Post on 22-Jan-2023
SYMPOSIUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITESSYMPOSIUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITESPORT ELIZABETH PORT ELIZABETH ––
SOUTH AFRIICASOUTH AFRIICA
24 24 ––
25 February, 200925 February, 2009
POTENTIAL OF THE BRAZILIAN POTENTIAL OF THE BRAZILIAN NATURAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC FIBRES NATURAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC FIBRES FOR COMPOSITE MANUFACTURINGFOR COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING
RASIAH LADCHUMANANANDASIVAMRASIAH LADCHUMANANANDASIVAMMICHELLA MELO TAVARESMICHELLA MELO TAVARES
MARIA GORETE FELIPEMARIA GORETE FELIPEMARCIO ELEIEL DE OLIVEIRA ALEXANDREMARCIO ELEIEL DE OLIVEIRA ALEXANDRE
Department of Textile EngineeringDepartment of Textile EngineeringCentre of TechnologyCentre of Technology
Federal University of the State of Rio Grande do NorteFederal University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte(Avenida Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal(Avenida Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal--RN, 59078RN, 59078--970, Brazil)970, Brazil)
Table 1 Table 1 -- Chemical Composition of Vegetable Chemical Composition of Vegetable FibresFibres..
Fibre
Component
Composition (based on dry matter %)
Cotton Hemp Jute Flax(non macerated)
Ramie (macerated) Curauá Coir Sisal
Cellulose82.0- 94.0
67.0 64.4 56.5 – 62.8 69.4 70.7 – 73.6 36 - 43 65.8
Hemicellulose 16.1 12.0 15.4 – 17.1 13.1 9.9 0.15 – 0.25 12.0
Pectin 0.6 – 1.2 0.8 0.2 3.8 4.2 13.3 3.0 – 4.0 0.8
Lignin ------ 3.3 11.8 2.5 – 2.8 ----- 7.5 – 11.1 41 - 45 9.9
Protein 1.0 - 1.8 ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Fat & wax 0.4 – 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.3 – 1.4 0.3 - 0.6 0.3
Sugars 0.2 – 0.3 ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Solubility in water ------
2.1
1.1 10.5 – 11.9 10.8
1.2Ashes 0.6 – 1.5 5.9
Others 1.4
Table 2 Table 2 –– Properties of some Properties of some fibresfibres..
Fibre Diameter(µm)
Density (g/cm3)
Moisture regain at 85% RH
Elongation at break
(%)
Fracture stress (MPa)
Young´s modulus
(GPa)
Price /kg ($) raw
E Glass 8 - 14 2.54 – 2.56 ----- 3.0 1700 - 3500 65 - 72 1.3
Cotton 16 - 21 1.5 (1.51) 7 7.0 – 8.0 287 – 597 5.5 – 12.6 1.5 – 2.2
Jute 200 1.3 (1.46) 12.5 1.5 – 1.8 393 – 773 26.5 0.35
Flax 1.5 (1.4) 7 2.7 – 3.2 345 – 1035 27.6 0.5 1.5
Hemp 1.48 10.8 1.6 690.0 0.6 – 1.8
Sisal 50 - 300 1.26 - 1.33 12.5 - 17.5 2.0 – 2.5 511 – 635 9.4 – 22.0
Coir 450 1.15 - 1.5 10 - 12 17 - 47 131 - 175 4.0 – 6.0 0.25 – 0.5Bambo o 0.8 2.5 – 3.7 391 – 1000 48 – 89
PALF 1.44 2 – 2.8 413 – 1627 34.5 – 82.5
Ramie 1.5 5 - 6 1.2 500 - 870 61.4 – 128 1.5 – 2.5
Curauá 60 - 100 362 - 748 20 - 36 0.9 – 1.2∗Tensile strength strongly depends on type of fibre, being a bundle or a single filament.
Table 3 Table 3 -- Methods of Extraction, Production and Length of some Vegetable Methods of Extraction, Production and Length of some Vegetable Hard Hard FibresFibres..
Fibres Method of Extraction Quantity produced Length (mm)
Pineapple Manual (beating) / Mechanical - decorticator
2,5 to 3,5 % of the weight of green
leaves900 to 1500
Curauá Manual (beating) / Mechanical - decorticator
2,5 a 3,5 % of the weight of green
leaves900 a 1700
Sisal Manual (beating) / Wetting/ Mechanical -decorticator
3 to 4% of the weight of green leaves 900 a 1200
Coco Wetting/ Mechanical -decorticator 8% of the husk (1,1kg) 75 a 150
Banana Manual (beating) / Mechanical – decorticator. 1,5% of the sheaths 300 a 900
Juta Wetting (beating) / Chemical process. 3 to 4% of the stem 1500
Ramie Mechanical – decorticator. 2,5 to 3,5 % of skin 900 a 1200
Table 4 Table 4 -- Hybrid systems studied.Hybrid systems studied.
Fibres / Reinforcements Polymer matrixBanana - Cotton PolyesterBanana - Glass PolyesterBamboo - Glass PolypropyleneCoir - Glass Phenol formaldehyde / PolyesterFlax - Glass PolypropyleneJute - Bentonite PolyesterJute - Cotton Polyester / PhenolicJute - Glass Polyester / EpoxyLuffa cylindrical - Glass PolyesterOil Plam - Glass Epoxy / Phenol formaldehydePineapple - Glass Polyester / PolypropyleneRamie - Cotton PolyesterSisal - Bentonite PolyurethaneSisal - Glass Phenol Formaldehyde / PolyesterSisal - Oil Palm Natural RubberSisal - Cotton PolyesterCurauá - Jute PolyesterCurauá- Glass PolyesterCurauá - Pineapple Polyester
EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN NATURAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC NATURAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC
FIBRES FOR COMPOSITE FIBRES FOR COMPOSITE MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
Table 5 Table 5 –– Type of pineapple and the cultivated areas.Type of pineapple and the cultivated areas.Type Plantation Area
Cayenne South coastal area of São PauloPernambuco or Perola Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte
Queen South AfricaRed Spanish Cuba & Porto RicoPérolera Central & north of South AmericaRondon Amazon RegionJupi North East of Brazil
Planting system Spacing (cm)
Density (plant / ha)
Single row * 90 x 30 37.00080 x 30 41.600
Double row **90 x 40 x 40 38.40090 x 40 x 35 44.00090 x 40 x 30 51.200
Table 6 Table 6 -- Systems of planting pineapple (Pineapple planting systems).Systems of planting pineapple (Pineapple planting systems).
(*) distance between rows of plants(**) distance between double rows, between single row and between plants.
Table 7 Table 7 -- Estimated production of PALF / decorticator.Estimated production of PALF / decorticator.
Number of leaves /plant 40(Average) Mass of leaf (kg) 0,065
(Average) Mass of leaf /plant (kg) 2,6
Percentage of fibre / green leaf (%) 2,5
Decortication time / leaf (s) 5
Price / kg of fibres (Estimated) R$US$
1,000,43
Number of leaves decorticated / hour 720
Fibre production / hora (kg/h) 1,17
Fibre production / day (10h) (kg/day) 11,7
Table 8 Table 8 -- Estimated production of PALF per hectare.Estimated production of PALF per hectare.
Table 9 Table 9 -- Estimated PALF production in Brazil 2009.Estimated PALF production in Brazil 2009.
System of planting (single row) (cm) 90x30Plants (quantity/ha) 37.000Leaves (quantity/ha) 1.320.000Mass of leaves (kg/ha) 85.000Mass of fibres (kg/ha) 2.146
Value of fibre production (R$/ha)US$/ha (US$ = R$2.32)
2,146.00925.00
Area planted (ha) 1,486,880
Fibre mass (kg) 3.19 x 109
Fibre price (US$/kg) (Estimated) 0.43
Total production of fibres (estimated) US$ 1, 37 x 109
Planting system Spacing (cm)
Density (plant / ha)
Single row 150 x 150150 x 100100 x 100
4,4446,6679,600
Double row 150 x 50 20,000
Table 10 Table 10 -- System of planting System of planting CurauCurauáá..
Number of leaves /plant removed 15 - 20(Average) Mass of leaf (kg) 1.6(Average) Mass of leaf /plant (kg) 32Percentage of fibre / green leaf (%) 6-7Average mass of fibre / plant (kg) 2.1Average mass of fibre / ha (ton) 20Price / kg of fibre (Estimated) R$US$
1.450.62
Price of fibre / ha (Estimated) US$ 12,400.00
Table 11 Table 11 -- Estimated production of Estimated production of curaucurauáá per hectare.per hectare.