COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE. de l'Union intemationale des sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques

W. U. Guyan. president R. Pteincr, secretaire· Siege du secretariat: Instilut d'archeologie, lIS 01 Prague 1, Letenska 4

Communication 33 Edited by R. Pleiner

NEW MEMBERS: Fr. liorst, Berlin

CONFERENCES:

IL PRIMO FERRO NEL MEDITERRANEO was the title of an international symposimn, orga·· nized by the Istituto di Studi Etruschi eclltalici, Firenze (Dr. G. 'Maetzke) with the cooperation of the Comite pour la sideTuTgie ancienne de I'UISPP. Special thanks are due to Dr. G. Spcrf (Inst. f. Festkorperphysik, Leoben), a member of the Comite, who was responsible for the orga--

322 Arcl>eologicke rozhl.ay XXXVI, Praha 198·l ·

nization at Firenze, Volterra, and finally at San Yinc('nzo, neaT Populonia, the venu'e fOT the sessions. This was the sixth archaeometallurgical symposium with which the Comitc was involvcd in an initiating and advi~ory role.

SOUiC 30 scholars fr0111 li countries took part (Italy, Austria, Great Britain, United States, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Federal Germany and Sweden). The pa­pers were divided into sever a) groups: I. The first appearance of iron in Italy: F. Delpi-rlO: Primc testimonianze dell'uso del feno in Italia; F. Lo Schiat'o: Il feno in Sardegna; C. Barfolini: Insedia­menti della taTda eta del bronzo nei pressi di Populonia. 2. The metallurgy of iron at Populonia and on the island of Elba: O. Voss: The iTon production of Populoniaj G. Sperl: The strncture of slags from Populonia and Elba. 3. The proble)n of Cappel" metallurgy in relation to iron and steel metallurgy: V. C. Piggo£: Early iron metallurgy in the Eastern Mediterranean; P. T. CraddQck.: Iron in Etruscan copper: an indication of the smelting process; J .. R. Marechal: Passage de la metallurgie du cuivre a celIe du fer (presented by C. Calzo1ani); R. Plcincr: On the quality of iron during the Final Bronze Age; R. Maddin: Iron technology in Cyprus: ca 1200-1000 BC; R. Mad­din: Research on iron at the Etruscan site of Murlo (Tuscany); 4. Metallurgy in the light of lin­guistic and written sources from Antiquil.y and the i\liddle Ages: G. Sperl: The name of iron in the Mediterranean; J. Piaskowski: The metallurgy in Pliny's "Historia naturalisH

; B. C. Seott: Iron smelting and working in the early Irish Law Tracts; S. Discoveries of irollorenlincs, bloo­meries and investigations of iron objects in other parts of Europe or the Old World: K. Biele­nin· E. Nosek: The ancient iron orc nline froUl the Rom_an period at Rudki. Poland; I. Sern.ing: The reducibility of iron ores 10und on protohistoric. sites (presented by P. Kresten); J. Gomijri: The SzakollY blooDlery workshops (JQ-l1th centuries AD); J. Piaskowski: The earliest iron in the world: R. lIfaadin: An axe of the 17th-16th century BC from Jordan; R. Maadin: Metallo­graphic investigation on Hittite iron re1ateo to the ~.Iron letter"; R. F. Tylecote: Metallography of cutting tools; 6. Suppit:nlclltary topics (experimental production of Etruscan bronze fibulae by E . Formigli; gypsum burning by H. KiUius).

In addition to the lectures there was a meeting of the "slag group", concerned \,·.-ith the chemical and :mineralogical investigation of bloomery slags (present G. Sped, P. Krcsten, R. Plei· ner, B. G. Scott~ R. Clough); work in progress and the future programlne were discussed.

All integral part of the sym.posium was the programme of excursions, which took partici. pants to sites related to the original sources of the problems discussed during the sessions: 1. to Populonia, with its huge Etru can bloomery slag deposits in Baratti Bay; to Elba (mines and slags at Capo Pero, Rio l\larina, and Proehio); 3. to Fucinaia and Massa Maritima (13th century copper smelting, iron-bearing copper slags); 4. Valpiane and Follonica (19th century charcoal hlast furnaces). The sessions were graced with the presence of civic dignitaries from San Vinccnzo and Piombino, including representatives of the iron and steel works at Piombino. The symposium was generally agreed to have been a great success. R. Plciller. Prague

RESEARCII CENTRES:

RESEARCH PROGRAMME 11.27 ON MINES AND METALLURGY IN EASTERN FRANCE FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL MODERN TIMES was inaugurated at Dijon in 1982. Its goals and activi ty are reflected in tl;e first Bulletin (1983- J), edited by prof. !Wichcl Mangin of the Uni­versity of Besanfton (Institut d'archcologie, Faculte des Lettres). Many scholars from different institutions are involved (J.-P. Jacob, B. Bohly, M. ,'f(mgin, .111". Rilliot, I. Grandemange, J. Dup­ra·z, P. Bel1oil, B. Anccl and others); specific regions have been designated: Burgundy - Franche Comtc, Alsace - Vosges, and AJpes du Noro. In these regions, survey and recording work is car~ ried out on mines and metallurgical remains by scientific teams headed by the scholars Hsted above. The bulletin contains details of the illitial survey and experimental projects and reports on archaeometal1urgical symposia and conferences and consultancy work abroad.

Mter M. Mangin , Besan~on

323

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY:

Anllly.ses: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO SLAGS FROM THE ldAZOWSZE BLOOMERY SITES IN POLAND. The Laboratories of the Institute for the Study of Material Culture, Warsaw, have recently been studying under the leadership of Z. Hense], bloomery slags originaling frOIn extensive Late La Time and Romano-Barbarian period smelting sites in the l\rlazowsze region, west of Warsaw. Production was based upon rich phosphorus and manganese bog iron ores (up to 3,78 % P20S' 13,5 ~{, ~lnO, but now only up to 30 % F20S)' The bloomeries were based on non-tapping slag-pit furnaces pI'oducing heavy slag blocks. Three of the blocks, frollt the site at MiIanowek, together with some comparative samples from Africa and the Holy Cross Mountain area, were submitted to chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses, optical minera­logy, DTA, high-temperatures micl'oscop)" etc. The slags, which were very rich in phosphorus (up to 7,4. % 1',0" 1,7 % MuO, 3,9 % CaO, 1,5 % SiO" 1,4 % Al,O" 46,1 % FeO), were easy to melt, at aboul 1100° C. The mineralogical composition comprised some wiistile, and fayalite or n 'inanganiferous olivine product. Despite the very low calcium content of the orc (3,9 ~o CaO). it is helieved that there was deliberate addition of time fluxes (lime kilns in the vicinity) in order to dcphosphorize the smelted iron (for a different view, sce Piaskowski, p. 326 in this issue). The yield of the Milanuwek furnaces is estimated to have been 20 % in relation to the orc weight, and 36,5 ~~ to the slag weight. After Z. Hen3el. Warszawa

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1974, 1976, 1978 (Supplements)

A. 'Specialized items G: DESSAU: Die Lagerstlittcn Toskanlls im Lichte der geologischen Entwieklung des Landes [The TlBcan deposits in the light of the geological development of the country]. Archiv filr Lagcrstat­tenforsdlUng in den Ostalpen, Sonderballd 2 (Festschrift 0. M. Friedricb), Lcobcn 1974, 51- 77. Iro'n on~ deposits, very briefly described, on the island of Elba: magnetites :lnd hematitcs in gl'a~ nites (Rio Marina, Vigneria). Pp. 66-67.

CHENG SHIH-PO: An Iron and Steel of 2,000 Years Ago. China reconstructs. January 1978, 32- 34. Discovery of an ancient blast fw'nace plant at Hsinyang near Kuhsing, Chengshow. Ronan. In the bottom of a large furnace (nearly 4 X 3 rn, reconstructcd height 6 m) was found a pig iron salamander or bear weighing 20 t. 300 t of crushed iron orc to the north, slag heaps (containing 26 % of Ca). Moulds for casting iron lools, finery process aLlcstcd by lnild steel pla~ tes. Decarburization of cast tools discussed. Dating: Han period, presumably cal'ly centuries AD, state monopoly in the iron industry attested by written sources (Pan Kn's Han Book, 1st cen· tury AD).

B. Metallurgy of iron as mentioned in other publications B. HA.NSEL: Beitrage zur regionalen und chronologischen Gliederung der altercn Hallstattzcit an der unteren Donau [Contributions to regional and chronological classification of the Early Hallstatt Period in the Lower Danube area], Bonn 1976. In discussing the Ostrov group in the Iron Gate region the-aUlhor presents a list of 10 iron trunnion axe heads frOln sites in Roumania, dated to HA/HB periods, i. e. around 1000- 900 BC. Later, during HC, they penetrated to Cen­tral Europe (pp. 155-15&, with discussion). A burial tomb of the Bes,arabian culture (8th-7th centuries BC) from Sofronycvo is described, within its iron dagger, two lances and a chained bridle bit (pp. 174-175).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1980 (Supplements)

Specialized items J. FLEMING: The blacksmith's source book, Carbondale, S. Illinois 204 pp. Annotated bibliography.

324

University Press 1980, Mter BAA 16/1 1983

J. GOMORI: FriihInittelalterliche EisenschlUclzofcl1 vou Tarjanpuszta und Nemcsker lEilrly 1Il(-'~ dieval hloomery furnaces from Tarjanpuszta and NelUcskcr]. Acta Archaeologica Ac.ach-'lIIiae

Scicntiarum Hungaricae 32/1-4, 1980, 31'7-34·3. In addition to the Tarjiinpuszta blooJlwry. already pUblished, plans and sections of four bloomer)" wOl'kshops, each equipped with onc howl 01' low shaft furnace and a small manipulat.ion pit (tuyerc finds), arc IH(·~cntc(l. The dating is uncertain si nce the layers contain pottery ~hcrd5 dating from the 7th century as " 'cll as the 9th/ 10th ccnturies AD. The author if; inclined to date the features on the hasis of magnetometric measurements, which gave A. D. 650 in the case of furnace ] /74. At N('Jner.;kt~r, tht.~ re are low shaft. furnace remains with eharacteristi(: tuyere panels, p1accd in t.he front manipulation openings (9th- 10th centuries AD, traces of charcoal burning heaps, many tllyere no~zles).

J. PIASKOWSKI: IVlctalozllawczc hadallia wczcsnosredlliowiccznyeh pnedmiotow zeh.l7.llych z Krakowa~D~bnik. Summary: Mr-tulIogrnphic illv('stigation of carly lllcdicynl iron objects from KTakoVl'.D~hniki . Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 321980,247-270. Examinat.ion of 7 kniy(!:-o and 1 axe~head, nth century AD. Weldcd~Oll steel edges in several en~es.; the axe was of ,-\')'ought iron.

D. H. WAGNER: The Han iron industry. SYlHpo~iulll Oll China's past uJlt~ arl.h('.d : the r(, co Jlcili~

ation of the ne' ... · discoveries and the historica.l records of the endy Imperial period. San Fran~ cisco, March 26- 28, 1980, 109 pp. Review of 5th- 3rd ccnturic!:' ne limb and dis<:llS !:'ioll of mct­allographic invcstigation of iron artifacts. ))urhJg the Han Period (206 BC - 220 AD) swords and knives were produced from wrought iron (prc~ulnably made hy tlw hloOlnery proee~!:' ). )Iany kinds of tools and utensils wne Dlade from different type!S of C.a~t iToH m- frolU decarlnlrized 01" malleabilized iron derived front that met~d. Commcnts on furn.arcs~ equipmeIlt, and methods of operation. l\:lineral coal for iron smelting at tested by the cno of the Song period (1 Oth-l ;~ th cen­turies AD). Aft,·r HM

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1981 (as in November 1983)

A. Specialized items T. BALABANOV: Zelezarska i Illcdn.ikar,ka rabotilni oa v Pliska (IrOIl ant! copper workshop at: Pliska). Muzei i Pamclnici za Kultnrata -1 19H1 (Sofia). 34-39. At the northern dly I!alt' of the ancient capital of Pliska three sunken huts were discovered during the 1980 cxca,-aliou:-;. Onc is interpreted as 5lnithy (chisels, iron scrap, hem'lh); the otllt'r one contained punches amI ()O cop­per fragments. The third hut mny have bt:cn cOllIlcct.ed with metal working. Sickles, plolllfh~harcs,

and seythes repI'csent finished products.

HUA JUEMING: Research 011 Han Wei Sphexical Graphite Cast hon. In: Ah"r,cb of the 16th ~rorld Conference of Science and Technology History 1981 , 16 pp. \Vc!;tcrn Han and Han Wei pcriod cast-iron implements showing spheroidal graphite in their texture. After HM:

A. A. JACKSON: Archaeology at an ironstonc quarry ill the Harringworth-'Vakerlcy arca 1968-79. Noxthhanlptollshire Archaeology 16 1981, 14-33. After BAA 16/ 1 1983

J. PIASKOWSKI: Classificatic,;Il of the famous Damascene Swords. 1st International Congress of Turkish·Islamic Science and Technology. IHi 14-18, September 1981, 155- 161 (mimeo­graphcd synopsis). The author attclnpts to improve the existing classifications (Anoso,', Zeller) of Damascene blades with reference to pattern shape, thickness of fibres, toning, sheen colour, and hardness (hypo~ and hypereutectoid steels). Hc proposcs a simple llumerical code.

J. PIASKOWSKI: Teehnologia zelaza plcmion baltyjskich u sc.hylku czasow starozytnych i w po· cz~tku wczcsnego sredniowiecza (I. w. p. n. e. - VIII. w. n. e. ) Summary: The iron technology of the Baltic tribes at the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Early ~liddle Ages, 1st century BC - 8th century AD. Rocznik Bialystocki 15 1981 (Warszaw,), 11- 00. The author summarizes

325

his earlier and luore rccent analyses of iron artifads and slags and adds some results published by J. Stankus (Lithuania). He attempts to trace the main outlines of iron working and making in this period and region. Hc argues that the metallurgy then was hased mainly (60 % in the western, 90 % in the eastern Baltic regions) on exploiting phosphorus-ric.h bog iron ores. All the handed and piled structures in early iron objects arc considered to have developed from the forging of phosphorus-rich metal.

J. PIASKOWSKI: Hipotetycznc wyprowadzenic cech ielazs wytapisncgo w starozytnym osrodku mazowieckim i ocenn tego osrodka [Hypothetical reconstruction of the characteristics ascribed to iron smelted ill the ancitmt r("gion of Mazowsze, Poland]. Kwartalnik Historii KulLury J\latc­rialnej 4/ 1981, 433- 450. On the basis of chemical analyses of slags originating in tllt: Mazowzsc bloomeries near Warsaw (mainly the early centuries AD), the authOl· evahlates the quality of the iron produced. It lUUSt have been very rich in pho~phorus (0.4- 1 % in the metal) and suitable only for a limited range of artifacts (knives, rivets, luoUt1.tir.gs , not for swords, axes, etc . • because of it.!' brittleness). He therefore conc1udcs that high-quality iron must have been imported (from the Holy Cross Mountain area). Dephosphorisatioll with lime is tec1mologically impossible in the condit.ions of the bloomcry process; the calcium content of the slags is, moreover, extrclne1y low.

Y. C. PIGGOT: The Adoption of Iron in Western Iran in the Early First Millennium BC: An Ar­chaeometalIurgical Study. DissertationAtstracts International 42/3 1981, 321. Short syuopsis of a Ph.D. thesis at the University of Pennsylvania. Iron found its way to ancient Western Iran during the 10th- 7th centuries BC. IUlportant role of the Hasunlu site. Metallographicul examimt­tion (8th century BC) revealed mostly wrought iron or heterogeneous mild carbon steels.

B. l1tIetuUu.rgy of iron as mentioned in other publications (1981) E. I. DEREVNYAKO, PI.mena Priamurya. I tysyaCletiye nasey ery [Tribes of the Amur region. 1st lnillenniulll AD]. Novosibirsk 1981. The use of iron and its production is m.entioned several times but unfortunately with very wide chronologicallinlits, in this book devoted to the early history of the Russian Far East. Some examples of iron appear among stone cultures as early as

the heginning of the 1st rrrillennium BC. During the Pol'ce culture (7th-4th centuries BC) iron tools roust have been in use, and during the Moche culture (4ht century AD) as well, when the role of iron grew (knives, celts, sickles). Slagged blooms are claimed to have been found at Garma­kan (8th- 9th ccnturies AD). and at Scrge)evka there was a feature with a hearth, possibly a smithy. Iron weapons (daggers. arrows, swords) figure in the equipment of the Porce eulturc from the 3rd/2nd. cellturies BC.

E. KASZEWSKA (Mrs): Na bursztynowym szlaku [On the amber route]. Z Otcblani Wiek6w 47/1-2 1981, 26-29. A blacksmith's grave, equipped with tongs, hammer, chisel, files, and iron "\\;re froIn the Early Romano-BaTbarian period, found at Zadowice ncar Kalisz. Poland, is mcn~ tioned in the paper (fig. 2).

BI BLlOGRAPHY 1982 (as in NQvember 1983)

A. Specialized items

J. ANSTEE sec J. WATSON, below pp. G. BERANGER, sec P. Fluzin, below L. BIEK, see B. Watson, below pp. P . K. CHATTOPADHYAY, see A. K. Ghosb, below C. CODDET, see P. Fluzin, below

P. FLUZIN - L. URAN - G. BE RANGER - C. CODDET: Aetivitcs paleometallurgiques. Summary: Palaeometallurgical activities. In: Universite de Compii:gne (France) Octobre 1982.

326

An account of the archaeometallnrgical research at the University of Compiegnc centre estabp lished in order to study the iron weapons and other objects found at the ancient Celtic sanctuary at: Gonrlley~sur-Aronde. One of the goals of the recent research is a hetter llnderstandin:r of probe h',ms conncctcd with the ageing and long-t('rm deterioration of metals, especially iron. Examples of results based on a wide rang(~ of methods used, experimental forging of laIlce hutts.

A. K. GHOSH - P. K. CHATTOPADHYAY: An early steel implement frolll narudih, Bih.r province, India: metallurgical studies. I\1ASCA Journal 2/2, Archaeolometallurgical SUpplClllcnt 1982 (Philadelphia), 63-64. All early layer from .bout 81 I ± 55 BC (radiocarbon datc) produced a curions hook-shapcd implt'_IlH'llt (threshing tool?), made of mcdium.-carbon steel (0,35 % C); forging must have becn completed above the recrystallization temperature, unhurdened.

HAN BING-GAO: Casting in Ancient China. Foundry Trade Journal 152 1982, 172-177. The paper also deals with the eastiug of iron implements in iron moulds, which started after 450 BC. Huge iron castings in shape of liOllS, etc. from the 10th ccntury AD (Tayillan). After H~l

L. BORNE (Airs): Fuel for the Mctal Worker: The Rolc of Charcoal and Charcoal Production in Ancient Metallurgy. Expedition 25/1 1982, 6-13. An outline of charcoal production in the Near and ?\1idrlle East until it was pl'ohihited in Iran (1966). Charring in large (10 m 3) amI smaller pit s (1- 1.5 m 3 ) in difIfH nt Inlllian regions. Parametcl"S of burning yields and wood COllsump~ lion, types of wood USEd, properties of charcoal , consumption in metal working.

H. UORSCH (lVIr,) - I. KEES~IANN: Die Eisenerze vom Siedlungsplatz Lungweilcr 8. [Iron ores from settlement site 8 at Langwdlcr. Germany]. Archaologisches Korrespondcnzblalt 12 1982, 145- 151. The Aldcuhovcllcr Plaue dcposits, according to mineralogical investigations, consist of oolithic oxide iron ores in the fonn of hematites including iron sandstones and -red ochres, and silic4:ltc ores.

1. KEESMANN, see H. Horseh, aboye

Y. D. LEN'KOV ~ S. A. SeEKA: Opyt vyyavlen.iya syr'evoy hazy czurCien\;koy mctallurgiyi po dannym fiziko-chimiceski{'h analyz(l'v. Summary: An atttmlpt to determine the raw·material base of Chzurehzhenian iron metallurgy u~ing physico-chemical n\cthods. Sovetskaya al'chcologiya ] / 1982, 195-203. Chouical and quantitativc spectral analyses of rnngnetite ores (>70 % of }i'( 30 4 ), slags amI iron artifacts froUl medicval hill·forts of the Chzhurchzeni realm of Anchun-gu­run (1115-123 /1 AD), Russian Fur East region of Primoriyc arc compared with those of several important orc deposits. Comparative mathematical analysis shows that early ironmaking used smnlllocal magnetite deposits outside the areas exploited in morc recent times.

R. MADDIN: The Beginning of the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Transaction of the Indian Institute of Metals 35[1 1982, 14- 24. Problems relating to copper smelting usingfcr­ruginous £luxes in early periods, the strllctures of iron meteorites on the basis of their nickel contents, and metallographical research of early irons from Palestinian sites (Tell Qiri, Mt. Adir, about 1000 BC).

R. MAD DIN, see P. G. Warden, below p. 328 P. C. McGOVERN, see V. C. Piggot, helow p. 328 J. D. MUHLY, ,ee P. G. Warden, below p. 328 M. R. MOTIS, see V. C. Piggot, below p. 328

O. V. OVSYANNIKOV - A. A. PESKOVA (Mrs): Zamki i klyuci iz raskopok Izyaslavlya (Lock and keys from excavations at IzyaslavJ', Russia). Kratkiye soobSceniya 17I 1982 (Moskva), 93-99. Discussion of over 50 padlocks and 250 iron keys of different types found at the early city of Izyaslavl', dating from 12th-mid-13th centuries AD.

327

S. V. PAi"PKOV: 0 razvitiyu ccnlOY mctallurgiyi na tcrritoriyi 1..lkrainy v konce I tysyaceletiya d. n. e. - pervoy poloviny I tysyacelctiya n. e. Summary: On the development of ferrous metal­lurgy in the Ukraine at the end of the 1st millennium BC - first half of the AD 1st millennium. Sovetskaya archeologiya 4/1982, 201 - 213. Apart from known bloomery furna(~es and sites, slIch us Novaya Poluovka and Lyutezh, details are published of new sunken bloomeries fronl RClne­zovcy: wOTkshop 11 with onc furnace, which might be of one slag-pit type, siuular to fhosr. from Ivankovcy and Uman" where two groups of slag-pit hearths (36 and 57 units) were uncovered. Despite the wide dating ranges, the remains of this ironmaking practice are related to the Za­rubiti.cy culture, or at leas t to its latCl' phase.

A. A. PESKOV A, sec O. V. OVSY ANNIKOV, above p. 327

J. PIASKO\VSKI: l\"Ietaloznawcze badania starozytnych przedmiotow zelaznych z cmentarzyska cialopalncgo w Uuml, woj. Gdailskie. Sununary: Physical-metallurgical studies of ancient iron objects from the cemetery at Rumia, Gda6s.k voivodship. Pomerania Antiqua 11 1982 111-136. About twenty iron artifacts, including mountings and fibulae as well as somc tools and weapons, from a cremation burial site of the Latc la Time period (1 fibula early Romano-Barbarian). belonging to the Oksywie culture. were investigatcd. Simple techniques l]sing wrought iron or very mild stcel. Nitride!> were often observed, which is consiuered to be characteristic 01 Holy Cross Mountain jron (?).

V. C. PIGGOT - P. C. l\IcGOVERN - M. R. NOTIS: The eaxli.,t sleel from Transjordan. MASCA Journal 2/2, Arehaeomelalluxgical Supplement 1982 (Philadelphia), 35-39. The hurial cavc"at Baq'ah Valley, numbered A 4, produced 220 skeletons from about 1200- 1000 BC. 11 iron ankJ~ts and rings were dtscovered, five of which were examined met<tllographically. Suprisingly three of them. were l1lude of homogeneous, very hard) even hypereutec toid steel. Taken together with duee finds from other sites, the number of very early iron objects has been trebled during recent years. The explanation of this early occurrence of high-carbon steel has not yet been determined.

S. A. SCEKA, see V. D. Lerikov, ahove p. 327 T. STECH, sec P. S. Warden, below

C. F . TEBBUT (in cooperation with R . F. Tylccote et ul.): .A 2Vliddle-Saxon iron smelting site at :\1i11brook. Ashdown Forest, Sussex. Sussex Al'chaeologieal Collections 120 1982, 19-35. Discoy­cry of ral'e Anglo-Saxon period installation between East Grinstcad and Uckfield. A wide, open hearth with some fragments of lining. bordered with !3 take holes, suggested a low shaft hloOlnery furnace , with two other small hearths nearby. One of the latter is explained as a forge. Date: C-l4 860 ± 60 AD. Ore: siderite, limonite. euriOlls flint pebble heap; tuyere fragnlents. Slag: low in FeD, rich in FcZ0 3 ; problems oyer wiistitejmagnetitc; somedollht on the identification of this feature as a bloOlnery installation. No slag tapping. The author suggests a technological regres­sion by comparison with the preceding Rom.an period.

R. F. TYLECOTE, see C. F. Tebbut, above L. URAN, see P. Fluzin, p. 326

O. VOSS: Jernudvinding [Iron production] in: Etruskcns Vcrden, Nationalmuseet 1982 (Copcu­hagen), 22-26. 01fert Voss, who has carried out luany field surveys in the Baratti iron slag area near Populollla, contributed tlus chapter to an illustrated publication on the Etruscans and their civilization. He compiled a survey of data about the Etruscan slnelting and lnining actiyity at Populonia and on the island of Elba, where an estimated 2 million tOllS of' bloome-ry slag must haye been deposited before industrial reuse of early slag started in the 19205.

P. G. WARDEN - R. MADDIN - T. STECH (Mrs) - J. D. lI1UHLY: Copper and Iron Production at Poggio Civilate (lI1urlo). Expedition 25/l 1982, 26-35. Etruscan settlement in the region of

the eoUine Metallifere. 7th-6th century BC. Copper slags with high iron content; possibiliti t·s of small·scalc iron production from copper sJag~ discussed.

J. WATSON ~ J. ANSTEE· L. BIEK: Scientific and tcchnological examination of the swords and pieces of equipment from the grave. in: Excavations at Canterhury Castlc, hy P. RENNETT. S. S. FRERE, S. STOW (The Archaeology of Canterbury, vol. I, 1982), 188-190. Two 'pathac associated with the dandestinc burial of two Roman soldiers. }H"obably dating from. the early 2nd century AD, were eX<Ull.int,d by X·l'adiography. Onc was made from a central }):'lr. po,,!'oihly twisted, flanked by two fibrou !'$ ~trips. ill steel Hf varying carhon content, enveloped in lower·carllon metal before forging and grinding to reveal a pattern. The other bad a douhlNi-up core of t\\'i ~ tcd strip, backed hy a plain metal s trip to pro\'idc tIle cutting edge.

ZELEZNYY VEK AFRIKI, Moskya 1982. This is the Uussi<lll translatioll of the book The African Iroll Age (P. L. Shinnic ell., Oxford 1971), containing contributions by F. Willet, 1'.8. Ozaunc, R.l\fauny, P. L. Shinllic, N. Chiuick, J. B. G. SfLtton, J. NcnqlLin, B . PugUIt, (wd R. lw.· keep. Comments OH the t1ifiiculty ill establishing t:ht~ beginning and cluollology ofiron t hroHghollt the African continent from the mid-firslmi1l('llniHfIl BC in t.he north until the second half 0(' the 1st millennium AD 01' later in the s011th.

B. l\fcta.llurgy of iron (IS nwm;olled ill olhl'r PUI,UCllt;oIlS (1982)

AHCHAOLOGISCHE FUNDE UND UNTEHSUCHLiNGEN IN KANTON BEHN 1970- -I'IUO (Ch. Osterwalder cd.). {Archeaological find s and excavations in the Canton of llerH 1970-1980.] J,lhrhuch des Bl:rlliscl1t~ n Historjsd1{' n .l\1USt·IlUlS (d i 62 1981 /82,7-42. A hi-pyramidal iron har is shown on p. 28. one end :;lightly bent, weight 5,:3 kg, appan:utJy Lu Tcnc period, no m;so('iatcd finds. Site: l\'1in:hcl, Nellham;·Rusche1i, Switzerland.

U. KOCH (~frs): Die friinkischen GTab~rfelder Yon Hal-gcn Hnd Berghau5cn in Nordbad cn. [The Frankisch cemcterifs of Dargen ~md Bcrghau!ien in ~orth Baden.] Stuttgart 1982. The 7th (· (~ Il·

tury AD inhumatiull (:f,metery at Bargell prodlH.:~t1 pHtt.ern·,·..-cldcd 5p athae from gruv('!) 2 • . 'J., 7u and 10. The most complicated patt('.)'n with nltt~TJl<lling zones camc from gl'ilye 7 (pp. 32-:J3. T. 1, 2, 6, 9).

C. G. KOENIG: Scham.<1.nc Ul~d Schmiede, ):[cdicus uncI !\loll('h: Bin U berhlick zlIr A.rchiiologie cler mcrowingcTZcitlichen .l\1edizin im siidlichcn ftlillelclIropa [Shamans and smiths, phy!;ician and luonk: a survey of the archaeology of :i\"lerovingian medicine in. the South Central Europe]. Hch-t·· tia Archaeologica ]3 1982,75-154. Among practising physicians of the ~1igration Period wrre listed blacksmiths, by virtue of their ability to provide patients with prosthesc!i (p. 118). The ~tudy is devoted to general proHtl1l!i of ll1'alth and medicine a~ rdlcctcd in archarological mate·

rial from tha t period.

O. l\L \,\l ILBERTZ: Die Urncnfclllcrkuhlll'cll ill tJll t erfranken [Urnfield cultUTl'.S ill Lower Fran~ conia, Germany). KalhnunzjOpf. 19t12. Au early Hallstall (Late Bronze Age) iron knife and pju fragment in a stone se tting grave No 2 al Sulzl:ach. Pp. 84, and 175.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1983 (as in No"ember 1983)

A. Speci.alized items

H. G. BACH~L<\NN, see Hist. Metallul'g), below p. 330

M. S. BALMUTH, sec Hi,t. Metallurgy, below p. 330

329

K. BIELENIN: Erkundung archiiologischer Objekte mit modernen technischen und natuTwis· scnsdlutflichen Methoden [Prospection of archacologi(;al monumcnts using modern technical and scient.ific methods]. Bodcndenkmalpfiegc Dcrlin 1983, 79-97. Application of aerial reconnais­sance and magnetometric prospection jn the Holy Cross l\'[ountain bloomcry research programme. No less than 26 bloomery sites ..... ere discovered in the area of a single community (Lomllo) in dais way. Positive results were also obtained for sites with slflg·pit fllrnaces in Germany (Zells· llahrcn, 12 sites; Wi(:clerau. Langcnnauclorf. Ucbiggcn).

V. D. GOPAK· S. P. PACKOV A (Mrs): Zeleznye izdeliya , poselcniya Kruglik na Bukovine thon artifacts from the Kruglik settlement, Ukraine]. Sovetskaya archeologiya 2/1983.231-236. Kruglik is a settlement of the Poyanesti-Lukasevka culture, dated to the Inid~first century BC. A set of iron impltlll(~n ts from a sunken hut (si(;klcs, a kniCe) has been inves tigated by m(:talJo~

graphy. Heterogeneously carburized wrought irons/steels were recorded, together with a good sall<hlr'ich·schelnc sickle blade (annealed) and a s ted fibula. No hardening: the craft level is con· sidcrcd to have been 1o, .. '.

HISTORICAL METALLURGY 17/ 1 1983. Frolllthe contents: S. Zacharias (Mrs)· H.. G. Bach· manJl: Iron Smelting in Western Mrica: Ivory Coast , 1-3. Iron smelting at Koni, still in opera­tion iu 1974. was described by Eckert ill Eisen und Archaologie 1978 and repor ted in Communi­<:ation 23. This article IHoyides valual;le additional slag analyses, which show a high silica content an41 a magnetitic-hematitic iron·ore concentrate. Indueed draught through 6 tuycres permitted H s.mclt hu.r.ing ahout 20 hours, during which a hloom weighing 15- 35 kg could be produced.

HISTORICAL METALLURGY 17/2 1983. From the content.: R. F. Tylccote· M. S. Balmuth . R. Massoli·Noveli: Copper and br()nze metallurgy in Sardinia, 63-72. Musemu finds from the Nuragus Forraxi Nioi were analysed: magnetic fayalite/wiistitc copper ~lag8; an axe head of iron was made of mild stcel with WidmanllsUitten texture, Latc Bronze (1500 BC - 500 nC). A nura­gic site of Sa Sedda at Oliena (lOth-8th centuries BC) yielded copper slag with embedded white ca!:it-iron droplets. Appendix: J. F. Merkel· R. F. Tylccott:: The smelting of copper ore from Calabona, 77- 78. The result of experimental smelting of this Sardinian copper orc was a plano~ ~co nvex ingot with high iron content (about 9 ~'o Fe).

P. KRESTEN - I. SERNING (Mrs): The Calculation of Normative Constituents from the Chemi· cal Analyses of Ancient Slags. lernkontorets Berghistorlska Utskoot H 2S (ArchaeometaHurgical Institntc~ UniYcrsily of Stockholm, Report 8/83). Thc proposal is made to considcr chemical analyses of early iron smelting slags in relation to their quantified mineralogical composition, so that the chemical composition is revised by dividing the weight percentage of oxides by the ap· propriate molecular weight. This norm may help to built up a more suitable classification of early sIngs. The main groups appear to be: 1. wiistite-normative slags, 2. olivine/ fayalite/ ·pyro­xenc-normative slags, which are evidence of improved sluclting process, 3. quartz-normative glassy blast-furnace slags 'with minimal iron content.

R. MASSOLI·NOVELI, see Historical Metallurgy, ahove

J. F. MERKEL, sec Historical Metallurgy, above

K. MOTYKOV A, see A. Ryhova, helow

S. P. PACKOVA, see V. D. Gopak

A. RYBOVA (Mr. ). K. MOTYKOVA (Mr,): Del' Ei.cndepotfund der La.cnezeit von KoHn [The La Tene period iron hoard from KoHn]. Pamatky archeologickc 741983,96- 174. The hoard was found in the vicinity of one of the two chemical plants at KaHn, in 1936. Apart from some ref­erences to it, especially by J. FHip, it had not been published previously. It contained 68 iron

330

artifacts (total weight 15 Jig) in the fOI111. of \\oodworking tools, agriel1.ltunll jmplemcllt~, hearth equipment, knives .md diffc.rcnt types of m0l1lltillg5, including a large canldron·hook. It may he dated lo a period shortly after SO BC. It was prt'.':'Umubly a form of votive dcpo5il.

I. SERNING, sce P. Krcstcll, abovc

N. N. TEREKHOVA: Kuzncl-naya tcdlllika u plc men koLanskoy k111'tury scvcrnogo Kuvkuza v ranncskifskiy period. Summary: Forging technologies among the Koban Tribes of the Northern Caut."a;osus in the Early Sc.ythian P eriod, Soyctskaya ar('hcologiya 3/19R3, ))0-128. Enrial sites at Ncstcrovskiy cemetery, Serztm Yurt, Sultan-Cora, Ullubagan<.llly 11, datcd to 6th/5 th centu­ries BC (Serzcn from 7fh/6th centuries) "yielded a total of 4,9 iron implements which were investi­gated mctallographicaIly (predouunantly knl"cs, short !:> words of the akinakcs type, hattle-axes, awls, lance heaus, etc.). Compared "dth some artifu("ts from other sitcs already investigated, a l't.,jativcly high lcvel of the hlacksmith's craft is ren~nlt'(l: steels, iron·to-stce) welding including

the sandwich technique, mart quenching. A group of good blacksmiths must have been working IocalJy in somt~ North CaU(~asiall territories.

R, }'. TYLECOTE; Ancient ~lletalIurgy in China. The :Mclallurgist and Materials Tc.dmologistf Scptnnber 1983, 435-439. The author's l'cport on his visit to China. Metallurgical cvuluation 0,

the Han period blast fUlaners at Gll Xing (transcribed as Kuhsillg in the article by ChCllg Shih-Po, p. , .. ). The possibility of blowing prchcated air through a composite tuyel'c system is suggcsted. The 20 t hear contains 0,73-4,52 % C. The invention of the Chinese indirect proccss is ascribed to the accidental very high fuel/orc ratio. Finer), pl'ocesscs, piling and folding technologies in making blades (Shandong knife, AD 112). The bloomery and blast furnace processes were operated sjmultancou~ly in ancient and early China.

R. F. TYLECOTE, see Historical Metallurgy, 17/2, ahoye p. 330

V. I. YIClILYAYEV: MetallUlgiccskij gorn rubda I i 11 tysyacclctiya 11. c. izMordoviyi. lA me­tallurgical furnace from the transition period betwetll 1st and 2nd millennia AD at Mordva]. Sovctskaya al'chaeologiya 2/1893, 237-241. A pit containing some slag and burnt clay revealed SOlue rather indistinct traces of a furnace or hearth, 50 cms in diametCl', Site: Novyy Us ad HI, upon the Moksa riyer; date: about AD WOO, connections to the Volga-Bulgaria.

S. ZACHARIAS, see Historical Metallurgy, above p. 330