor , the Popeanointed his son Charles as King . Duchesne findshere the explanation of the statement of T heophanesthat Charlemagne was anointed, and thinks that hehas confused the two events which took place on thesame occas ion

,the coronation of Char lemagne as

Emperor , and the anointing of the younger Charlesas King .

It may be noticed , before we leave Charlemagne,that at the coronation of his grandson Louis thePious in 813 as as soc iate in the Empire, he himselfcrowned Louis with his own hands , thus followingexactly the Eastern precedent in such a case. Itmay be that here we have the explanation of the

alleged dissatisfaction and surpr ise of Charlemagneat his coronation on Christmas Day, 800 . He may

42 T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL RITE

have intended to crown himself instead of beingcrowned by the Pope .

T he earliest Roman forms used at the coronationof an Emperor are found in the Gemunden Codex ,and constitute Martene

’

s Ordo III ‘. T his ri te is veryearly, being of the ninth century, and it is poss iblethat with some such forms as these Charlemagnehimself was crowned.

T he r ite begins with a short prayer for the

Emperor E x audi Domine p rec es nostras etfamulum

tuum illum, etc . ,and then follows at once the prayer

P rosp i c e Omnipotens Deus serenis obtutibus hunc

g lor iosum famulum tuum illum, etc . , at the end

of which the Emperor is crowned with a goldencrown with the words, P er eum c ui est honor et

g lor ia p er infmita saec ula saec ulorum. Amen .

Next follows the T raditio Gladii, with the form

Ac c ipegladiump er manus episc oporum lic et indignas ,vic e tamen et auc tor ita te sanc torum Apostolorum

c onsec ra tas tib i rega liter impositwm, nostr a eque bene

dic tionis ofic io in defens ione sa nc tae ec c lesiae divinitusordina tum ; et esto memer de quo P sa lmista p rophe

tavit dic ens : Ac c ingere gladio super femu/r tuum

p otentissime, a t in hoc p er eundem vim aequita tis

T he Laudes"are then chanted.

1 De antiquis rit. ec c les ia c , II . p . 207. (E d.

9 See p . 38 , n . 2 .

T HE ROMAN IMPER IAL R ITE 43

CANTORS . Em adi Chr iste.

R . Domino nostro illi a Deo summo

Pontific i et universa li Pupae vitam.

C. E x a udi Chr iste.

R . E x audi Chr iste.

C. Sa lva tor mundi .

C. E x audi Chr iste.

R. Domino nostro illi Augusto, a Deo c oronato

magno etp ac ific o imp er a tori vitam.

C. S anc ta .Mar ia (thrice) .

R. T uisque p raec ellentissimis fili i svitam.

C. S onete Petre (thrice) .R. T u i llos adiava .

C. E x aud i Chr iste.

R. E x er c itai F ranc or um, Romanorum, et T eu

ton ic orum vitam et vic tor iam.

C. Sa nc te T heodor e (thrice) .R. T u illos adiava .

C. Chr istus vinc it,Chr istus regna t, Chr istus im

p er d t. (T wice, and R . the same. )C. Rea: regum, Chr istus vin c it, Chr istus regnat.

(R . the same.)Here follow a series of acclamations .

Rea noster Chr istus vinc it, Chr istus r egna t. Sp es

nostra Chr istus vinc it. Glor ia nostra Christus vinc it.

M iser ic ordia nostr a Chr istus vinc it. Aua'ilium nos

trum Christus vinc it. For titudo nostra Christus


vinc it. Vic tor ia nostra Chr istus vinc it. In'

beratio

et redemp tio nostra Chr istus vinc it. Vic tori a nostr a

Chr istus vinc it. Arma nostra Christus vinc it. M urus

noster inexp ugna bi lis Christus vinc it. Defensio nostr a

et ex a lta tio Chr istus vinc it. Luz , via , et vita nostra

Chr istus vinc it. Ip si soli imper ium, glor ia , etpotesta s

p er immor ta lia saec ula,Amen . Ip si soli vir tus ,

for titude, et vic tor ia per omn ia saec ula saec ulorum,

Amen . Ips i soli honor , laus , et iubi la tio per infinita

saec ula saec ulor um,Amen .

In conjunction with this rite Martene givesanother very close to it b ut differing in somerespects . T he form at the crown ing is different,A c c ipe c oronam a Domino Deo tibi p r aedestina tam.

Ha beas , tenea s , poss idea s, ac filiis tuis post te in

futurum ad honorem, Deo aux iliante, derelinquas .

T hen follows at once the prayer Deus P a ter aeternae

g lor iae. T he Collect is given of the Mass, Deus

regnorum. It is to be noted that the earliestMilanese rite 1 of the coronation of a king, of the

n inth century, is almost identical with this rite of

the Gemunden Codex.

11

What may b e regarded as a sec ond recension of

the Roman rite is the Order of the Coronation of an

Emperor given in Hittorp’

s Ordo Romanus”. T his1 S ee b elow , p . 1 14.

9 Mel c hior H ittorp , D c divini s oa th . c c c les . ofic us (Par is

p . 1 53 . Cp . the .Ordo I of A. Diemand, Das Ceremon iell der

Kais erk ro'

nungen von Otto I b is F ried ric h I I , pp . 124, 125 . Almos tidentic a l wi th this is th e Ordo ad b enedi c c ndum impera torem qua/adoc oronam ac c ipi t, of 0 . R . x n . , P . L . Lx x vm . c oll . 1 101 , 1 102 .

T H E ROMAN IM PER IAL RITE 45

is of the tenth or eleventh century . It differs c onsiderab ly from the last rec ension, and is more fixedand defini te in character

,but is still definitely

Roman .

First the Emperor takes the oath as follows : I nnomineChr isti promitto, spondeo, atquepollic eor egoN .

impera tor c oram Deo et bea to P etro apostolo, me p ro

tec tor em a c defensorem esse kuius ec c lesiae sanc tae

Roma/nae in omnibus utilitatib us in qua ntum divinofa ltus fuer o adiutor io, secwndum sc iremeum a c posse.

As he enters St Peter ’s the Cardinal Bishop of

Al bano meets him at the silver door, and recitesthe prayer, Deus in swine ma nu corda sunt regum,

a new form. Ins ide the church the Cardinal Bishopof Porto says the prayer Deus inena rrab ilis auc tor

mundi, another newform, and after theLitany has beensaid , before the Confess io of S t Peter, the CardinalBishop of Ostia anoints the Emperor on the rightarm and between the shoulders with the oil of

catechumens, us ing the form Domine Deus Omnipo

tens c uius estomnispotestas—again another new form,

which however is found in the rite by which PopeJohn VIII crowned Louis 11 of France at T royesin 877. T he Pope then crowns the Emperor, usingone of three forms which are given ,

A c c ipe signum

gloriae in nomine P a tr is , etc . , or (al ia) Ac c ipe c oronam

a Domino Deo p raedestinatam, or (alia) with the

prayer Deus P ater aeternae glor iae.

T H E ROMAN IMPERIAL R ITE

III

A third recension of the Roman ritemay b e seenin a group Of orders of the twelfth century

,that

of the Pontifical of Apamea ‘, the Order of the

Pontifical of Arles ’, and Ordo III of Waitza It

must b e borne in mind that the rite was in acontinual process of developement in all lands, andtherefore however convenient it may be to trace itshistory by means of recens ion s, yet these recensions ’

must b e to some extent arbitrary, and indeed even ina group chosen to illustrate any given recension thedocuments vary to some extent from each other .

T he second of the orders mentioned above wasthat by which the Emperor Frederick I was crownedin 1 155.

T he Emperor first takes the oath on the Gospelsin the church of St Mary in T urr i to defend theRoman Church ; thither he is attended by two archbishops or bishops of his own realm, and thence heproceeds to St Peter ’s, where he is met at theentrance by the Bishop of Albano, who says the

prayer Deus in c uius ma nu . Ins ide the church theBishop of Porto says the prayer Deus inmar rab i lis

auc tor mundi. T he Emperor then goes up into the1 Martene

’

s Ordo VI , op . c it. II . p . 21 1 .

9 Martene'

s Ordo VII , ib id . p . 212 ; Pertz , M . G . Legg ., II . 97.

Diemand (0p . c it. p . 30) think s that the titl e of th is order ‘ In c ipitOrdo qualiter r ex T eutonic us

’

etc . shews tha t this order is not

offic ial . But the ‘ E x er c itus T euton ic us’

is pr ayed for in the

Laudes of the Gemunden Codex . See ab ove .

3 G. Waitz , Die F ormeln der Deuts c hen Konigs und der

Remis c hc n Ka iser -Kr b’

nwng (Gottingen , pp .

'

67, 68 .

48 T HE ROMAN IMPER IAL R ITE

developements in the ceremonial have taken place.

T he Emperor from this time forward takes the oathin the church of St Mary in T urr i and is no longer

anointed before the Confess io of S t Peter, b ut in thechapel of S t Maurice

,no one henceforth being

anointed before the Confess io b ut the Pope at hisconsecration

NOTE

T he ac count given by Robert of Clary 2 of the coronation of the first Latin Emperor of Constantinople,Baldwin of Flanders , in 1 204, shews it to have beena purely Western ceremony.

T he Emperor accompanied by the clergy and

nobles went in procession from the imperial palaceto the church of St Sophia. Here he was arrayedin his royal vesture in a chamber specially pre

pared for him. He was anointed kneeling beforethe altar, and was then crowned by all the bishops .

T here is no mention of any other investiture, thoughthe sword, sceptre, and orb are all referred to.

Final ly he was enthroned holding the sceptre in

hi s right hand and the orb in his left, and Masswas celebrated.

T he account given by Robert is very meagre, butthe rite described is clearly Western , and apparentlyone very similar to the third recens ion of the Romanri te .

1 Diemand (0p . c it.) divides the whole per iod from Otto I (962)—Fr ederi c k II (1220) into thr ee rec en s ion s only , in thefir s t of wh ic hhe c lasses all those orders in whic h the anoin ting takes plac e b eforethe Confes s io of S t Peter .

9 Hopf, Chroniques , p . 73 f.

T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL R ITE 49

IV

T he end of the twelfth century is marked bya further developement in the r ite contained in theLib er Cansuum of Cardinal Cenci ‘. . T his particula rrite was probably used at the corona tion ofHenry VIand the Empress Constantia by Pope Celestine III in

T he Emperor and Empress go in process ion to

St Mary in T urri , the choir s inging E c c e mitto

a ngelum, and there the Emperor takes the oath todefend the Roman Church . T he oath has becomelonger and the Emperor swears fealty to the Popeand to his successors and that he will b e a defenderof the Roman Church", and kisses the Pope’s foot.T he Pope gives him the Peace, and the process ionsets out to St Peter ’s , s inging B enedic tus Dominus

Deus I sr ael . At the silver door of St Peter ’s theBishop of Al banomeets the Emperor and recites theprayer Deus in c uius ma nu sum c orda r c gum. As

1 Pertz , M . G. c g . II . 187fi.

9 SO Portz , l . c . , b utDiemand (op . c it. p . 35) takes it to b e theOrder used in the c oronation of H enry II I b y Pope Clement II .

This is w ithout doub t an offic ial Order .

3 In nomine domini nos tri J esu Chr is ti. Ego N . rex , et

inturns impera tor Romanorum , promi tto, spondeo , poll ic eor , atqueper haec evangelia inro c oram Deo et b eato Petro apos tolo, tib iN . b eati Petri apos toli vi c ario fidelitatem, tuisque suc c es sorib us

c anoni c e intrantib us ; meque amodo prote c torem ac defensorem

fore huius san c tae Romanae ec c les iae , et ves traa personne , vestr orumque suc c e ssorum in omni b us util itatib us , in quan tum divino

fultus fuero adiutorio, sec undum sc ire meum ac pos se , s ine fraude

etmalo ingenio. S ic me Deus adiuvetethaec san c ta Dei evangelia .

w. o. R. 4

50 T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL R ITE

the Pope enters the Responsory P etre amas me is

sung . T hen under the Rota the Pope puts to theEmperor a ser ies of questions concern ing his faithand duty, and while the Pope retires to vest, theBishop of Porto recites the prayer Deus inenar rab ilis

auc tor mwndi . Next the Emperor is vested in the

chapel of St Gregory with amice, alb and girdl e, and18 led to the Pope, who

‘

facit sum clericum,

’

and

he is thereupon vested with tun ic, dalmatic , pluviale,mitre, buskins , and sandals . T he Bishop of Ostiathen proceeds to the silver door, where the Empressha s been waiting, and recites the prayer Omnipotensaeterne Deus fans et or igo bonitatz

'

s,and she is then

led to St Gregory’

s altar to await the Pope’s procession .

"

T he Pope proceeds to the Confess io of

St Peter and Mass is begun . After the Kyr ie theLitany is said by the archdeacon, the Emperor and

Empress lying prostrate the while. T he Emperoris then anointed (appar ently before the altar of

St Maur ice)1 by the Bishop of Ostia with the Oil of

exorcism on the right arm and between the shoulderswith the prayer Dominus Deus Omnipotens cuius est

omnis potestas , followed by the prayer (once an

alterna tive) Deus Dei F ilms . T he benediction of

the Empress follows, Deus qui solus babes immorta lita tem,

and she is anointed on the breast with the

1 There is no men tion of the plac e where the Emperor is

anoin ted , b ut as he is inves ted b efore the al tar of S t Mauric e

it seems probab le th at here too he was anointed b y the Bishop Of

Ostia as in the las t rec ension . Diemand seems not to have noti c edwhere th e inves titures took plac e , and as sumes that the un c tion wasmade before the Confess io of S t Peter .

T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL RITE 51

form s'

m’

tus Sanc tz’

gra tia b umilita tis nostrae ofiez’

o

cop iosa desc enda t, etc . T he Pope, the anointingover, descends to the altar of St Maur ice, on whichthe crowns have been deposited, and delivers a r ingto the Emperor with the form A c c ip e anulum

szfgna c a lum videlz'

c et sanc tae fidez'

, etc . ,followed by

a short prayer , Deus c uius est omnis potesta s, a muchshortened form of the prayer already used at theanointing ; next the sword is girt on with the formA c c ip e hunc gladiwm cum dei benedic tione tib i c ol

latum, and the prayer Deus qui p r es idential ; and hecrowns the Emperor with the form Ac c ipe signum

glor iae, etc . T he Empress is then crowned with theform Ac c ipe c oronam rega lis ex c ellentiae

,etc . T he

Pope delivers the sceptre to the Emperor with theform Ac c ip e smtrum regia e potestatz

'

s,virgam s c ih

'

c et

rec tam r egm'

,c irgam vir tutis , etc . , followed by the

prayer Omnimn Domine fans bonomm. T hen at thealtar of St Peter the Glor ia in ex c elsis is sung, and

the special collect Deus regnorum omnium follows .

T he Laudes are now sung and then the Mas s proc eeds , the Emperor Offering bread , candl es , and goldand the Emperor offering wine, the Empress thewater for the chalice. Both communicate, and on

leaving St Peter’

s the Emperor swears , at threedifferent places , to maintain the rights and privilegesof the Roman people.

T hemost noticeable thing in this recension is theappearance of the investiture with the ring , whichcomes from non-Roman sources and disappears againin the next recens ion.


In the fourteenth century further developementsappear . T he order used at the coronation of HenryVII I

,and the Ordo Romanus XIV of Mab illon”, may

b e taken as representative of this per iod.

T he oath is slightly varied . It is made, as usual,in the church of St Mary in T urr i, where the Emperoris received by the canons as a brother canon

,and

the Emperor swears that he will b e the protectorof the Roman Church

, but does not swear fealtyto the Pope and his successors as in the precedingrecension . In St Peter ’s the Bishops of Albano and

Porto say their accustomed prayers, and the Litanyis sa id before St Peter ’s altar. T hen the Bishopof Ostia, before the altar of St Maur ice, anoints theEmperor on the right arm and between the shoulderswith the prayers Domin e Deus Omnipotens c uius est

ama is p otesta s and Dew: Dei F ilius . After the

anointing the Pope kisses the Emperor‘sic ut unum

ex diac onibus’

and Mass is begun at the altar of

S t Peter , the collect Deus regnor um omnium beingsa id after the collect for the day. After the gradualthe POpe first sets a mitre on the Emperor ’s head,and then crowns him with the form A c c ip e signum

g lor iae : the S ceptre and Orb are then delivered,though no forms of delivery are given , and lastlythe Sword is delivered with the formAc c ip e g ladiam

1 Pertz , M . G . L egg . pp . 528 fi.

9 P . L . Lx x vm . c oll . 1238 3 . Almos t identic al is Muratori’

s

Order . See L it. Rom. Verne, Vol . II . p . 455.

T HE ROMAN IMPERIAL R ITE 53

ad vindic tam, etc . , a longer form than hitherto usedcontaining the words per nostras manus , licet indignas , vice tamen et auc toritate b eatorum apostolorum

c onsec ratas imperialiter tibi c onc essum,

’

and girt onwith the words Ac c ingere gladio tao sup er femur , etc . ,

and the Emperor thereupon kisses the Pope’s feet.After the gradual the Laudes are sung . At the

offertory the Emperor offers first gold, and thenacting as sub - deacon (more sub diac oni) offers thechalice and water-crus t to the Pope.

T he Empress is met at the entrance of S t Peter ’sand the prayer Omnip otens semp iter ne Deus fans et

or igo, etc . ,is there said . When the Empress has

been crowned she is brought to the Pope, who, afterreciting the prayer Deus qui solus ba bes immor ta lita

tem, anoin ts her with the form Sp ir itus S anc ti gra tia ,

this form being longer than in the last recens ion .

T hen he places the mitre on her head ‘ ita quodcornua mitrae s int a dex tris et a s inistris

,

’

and

finally crowns her with the form Ofic io nostrae

indignitatis in impera tr ic em solemniter benedic ta

ac c ipe c oronam imp er ia lis ex c ellentiae, etc .

After the Communion it is added that the Popemay, if he wish, say the prayers P rospi c e, quaesumus ,Domine Omnipotens Deus serenis obtutibus , Benedic ,

Domine, qua esamus , b ane p r in c ip em, or (alia) Deus

P ater aeterna e glor iae, all of which occur in earlierRoman rites .


T he final recension of the Roman r ite appearsin the Pontifical of T here is very littledifference between this and the last recens ion . Itis mentioned that the Emperor is clad in surpliceand almuce at his reception as a canon at St Maryin T urr i . T he Old privileges of the Cardinal bishopsof Albano, Porto, and Ostia have passed away, andany Cardinal bishop may ofli c iate in their place.

T he order of the investitures is different, first thedelivery of the Sword

,which "

the Emperor thr icebrandishes after it has been girt on him ; secondlythe S ceptre and Orb , which are delivered, the Orbin his r ight hand and the S ceptre in his left, underone form, A c c ip e virgam vir tutis a tque ver itatis ;

lastly the Crown ,after which the Emperor kisses

the Pope’s feet. T he Empress is crowned as before.

At the Offertory the Emperor serves the Pope as

a sub - deacon . After the Communion the Emperorkisses the Pope’s cheek and the Empress his hand,and the Pope c an say, if he wish, the three prayersallowed in this place in the last recens ion .

Here we leave the Roman imper ial r ite at thelast stage of its developement. Itmay b e noted thatthe Roman Emperor was three times crowned ; fir stat Aachen, later sometimes at Frankfort, as King ofthe Eastern Franks, or after the time of Henry II as

1 P ontific a le Romanum De c oronations Romani Imperator is .

T he Emperor Charles V in his Coronation robes

T H E ROMAN IM PE RIAL R ITE

King of the Romans ‘ ; secondly at Milan (or moreoften as a matter of fact at Monza) as King of Italyor King of the Lombards thirdly at Rome bythe POpe as Roman Emperor . Until he had beencrowned at Rome he was only Imperator Elec tus or

Erwahlter Kaiser . As a matter of fact no Emperorwas crowned at Rome after the time Of Frederick III

though Charles V was crowned as Emperor atBologna.

1 Rea: T eutoni c orum oc c urs Often in the tenth and eleventhc enturies . Rex Germa ni c orum oc c ur s onc e or twi c e in ear ly times .

Max imilian I firs t added the title Rex German ias . B ryc e saystha t there is reason to think tha t in later times E rwa hlter began to

ac quire the meaning of ‘elec tive ’

in the pla c e of ‘elec t . ’ S ee

Roman Empi re, p . 531 , note 6. (E d .

CHAPTER V

T HE CORONAT ION OF A KING.

T HE ENGLISH RIT E

As we have seen,the coronation rite is found

existing in the new kingdoms of the West some twocenturies before an imper ial coronation ritewas calledinto existence in the West at the resuscitation of the

Empire by Charlemagne. In Spain the r ite is foundin use in the seventh century , in Frankish lands it wasalready well established in the eighth century, and inEngland a r ite was used at the end of the samecentury certainly on two occasions though underspecial and abnormal circumstances".In the n inth century a Roman rite for the corona

tion of a king came into being , partly derived from theRoman imper ial forms but largely influenced also bythe other existing royal r ites . From this time therewas a continual reaction of the Roman and the

national rites upon each other , and it is safe to say

that on no two occas ions even in the same countrywa s the rite used in exactly the same form

, so

unceasing was the developement.1 T he fir s t r eferen c e to the c on sec ration of a S ax on k ing is

found in the Anglo-S ax on Chronic le under the year 785, whenE c gferth was as soc iated as k ing b y h is father Offa .

T HE ENGLIS H R ITE 57

T he class ifying of the different developements ofthe rite even of one country. is a work of considerabledifficulty. T he Recensions by means of which thedevelopement of each rite is marked are, to a certainextent

,arbitrary

, and s imply mark periods at whichthe process of developement has evolved definitechanges . T here is a vast number of forms in ex is

tence,many of which were probably never used but

s imply served to render the Pontific als in which theyoccur complete.

T he history of the rite is most easy to follow inthe Older kingdoms of England and France, in whichboth the monarchical and the national spirit weremost marked, and which accordingly were inclinedto shew a somewha t independent spir it towards thePapacy. Germany and Hungary were largely influen c ed in their r ite by the Roman , while thoselands

,such as the S candinavian kingdoms and

S cotland,which emerged somewhat late from a

condition of semi-barbarity, only attained to the

dignity of possess ion of a coronation rite at a timewhen the prestige of things Roman was well established

,with the result that their rite appea rs to have

been more or less Roman .

T HE ENGLISH RITE

T here are six well-marked recensions Of the

English rite.

(1 ) T he Order of the so- called Pontifical of

Egbert.

(2) T he so-called Order of Ethelred II .

58 T H E ENGLI S H RITE

(3) T he Order of the twelfth century .

(4) T he Order of the I/iber Rega lia, which lasted

(in English from the time Of James I) until the reignof James II .

(5) T he Order of James II .

(6) T he Ordero fWilliam and Mary,which with

comparatively unimportant changes has been useddown to the present time.

T he earliest form of the English r ite is thatwhich is found in the so- called Pontifical of Egbert,Ar chbishop of York 732—766 . Of this ri te Dom

Cab rol I says that it is ‘sans doute le plus ancien

qui existe.

’

But the whole question of the dateof this Pontifical

,and its connection with Egbert

is one that much needs investigation , and in the

absence of any recent and thorough discussion of

these points, it is precar ious to deal with this document as belong ing to the eighth century.

As to the existence of a coronation rite amongthe Anglo-Saxons , wefind two allus ions to a religiousceremony in the Anglo-Saxon Chron icle at the end

of the eighth century. T hus under the year 785 weare told thatEc gferth,

whowas associatedon the throneby his father Offa, was in that year

‘ hallowed as

king”(to c yninge gehalgod) . T he same authority

1 DACL , art. B retagne (grande c ol . 1238.

2 Dom Cab rol , loc . c it. , giving the Anglo-S ax on Chronic le as hi s

authority , mos t unjus tifiab ly s tates th at E c gferth was c ouronn éetOin t . ' In the c ase of E c gferth the A.

-S . Chronic le ac c oun t goes

T HE ENGLISH RITE 59

speaks of the consecration of Eardwulf on his

access ion to the Northumbrian throne in the year795 ;

‘ he was then consecrated and raised to histhrone ’

(geb lestod 7 to his c inestole ahofen) .Eardwulf who was of the Old lin e of kings had beencalled to the throne after a usurpation .

Both these k ings were, however , raised to thethrone under peculiar circumstances, and we cannottherefore regard this evidence as proof that a coronation ri te was defin itely established in England bythe end of the eighth century because of these isolated instances occurr ing in the two Saxon kingdomsof Mercia and Northumb ria , all the more so as in

both cases it was the influence of the Church that setthese kings on the thr one. We are also told by Assera story of the consecration of Alfred as king by PopeLeo IV at Rome, whither he had been sent by hisfather Ethelwulf. T his story is embellished and

repeated by other wr iters ‘, who add that Alfredreta ined the regalia and vestments used at thisRoman coronation ,

and that they were preserved

bac k to the c ompiler of the Winc h es ter Annals drawn up under

Al fr ed . Wha t hi s sour c es were we do not know . In the c ase of

Eardwulf of Northumb ria we have the c ontemporary NorthumbrianAnnal s emb edded in S imeon of Durham and known through himand c ertain pas sages c ommon to him and the A.

-S . Chronic le,ex tending from th e death of B ede to 802 .

1 Ric h . de Ciren c estria , Sp ec u lum H istoriale (Roll s S eries ) ,II . p . 27. We have the eviden c e of a c har ter of Burgred and

Aethelswyth to show that c rown s were among the regalia of the

Merc ian ki ng s in the n in th c en tury , b ut this does not nec essarilyimply any relig ious c eremony of c oronation . J . M . Kemb le, CodexDip loma II . 94.

60 T HE ENGLI SH R ITE

henceforward among the English regalia. But afragment of a letter from Pope Leo to Ethelwulf

disposes of this legend altogether, for in it he informsKing Ethelwulf that he has invested his son Alfredwith the ins ignia of a Roman consul ‘. Asser makesnomention of any coronation ofAlfred in England .

T he Order then of the Pontifical of Egbert mustb e used with caution . All that we c an say withrespect to its date is that a comparison between itand the so- called Order of Ethelred

,which is of the

tenth century , shews that the former is an earlierc ompilation than the latter , and much s impler and

less fixed in character .

T he Order 2 is called B enedic tio super regemnom'

ter

elec tum, and the Mass into which it is inserted iscalled M issa p ro regibus in die benedic tiouis . T he

Mass collect is Deus regnorum omnium et Cler istiaui

ma x ime p rotec tor imp er ii, da ammo tuo regi nostro

JV. tr iumphant oir tutis suae sc ienter ex c oler e,ut c uius

c onstitutione sunt p rinc ip es eius semper munere sint

p otesta tes .

1 S ee S tub b s ’ Introd . to Will iam of M almesb ury , Gesta Beg um(Roll s -S eries) , 11 . p . x lii , n . 4 .

‘F ilium ves trum E rfred quemhoc in tempore ad san c torum apostolorum limina destinare c ur astis ,b enigne sus c epimus et quasi spir italem filium c on sulatus c ingulo,

honore, vestimentisque, ut mos est Romani s c on sul ib us , dec ora

vimus , eo quod in nostris se tradiditman ib us .

’

9 Hender son , Pontific a le of E g b ert (S urtees S oc . , Vol .

pp . 100 fi. Another tex t Of the same Order is pr in ted from the

Pontific a leL a/na latens e b yL . G .Wic khamLegg , E ng l ish Corona tio nRec ords ,

Wes tmin ster , 1901 ,pp . 3 ft , who also gives the un importan tvari ation s of the tex t of the Order as it appears in the Leofl

‘ri c

M is sal .

62 T HE ENGLIS H R ITE

After this the Mass proceeds , and there is aspecial Preface. It is noticeable that all the var iableMass prayers are Roman .

At the end of the r ite there is appended a shortcharge on the three chief duties of a king , Rec tituclor eg is est noc iter ordina ti m baec tr ia p raec q rta pOp ulo

Christiano sib i sub dito p raec ip ere, namely to securethe peace of Church and people

,to repress violence

and rapine,and to b e just and merciful . Probably

in such words as these the king’

s oath ran . T he

oath in the next recension is in almost the samewords, and most of the prayers reappear later inother r ites . T here is no provis ion made for thecoronation of a Q ueen consort, just as in the Ea sternri te there is no provis ion made for the ceremon ialcrown ing of the Empres s . But there seems to havebeen some prejudice among theAnglo- Saxons againstany very close association of the king

’

s consort withhim on the throne‘, apparently on account of thematr imon ial irregular ities of which Saxon kings were

guilty in common with most other T eutonic monarchs .

It is to b e noticed that the crown is called theGaleus, a word which recalls the

Kaw ap imov of the Eastern Emperor. T he Saxon

1 For thenation of theWes t-S ax on s does 'not allow a queen to '

sit

b eside the king , nor to b e c all ed a queen , b ut only the king ’

s wife.

’

As set , De rebus gestis Aelfredi , s .a . 856 (Petr ie, Mon . H ist. B ri t .p . T heAnna leeB ertiniami ,whic h 8 . a . 856rec ount the c oronation of J udi th in Fr an c e, defin itely s tate tha t the c oronation of a

queen was not pr ac tised among the S ax ons . S ee Pertz , M .G.H .

S c rip t . I . 450 . For th e position ac c orded to the c onsorts ofAng loS ax on k ings , see Liebermann , Gesetz e der Angelsa c hsen , II .

‘

s . v.

T HE ENGLI SH R ITE 63

kings of later date called themselves Ba o’

tAGIS . And

in the charter of Burgred and Aethelswyth, to

which reference has already been made, one of the

regular Greek terms for the imperial crown is actuallyused ‘

Ego Burgred rex nec non ego Aethelswytha

pari coronata stemma regaliAnglorum regina .

’

T hesefacts may possibly indicate the influence of the

Eastern Empire on the courts of the West, thoughthey may simply illustrate the La tin of the period .

IIT he order that marks the second recension of the

English ri te, and which is called the Order of KingEthelred, was in all probability that used at the

coronation of Edgar in 973 .

In this second recens ion of the English ri te everyportion of the older is represented b ut there is moresolemnity. In the delivery of the insignia there isa greater formality and whereas the r ite in Egbert

’

s

book is simply called B enedic tiones sup er regem,in

thi s order it is called Consec ratio Reg is . Alternativeforms are provided, and whereas in Egbert the ri te isinserted into the Mass , in later recensions the wholerite precedes the Mas s .

As the king enters the church the anthemF irmetur mauus is sung. T hen the king prostrateshimself before the altar during the s inging of T eDeum.

After this the king takes the oath, which is the chargeat the end

'

of ‘Egbert’

s order transformed into a directoath by a slight alteration of the first few words ‘.

1 H ac c tria populo Chri s tiano c tmihi sub dito in C’hris ti p romittonomine. I n p r imis ut c c c lesia Dei c t omn is pop ulus Ck ris tiana s

64 T HE ENGLI S H R ITE

T hen is said T e invoc amus , (alia) Deus qui p opulis ,

(alia) I n cliebus eius or ia tur . Here probably the

alia ’

means or though it may mean also.

’ Nowcomes the Consecratio, Omnipotens semp iterne Deus

c reator a c gub erna tor , (alia) Deus elec torumfor titudo,

(item alia) Deus Dei F ilius . Of these three prayersthe first is found in the r ite used by Abp Hincmar atthe coronation of Louis II in 877, and also in the

Ordo Romanus of Hittorp of about the same date ;the second is the consecration prayer of Egbert

’

the

third is an early Roman form, and is found in nearlyall subsequent rites . T hen follows a new feature,the investiture with the Ring, with the form Ac c ip e

anulum signac ulum videlic et sanc tae fidei and the

prayer Deus c uius est omnis potesta s, both of themfound in Hittorp

’

s Ordo Romanus . T he king is

then girt with the Sword with the form Ac c ip e bunc

g ladiam,which is different from the Roman form,

and now first occurs , and the prayer Deus qui p ro

videutia tua , which also now first appea rs , and is

based on a collect in the Gregori an Sacramentary foruse in time of war . T he king is crowned with theform Coronet te Deus

, which was used at the coronation of Charles the Bald at Metz in 869 and the

prayer Deus perpetuita tis follows . T he S ceptre isdelivered with the form Ac c ipe sc ep trum reg iae p otes

veram pac em nos tro a rb itrio in omm’ temp ore servet . Aliud at

rap a c i ta tes c t omnes iniquita tes omnibus g rad i bus interdic am.

T ertium at omni bus iudi c iis ac quita tem c t miseri c ordiam p rac

c ip iam, ut mihi c t vob is indulg ea t suam mis eric ordiam c lemens c t

miser i c or s deus . Q ui vivit.

T H E ENGLIS H R ITE 65

ta tis followed by the prayer Omnium Domine fonsbonorum

, both ofwhich occur first here and in the c ontemporary French order ofRatold. T he Verge is thendelivered with the form Ac c ipe virgam c ir tutis a tque

aequita tis‘,which first occurs in the Ordo Romanus

of Hittorp . A series of n ine benedictions follows,six

of which occur in the orders of Charles the Bald (869)andLouis II (87 and the last three in ‘Egbert

’

s’

rite.

Finally the king is enthroned with the form S ta et

retine,a form which first occurs here and in Ra told

’

s

ri te, followed by the blessings Omn . det tib i Deus

de rore, (a lia ) B enedic Dominefor titudinemp r inc ip is,both of which occur in the forms of Egbert .

’

T he Mass prayers, which are different from thoseof ‘Egbert,

’

are found in the M issa quotidiana p r o

rege of the Gregorian Sacramentary.

In this recens ion the coronation Of the queenconsort first occurs . She is anointed on the headwith the form I n nomine tib i baec

unc tio olei in honorem,etc . , and the prayer Omn .

semp . Deus afl uentem sp iritumi Both these forms

1 In the tex t of thi s rec en s ion given in Dr Wic kham Legg’

s

T hree Corona tion Orders (H . B . S . l 900) , p . 59 , the form with wh ic hthe verge is delivered is foll owed b y a prayer , I nefi

'

a bi lem miseri

c ordiam tuam ; and th en the pallium is given with the form,

Ac c ipe nunc ves tem sammi honori s , and a prayer , Omn . Deus

c unc ti honoris ins tas disp osi tor . None of these forms appear

els ewhere.

2 In this prayer oc c ur the words , qua e p er manus nostra simpositionem hodie reg ina instituitur . These words have beenregarded b y some as eviden c e

,linger in g on only in the forms for

the c rown ing of a queen , that origin ally there was a laying on

of hands at the c onsec ration of a k ing . T he ‘ordinatio

'

of KingAidan b y S t Columb a is adduc ed as fur ther eviden c e , and the

w. c. R . 5

66 T H E ENGLIS H R ITE

here fir st occur . T he Ring is then given with theform A c c ipe a nulum fidei signac ulum sanc tae T r ini

tatis, and the prayer Deus c uius est omnis potestas

(which is not the same prayer as that found elsewherewi th the same beginn ing in the coronation of a king),both of which appear now for the firs t time. Lastlythe queen is c rowned with the form A c c ip e c oronam

g lor iae, and the prayer OmniumDomine/ens bonormn

the second of which is a shortened form of the corresponding prayer in the order for the coronation of

the king , while the former is a slighly differentedition of the form in Hittorp

’

s Ordo Romanus .

It may be noted that the forms for the coronationOf a queen given in the order of Ba told, and

forming the second recens ion of the French rite ,are almost identi cal with those of the Englishrecens ion .

T he developement of the rite in this second re

c ension is most marked, and it is interesting to notethat the same influences have been at work on the

French rite of this period, which is very close to thesecond English recens ion.

ex pres sion Of Photius e poGem’

a Bamheia s might also b e adduc ed .

Both , if they have any other than a general meaning , doub tles sr efer to the laying on of hands alw ays anc iently Ob served in

b lessing . But in th is par tic ular pas sage the words evidently refers imply to the setting of the c rown on the queen ’

s head .

T HE ENGLIS H RITE 67

In the twelfth century a third recension Of the

English ri te 1 appears , in which the rite has beensubjected to a very cons iderable Roman influence.

T he Ordo Romanus of Hittorp or some kindred Orderhas been followed to a large extent in preference tothe Old national order .

As the king enters the church the anthemF irmetwr manus is sung , and the king lies prostratebefore the altar during the Li tany. T he introduction Of the Litany is a new feature and Roman .

After the Li tany the king takes the oath, I n Chr istinominep romittohaec tria p opulo Christiano. Abishopthen asks the people whether they accept the Electas king, S i ta li pr inc ip i, etc .

,and they answer

Volumus et c oncedimus . T his recognition is a new

formal feature, but informally it had taken placelong before, e. g . at the coronation of Will iam I .It als o appears in the French order Of Louis VIII,b ut disappears again from the French rite later on .

T hen is said the prayer Omn . aeterne Deus c rea tor

omnium,followed by a series of benedictions , the

same as those which follow the delivery Of the

sceptre in ‘Egbert,’

b ut in a shorter form. Nextis said the prayer Deus inefia bi lis auc tor mundi,which is fir st found in the order by which PopeJohn VII crowned Louis II at T royes in 877. Itoccurs henceforward in practically every order, b ut

1 See L . G. Wic khamLegg , E ng lish Corona tion Rec ords , pp . 30 6 .

5—2

68 T HE ENGLISH R ITE

whereas the word inefi’

ab ilis is always used in the

English orders (and the German Aachen order) elsewhere inena r rab ilis is always found. T he anointingis much more elaborate than heretofore ; first thehands are anointed Ungua ntur manus istae, etc . , thenfollows the consecration prayer (Roman) P rosp i c e

onznip otens Deus,after which the king is anointed on

head, breast, shoulders and bends of arms , Unguanturc aput istad , p ec tus, etc . , and during the anointingthe Respon sory Deum time is sung . T his elaborateunction is identical with that prescribed in Hittorp

’

s

order , though the forms are not the same. Afterthe anointing is said Deus Dei F ilius , (a lia ) Deus qui

es iustor um g lor ia . T he investitures are then madethe Sword with the Roman form Ac c ip e g ladiamp er

ma nus , etc . the Armills and the Pallium with formsnow first appearing ,

Ac c ipe a rmillas sinc eritatis, and

Ac c ip e p a llium,etc . T hen comes the coronation ,

the crown being blessed with the prayer Deus tuorum

c orona , and the king being crowned with the formCoronet te Deus

,which is first found at the coronation

of Charles the Bald in 869 . T he prayer Deus p er

p etuita tis follows the coronation . T he r ing is g ivenwith theRoman formA c c iperegiae dignitatis anulum ;

the sceptre with the old form A c c ip e s c ep tr um r egiae

p otestatis, and the prayer Omnium Domine fons bonorum and lastly the verge with the Old form. T he

benedictions which follow are those contained inHittorp

’

s order , and finally the king is enthronedwith the form S ta et retine.

T he queen’

s coronation follows in substance


Firmetn/r manus as in the last recension,and the

king makes his first oblation, and then is said aprayer now first appearing, Deus humilium oisitator ,

which is adapted from a collect in the Gregoriansacramentary ‘

in adventu fratrum supervenientium.

’

A sermon is now introduced, after which the kingtakes the oath, no longer directly, but in answer tointerrogations as in the Roman r ite . F inite quidem

S i leges et c on

suetudines ab antiquis instis et Deo denotis reg ibus

p leb iAnglorum c onc essas c umsa c ramenti c onfirma tions

eidemp leb i c onc eder e et servar evoluerit ; etp raesertim

T he king promising that he will maintain theserights , the Ar chbishop then puts to him the followingquestionsSw oab is ec c lesiae Dei c leroque et p opulopac em ex

integro et c onc ordiam in Deo sec undum s ires tuas ?

Resp , S eroabo.

F a c ies fier i in omnibus iudic n s tuis aequam et

rec to/m iustitiam et disc r etionem in miser ic ordia et

ver itate sec undwn vires tua s ? R . Fa c iam.

Conc edis instas leges et c onsuetudines esse tenendas ,

etp romittis ea s p er te esse p rotegendas , et ad honorem

Dei roboranda s qua s vulgus eleger it secundum vir es

tuas ? R . Conc edo etp romitto.

T hen follows the bishops ’ petition Domine Rea: aoob is p erdona r i and the king

’

s promise to preservethe rights and privileges of the Church, which isprobably derived from the French r ite . After this


Veni Crea tor is sung, and then is said the old prayerT e ineoc annus~reintroduc ed into the ri te— and the

Litany, after which are sung the Penitential psalmsa new feature.

T he consecration section of thi s recension is acurious c onfl ation of a number of consecrationprayers . Omn . semp . Deus c r ea tor emnium‘

, (a lia )B enedic Domine hunc r egem, (a lia ) Deus inefiab ilis ,followed by the restored Deus qui pepulis tuis , and

then the actual consecration prayer, the old Deus

elec terumfor titude, introduced by S ur sum c orda and

Preface. T he king is now anointed on the handswith the form Ungua/ntwr ma nus , the an them Un

x er unt Sa lomenem being sung the while, and afterthe prayer P rosp ic e omn . Deus ser enis eb tutibus (theRoman cons ecration prayer) the king is anointed in theform of a cross on the breast, each shoulder , betweenthe shoulders , at the bend of each arm

,and on the

head . After the anointing the prayers Deus Dei

F ilius and Deus qui es iustorum are said. T he kingis now arrayed in the ‘

Colobium sindonis,’

and the

Archbishop proceeds to bless the regalia ,us ing for

the purpose the prayer here first occurr ing , Deus

rex regum. T he king is then arrayed in tunic , hose,and buskins, and the Archbishop then blesses thesword, using the prayer E x audi Domine p r ec es

nostras , which now appears for the first time. T he

investiture with sword, armills , pall ium,and crown

1 In this rec ens ion the words quem in huius regni regempar itereligimus

'

in this prayer are al tered to quem . c onsec r amus .

’

T he

c hange was never made in the same prayer in the Frenc h ri te.

72 T HE ENGLISH RITE

then takes place, the acc ompanying forms beingthose of the las t recension . After the crown ing theanthem Conf

‘

or ta re et esto air is sung , and the ring

is first blessed with two prayers now fir st occurr ing,Deus c a elestium ter r estriumque and B enedi c Domine

et sanc tific a unulum, and then delivered with the

form of the last recension followed by the prayerDeus c uius est omn is p otestas . T he sceptre and

verge are then delivered with the forms Of the lastrecension, and finally after the three benedictionsand T e Deum comes the enthronisation . T he kingbeing enthroned the homage is done.

In this recension the coronation of the queen

consort is very s imilar to the rite of the last recension,the differences being tha t the fir st prayer in the thirdrecens ion , Omn . semp . Deus fens et er igo, is Omitted,the prayer Sp iritus Sa nc ti gr a tia before the unctiondisappears , and Ofic ie indignita tis is no longer an

alternative form, b ut is said after the coronation hastaken place with the older English form. T he queenis anointed on head and breast.T he Mass prayers are S imilar to those of the

second recension ,b ut there are some differences ;

a collect is said for the queen as well as for the king ;the two prayers Omn . Deus det tibi de rere and

B enedic Domine for titudinem (which are said immediately after the enthronisation in the secondrecens ion, b ut had disappeared from the third) aresaid at the king

’

s second obla tion of a mark of goldan alternative Secret is given , that of the RomanM issa p ro Imp era tore ; a bless ing of the king and


and French as well as English, and the petitionof the bishops

,Domine R ep a vob is p erdona r i , which

is left untranslated. Veni Crea tor is then sung,

followed by We beseec h thee, 0 Lord, Holy Fa ther

(T e invec amus ) , and the Litany in English witha special petition proper to the occasion. T henare said the four prayers 0 A lmighty and ever lasting

God, Creator of a ll things (Omn . semp . Deus c rea tor

omnium) ; O Lord, thou tha t goeernest a ll kingdoms

(B enedic Domine) ; God the unsp ea kab le Author

(Deus inefi'

abi lis) ; and God whic h p reoidestfor thy

peop le (Deus gui populis) . T he consecration follows ,God the strength of thy c hosen (Deus elec torum fer ti

tude) , introduced by S ursum c orda and Preface, theprayer being slightly altered in some of its phrases .

T he king’

s hands are then anointed with the formLet these hands be anointed (Unguantur ma nus) ,followed by the anthem Z adeh the p r iest Unx erunt

S a lomonem) and the prayer Lee/c down ,A lmighty God

(P rosp ic e emnip etens) the king is then anointed’on

the breast, between the shoulders , on both shoulders ,on the boughts of the arms , and on the crown Of the

head. T hen follow the prayers God the Son of God

(Deus Dei F ilius) and God whic h a r t the g lory of the

r ighteous (Deus qui es iusterum glor ia ) . T he king isnow vested with Colobium and Dalmatic, after whichthe Archbishop says the prayer 0 God the King ofkings (Deus Rex regum) then with the Supertunic aor close pall , hose, and sandals by the Dean of

1 F a c iende s ignum c ruc is is s truc k out, b ut the queen is

anoin ted in the manner of a c ros s .

’

T HE ENGLISH R ITE 75

Westminster, and with the spurs by a nobleman .

T he Sword is blessed with the form Hea r our

p rayers (E x audi guaesumus) , and is delivered to

the king with the form Rec eive this king ly sword

(A c c ipe g ladiam) . He is inves ted with the Armill,Rec eive the a rmill (Ac c ipe a rmilla s) ; with the

Mantle or Open pall,Rec eive this p a ll (A c c ipe

p allium) with the Crown ,the Archbishop taking

it in his hands and saying God the c rown of the

fa ithful (Deus tuormn) , and 0 God of eter nity (Deus

p erp etuitatis) , and crowning the king with the formGod c rown thee (Coronet te Deus) . T he choir inthe mean time sings the anthems B e strong (Con

forte/re) and T he king sha ll rejoic e (Deus in virtute) .T he Archbishop now blesses the Ring with the

prayers O God the c rea tor of al l things in hea ven

(Deus c aelestium) and B less , 0 Lord ,and sanc tify

(B enefi c Deus ) , and places it on the king’

s rightwedding finger, saying Rec eive the r ing of kingly

dignity (Ac oip e regia e dignita tis anulum) . T henthe prayer 0 God, to whom belongeth a ll power (Deus

c uius est) , after which the king offers the sword andit is redeemed . T he Archbishop delivers the S c eptre, Rec eive the sc ep tre (Ac c ipe sc ep trum), and prays0 Lord, the founta in of a ll good things (OmniumDomine fens) ; likewise the Verge, Rec eive the rod

(A c c ip e virgam) . T he Arc hbishop then bles ses theking, T he Lord b less thee (B enedic a t tib i) T e Deum

is sung, and the king is enthroned with the formS tand and hold fast (S ta et retine) , after which thepeers do their homage.


T he order of the queen’

s coronation follows thatof the [fiber R ega lis . First is sa id by a bishop at

the wes t door of the Abbey the prayer 0 A lmightya nd ever la sting God, the founta in (Omn . semp . Deus

fons et or igo) , then at the altar God ,whic h on ly ha st

immor ta lity (Deus qui solus ) . She is then anointedon the crown of her head with the form In the nameof the F a ther (I n nomine) , and then on the breast,the same form being repeated , after which is said theprayer 0 Almighty ever la sting God, we beseec h thee

(Omn . semp . Deus afiuentem) . She is then giventhe Ring with the form Rec eive this r ing (Ac c ipeana lum) , and the prayer God

,to whom belongeth

a ll p ower (Deus c uius est omnis p otestas) . T he Archbishop blesses the Crown saying 0 God the c rown

of the fa ithful (Deus tuorum) , and crowns her withthe form Rec eive the c rown of glory (Ac c ip e c or onam),adding : Seeing you a re by our ministry solemnlysec r a ted (Ofic io indignita tis) , after which he says theprayer 0 Lord, the founta in (Omnium Domine fons) ,and so ends the queen

’

s coronation .

T he Commun ion service follows,beginning at the

collect 0 Almighty God, we. beseec h thee tha t this thyservant (Quaesumus omn . Deus ut famulus) . T he

epis tle and gospel are the same as in the I/iber

Rega lis . T he offertory is sung , and the king c fl'

ers

bread and wine and a mark of gold . At this pointare inserted the two bless ings A lmighty God g ive thee

(Omn . Deus det tib i) and B less , 0 Lord, the virtuousc a r r iage (B enedic Dominefor titudinem) , which occurin the fi ber Rega lis after the enthron isation. T he


against him, Laud was accused of having tamperedwith the coronation oath 1 in two particular s . He

was cha rged with adding to the fir st section the

qualifying words agreeable to theKing’

s prerogative,’

and of omitting from the last sec tion the words‘

quae populus elegerit.’

T here was an alteration made in the first section .

T his concludes in the old oath of the Liber Regal is ,

which was used in English at the coronation of

James I , with the words ‘

granted to the clergy and

people by the glorious King, Saint Edward yourpredecessor .

’

In the oath as taken by Charles Ithe words ‘

and people ’ were omitted,while there

was added at the end of the section ‘ according tothe laws ofGod

,the true profess ion of the Gospel

established in this kingdom, and agreeing to the

prerogative of the kings thereof and the ancientcustoms of thi s realm.

’

Laud denied any knowledgeof this alteration .

In the las t section of the oath the Liber Rega lisha s Conc edis iusta s leges et c onsuetudines esse tenendas ,

et p romittis p er te eas esse p rotegendas quas vulgus

eleger it ? Here again in the oath of Charles thereis a modification of the wording, S ir , will you gr antto hold a nd keep the r ightful c ustoms whic h the

c ommona lty of this your kingdom home ? But thisalteration had as a matter of fact been made at thetime of the las t coronation,

for this passage is almostidentical with the oath taken by James I . T hat there

1 S ee Chr . Wordsworth , Corona tion of King Cha rles I , 162(H . B . S . pp . 1x 18 fl .

T HE ENGLIS H R ITE 79

was in S tuart times a deliberate attempt to weakenthe force of some of the language in the oath isevident. Henry VIII had been dissatisfied with theterms of the oath and made some attempt to alter itby the insertion of such modifying express ions as

‘not prejudicial to his jurisdiction ,

’ ‘not prejudicial

to his crown ,

’ ‘whi ch the nobles and people havemade and chosen with his c onsent. ’ Buthis attemptedrevis ion c ame to nothing , and both he and Edward VItook the oath at their coronation in the form in whi chit stands in the fi ber Rega lis

‘.

It may also be noted here, as a matter connectedwith the oath

,that up to the time ofHenry VII the

years of a king’

s reign were reckoned from the day of

his coronation ,the oath being regarded as the c om

pact or covenan t made between him and his people,sealing as it were his election to the throne. Fromthe time of Henry VIII onwards the king

’

s reignhas been reckoned from the death of his predecessor".Laud took infinite pains in the preparation of the

coronation ceremony, in which he acted in the placeof the Dean ofWes tminster . His copy of the Orderwith his MS . annotations still exists in the library ofSt John ’

s College, Cambridge. N0 detail is neglectedand some of his notes are very amusing ; for exam

ple, in connection with the putting on of hose and

sandals he remarks,‘

T hese both—Hose and Shewsthe K : would haue putt on vpo his other shoes

1 L . G.Wic khamLegg , E ng lish Corona tion Rec ords , pp . 240 , 241 .

9 S ir Harris Nic olas , Chronology of H is tory (London ,

pp . 272 f.


w°h had almost indaingered ye tearinge of y" old

T insin Hose. It is safer to vnlase them before handwhen they b e vsed againe

T he recipe for the prepa ration of the chrism usedis preserved. T he chrism was consecrated by Land,who was at that time Bishop of StDavid’s , and whowas acting for the Dean ofWestmins ter . It is thedean ’

s function to bless the chri sm if he is a bishop .

If he is not a bishop the archbishop himself c onse

crates it.It is perhaps most convenient at this point to

deal with the coronation ofKing Charles at Holyroodby Ab p Spotiswoode on June 18, 1633, for the ri tethen used was man ifestly based on the English order,and was the work of Abp Laud . T here are in itcerta in variations from the English ri te

,which Were

probably deliberately made with the intention of im

parting a Special S cottish cha racter to the ceremony.

After the Litany, instead ofthe four prayers of theEnglish order only one occurs , which is a combinationofthe twoEnglish prayers 0 Almighty and ever la sting

God, c reator of a ll things and 0 Lord,thou tha t

gover nest a ll kingdoms . T he prayer after the

anointing , God the S on of God, is shortened . At

the investitures the prayer 0 God, the King of kings ,a prayer of benediction of the ornaments , becomesa benediction of the king . T he form accompanyingthe investiture of the Sword is shortened, and 0 Godof eternity disappears at the crowning . On the otherhand there appears after the crowning what may

1 Chr . Wordsworth , op . c it. , p . 36, n . 5.

82 T H E ENGLIS H RITE

0 God, who dwellest in the high and holy p lac e,

which is a much altered vers ion of Deus vis ita tor

humilium. T he Litany is said, and then follow the

prayers A lmighty and ever la sting God, c reator of a ll

things, which has been altered and Shortened, and

0 God, who p r ovidest, practically unchanged. T he

two prayers 0 Lord, thou tha t gover nest and God theunsp eaka b le author are omitted. Here follows the

sermon, and the sermon over,the king takes the

oath ,which is the same as that of Charles I , except

that in the first question‘ T he Gospel established in

the Church of England’

is changed to‘T he Gospel

established in this kingdom’

; after which is sung

the Veni Crea tor in the vers ion now in use. T hen issa id We beseec h thee, 0 Lord, Holy F a ther (unaltered),and then ,

introduced by S ur sum c orda and Preface,the consecration prayer God, the ex a lter of the humble

a nd str ength of thy c hosen (shortened) , after whichthe choir sings Z adok the p r iest. T he king is thenanointed as hitherto with the form B e this head

a nointed with holy oil a nd as kings and p rophets

were anointed , etc . and the archbishop says theprayer God the son of God ; the prayer God whic h

ar t the g lory of the r ighteous being omitted . Certainchanges are made in the forms of investiture the

prayer sa id after the vesting with the Colobium is

changed into a benediction of the king ; from the

form with which the Sword is delivered it is noticeablethat the words for the defenc e of Chr ist

’

s holy c hur c h

are omitted, and the reference to the persecutionof infidels . and heretics also disappears ; the form


accompanying the investiture with the P a llium is

made to include the delivery of the Orb , an

unfortunate innovation which has been reta ined tothis day

, for the orb is perhaps but another formof the sceptre ; at the crown ing 0 God, the c rown

of the fa ithful appears in its present form,much

altered from the or iginal, and the prayers God c rown

thee and O eterna l God (0 God of eter nity) are alsoaltered ; the archbishop reads the first anthem B e

strong , and the choir s ings the second T he king sha ll

rejoic e ; the blessing of the Ring is omitted, and theprayer following its delivery, 0 God, to whombelongetha ll p ower , also disappears ; the formof the investiturewith the Verge is much changed . At this point theking makes his second oblation , which should havetaken place at the odertory,

and the archbishopblesses the king with the blessing T he Lord give theeof the dew of heaven , a much altered edition of the

older form,which in the previous order followed the

Secret and then curiously enough there reappears ashort edition of the old I n dieb us eius (I n thy daysmay justic e fl ourish) , which last was used in the

second recens ion of the English ri te . A new benediction appears , T he Lord p r eserve thy life, and theold, T he Lord b less thee and keep thee, is altered ,the last prayer for clergy and people acquiring muchof its present form, And the same good Lord gr ant

that the clergy and p eop le, etc . After T e Deum the

king is enthroned in much the present form,and

after the homage a final anthem is sung.

At the queen’

s coronation the prayer Almighty6— 2


and ever lasting God, the founta in of a ll goodness

is somewhat altered, and the next prayer God,whic h only hast immor tality is omitted . In the

prayer following the anointing the words that as bythe imposition of hands she is this day c rowned queen

becomes that as by our ofic e and ministry she is this

day a/nointed and solemnly c onsec ra ted our queen .

T he form with which the r ing is g iven is quitedifferent from the form hitherto used after the

Opening words, and the prayer following, God, to

whom belongeth a llp ower , is omitted . Atthe crowningGod, the c r own of the fa ithful is omitted, and the

forms Rec eive the c rown of glory and S eeing you a re

by our ministry are combined into one. T he orderends with the prayer 0 Lord, thefounta in of a ll good

things and a final anthem.

T here was no Communion service, and after thecrown ing of the queen three final collects were saidand then the Bless ing .

Archbishop Suncroft has been much blamed forhis handiwork on the coronation rite, and it iscertainly much to b e regretted that he made so

many and unnecessary alterations in the languageof the old prayers . On the other hand it is a

question whether the r ite has not ga ined by theomission of some of the prayers , for the order as hefound it was very c onflate, many of the prayers beingoriginally alternatives , which in process of time hadbecome additional prayers in such a way as to causea great deal of repetition and to make the serviceunnecessarily long and burdensome.


first oblation ,after which the Bp of London (acting

in the place ofAbp San c roft) says the prayer 0 God,who dwellest in the high and h oly p la c e, and the

Litany is sung, with the prayer 0 God, who

p rovidest for thy p eop le in the place of the prayerof St Chrysostom. T he Commun ion service is now

begun, the commandments being omitted and the

two coll ects for the king combined into one. Afterthe Creed the sermon is preached, and then the kingand queen take the oath . T his was altered from the

form in which it was taken by James I I, and the

expression ‘Protestant reformed religion’

makes itsfirst appearance ; the petition of the bishops alsovan ishes at this time. T here were also noticeablechanges in the consecration ; Veni Cr ea tor is sung ,

and then is said the consecration prayer 0 Lord,holy F a ther , a lmighty and ever lasting God, the

ex a lter of the humb le and the strength of thy c hosen,

b ut without S ur sum c orda and Preface. T here ismoreover a great deal of alteration in the prayeritself, which is made to include a blessing of the oil,

and has the conclusion of the prayer said before thelaying on of hands in the Order of Confirmation .

T he anthem Z adok the p r iest is retained. T he kingand queen were anointed on the crown of the head

,

breast, and palms of the hands only, the hands beinganointed las t instead of first as hitherto, the anointingbeing followed by the prayer Our Lord, J esus Chr ist,the S on of God, and then the an them B ehold, 0 God,our defender . Certain changes are also made in theforms of investiture at the investiture of the Sword

T H E ENGLIS H R ITE 87

the prayer Heur/r our p rayers is slightly altered ;Rec eive this kingly sword appears a s in the presentr ite at the girding Rememb er him of whom the roya l

p sa lmist did prophesy is also slightly changed thereis no mention of any delivery of the Armill the

form with which the Pall and Orb are delivered ismuch expanded ; the investitures with Ring and

Verge precede the crowning instead of following itas hitherto, and the form with which the Vergeis delivered is much enlarged ; at the crowning theprayer 0 God , the c rown of the fa ithful is more or

less unchanged, but that following the crown ing ,God c rown you,

is considerably altered . T hen comesa new anthem, P r a ise the Lord, 0 J erusa lem. At

this point is introduced an entirely new feature, thedelivery of a copy of the Bible with a form consistingof two parts , T hus sa ith the Lord of old, etc .

,and

T o p ut you in mind of this rule and tha t yo umay

follow it,we p resent you with this book , etc . T hen

comes the Aaronic blessing ,followed by the four

benedictions as in the order of James , and the

prayer for clergy and nobles . After the T e Deum

the king and queen are enthroned, the words‘Whereof thou art the lawful and undoubted heirby succession from thy forefathers ’ being omittedfrom the form of enthronisation S tand firm and

hold fast. After the homage a final anthem is sung,which is really the introit out of place. T he Com

mun ion service now proceeds , the king and queenoffering bread and wine, and the Bp of London, whowas celebrant, saying the Secret, B less, 0 Lord, we


beseec h thee,these thy gifts . T he king and queen

then make the second oblation , the same prayerbeing used, 0 God, who dwellest in the high and holy

p la c e, as at the first oblation . A proper prefaceappears again ,

By whom kings r eign and pr in c es

rule, etc . Before the bless ing three final collectsare said, two of them from those in the Communionoffice, and the other that for the king and royalfamily used in the corresponding place in the Orderof James I I .

T he most interesting feature about the rite of

William and Mary is its pos ition in the Euchar ist,a return to the old arrangement of the r ite of

Eg bert,’ which has been preserved at all subsequent

coronations .

T he rec ens ion ofWilliam and Mary is that whichhas been followed up to the present time. T herehave been certa in changes, b ut none of a far reachingcha racter .

T he anthem after the Recogn ition from Anne toGeorge II , T he Queen (King) sha ll rejoi c e, was at thecoronation of George II I and onwards sung after thecrown ing . In the Commun ion service the commandments were sa id from George II till Edward VII , b utin the rite of George V, after the introit Let myprayer c ome up into thy p r esenc e, the Commun ionser vice begins with T he Lord be with you,

and

proceeds at once to the proper collect 0 God, who

p rovidest for thy p eop le. From William and Marytill George III there was no introit, b ut fromGeorge IV till Victoria the S anc tus was used for the


brought back once more for George V ; also the old

anthem B e strong , which had become an admonitionfrom the time ofWilliam andMary

,became oncemore

an anthem for our present king . At the deliveryof the Bible only the second section of the form,

and

that shortened,has been used from the time of King

Edward VII. Of the benedictions only two rema in,

the Aaron ic blessing and T he Lord give you a fruit

ful c ountry. T he final anthem has been subjectedto many changes . In the Communion service thebenedictions of the king after the Secret have disappeared and a proper preface, which was for some

reason omitted from the r ite ofE dward VII, wa srestored to the r ite of George V.

Certain changes have also taken place in the

coronation of the queen consort. From the timeof Q ueen Adelaide there has only been one anointing,on the crown of the head . T he prayer after theanointing, Almighty and ever lasting God, we beseec h

thee of thy a bundant goodness, has vanished fromthe time of Edward VII onwards , and the prayer atthe delivery of the sceptre loses its first sentence andbegins 0 Lord, the givm

'

of a ll p erfec tion . T he finalanthem has also disappeared in the rite of KingEdward VII . In the order ofGeorge V the T e .Deum

is ordered to b e sung after the Blessing .

CHAPTER VI

T HE FRENCH RI T E

As we have seen ,there was in all probability

a Frankish coronation rite in existence in the timeof the Merovingians, and certainly in the time of theCarolingian kings, b ut i t seems to have been veryvariable and without much stability before the tenthcentury.

A group of orders of the end of the ninthand the beginning of the tenth century may b e

taken as representing the Frankish or French r itein its earliest and unfix ed stage.

Charles the Bald was crowned as king of Lotharingia in 869 . T he rite 1 begins with an addressfrom Adventius, Bp of Metz

,after which the king

takes the oath to preserve the rights of Church andpeople. Another address is then delivered byHincmar of Rheims, which perhaps is additionaland exceptional. Adventius says the prayer Deus

qui p opulis, and then follows a series of n ine benedictions said by different bishops, four of the

1 P . L . c x x x vm . c oll . 737- 742 .

92 T HE FRENCH R ITE

benedictions being identical with forms occurringin the second English recension . T he unction follows,Bp Hin cmar anointing the king on his r ight ear ,

from his forehead to his left ear, and on the crownof his head, with a form beg inning Coronet te Deus

,

which does not occur again and is not to b e c on

founded with the coronation prayer beginning withthe same words . Hin cmar then recites two bened ictions, identical with the last two of the secondEnglish r ite, and the prayer Clerum a c populum,

which here appears for the first time. T he kingis now crowned, all the bishops uniting, as in‘Egbert

’

s’

order , to set the crown on his head, theform used being Cor onet te deus c or ona glor iae, whichis found in the second English order and in mostsubsequent r ites . T he bishops then give the Sceptrea nd the Palm,

with a form commencing Det tibi

Dominus velle et posse.

T he Mass which follows the coronation is the

Mass for the day.

A second example of the Frankish r ite may b es een in that by which Louis II (the S tammerer)of France was crowned at Compiegne in 877

1. First

of all the bishops ask that the rights of their churchesshall b e maintained, A vob is perdonari nob is petimus ,

and the king grants their petition P romitto etp erdono

vobis , a section which is found henceforward regularlyin the French orders . Next is said the pr ayer Deus

qui pop ulis , and then follows the anointing, thek ing being anointed during the prayer Omnipotens

1 P . L . c x x x vm . c oll . 783 if .

94 T HE FRENCH RITE

second English recens ion, after which come the firstten of the benedictions which accompany the deliveryof the S ceptre in ‘Egbert.

’

T hen comes the prayerDeus inena rr ab ilis , whi ch here first occurs ; and

finally a prayer, evidently composed for the occasion ,

Ora tio qua benedix it Apostolic us J oha nnes regem

nostr um,and Sp iritum sa nc tific a tionis quaesumus

Domine, H ludowic o r egi nostro p ropitiatus infunde,which does not occur elsewhere.

T here are two examples of the coronation of

queens in Frankish lands at this time, the earliestexamples of the rite in the case of queens in the

West.In 856 Judith l , the daughter of the Emperor

Charles II, was marr ied to Ethelwulf, king ofEngland ,and was crowned at the time of her marriage. T he

actual coronation prayers, which are inserted in the

marriage ri te, are as follows : T e invoc amus , and

then,preceded by S ur su/m c orda and Preface, Deus

elec torum for titude, in which however are inserteda few l ines proper to the occas ion . T he queen is

then crowned with the form Glor ia et honore c oronet

te Dominus, etc .

T he coronation ofQ ueen Hermintrude2 at Soissonsin 866 is still more a special adaptation of the nuptialceremony. T here is first of all a very long allocutionmade by two bishops , after which follows the marriageprayer containing allus ions to the royal pos ition and

duties of the bride, and then the queen is crowned

1 P . L . c x x x vm . c oll . 639—642 .

1 Ib id. , c oll . 727—731 .

T HE FRENCH RITE 95

with the words Coronet te Dominus g lor ia et honor e

et semp iter na p rotec tione, qui vivit et regna t.

In England there was no coronation of the queencon sort at this time, and the same was probably thecase ordinar ily in France. It will b e rememberedthat in the Eastern Empire if an emperor was marriedafter his accession his bride was crowned at the timeof her wedding not only with the nuptial crown b uta lso a s empress . It is noticeable that both thesecoronations of Frankish queens took place at the

time of their marriage, and it is most probable thatthere was some such adaptation of the nuptial coronation (which was at this time used in the West)to the special circumstances of the roya l br ide. T he

occurrence of S ur sum c orda and Preface before theconsecration prayer in the case of Judith is the firstoccasion of their use in this connection , b ut probablythis too is due to the influence of the special Prefaceof the nuptial r ite with which it is combined .

I I

In the tenth century there appears a defin iteFrench rite. T his is represented by the orderscontained in the codex of Batold of Corb ey

land

Martene’

s Ordo VII", which are very close to the

almost contemporary second English recension,and

manifestly derived from an English source.

It begins , as does the ri te of Louis II in 877,

with the petition of the bishops , A vob is perdono/r t,

1 P . L . Lx x vm . c oll . 255H.

‘1 II . pp . 622—634 .

96 T HE FRENCH R ITE

and the king’

s promise, P romitto vob is . Here in

M . VI I comes the Oath Haec tr ia ‘,which has been

lengthened by the insertion of a promise to persec uteheretics . T hen comes the Recognition , two bishopsasking the people if they will accept the king as

the ruler , and T e Deum is sung, followed by theprayers T e invoc amus, Deus qui p op ulis and (alia )I n diebus eius . In M . VII the investiture with thesword followed by Deus qui p roc identia and the

Litany are inserted after T e Deum. Now comes theConsec ratio regis, cons isting of the prayer Omnipotenssemp iterne Deus , c rea tor et guberna tor , during whichthe king is anointed, the anthem Unx eruntS a lomonembeing sung at the time of the anointing, (alia) Deus

elec torum for titude, (alia) Deus Dei F ilius . T hereis no indication of the number of anointings in

Ratold’

s order , b ut in M . VII there are five, the

head, breast, between the shoulders, on the shoulders,and the bend of the arms being specified. T he

investitures follow ; the Ring with the form A c c ip e

anulam signa c ulum and the prayer Deus c uius est

omnis p otestas, and the rest of the regalia , Sword,Crown ,

S ceptre, and Verge, are delivered in the sameorder and with the same forms as in the secondEngl ish recension . After the investitures comes aseries of six benedictions, all of which already occurin the orders of Charles the Bald (869) and Louis II

followed (item alia) by three more that are

found in Egbert’

s r ite. T he king is then enthroned

1 T he word ‘ tria ’ is omitted b ec ause w ith the add ition thereare now four promises .

98 T HE FRENCH RITE

origin of this r ite is the occurrence of the nameof

‘

St Gregory the Apostle of the English .

’T he

clause Rec titudo regis’

of Egbert is also found hereBut while no really satisfying explanation of thesefeatures in the French rite of this per iod has as yetbeen forthcoming , they at least bear witness to theinfluence of the English r ite on the French at thistime.

T he sacr ing of the queen is exactly like thatof the second English order except that in the

French order the prayer Adesto supp lieationibus,

which is said before the anointing , does not appearat all in the English .

II I

T he French r ite in the twelfth and thirteenthcenturies was subjected, as was the English r iteof the same per iod, to cons iderable Roman influence;Of this recension Martene

’

s Ordo VI ‘, and the orderof Louis VIII 2 (1 223) may b e taken as examples .

In this recension appear first the preliminaryprayers as in the Roman order of Hittorp ; the

prayer Deus qui seis humanum genus on his entranceinto church, and on his entrance into the choir Omn .

semp . Deus c aelestium terrestr iumque modera tor

Between Prime and T erce (the king enters the

church after Prime) the Abbot of St Rémi goesin process ion to fetch the holy chrism.

1 De ant. rit. II . 219fi.

9 Godefroy , L e c e’

rem. F ranc ois , I . 13 Profes sor Hans

S c hreuer th ink s that this order was never ac tually used . S ee

Cher altfi-anzosis c he Kronungsordnungen (Weimar , pp . 2 fi.

1 00 T HE FRENCH RITE

precedes , while in the French it comes after, theunction proper .

T he investitures of Sword, Ring, S ceptre, Verge,and Crown follow the order of Hittorp

’

s rite,and

the old forms used at the delivery of Sword, Ring,and Crown give place to the forms of the Romanorder . T he S ceptre is given at the same time as theVerge and has no special form of its own, here againshowing the Roman influence. T he investitures arefollowed by thr ee benedictions derived from theRoman ri te

,and then follows the enthronisation ,

S ta et retine. In Martene VI the king takes anotheroath, Roman in form, at this point and T e Deum is

sung, again shewing that therewas already a tendencyto transfer the latter to this , the Roman position ,

from its or iginal place at the beginning of the rite .

T he consecration of the queen is different fr omthat of the last recension . It begins with the prayerAdesto Domine supp lic a tionibus nostr is and followsexactly the ordo of Hittorp, with the exception thatthe form used at the crown ing exhibits slight verbalvariations .

NoT E

T here are two orders 1 given by Martene, VII I and

x 1 , which stand quite by themselves, and are not

easily placed. Ordo VII I is taken from an Arles

pontific al, dated by Martene c. 1 200—1 300 . T he

r ite is short and shews Roman influence. It beginswith T e Deum

,after which the king takes the oath

1 De ant. ri t. , II . pp . 227- 229 .

T H E FRENCH R ITE 1 01

in the later Roman form P rofiteor c ord/m Deo et

angelis . T he king is then presented to the metropolitan by two bishops and the consecration beg inswith the prayer Omnipotens.: semp z

'

terne Deus c rea tor

omniwm,followed by Deus Dei filius , during which

the king is anoin ted on the head . He is thencrowned with the Roman form Ac c ipe igitur amend/m

regm'

,invested with the Verge, Ac c ip e virgam, and

enthroned with the S ta et retina After the eu

thronisation is said either Deus qui c ic tr z'

c es Maysz'

,

a Roman form here first appear ing, or Deus inen

arr a b ilis . T he forms of the coronation of the queenare almost identical with those of the Roman

pontific a l of 1 520.

T he Archbishop of Arles had no official part inthe coronation of the French monarch . On the

other hand,in str ict theory, the emperor should

be crowned at Arles as King of Burgundy, as wellas at Aachen ,

Milan , and Rome it is possible therefore that this order may represent the ri te us edon such an occas ion, though but few emperors wereactually crowned at Ar les .

Ordo 1x is still more puzzling . It is found inthe Pontifical of Peter, Bishop of Senlis, who diedin the year 1356. T he consecration of the kingis introduced by B enedic Domine [lune regem,

thenfollows Deus inena r ra b ilis , after which the kingis anointed, during the Deus qui es iusterum gloria ,

on feet, shoulders, and arms . T he forms of theinvestitures with Sword (after which is said the

prayer Deus qui p rmn'

dentz'

a , which however is given

102 T HE FR ENCH RITE

out of place) , Ring , S ceptre (which is followed bythe benediction of the Oriflamme) , and Crown followmore or less the Romanized third recens ion , b ut the

benediction of the Orifl amme is inserted among them.

T he anointing of the feet is unique, and there c an

be very little doubt that this ceremony has never

had a place in any r ite. T he probabilities are thatboth these orders are quite unauthor itative and werenever used.

IV

We come now to the final recension of the Frenchr ite, which is represented by the order of Charles V,

who was crowned in 1 364 1 . T his recens ion ,like the

corresponding fourth recension of the English r ite ,

returns to the older r ite anter ior to the Roman izedthird recension in so far as it is a c onflation of the

second and third recens ions,containing nearly every

thing that had appeared in all previous r ites , and

therefore much matter that was originally alternative.

T here is the short preliminary service. At the

end of the prayers said at the king’

s entrance intothe choir, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,Vent? Creator was sung . T he king enters the churchbetween Prime and T erce, and while waiting for thearr ival of the Sainte Ampoule T erce was sung . T he

ri te begins as usual with the bishop’

s petition and the

king’

s reply, and then follows the oath Haec populo

1 T he Corona tion B ook of Cha rles V of F ran c e, b y E . S .

Dewic k , M .A. , P .S .A.

104 T HE FRENCH RITE

sung during the anointing . He is anointed on thehead, breast, between the shoulders , and at the bendof both arms . T he king

’

s hands are then anointedwith the form Ungua ntwr manus, and he thenputs on gloves blessed with two forms adaptedfrom the benediction of a bishop ’ s gloves . T he

investitures follow ; the Ring, with a benedictionand the old form A c c ip e anulum restored in place of

the Roman form introduced into the last recens ion ,

and the prayer Deus c uius est omnis potestas the

S ceptre, with the usual form and the prayer OmniumDomine fons bonorum the Verge, with the usualform the Crown, with the prayer Cor onet te Deus ,

and a c onflate form combining the French Ac c ipec oronam and the Roman Ac c ip e inquam c oronam,

which is followed by Deus perp etuitatis . A seriesof benedictions are now said , all of whi ch are foundelsewhere. After the enthronisation with the usualform the anthem F irmetur manus is sung and the

Roman prayer Deus qui vic trz'

c es Meg/S i is said, andfinally the archbishop kisses the king , saying Viva tRex in aeternu/m

,and the c ry is taken up by the

Peers . T he Mas s,as in the English corresponding

r ite, is a Mas s for the king , and before the Paxthe benedictions B enedic a t tib i Deus c uetodia tque,

Clerum ac p op ulum and Q ua tenus dim'

m'

s mon itie

are said over king and people. T he king communicates , as did the French kings always at a coronation,

in both kinds ‘.

1 T he E ng li sh kings however only c ommun ic ated in one k ind

previous to the Reformation .

T HE FRENCH RITE 105

T he queen’

s coronation beg ins with the prayersAdesto Domine supp lic ationibus, Omn . aeterne Deus

fons et origo, Deus qui solas babes and Omn . semp .

Deus bane fama lam. She is anointed on head and

breast as of old, I n nomine, etc . , and then followSp iritus sanc ti gra tia and Deus P ater aeternae

gloriae. T he Ring is given with the form A c c ip e

anulum,as in the second recens ion ,

followed byDeus c uius est omnis potestas ; the Verge with theform Ac c ip e virgam and the prayer Omn . semp .

Deus afiaentem. Lastly she is crowned with theform of the second recension, and the prayer followsOmniumDominefons bonorum.

After the sacring of the queen the benediction of

the Oriflamme takes place.

T his order remained in use,with small and

unimportant var iations,as long as the mona rchy

lasted in France. But the coronation of the queen

was dispensed with for some reason . T he last

queen to be anointed and crowned was Marie deMédic is in 1610, and probably a sacring took placein her case only because there was every prospect ofher being left Regent and so virtual monarch .

106 T HE FRENCH RITE

NAPOLEON

T he r ite by which Napoleon Iwas crowned stands

by itself. T he arrangement was that he should becrowned according to the r ite of theRoman Pontifical,b ut at the last moment changes were introduced fromthe French ri te itself.Napoleon came into church already clad in the

imperial robes , the Pope having already heard T erce.

According to the Roman order the metropolitanshould, after certain question s , address the monarchon his duties, and then the oath should b e taken .

But in place of this Vent Crea tor was here sung,

as in the French r ite, and after the versicle EmitteSp ir itum and its Response and the Whitsundaycollect Deus qui c orda fideltum, Napoleon took theoath . T his was much modified, for the Emperorrefused to confirm the Church in property whichit did not possess , and indeed refused to recite theoath itself, simply saying P rofiteor when it was read.

T hen followed, as in the Pontifical , Omn . semp . Deus

c rea tor omnium with the necessary alterations, suchas impera torem for regem, and the addition of et

c onsortem eius whenever the Emperor was named.

During theLitany theEmperor and Empress remained

1 P roc e‘

s -verba l de la Cér émonie da sa c re et da c ouronnementd c LL . MM . L

’

Emp erenr Nap oleon et l’

Imp éra tri c e J osep hine .

P a ris , An XI I I , 1805. F . Masson , Le sae re et le c ouronnementde Nap oleon , Paris , 1908 .

1 08 T HE FRENCH R ITE

anthem F irmetur mamas and the prayers Vic tric esMeg/sis and Deus inena rrabilis , and Mass proceeds .

Neither Emperor nor Empress communicated. AfterMas s, while the Pope was unvesting in the Chapelledu T résor, Napoleon took the constitutional oath atwhich the Pope had refused to be present, and wasproclaimed Le tres glorieux et tres auguste EmpereurNapoléon Empereur des francais, sacré et intronisé .

’

T he Emperor and Empress then proceeded to theArc hevec hé whither they were followed by the Pope,during whose procession the anthem T u es Petrus

was sung .

CHAPTER VII

T HE ROMAN RI T E OF T HE CORONAT ION

OF A KING

I

T HE Roman rite of the coronation of kings isbased on the imperial rite

,b ut at the same time

owes much to the var ious national r ites which hadbeen in existence some time before the genes is of

the Roman . T he earliest known Roman rite of thecoronation of a king is that contained in the OrdoRomanus of Hittorp

‘

, and is probably of the tenthor eleventh century.

It begins with the preliminary prayer Omn. semp .

Deus qui famulum and the responsory Eec e mittoangelwm and the prayer Deus qui sets huma nwm

genus as the k ing enters the chur ch . T his is all

purely Roman . T he order begins with the prayerOmn . semp . Deus c aelestium terrestr iumque, which isfirst found here, after which is said the Litany

,

another Roman featur e. T he oath is put to theking in interrogatory form, Vis sanc ta/mfidem, etc . ,

1 M . H ittorp , De divinis ec c lesiae ofi c u s , etc . , in B ib lioth . Vet.

Patrum, x (Paris , pp . 147—152 .

1 10 T HE ROMAN R ITE

Vis sanc tis ec c lesiae, etc . , Vis regnum, etc .,and the

king answers VO10 . T he people are then askedwhether they will accept the king, and they answerF ia t, fl a t.T he consecration of the king is preceded by a

benediction, B enedic Domine franc regem, and two

alternative forms of consecration are given .

( 1 ) Omn . aeterne Deus c rea tor omnium,which

is found in the rite by which Louis II was crownedin 877, and after this is said by another bishopDeus inena rra bilis , after which the king is anointedon head, breast, shoulders , and bends of arms with theform Ungo te in regem de oleo sanc tific a to in nomine,etc . , and finally on the hands, Ungua/ntur manus .

T hen is said P rosp ic e Omnip otens, which appears inthe earliest form of the imperial rite and in the

Milanese r ite of the n inth c enturyl.

(2) T he alternative consecration consists of the

prayers Deus qui es iusterum g lori a ,a Roman prayer,

and S ursum c orda , P refa c e, and the Deus c reator

omnium of the first alternative.

T he investitures follow ; the Sword with the formA c c ipe g ladiam p er manus ep iswporum; the Ringwith the form A c c ip e regiae dignitatis anulum,

both these forms occurr ing here for the first time ;the Verge with the form,

found in all orders b ut tha tof

‘

Egbert,’Ac c ip e virgam vir tutis ; and lastly the

Crown with the form, here first occurr ing, A c c ip e

c oronam regni . T he three benedictions which followthe investitures, B enedic a t tib i, Clerum ac p opulum,

1 S ee b elow p . 1 14.

1 1 2 T HE ROMAN R ITE

which has become direc t, Ego N . p rofiteor c oram

Deo et a ngelis . T he oath is rather shorter in the

Pontifical of 1520. After the prayer Omn . aeterne

Deus Creator (a variant form of Omn. semp . Deus

c aelestiwm terrestr iumque) the Litany is said,the

king lying prostrate before the altar . T he metropolitan 1 then anoints the king on the r ight arm

2and

between the shoulders with the prayers Deus Dei

filius and (a lia in the Mun ich order) Omn. semp .

Deus qui Az akela. Mas s is then begun ,

the Massfor the day being said with a second collect Dei/s

regnoru/m omnium. In the present Pontifical of

Clement VIII,the special collect is that of the

M issa pro rege.

’

T he king is invested with Sword,Verge, and Crown ; in the Pontifical of 1520, and thatat present in use, after he has been invested withthe sword the king brandishes it thr ice, and in the

present Roman order the form of the investiturewith the sword is the old form with which it wa s

girded on , Ac c ingere gladi wn tuum. T he king isthen enthroned with S ta et amodo retine, T e Deum

is sung, and finally after the responsory F irmeturmanas , the two prayers Deus qui oietr iees M oysi and

Deus inena rrab ilis (this latter under an alia in theMunich order) are said. T he Secret and Post

1 T he rub ric of the Pon tific al of 1520 says etiam di c unt omnespontific es dic unt etiam ali as b enedi c tiones .

’

3 A rub ric in the Rite c on tained in x rv tak es in to c on

s ideration national s en timen t b y allowing al so the anoin tin g of

hands , b reas ts , sh oulders , an d b ends of arm.

9 Waitz onl y gives the b eg inn ing and end of this pr ayer , b utit is eviden tly this prayer that he indi c ates .

OF T HE CORONATION OF A KING 1 13

communion are the same as in Egbert,’

except thatin the present r ite the Postcommunion is that of theM issa pro rege.

’

T he later forms Of the queen’

s coronation havechanged cons iderably. In the Pontifical of 1520,followed by that in use at present, the king presentshis consort to b e crowned

,and a short Litany is said .

T hen comes a benediction and S ur sum c orda , P refa c e,andDeus honorum c anc toru/mauc tor . She is anointedin the same way as the king with the prayer Deus

p ater aeternae glor iae, and then comes the crowningand, a new feature, inves titure with the Sceptre.

W.

CHAPTER VIII

T HE RIT E OF M ILAN

I

T HEErite ofM ilan,in which city the Emperor was

crowned as king of Italy, appears in its earliest form1

in the ninth century . It is very s imple and short,b eing almost identical with the earliest Romanimperial rite. T he whole consists of four prayersonly ; E x audi Domine p rec es nostras ; the

‘Cousec ratio P rosp ic e Omn . Deus serenis obtntibas ; the

crowning form A c c ip e c oronam ; and lastly Deus

P ater aeternae glor iae. Of these prayers the firstthree occur in the imperial ri te of the Gemundencodex, and the last is found in Hittorp

’

s order.

It is also interesting to note that there is nomentionin any rubric of the anointing, which, if it occurred ,doubtless took place during the consec ration prayer

‘2

T here is no reference to any coronation of the queen

1 M . Magistretti , Pontific a le in usum ec c lesia e M ediolanensi s

neenan Ordines Amb rosiani (M il an , pp . 62- 64.

2 Wh ether there was any anoin ting or not in this ri te dependson wheth er Charlemagne was anoin ted or not. I f he was , then an

un c tion ,though not mentioned , c er tainly had a plac e in the

Gemunden Order , and in thi s . See pp . 30 3 .

1 16 T HE RITE OF M ILAN

T he queen was also crowned in this order, butthe MS . which conta ins it is mutilated and givesonly the two first prayers, Omn . semp . Deus fonset or igo and Deus qui solus, which are the first twoprayers ofHittOrp

’

s order .

III

A third recension of theMilanese ritemay b e seenin the order used at the coronation of Henry VIIand his Q ueen, Catharina ‘, at M ilan in 131 1 . T hisorder represents the most elaborate stage of the

Milanese rite and seems to have been subject toboth French and Roman influence.

T he short preliminary service now first appearsfrom the Roman rite. As the king enters the choirthe prayer Omn . semp . Deus c aelestium ter restr iumque

is said, and then the king’

s oath is put to him ininterrogatory form. T hen appears a French feature,the petition of the bishops A nob is p erdonar i, and

the king’

s reply. T he Recogn ition follows,the

people answering Kyrie eleison . T he Litany c on

c ludes with the three prayers T e invoc amus , Deus

qui populis and In dieb us eius, the second of whichappears in this recens ion only of the ri te of Milan .

T he consecration prayer is that of the English and

French rites, Omn . semp . Deus c reator ac guberna tor

(inwhich there still remains the allusion to theSaxons),the anthemDilea'isti iustitiamor Unx eruntS a lomonem

being sung dur ing the anointing , which seems to havebeen only on the shoulders, and after which was said

1 Pertz , M . G. L egg . ,II . pp . 503 if .

T HE RITE OF M ILAN 1 17

Deus Deifilius . T he Ring is given with the form of

the last recension ,followed by the prayer Deus c uius

est omnis potestas ; the Sword with the non-Romanform Ac c ip e gladiam and the prayer Deus qui p rovi

dentia ; the Crown wi th the form Ac c ip e c oronam

r egni and the prayer Deus perp etuitatis ; the S ceptrewith the form Ac c ipe sc ep trum regia e p otesta tis and

the prayer Omnium Domine fons bonorum ; and theVerge with the usual form. T hen follow six benedictions , of which the firs t two are found in the oldFrench and Engli sh rites, and the others in the lastrecension . After the enthron isation an Orb and

Cross is delivered to the king with a form beginningA c c ipe pomum aureum quod s ignific a t mona r c/ziamomnium regnorum. T he k ing answers F iat to thecharge Rec titude regis , and then T e Deum is sung .

T he order of the queen’

s coronation beg ins withthe prayer Omn . semp . Domine fons et or igo, thenfollows the cons ecration prayer Deus qui solus , and

the queen is anointed with the form I n

prosit tib i Iza ee a notia, which is followed by Sp ir itussa nc ti gra tia . T he anointing is made on the

shoulders . She is then inves ted with a Ring , whi chis an entirely new feature, the form Ac c ipe ana lum

fidei s igna c ulum s . T r initatz'

s and the prayer Omniu/m

fons bonorum Domine being those of the French ri te,from which this is probably derived . She is crownedwith the form Ac c ip e c oronam glor ias , and finallyare said the two prayers Ofi c io nostrae indignitatis

and Omn . semp . deus afl uentem Spiri tum, the lastof which is French .

1 1 8 T HE RITE or M ILAN

IV

A fourth recens ion is found in a M ilanese orderofthefifteenth century ‘, and is a revised and shortenededition of the last.On the king

’

s entry into church Deus c uius in

manu is said, and the oath follows at once as in

the last order . T he petition of the bishops hasdisappeared, and immediately after the taking of

the oath Mass is begun‘with the saying of the

Confiteor by the aforesaid Pontifi'

together with theaforesaid King,

’ after which the Litany is sung and

then follows the I ntroit. T he collect of Pentecost isused, followed by Deus regnorum omniu/m. Afterthe epistle the archbishop anoints the king on the

head,the clerks s ingingmeanwhileDilex isti iustitiam.

T he consecration prayer itself is omitted, probablyby an oversight, b ut doubtless it was the sameas was used in the last recension . After theanointing come the prayers Dom. Deus Omn . c uius est

omnis p otestas and Deus Deifilius . T he investitureswith Sword, Ring, Crown , S ceptre, and Orb (underone form) are all as in the

' last recension , except thatthe prayers following the delivery of the ornamentsare omitted, and the form of investiture with Sword

gives place to the Roman form Ac c ip e g ladium p erma nus . After the investitures come three of the

benedictions of the last recens ion, but in differentorder, and T e Deum.

1 Magistretti, op . c it., pp . 121 fi.

CHAPTER IX

T HE GERMAN RI T E

I

T HE earliest account of a German coronation riteis Widukind’s description of the coronation of Ottoof Saxony at Aachen in 936. Widukind l relatesthat Otto was first elected king by the nobles, whothen swore allegiance to him and

‘more suo’made

him king . T he royal proces sion went to the churchof Charlemagne, where it was met by the metropolitan ,

who presented the new ki ng to the peopleand demanded whether they accepted Otto as theirking , on which the people lifting their right handsacclaimed him king with lo

‘yal cries . T he Recognitionover , the procession went up to the altar , on which theregalia were already depos ited. T he archbishop theninvested Otto with Sword and belt, using a formbeginn ingAc oip e[tunegladimn,whi ch, though shorter ,is very similar to the corresponding form of the

second English and French recens ions . T hen follows

1 Res gestae S ax oni c ae in Pertz , M .G.H . S c rip tt. 11 1 . 437—438 .

T HE GERMAN R ITE 121

the investiture with Armills and Chlamys under oneform

,which does not occur elsewhere ; the S ceptre

and S taff (baculus) are then delivered also underone form, and that again is unique. T he king isthen anointed with holy oil and crowned with a

golden diadem by the Archbishops Hildiberht and

Wic frid together , b ut the forms used are not g iven ,

and the king is enthroned by the same bishops .

T e Deum is then sung (divina laude dicta)land

Mass follows .

T his right is man ifestly very far from being fixed,and is to b e classed with the earliest examples of theFrankish r ite. It is independent of the Roman rite

,

belonging to theHispano—Frankish family. T heGreeknames of two of the regal ornaments , the~Diademaand the Chlamys , are instructive.

T here is no reference to any coronation of the

queen .

I I

T he German r ite proper comes into prominencein the thirteenth century, and is the rite by whichthe Roman Emperor elect was crowned at Aachenas king of Germany. T he Emperor was in theorycrowned three times , first at Aachen as German king ,secondly at M ilan as king of Italy

,and thirdly at

Rome as Roman Emperor . In later times theGermancoronation often took place at Frankfort, where hewas elected . T he Officiating Prelates were the threeecclesiastical Electors, the Archbishops of Cologne,

1 Pos sib ly this means the Laudes .

’

1 22 T HE GERMAN RITE

Mayence, and T rier . T he German rite changedhardly at all

,for there is scarcely any difference be

tween the order used at the coronation of Rudolf Iin 1 273, and that of Matthias II at Frankfort in1612 .

T he order used in the case of Rudolf I 1 is as

follows . T he consecrator, theArchbishop Of Cologne,assisted by the Archbishops of Mayence and T rier,receive the Emperor elect at the entrance of the

church, and theArchbishop ofCologne says theprayer,Omn . semp . Deus qui famulum tuu/m then is sung

E ec emitto a ngelum, and the two prayers follow, Deus

qui sc is gmus huma num,and Omn . semp . Deus c ae

testium terrestriumque. T hese are the preliminaryprayers of the Roman ri te which seem here to havebecome part of the rite proper . Mass now is begun ,

and the Mass used on this occas ion in the Germanrite is the Mass of the Epiphany. In Rudolf’sorder this collect was followed by the collect of

StM ichael. After the S equence Litany is sung, andthe Ar chbishop of Cologne puts a series of six questions to the king, to which he answers Volo. T he

first three of these are found in Hittorp’

s order ; thefourth asks whether he will maintain the laws of

the Empire ; the fifth whether he will maintain

justice. T he sixth demands whether he will shewdue submission to the Pope. It runs thus : Vissanetissimo in Chr ista P a tr i etDominoRomanoPonti

fiei et sanc tae Roma/nae ec c lesiae sub iec tionem deb itam

et fidem reverenter ewlzibere 7 T his question bears1 Pertz , Legg , I I . pp . 3845 .

1 24 T H E GERMAN RITE

dignita tis anulum, as inHittorp the S ceptre andOrbtogether under the formAc c ip e virgam c ir tutis atque

aequitatis which is used in Hittorp’

s and other ordersfor the delivery of the Verge ; and the Crown wi ththe form Ac c ipe c oronam regni, as in Hittorp

’

s order .

After the investitures the king takes the oath againIn the direct form of the later Roman ri te, P rofiteoret p romitto c ora/m Deo, etc . in Latin and Germananother example of c onfiation . T hen the respon

sory Des ideriu/m a nimae is sung and the king isenthroned with the I ta retine

‘

. Here in the coronation rite of Charles V the Archbishop of Mayencedelivered a long address of congratulation in German .

T he coronation of the queen ,which was performed

by the Archbishops ofMayence and T rier c onjomtly,follows exactly that of Hittorp

’

s order . After the

Q ueen’

s coronation T e Dewm was sung .

T he r ite in the later days 2 hardly var ied at allfrom thi s . T hus the orders according to whichMaximilian I was crowned in 1486, Charles V atAachen in 151 9 , Matthias I I”at Frankfort in 1612,

differ only in the slightes t details from the orderOf Rudolf I .

1 T he I ta is almos t c ertainly a sc rib al error for S ta . But error

or not th is form is foun d al so in the orders b y whic h M ax imilian I

and Char les V were c rowned, though sub sequently S ta et retine isres tored in German Rites .

2 S ee Panvin ius and B euther , I naugura tio, c orona rio, etc . ,

pp . 8 ff. , 81 fi 180 if . T he Order’

of the c oron ation of Max imilian

I I pp . 102 ff. , is s imply an ac c oun t of the r ite written downfrommemory .

3 T he form however of enthroni sation at the Coronation of

Matthi as II b egin s S ta et retine .

T HE GERMAN RITE 125

T he Crown and the imperial vestments withwhich the Emperor elect was crowned in Germanywere those of Charlemagne, which were most carefully preserved . An eye

-witness 1 of the coronationof Leopold II at the end of the eighteenth centurysays that they were still in use, and that the Emmror

adapted his coiffure and beard to the s tyle of Charlemagne, and appeared like a man of the seventh (s ic )century. During the singing of T e Deum Charles Vcreated a number of knights with the sword of Charlemagne, but in later days the creation of knightstook plac e after the service. In England the creationof knights of the Bath took place the day before thecoronation .

1 Comte de B ray , M émoi res (Paris , pp . 97- 1 17

CHAPTER X

T HE HUNGARIAN RI T E

WE have very little material for the Hungarianr ite. Martene gives us the order by which Albert II

(afterwards Emperor) was crowned in 14381

, and

Panvinio and Beuther give us a general account ofthe coronation of Matthias II (afterwards Emperor)as king of Hungary inT he Hungar ian ri te is very close to the later

Roman r ite. T he king is presented to the metropolitan by a bishop who requests him in the name ofthe Church to proceed to the coronation . After theusual questions and answers the king takes the oath ,EgoAlber tus p rofiteor etp romitto c oram Deo. T henis said the prayer Omn . semp . Deus c r eator omnium,

which is followed by the Litany, and the king is thenanointed on the right arm and between the shoulderswith oleum ex or c izatum,

’

the metropolitan saying

1 II pp . 234 11 R itus benedi c endi et c orona ndi r eges H unga riae

qui obtinuit dam Alb er tus V Dux Austriae in r egem Hunga rias

c orona retur .

3 0p . c it. , pp . 154 if.

CHAPTER XI

T HE S PANISH RI T E

I T was in Spain that the coronation rite firstappeared in the West. T he actual date at which ther ite was first used in Spain is not known, but in theseventh century it was evidently well established .

T hus in theCanons ofthe s ixth Council of T oledo(638)reference is made to the oath which the king takeson his accession, in whi ch he swears to persecute theJews, and in the Canons of the eighth Council thisoath is again referred to. Julian ,

Bishop of T oledo ‘

,

has left us a short description of the coronation of

King Wamba in 672, at which ceremony he.

was

himselfpresent. He tells us that the king , standing inhis royal robes (regio iam culta c onsp icuus ) before thealtar of the Church of St Peter and StPaul in T oledo,according to custommade his oath to the people, andthen on bended knees the Oil ofbenediction is pouredon his head by the hands of the holy bishop Q uiric iusand an abundance ofbenediction is manifested .

’

Herewe have the oath, the anointing, and the curious

1 L ib . de H is t. Ga ll . , P .L . x c vr. c oll . 765- 766.

T HE S PANISH R ITE 1 29

express ion b enedic tioni s copia,’ which probablymeans

a series of benedictions . T here are no early Spanishforms extant, though there are slight traces of the

ri te and evidence that there was a proper Mass forthe occas ion in the old Spanish servi c e books 1 .I‘T om the time of the Arab conquest until the

reigns of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain was little

more than a geographical term. T hree small Chr istianstates , Aragon, Castile, andNavarre,maintained theirindependence against the flour ishing Arab kingdomof Granada . T he realm of Aragon was in itself aconfederation of different s tates

,and therefore in

stri ct theory the king should,to obta in due rec ogni

tion, be crowned in each state. But, probably owingto the inconvenience of an oft-repeated c oronation

,the

rite seems to have been discarded altogether in Aragonby the fifteenth century. Nevertheless the orderused at the coronation of Dom Pedro IV of Aragonin 1336 is still preserved. Castile was even more

than Ar agon a confederation of different states, andthe king of Cas tile was king also of Leon, Gal ice,T oledo, Jaen , Murcia, etc . Here again, doubtlessfrom considerations of convenience, the rite seems to

have pas sed out of existenc e early, being repla ced bya series of proclama tions, and the taking of the oathby the new king before the Cortes .

T he third Christian state in Spain was the

kingdomofNavarre. In this state, up to the fifteenthcentury, a coronation rite was used which posses sed

1 L ib er Ordinum. Ed . M . Perotin (Paris , App . m .

pp . 499 3 .

W. C. R .

1 30 T H E S PAN ISH RITE

even more clearly marked characteristics than the

rite of Aragon .

After the un ion of the Span ish states into theone Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella

,the r ite

seems to have passed out of existence altogether, thecustom of Castile serving for the whole Of Spain .

T he order of the coronation of Dom Pedro IV of

Aragonl in 1 336, while shewing Roman influence,

on the other hand exhibits , with the’

r ite of Navarre,more clearly marked national character istics thanany other Western r ite.

T he order of the coronation of Dom Pedro is as

follows . T he day before the ceremony the kingentered the church in which he was to b e crowned onthe morrow, and kneeling down sa id a prayer forhimself in Span ish . T he Sword, Shield, and Helmetwere then set on the altar, where they remainedthrough the n ight watched by nobles, the kingreposing in the Sacristy. Next morn ing he hearsMass pr ivately, and at the time appointed he issummoned by the archbishop and other bishops

,and

is arrayed in his royal vesture ; an ample linencamisa, like a Roman rochet ; an amice of linen ;a long camisa of white linen a girdle a stole over

the left shoulder hanging before and behind ; amaniple on his left wrist a tun icle and a dalmatic .

T he king thus arrayed goes in proc ession to the altar ,and the Litany is said, followed by a prayer for theking and the collect Ac tiones nostra s . At this pointcomes a section peculiar to the S panish r ite, the

1 de B lanc as , Coronac iones , pp . 1 17if. (Caragoc a ,

1 32 T HE S PANISH R ITE

P rosp ic e Omn . Domine ban eglor iosum regemnostrum

ser enis ob tutibus. At this point under the headingA lia c r atio are given a number of prayers DomineDeus Omn . c uius estomnis potestas, in a longer vers ionthan usual,Omn . semp . Deus quiAz alzel super Syr ians,

Sp iritus S an c ti gratia , Deus qui es iusterum glori a ,

and Deus Deifilius .

T he king is now crowned, the archbishop sayingthe form Ac c ip e igitur c orona/m regn i, as in Hittorp

’

s

order except for a few words , and the king takes theCrown from Off the altar and crowns himself

,the

archbishop saying A c c ip e signum glor ias , diadema

et c oronam regn i, as in theRoman rite of the coronation of an emperor . T he king then takes the S ceptrefrom the altar, the archbishop saying A c c ip e virgam,

etc . then the Orb , the archbishop saying A c c ip e

dignitatis pomum et per id, etc . , which is the formwith which the Ring is delivered in Hittorp

’

s orderwith the necessary changes . After the investitures ,under the heading A lia c r atio come the two prayers ,Benedic Domine guaesumus leunc regem, and Deus

p a ter aeternae glor iae, and the king is then enthronedwith the S ta et retine, the anthemDes iderium animae

being sung the while.

T he queen’

s coronation now follows . After theprayers Omn . semp . Deus fons et origo, and Deus qui

solus , she retires to the sacristy, where she is arrayedin a camisa romana a camisa ofwhite s ilk a girdle ofwhite s ilk a maniple on the left arm and a dalmatic.T hen the Litany is sung, followed by two prayers forthe queen, P raetende, quaesumus , Domine

, famulae

T HE S PANIS H R ITE 1 33

tua e, and Omn. semp . Deus ba ne famulam. T he

consecration prayer follows , Deus bonoru/m cunetorwm

auc tor with its preface, and the queen is anointedon head, breast, and on one shoulder, and after theanointing are said the prayers , Deus pa ter aeternae

g lori as , and Sp iritus S a nc ti gra tia . T he king now

takes the Crown from off the altar and sets it on thequeen

’

s head,the archbishop saying the short Roman

form,Ac c ipe c oronamglor ia s , or the form ofHittorp’

s

order Ofic io indignitatis . T he king then gives theS ceptre into the queen ’

s right hand, the archbishopsaying Ac c ipe virgam virtutis, and the Orb into herleft hand

, the same form being used as in the case ofthe king . T he coronation of king and queen now

over, T e Deum is sung, and Mass is begun . T he

Pos tcommunion is the Old Roman form adapted,Deus qui ad defendendum aeterni regni eva ngelium

regiwm Aragonwm solium p r aepa rasti, and beforethe Mass blessing are said Omn . semp . Deus qui te

populi sui c oluit esse rec torem, and Haec Domine sa lu

tar ia sac rific ii pereep tio, this latter , whi ch is the Postcommunion of the M issa p ro imperatori bus , beingevidently a Pos tcommunion out of place.

It will be seen that at this stage the Spanish ritehad been c onsiderably influenced by the Roman rite.

On the other hand it still retained very ancientfeatures . T he Shield and Spear are among the

insignia of the Eas ternemperors 1 . T he Crown isstill called the Helmet,

’

as in the Order of ‘ Egbert .’

1 Cf. Cons tan tine Porphyr . de c aer . I. 91 (c orona tion of Leo the

Great) , ‘He was adored by all and held the spear and shield .

’

1 34 T HE SPANISH RITE

T he taking of the insignia by the king himself, andhis investing the queen with her insign ia, of whichusages there are S igns in some of the early Frankishr ites, all are remin iscent of the old Eastern rite, asare the private prayers of the king himself, whichhave their parallel in the living form of the EasternImperial ri te, that which exists in Russia at thepresent day. T he use of the vernacular

,too, is very

noticeable. Indeed the parallels between their riteand the earlier Eastern rite raise the question whetherthere has been at any stage a borrowing by the formerof elements from the latter .

T he coronation r ite seems to have lasted longestin Navarre of all the Span ish kingdoms . Moreover

the rite of Navarre, though very s imilar to the riteofAragon, is still more peculiarly Span ish than thatof Aragon . T he general character of the r ite of

Navarre is seen in the descr iption of the coronationOf Charles the Noble in 1390, though unfortunatelythe actual forms used are not available 1 . T he ceremony took place at Pamplona , and is begun by theArchbishop of Pamplona requesting the king, beforeyou approach the sacrament of your unction

,

’

to

take the oath to the people which custom requires .

T he king accordingly laying his hand on cross and

gospels, swears to maintain the rights and privilegesof the people and to maintain justice. T hen in theirturn the nobility and gentry present with one voiceswear to b e loyal and obedient to the king, and lastly

1 J ose Maria Yanguas ,y M iranda , Croni c a de los Reyes de

Nava rra (Pamplona , pp . 192—199 ; Martene, II . pp . 236 if .

1 36 T HE SPAN ISH RITE

to be elevated, and before them certain Emperors ofthe Roman Empire.

’

T here are certain features of the Span ish ritewhich are very reminiscent of the Byzantine rite.For example, the Crown is called the Helmet. ’ T heShield and Spear are among the regal ia. T hemonarchis elevated on a shield . And again the king investshimself with the var ious regal ornaments as was donein some circumstances at Constantinople . On the

other hand it is to b e remembered that after all theShield and Spear were arms in general use and

common to all nations . T he elevation on the shieldat Constantinople was without doubt der ived fromthe practice of the T eutonic tr ibes who furn ished theEmpire with so many of her soldiers , and may wellhave been the custom of the Goths . T he self-inves

titure by the k ing Is curious in a land somuch underthe domination of the Church as was Spain fromearliest Vis igothic times . And there is no definiteevidence of any der ivation of the r ite of the Spanishkingdoms from the ri te of Constantinople.

CHAPTER XII

PROT ES T ANT R I T ES . S COT LAND

T HE S cottish pre- reformation rite has not beenpreserved . It was not until the time of PopeJohn XXII that the kings of S cotland were crownedwith an anointing, b ut in 1329 there was conferredupon the kings of S cotland ‘

the r ight to receiveanointing and coronation by the sacred hands of

a Pontiff,’ a privilege which most of the kings of

Europe at that time enjoyed . T here was, however,

long before this time some sort of inaugurationceremony. T he Ordination ’

of King Aidan by S tColumba has been mentioned, and there is referencefairly frequently in the Scottish annals to a Customof the nation ,

’

some ceremony that took place at theaccession of a king, b ut of the details of which wehave no knowledge. It was probably of the natureof an enthronisation . Again we c an perhaps obta insome information on a detail of the coronation ri tein general from a question that came up over the

inauguration of Al exander III in 1 249 . T he kingwas eight years Old, and a dispute arose whether the

1 38 PROTESTANT RITES : S COTLAND

king should b e kn ighted before he was made king.

It will b e remembered that in the rite of Aragon theking was invested with the Sword at his coronationonly if he had not been kn ighted before. It wouldseem that originally the investiture with the Swordwas no part Of the coronation ceremony, b ut was inprocess of time taken into the r ite from the orderfor making a knight. Perhaps, too, we may see

in the obligatory oath of the people of the postreformation S cottish rite a survival Of a peculiar ityOf the old r ite.

Four coronations took place in S cotland subsequentto the Reformation l

.

In 1567 James VI was crowned during the lifetimeOf hi s mother , when he was one year old. T he riteon this occasion was the old one, except that therewas no Mass, and the officiating prelate was AdamBothwell, Bishop of Orkney, the king being dulyanointed, and the usual ceremonies taking place.

T he sermon was preached by John Knox,and the

Earl of Morton acted as sponsor for the king . In

the oath the king swore to extirpate heretics, b utthis was probably in accordance with the old form,

the only difference being that heretics were now thosewho did not hold the doctrines of the true Kirk.

’

T he second occasion on which a coronationceremony took place in S cotland in post- reformationtimes was when Anne of Denmark was crowned as

Q ueen - consort in 1590 . T his was the first occasionon which a defin itely protestant r ite was used . T he

1 J . Cooper , F our S c ottish Corona tions . (Ab erdeen ,

140 PROTES TANT RITES : S COTLAND

order used at the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood.

Before the procession started,the king was

addressed by the Lord Chancellor to the effect thathis subjects des ired him to b e crowned and to maintain the Covenant and to defend their rights, and

Charles having given the required promise the process ion set forth . During the first part of the

proceedings in the church the king occupied a chairby the pulpit

, the regalia being depos ited on a table.

T he ceremony began with a sermon of inordinatelength , preached by Mr Robert Douglas , Moderatorof the Assembly. Bas ing his discourse on the narrative of the crown ing of Jehoiada , the preacher dealtwith many subjects , the meaning of the Coronationceremony, the need of a reformation of their wayson the part of the king and his family, the freedomand independence of the Kirk and of the king

’

s

duties towards it. T he sermon being over,the

king swore to maintain the S olemn League and

Covenant. T he Recognition then followed, the kingascending a stage and being presented to the peopleat the four sides by the Lord Great Constable andthe Marischal, the people crying .God save KingCita r les I I . T he oath was then tendered byMr Douglas , and the king swore to maintain the

established religion, to defend the rights of the crownof Scotland, and to extirpate heretics .

T he oath taken ,the Lord Great Chamberlain

divested the king of his purple mantle in which hewas arrayed from the first

,and girt on him the Sword,

PROTESTANT RITES : SCOTLAND 141

of thefa ith of Chri stand p rotec tion of his kirk an d ofthe true religion whic h is p resently p r ofessed in this

Kingdom and ac c ording to the Na tiona l Covenant and

League and Covenant, and for ex ec uting equity and

justice, and for p unishment of a ll iniquity and in

justic e. T his is based on the Old form. T he kingwas then crowned by the Marquis of Argyll, theminister praying that the crown might b e purged of

the sin of his predecessors, and firmly settled on the

king’

s head . T he homage follows , the Lyon king of

Arms summons the nobles to come and touch thecrown and swear faithful allegiance, and then takesplac e what is perhaps a feature peculiar to the OldScottish rite, the obligatory oath of the people. T he

Lyon king of Arms dicta tes the oath at the fourcorners Of the stage, and the people holding up theirhands repeat : By the E terna l Ahnighty God who

liveth a/nd reigneth for ever , we bec ome your liegemen,and truth and fa ith will bea r with you, and live an d

die with you aga inst all manner of folk wha tsoever in

your servic e, ac c ording to the.N a tiona l Lea gue and

S olemn League and Covena nt. T he Earl of Crawfordnext delivers the S ceptre, sayi ng : S ir , rec eive this

S c ep tre of roya l power of the Kingdom,tha t you may

govern yourself r ight and defend a ll the Chr istia n

peop le c ommitted by God to your c harge, punishingthe wic ked and p rotec ting the just. T his again is

based on the old form. T he king is then enthronedby the Marquis of Argyll with a very Short formbased on the S ta et retine

,S tand and hold fastfrom

1 42 PROTESTANT RITES : BOHEM IAN

henc efor th the p la c e whereof you a re the lawful andr ighteous heir by a long and linea l des c ent of your

fa ther s whic h is now delivered unto you by author ity

of Almighty God. T he min ister then delivers a‘word

'

of exhortation ,

’ after which one by one the

lords kneel and swear allegiance, and finally themin ister blesses the king and closes the proceedingswith a long addr ess to the people.

T HE CORONATION OF T HE WINTER KING

In 161 9 Frederick Count Palatine of the Rhineand the Pr incess Elizabeth (daughter of James I)were crowned with a reformed r ite at Prague l .T he king goes in procession to the parish church

of Prague, and arrays himself in his regal vestmentsin the chapel of St Wenceslaus . As he enters thechoir from the chapel he is blessed by the Administrator (the officiating min ister) and, preceded by theprocession of the Regalia, goes up to the high altar .

T he Veni Creator is sungz

,and-then is said a collect

for the king, in Bohemian ,after which the king goes

to his seat and the sermon is preached . After thesermon a Litany is sung inLatin with spec ial petitionsfor the king, then a lesson is read, and the Administrator says a prayer for the guidance of the Holy

1 Ac tus Corona tionis seren . Dn . F rederi c i Com. Pal . Rheni

c t Dom. regem et regin am B ohemia s . (Prague ,A c ta B ohemi c a pp . 1 39 3 . T he two

doc umen ts do not always agree in detail .

1 T he Ac tus Corona tioni s does notmen tion Veni Crea tor , b utthe Ac ta B ohemic a definitely s tate that the hymn was sung .

1 44 PROTESTANT RITES : PRUS S IAN

Crown with the same forms as were used in the caseof the king . T here is nomention of a Ring . A longbenediction 1 of the queen follows here, and then the

queen returns to her throne, and the proceedingsclose with the singing of T e Deum.

T HE PRUSS IAN RIT E OF 1701

In 1701 , on the transformation ofFreder ick Electorof Brandenburg into the first King of Prussia, a c onsecration ri te was provided for the occasion 2

. T he

ceremony took place at KOnigsb erg , and two courtpreachers, one Lutheran and the other Evangelical,were appointed to act as Consecrator and ass istantConsecrator . On the morning of January 18th, theking, already vested in his royal robes, betakes himsel fto theHall ofAudience and there crown s himself withhis own hands, and then proceeding to her apartments crowns the queen . A process ion then setsout to the Lutheran S chloss-Kirche, at the entranceof which they are met by the Consecrator and blessedby him

, and they proceed to their thrones . A psalm

(67) is sung and the Consecrator says a prayer at thealtar, praying that the king and queen may receiveby the anointing the gift Of theHoly Spir it. A hymnis then sung, after which comes the sermon . After

1 In the A c tus Corona tionis the b enedic tion is spoken of as

following T e Deum, b ut it is evidently out of plac e . T he A .B .

(whic h omit all refer enc e to th e Queen) s tate that the T e Deum

was sung at the c lose of the c eremony .

1 An ac c oun t of the anointing of the F i rst King of P russia in1 701 . J . Wic kh am Legg , F . S .A. Ar c haeol . J our . Lvr.

pp . 123 3 .

PROTESTANT RITES : PRUS S IAN 145

the sermon Veni Cr ea tor is sung, and the Grand?Chamberlain hands to the as sistant-Consecrator a

vessel contain ing the oil of unction, from which theConsecrator anoints the king (who has in the mean~time laid as ide his Crown and S ceptre) on the foreheadand on both wrists, saying : Let your roya l M ajestyrec eive this unc tion a s a divine s ign and token wher ebyGod former ly by H is pr iests and prophets did testifyto theKings of H is peop le tha tHeH imself a lone is themost high God : and tha t He mahes , sets up , and

appoints Kings ; and let the Lord our God H imselfher ew ith anoint your roya l M ajesty with the HolyGhost

,tha t you ,

a s an anointed of the Lord,with a

resolute, c ourageous a nd wi lling hea rt may rule and

govern this your peop le and Kingdom; and in good

hea lth and p rosper ity for ma ny yea rs and times to

some may serve the c ounsel and will of your God :through our Lord J esus Chr ist. Amen . T he anointingis not in the form of a cross, but of a circle as beingthe most perfect figure known to mathematicians "T hen the choir sings Amen, Amen . P rosp er ity to

the Ic ing . P rosp er ity to the king . God gr ant him

length of days . After this anthem the queen is

anointed in the same way as the king with the formLet your roya l Majesty rec eive this un c tion as a

divine sign and token tha t your M ajesty ha s this

anointing and app ointment to your roya l Dignity and

Majesty from God who espoused you to your King,that he should have from you both joy and c omfor t:

and the Lord our God anointyoumore and more with

His Holy Ghost, that you may be c ourageous and

w. C. R. 10

1 46 PROTESTANT RITES DENMARK

willing to g lor ify God and serveHim, for J esus Chr ist

ow Lord. After which the anthem Amen , Amen .

P rosper ity to the Queen, etc .,is sung . A fanfare is

then blown on the trumpets,and the ministers make

a deep reverence to the king and queen, and thenthe Consecrator blesses the king saying : P rosp er ity

to the King , King F reder ic k , King of P russia , and

the Lord the God of our Lord the King say so : as the

Lord ha th been with him hithertowa rds , so letH im be

with him for the time to c ome : tha t his roya l throne

may da ily be grea ter and grea ter . Amen . T he

anthem is then once more sung . T he Consecratorthen blesses the queen in similar terms , and the

anthem is once more sung . T hen the choir s ingsGlory be to God on high, and the Consecratoraddresses the people, saying , F ea r God, honour gowrKing and Queen ,

and blesses the king and queen .

An anthem follows , then a hymn ,and then the

a ssistant-Consecrator makes a prayer of thanksgivingfor the erection of the kingdom and the anointingof the king . T he usual blessing is given and the

ceremony ends with the T e Deum.

DENMARK

T here is no evidence as to the coronation rite inthe Scandinavian kingdoms before the reformation

,

b ut as these nations only obtained the privilege of

a coronation ceremony comparatively late and at atime when the Roman rite had become predominant

,

it is fairly certain that the rite, when introduced, wasRoman,

with perhaps a few national peculiarities .

148 PROTESTANT RITES DENMARK

king on his kingly duties , and the king then takes theoath, in which he swears to preserve the peace of theChurch, to defend the realm,

and tomaintain justice.

An anthem is then sung praying for the king’

s pros

perity. T hemin ister then anoints Frederick betweenthe shoulders and on both wrists , us ing a form whichex presses the signification of the unction . After theanointing during the singing of T e Deum1 ( l) theking is arrayed in his regal vestments . T he ministerdelivers the Sword , with an admonitory form whichcontains something of the ideas of the old form

of the Church, and girds it on the king . He

then addresses the people, warning them of the

king’

s power and authori ty to punish, and the kingdraws the Sword and brandishes it towards the fourcorners of the compass . T he king is then crowned ,theminister and asmany ofthe nobles as convenientlymay setting the Crown on the king

’

s head together ,and the minister delivers the Sceptre into the king

’

s

right hand, charging him to r ule well, and the Orband Cross into his left, with a long address, in whichhe explains the meaning of the ornament . T he

singing is then resumed, . and the king delivers theregalia to the nobles appointed, and returns to

his throne. Homage is done, and the king, accordingto custom,

creates eight knights .

It will b e noticed that this order is based on the

Roman r ite. T he presentation of the king by the

Turb a Deum interea solemni mus ic s. c antuLaudat .

Prob ab ly th is mean s that T e Deum is sung .

PROTES T AN T R ITES z DENMARK

Chancellor has taken the place of the presenta tionby bishops ; the king is anointed as in the Romanrite ; the brandishing of the Sword is Roman , andthere is no Ring.

T here is no mention of the Communion, nor isthere any reference to the queen .

T he later hi story of the r ite is somewhat obscure,and by the nineteenth century it had been subjectedto cons iderable alterations and omissions . As used

(for the last time) at the accession of Christian VIIIin 1840 1 it is very s imilar to the Pruss ian rite of

1702 .

T he king and the queen come to the church inseparate process ions . T hree bishops meet the kingat the entrance of the church and conduct him to

his throne during the singing of the Introit,and

then three bishops meet the queen ’

s procession and

conduct her to her throne. T he Introit over the

Bishop of Sjaelland delivers a first address , and afterit the Bishop Olgaard reads a lesson, which is ex

pounded by the Bishop of Sjaelland . A copy of theS tatutes and the anointing vessels are then depositedon the altar , and the Bishop of Sjaelland deliversanother address with spec ial reference to the Con e

stitution . T he three bishops then kneeling beforethe altar , the Bishop of Sjaelland begins the Lord

’

s

Prayer. T he king in the meanwhile lays aside his

1 A llernaadigst app rob eret Ceremoniel ved Deres M ajes twterKong Christian den Ottendes 0g Dronning Ca rol ine Ama lia:

foresta aende , ho'

ie Krom'

ng s og S a lving s -Ac t paa F rederiks borgS lot, etc . A. Seidelin , Copenhagen

1 50 PROTESTANT R ITES DENMARK

royal ornamen ts , Crown, S ceptre, andOrb , with whichhe has entered the church in preparation for theanointing . First is sung in Latin Ven i S anoto

Sp ir itus , and 77. E nitte Sp iritum Sa nc tum Domine,R7. E t renovab is fa c iem ter rae, etc .

,followed by the

collect of Pentecost, Deus qui c orda fidelium.

A hymn is then sung, during which the Bishop of

Sjaelland goes up to the altar , opens the vessel

contain ing the oil, and consecrates it with a secretprayer . T he king during the s inging and the prayershas reassumed his ornaments . T he Bishop of Sjaelland now summons the king to b e anointed, and theking goes up to the altar with hi s Crown on his head,the Sceptre in his r ight hand and the Orb in his left.Again the king lays aside the regalia and takes off

hi s r ight-hand glove, while the Lord Chamberlainunfastens the clothing over his breast. T hen as the

king kneels before the altar the bishop, dipping thetips of two fingers in the oil, anoints him in the

form of a cross on forehead,breast, and right wrist,

using a suitable form. T he king then resumes his

ornaments. General Super intendent Call isen readsP s . Xx i. 2—8

,and the Bishop of Sjaelland delivers

another discourse, after which a hymn is sung .

T he Bishop of Sjaelland now summons the queenand anoints her on forehead and breast, using asuitable form ; a hymn is sung , the bishop deliversa last discourse, and the Hymn of Praise is sung .

T he king once more lays aside the regalia, and thebishop intones T he Lord be with you,

And with

thy sp ir it, and sings the special collect, and then

152 PROTESTANT RITES : SWEDEN

on a seat in front of the altar he is invested with therOyal ornaments , which are brought down from the

altar on which they have been deposited . Firs t he iscrowned, the king himself setting the Crown on his

head . Next he is invested with the Sceptre, Apple,Key,

and Sword,the archbishop using a special form

at the del ivery of each ornament. After the investitures the king returns the ornaments to the lords ,to whose charge they belong, except the Crown

and S ceptre, and return s to his seat in the choir .

A herald proclaims Ca/r l has been c rowned King ofSweden and no other , a fanfare of trumpets is sounded,and the choir s ings Viva t Rex Ca rolus . T he Litanyis then sung by the bishops and congregation , and

after certain prayers and hymns the ceremony comesto an end. T he var ious nobles and officials thenswear allegiance and the royal process ion takes itsdeparture.

T he most noticeable feature in this order isperhaps the oc currence of the Key among the

regalia, an ornament peculiar to the Swedish rite,and evidently an ancient peculiar ity . It is poss iblethat in this account the taking of the oath iswrongly described as occurr ing after the anointinginstead of before it, for in subsequent orders itoccurs in its proper place

,before the anoin ting .

Also the king is stated to have crowned himself,whereas in a contemporary engraving of the coronation of King Carl Gustaf in 1654, the king isrepresented as being crowned by the archbishop andthe Princeps Senatus, Count Drotzel, conjointly, and

PROTESTANT RI T ES : SWEDEN 1 53

this has been the practice down to the last celebration of a coronation ceremony in Sweden .

T he coronation of a Swedish king in moderntimes may b e illustrated by the order used whenCarl XV and Q ueen Wilhelmina Frederika werecrowned inT he king and queen proceed to the church

in separate processions . T he king is met by thearchbishop in his canonicals and the bishops in theircopes , the archbishop greeting him with the wordsB lessed be he tha t c ometh in the name of the Lord

,

and the Bish op of Skara saying a prayer that theking may b e endowed with grace to rule his peoplewell . T he archb ishop and bishops then escort theking to his seat before the altar with the RoyalStandard on his right hand and the banner of the

Order of the Seraphim on his left. T he Bishop ofStrengnas and the other bishops awa it the comingof the queen, and when she enters the Bishop of

Strengnas greet-s her with the words B lessed be she

that c ometh in the name of the Lord, and the Bishopof Hernosand says a prayer almost identical withthat said at the king

’

s entrance. She is conductedto her seat on the left s ide of the choir, and theirMajesties kneel and make their private devotions ,while the regalia are depos ited on the altar .

T he archbishop begins the service s inging Holy,

Holy, Holy, Lord God of S a baoth, with which the

Ordningl vid Deras M ajes tater Kommg Ca rl den F emtondesoc h Drottning Wilhelmina F reder ika Alex andra Anna Lovi s a s

Krotting oc h Konung c ns Hyl lning vid R iksdagen i S toc kholm, 1860 .

1 54 PROTESTANT RITES SWEDEN

Swedish ‘High Mass’ commences ; the Bishop of

Skara recites the Creed before the altar, and the

hymn Come thou Holy Sp ir it, c ome, is sung, and the

sermon is preached by the Bishop ofGotheb org . T he

Litany is then said and after this , dur ing the singingof an anthem, the king goes to his throne on a daisbefore the altar , with the Royal Standard borne on

his right hand and the banner of the Seraphim on

his left, followed by a procession of the regalia.

T here before the altar his mantle and princely coronetare taken off and deposited on the altar , and kneelinghe is invested in theRoyal Mantle by a statemin ister,and the Archbishop of Upsala reads the first chapterof St John . T he Minister of Justice then dictatesthe oath to the king, which he takes , laying threefingers on the Bible. Immediately after the takingof the oath the archbishop anoints the king on

forehead, breast, temples, and wr ists, saying , T heA lmighty ever la sting God p our out H is Holy Sp ir it

into your soul and mind, p lans and under takings , by

whose g ift may you so rule land and kingdom,a s to

redound to the honour and glory of God, ma inta in

justic e and equity, and befor the good of the land and

p eop le. T he king then resumes his seat,and the

archbishop and M inister of Justice crown him c on

jointly, the archbishop praying in a set form that hisrule may b e good and prosperous . T he king is nextinvested with the S ceptre by the archbishop and the

M inister for Foreign Affairs , and theApple is deliveredto him by Count Hamilton, the archbishop using aset form in both cases . T he Key is then delivered to

1 56 PROT ES TANT R ITES : NORWAY

T he order used for the coronation of KingOscar II in 1872 is identical with the above. T hisWas the last occasion on which a coronation rite wasobserved in Sweden .

NORWAY

T here is no S ign of any ancient rite belonging tothe kingdom of Norway, and perhaps none ever

existed, for Norway was united with the kingdomof Denmark from the fourteenth century until 1814,and since that date until quite recent times with thekingdom of Sweden . According to the law of 1814 ,

however , a separate coronation of the king as Kingof Norway took place in the cathedral of T rondhjemwhere the king was solemnly anointed by theLutheranSuperintendent, and crowned by the Super intendentand the PrimeM inister conjointly.

T he following is the account of the ceremonialobserved at the coronation of King Haakon VII andQ ueen Maud in 1 906

1. It Will be observed that the

order used is very close to that used in Sweden ,

though the forms used are differently worded.

T he royal procession goes in due order with theregalia to the Domkirke,

’

at the entrance of whichit is met by the Bishops of T rondhjem, Kr istiania,and Bergen ,

and their attendant clergy, and the kingand queen are greeted with the words T he Lord

p r eserve thy c omings in and goings out both now and

1 Ceremoniel ved deres M ajestceter Kong H aakon den S yvende’

s

og D ronning M aud’

s K roning i T rondhjem’

s Domki rke Aar 1906.

S teen’ske Bogtrykkeri , Kr . A. , 1906.

PROTES TANT RITES : NORWAY 1 57

for ever . When they have taken their places theservice begins, the Bishop of T rondhjem intoning thefirst line of the Introit hymn, of which the first verseis sung by choir and people. T heBishop ofKristiania,then reads the Creed, and theBishop of Bergen beginsT e Deum, ofwhich the first six verses only are sung .

T he sermon is preached by the Bishop of Kr istiania.

After the sermon a verse of a hymn is sung by apriest and choir antiphonally, and this is followedby the first part of the anthem. T he king now

proc eeds to his throne, which is erected on a daisbefore the altar, the Royal Standard being held on hisright hand . He is divested of the mantle which hehas been wearing , it being laid on the altar, and he isinvested by the Lord Chief Justice and the Bishop ofT rondhjem in the Royal Mantle which has been lyingon the altar . T he Bishop of T rondhjem then anointshim on forehead and wr ist with a special form, the

king kneeling during the anointing . T he king risesand takes his seat on the throne and is crownedby a M in ister of S tate and the bishop conjointly, thebishop using a special form of words . He is theninvested with the S ceptre by the Min ister of ForeignAffairs and the bishop with the Orb by a Councillorof S ta te and the bishop ; and with the Sword byanother Councillor ofS tate and the bishop, the bishopusing a special form at each investiture. T he secondpart of the anthem is sung and part of a hymn, andthe Bishop of T rondhjem says a last prayer for theking and then gives the blessing .

T he king now returns to his seat in the choir ,

1 58 PROTESTANT R I T Es : NORWAY

with his Crown on his head, the S ceptre in his righthand, and the Orb in his left. T he third part oftheanthem is sung , during which the queen passes toher throne before the altar . She is arrayed in the

Royal Mantle, anointed on forehead and wrist, andduly invested with Crown , S ceptre, andOrb , the formsused in each case being adapted from those employedfor the king . T he fourth part of the anthem is

sung and part ofa hymn, and theBishop of T rondhjemsays the last prayer , which is slightly adapted fromthe corresponding prayer used in the case of the king ;he gives the bless ing , and the queen returns to herseat in the choir . T he Pres ident of the S torthingthen proclaims the Coronation Ac t to b e duly c on

summated . N O verses of the hymn God b less our

dear F a ther land are sung , and during the last partof the anthem the bishops and clergy leave the altar ,and, the anthem being finished

,the royal procession

takes its departure from the church .

160 T HE PAPAL CORONATION

cap, and probably related to the Crown of the easternbishop . Although the Donation does notmentionany ceremony of coronation, perhaps one is impliedby this claim that the Papal head-

gear is a temporalcrown .

In the ninth century the ri te existed and is

descri bed in Mab illon’

s Ordo Romanus IX ‘. T he

ceremony never became so elaborate as a royal coronation . T he Pope elect, who must not b e a bishop,enters StPeter ’s dur ing the Introit Eleg it teDominus .

His consecration as a bishop then takes place. T hreespecial prayers are said for him by three differentbishops 2. T he archdeacon then invests him withthe Pallium (i.e. the eccles iastical vestment) , and heis enthroned on a specially prepared throne. T he

new Pope celebrates Mass himself, and after theGlor ia in ex c els is the Laudes are sung . When Massis over he is enthroned upon the apostolic throne.

T hen he proceeds to the steps at the west end of

St Peter ’s, and after the acclamation thrice repeatedDomnus LeoP apa quem S anc tus P etrus elegit in sua

sede multis annis sedere, he is crowned with the

Regnum or T iara, which is described as being whiteand shaped like a helmet. He then mounts a horse

1 P .L . Lx x vm . 1006, 1007.

9 T he desc rip tion is not c lear , b ut the ab ove prob ab ly repro

sents its meaning . T he tex t is et tenent evangelium super c aputvel c ervi c em ipsius . E t ac c edit unus episc opus et dat orationem

super eum et r ec edit, et al ter s imil iter . Ac c edit ter tius et c on

sec ret ilium.

’

T he word ‘c onsec rat

’

is c urious , b ut thes e are

eviden tly the three spec ial prayer s said for the Pope, of whic h thetex t is given in the later des c rip tions .

T HE PAPAL CORONAT ION 161

and returns to his palace amid the acclamations of

the people.

T he r ite seems to have changed very little inthe process of time. Ordo x n

‘

, which is of the

twelfth century, g ives a little more information. On

the S unday after his election the Pope proceeds toSt Peter ’s, and there before the high altar is consocrated bishop by the Bishop of Ostia and otherbishops . T he consecration over, the Cardinal Deaconof St Laurence places the Pall ium on the high altar,whence the Archdeacon takes it and invests the POpein it saying ; Ac c ipe pa llium, p lenit

-udinem s c ilic et

pontific a lis ofic ii , ad honorem omnipotentis Dei et

glor iosissimae Virginis eius genitr ic is et bea torum

apostolorum Petr i et Pauli et sanc tae Romana o

ec c lesiae. T he Pope then celebrates Mass . Afterthe Laudes, the Epistle and Gospel are read bothin Latin and Greek. Mass being finished, the POpereturns to his palace with the T iara on his head, butthere is no indication of any ceremonial crowninghaving taken place.OrdoXIV 2

of the fourteenth century is fuller . T he

Pope is now generally already a bishop at the timeof his election . T he newly-elected Pope proceedsto St Peter ’s and begins Mass . After the Confiteorhe takes his seat before a faldstool between his throneand the altar, and there prayers are said for him bythe Cardinal Bishops of Al bano, Porto and Ostia.First the Bishop of Albano says the prayer : Deus

P .L . LXXVIII . pp . 1098, 1099 .2 P .L . Lx x vn r. pp . 1 1276 .

w. c . R .1 1

1 62 T HE PAPAL CORONAT ION

qui adesse non dedignaris ubicumgue devota mente

invoc aris, adesta guaesumus invoc a tion ibus nostr is et

huic famulo tuo N . quem ad c ulmen apostolic um

c ommune iudic ium tuae p leb is elegit uberta tem sup er

nae benedic tionis infunde, ut sentiat se tuo ma nere ad

hunc ap ic em pa venisse. Next the Bishop of Portosays the second prayer, S upp lic ationib us , OmnipotensDeus , efl

'

ec tum c onsuetae p ietatis imp ende, et gratia

Sp ir itus Sanc ti hwnc famulum tuu/m N p erfwnde ;ut qui in c ap ite ec c lesia/rumnostrae servitutis mysterio

c onstituitur , tuae virtutis soliditate roboretur . T he

Bishop of Ostia says the third prayer, Deus qui

Apostolu/m tuum P etrum inter c aeteros c oap os tolos

p r ima tum tenere voluisti, eigue universae Chr istia ni

ta tis mole/m super imposuisti resp ic e p r ep itius gua c

su/mus hunc famulumtuumN . quemdehamili c athedraviolenter sublima tum in thronum eiusdem apostolorum

pr inc ip is sub limamus ut sic at p r efec tibus tantae

d/ignita tis a ugetu/r , ita virtutu/m mer itis c umuletur ;

quatenus ec c les iastic a e universita tis onus , te adiuvante,

digne fera t, et a te qui es bea titudo tuorummeritum

vic em rec ipiat.

T he Pope now receives the reverence of the

Cardinals and Prelates present, who kiss his foot andface. He then goes to the altar where the CardinalDeacon of St Laurence inves ts him in the Pall ium

,

with the form already given . He then goes up tothe altar and censes it, and returns to his seat, wherehe receives again the reverence of the Cardinals andPrelates . He then begins Glor ia in ex c elsis

, and saysPawvobis and theCollect for the day and says secretly

164 T HE PAPAL CORONATION

It will b e seen that the Papal ri te is very S imple.

It is clear that the ceremonies, with the Laudes andother acclamations ‘, owe much to the Imperial coronation rite of early times, b ut have undergone verylittle change or development s ince the ninth century.

1 It is quite pos sib le that the Laudes at the Papal Coronationmay orig inally have b een the developmen t of the c eremon ia l

rec eption of a new B ishop , suc h as ob tained in Franc e in earlytimes—see Martene, n . p . 29 . If so, the forms have been assimi

lated to the Imper ial ‘Laudes .

’

CHAPT ER XIV

T HE IN T ER-RELAT ION OF T HE DIFFERENT

RI T ES

T HE coronation ri te first appears in Constantinople,and was there a developed and religious form of the

old ceremon ies with which the accession of a new

Emperor had always been observed. In the West areligious ceremony in connection with the accessionof a king fir st appears in the seventh century in the

Visigothic kingdom of Spain . Here we are told thatthe kings on their accession to the throne took an oathto govern justly, and were then solemnly anointed.

But there is this noticeable point, that no mentionis made of any crowning , and though the royal gear

(r egius c ultus) is mentioned, there is no reference toan investiture of any kind .

Whence did this Spanish ri te come ? T here is nodefin ite evidencewhic hwill permit us to sayfor certain.

It may b e that the idea of a religious ceremony of

inauguration was borrowed fromConstantinople. T he

barbarian peoples , as they became the new nations ,imitated so far as poss ible the ins titutions of theEmpire, and so it is poss ible that the Visigoths

166 T HE INTER -RELAT ION on T HE

adopted their coronation ri te in imitation of the

imperial r ite of Constantinople. But if this was so,it is no more than the idea of a religious rite of

inauguration which they borrowed . We have seen

that the central feature of the Eas tern ri te was thecoronation , and there is no evidence of any unctionbefore the latter part of the n inth century, while onthe other hand the central feature of the Visigothicrite was the anointing , and there is no reference toany crown ing in Visigothic times . It is true, again,that in the later Spanish rites ofAragon and Navarrethere appear very special and peculiar features whichwe may b e tempted to refer to a Byzantine origin,b ut as we have seen, these features will bear quitewell another interpretation . Until we have defin iteevidence of any connection between the two, i t isunsafe to derive the Spanish r ite from the Eas tern .

T he outstanding fact is that here in Spain we have,so far as the West is concerned, the beginn ings of

the coronation or consecration rite of k ings, and

that its central characteristic clearly consists of theanointing .

In the middle of the eighth century we find

France also using an inaugurating rite. In 750

Pippin -le-brefwas consecrated by StBoniface as kingof the Franks, and at the end of the eighth centurywe find on two occasions, both of which were ex

c eptional, Saxon kings being consecrated .

T he question now arises , where did the Frenchri te

,and the rite used in England or iginate ? We

have no defin ite evidence and c an only surmise.

168 T HE INTER-R ELATION or T HE

in the account of the second consecration of Pippinby Pope S tephen, where we are told ‘Pope S tephenconfirmed Pippin as king with holy unction

, and

together with him anointed his two sons , Charles andCarloman, to the royal dignityAnd so we find the same feature, the unction, the

central point of the r ite both in Spain and France.It is natural to draw the conclus ion that the Frenchrite was brought from Spain and was of the sametype as the Spanish, just as the other liturgical booksof France and Spain are of the same type

,commonly

called the Gallican .

’- T he r ite

,when it was intro

duc ed into England, most probably was brought overfrom France, for there was cons iderable intercoursebetween the Saxon and Frankish kingdoms, and

some intermarriages between the Frankish and Saxonreign ing families .

T o a Frankish origin may also probably b e assignedthe early German rites , such for example as thatby whi ch Otto of Saxony was crowned in the tenthcentury.

In the year 800 Charlemagne was crowned by thePope at Rome as Roman Emperor. For this purposeit was necessary to have a coronation rite, and hithertono Roman Emperor had ever been crowned at Rome,though a Pope had travelled into France to c onse

crate a Frankish king .

But this was the case of a Roman Emperor . We

are told littleofthe details ofthe rite by contemporarywr iters . None oftheWestern contemporary historians

1 Reginam'

s Ck rom’

c on , s .a . 752 . (Pertz , l .o.)

DIFFERENT R ITES 169

mention any anointing , though they all speak of thecrowning . On the other hand a contemporary Greekwr iter , T heophanes , does definitely speak of the

unction, b ut it has been suggested that he is hereconfusing the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperorwith the anointing of his son Charles as king of the

Franks, which took place on the same occas ion .

T he central feature of the coronation rite was hiscrowning, and this is a feature that seems to haveb een lacking in theWestern rites for the consecrationof a king, while on the other hand it is in strictagreement with the Byzantine procedure. Charlemagne always pretended that the whole affair wasunexpected by him, and that the Pope alone arrangedthe coronation and took him by surprise. But therec an b e little doubt that the whole business , exceptperhaps as to the details of the rite, was premeditatedand arranged beforehand . Charlemagne was crownedas Roman Emperor

,and therefore in theory was the

colleague and the equal of the Emperor at Constantinople. Hence it would seem natural that theceremony by which Charlemagne was crowned shouldfollow in essential details the r ite used on such an

occasion at Constantinople. It may b e added thatthere is no mention of any anointing 111 the earliestforms for the coronation of an Emperor at Rome.

It would seem,then

,that the ri te by which Charle

magne was crowned, was, so far as the West wasconcerned, an entirely new rite, following in outlinethe ri te used at Constantinople.

T hus then, in the West, in the ninth century, we

1 70 T HE INTER-RELATION or T HE

find two groups of rites, quite independent of eachother, (1 ) T he Spanish -Frankish r ite, (2) T he RomanImperial rite. In later days these two groups speedilyreacted on eac h other, and produced a definite typeofWestern ri te .T he forms of the first group, French and English

(no early Spanish forms are extant), probably do not

represent their earliest sta te. T here is not only anunction b ut a coronation , and also a formal deliveryof kingly insign ia, in the English r ite, of S ceptre,Verge, and Crown in the French r ite

,of Crown and

Sceptre. It will b e noticed that ifthe act of crown ingwas first observed in the West at the coronationof Charlemagne, it was very speedily introducedinto the Western rite for the consecration of a king .

T here is no Roman coronation rite for a king atthis date , but there is a M ilanese rite of the n inthcentury , and with some such rite probably BerengarMargrave of Friuli was crowned at M ilan in 887. Itis noticeable that thisM ilanese rite for the coronationof a king is more or less identical with the imperialrite of the same date. It is very s imple, the kingbeing crowned and invested with a sword . T hisMilanese rite may perhaps b e taken as representingthe Roman rite of the coronation of a king in itsearliest form.

It is at the second stage of the rite where theinteraction of the two groups of rites is most clearand evident. In the tenth century the second re

c ensions of the English and French ri te not onlyshew considerable developements and a much more

172 T HE INTER -RELATION or T HE

influence,and that the elaborations in the Roman

r i te were at some time adopted from France and atRome reduced into order and fix ity. Doubtless atRome even the r ite underwent some developement,b ut it is noticeable that after the time of the rite ofHittorp

’

s order the r ite atRome returned to somethingof its ea rlier s implicity and drops out many of the

elaborations which we find in Hittorp’

s order . T huswe may perhaps presuppose an intermediate orderat Rome s imilar to Hittorp

’

s order .

In the case of Edgar of England, the Englishwriters made much of his coronation in the year 973 .

It was an occas ion which called for special pomp andcircumstance, and much stress is laid on the magnific enc e of the whole ceremony. It is likely thatthis is the occas ion for which the second recens ionwas composed

,and the natural source of this develope

ment and revis ion would seem to b e a Roman orders imilar in character to that of Hittorp . T his ri te ofthe second English recens ion was adopted almostword for word in Fran ce in the order of Batold.

In England and France the third recens ion of

each country is clearly influenced from Rome, to theextent even of replac ing

‘

with Roman forms some

of the forms of the old national rites . In the fourthrecens ion in both lands there is a return to the oldernational forms by the s imple mean s of c onflating

the second and third recens ions, and this fourthrecension marks the final form of the rite, except inso far as in England in its English form it has sincebeen modified as circumstances have required.

DIFFERENT RITES 173

T he earliest German ri te,that of Otto of Saxony

in the tenth century, is unfix ed in character,and

approximates perhaps to the earliest Frankish r ites .

T here are investitures with Sword and Belt, Armillsand Chlamys under a un ique form, S ceptre and Verge,again with a unique form, and then after the anointing,with the Crown . T he use of the word C/zlamys isvery striking and bears witness to at leas t a knowledgeof Eas tern imper ial vestments . By the thirteenthcentury the German ri te had been subjected to c on

siderab le Roman influence, as would naturally b eexpected from the close connection existing betweenGermany and Italy. T he unctions are on head,breast, and shoulders

,and the investitures are with

Sword, Ring, S ceptre and Orb , and Crown . T he

German ri te changed very little after this date .T he Spanish rite, as we have seen, contains much

that is very ancient and also has been subjected bythe fourteenth century to Roman influence, none theless preserving much of its ancient peculiar cha racteristic s . Unfortunately we have only few forms of thisrite, and it was early discontinued altogether .

T he Roman imperial rite in its first state is shortand s imple. T here are investitures with S ceptre andCrown only. No mention is made of the unction, andthis fact, inconclusive in itself, accords with the

absence of any mention of unction in the contem

poraryWestern accounts ofCharlemagne’

s coronation .

T he imperial ri te served as a model for the order forcrowning a king when need arose, as is evident fromthe fact that the early n inth-century Milanese order

174 T HE INTER-RELATION or T HE

forthe crowning of aking is almost identical with it. Inthe process of its developement the order for crown ingan Emperor was influenced to some extent by the orderfor the crowning of a king, which had been subjectedearly to cons iderable outs ide influences . T hen in thetwelfth century we find in the imper ial r ite investitures with Sword, S ceptre, and Crown a little laterwith Ring, Crown , and S ceptre. T he Ring is quitenon -Roman and has been introduced fromthe rite forthe crowning of a king , into which it has come fromouts ide sources . T he R ing however soon disappearsonce more from both Roman r ites . In the fourteenthcentury the investitures are with Crown, S ceptre andOrb (Without a form) , and Sword . In the s ixteenthcentury, after which date the order has varied verylittle, the investitures are with Sword

,S ceptre and

Orb (under one form) , and Crown .

We have seen that in the n inth century theM ilanese rite was very s imple and almost identicalwith the Roman imper ial r ite . Here at M ilan theRoman Emperor was nominally crowned as king of

Italy, before his coronation at Rome as Emperor .

In the eleventh century this rite has become veryelaborate, contain ing the whole of the matter of‘Egbert

’

s order, and also much that is Roman.

T here are investitures, of Crown, Sword, Verge, and

Ring, an unusual order, which aremade with Romanforms. In the fourteenth century wefind the unctionsrestricted to the shoulders only, and the investituresare ofRing, Sword, Crown, S ceptre, and Verge. In thelast M ilanese recension, that of the fifteenth century

,

176 INTER-RELATION OF DIFFERENT RITES

of these groups upon each other, and beyond thatdate outs ide influences ceased to be exerted, and

whatever developement may have taken place in any

particular r ite was due to natural and internaldevelopement.At this day in the West the rite is retained in

England and Austria, that us ed in Austria being theorder of the Roman Pontifical .T he only other country, except Russia, in which

a coronation rite survives is Norway.

CHAPTER XV

T HE UNCT ION, T HE VES T MEN T S AND

T HE REGALIA

( 1 ) T HE UNCTION

T HE date at which an unction was introducedinto the Eas tern ri te is a matter of uncertainty.

T here is no definite statement to b e found that theEas tern Emperors were anointed before the time of

the intruding Latin Emperor Baldwin 1 who was

crowned in 1 2 14, and the ri te by which Baldwin wascrowned was a Western ri te . T here is no mention of

any anointing even in the rubr ics of the twelfthcentury Euchologion . T he first defini te reference tothe anointing of the Eas tern Emperor is found in theacc ount of the ri te given by Codinus , in which weare told that he was anointed on the head in the formof a cross .

Mr Brightman thinks that there was no anointingin the Greek rite before the twelfth century, butit is difficult to believe that this was the case1

In the earliest acc ounts of the Eastern Coronations there is nothing at all said that c an b e in any

1 J . T h .S . 11 . pp . 383 ff.

W. C. B .

178 T HE UNCTION

way construed as implying any anointing . In theyear 602 T heodosius the son of the EmperorMaurice,fleeing for refuge to the Persian monarch Chosroes,was received with great honour by the king, and he

(Chosroes) commanded the Catholicos to bring himto the Church, and that the crown of the Empireshould b e set upon the altar, and then set upon hishead

,according to the custom of the Romans l .

’

S ince the detail of the crown being deposited on thealtar is given in this passage, it is most improbablethat all reference to an anointing would have beenpassed over, had such anointing been at this datethe custom of the Roman s .

’

On the other hand St Gregory the Great, c ommenting on the anointing of Saul, speaks of theanointing of kings in his own day ; " T hen Samueltook a vial of oil and poured it upon his head.

”

T his , surely, is signified by this unction ,which is

even now actually seen (materialiter ex hib etur) inholy Church for he who is set at the head of

affairs (qui in culmine ponitur) receives the sacraments of unction .Let the head of the king, then,b e anointed, because the mind is to b e filled withSpiritual grace. Let himhave oil in his anointing,let him have abundant mercy

,and let it b e preferred

by him before other virtues z . ’

Here the expression ‘materialiter ex hib etur’

is

hardly compatible with figurative language. But if

St Gregory is thinking of unction in a coronation

1 Chronic on Anonymum in Guidi , Chroni c a.Minor-a , p . 21 .

9 I n I c . E xp os . iv. 5 (P . L . L inux .

1 80 T HE UNCTION

to believe tha t Photius is here us ing simply figurativelanguage

‘. It is much more natural to take his

words literally and to conclude from them that in theninth century unction was already included in the

rite of Constantinople.

T he references of Ea stern writers to the unctionof Charlemagne have already been mentioned. But

since they all lay stress on the manner of thatanointing no conclusion c an safely b e drawn from

their language that unction was unknown at thattime in the Ea stern r ite.

T here remains the consideration of theAbyss in ianuse. Abyssinia was c ut Off by the Arab conquest ofEgypt in the seventh century from all commun icationwith Constantinople, and there is no evidence of theuse of unction in coronations at Constantinople atthat time. It is on the whole, as has been suggestedin a preceding chapter , more probable that the

Abyssin ian unction was an independent Abyssiniandevelopement, more especially as at one time therewere strong Jewish influences at work in that country,the effect of which remains to this day clearlystamped on the face of Abyssinian Christianity.

As regards the West,we know that Unction wasused at the sacring of the Visigothic kings in the

eighth century and that it was used at the coronationof Pippin by Archbishop Bon iface in the middle of

the eighth century. In fact from the time of the

1 B r igh tman c ons iders that the language of Photius is metaphor ic al on ly and gives later in s tan c es of the figurative use of suc hwords as x p iana and x p fc w . L oc . c it , pp . 384, 385.

T HE VESTM ENTS AND REGALIA 1 81

original introduction of the coronation r ite into theWest, an unction seems to have been one of its

features , and it is qui te poss ible that it may havebeen an independent developement in theWest. But

is it so eas y to think of the unction in the Eas terncorona tion r ite as a feature borrowed from the

WestSo we must leave it at this , that while an unction

was used in Spain in the seventh century, and is

found in all Wes tern coronation rites , on the otherhand with regard to the Eas t we c an only say that itappears probably in the ninth century in the cas e ofBas il the Macedonian

,whatever may b e the proba

b ilities or poss ibilities of any earlier use of it.

(2) T HE VESTMENTS AND REGALIA

Al l the Western corona tion vestments are ultimately derived from the Byzantine use. T he

imperial Byzantine vestments l seem to b e elaborations of the older official Roman dr ess . T hey appearto have become more or less fixed by the n inthcentury, and compr ised the following

1 . T he purple Buskins or Leggings .

2 . T he scarlet Shoes , originally a senatorialbadge.

3. T he T unic or x t‘

ruiv, probably white.

4 . T he Dib etesion or S akkos , a gorgeous tuni cvery much like a dalmatic .

1 B righ tman , B yz antine Imp . Corona tion , in J . T h. S t. 11 .

pp . 391 f. and T he Coronation Order a nd the Rega l Vestments ,in T he P i lot, vr . p . 136 .

1 82 T HE VESTMENTS AND REGALIA

5. T he Loros or Diadema, which was originallya folded toga p z

'

c ta , b ut became a long embroideredscarf folded about the neck and body with one end

pendent in front and the other over the left arm.

6 T he Chlamys , or imperial purple, by thethirteenth century a great cloak powdered with eaglesand fastened on the r ight shoulder . In the time of

Constantine Porphyrogenitus the Loros and Chlamyswere not worn together, perhaps for the sake of c on

venien c e, b ut they were so worn together in the

thirteenth century, though by the fourteenth centurythe Chlamys was again abandoned and the Sakkossufficed for the imper ial purple.

T here c an b e no doubt that the Western regaland imperial vestments are derived from the Easternrobes

,for there is a close s imilar ity between the two,

though in process of time some of the least c on

venient have been gradually abandoned .

T heEnglish vestments are as follows 1

1 . Buskins and Hose, now no longer used.

2 . Gloves .

3. T he Colobium sindonis,a linen vestment of

the shape of an alb , the Eastern x vr c iv. T hisvestment, which had sleeves up to the time of

James II, is now sleeveless, and is also now dividedat the s ide so that it c an b e put on the monarch,without being put over his head, and fastened on theshoulder .

1 See the var ious English orders , most of whi c h are given

in L . G. Wic kham Legg , E ng lish Coronation Rec ords .

1 84 T HE VESTMENTS AND REGALIA

It may b e mentioned that the Greek wordChlamys is actually used for the imperial mantle inthe account of the coronation of Otto of Saxony inthe tenth century.

T he French vestments as used at the coronationof Charles V of France are described in the orderused on the occas ion ‘

.

1 . A T unica serica ,which is apparently part of

his ordinary habit and is the tunica talaris .

2 . T unica,in modum tunic alis quo utuntur

subdiac oni.

3. Sokkos ,‘

fere in modum cappe.

’

4 . Buskins .

5. Gloves .

T he ornaments of the kings of Aragon were2

1 . An ample Camisa like a ‘

Roman rochet,’

evidently an undergarment.2 . An Amice of linen .

3. A long Camisa of white linen .

4. A Girdle.

5. A Maniple on the left wrist.6. A S tole over the left shoulder hanging before

and behind,i .e. ,

an Armill.7. A T un icle.

8 . A Dalmatic .T he Regalia in the Ea st seem to have consisted

of the Crown and the Shield and Spear . Symeon of

T hessalon ica (c. 1400) also speaks of a Rod of lightwood, and also of the Akakia among the imperial

1 Dewic k , T he Corona tion B ook of Cha r les V af F ranc e.

3 de Blan c as , Coronam'

ones .

T HE VESTMENTS AND REGALIA 1 85

ornaments . T heAkakia was a purple b ag containingearth which was put into the hand of the Emperor asa reminder of corruptibility, of which the WesternOrb is perhaps the descendant ‘. T he Crown was

shaped like a helmet and partially closed in at thetop.

T he Western Regalia compri se1 . T he Crown, called still among the Anglo

Saxons S temma or Galeus, sufficiently shewing the

provenance of this ornament. T he Roman imper ialCrown seems to have been much after the shape of

the Eastern S temma. T he English Crown is a fairlynarrow band surmounted by a cross .

2. T he S ceptre.

3. T he Verge or Staff. In France the Stafl wasa rod of ivory surmounted by an Open hand and

Called the Ma in de justice.

4 . T he Orb , which is generall y held to b e

another form of the S ceptre, b ut is more probably anelaborated form of the Greek Akakia . T he Orb was

given at first without any form, b ut in the Englishuse a form ha s been introduced comparatively lately.

5. T he Ring , which was placed on the ‘medicinal,

’

or marriage finger .

6. T he Sword and Spurs,which perhaps origin

ally belonged to the order for the making of a knightwhich was ear ly incorporated into the coronation

1 It is usually held that th e Orb is another form of the S c eptre .

In rites in whi c h it is referred to it is generally g iven withoutany ac c ompanying form. It is variously named the Orb , Pome,

Apiel or Reic h sapfel .

1 86 T HE VESTMENTS AND R EGALIA

rite. It may b e noticed tha t in the conservativer i te of Aragon the Shield and Spear, the arms of

the Eastern emperors,still appear among the regal

weapons as well as the sword .

T he question ar ises as to how far the vestmentsmentioned in the above lists are to b e regarded as

eccles iastical . Many have seen in them an eccles iastical vesture stamping themonarch after his anointingas at least a quasi—ecclesiastical person . T he

vestments are undoubtedly very s imilar to the massvestments , and this similarity was noticed andremarked upon even in the middle ages . Both inEngland and France the appearance of the kingves ted in the royal vestments has been compared to abishop vested for mass, and to the ordinary beholderthi s compar ison would most naturally occur . But as

a matter of fact,if one vesture is to b e regarded as

descended from another, it is the episcopal which isdes cended from the imperial , and not vice versa.

T he true fact however seems to b e that both '

are

descended from a common ancestor . T he eccles iastical vestments represent a conservative retention on

the part of the Church of a vesture which the clergyand laity once used in common . T he Church hasretained the old lay vestments , and ha s elaboratedthem in the process of time. T he imperial vestments are derived from the official dress of theRoman republic, again elaborated. T he official dressof the Roman republic was itself an elaboration of theordinary dress of the Roman citizen . Of ecclesiastical vestments the chasuble and cope seem to have

CHAPTER XVI

T HE S IGNIFICANCE OF T HE R I T E

T HERE remains to b e cons idered the mean ing of

the rite of the consecration or coronation of a king .

We have seen that an exalted idea of kingship wasmore or less universal before the times of Christian ity .

In pre-Christian times the king was regarded as far

above ordinary men by virtue of his offi ce, whichembraced priestly functions, and was looked upon as

being the vice-

gerent of God. In the Roman Empirefrom the time of Julius and Augustus the Emperorwas also Pontifex Maximus , the spiritual as well asthe civil head of the Empire his effigy was sacredtemples were erected to him or to his Genius duringhis lifetime he received semi-divine honours , and on

his death he was solemnlyenrolled among the c ompany of the gods . T he autocrat of the world wasthe representative of God on earth. T he RomanEmpire itself was myster ious , sacred, and eternal .T he Christians also accepted this theory and fol

lowed St Paul ’ s teaching that the powers that b eare orda ined by God,

’

equally with their non-Christianfellow-citizens regarding Caesar in some sense at least

T HE S IGNIFICANCE or T HE RITE 1 89

as the representative of divine law and order in thenatural world, and as being therefore the vice-

gerentof God‘. When the Emperors became Christian the

Church naturally found herself able to accept thisdoctrine with enthusiasm and without restriction ,

and the Emperor was acknowledged as Spir itual aswell as civil ruler . T hus we find that the Councilof Nicea had no hes itation in admitting the right ofthe Emperor to control the Church , and Constantineclaiming to b e a sort of fi/Iois c oms ep isc oporum ap

pointed by God2. T his conception of the Emperorhas never been lost by the Ea stern Church .

We have seen that there was a ceremonial in

pre-Christian times on the accession of an Emperor .

T he Church very naturally transformed this inauguration ceremony into a Chr istian rite in much the sameway as the civil marr iage ceremony was made religi ousby the addition to it of the benediction of the Church .

T he accession of an Emperor was by the will ofGod.

T he Church gave him her solemn benediction at theoutset of his career . It is the idea of a benedictionrather than a consecration that the earliest Easternrites , and even the earlier Western rites, seem to c on

template. Atthe same time theChurch byher benediction proclaimed the newEmperor as the chosen ofGod,

thereby affording a certain stability to his throne andin some degree offering some assurance of peace toEmpire and Church . T he idea of a consecration

gradually evolved itself, and rapidly developed when

1 T ertull . , Apol . m i n ; Ad S oap . n .

‘1 Euseb ius , Vi t. Cons ta nt , Iv. x x iv .

1 90 T HE S IGNIFICANCE or T HE RITE

the use of an unction was introduced. We have seenthat there is some uncertainty as to the date of thisintroduction . St Gregory the Great not only speaksof the anointing of rulers as a well -known fact, b utcertainly regards it as being in some sort sac ramental,just as St Augustine had long before asserted thatthe Jewish unction conferred grace on its recipientsPhotius evidently regarded the Emperor as being insome way set apart and solemnly consecrated bythe inauguration rite . But there still remained thepractical idea of obtaining general recogn ition as

Emperor by the performance of the ceremony, forthe Emperors were crowned immediately on theiraccession . T his idea is just as manifest in the Westas in the

‘

East. T here we see that Pippin in hisanxiety to obta in a defin ite recogn ition and acceptance of his dynasty when the Merovingianfa ine

’

ants

were set as ide, was anointed or consecrated on two

different occas ions, by St Boniface, and secondly bythe Pope himself

,who came across the Alps for the

purpose. In the same way we find Richard I of

England being crowned a second time on his returnfrom his captivity, this second coronation beingapparently regarded as necessary in view of the factthat his brother John had acted at least as king de

fa c to. Henry II was crowned no less than threetimes . Henry III was crowned twice. All thesecases of repeated coronations were intended to pro

1 Cf. the s tatemen t of Aphraates (c . 350) who holds tha t theunc tion of S aul and David impar ted the Holy Spir it . (Demonstr .vx.

1 92 T H E S IGN I FICANCE OF T HE R ITE

the Confessor on the other hand the kings ofEnglandblessed cramp rings by rubbing them in their anointedhands

,with a prayer for their consecration .

T hree facts may b e regarded as contributingtowards this common belief in England and Francethat the consecration of a king was a sort of ordination the fact that he was anointed ‘

as prophets,priests and kings were anointed ,

’ according to thelanguage of the form in most of the orders the factthat the regal vestments were very like those of abishop and the fact that there is considerablesimilarity between the r ite of the con secration of

a king and that of the consecration of a bishop . T he

king was anointed as prophets , pr iests and kingswere anointed .

’

Unction was used in the Sacramentsof Baptism, Confirmation and Order , all of which c onferred character . It was difficult to expla in what wasthe mean ing of the unction of a king . Grosseteste1

held that it bestowed grace, the sevenfold g ift of theHoly Spirit. So far as there was any official doctrineon the subject, it seems that it was that the unctionof a king was a Sacramental, a mean s by which gracemight b e obtained. T he Roman Church seems to

have always discouraged the theory that it was inany way an ordination . T he fact that in the Eastthe Emperor took part in the procession as a Deputa tus proves very little, and the fact that theWesternEmperors sometimes read the Epistle at their coronation if anything goes against the theory of ordination,

1 Rober ti Gr ossc teste ep is c op i quondamL in c olniens z'

s E pis tola e,(Roll s S eries , p . 350 .

T HE S lGNIFICANCE OF T HE B ITE 1 93

for if the Emperor was to be regarded as in any way‘ in Orders ,

’

surely his Orders would have rankedabove the sub -diaconate.

We have already seen that the royal and sacerdotalvestments are closely related in their origi n, andmanyof them more or less identical both in form and name,and therefore it is not surprising that men shouldhave thought that this must mean that the king wasin some way a minister of the Church . For example,a French order describes the T unic, Dalmatic, andPallium (Royal Mantle) of a king as

‘c eluy qui

représente le soub sdiac re, c eluy qui représente le

diacre, et le manteau royal représentant la chasuble.

’

Again an English king is descr ibed by a lay witnessas being arrayed at the time of his corona tion like abishop vested for Mass .

T here is certainly a general similarity betweenthe rite of the consecration of a bishop, and the riteof the consecration of a king . It was undoubtedlythis similari ty that was the chief ground for thedoctr ine that an anointed king was a

‘mixta persona,’

a view that is still maintained by some. T he

closeness of the structure of the two rites is seenat a glance.

Consec ration of a. b ishop . Consec ra tion of a. king .

Oa th of c anonic al Oath to mainta in Chur c h

ob edien c e . and jus tic e.

Li tany.

Laying on of hands .

Veni Crea tor . Ven i Creator .

Collec t. Collec ts .

w . C. R’

194 T HE S IGNI FICANCE OF T HE RITE

Prefa c e and Con sec ra tionprayer .

Anoin ting .

Delivery of Croz ier , R ing,Mitre, and Gospel

b ook.

Mas s .

It will b e seen that the s imilar ity in the structureof the r ites is str iking, and the closeness in the formsof the two ri tes is equally noticeable.

T he bishop, after the consecration prayer, isanointed on the head with chrism. T he king , afterthe consecration prayer, is anointed on head , breast,etc . ,

with chr ism according to the English and Frenchrites , with oil according to the Roman use. T he

Roman form used at the anointing of a bishopis Unga tur c t c onsec retur c aput tuum c a elestz

'

bene

dic tione, ordinc pontzfiea lz'

,in nomine P a tr is c t F iliz

'

c t Sp ir itus S anc ti a Roman form at the anointingof a king runs Ungo te in r egem do oleo sanc ti/foamin nomine, etc . T he hands of a bishop are anointedwi th the form Ungantur manus istae do 0160 sanc ti

fic a to c t c hrisma le sanc tzfic a tz'

om'

s sic ut una‘it S amuel

David Regem c t P rophetam, ita ungantu/r et c onso

c rentur in the case of a king the general form runs

Ungant'wr manus istae dc oleo sanc tific a to wade unc tl

fu’

m‘

ant reges et prophetae et s ic ut awa it David in

regem, etc . T he Ring is delivered to a bishop withthe words A c c ip e anulum disc retionis c t honor is fidez

'

signum,etc . to a king with the words Ac c ip e regiao

dignita tz’

s anulum c t pa‘ hunc in te c atholic a c fidez

'

Prefac e and Consec ration

prayer .

Anoin ting.

Delivery of Sword,Pa llium,

Crown,Ring, S c eptre

and Rod.

Mas s .

1 96 T HE S IGNIFICANCE OF T HE RITE

he being anointed only between the shoul ders and

on the wr ist. If,as is most likely, kings in the

West were anointed on the head, this differentiationbetween the anointing of a bishop and a king seemsdeliberate on the part of the Roman Church . More

over, while it is true that in England and Francechrism was used for the unction of a king as for

a bishop, in the Roman rite chrism was never so

used in the case of a king , b ut only the ‘oleum

c atec humenorum.

’

Officially then the Church denied the name of

S acrament to the royal consecration,allowing it the

rank of a S acramental only. In practice the repetition of the rite which so often occurred, and in thecase of the Roman Emperor was normally performedthree times , proves sufficiently that it was not an

ordination conferring character .

Historically considered the rite proves itself tob e in origin a special benediction elaborated and developed almost out of recognition as such . A carefulexamination of the construction of the rite shewsthat in it there are three well marked divis ion s .

1 . T he election of the king .

2 . T he oath taken by the king to rule in accordance with law and justice.

3 . T he benediction superadded to the covenantso made between king and people.

Of the election the Recognition is the survivingtrac e. It may b e noted that the idea of the electionof the king is retained til l quite late in the developement of the ri te . Until the time of the fourth English

T HE S IGNIFICANCE or T HE RITE 1 97

recension, these words still appeared, Quem in huius

regni regemp a riter eligimus . In the fourth Englishrecens ion c ligz

’

mus was changed to c onsec rmnus , b ut inthe French rite thi s change was never made and theword c lig z

'

mus was used without alteration.

T he oath was at firs t quite simple, short, anddirect. It developed into an interrogatory form, theking swearing in answer to questions put to him bythe consecrating prelate. In Eng land and Francethe oath covered the king

’

s duties to Church and

S tate and People, but elsewhere it frequently includeda promise of subjection to the See of Rome.

T he benediction of the Churchwas subjected to the

greatest developement. An unction was introduced,and the porrection of the royal ornaments , Sword,Crown, Ring , S ceptres , andVerge, which naturally lentthemselves to spectacular effect, tended to becomemore and more elaborate . T hus in process of timeeach ornament was delivered with its own form and

prayer. Added to this , the c onflation of prayers ,orig inally alternative, has increased this portion of

the rite until it comprises the greater part of thewhole ceremonial . It appealed to sentiment, and

the Church was always ready to make use of sentiment.If it is des ired to make a comparison between this

and any other rite of the Church, it is the marriager ite whi c h is really the closes t to it. So KingCharles I felt, of whomwe are told that ‘His Majestyon that day was c loathed in white contrary to thecustom of his predecessors who were on that day clad

1 98 T HE S IGNIFICANCE OF T HE R ITE

in purple. And this he his own choice only,to declare that Virgin Purity with which he c ame tob e espoused unto his In marriage acovenant is made with vows between the two c on

tracting parties . T o the covenant so made the

Church adds her benediction. In the giving of her

benediction she makes use of emblems, a Crownand Ring, investing the contracting parties withins ignia, as it were, which are highly significantof the covenant betwixt them made. Of thesethe nuptial Crown , still used throughout EasternChr istendom,

has long been dispensed with in the

West,the Ring alone remaining.

T he rite of the coronation of a queen consortis not really in the same category with the cousecration of a king. It is merely complimentary. As

we have seen it had no place in the earliest Englishorder, nor yet in the corresponding ri te of Milan ,

and perhaps the same is true of the oldest Frankishforms. T he second English recension gives a formfor the coronation of the queen with the preliminaryexplanation that the office is performed out of c on

s ideration for her honourable pos ition as consort ofthe king . T his is borne out by the earlier forms ather unction , Let the anointing with this oil increasethine honour .

’

In the earlier Frankish orders there is a noticeablesimilarity to the nuptial r ite, and the general ideaunderlying the benediction of the queen is that she

1 Heylin, Cyp r ianus Ang li c us , p . 145. 1668 .

I . GENERAL INDEX

[S ee a lso T a b le of Conten ts"

Abyss inian Rite 30 , 1 80Aidan , King , ‘Ordination ’

of

36, 65 n . 2

Ak ak ia 185

Al b a c amisia 183Alfred , King 59 f. , 171Anas tas ius I , Emperor 12 f.Anglo-S ax onCoronations 583 .

An tidoron 27, 29

An timin sion 17Aphraates , quoted 190 n .

Armil la 1 83 , 187Aurel ian

,Emperor 10

dva ‘

r s lha r e 27

B aldwin I 27, 48

B enedi c tio sup er a rma r egi s

1 31

B etengar of F riuli 170

B ishop, c on sec ration of,c om

pared wi th that oi a k ing1 93 f.

Bon ifac e, S t 34, 167, 180B ra c elets 4 n .

Burgred , King,59 n . 1 , 63

Buskin s 1 81 E .

sw e ets, used ofAnglo-S ax onk in gs 62

c har ter of

Camelauc us 1 59 f.

Camisa 130, 1 84

Charlemagne 32 if 37ii ,168 ;

unc tion of 40 f.,169

Char les I of E ngland 1 97Charles V, Emperor 55,125

Charles V of Fran c e 102

Ch lamys 13, 19 , 23, 173 , 182 ;

prayer over 19 , 22, 179Chrism 194 ; English 73 , 80 fFren c h 103

Codinus Curopalates , quoted24

Colobium sindonis 182

Confess io of S t Peter , Emperor anoin ted b efore 45, 48

Cons tan tia , Empress 49Con s tan tine VI 17Con stantinePorphyrogenitus ,quoted 1 1 , 12, 15, 18, 21 ,1 33

Corona tion , repetition of, in

c ase of c ertain k ings 1 90

x etpodeola 66 n .,179

x tr oiv 181

Dalma tic 1 83 ii ,187

Deputatus 26

Diadem 10 , 1 1 , 16 ; diadema25, 182

Dibetes ion 12 , 16, 18 , 25, 181

Donative 9 , 15dtddnaa 16, 25 n .

GENERAL INDEX

E ardwul f, King 59

E c gferth , King 56 n . , 58

E c tene or Li tany 22Edgar , King 63 , 172Egbert, Pon tific al of 57f., 60E inhard, quowd 39E pis tle, read by Emperor at

c orona tion 192

Frankish kings, c oronationof 91

Galeus 62, 185 . (See also

Helmet )Goat , E uc hologion, quoted18 , 22

Gregory 1 , Pope , on un ction

of k ings 178 ;‘Apostle of

the E ngli sh’

98

Gros se tes te , quoted 192

H az ael, 4

H ealing , b y kings 191

Helmet 133 , 136H enry VI

,Emperor 49

Henry VII , Emperor 52 , 1 16H eylin , quowd 77 n . , 197f.

J ames II 85 fi.

J ehoiada 4

J ulian , B ishop of Toledo,quoted 33 , 128

J ulian,Emperor 10

J us tin 11 , Emperor 16

Key , delivered to king 154

Knigh ts , c reated at c orona

tion 125

x amrdyta 16

Land , Ab p 77 f. , 79 f.

Laud es 19 , 38 n . 2 , 42 f 47,51 , 53 , 125 n . , 160, 161 ,163, 164

Laying on of hands , in c oro

na tion 36, 65 n . 2

201

Napoleon 106

Oath , at c orona tion 197

Engl ish 63 , 67, 70 , 73 , 78 f. ,82 ; Fren c h 96, 99 ,

100 ,102 , 106 Imperial 45, 46,49 , 52 ; Roman 109 , 1 1 1 ;S pan ish 33

,134

,165

Obliga tory oa th of the people

8 1 , 141

Orb 185

Lee I , Emperor 10 f.Leo II , Emperor 15Liber Regal ia 58 , 69Litany , in English ri te 67Loros . (SeeDiadema ,Pallium)Louis II , King 45Louis the Pious 41

Lyndwood , quoted 191

Manasses , Cons tan tine,quoted40

Mandyas 26Man iaki s 1 1

Marriage ri te, c ompared wi ththa t of c orona tion 1 97

Mary , S t, in Turr i , Emperorc anon of 54

Mauric e , S t, al tar of, Emperoranoin ted before 47, 48 , 50 ,

52

Mix ta Persona 191Modiolon 15

Pall (Pall ium) 183 , 187

papal 160 , 161

Pertinax , Emperor 8Photius , quoted 179

Pippin 34, 166 H. , 190Presan c tified , l iturgy of 24

Prynne 77 n .

r ohux pdmov 29

Queen, c oronation of 198 f.Anglo-Sax on 62, 95, 198

202 GENERAL INDEx

Rec ognition 73, 127, 140, 196 Torque 10, 13, 16Regnum. (S ee Tiara) Tunic a talari s 183, 184Reic h sapfel 143, 185 Tunic le (S ee Dalmatic )Ring , investiture with 51 , 64, T z itz ak ion 18

174 , 195 r ovflta 16

S a c ramen t or S ac ramen tal Unc tion , in Abyssinia 30 f. ,191 , 196 1 80 ; at Con s tantinople

S agion 18 177f. ; of Cz ar of Russia

S akkos 25, 26, 181 , 184 29 ; among thefi ank s 34f. ,Ban c roft

,Ab p 81 , 84 166 f. , 180 ; in Imperial

S apor 5 ri te 40 , 45, 47, 50, 52 ; inS aul 3 Spain 33 f. , 165 f. , 180 .

Sh ield and Spear 5, 1 1 , 133 (S ee al so Charlemagne,S hield , eleva tion on 10, 13, Un c tion of)16

,25, 135, 1 36

S purs 185 Verge 185

S temma , 19 , 63 , 185 Ves tmen ts , c oronation 181 3Subdeac on , Emperor ac ts as deriva tion of 186 ; resem53

,54 blanc e to sac erdotal 193

T ac itus , Emperor 7 f.T el -el -Amarna 2Theophanes , quoted 1 1 , 12 ,17, 40

T iara (papal ) 160, 163

Wamba,King 33 f., 128

Widuk ind 120

{wvdpcov 16

204

(O) Almigh ty and Everlas tingGod, we b eseec h thee (Omn .

semp . Deus affl uentem) 76,90

Almigh ty E verlas ting God,

pour out (Sw) 1 54Almigh ty God give thee(Omn . Deus det tib i) 76

And the same good Lord 83 ,

Be s trong (Con for tare) 75, 83,90

B e th is head anoin ted (Unguantar c aput istud, etc . ) 82

Behold OG od , our defender

Benedic domine et sanc tific a

anulum 72, fortitudinem 61 , 65, 72 , 97hun c prin c ipem 53, 61 , 103hunc regem 71 , 101 ,1 10 , 123 , 131 , 1 32

B enedic at tib i deus 104,1 10

Bless O Lord and sanc tify(B enedi c deus ) 75 the vir

tuous c arriage (B enedi c dnefor titudin em ) 76

Bless we b eseec h th ee , OLord , these thy gifts (Munera dn e quaes . oblata)77, 87

B les sed ar t thou, O Lord, 85

By the eternal almigh ty God(8) 141

By . whom kings reign and

prin c es rule 88

Clerum a c popul um 92, 104,1 10

Come thou Holy Spiri t, c ome(8 ) 154

Confor ta re et es to vir 72,103

Coronet te deus (i) 47, 64,68, 92 , 93

INDEX OF FORMS

Coronet te deus (11) 92, 104,107

Coronet te dominus gloria 95Creator omn ium Imperator(see Omn . semp . Deusc reator ac guberna tor)

Desider ium animae 1 1 1,124,

132

Det tibi dominus velle et

pos se 92

Deum time 68Deus c aelestium terrestrium

que 72, 98, 109 , 1 12 ,1 16, 122 , 1 31

Deus c uius est omnia potes tas(queen ) 66, 69 , 105

dei filius 47, 50, 52 , 64, 68,71 , 96, 99 , 101 , 103 ,

1 27, 1 32 ; elec torum for titudo 61 , 64, 71 ,94, 96, 103 , 1 15 ; honorum

(bonorum) c un c torum 1 13 ,1 33 ; humilium visita tor70, 73 , inefia b ilis

auc tor 67, 71 , 1 23 ;inenarrab il is auc tor 45, 46,50 , 94 , 99, 101 , 103 , 108 ,1 10, 1 1 2

,127 ; in c uius

manu 45, 46, 49, 1 18 , 131 ;

pater aeternae gloriae 44,

45,53 , 103, 105, 107, 1 1 3,

1 14, 132 , 133 ; perpetuitati s

auc tor 61 , 64, 68, 104 ,1 15, 1 17

Deus qui, ad defendendum1 33 ; adesse (Pap) 1 62 ;apostolum tuum (Pap) 162 ;c orda fidelium 106, 150 es

iustorum glor ia 47, 68 , 71 ,99, 101 , 1 10 , 123 , 1 32 ;

pOpuli s tuis , 61 , 64 , 71 ,9 1 , 92 , 103 , 1 16 ; provi

den tia tua 64, 96, 101, 103,1 17 sc i s humanum genus

INDEX OF FORMS

solus habesimmortal itatem 50

,53 , 69,

105, 1 1 1 , 1 16,1 17,

132 ; vi c tric es Moysi 101 ,104, 108, 1 12 , 127

Deus regnorum omn ium 44,

51 , 52, 60, 1 12, 1 18, 127 ;rex regum 71 , tuorumc orona 68

, (76)Dilex isti iustitiam 1 16, 1 1 8

(Domin e) Deus omn . c uius est

omn is potestas (k ing) 45,47, 50, 51 , 52 , 64, 72 ,93, 96, 104 , 1 17, 1 18, 132

Domn us Leo papa (Pap ) 160

E c c e mitto angelum 49, 109 ,1 22

E legit te dominus 160Emi tte spiritum 106

Emitte spiritum (D) 150E x audi domine prec es nos tras42, 71 , 1 14

Fear God (P) 146Firmetur manus 63 , 67, 70,

73 , 104, 108, 1 12 , 127

Gentem Franc orum in c litam103

Gloria et honore c oronet 94God c rown th ee (c oronet tedeus ) 75, 77, 83 , 87, 89

God the Almigh ty (SW) 155God the ex al ter of the humb le(Deus vis ita tor humil ium)73 , 82 , 86 (s ee 0 God whi c hvis ites t)

God the Son of God (Deusdei filius ) 74, 80 , 82, 86

God the s trength of thyc hosen (Deus elec torumfortitudo) 74, 77

God the un speak ab le author(Deus inefiab ili s) 74, 77

God to whom b elongeth all

205

Let my prayer c ome 88Let these hands b e anoin ted(Unguantur manus is tae)74

Let thy hand be s trengthened(Firmetur manus) 85

Let your royal Majes ty (P)1 45 ; (queen , P) 145

Look down Almigh ty(Prospi c e omnipotens) 74

Munera ,Domine, quaesumus

obla ta 77

O Almigh ty and Everla sting

power (Dne Deus c uius estomnia potes tas ) 76

God wh ic h artthe glory (Deusqui es iustorum gloria ) 74

(O) God whic h providest

(Deus qui populi s tuis ) 74,82

,86, 88

(O) God wh ic h on ly has t immortality (Deus qui solusha bes immorta l itatem) 76

Haec domine salutar is 133Haec tr ia populo Chris tiano63 n .

, 96, 99 , 102

Hear our prayers (ex audiquaesumus ) 75, 87

I wa s glad 85

In dieb us eius oriatur 64,96, 103 , 1 15, 1 16

In nomin e Chri s ti promitto45, 67

In nomine Patris 65, 69 ,105, 1 17

In th e name of the Fath er(In nomine Patris) 76

In thy days (In dieb us eius)83

Ita retine 1 24. (S ee Sta et

retine)

206

God , the founta in (Omn .

semp . Deus ions at origo)76, 84 ; Creator of all

th ings (Omn . semp . Deus ,c reator omn ium) 74, 80, 82

O Almigh ty God, we beseec hthee th at th is thy servan t(Q uaesumus omn . Deus ut

famulus ) 76OGod of etern ity (0 E ternalGod, Deus perpetuitatis )75, 77, 83 ; the Creator(Deus c aelestium) 75, 80 ;the c rown of the faithful(Deus tuorum) 75, 76, 83,87, 89 ; the King of k ings

(Deus rex regum) 74, 80 ;to whom belongeth (Deusc uius est omn ia potes tas)75, 83 ; wh ic h visites t(Deus visi tator humilium)73 (see al so God the ex

al ter of the humble) ; whodwel lest (Deus vis itatorhumilium) 82, 86, 88 ; who

providest 82 , 86, 88

O Lord Holy Father who byanoin ting 89 (see God thes trength ) ; our God King ofk ings 22 , 28 ; the foun tainof all good th ings (Omn iumdomine fon s b onorum) 75,76, 84 ; the giver of a ll

perfec tion 90 ; thou thatgovernest (Benedic domine)74, 80

Offic io nos tras indignitatis

53, 69 , 72 , 1 1 1 , 1 13 ,1 17, 133

Omn . aeterno deus c reatoromn ium (see Omn . semp .

Deus c reator ac gub ernator ) ;fons et origo 50,

Omn ipotens det tibi deus derore 72, 97

INDEX OF FORMS

Pater san c te sic trans it 163Petre amas me 50Praetende quaesumus domine132

Praise the Lord 0 J erusalem87

Profiteor c oram deo 101,106,

1 1 2, 1 24, 1 26, 1 31

Promitto (et perdono) vobis92 , 96

Prosperity to the king (P) 1 46Prospic e omn . Deus seren is

ob tutib us 42 , 53 , 68, 71 ,99, 103 , 1 10, 1 14, 1 23 ,

132

Q uaesumus omn . deus ut

famulus 76

Q uatenus divinismon itis 104,1 1 1

Rec eive the armill (Ac c ipearmilla s ) 75 ; the c rown of

glory (Ac c ipe c oronam glor ias ) 76, 84 , the ring ofk inglydignity

u(Ac c ipe reg ias

dign itatis an um) .

75 ; the

Omn ipoten s Deus c unc ti ho

nori s 65 n . 1

Omnipoten s semp . Deusafiluentem Spiritum 65, 69 ,

105, 1 17 ; c aelestiumterrestriumque (see Deusc aelestium) ; c reator ac gub ernator 64, 67, 71 ,92 , 96, 99, 101 , 103, 106,

131 ; hanc famulam 105, 133Omn ipoten s semp . Deus quifamulum 109 , 1 22, 131 ;H az ael 107, 112, 1 32 ; to

populi sui 1 33

Omn ium domine fon s b o~norum 51 , 65, 66, 68, 69,93, 104, 105, 1 17

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