Post on 09-Apr-2023
Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry
13-1. Carbon Bonds13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers
13-11. Carbohydrates 13-12. Photosynthesis 13-13. Lipids 13-14. Proteins 13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.
13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional
distillation
Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.
13-5. Isomers Optical Isomers
Structural Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated compounds have
double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/
intro.htm
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm
13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain
benzene rings.
13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups
Alkanes or HydrocarbonsMethane 1 carbonEthane 2 carbonsPropane 3 carbonsButane 4 carbonsPentane 5 carbonsHexane 6 carbonsHeptane 7 carbonsOctane 8 carbons
13-9. Functional Groups
AlkenesEthene 2 carbonsPropene 3 carbonsButene 4 carbonsPentene 5 carbonsHexene 6 carbonsHeptene 7 carbonsOctene 8 carbons
Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbonsPropyne 3 carbonsButyne 4 carbonsPentyne 5 carbonsHexyne 6 carbonsHeptyne 7 carbonsOctyne 9 carbons
Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbonsPropanol 3 carbonsButanol 4 carbonsPentanol 5 carbonsHexanole 6 carbonsHeptanol 7 carbonsOctanol 8 carbons
13-9. Functional Groups
13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..
13-10 Polymers
.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.
13-10 Polymers
.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.
13-11. Carbohydrates
D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose
D-Glucose(an aldose) α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose
β-D-Glucose(chair form)
Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.
13.11 Polysaccharides
13-14. Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins:
On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:
13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can
result in a mutation.
2001 Space Odyssey
HAL 9000Where did Clarke and Kuberick get the name
HAL?IBMIBM thought Hardware would be King! Net worth in 2013 $112.5
billion.Who really became King?Bill Gates software MS DOS! Net worth $72.6
billion in 2013Microsoft Net worth $290
billion in 2013.
13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can
result in a mutation.
Intelligent Designhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23
DNAMoon same size as the sun to usAtmosphere Magnetic fieldJust right size for the right gravityJust the right distance from the sunTitius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a patternDark energy and matterPatterns in electron energy levelsThe brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothingThe eye-seeing only colorsOnly 4 basic forces?? What about Intelligence?What are the 4 forces and where do they come from?There is no evidence that one species has changed into anotherTunneling affect of electronsNot enough time for man to evolve by chance (14 billion years)Paranormal evidence