" فعالية المدخل البيئي في تدريس العلوم "

(ASEP)

م٢٠٠٨.. أكتوبر.. الرابع العدد .. الثاني المجلد

١٣

"

…––

The United Nations Conference of Human Environment

–––

(ASEP)


١٤

Belgrade International

Workshop on Environmental Education

California Department of Education

Environmental Agencies & Organizations Environmental Education for All

(Thronber, 1999, P.1 )

Environmental Sciences

Human Actions

Environmental Literacy for All

(ASEP)


١٥

Environmental Approach (Heimlish, 1992)

Traditional Approach

––

––

Science Study Outdoor Field StudiesConservation Science Teaching

(ASCD, 2000, P. 1).

Integrated Science

Approach Future Science Approach S.T.S. Approach

S.T.S.E Approach Science for All Approach

Citizenship Science Appoach

Science Curricula Reform

(NSTA) (AAAS) (NSF

(ESSE)

(ASEP)


١٦

(BSCS)

––

World Conference on

Science Budapest

Science for the Twenty – First Century A new Commitment

Social Approach

Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change (UNESCO,

1999, P. 5)

(ASCD)Education Update

(ASCD, 2000, PP. 1-6)

The International Conference on Teacher Education

Hong Kong Institute of Education

(Yan, Winnie & Hon, 1999, P. 27)

–

(ASEP)


١٧

–––

Environment

Biosphere

AtmosphereHydrosphere Pedosphere Lithosphere

(ASEP)


١٨

––

Biosphere

TechnosphereSociosphere

Ecology

BiologyErnst Hegel

Environmental Sciences

…

(ASEP)


١٩

Environmental Design Sciences

Environmental Conservation & Management Sciences

Environmental Health Sciences

Human & Social Ecology Sciences

Environmental Studies A Dictionary of

Education

(Rowntre, 1981, P.

82)

Environmental Education

(ASEP)


٢٠

The International Encyclopedia of Curriculum

Social Studies )Lewy, 1991, P. 770(

…

Wilson, 1993, P.)

(15

(ASEP)


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Environmental Approach

Ecological Approach Environment Ecology

Integrated Sciences

Teaching Approaches

(ASEP)


٢٢

Environmental Approach For Science Teaching

Effectiveness of the Environmental Approach

––

(Heimlish, 1992, PP. 1-3)

(ASEP)


٢٣

Interdisciplinary Approach

Units Approach

Multidisciplinary Approach

Belgrade Charter Lucas,

1991, PP. 770 – 771) (Ramsey, Hungerford, Volk, 1992, P. 35 Awareness Knowledge Attitudes & Values Skills Participation

(ASEP)


٢٤

…

Integrated Sciences

(Interdisciplinary or Transdisciplinary or Crossdisciplinary) Science

United Science

Interdisciplinary Science(Blum,1991 , P168). Integrated

Science

Integration in Science

(ASEP)


٢٥

Glatthorn ,&Jailall, 2000 , pp- 110-116

––

Environmental Approach Concept Approach Project Approach Mental Processes Approach Scientific Application Approach Natural Phenomena Approach Contemporary Problems Approach Topic Approach

Unesco, 1999 , P.5

(ASEP)


٢٦

Blum , 1991 , P.167, Batts, 1991

, p.162 , Glatthorn,&Foshy, 1991, P.160 Scope of Integration

Intensity of Integration

Coordination

Correlation

Combination

Interdisciplinary

Depth of Integration

Flexibility of Integration

(ASEP)


٢٧

Environmental Involvement

Blum,1991,p167

( Pate, McGinnis, Homestead,1995, P.63 , Palmer,1995,

PP.55 – 61)

-

Walsh,1992

(ASEP)


٢٨

Nuffield Integrated Science Project

Lee,1992 , P.249

Beverly,1991

(ASEP)


٢٩

Computer Literacy Approach

Larson, 1993Art Education

Portland Project for Integrated Science (PPIS)

Nuffield Combined Science –

(ASEP)


٣٠

––

(Hungerford, Vofk & Ramsey, 1990)

) Adams, et. al., 1995 (

(ASEP)


٣١

Biology

Biological Science Curriculum Study (BSCS)

– Green Version

The world of life: the Biosphere Continuity in the Biosphere

Diversity and Adaptation in the Biosphere Functioning Organisms in the Biosphere

Patterns in the Biosphere

Test Items Bank

(BSCS, 1987 a, b,c)

Nuffield Project

Earth Sciences Curriculum

Study (ESEC)

(ASEP)


٣٢

Engineering Concept Curriculum Project (ECCP)

(Mayer, 1995)

Francis, Banner & Rasmussan,) (1993

(Garber, et. al, 1997)Socio –

Environmental Approach

(Qandile & Sabry, 1998) Solar Energy

Learning in Environment

Learning for the Environment

(ASEP)


٣٣

–

(Kriz, et.al, 1991)

CD–Rom Network Virginia University

(Soroos, 1991) Global Environmental Politics

(Granele & March, 1993)

(Tanguiane & Perevedentsev, 1994)

(ASEP)


٣٤

Integrated Math , Physics , Engineering and Chemistry Curriculum (IMPEC)

Beichner,et.al.,1999

(Kirman , 1992)

(Newbury , 1994)

(ASEP)


٣٥

––

Biosphere

Authentic Science

Sociosphere

More Authentic

––

(Gaskell, 1992, P. 266)

Methodological and Epistemological Aspects of Science

Personal PrivatePublicHistoricalSocietalTechnological

(Martin, et. al, 1990, P. 541)

Higher–order

Thinking Depth of Knowledge

(ASEP)


٣٦

) Newmann & (Wehlage, 1993, PP. 8 – 12

(Glatthorn & Jailall, 2000, P – 117)

(Martin, et. al, 1988)

––Buzzword

(Aikenhead, 1986)

(Williams & Reynolds, 1993)

(Trefz, 1996)

(Soloway, et. al, 1997)

A Science Ware’s Model Authentic

Science InquiryQualitative Models More

Quantitative Models (Means, 1998)

(Beneze & Hodson, 1999)

(Pryor &

Soloway, 2000)

(ASEP)


٣٧

Foundations of Science Michigan Universty

Ann Arbor Schools

(Buxton, 2001)

Authentic Science Learning

Anthropology of Education

Preventive Education Safety Education Health Education

Nutrition EducationDrugs Education AIDS Education

Population Education

…

––

Integrated Authentic

Science Curriculums

Future Sciences

(ASEP)


٣٨

A Future Relevant Curriculum

Sputnik–1

––

Human Genome Fiber Optics

––

(ASEP)


٣٩

…

–

…

(ASEP)


٤٠

––

Science, Technology &

Society (S.T.S)

Yager & Roy,) (1993, P. 7

(NSTA)

(NSTA, 1993, PP. 3 - 5)

(STS) Issues

(ASEP)


٤١

Ramsy, et. al, 1992, PP. 13 – 36 Pedertti & Hodson, 1995, P. 465

(S.T.S) (Yager, 1990, PP. 44 – 45)

Personal Needs

Social Issues

Academic Preparation

Career Opportunities

(ASEP)


٤٢

(STS)

(Botkin, 1984)–

(STS)

(Garcia, 1985)(STS)

(Bybee & Mau, 1986)(STS)

––

(Hamm & Adams, 1989)(STS)

(STS)

(STS)(STS)

(ASEP)


٤٣

(STS)

(STS)

(STS)

(Chiang – Soong , 1993)(STS)

(STS)

(STS)

(Waks, 1994) Multidimensional Science–Technology

Approach (STS)

(STS)

(ASEP)


٤٤

(STS)

(STS)

(STS) Holistic Approach

(STS)

(STS)

––

(STS)Citizenship

Globalization

(ASEP)


٤٥

Future Shock

–

Science for all

Scientific Literacy Scientific Literate Person

(Klopfer, 1991, P. 947)

Environmental Literacy

Practical Literacy Technological Literacy Computer

Literacy Healthy LiteracyBiological Literacy Chemical Literacy

Physical Literacy

(S.T.S.E)

(ASEP)


٤٦

(STSE)

(S.T.S)

Science for All Americans:project 2061

(AAAS)

––

Benchmarks for Science Literacy

(ASEP)


٤٧

Coherent Curriculum. AAAS, 1993, Ahlgren & Kesidou, 1995,) (PP. 44 – 48

––

(Garcia , 1985)

(David & Nagel, 1986)

(Chiappetta ,1991) (Chiappetta , 1993)

(El–Bashbishy & Ismail, 1994)

(ASEP)


٤٨

(ASEP)


٤٩

(STS)

––

(Thornber, 1999 PP . 3 –5)

(ASEP)


٥٠

–

–

––

…

(ASEP)


٥١

(Perrott, 1980)

Multidisciplinary Biology Sciences

(Hassard , 1991)

(ASEP)


٥٢

(Chin , 1994)

––

(ASEP)


٥٣

–

–

(Mangas , Martinez , Pecdauye, 1997)

Alicant University

(ASEP)


٥٤

––

(STS)

(ASEP)


٥٥

(ASEP)


٥٦

–

–

(Chinien,et.al, 1996)

––

––

(Roelofs & Terwel, 1999)

(STS) (Rhoton , 1990)

(S.T.S.)

(S.T.S)

(ASEP)


٥٧

(Zoller & Ben–Chaim , 1994)

(S.T.S)

(Hansen &

Olson, 1996)(STS) (Pedersen & Spivey, 1996)

(S.T.S)

––

––

Historical Approach

(ASEP)


٥٨

Realistic Approach

–

–

Roelofs & Terwel,1999,p.206

The Realistic Teaching Model

Roelofs&Terwel,1999

S.T.S

Current Events Approach

Discovery Approach

––

(ASEP)


٥٩

Ramsey,1993Investigation of Environmental Issues

Environmental Action Traning

Problem Solving Approach

Garber , et al,1997Socio–ecological Approach

Goodwill & Adkins ,1997

Problem–based Environmental Approach

Systemic Approach

Teaching InputsTeaching

ProcessesTeaching OutputsFeedbackTeaching Environment

(ASEP)


٦٠

الدراسة.

S.T.S. Approach

(STS)

…

Constructivist Approach

Constructivism

Watts,

1994, P. 51, Watts & Bently, 1991, P. 197

(ASEP)


٦١

Social Interaction

Cooperative Learning(Terwel, 1999, P. 197).

Face– to–Face Interaction Authentic Teaching–

– (Roelofs &

Terwel, 1999, P. 206)The Constructivist Teaching Model

(Banet & Nunez, 1997)

Dramatic Approach

(Ferrante, 1992) (Farmer, 1995) (Plotkin & Sheridon, 1995)

(ASEP)


٦٢

(Leeming, et. al, 1997)

(Hewitt, 1997)

Behavioral Conflict

(Hassard, 1991)

Computer Simulations

(Faryniarz & Lockwood, 1992) Multimedia

Environmental Pollution

Jurisprudental Inquiry Model (S.T.S)

(Bonnstetter & Pederson, 1993)

Ethical Analysis Model

(Ratcliffe, 1997)

(ASEP)


٦٣

(ASEP)


٦٤

–––

––

(Hills, 1989) (Lawson, 1990) Ross & Shell, 1993

(Waks, 1994) (Leeming et. al., 1997)

(Berger, 1997)

Mental Skills

Science Process Skills

ObservingClassifyingInferring Predicting Measuring Interpreting

Thinking Skills Scientific Thinking

(ASEP)


٦٥

Logical Thinking Critical ThinkingCreative Thinking Problem Solving Skills

Decision making Skills

Planning Data Obtaining Data Organizing Data Analyzing Data

Synthesizing ( Decision Making (Myers, 1988)

(S.T.S)

(Verdugo, Armenta & Verdugo,

1996)

(Faryniarz & Lockwood, 1992)

Garber, et.al.,1997

(Goodwin & Adkins,

1997)

(Yount & Horton, 1992) Environmental Decision

Making Process

(Piel, 1993)

(ASEP)


٦٦

(STS)

(STS) (Bengle & Gaskell, 1994)

(Adams, 1995)

W. Stapp

(Ratcliffe, 1997)

Socio–Scientific Issues

(STS) Practical Skills

…

(Krajcik, 1993)

(STS)Knowing

Science Doing Scienc(Berger, 1997)

Recycling

(ASEP)


٦٧

Social Skills

(Hassard,

1991)

Environmental Awareness

(Ramsey,

1993, P – 32)

––

(ASEP)


٦٨

(Cohen & Wingerd, 1993)

Environmental Attitudes

(Scott & Willits, 1994) (Hamid & Ching, 1995) (Vogel, 1996)

(Leeming et. al., 1997) (Tarrant & Cordel, 1997)

(ASEP)


٦٩

Environmental Values

( Karp, 1996 )(Negra & Manning, 1997)

Citizenship Values

Environmental Ethics

Environmental Ethics

(Negra & Manning, 1997, P – 14)

(ASEP)


٧٠

(Baines, 1986)

Environmental Behavior

ActiveBehaviorsEnvironmentally Responsible Behaviors

Inactive

Behaviors Negra

& Manning, 1997, P . 11, (Ramsey, 1993, P. 32

(Flay, et. al., 1993)

(Ramsey, 1993)

(Cary, 1993)

(Farmar, 1995)

(ASEP)


٧١

Leeming, et. al., (1997

(Hewitt, 1977)

Basic Education For All (Kailing, 1999)

Nutrition Behaviors

Enviromental Literacy

––

Environmental Literacy For All

Thornber, 1999, P. 1

(ASEP)


٧٢

(Mclauglin, 1994)

––

(ASEP)


٧٣

–

…

Multi-Dimensional Environmental Approach

(ASEP)


٧٤

–

–

–

– –

(ASEP)


٧٥

–

–

––

–

–

–

–––

–

–

–

–

(ASEP)


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–

–

–

–

– –

(ASEP)


٧٧

–

–

S.T.S.

–

(ASEP)


٧٨

– –

–

–

–

(ASEP)


٧٩

––

–

–

(ASEP)


٨٠

–

–

–

–

–

(ASEP)


٨١

–

–

–

– –

––

(ASEP)


٨٢

–

–

–

–

–

––

–

(ASEP)


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––

–

–

–

–

(ASEP)


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(ASEP)


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(ASEP)


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1- A.A.A.S. ( 1993 ) : Benchmarks for Science Literacy , New York , Oxford Universty Press.

2- Adams , M. , et. al. ( 1995 ) : Ecosystem Matters : Activity and Resource Guide for Environmental Educators , Washington , USDA Natural Resource .

3- Aikenhead , G. ( 1985 ) : Collective Decision Making in the Social Content of Science ,Science Education,Vol. 69 , No. 4 PP.453 – 475.

4- Aikenhead , G. ( 1986 ) : “ Authentic Science : What Do Students Believe Research Matters to the Science Teacher “ , An ERIC Database Abstract No. ED 266959 .

5- Ahlgren , A. & Kesidou , S. ( 1995 ) : “ Attempting Curriculum Coherence in Project 2061” , In : Beane , J . (ed) : Towared A Coherent Curriculum , Virginia , Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , PP. 44 –54 .

6- ASCD ( 2000 ) :“ Environmental Education Evolves Developing Citizens Furthering Education Reform , Education UPDATE ,Vol.42 ,No.1 , PP. 1-6 .

7- Baines , J. ( 1986 ) : “ Learning to Life on Planet Earth : the Environmental Approach to Education “ , Environmental Education and Information , Vol. 5 , No. 1 , PP. 6-12 .

8- Banet , E. & Nunez, F. ( 1997 ) : “ Teaching and Learning about Human Nutrition : a Constructivist Approach “ , International Journal of Science Education , Vol. 19 , No. 10 , PP . 1169 – 1194 .

9- Batts , D.G. ( 1991 ) : “ Interdisciplinary Approach “ , In : Lewy , A. (ed) : The International Encyclopedia of Curriculum , Oxford , Pergamon Press , PP. 163 – 168.

10- Beichner ,R. et. al. ( 1999) : “ Case Study of the Physics Component of an Integrated Curriculum “ , Physics Education , Vol. 67 , No. 7 , PP. 16 – 24 .

11- Bencze , L. & Hodson, D. ( 1999 ) : “ Changing Practice by Changing Practice : Toward More Authentic Science and Science Curriculum Development “ , Journal of Research in Science Teaching , Vol. 36 , No. 5 , PP. 521 – 539 .

12- Bengel ,W.H.& Gaskell, P.J. (1994):“Scientific Literacy for Decision Making and the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge “, Science Education ,Vol. 78 , No. 2 ,PP.185–201 .

13- Berger , I.E. ( 1997 ) : “ The Demographics of Recycling and the Structure of Environmental Behavior “ , Environment and Behavior , Vol. 29 , No. 4 , PP. 515 - 531 .

14- Beverly , H. ( 1991 ) : “ Computer Literacy in Grades k-8 “ , Educational Technology Systems , Vol . 10 , No. 1 , PP . 23 – 56 .

15- Blum , A. ( 1991 ) : “ Integrated Science Studies “ , In : Lewy , A. (ed) : The International Encyclopedia of Curriculum , Oxford , Pergamon Press , PP. 163 – 168.

16- Bonnstetter , R. & Pedersen , J. ( 1993 ) : “ Jurisprudential Inquiry Model for STS” , In : Yager , R.E. ( ed.) , The Science , Technology ,

(ASEP)


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Society Movement : What Research Says to the Science Teacher , U.S.A. , National Science Teachers Association .

17- Botkin,R.D.( 1984 ): Social Issues in High School Biology Textbooks (1963-1983 ) , Journal of Research in Science Teaching ,Vol.21 , No. 8 , PP. 819- 83

18- Bradford , C. , L. Rubba & W. Harkness , ( 1995 ) : Views About Science , Technology , Society Interactions Held by College Students in General Education Physics and STS Courses “, Science Education , Vol. 79 , No. 4 , PP. 355 - 373 .

19- Brandt , R.S. ( ed ) , ( 2000 ) : Education in A New Era , U.S.A. , Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .

20- Brandt , R.S. & D.N. Perkins ( 2000 ) : The Evolving Science of Learning , In : Brandt , R.S. ( ed ) , : Education in A New Era , U.S.A. , Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , PP.159 – 184 .

21- BSCS ( 1987-a ) : Biological Science: an Ecological Approach , Green Version , Student Study Guide , A Resource Book of Learning Skills Activities , Sixth Edition , U.S.A. , Kendall/ Hunt Pup.

22- BSCS ( 1987-b ) : Biological Science: an Ecological Approach , Green Version , Teacher’s Resource Book and Test Item Bank , Sixth Edition , U.S.A. , Kendall/ Hunt Pup.

23- BSCS ( 1987-c ) : Biological Science: an Ecological Approach , Green Version , Teachers Edition , Sixth Edition , U.S.A. , Kendall/ Hunt Pup.

24- Buxton , C.A. (2001):“ Rethinking Authentic Science Learning : Context , Agency and Feminist Science in the Case of a Reform – Minded Biology Department “, An ERIC Database Abstract No. ED 449994

25- Bybee, R. & B.J.Bonstatter ( 1984 ) : What Research Says : Implementing the Technology , Society Theme in Science Education , Perception of Science Teachers , School Science and Mathematics , Vol.87 , No.2 , PP. 144-152 .

26- Bybee, R. and Mau,T.(1986):" Science and Technology Related Global Problems International Survey of Science Educators", Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 23, No. 7 , PP. 619-634.

27- Carin, A. (1993) : Teaching Science Through Discovery , New York , Macmillan Pub.

28- Cary , J. ( 1993 ) : “ The Nature of Symbolic Beliefs and Environmental Behavior in A Rural Setting “ , Environment and Behavior , Vol. 25, No. 5 , PP. 555 -575 .

29- Chiang-soong , B.(1993) : S.T.S. Most Frequently Used Textbooks in U.S. Secondary Schools , In : Yager , R.E. ( ed.) , The Science , Technology , Society Movement : What Research Says to the Science Teacher , U.S.A. , National Science Teachers Association . PP.43-48

30- Chiappetta , L. et.al. , ( 1991 ) : “A Quantitative Analysis of High School Chemistry Textbooks for Scientific Literacy Themes and

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Expository Learning Aids “ , Journal of Research in Science Teaching , Vol. 28 , No. 10 , PP.923-933.

31- Chiappetta , L. et.al. , ( 1993 ) : “ Do Middle School Life Science Textbooks Provide a Balance of Scienctific Literacy Themes ? “ , Journal of Research in Science Teaching , Vol. 30 , No. 7 , PP.787-797.

32- Chin , C.C.( 1994 ) : “ A Study of Environmental Knowledge , Attitudes , Behavior of Secondary Students and Pre - Inservice Teachers in Tiwan , D.A.I. , Vol. 54 , No. 8 , P.2970-A.

33 - Chinien, A., et al., (1996). "Teachers to Infuse Technological Literacy across School Curricula", Canadian Vocational Journal, Vol. 31, No. 131, PP. 5-10.

34- Cohen , S.& Wingard ,D.H.(1993) : “ Children and the Environment : Ecological Awareness among Preschool Children “ , Environment and Behavior , Vol. 25 , No. 4 , PP.485-505

35- David , I. , ( 1987 ) : An Evaluation of the Effect of Harvard Project Physics on Student Understanding of the Relationship Among Science, Technology, and Society , D.A.I., Vol. 46 , No. 11 P. 1154 –A .

36- David , L . & Nagel , K. ( 1986 ) : “ Scientific Literacy in Elementary School Science Textbook Programs “ , Journal of Curriculum Studies , Vol. 19 , No. 1 , PP. 73-76.

37- El-Bashbishy , E. M. & Ismail , M. ( 1994 ) : “ Scientific Literacy in the English Textbooks in the Secondary Stage “ , Mansoura Faculty of Education Journal , No. 25 , PP. 39-77 .

38- Farmer , M. ( 1995 ) : “ Developing Environmental Awareness with Nursery Children “ , Journal of Environmental Education , Vol. 29 , No. 1 , PP.6 -7 .

39- Faryniarz , J.V. & Lockwood , L.G. ( 1992 ) : “ Effectiveness of Microcomputer Simulations in Stimulating Environmental Problem Solving by Community College Students “ , Journal of Research in Science Teaching , Vol. 26 , No. 5 , PP. 445- 452.

40- Ferrant , M.A. ( 1992 ) : “ Exploring Oral Tradition Environmental Awareness and Peace Justice “, Journal of Catholic: Library World , Vol. 63 , No. 34 , PP.163 – 165 .

41- Flay , B.R. et. al. ( 1993 ) : “ Health Behavior Changes Through Television : the Roles of Defacto and Motivated Selection Processes “ Journal of Health and Social Behavior , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , PP.322-335

42- Francis , M. , Banner, R. & Rasmussen , G. ( 1993 ) : ” A Model for Environmental Education in Natural Resources “ , Journal of Environmental Education , Vol. 24 , No . 5 , PP. 453– 470 .

43- Garcia, T.D. , ( 1985 ) : Analysis of Earth Science Textbooks for Presentation of Aspects of Scientific Literacy , D.A.I., Vol. 46, No. 4 , P. 2254 –A.

44- Gaskell , P. J. (1992 ):“ Authentic Science and School Science “ , International Journal of Science Education ,Vol.14 ,No. 3 , PP. 265 - 272 .

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45- Glattron , A . & Foshay , A. W . ( 1991 ) : “ Integrated Curriculum “ , In : Lewy , A. (ed) : The International Encyclopedia of Curriculum , Oxford , Pergamon Press , PP. 163 – 168

46- Glatthorn , A . & Jailall , J. ( 2000 ) : “ Curriculum for the New Millennium “ , In : Brandt , R.S.( ed ) , : Education in A New Era , U.S.A. , Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , PP. 97 –121 .

47- Goodwin , D. & Adkins , J. ( 1997 ) : “ Problem Solving Environmental Science on the Chesaparke Bay “ , School Science Review , Vol. 78 , No. 284 , PP. 49 – 55 .

48- Graber, R. et.al. ( 1997 ) : “ A Socio-ecological Approach to Interdisciplinary Environmental Education in Senior High Schools “, Environmental Education Research , Vol.3 , No. 1 , PP. 17 – 28

49- Granell , C. & March , S. ( 1993 ) : “ Development of Conceptual Knowledg and Attitudes about Energy and the Environment “, International Journal of Science Education , Vol. 15 , No. 5 , PP . 553 – 565 .

50- Hamm, M. & D. Adams ( 1989 ) :” An Analysis of Global Problem Issues in Sixth and Seventh Grade Textbook” , Journal of Research in Science Teaching , Vol. 26 , No. 5 , PP. 445- 452.

51- Hamid , P.N. & Cheing , S.T. ( 1995 ) : “ Predicting Antipollution Behavior : the Role of Moler Behavioral Intentions , Past Behavior , and Locus of Control “ , Environment and Behavior , Vol. 27 , No.5 , PP. 679 - 698 .

52- Hansen , K.H. & J. Olson , ( 1996 ) : How Teachers Construe Curriculum Integration : the Science , Technology , Society ( S.T.S.) Movement as Bildung , Journal of Curriculum Studies , Vol. 28 , No. 6 , PP. 669 - 682 .

53- Hansen , R. & M. Froelich : Technological Literacy : Forging a New Role for Technological Education Teachers ,CVA /ACFP .PP.13- 19

54- Hassard , J. ( 1991 ) : “ Cooperative Learning and Science Education : A Humanistic and Ecological Approach “ , Cooperative Learning , Vol. 11 , No. 3 , PP. 4-8 .

55- Heath , P.A. et.al. ( 1987 ) : Decision Making : Influence of Features and Presentation Mode Upon Generation of Alternatives , Journal of Research in Science Teaching ,Vol.24 , No. 7, PP. 821- 833.

56- Heimlish , J.E. ( 1992 ) : Promoting A Concern for the Environment , An Eric Digest , No. ED 351206 .

57- Hewitt , P. ( 1997 ) : “ Games in Instruction Leading to Environmentally Responsible Behavior “ , The Journal of Environmental Education , Vol. 28 , No. 3, PP. 35– 37.

58- Hills , F. ( 1989 ) : “ Students Untutored Beliefs about Natural Phenomena : Primitive Science or Common Sense ? “, Journal of Science Education ,Vol. 73 , No. 2 , PP. 155-186

59- Holbrook , J. & M. Rannikmae ( 1996 ) : Creating Exemplary Teaching Materials to Enhance Scientific and Technological Literacy , Science Education International , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , PP. 3 – 7 .

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60- Hungerford , H. , Volk , T. & Ramsey , J. ( 1990 ) : A Prototype Environmental Education Curriculum for the Middle School , Paris , UNESCO / UNEP .

61- Kailing , A. ( 1999 ) : “ Effective Nutrition Education Evoking a Behavioral Change “ , Paper Presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education , Hong Kong , 22-24 February .

62- Karp , D.G. ( 1996 ) : “ Values and their Effect on Pro-Environmental Behavior “,Environment and Behavior ,Vol. 28 , No.1 ,PP. 111-133 .

63- Kirman , J. M. ( 1992 ) : “ California Association for the Gifted “ , The Journal of California Vol. 21 , No. 1 , PP. 1-5 .

64- Klopfer , L.E. ( 1991 ) : “ Science Literacy “ , In : Lewy , A. (ed) : The International Encyclopedia of Curriculum , Oxford , Pergamon Press , PP. 947– 948.

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" فعالية المدخل البيئي في تدريس العلوم "

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