1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In 2001, there were 1,225 fatal occupational injuries

in the construction sector in the United States, which means

there is an incidence rate of 13.3 per 100,000 employed

workers (Bureau of Labor Survey, 2002). Hong Kong is also

notorious for its high construction accidents rates. There

is a decline in worker accidents in mid-1980’s, but in 2007,

twenty percent of worker accidents are accidents that

happened in industries (Yi Man Li, 2011).

In the United Kingdom, the construction industry alone

represent over 40% of the total number of fatalities

reported among the four major industry sectors and was

consistently reported as the first or second worst offender

for reported fatal injuries. In Australia, the construction

industry experienced 5.6 fatalities per 100,000 employees,

which is more than twice the average for all the industries

in 2007-2008 (Fatal Injury Statistics, 2008).

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The information above clearly showed that inadequate

knowledge of safety measures in construction projects all

over the world cause injuries and death. To overcome such

incidents, the Philippine Government formulated the

Occupational Safety and Health Standards in 1978. The main

goal of the Safety and Health Standards is to safeguard the

worker’s social and economic well-being as well as his

physical safety and health. The said Safety and Health

Standards was amended in 1989 through the joint efforts

exerted by the Bureau of Working Conditions, the ILO Manila

Office and the tripartite sectors (Occupational Safety and

Health Center, DOLE, 2013).

On the other hand, satisfaction of workers in

construction is very important because the effectiveness of

every worker depends on the satisfaction he has in the kind

of job he is doing. Furthermore, workers satisfaction is

essential to the success of any business. High rates of

worker contentedness is directly related to a lower turnover

rate. Thus, keeping workers satisfied with their careers

should be a major priority for every employer. While this is

3

a well-known fact in management practices, economic

downturns seem to cause employers to ignore it.

There are numerous reasons why workers can become

discourage with their jobs and resign, including high

stress, lack of communication within the company, lack of

recognition, or limited opportunity for growth. Management

should actively seek to improve these factors if they hope

to lower their turnover rate. Even in an economic downturn,

turnover is an expense best avoided (Gregory, 2011).

It is because of the above literatures that the

researcher opted to conduct the present study about safety

measures and level of satisfaction of construction workers

in selected construction sites in Naga City.

This study is a response to determine the level of

enforcement of construction safety measures and level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of construction workers.

The study is deemed important for construction workers,

supervisors, Engineering personnel’s and managers or CEOs as

well. The study will give information about their working

4

rights and obligations. This study will also serve as a

source of information for construction supervisors to

implement proper safety measures and Job Hazard Analysis in

their construction projects. Through this, they could become

aware of whether they are doing the right safety practices

or there is a need for improvements.

Findings of the research can also be the basis of

managers to institute proper implementation of safety

measures and assist all workers in adopting the concepts and

principles of the company’s safety policy.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the level of

implementation of safety measures in construction projects

and the level of satisfaction of construction workers among

selected construction sites in Naga City during the calendar

year 2013-2014. Specifically, the study aimed to seek answer

to the following questions:

1. What are the various types and classifications of

construction projects in Naga City?

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2. What are the general construction safety measures

implemented in the construction projects?

3. What is the level of enforcement of the

construction safety measures along licensing,

installation/maintenance and sanction?

4. What is the level of satisfaction on safety

awareness of the workers?

5. Is there a significant relationship between level

of enforcement of construction safety measures and level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of the workers?

Scope and Delimitation

The focus of the study was about the level of

enforcement of construction safety measures and level of

satisfaction of workers on safety awareness. Thus, the study

was delimited to describing the socio-demographic profile of

the worker-respondents, the description of the various

6

classifications of construction projects in Naga City, and

establishing significant relationship between the level of

enforcement of construction safety measures and level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of the workers.

The present study was delimited to interviewing

selected workers of construction companies in Naga City. The

study covers only the calendar year 2013-2014.

Assumptions

1. Safety measures are implemented in construction

projects in Naga City.

2. These safety measures are enforced by authorities.

3. Construction workers level of satisfaction on the

implementation of safety measures can be gauged.

Hypothesis of the Study

7

There is a significant relationship between the level

of enforcement of construction safety measures and level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of the workers.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on a concept proposed by Berry

(1997). According to Berry, in order for an organization to

be successful they must continuously ensure the satisfaction

of their employees. Job satisfaction is defined as “an

individual’s reaction to the job experience” (Berry, 1997).

Figure 1 next page show the Theoretical Paradigm of this

study.

There are various components that are considered as

vital to job satisfaction. These variables are important

because they all influence the way a person feels about

their job. These components include the following: pay,

promotion, benefits, supervisor, co-workers, work condition,

communication, safety, productivity, and the work itself.

Each of these factors figures into an individual’s job

satisfaction differently. One might think

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Workers Safety Protection

Safety Measures Standard

Workers Level of Satisfaction

Figure 1 Theoretical Paradigm

9

that pay is considered to be the most important component in

job satisfaction, although this has not found to be true.

Employees are more concerned with working in an environment

they enjoy.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study shown in figure

2 next pages is primarily based on the socio-demographic

profile of the respondents, classification of construction

projects, the level of workers satisfaction in selected

construction projects in Naga City during the calendar year

2013-2014.

Shown in the Middle box are the socio-demographic

profile of the respondents in terms of age, civil status,

highest educational attainment and present position of the

construction workers.

Also shown in the Middle box are the classifications of

construction projects stated in the Chapter IV (Types of

Construction) of National Building Code of the Philippines

(P.D No. 1096).

10

For the purpose of this code, all buildings proposed

for construction shall be classified or identified according

to the following types:

11

SAFETY MEASURES AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF SELECTED CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN NAGA CITY

C/Y 2013

LEVEL OF CONSTRUCTION

SAFETY MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION

ALONG:

1. LICENSING2. INSTALLATION3. MAINTENANCE4. SANCTION

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICPROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

ALONG:

1. AGE2. CIVIL STATUS4. HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENTTYPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSTYPE ITYPE IITYPE IIITYPE IVTYPE VANDGROUP AGROUP BGROUP CGROUP DGRPOU E

LEVEL OF WORKERS SATISFACTION

A. HIGHB. MODERATEC. LOW

FIGURE 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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Type I. Type I buildings shall be a wood construction.

The structural elements may be any of the materials

permitted by this code.

Type II. Type II buildings shall be of wood construction

with protective fire-resistance materials and one hour fire

resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing

partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood treated wood

within the framing assembly.

Type III. Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood

construction. Structural elements may be any of the

materials permitted by this code: Provided that the building

shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls

shall be of combustible fire-resistive construction.

Type IV. Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron,

concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, Ceiling, and

permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-

resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing

partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use

fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.

13

Type V. Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive. The

structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or

masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent

partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive

construction.

On the other hand, the building proposed for

construction shall be identified according to their used or

the character of its occupancy and shall be classified as

follows:

Group A. Residential Dwellings

Group B. Residentials (Boarding and lodging),

Hotels and Apartments

Group C. Education and Recreation

Group D. Institutional (Hospital)

Group E. Business and Mercantile (Office Building,

wholesale and retail store)

Group F. Industrial (Factories, Power Plants)

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Group G. Storage and Hazardous (Storage of highly

flammable materials, paint store with bulk

handlings)

Group H. Assembly (Any assembly building with a stage

and an occupant load of less than 1000 in the

building.

Group I. Assembly (Any assembly building with a stage

with an occupant load more than 1000 in the

building)

Group J. Accessory (Private garage, towers)

Furthermore, as shown in box 1 the study evaluated

further the extent of enforcement of Construction Safety

measures along licensing, installation/maintenance and

sanctions using the same tool, the questionnaire.

Also looked into box 3 was the level of satisfaction of

construction workers on the perceived quality of enforcement

in terms of using safety measures.

Definition of Terms

15

For a better understanding of the study, the following

terms are defined operationally:

Construction – is a process that consist of the

building or assembling of infrastructure, far from being a

single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human

multitasking, normally, the job is manage by a project

manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design

engineer, construction engineer or project architect.

Construction Safety and Health Program – refers to a

set of detailed rule that shall cover the processes and

practices utilized in a specific construction project site

in conformity with the OSH Standard including the personnel

responsible and the penalties for violation thereof.

Construction Sites – this refers to the place where the

worker-respondents performed their job the place where they

are required to observe necessary safety measures.

Construction Workers – is a professional, tradesman, or

laborer who directly participates in the physical

16

construction of the built environment and its

infrastructure.

Level of Satisfaction – this term refers to the degree

of approval of the workers regarding safety awareness in

their job.

Safe or Safety – shall refer to the physical or

environmental conditions of work or employment, which

substantially comply with the provisions of this Standards.

Safety Measures – this refers to the various actions

and/or procedures taken to improve or ensure the safety of

particular workers or employees.

Sanction – in the law and ethics, any inducement to

individuals or group to follow or refrain from following a

particular course of conduct. All societies impose sanctions

on their members in order to encourage approved behavior.

These sanction range from formal legal statutes to informal

and customary actions taken by the general membership in

response to social behavior. A sanction may be either

positive, i.e., the promise of reward for desired conduct,

17

or negative, i.e., the threat of penalty for disapproved

conduct, but the term is most commonly used in the negative

sense. This is particularly true of the sanctions employed

in international relations. These are usually economic,

taking the form of an embargo or boycott, but may also

involve military action.

18

NOTES

Brilliance Unlimited 2010: Introduction to OccupationalSafety and Health Administration”. OSHA 30 Hours training &Development for the Construction Industry, “Safety a part ofperformance,” Jubail K.S.A August 13, 2010.

Chileshe, Nicholas, and Theodore C. Haupt, (2010) “ theeffect of age on the job satisfaction of constructionworkers”, journal of Engineering, Design and Technology,Vol. 8 Iss: 1, pp. 107-118

Economic News release August 19,2010: Census of FatalOccupational Injuries Summary, 2009 U.S. Department ofLabor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

19

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the review of related literature

and studies considered relevant to this study. The

literature and studies provided valuable insights in

conducting the present study.

Related Literature

The Occupational Safety Health (OSH) Act of 2004 in the

United States was passed by the US Congress to ensure every

working man, and women in the nation to have a safe and

healthful working condition and to preserve human resources.

The Purposes of the OSH Act are the following: Achieving

Safe and Healthy Working Conditions. The growing concerns

over workplace injuries, illnesses and fatalities, and the

resulting impact of billions of dollars in lost

productivity. Congress sought to ensure safe and healthful

working conditions for America‘s workforce and to preserve

our human resources. To accomplish this, Congress directed

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OSHA‘s Secretary of Labor to create and apply uniform

national standards for occupational safety and health.

In the Philippines, the Occupational Safety and Health

Standards was formulated in 1978 in compliance with the

constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker’s social and

economic well-being as well as his physical safety and

health. Adopted through the tested democratic machinery of

tripartism, the 1978 Standards is considered as a landmark

in Philippine Labor and Social Legislation.

The advent of industrialization and the continuing

introduction of technological innovations in our country

today have. however, correspondingly increased the number

and types of occupational hazards that our workers are

exposed to. Viewed against this backdrop, it became

imperative that the Standards be revised to make it truly

responsive to the workers’ needs (Occupational Safety and

Health Center, 1990). The Occupational Health and Safety

Standards was formulated with the purpose and objective that

states: to protect every workingman against the dangers of

injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working

21

conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable

manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to

lives and properties, consistent with national development

goals and with the state’s commitment for the total

development of every worker as a complete human being.

22

Related Studies

Construction Safety and Health (2010) statistically

showed that Construction workers build roads, houses and

workplaces and repair and maintain the nation's physical

infrastructure. This work includes many hazardous tasks and

conditions such as work at height, excavations, noise, dust,

power tools and equipment, confined spaces and electricity.

Construction workers incurred the most fatal injuries of any

industry in the private sector in 2009, but this number

declined in both 2009 (by 16%) and 2008 (by 19%).  With this

decrease, private sector construction fatalities are down by

more than a third overall since peaking in 2006.  Economic

conditions may explain much of this decline the total hours

worked in construction also went down 17 per cent in 2009

and 10 per cent the year before.  These decreases were more

pronounced in some construction subgroups. Fatal injuries

involving workers in the construction of buildings, for

example, were down more than a quarter (27%) from 2008, with

most of the decrease occurring in non-residential building

23

construction (down 44%).  Fatalities in heavy and civil

engineering construction were down 12 per cent, and the

subsector with the largest number of fatal work injuries

specialty trade contractors had 16 per cent fewer fatalities

in 2009 than in 2008. Source: Economic News Release August

19, 2010: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary,

2009U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Amelia (2007) conducted a study and attempted to

determine the performance of and efficiency level of the

project construction management in the four DPWH engineering

districts in Camarines Sur for C/Y 2006. Finding showed that

the Project construction management was very highly

implemented, most specially in monitoring and evaluation

along primarily detailed engineering. PMC had very high

level of efficiency along quality and time; while among

districts, District 1 had the highest level of efficiency,

while District IV, the lowest. The clientele satisfaction

was very high most especially on the convenience and comfort

but quality of public building needed improvement.

24

Mores (2003) found that along professionalism, the most

observed was the performance with the highest degree of

excellence, and satisfactorily observed was the promotion of

professionalism. On the quality of projects implemented

based on ethical standards, she also found that the

excellent project implementation activities were preliminary

survey, program of work preparation, public bidding,

observation of plans and specifications and monitoring.

Dennis (2001) conducted the study on the extent of

effectiveness of the National building Code as a monitoring

and controlling mechanism in selected barangays of Naga

City. Findings show that the National Building Code, its

rules and regulations helps in achieving quality

construction/buildings and in enforcing design and safety

measures.

In study of Sibulo (2000) on the “Maintenance of Roads

and Bridges: Camarines Sur 2nd and Albay Engineering

Districts,” findings showed that there were several factors

affecting the implementation of maintenance

project/activities. These were environmental, methods of

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repair and others. The significant differences in the extent

of implementation of maintenance projects and activities by

the two districts was accounted by factors such as the

observance of methods of repair and the type of condition of

soil that the province have.

Rey (2000) conducted a study on the implementation of

the fire code of the Philippines in Naga City by the

building classifications: educational, commercial and

residential institutions. Finding showed that the

educational institutions had the highest extent of

compliance to the fire safety requirements; followed by

commercial and last, the residential.

David (2000) analysed the infrastructure for the

Philippines 2000 which was environment-friendly. He

concluded that achieving its goals is the cornerstone of the

government, a critical and vital component of this socio-

economic development. The over-all effort required in

constructing and maintaining these infrastructure are the

principal concern and responsibilities of the DPWH. It is

because they would harmonize the economic and ecological

26

factors and in turn translates them in the promotion and

sustainable management in terms of longevity and maximum use

of infrastructure.

A survey on injuries in workers and impact of safety

measures on construction work related injuries in India was

conducted by Mehta and group (2011). Present investigation

was carried out to analyse effect of safety measures on rate

of injuries at two major constructions sites. Study was

observational and conducted in two phases. In first phase we

have analysed injured workers for parameters like age,

gender, experience, education status, job profile, working

hours, work experience, causes and types of injuries. Based

on phase one results, we have recommended some suggestions

to the site managements and after implementation of these

suggestions phase, two of this study was done. There were 71

injured workers in phase one while in phase two the rate of

injuries reduced by 75% and only 18 workers were injured.

Incidences of injuries are high in illiterate (Phase one:

62%; Phase 2: 67%), inexperienced (Phase one: 66%; Phase 2:

67%), workers working in crafts like laborer (Phase one:

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56%; Phase 2: 39) and masons (Phase one: 10%; Phase 2: 22%).

Data from present study indicates that good housekeeping,

training, use of certified quality of personal protective

device can significantly decreases injuries. Data from phase

one study revealed that many injuries were of avoidable

nature. Data of second phase showed that implementation of

safety measures like good housekeeping, training and use of

certified quality of personal protective device can

significantly decreases incidences of injuries.

Chileshe and Haupt (2010) examined the effect of age on

the job satisfaction of construction workers. Findings of

their study revealed that job satisfaction differential does

not exist between younger and older construction workers in

South Africa. Overall the findings suggest that although

both younger and older workers rank the relationship with

workmates as being poor, age does not have an influence on

the effects of the aspects of work, however, the differences

are significant for one of the job satisfaction effects with

younger workers reporting higher scores on “indifference”,

whereas the younger workers rank poor recognition of

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abilities as the most effect in comparison to the older

workers who reported suffering from a “lack of alertness” as

the most ranked effect.

A study entitled Factors Affecting Implementation of

Occupational Health and Safety Measures in the Construction

Industry: The Case of Mombasa County, Kenya sought to

establish the factors affecting implementation of

occupational health and safety measures in the building

construction industry in Kenya with a focus on Mombasa

County. The specific objectives were; To establish the

extent to which health and safety management systems in a

building construction company affects implementation of

occupational health and safety measures; To establish the

extent to which training and inductions affects

implementation of occupational health and safety measures in

building construction sites; To investigate whether the cost

of risk control measures affect implementation of

occupational health and safety measures and lastly; To

assess how a building-project client influences

implementation of occupational health and safety measures in

29

a building project. The research design was a survey

descriptive study using simple random sampling technique and

self-administered questionnaires as the main data

collection instrument supplemented by interviews and

observations. The study’s target population was the building

construction firms carrying out building construction

business in Mombasa County. Data was collected and analysed

using the SPSS, a statistical computer software for research

data. Findings from the study indicate that although 57.6%

agree to have health and safety policy at workplace, only

30% and less have any knowledge about

health and safety management systems. 76.1% of the

respondents claim to do training and induction of their

staff. 72.6% of the respondents think providing and

maintaining risk control measures is costly. 46.6% of the

respondents think their clients are not responsive

to enforcing health and safety measures in their building

projects. 51.8% of the respondents feel government policy on

health and safety in the construction industry is

poor, hence only 45.7% possess a copy of the Occupational

30

Safety and Health Act, 2007. The researcher concluded that a

number of factors inhibit the implementation of occupational

health and safety measures in the construction industry,

among them; Absence of health and safety management systems,

lack or inadequate training and inductions, the high costs

involved in providing and maintaining risk control measures,

lack of concern towards

health and safety issues in building project by the clients

and the government’s limited capacity in providing

appropriate legal framework and inspectorate personnel to

enforce compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health

Act, 2007. The researcher recommended that measures be taken

to enlighten building contractors about the importance of

health and safety management systems, which they should

integrate into their management fibre to help create a

health and safety culture in their organizations.

Through awareness forums conducted by professional bodies in

partnership with government departments, building

contractors to be encouraged to seek ISO certifications

relevant to health and safety management issues. The

31

government on the other hand should strengthen the legal,

institutional framework and inspectorate activities in order

to enforce compliance with the Occupational Health and

Safety Act, 2007. Finally, Kenya being a member country at

the International Labor Organization should ratify all

conventions relevant to issues of health and safety in

construction works in a bid to demonstrate its commitment to

worker’s health and safety.

Fuhar (2007) investigated three areas of job

satisfaction among construction workers using employees of

contractors working on Kwame Nkrumah University of Science

and Technology (KNUST) infrastructural projects as

respondents. First, the study examined the overall job

satisfaction level using the short form of the Minnesota

Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Second, the researchers

determined intrinsic and extrinsic satisfactions of the

construction workers. Lastly, the study investigated the

influence of demographic variables, i.e. age, educational

level, and marital status on the three dimensions of job

satisfaction. The results indicated that construction

32

workers on the KNUST infrastructural projects were neither

satisfied nor dissatisfied when all aspects of the job were

considered. The same neutral result was obtained when their

intrinsic satisfaction was assessed. However, the results

indicated a slight positive feeling when the extrinsic

satisfaction of the workers was investigated. There was no

significant relationship between the three dimensions of job

satisfaction and the selected independent variables - age,

educational level, and marital status.

State of the Art

The related literature has given the researcher enough

insights in the conduct of his study about the level of

enforcement about the construction safety measures

implemented in a construction projects in order to eliminate

the loss of life and damage to property.

Related to this study in terms of subject matter, which

is construction safety measure , were the statistical study

of Construction Safety and Health, this work statistically

shown many hazardous task and condition is a construction

33

sites, Amelia conducted a study to determine construction

management in four engineering district in Camarines Sur,

and Amores found out that along professionalism, excellent

project implementation activities were one of the

satisfactory observed in promotion. Other studies were based

on the implementation and effectiveness of Labor Standard

and fire safety implementation.

The present study revealed uniqueness from the studies

reviewed, because not one among the studies dealt with the

level of enforcement and satisfaction of construction

workers on proper implementation of general safety measure

within the construction projects in Naga City.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter presents the methodology, population,

instrument and the statistical treatment used in this study.

Methodology

34

This study made use of the descriptive–evaluative with

correlational method. The classification and various types

of constructions were described. The general level of safety

measure imposed on various construction projects and level

of job satisfaction of the construction workers was

evaluated. The significant relationship between the level of

awareness on safety measures along the areas of licensing,

installation/ maintenance and sanction and the significant

relationship between level of enforcement of construction

safety measures and level of satisfaction on safety

awareness of the workers.

Population

This study made use of seven (7) construction sites in

Naga City. A total of fifty (50) personnel and employees

from the seven (7) construction sites were selected as

respondents of the study.

The table below shows the frequency and percentage

distribution of the respondents from the seven (7)

construction sites.

Respondents of the Study

35

Table 1 gives the profile of the respondents.

Age. There are 16 (32%) respondents who are in the 21 to

30 years age bracket; 19 (38%) respondents are 31 to 40

years old; and 15 (30%) belongs to the 41 to 50 years old

age bracket.

The result showed that majority of the respondents from

the construction sites are in the 31 to 40 age bracket, this

means they are in their middle age period.

Sex. All the fifty respondents from the seven (7)

construction sites are male. This means no female

respondents been selected during the conduct of the

respondents. The result showed further that, it is very

rare that female join workforce in construction sites.

Civil Status. There are 40 (80%) respondents who are

married; 2 (4%) respondents are separated; and 8 (16%)

respondents from the construction sites are single.

36

Table 1

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

Age Frequency Percent21 to 30 years old 16 32.031 to 40 years old 19 38.041 to 50 years old 15 30.0Total 50 100.0

SexMale 50 100.0

Civil StatusMarried 40 80.0Separated 2 4.0Single 8 16.0Total 50 100.0

Educational AttainmentCollege Graduate 13 26.0High School Graduate 28 56.0Elementary Level 9 18.0Total 50 100.0

37

The result showed that majority of the respondents is

married. As shown in the data for the respondents’ age,

majority of the respondents are in the 31 to 40--age

bracket, the age where most Filipino men are already married

and have their own family.

Educational Attainment. There are 13 (26%) respondents who

obtained a college degree; 28 (56%) are high school

graduates; and 9 (18%) respondents obtained elementary

education.

The finding showed that majority of the respondents

obtained high school education. This is an indication, that

most of the workers in construction sites are not required

to possess a degree or college education. This is because

what being required in construction work is strength or

physical qualification and not academic qualification.

Instrument of the Study

The present research made use of a survey-questionnaire

as the main data-gathering tool. The research instrument

was consist of three parts: Part 1 answer the socio-

38

demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age,

civil status, highest educational attainment and present

position of the construction workers in Naga City; and the

various classifications of construction projects in terms of

whether it is TYPE I, TYPE II, TYPE III, TYPE IV, or TYPE V.

Part 2 of the research instrument is a Likert-type

questionnaire consisting of item-questions regarding the

level of enforcement of the construction safety measures

along licensing, installation/maintenance and sanction. Part

3 is another Likert-type questionnaire with item-questions

regarding the level of satisfaction on safety awareness of

the construction workers.

Statistical Treatment

To analyse the results of the research necessary

statistical treatment was made. Specifically, the following

statistical tools were utilized:

1. To describe the types and classifications of

construction projects, frequency and percentage

distributions was used.

39

2. To describe the level of enforcement of the

construction safety measures along licensing,

installation/ maintenance and sanction, weighted mean

and verbal descriptions was used.

3. To describe the level of satisfaction on safety

awareness of the construction workers, weighted mean

and verbal descriptions was utilized.

4. To establish significant relationship between the level

of enforcement of construction safety and level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of the construction

workers, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

using SPSS was utilized.

40

NOTES

Brilliance, Introduction to OSHA.(OSHA 30 Hour training& Development for the Construction Industry, “Safety a partof performance,” Jubail K.S.A, August 13, 2010.

Chileshe, Nicholas,and Theodore C. Haupt, (2010) "Theeffect of age on the job satisfaction of constructionworkers", Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology,Vol. 8 Iss: 1, pp.107 – 118

Economic News Release August 19, 2010: Census of FatalOccupational Injuries Summary, 2009U.S. Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Fajardo, Amelia, DPWH Project Construction Management:It’s Level of Efficiency, (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis,University of Nueva Caceres, Naga City 2007)

Fugar, A Salam, (2007). Job Satisfaction Among ConstructionWorkers On Knust Infrastructural Projects. Journal of the Ghana Institution of Engineers Vol. 5 (1&2)2007: pp. 31-38

Mehta AA, Mehta KA, Parmar SA, Mehta AK. A survey oninjuries in workers and impact of safety measures onconstruction work related injuries in India. Case Study CaseRep. 2011; 1(1): 9-19. 

Mores Alida, “Work Ethics and InfrastructureDevelopment,” (Unpublished Dissertation, University of NuevaCaceres, Naga City, 2003)

Bayrante Dennis, The National Building Code: A tool forQuality Construction, (Unpublished Masteral Thesis,University of Nueva Caceres, Naga City 2001)

41

Melanio Rey, Fire Code of the Philippines: ItsEffectiveness, (Unpublished Masteral Thesis, University ofNueva Caceres, Naga City 2000)

Villados David, Environment-Friendly Infrastructure forthe Philippines 2000. Department of Public Works andHighways Technical Journal, Vol. V. No. 2 (Manila 2000)

Sibulo Henry, “DPWH Road Maintenance Program: It’sImplementation”. (Unpublished Masteral Thesis, University ofNueva Caceres, Naga City, 2000)

http://ems.uonbi.ac.ke/node/1332

Motivation and Personality, Abraham Maslow, Harper andRow, New York, Copy Right 1970, 2nd Edition.

Occupational Safety and Health Standards, as Amended(1989) Published and printed by theOCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ANDHEALTH CENTERDEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENTIntramuros,ManilaFebruary 2005-May 2013. Rule 1000 pg. 11

Presidential Decree No. 442,The Labor Code of thePhilippines,(SGD.)Ferdinand E. Marcos,ChanRobles Publishing,May 1, 1974 City of Manila, Philippines Copyright 2005,Article 162, Pg.74

AnnotatedPRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096(asPromulgated February 1977by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos)ADOPTING ANATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES(NBCP)THEREBY REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVEHUNDRED FORTY-ONE (R.A. No. 6541),Manila Philippines,Chapter IV, Section 401, Pg.9, Chapter VII, Section 701,Pg.11

42

Department Order No. 13 otherwise known as ,THEGUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THECONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY,Department of Labor andEmploymentBureau of Working ConditionsIntramuros,Manilaseries of 1998. Department order No.13 (1.1.1 to 1.26)Pg. 8 to 14

http://www.answers.com

Chapter IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presented the analysis and interpretation

of data which were divided into five parts namely; (1) The

classifications and type of construction projects in Naga

City; 2) The general construction safety measures

implemented in the construction projects; 3) The level of

enforcement of the construction safety measures along

licensing, installation/maintenance and sanction; 4) The

level of satisfaction on safety awareness of the workers; 5)

Significant Relationship between level of Enforcement of

Construction Safety Measures and Level of Satisfaction on

Safety Awareness of the Workers.

43

Classification and Type of Construction Projects in Naga

City

Table 2A in the next page gives the classification and

type of construction projects in Naga City. The result shows

that the type of construction projects in the sample

construction sites in Naga City is Type IV and Type V only.

Moreover, the construction sites classified into Group D and

Group E. The results revealed that there are 6 Type V

Table 2A

Classification and Type of Construction Projects in NagaCity Calendar Year 2013-2014

Type ofBuilding

TYPEI

TYPEII

TYPEIII

TYPEIV

TYPEV

TOTAL %

GroupClassification

Group A

Group B

44

Group c

Group D6 6 12%

Group E36 8 44 88%

Group F

TOTAL 50 100%

45

building constructions under Group D; 36 construction sites

with Type IV building under Group E; and 8 Type V building

construction under Group E.

Type IV buildings are made of steel, iron, concrete, or

masonry construction. The walls, ceiling, and permanent

partitions are incombustible fire resistive construction.

But permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-

resistive construction can be used as fire-retardant treated

wood within the framing assembly.

On the other hand, Type V buildings are fire-resistive.

The structural elements are of steel, iron, concrete, or

masonry construction. The walls, ceilings, and permanent

partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive

construction.

The description of the building construction classification

in the sample construction sites in Naga City is of two

types only. These are Group D and Group E.

Institutional or Group D Occupancies include the following:

Under Division 2 hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes with non-

46

ambulatory patients, and similar buildings each accommodate

more than five persons.

Group E or Business and Mercantile Occupancies include Under

Division 1, gasoline filling and service

47

Figure 3 and 4 – Sample ofType V Building

48

Figure 5 and 6 Type IV Building

49

stations, storage garages and boot storage structures where

no work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance

requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly

flammable liquids. And under Division 2, are wholesale and

retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining

establishments having an occupant load of less than one

hundred persons, printing plants, police and fire stations,

factories and workshops using not highly flammable or

combustible materials and paint stores without bulk

handlings.

In summary, there are 12 percent Group D building

constructions; and 88 percent are Group E building

constructions in Naga City.

General Construction Safety Measures Implementation in the

Construction Projects

Presented in Table 2B on the next page are the

frequency and rank of personal protective equipment used as

general construction safety measure in the construction

sites in Naga City.

50

Department Order No. 13, series of 1998, known as

Procedural Guidelines and otherwise known as The Guidelines

Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the

Table 2B

General Construction Safety Measures in Terms of PersonalProtective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment Frequency Rank

1. Safety Gloves 43 1

2. Heat resistant light filter face shield 36 2

3. Guard Rails 34 3

4. Heat Resistant Gloves 30 4.5

5. Heat resistant and heat insulating gloves 30 4.5

6. Safety Helmet 29 6

7. High visibility vest 26 7

8. PPEs with reflectorized or luminous markingsfor high visibility

25 8

9. Electrically insulated gloves 24 9.5

10. Chemical resistant gloves 24 9.5

11. Safety Belt 22 11

12. Color Coded vest with reflectorized markings 16 12

13. Contaminant Protection for eyes 10 13

14. Dust filtering respirators 9 14

15. Safety Chemical Resistant Boots 8 15.5

51

16. Ear Protection 8 15.5

17. Appropriate contaminants filtering respirator 7 17

18. Personal Fall Protection System 6 19.5

19. Life vest 6 19.5

20. Heat insulating protective clothing 6 19.5

21. Chemical Goggles 6 19.5

22. Heat Resistant Safety Foot wear 5 23.5

23. High visibility gloves 5 23.5

24. Chemical Resistant Protective Clothing 5 23.5

25. Heavy Duty Safety footwear 4 27.5

26. Heat resistant protective clothing 4 27.5

27. Safety Shoes 3 30.5

28. Self-contained or supplied air respirator 3 30.5

29. Chemical resistant face shield 3 30.5

30. Chemical suits 3 30.5

31. Padded vest 2 34

32. Light filtering and heat resistant facegoggles

2 34

33. Heat resistant face shield 2 34

34. Vibrating insulating gloves 2 34

35. Chemical filtering respirator 2 34

36. Electrically insulated safety shoes 1 37

37. Heavy leather gloves 0 41.5

38. Earmuff or earplugs 0 41.5

39. High visibility gloves 0 41.5

40. Metal fume filtering respirators 0 41.5

52

41. Heavy Duty safety shoes 0 41.5

42. Self-contained or supplied air underwaterbreathing apparatus

0 41.5

43. Thermal insulating wet suit and accessories 0 41.5

53

Construction Industry mandated all construction sites to use

PPE’s. In addition, as per the results of the study it

showed that not all the personal protective equipment

required in construction sites is being used. The frequency

and rank of the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that are

usually used are follows: safety gloves (f:43) is the most

commonly used PPE in the construction site and one of the

three basic PPE along with the safety helmet and safety

shoes, also the most cheapest among the other equipment but

effective in preventing cuts, bruises and other type of

danger while doing manual working activity; the second most

frequently used was the heat resistant filter face shield

(f:36) it is usually used in working with cutting and

welding of hot metals, it is used to protect construction

workers from damaging their eyes and prevent them from

direct heat from melting metals; rank 3 is guard rails

(f:34) it is used in working near unprotected areas such as

but not limited to the following: working on scaffolds and

working on roofs to protect the workers from falling; tied

in the rank 4 are heat resistant gloves (f:30)which helps to

54

protect workers from work involving lying of asphalt and the

heat resistance and heat insulating gloves (f:30) which

protect workers from cutting and welding hot materials, and

protect workers when working near open flame; rank 6 is

safety helmet (f:29) this is one of the basic PPE that is

used to protect workers’ head from falling materials and

other dangerous things that can accidentally cuts heads;

rank 7 is high visibility vest (f:26) which is used when

working at night under low light condition; rank 8 is PPEs

with reflectorized or luminous marking for high visibility

(f:25) this is used when working near vehicular traffics;

tied in rank 9 are electrically insulated gloves (f:24)

which is used when working with live electricity above 50

volts AC/DC and chemical resistant gloves (f:24) which is

used in work involving pouring of concrete such as: laying

concrete slab; pouring of concrete for beams and/or columns;

working with organic solvent or toxic and/or corrosive

chemicals; rank 11 is safety belt (f:11)which is used when

working near unprotected areas such as but not limited to

the following: working on scaffolds and working on roofs; in

55

rank 12 is color-coded vest with reflectorized markings

(f:16) which is used when working with derricks and crane;

in rank 13 is contaminant protection for eyes (f:10) which

is used when working with atmospheres-containing

contaminants above the recommended threshold limit values;

in rank 14 is dust filtering respirator (f:9) which is used

with works involving exposure to harmful dust; tied in rank

15 are safety chemical resistant gloves (f:8) which is used

in works involving pouring of concrete such as: laying

concrete slab and pouring of beams and/or columns; and ear

protection (f:8) which is used in works involving handling

of noisy and/or vibrating power tools/equipment; in rank 17

is appropriate contaminants filtering respirator (f:7) which

is used when working with atmosphere-containing contaminants

above recommended threshold limit values; tied in rank 19

are four personal protective equipment which are, fall

protection system (f:6) which is used when working near

unprotected areas preventing workers from falling to the

ground; life vest (f:6) which is used when working on top

or near bodies of water; heat insulating protective clothing

56

(f:6) which is used in work involving exposure to or

handling of hot materials or work near open flame; and

chemical goggles (f:6) which is used when working with

organic solvent or toxic and/or corrosive chemicals; tied in

rank 23 are three personal protective equipment, these are

heat resistant safety foot wear (f:5) which is used in work

involving lying of asphalt; high visibility gloves (f:5)

which is used when working with derricks and crane; and

chemical resistant protective clothing (f:5) which is used

when working with organic solvent or toxic and/or corrosive

chemicals; tied in rank 27 are heavy duty safety footwear

(f:4) which is used when working with earth moving equipment

and heat resistant protective clothing (f:4) which is used

when work involved hot cutting and welding of metals; tied

in rank 30 are four personal protective equipment, these are

safety shoes (f:3) which is one of the three basic PPE in

construction site that is used in everyday working

activities because it protects the workers’ foot while

doing their daily activities; self-contained or supplied air

respirator (f:3) which is used when working with atmosphere-

57

containing contaminants that are above recommended threshold

limit values; chemical resistant face shield (f:3)which is

used when working with organic solvent or toxic and/or

corrosive chemicals; and chemical suits (f:3) which is used

when working with atmosphere-containing contaminants above

recommended threshold limit values; in rank 34 are five

personal protective equipment, these are padded vest (f:2)

which is used when working manual excavation or digging;

light filtering and heat resistant face goggles (f:2) which

is used when working with hot cutting and welding of metals;

heat resistant face shield (f:2) which is used in work

involving exposure to or handling of hot materials or

working near open flame; vibrating insulating gloves (f:2)

which is used in work involving handling of noisy and/or

vibrating power tools/equipment; chemical filtering

respirator (f:2) which is used when working with organic

solvent or toxic and/or corrosive chemicals; in rank 37 is

electrically insulated safety shoes (f:1) used when working

with live electricity above 50 volts AC/DC; tied in rank 41

are seven personal protective equipment, which also indicate

58

that none of the construction sites in Naga City are not

using it. These PPEs are: heavy leather gloves (f:0) which

is used when working with derricks and crane; earmuff or

earplugs (f:0) which is used when working with earth moving

equipment; high visibility gloves (f:0)which is used when

working with derricks and crane; metal fume filtering

respirators (f:0) which is used when working with hot

cutting and welding of metals; heavy duty safety shoes (f:0)

which is used when working near vehicular traffic; self-

contained or supplied air underwater breathing apparatus

(f:0) which is used when working underwater; and thermal

insulating wet suit and accessories (f:0) which is used when

working underwater.

As mentioned above not all the general construction

safety measures are not all properly implemented in the

sample construction sites in Naga City. Of the forty-three

general construction safety measures, less than 10 percent

are utilised by 50 percent of the respondents from the

construction projects. This is very alarming since working

in construction sites is very risky. It is mentioned in the

59

introduction that there is a growing number of construction

fatalities because of improper implementation of

construction safety measures in construction projects

worldwide. If construction sites in Naga City do not

properly implement the general safety measures in their

respective construction sites, the lives of their

construction workers are at risk. Employers should not

forget that under the policies of occupational safety and

health standard, it is their duty and responsibility to

observe the following: (1) to furnish his workers a place of

employment free from hazardous conditions that cause or are

likely to cause death, illness of physical harm to his

workers; they need to give complete job safety instruction

to all his workers, especially to those entering the job for

the first time, including those relating to the

familiarization with their work environment, hazards to

which the workers are exposed to and steps taken in case of

emergency; to comply with the requirements of this

standards; and to use only approved devices and equipment in

the workplace. The findings of the study also revealed that

60

construction sites in Naga City do not properly follow the

occupational safety and health standard rule 1080 of the

Personal Protective Equipment and Devices, which states

that: every employer as defined in rule 1002 of OSH

Standards, shall at his own expense furnish his workers with

protective equipment for the eyes, face, hands and feet,

protective shield and barriers whenever necessary by reason

of the hazardous nature of the process or environment,

chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or

hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the

function of any part of the body through absorption,

inhalation or physical contact; rule 1081.03 of the said

Standard state that: the employer shall be responsible for

the adequacy and proper maintenance of personal protective

equipment used in his workplace; rule 1081.04 states that:

no person shall be subjected or exposed to a hazardous

environmental condition without protection. The above rules

are clearly violated by the owner/employer of the sample

construction sites in Naga City, which brought the results

of the study as very significant because the current

61

situation of the workers in Naga City is very risky and very

alarming.

62

Level of Enforcement of the Construction Safety Measures

along Licensing, Installation/ Maintenance and Sanction

The tables below presents the level of enforcement of

the construction safety measures in various construction

sites in Naga City.

Licensing

In the area of licensing the sample, construction sites

frequently observed the three construction safety measure

requirements, to wit: company safety and health policy as

prerequisite to grant permit (WM=4.0); compliance with R.A.

4566 “Constructors License Law” (WM=3.9); and general health

and safety inspection as prerequisite to grant permit

(WM=3.8).

The average weighted mean of the responses to the

enforcement of licensing, as safety, measure is 3.6 with

verbal equivalent of frequently implemented.

Proper implementation of the Construction Safety

Measures along Licensing, Installation/Maintenance and

Sanction is necessary for employers of construction sites in

63

Naga City. With proper implementation of the safety measures

of licensing, will be guaranteed that no construction

projects are operating without company safety and health

policies; and that the construction projects are

Table 3A

Level of Enforcement of Safety Measures along Licensing

Construction Safety Measure

Requirements

Weighted

Mean

Verbal

Description

1. Company Safety and Health Policy is

prerequisite to grant permit.

4 Frequently

2. It is incompliance with R.A. 4566

“Constructors License Law”

3.9 Frequently

3. General Health and Safety

Inspection is prerequisite to grant

Permit. Under Article 128

Visitorial and Enforcement Power

(Occupational Safety and Health

Standard of 1978)

3.8 Frequently

Average Mean 3.6 FrequentlyLegend:

Limits

64

Always 5 4.20 - 5.0Frequently 4 3.40 - 4.19Often 3 2.60 - 3.39Seldom 2 1.80 - 2.59Never 1 1.0 - 1.79

65

operating with approved license; proper implementation of

the safety measures of licensing also means the construction

projects are properly complying with R.A. 4566 or the

“Constructors License Law” of the Philippines.

Installation and Maintenance

The level of enforcement of safety measures along the

area of installation and maintenance of the construction

projects in Naga City is presented in Table 3B next page.

Respondents from the sample construction projects in

Naga City stated that they frequently observe safety

measures along the area of installation and maintenance, to

wit: inspection are conducted within the construction

project to determine if safety measures is properly

implemented (WM=3.8); work permit system is observed in

every work activities (WM=3.7); workers should properly

understood the company safety policy (WM=3.8); and

recordkeeping is observed to determine work-related

illnesses(WM=3.8).

66

The average weighted mean of the responses to the

installation and maintenance safety measures scale is 3.8,

with verbal description of frequently implemented.

Safety measures along installation and maintenance is

very important in all construction projects. There should be

a regular inspection of all the construction projects to

find out if employers and workers in construction sites are

following their duties in accordance with what is stated in

the company’s safety policy. Inspectors of construction

sites should also be diligent to insure that construction

workers and employers properly understand safety rules; and

recordkeeping of work-related illnesses should be properly

monitored so that accidents can be prevented. the department

of Labor and Employment here in Naga City or even Local

Government itself should have their own independent

Occupational Safety and Health Inspectors.

Sanction

The response of the respondents from the sample

construction projects in Naga City in terms of enforcement

67

of safety measures along sanction is given in Table 3C next

page.

In the areas of sanction, safety measures are often

observed by the construction sites in Naga City, to wit:

construction project owners who violated health and safety

standard are informed of their violations (WM=3.14); orders

Table 3B

Level of Enforcement of Safety Measures along Installationand Maintenance

Construction Safety Measure

Requirements

Weighted

Mean

Verbal

Description1. Inspection are conducted within

the Construction Project to

determine if Safety Measures is

properly implemented

3.8 Frequently

2. Work Permit system is observed

in every work activities.

3.7 Frequently

3. Workers properly understand the

Company Safety Policy

3.8 Frequently

4. Record keeping is observed to

determine the work related

illnesses.

3.8 Frequently

68

Average Mean 3.8 Frequently

Legend:

LimitsAlways 5 4.20 - 5.0Frequently 4 3.40 - 4.19Often 3 2.60 - 3.39Seldom 2 1.80 - 2.59Never 1 1.0 - 1.79

69

and notice of violations is served to owner/violators by

registered mail (WM=3.16); violators are given enough time

to comply with the findings of inspections (WM=3.24); after

the lapse of the grace period, recommended safety measure

are not complied with, penalties and sanction are strictly

enforced (WM=3.16); and all legal requirements are observed

in the enforcement of penalties and sanctions (WM=3.22).

The average weighted mean of the response is 3.18 with

verbal description of often implemented.

Sanction as a safety measure in construction sites is

important because it entails that if employers and

construction workers are not properly implementing safety

measures in the construction sites there should be proper

sanctions. Based on the computed weighted means of the five

items of sanctions, the least value is for the item: “Owner

who violated Health and Safety standard are informed of

their violations (WM=3.14)”.

This means that there is a strong need for monitoring

agencies to inform construction owners who violated the

70

proper implementation of health and safety standard

measures. If government-monitoring agencies that are in-

charge of construction sites in Naga City will not inform

Table 3C

Level of Enforcement of Safety Measures along Sanction

Construction Safety MeasureRequirements

WeightedMean

VerbalDescription

1. Owner who violated Health andSafety standard are informed oftheir violations

3.14 Often

2. Orders and Notice of Violationsis served to owner/Violators byregistered mail.

3.16 Often

3. Violators are given enough timeto comply with the findings ofinspections.

3.24 Often

4. After the lapse of the graceperiod, recommended safetymeasures are not complied withpenalties and sanction arestrictly enforced.

3.16 Often

5. All legal requirements areobserved in the enforcement ofpenalties and sanctions.

3.22 Often

Average Mean 3.18 OftenLegend:

LimitsAlways 5 4.20 - 5.0Frequently 4 3.40 - 4.19Often 3 2.60 - 3.39Seldom 2 1.80 - 2.59

71

Never 1 1.0 - 1.79

72

the owners of their violations, they are putting the lives

of the building occupants at risk. For example, a building

that is constructed without fire exit, during the

construction period and the owner of the building is not

informed of this violation, once the building is functional

and a fire accident happened many people will be trapped

inside the building because of lack of fire exit.

The summary of the level of enforcement of the

construction projects in Naga City along the areas of

licensing, installation and maintenance and sanction is

shown in Table 4 next page.

As shown in the table above, the level of enforcement

for installation and maintenance is first in rank, followed

by licensing, both with verbal description of highly

enforced; while enforcement of sanction is in the moderate

level.

The results of the present study is comparable with the

findings of Amelia (2007) who conducted a study to determine

the performance and efficiency level of project construction

73

management in the four DPWH engineering districts in

Camarines Sur for C/Y 2006. Amelia’s (2007) study showed

that the project construction management was very highly

implemented, most specially in monitoring and

Table 4

Summary Level of Enforcement

Indicator AverageMean

VerbalDescription Rank

1. Licensing3.6 High 2

2. Installation andMaintenance

3.8 High 1

3. Sanction3.18 Moderate 3

Legend:

4.20 – 5.00 Very High

3.40 – 4.19 High

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate

1.80 – 2.59 Low

1.00 – 1.79 Very Low

74

75

evaluation along primarily detailed engineering; while in

the present study, licensing and installation and

maintenance have high implementation and sanction is

moderately implemented.

The results showed that there is a strong need to

implement sanction as a safety measure in construction sites

in Naga City. Sanction is the least implemented safety

measure, which is very important. If construction owners are

not informed of their violations, they will never be aware

that they are not properly observing all the appropriate

safety measures which are necessary in the construction of

buildings.

To support the research findings, the researcher

visited the office of Department of Labor and Employment

(DOLE) in Naga City and conducted an interview among the

staff that is in-charge of the Occupational Safety and

Health (OSH) Office. The researcher was informed that no

permanent employee is stationed in Naga City’s DOLE office

to handle Occupational Safety and Health issues in the City.

76

The researcher also learned that the OHS provincial office

was located in Legazpi City which happened to be 92.8 Km

outside Naga City. The said office is responsible for

handling all the safety and health related issues within the

whole Bicol Region.

In addition to the information obtained by the

researcher, is the reality that all occupational safety and

health issues from Naga City are all just sent to the

Regional OSH Center in Legazpi for processing and approval

and it will be send back to Naga City once it is approved.

This method of transaction only shows that it is really very

time consuming that is why there is a lack of information

regarding violations and sanction to owners.

Another significant information obtained by the

researcher is the fact that there are no record of work

related accident/incident that has ever kept in Naga City’s

DOLE office which can be used for statistical study. This is

an indication that DOLE in Naga City has no clear

information on issues regarding workers’ safety and health

in Naga City.

77

When the researcher asks the DOLE employees what they

do if there is actual eminent danger in any of the

construction sites in Naga City. The DOLE employees replied:

“if that were the case, we would call the Regional office

and whatever are the decisions they made we will just fully

implement it.”

The result of the interviews is a clear manifestation

of neglect from concerned government employees. There is a

saying “prevention is better than cure” and “Safety is a

Pro-Active attitude rather than Re-Active”, which means,

before we lost lives due to faulty construction safety

measures and neglect in Naga City, owners, employers, and

construction workers should properly observe and implement

the all the necessary construction safety measures.

Just recently, a strong earthquake and typhoons

happened in the Philippines, although most of the affected

buildings are old churches, interviews from building

architects that was aired on ABS-CBN’s TV Patrol last

October 19, 2013 stated that one of the reason why the old

78

Baclayon church building collapsed from the earthquake is

because when the building renovations or reconstructions was

done, heavier roofing was added in which the building

structures and walls cannot actually support. The local

Mayor said “it was an accident that only waits to happen”.

Level of Satisfaction on Safety Awareness of the Workers

The levels of worker satisfaction and safety awareness

of the construction projects in Naga City is presented in

Table 5.

The results revealed that the level of satisfaction on

safety awareness of workers from the construction sites in

Naga City is on the moderate level. These are as follows:

Extensive and wide information of company safety and health

policy (WM=3.14); inspections are conducted by government

safety and health officer to determine violations of safety

measures (WM=3.16); strict enforcement of inspector’s

recommendation for safety measures is always made (WM=3.24);

enforcement of sanctions on penalties is always implemented

without biases (WM=3.16); upper management of construction

79

projects highly supports the company safety program

(WM=3.22); employer establishes occupational Health services

to provide a healthful place of work(WM=3.18);

80

Table 5

Levels of Worker Satisfaction and Safety Awareness

Parameters WeightedMean

VerbalDescription

1. Extensive and wide information of CompanySafety and Health Policy.

3.14 Moderate

2. Inspection are conducted by Government Safetyand Health Officer determining the SafetyMeasures Violation.

3.16 Moderate

3. Strict enforcement of inspector’srecommendation for Safety Measures is alwaysmade.

3.24 Moderate

4. Enforcement of sanctions on penalties isalways implemented without biases.

3.16 Moderate

5. Upper Management of Construction projecthighly supports the Company Safety Program.

3.22 Moderate

6. Employer establishes in his workplaceOccupational Health services to provide ahealthful place of work.

3.18 Moderate

7. Employer adopts and implements acomprehensive Health Program for hisworkers.

3.16 Moderate

8. Employers maintain health record of hisprograms and activities and submit an annualmedical report, using form DOLE/BWC/OH-47,to the regional labor office concerned.

3.1 Moderate

9. Contractor Senior Management Ensurecompliance with the Company ConstructionSafety Manual.

3.12 Moderate

10. Foreman/Job Supervisor usually correctsunsafe acts and conditions.

3.24 Moderate

11. Foreman/Job Supervisor Conduct weekly Safetymeetings.

3.12 Moderate

12. Contractor Safety Officer or Site SafetySupervisor inspect worksite daily.

3.22 Moderate

13. Contractor Safety Officer or Site SafetySupervisor keep a record of injuries, MVAs,property damage, fires, and crane/heavyequipment accidents.

3.16 Moderate

14. Housekeeping is one of the priorities in theCompany Safety Policy.

3.26 Moderate

Average Mean 3.18 ModerateLegend:

81

4.20 – 5.00 Very High3.40 – 4.19 High2.60 – 3.39 Moderate1.80 – 2.59 Low1.00 – 1.79 Very Low

employer adopts and implements a comprehensive health

program for his workers (WM= 3.16); employers maintain

health record of his programs and activities and submit an

annual medical report, using form DOLE/BWC/OH-47, to the

regional Labor office concerned (WM=3.1); contractor senior

management ensure compliance with the company construction

safety manual (WM=3.12); foreman/job supervisor usually

correct unsafe acts and conditions (WM=3.24); foreman/job

supervisor conduct weekly safety meetings (WM=3.12);

contractor safety officer or site safety supervisor inspect

worksite daily (3.22); contractor safety officer or site

safety supervisor keep a record of injuries, MVAs, property

damage, fires, and crane/heavy equipment accidents

(WM=3.16); and housekeeping is one of the priorities in the

company safety policy (WM=3.26). The average weighted mean

82

of the response is 3.18, with verbal description of

moderate.

The finding of the study is different from the result

of Fuhar’s (2007) study. Fuhar investigated three areas of

job satisfaction among construction workers, and he found

out that construction workers on the KNUST infrastructural

projects were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied when all

aspects of the job were considered. The same neutral result

was obtained when their intrinsic satisfaction was assessed.

Satisfaction of construction workers regarding the

implementation of safety measures in construction sites in

Naga City is on the moderate level. This indicates that the

construction workers are aware that their construction

companies are not fully or properly implementing all the

necessary precautions required for every construction

projects. The moderate level of satisfaction of the

construction workers is a very clear indication that

something is wrong it could be an indication that the

workers themselves are experiencing neglect from their

employers when it comes to the provision of personal

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protective equipment. As stated in the findings for problem

no. 2, only 10 percent of the personal protective equipment

is used by 50 percent of the construction sites in Naga

City. This means, there is a great risk for most of the

construction workers because not all the personal protective

equipment that they are supposed to use are not available.

Significant Relationship between Level of Enforcement of

Construction Safety Measures and Level of Satisfaction on

Safety Awareness of the Workers

The significant relationship between the variables’ level of

enforcement of construction safety measures, particularly

licensing, installation and maintenance and sanction, and

the level of satisfaction of workers regarding safety

awareness is given in Table 6.

The correlation test performed to test if significant

relationship existed between the level of enforcement of

construction safety measures along licensing, installation

and maintenance, sanction and the workers level of

satisfaction on safety awareness yield significant

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relationships. The values obtained are as follows: level of

satisfaction on safety awareness and licensing (r=.574);

level of satisfaction on safety awareness and installation

and maintenance (r=.911); and level of safety awareness and

sanction (r=.613). The hypothesis of no significant

relationship is rejected.

The results revealed that level of enforcement of

construction safety measures in the construction projects in

Naga City greatly influence the level of satisfaction of the

workers regarding safety measures. This is an indication

that construction workers in Naga City are conscientious of

the risks that they might experience in their work that is

why, they believe that proper

Table 6

Correlation Matrix for Level of Enforcement of Construction

Safety Measures and Level of Satisfaction on Safety

Awareness

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Level of Enforcement of Construction

Safety Measures

LicensingInstallationand Maintenance Sanction

Level of

Satisfaction on

Safety Awareness

.574* .911** .613*

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.**. Correlation is highly significant at the 0.05 level.

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enforcement of construction safety measures should be

observed.

The positive significant relationship between the

variables tested also indicates that as the level of

enforcement of safety measures increases, the level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of the workers also

increases. This finding is in contrast with the findings of

Fuhar (2007) where he did not find any significant

relationship between construction workers’ dimensions of job

satisfaction and his selected independent variables.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter gives the summary of the findings of the

study, the conclusions made, and the recommendations offered

based on the analysis of the data gathered.

This determined the level of implementation of safety

measures in construction projects and the level of

satisfaction on safety awareness of construction workers

among selected construction sites in Naga City during the

calendar year 2013-2014. Specifically, the specific answers

to the problems of the study given as follows:

Problem No.1

Socio-demographic profiles, in terms of age, civil

status, and highest educational attainment of the

construction workers in Naga City

Findings as for Age:

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There are 16 respondents who are in the 21 to 30 years

age bracket; 19 respondents are 31 to 40 years old; and 15

respondents belong to the 41 to 50 years old age bracket.

Conclusion

The result showed that majority of the respondents from

the construction sites are in the 31 to 40 age bracket, this

means they are in their middle age period.

Findings as for Sex:

All the fifty respondents from the seven (7)

construction sites are male.

Conclusion

1. This means no female respondents been selected during the

conduct of the respondents. The result showed further

that, it is very rare that female join workforce in

construction sites.

Findings as for Civil Status

There are 40 (80%) respondents who are married; 2 (4%)

respondents are separated; and 8 (16%) respondents from the

construction sites are single.

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Conclusion

1. The result showed that majority of the respondents is

married.

2. As shown in the data for the respondents’ age, majority

of the respondents are in the 31 to 40 age bracket, the

age where most Filipino men are already married and have

their own family.

Findings as for highest educational attainment

There are 13 respondents who obtained a college degree;

28 are high school graduates; and 9 respondents obtained

elementary education.

Conclusion

1. The findings showed that majority of the respondents

obtained high school education. This is an indication,

that most of the workers in construction sites are not

required to possess a degree or college education.

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2. This is because what being required in construction work

is strength or physical qualification and not academic

qualification.

Problem No.2

The various types and classifications of construction

projects in Naga City.

Findings for the type of construction projects

1. The result shows that the type of construction projects

in the sample construction sites in Naga City is Type IV

and Type V only.

Conclusion

1. The researcher only uses the existing major construction

projects that are made of steel, iron, concrete, or

masonry construction, at the time of the research and

selected the building he thinks most likely accident will

occur.

Findings for the classification construction projects

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The construction sites are classified into Group D and

Group E.

Conclusion

1. Under Group D sample are hospitals and

2. Group E are more on a business office buildings

3. It showed that in Naga City are investing to put up more

for business, office, and hospital buildings.

4. Indication that there is economic growth in the local

government of Naga City.

Problem No.3

The general construction safety measures implemented in

the construction projects.

Findings

1. Of the forty-three general construction safety measures,

less than 10 percent are utilized by 50 percent of the

construction projects.

2. In addition, the three top Personal Protective Equipment

that are frequent use by the construction workers on the

construction site are the following first the Safety

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Gloves, Second the Heat resistant light filter face shield and

third was the Guard Rails.

Conclusion

1. The procedural guidelines in the used of proper personal

protective equipment was not properly implemented in some

construction sites in Naga City.

2. That some of the employer intended to neglected their

duties and responsibilities as an employer to their

workers the law said that they need to provide their

workers a healthy and safety working environment out of

the any form of hazards.

Recommendations

1. General construction safety measures must properly

implemented in construction sites in Naga City.

2. Government agencies particularly those who are issuing

license for construction projects should be stricter in

the issuance of license to construction companies.

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3. Enforcement of safety measures in all construction sites

in Naga City should properly monitored to avoid the risk

of losing lives of construction workers.

Problem No.4

The level of enforcement of the construction safety

measures along licensing, installation/maintenance and

sanction.

Findings along licensing

1. The average weighted mean of the responses to the

enforcement of licensing, as safety, measure is 3.6 with

verbal equivalent of frequently implemented.

Conclusion

1. Licensing is rank second and has the equivalent of high-

enforced safety measures in the construction projects.

2. With proper implementation of the safety measures of

licensing, will be guaranteed that no construction

projects are operating without company safety and health

policies;

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3. the construction projects are operating with approved

license; proper implementation of the safety measures of

licensing

4. Also means the construction projects are properly

complying with R.A. 4566 or the “Constructors License

Law” of the Philippines.

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Recommendations

1. Government agencies particularly those who are issuing

license for construction projects should be stricter in

the issuance of license to construction companies.

2. They must be diligently enough to do their job to save

other lives.

Findings along installation/maintenance

1. There was High level of implementation along the area of

installation and maintenance and Rank first among

licensing and sanction.

2. The average weighted mean of the responses to the

installation and maintenance safety measures scale is

3.8, with a verbal description of frequently implemented

and rank first among licensing and sanction.

Conclusion

1. Safety measures along installation and maintenance is

very important in all construction projects.

Recommendations

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1. There should be a regular inspection of all the

construction projects to find out if employers and

workers in construction sites are following their duties

in accordance in the company’s safety policy.

2. Inspectors of construction sites should also be diligent

to insure that construction workers and employers

properly understand safety rules; and recordkeeping of

work-related illnesses should be properly monitored so

accidents can be prevented.

3. The department of labor and employment here in Naga City

or even the local government should have independent

Occupational Safety and Health Inspector to ensure the

safety standards on the construction sites are strictly

implement.

Findings along sanction

1. Sanction as a safety measure in construction sites is

important because it entails that if employers and

construction workers are not properly implementing safety

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measures in the construction sites there should be proper

sanctions.

2. Based on the computed weighted means of the five items of

sanctions, the least value is for the item: “Owner who

violated Health and Safety standard are informed of their

violations (WM=3.14)”.

3. There is a strong need for monitoring agencies to inform

construction owners who violated the proper

implementation of health and safety standard measures.

Recommendations

1. Penalties and sanctions must strictly impose to every

violator to ensure the proper compliance of the use of

safety measures in the construction sites.

2. Government official should look at the existing standard

if there a need of revisions.

Problem No.5

The level of satisfaction on safety awareness of the

workers.

Finding

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1. The results revealed that the level of satisfaction on

safety awareness of workers from the construction sites

in Naga City is on the moderate level.

Conclusion

1. This indicates that the construction workers are aware

that their construction companies are not fully or

properly implemented all the necessary precautions

required for every construction projects.

2. The moderate level of satisfaction of the construction

workers is a very clear indication that something is

wrong it could be an indication that the workers

themselves are experiencing neglect from their employers

when it comes to the provision of personal protective

equipment.

3. This means, there is a great risk for most of the

construction workers because not all the personal

protective equipment that they are supposed to use are

not available.

Recommendations

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1. Workers must learn their working rights under the

Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Rule 1005

Duties of Employers, Workers and Other that:

a. Every worker shall cooperate with the employer in

carrying out the provisions of this Standard, He

shall report to his supervisor any work hazard that

may be discovered in his work place.

b. Every worker shall make proper used of all

safeguards and safety device furnished in accordance

with the provisions of this standards for his

protection and that for others, and shall follow all

instruction given by the employer in compliance with

the provisions of this Standards.

However, if the employer himself did not follow the

provision of this Standard, do workers have the right to

complain?

2. Workers must know his working rights thru the

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, says that

every workers has the right:

a. Right to a Safe and Healthful workplace

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b. Right to Know about hazardous chemicals

c. Right to information about injuries and illnesses in

your work place

d. Right to complain or request hazard correction from

employer

e. Right to training

f. Right to hazard exposure and medical records

g. Right to file a complain

h. Right to participate in an OSH inspection

i. Right to be free from retaliation for exercising

Safety and Health rights