Post on 09-Feb-2023
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literaturis instituti
nino baqraZe
germanuli romantizmi da grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedeba.
komparativistuli analizi
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori irma ratiani
Tbilisi
2012
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sarCevi
sarCevi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Tavi I. grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis msoflmxedvelobiTi
analogiebi
1.1. romantizmisa da modernizmis urTierTmimarTebisTvis ---------------------- 14
1.2. miTosuri azrovneba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
1.3. TviTSemecneba, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis individualuri gza ----- 45
1.4. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema --------------------------------------------------------------- 79
1.5. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi _ Teza, antiTeza, sinTezi ------------------------------ 86
1.6. “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Tema --------------------------------------------------------------- 91
pirveli Tavis daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
Tavi II. ganaxlebuli adamiani ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
meore Tavis daskvnebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112
Tavi III. grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis Semoqmedebis stilur
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
3.1. saxe-simboloebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
3.2. ferTa simbolika ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
3.3. montaJis teqnika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
mesame Tavis daskvnebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147
saerTo daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 151
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Sesavali
XX saukunis damdegs qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani
epoqa iwyeba. Zveli Sexedulebebis gadafasebis paralelurad evropidan
qarTul kulturul sivrceSi mravali siaxle Semodis, Cndeba uamravi
“izmi”. axali azrovneba axal Temebs, gadawyvetis gzebsa da formebs
nergavs.
grigol robaqiZe (1880-1962), qarTveli mwerali, cnobili oratori da
esTeti, cvlilebebis momxreTa Soris araTu moiazreba, aramed mimdinare
movlenebis avangardSi imyofeba. qarTul literaturul sivrceSi gr.
robaqiZe erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas
novatoruli procesebis warmarTvaSi. evropis literaturul asparezze
aRmocenebuli siaxleebi mwerlisaTvis cnobili xdeba ruseTisa da
germaniis universitetebSi swavlisas. evropel SemoqmedTa mier
problematuri Temebisadmi axleburi midgoma-gaazreba, gamosaxvis xerxebis
Zieba sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs uSlis da usazRvro Tavisuflebasac
aniWebs xelovans.
gr. robaqiZe _ saqarTveloSi modernizmis erT-erTi ideologi da
mqadagebeli, evropidan samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave CaerTo aqtiur
samwerlo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi, iwyo zrunva qarTuli mwerlobis
ganaxlebaze, Seitana masSi mistikis, filosofiis, miTologiis elementebi.
mwerlis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, sajaro leqciebi iyo evropuli
mwerlobisa da kulturis propaganda.
modernizmi saqarTveloSi ruseTis gavliT mkvidrdeboda. gr. robaqiZe
im mcirericxovan moRvaweTa Soris iyo, romelTac SesaZlebloba hqondaT
uSualod gascnobodnen evropeli moazrovneebisa da mwerlebis nawerebs da
yofiliyvnen axali xelovnebis uSualo Semomtanni saqarTveloSi. gr.
robaqiZe iyo nicSes propagandisti, romlisganac SeiTvisa dionisos kulti,
miTosis problema, maradiuli mobrunebisa da zekacis ideebi. garda nicSesi
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze zegavlena iqonia goeTes, uaildis, vaJas, aseve
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rus simbolistTa Semoqmedebam. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, roca
SeimCneva misi eqspresionizmiT gataceba, igi osvald SpengleriTac
interesdeba.
gr. robaqiZe miiCneva cisferyanwelTa upirveles avtoritetad da
gzamkvlevad. “mas uwodebdnen TavianTi ordenis “kardinals”, “uwmindessa”
da “unetaress” (paolo), “meleqseT baSs” (ticiani), “droSasa” da
“mxedarTmTavars” (giorgi leoniZe), “qarTuli poeziis tvins” (nikolo
miwiSvili), “poeziis metrs” (pavle ingoroyva). es maSin, roca grigols jer
ar daewera “lamara” da “gvelis perangi”. xolo galaktionze dumdnen,
Tumca dabeWdili hqonda umTavresi Sedevrebi!” (105, 83).
t. tabiZis azriT, pirveli simbolisturi leqsebi swored gr.
robaqiZem Seqmna. isic faqtia, rom cisferyanwelTa almanaxis “meocnebe
niamorebis” yvela nomeri (sul 11 nomeri gamoica), garda erTisa, sadac es
avtori saerTod ar dabeWdila, iwyeba gr. robaqiZis leqsiT. gazeT
“barrikadis” 1922 wlis 22 ianvris nomerSi ki paolo iaSvili wers: “aTi
yanwelis gvari icis saqarTvelom: grigol robaqiZe, tician tabiZe,
valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadiraZe, sandro cirekiZe, ali
arseniSvili, nikoloz miwiSvili, giorgi leoniZe, Salva afxaiZe da paolo
iaSvili” (50, 1). am rkals kidev ufro aviwrovebs s. sigua wignSi
“modernizmi”: “cisferyanwelebs hqondaT klasifikacia, qristianuli wminda
samebis msgavsi. pirveli adgili ekuTvnoda grigol robaqiZes, meore _
paolo iaSvils, mesame _ tician tabiZes” (105, 110).
gr. robaqiZem moaxerxa literaturuli siaxleebi organulad
Serwymoda qarTul kulturas da ar aRqmuliyo rogorc ucxo sxeuli. man
aRniSnul tendenciebs erovnuli suli STabera, qarTul literaturas
misca filosofiuri siRrme da daubruna miTi. “gansakuTrebiT didi roli
Seasrula gr. robaqiZis cxovrebasa da azrovnebaSi samma faqtorma _ fr.
nicSes moZRvrebam, simbolistTa esTetizmma da miTosma. yovelive es man
qarTul sinamdviles miusadaga, qarTul niadagze gaSala da nacionaluri
suliT aavso” (36, 161). ase gaxda gr. robaqiZe axali epoqis Semoqmedi,
simbolizmis mqadagebeli da damamkvidrebeli saqarTveloSi.
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mwerlis gamudmebuli Zieba, siaxlis wyurvili kargad aisaxa mis
SemoqmedebaSi, romelSic sxvadasxva literaturuli tendencia SeimCneva:
simbolisturi, eqspresionistuli, romantikuli. Cven swored am
ukanasknelze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. romantikuli nakadi gr. robaqiZis
SemoqmedebaSi amJRavnebs naTesaobas germanul romantizmTan, da kerZod, mis
adreul periodTan, romelsac ienis romantizmsac uwodeben.
qarTuli literaturis istoria ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze gr.
robaqiZis Sesaxeb dumda. sabWoTa reJims gaqceuli, persona non gratad
gamocxadebuli, Tumca ki ukve aRiarebuli mwerlisa da oratoris saxels
samSobloSi aRar axsenebdnen. saqme iqamde mivida, rom drama “lamaras”
avtoroba, romelmac mwerals arnaxuli warmateba moutana ara marto
saqarTveloSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac, vaJa-fSavelas miaweres.
Sewyda mis Semoqmedebaze saubarebi, publikaciebi...
XX s-is 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba axali talRa gr. robaqiZis
Semoqmedebis kvlevis sferoSi. misi literaturuli memkvidreoba im mxrivac
mniSvnelovania, rom sabWoTa reJimisa da sinamdvilesagan Sors Seiqmna
cenzuris mkacri kontrolis gareSe. amitomac mis SemoqmedebaSi obieqturad
aisaxa saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare movlenebi. mwerali
gacilebiT ufro Tavisufalia problemis dasma-gadawyvetis Tu Tematikis
SerCevis momentSi, vidre misi Tanamedrove samSobloSi moRvawe mwerlebi,
romelnic sakuTari sicocxliT agebdnen pasuxs “Secdomebze”. gr. robaqiZes
ar dasWirvebia maT msgavsad xelisuflebisTvis gundrukis kmeva da
saSualeba hqonda, sakuTari mwerluri Tu moqalaqeobrivi pozicia srulad
gamoexata.
rogorc aRiniSna, sul axlo warsulSi moxda gr. robaqiZis saxelis
reabilitacia da misi Semoqmedebis dRis sinaTleze gamotana. mwerlis
literaturuli namoRvawari ki erTob moculobiTia: ramdenime romani,
leqsebi, novelebi, filosofiuri eseebi, uamravi publicisturi Tu
literaturul-kritikuli werili, sajaro gamosvlebi da leqciebi.
CamonaTvali mis sisxlsavse literaturul Tu sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze
karg warmodgenas iZleva. warmateba gr. robaqiZes arc saqarTvelos
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farglebs gareT daklebia (cnobilia ucxoel mweralTa da moazrovneTa _
St. cvaigi, f. hoentSi, v. Seferi, r. rolani, f. marauni, r. karmani, l.
cigleri da sxv. _ uaRresad dadebiTi gamoxmaurebebi gr. robaqiZis
Semoqmedebaze (48, 59-63)), samSobloSi ki misi saxeli feniqsiviT ferflidan
xelaxla aRorZinda.
gr. robaqiZis garSemo Seqmnili vakuumis Sevsebas didad Seuwyo xeli
80-iani wlebis bolos qarTul periodikaSi gamoqveynebulma werilebma. unda
aRiniSnos g. SaraZis wvlili am mxriv. gazeTis furclebze Cndeba
publikaciebi: “ramdenime detali gr. robaqiZis biografiisaTvis”, “Segneba
jiSisa”, xolo oTxnawiliani wignis “ucxoeTis cis qveS” meore nawilSi
vrceli werili eZRvneba emigrant mwerals.
mwerlis mravalferovani Semoqmedeba saintereso, aqamde ucnobi
rakursiT aris gaSuqebuli ak. vasaZis, k. imedaSvilis, s. Wilaias, g.
benaSvilisa da sxvaTa publikaciebSi.
1999 ibeWdeba ak. baqraZis monografia “kardu anu grigol robaqiZis
cxovreba da Rvawli”, sadac Sesulia mwerlis biografiis, SemoqmedebiTi
Tu sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis CvenTvis aqamde ucnobi faqtebi.
80-iani wlebis bolodan iqmneba moculobiTi mecnieruli Sromebi.
erT-erTi pirveli, vinc gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba mecnierulad Seiswavla,
iyo b. surgulaZe. sadisertacio naSromSi “eqspresionizmi qarTul
literaturaSi” (1988), avtori ikvlevs eqspresionistul nakads qarTul
mwerlobaSi. am axali xelovnebis Camoyalibebis mizezebisa da miznebis,
msoflmxedvelobisa da esTetikuri programis sakmaod vrceli mimoxilvis
Semdeg b. surgulaZe k. gamsaxurdias, d. Sengelaiasa da s. SanSiaSvilis
gverdiT ganixilavs gr. robaqiZis eqspresionistul nawarmoebebs.
gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli memkvidreobis ideur da miTologiur
sayrdens ikvlevs m. janjibuxaSvili naSromSi “miTis poeturi
transformacia grigol robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi” (1996). avtori gansazRvravs
miTis rolsa da adgils mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, ganixilavs rogorc mis
ZiriTad sayrdens. “Cakluli sulis”, “graalis mcvelnisa” da “lamaras”
paralelurad gaanalizebulia is uZvelesi miTiuri gadmocemebi, romelTa
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siuJetsac isini imeoreben da garkveulwilad maT literaturul versias
warmoadgenen.
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebas Tematuri kuTxiT Seiswavlis e. cxadaZe.
naSromi “grigol robaqiZis dramaturgia” (1997), rogorc saTauridanve
cxadi xdeba, mis dramebs eZRvneba. gamokveTilia is ZiriTadi Tematika, rac
niSandoblivia mTlianad gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebisaTvis. gamaxvilebulia
yuradReba gamosaxvis saSualebebze, iqneba es dialogebis agebis
gansakuTrebuli stili, personaJTa kuTxuri metyveleba Tu Tqmulebebisa da
legendebis Warbad gamoyeneba.
mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi simbolistur nakads gamohyofs a. gomarTeli
wignSi “qarTuli simbolisturi proza” (1997), sadac gansakuTrebuli
adgili aqvs daTmobili gr. robaqiZis “gvelis perangs”. arCibaldsa da
vamexs avtori ganixilavs rogorc tarielisa da avTandilis, erTis mxriv,
da meores mxriv, dionisesa da apolonis arqetipul personaJebs. romanis
siuJetur qargas ki usadagebs miTs oidiposis Sesaxeb, sadac aris uneblie
danaSauli _ mamis mkvleloba da aseve sisxlis aRreva _ incesti.
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis erT, magram moculobiT da mniSvnelovan
segments ganixilavs T. mefariSvili wignSi “grigol robaqiZis eseistika”
(2005). masSi Tematurad aris Seswavlili mwerlis eseisturi memkvidreoba.
xazi esmeba mis mniSvnelobasa da datvirTvas gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi,
rogorc safuZvels misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebisaTvis, sadac gamokveTilad
Cans mwerlis ZiriTadi Tematika da stili.
ukanasknel ramdenime weliwadSi gamoqveynda wignebi: T. injias
“grigol robaqiZe... yurban saidi anu literaturuli Zarcva” (2005), T.
hoizermanis “Amor fati bedisweris siyvaruli” (2006), krebuli “grigol
robaqiZe, 1880-1962” (redaqtor-Semdgeneli m. jaliaSvili) (2009), m. xomerikis
“gverlis perangis” kodi” (2010), krebuli “grigol robaqiZe da Tanamedrove
azrovneba” (redaqtor-Semdgeneli m. TavxeliZe) (2011). xolo, mas Semdeg, rac
2012 wels sabavSvo Jurnalma “karuselma” gamoCenili adamianebis
biblioTekis seriiT gamosca grigol robaqiZis biografia, axla ukve norC
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mkiTxvelsac eZleva saSualeba gaicnos XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis
mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli.
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba kidev mravaljer gaxdeba mkvlevarTa
yuradRebis obieqti, radgan misi zedrouloba da mravalwaxnaga buneba
yovelTvis iqneba uSreti interesis wyaro.
Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis ufro
farTo, yovelmxrivi Seswavlis aucilebloba da masSi axali aspeqtebis win
wamoweva, radgan interesi qarTveli modernistis Semoqmedebis mimarT kvlav
didia rogorc samecniero wreebSi, aseve sazogadoebaSic.
garda aRniSnuli konteqstisa, Temis aqtualobas ganapirobebs aseve
sxvadasxva qveynebis kulturaTa daaxloebis sakiTxi, rasac sul ufro
mzardi msoflio globalizaciis procesi gvkarnaxobs. germanul-qarTul
urTierTobebs didi xnis tradicia aqvs. winamdebare naSromi, vimedovnebT,
kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba am gzaze.
Temis siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi
romantikul nakads ikvlevs. am mwerlis mdidari da mravalferovani
literaturuli memkvidreoba dRemde SeiZleba iTqvas mxolod
eqspresionistul da simbolistur WrilSia Seswavlili. gamonakliss
warmoadgens ori werili _ l. TeTruaSvilis “dekadenturisa da
romantikulis gagebisaTvis grigol robaqiZis falestrasa da hainrix fon
klaistis penTezileas mixedviT” da g. benaSvilis “romantikul ocnebaTa
didostati”. pirveli maTgani efuZneba gr. robaqiZesa da klaists Soris
literaturul paralels. meore maTganSi avtori qarTveli modernistis
SemoqmedebaSi faqtiurad gamohyofs romantikul nakads, Tumca ar
ukavSirebs arc germanul, an zogadad evropul romantizms da miuTiTebs
mis qarTul Zirebze.
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens mcdelobas, qarTveli mwerlis
mxatvruli memkvidreoba gamokvleul iqnas germanul literaturasTan
mimarTebaSi. 1931 wels emigrirebuli gr. robaqiZe sicocxlis bolomde
germanul kulturul garemoSi cxovrobda da qmnida amave enaze.
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SeuZlebelia, mis nawerebSi ar igrZnobodes germanulenovani literaturis
kvali.
naSromis mizania gr. robaqiZisa da ienis skolis erT-erTi
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _ novalisis (1772-1801) SemoqmedebaTa Soris
paralelis gavleba, maT Soris ideur-esTetikuri msgavsebis warmoCena da
am gziT qarTvel modernistTan romantikuli nakadis gamoyofa, im
Tanxvedrisa Tu ganmasxvavebeli aspeqtebis daZebna, ris saSualebasac maTi
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebladac saintereso da Rrmaazrovani Semoqmedeba
iZleva.
novalisis, igive fridrix fon hardenbergis Semoqmedeba, miekuTvneba
romantizmis im periods, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara germaniSi axal
literaturul mimdinareobas, sadac gaformda misi Teoriuli da
esTetikuri principebi. am skolis (avgust vilhelm da fridrix Slegelebi,
novalisi, ludvig tiki, vakenroderi...) moRvaweoba gagrZelda sul
ramodenime weli (1795/98 _ 1804), Tumca warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes etaps
germanuli romantizmisaTvis. amdenad, ienis skolis arsidan gamomdinare,
ufro maRalia misi Teoriuli Rirebuleba, vidre mxatvruli da swored es
gamoarCevs mas germanuli romantizmis meore, gviani periodisagan.
novalisis Semoqmedebis naxevaric, Tu ufro meti ara, Teoriul Sromebs
warmoadgens.
sakvlevi Tema ormag mimarTebas gulisxmobs, rogoricaa: ori
literaturuli epoqa da ori sxvadasxva erovnebis mwerali. rac Seexeba
pirvels, romantikul da modernistul skolebs Soris kavSiri sruliad
naTelia. swored romantizmSi rom unda veZioT me-20 saukunis bevri
mimdinareobis fesvebi, amaze Tavad literaturis mkvlevarebi aRar
kamaToben. xolo rac SeexebaT uSualod avtorebs, eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti,
rom gr. robaqiZe araTu kargad icnobda germanul mwerlobas da kerZod,
novaliss, aramed mecnieruladac aqvs Seswavlili. amis dasturia ramdenime
sagulisxmo faqti: pirveli, rom igi germanelebis mdidar literaturasa da
filosofias jer kidev laifcigis universitetSi swavlisas gaecno. meore,
rogorc akaki baqraZis “kardudan” vigebT, mwerals “1919-1920 wlebSi baqos
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universitetSi waukiTxavs sagangebo kursi _ germanuli romantizmi” (12, 110).
cota mogvianebiT, ki Tbilisis universitetis xelmZRvanelobas “hpirdeba _
wavikiTxavo specialur kurss germaniis romantizmi Tanamedrove
literaturul ZiebasTan SefardebiT’” (12, 110). da mesame, am mosazrebis
yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino dadasturebaa misi ori ese. pirvel maTganSi igi
saubrobs novalisis poetikaze. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi misi mizani aris
ara Tavad germaneli romantikosis, aramed malarmes mwerluri
SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba da novaliss mxolod paralelis gasavlebad
mimarTavs. eses asec hqvia _ “mallarme da novalisi”. grigol robaqiZe sul
ramdenime sityviT zedmiwevniT zustad axasiaTebs germaneli romantikosis
azrovnebisa da weris maneras: “me msurs mallarmes novalisi
davupirispiro... igic ucnauri iyo da gaugebari. igic fragmentebiT
fiqrobda da genialur aforizmebs isroda... novalisi Tavis vizionerobas
mistikaSi alRobda” (94, 3), wers igi. aqve moaqvs misi mravalricxovani
fragmentebidan citata, rac aramarto imaSi gvarwmunebs, rom gr. robaqiZe
novalisis Semoqmedebas sakmaod siRrmiseulad icnobda, aramed moyvanili
magaliTi naTelyofsEromantizmis wiaRSi modernistuli xelovnebis
Canasaxis arsebobasac: ”SesaZloa daswero iseTi moTxroba saca sruliad ar
iqneba Sinagani kavSiri, magram saca, rogorc sizmrebSi, iqneba kavSiri
romelime garegan saganTan. SesaZloa daswero iseTi leqsebi, romlebic
mxolod keTilxmovanni iqnebian lamazi TqmebiT, magram moklebulni iqnebian
yovel azrs da Sinagan kavSirs, ase rom maTSi gasagebi iqnebian mxolod
calkeuli xazebi, mzgavsebi sxvadasxva sagnebis natexebisa. am namdvil
poezias eqneba mxolod allegoriuli sazrisi da mas SeZleba eqneba
gamoiwvios STabeWdileba musikis mzgavsad arapirdapiri gziT” (94, 3).
meore eseSic, saxelwodebiT “rusuli geniis Sesaxeb”, romelic
rusulenovan gazeT “kavkazSi” gamoqveynda, avtori aseve iribad exeba
novaliss. mohyavs ra rusi simbolistis vl. soloviovis sityvebi, imis
Sesaxeb, rom odesRac poetebi winaswarmetyvelni da qurumni iyvnen da droa
kvlav moxdes maTi daaxloeba. gr. robaqiZes aq isev novalisi axsendeba,
radgan vl. soloviovis mosazreba TiTqmis sityva-sityviT emTxveva
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germaneli mwerlis gamonaTqvams: “aq ismis gamoZaxili Rrmadmoazrovne
romantikosis novalisis swavlebasTan magiur idealizmze’” (100, 3). es
ukanaskneli ki fragmentebSi wers: “poeti da qurumi dasawyisSi erTi da
igive iyo, mxolod Semdgom daSordnen. Tumca WeSmariti poeti yovelTvis
iyo qurumi, iseve, rogorc namdvili qurumi _ poeti. da nuTu momavalma
kvlav ar unda migviyvanos sagnebis Zvel mdgomareobamde?” (39, 94).
gr. robaqiZis germanuli ganaTlebis, aseve germaniasa da SveicariaSi
misi mravalwliani politikuri emigraciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar aris
gamoricxuli, arsebobdes pirdapiri gavlena novalisisa gr. robaqiZeze.
imis Tqma, rom sxva faqtorebTan erTad SesaZloa novalissac miuZRodes
wvlili qarTveli modernistis msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi, vfiqrobT
araferiT akninebs mwerlis saxelsa da didebas, radgan literaturuli
gavlenebi cnobili faqtia literaturaTmcodneobisa da literaturis
istoriaSi. mravali mwerali Tavad saubrobs aseT gavlenebze. samagaliTod
SeiZleba movitanoT germaneli klasikosis goeTes “aRiareba”: “niWi da
unari ki Tan dagvyva, magram Cvens ganviTarebas vumadliT im farTo
samyaros aTasobiT ganviTarebas, STabeWdilebebs, romelTac viTavisebT da
viRebT yvelafers, risi miRebac SegviZlia, rac CvenTvis Sesabamisad
migvaCnia. me vumadli berZnebsa da frangebs bevr rames, usazRvrod
davalebuli var Seqspiris, sternisa da goldsmitis winaSe. magram amiT ar
amoiwureba Cemi kulturis wyaroebi. Cemi ganviTarebis wyaroebi SemeZlo
usasrulod damesaxelebina da Semevso, magram ar aris saWiro” (35, 179-180).
sadisertacio naSromis miznis Seabamisad dasaxulia kvlevis ZiriTadi
amocanebi:
erTi mxriv, germanuli romantizmisa da meore mxriv,
modernizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobebis
socialuri, filosofiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebis dadgena,
maTi ZiriTadi principebisa da niSnebis gansazRvra da
Sepirispireba;
12
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa analizis safuZvelze
avtorTa Soris msoflxedvisa da problematikis doneze
msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis dadgena.
sakvlev masalas warmoadgens gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli proza: dramebi:
“londa” (1917), “malStrem” (1923), “lamara” (1924), romanebi: “gvelis perangi”
(1928), “Cakluli suli” (1933), “graalis mcvelni” (1937), novela “engadi”
(“kavkasiuri novelebi”, 1932), filosofiuri eseebi: ”nefertitis Tavi”,
“TaurSiSi da miTosi”, “sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi”
(novelebi gaerTianebulia wignSi “demoni da miTosi” 1935), publicistika da
eseistika.
gr. robaqiZisa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa Sepirispirebisas
veyrdnobiT novalisis prozas: “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” (1802), “saiseli
Segirdebi” (1802), aseve mis Teoriul Sromebs.
meTodologia da konkretuli kvlevis meTodi ganisazRvreba kvlevis
Teoriuli aspeqtisa da konkretuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT. naSromi
efuZneba komparativistul, istoriul-funqcionalur, tipologiuri kvlevis
meTodebs.
disertaciis samecniero da praqtikuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom misi masalebi da Sedegebi SesaZlebelia gaxdes Semdgomi
samecniero kvlevebis safuZveli komparativistikis sferoSi. aseve SesaZloa
gamoyenebul iqnes saleqcio kursebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da specialuri
kursebis mosamzadeblad, rogorc qarTuli, aseve germanuli literaturis
istoriaSi.
disertaciis struqtura. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavalis, sami Tavis, cxra
qveTavis, daskvnebisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisgan. gverdebis
saerTo raodenobaa 159. gamoyenebuli literaturis sia moicavs 144 erTeuls
qarTul, germanul da rusul enebze.
naSromis aprobacia. kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da Sedegebi aisaxa
xuT publikaciasa da erT sakonferencio moxsenebaSi:
1. novalisis miTos-SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. “sazrisi”, 2005, №18.
13
2. siyvaruli _ gza Semecnebisaken; novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis
SemoqmedebaTa mixedviT. “promeTe”, 2006, №7(19).
3. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis
mxatvrul naazrevSi. “kriteriumi”, 2006, №15.
4. On the Role of the Poet and Poetry According to Novalis and Grigol Robakidze’s
Creations. eleqtronuli Jurnali “litinfo”: http://www.litinfo.ge/volume3-
issue-1/bakradzenino.htm, 2009.
5. Reception of a Motif of “Romantic Path” According to Grigol Robakidze.
“inteleqti”, 2009, № 2(34).
6. Творчество Григола Робакидзе в отношении к немецкому романтическому
мировоззрению. Международная конференция «Взаимодействие литератур в
мировом литературном процессе. Проблемы теоретической и исторической
поэтики», Белосток, Польша. 2012.
14
Tavi pirveli
grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis msoflmxedvelobiTi
analogiebi
1.1. romantizmisa da modernizmis urTierTmimarTebisTvis
XX saukunis dadgoma evropul kulturul sivrceSi emTxveva axali,
mniSvnelovani epoqis dasabams. adgili aqvs Zveli, kargad nacnobi
tradiciebis gadafasebasa da mravali siaxlis danergvas.
amieridan mxatvrul asaxvas hpovebs upirvelesad is, rac mwerlis
cnobierebaSi aisaxeba. adamianis fsiqika xdeba movlenebis epicentri.
garemomcveli samyaro Semoqmedis sulis siRrmeebSi gamovlili aisarkeba
xelovnebaSi. realoba sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris realoba. mxolod
mwerlis warmodgena, gancda, xedva qmnis axal, subieqtur realobas.
cnobili WeSmaritebaa, rom yovelive axalSi kargad nacnobi Zveli
moiazreba, amitom Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, XX saukunis evropul
literaturul asparezze aRmocenebul mimdinareobebSi bevr saerTos
aRmovaCenT Tavis droze aseTive pretenziulEda araordinarul
romantizmTan.
vidre konkretulad visaubrebdeT ori mwerlis mier saerTo
problematikis SerCevisa Tu maTi msgavsi gaazrebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa jer im
literaturuli skolebis SedarebiTi analizi, romelTa gavlenasac isini
ganicdian, radgan Tavad avtorTa mxatvruli azrovneba uSualod
ukavSirdeba mimdinareobebis msoflgancdasa da esTetikas.
novalisi adreuli germanuli romantizmis warmomadgenelia da aq
yvelaferi garkveulia, rasac gr. robaqiZesTan mimarTebiT ase
erTmniSvnelovnad ver vityviT. Znelia misi Semoqmedebis romelime
konkretuli literaturuli mimdinareobis farglebSi moqceva. unda
daveTanxmoT g.GjiblaZes, roca ambobs, rom gr. robaqiZe “kastebsa da
ordenebSi ver eteoda. literaturuli skolebi misTvis ufro borkilebs
warmoadgenda, vidre SemoqmedebiTs laboratoriebs” (99, 391). magram igi
15
upirvelesad ganicdis simbolizmisa da eqspresionizmis Zlier gavlenas.
misi mxatvruli azrovneba ZiriTadad swored am mimdinareobaTa
msoflmxedvelobas efuZneba da iziarebs. farTo gagebiT gr. robaqiZe
modernistia.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom novalisi adreuli germanuli (ienis)
romantizmis warmomadgenelia, germaniaSi romantizmis ganviTarebis mxolod
am safexurze SevaCerebT yuradRebas. miuxedavad xanmokle arsebobisa,
adreulma romantizmma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula am qveyanaSi axali
xelovnebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aq yalibdeba
mimdinareobis Teoriul-esTetikuri safuZvlebi da germanuli romantizmis
pirvelive etapze mZafrad avlens mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs: individualizmi, Rrma filosofiuroba, misticizmi, religiuroba...
haidelbergis romantizmisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic erovnuli
niSniT aris aRbeWdili da aSkaraa misi warmomadgenlebis daintereseba
erovnuli warsuliTa da fesvebTan mibrunebiT (mTeli qveynis masStabiT
Catarebuli eqspediciis Sedegia a. fon arnimisa da k. brentanos leqsebis
krebuli “biWis jadosnuri sayviri”, Zmebi grimebis “saSinao da sabavSvo
zRaprebi”, o. gioresis “germanuli saxalxo wignebi”), ienis romantikuli
skola ufro metad saerTo evropul Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli vidre
erovnulze.
h. korfi monumentur naSromSi “goeTes epoqis suli” adreuli
germanuli romantikuli literaturis Sesaxeb wers, rom igi imeorebs
samyaroze religiur Sexedulebebs, aris ufro evropuli, vidre viwro
germanuli da axasiaTebs istorizmi.
literaturaTmcodneobaSi evropuli romantizmis memkvidred
aRiarebulia modernizmi. modernizmi (franguli sityvidan moderne)
saTaurSive moiazrebs, siaxlisken swrafvas da Tavisi msoflmxedvelobriv
_ esTetikuri principebiT ewinaaRmdegeba realizms. igi Tavis TavSi
aerTianebs araerT mimdinareobas _ simbolizms, impresionizms,
eqspresionizms, futurizms, kubizms da sxv. dimitri oblomievski
monografiaSi ”franguli simbolizmi”, simbolizmis fesvebs romantizmSi
16
xedavs. imave azrs iziarebs d. fifiac: “modernizmma, rogorc
literaturulma mimdinareobam dasabami misca erT-erT ZiriTad
mimarTulebis – simbolizmis warmoSobas. [...] mecnierebaSi simbolizmi
gaiazreba rogorc evropuli romantizmis memkvidre” (113, 8-9).
modernizmi evropis qveynebis literaturasa da xelovnebis sxva
dargebSi XIX saukunis dasasrulidan ikidebs fexs. aRniSnul process
dasabams aZlevs simbolizmis mamamTavrebis: artur rembos, Stefan malarmes,
pol verlenis, Jan moreasis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba.
odnav mogvianebiT, XX saukunis dasawyisSi samoRvaweo asparezze rusi
simbolistebi gamodian: balmonti, briusovi, beli, bloki, esenini,
soloviovi, axmatova, cvetaeva... mxolod 10-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan
inacvlebs es procesi saqarTveloSi, sadac modernizmi yvelaze ufro
srulyofilad swored simbolizmSi gamoixata.
romantizmsa da modernizms, am or movlenas mTeli erTi saukune
aSorebs. Tumca maT Soris mravali msgavseba ikveTeba. daviwyoT iqidan, rom
orive evropis sinamdvileSi Caisaxa da maTi warmoSoba mniSvnelovan
politikur Zvrebsa da kataklizmebs daemTxva. iseT epoqalur movlenebs,
rogoric iyo safrangeTis burJuaziuli revolucia, erTi mxriv da meore
mxriv, pirveli msoflio omi.
germanuli romantizmis mniSvnelovanma figuram, mweralma da
romantizmis Teoretikosma fridrix Slegelma axali xelovnebis
warmoSobis erT-erT mizezad safrangeTis revolucia gamoacxada. rogorc
igi novaliss werda, safrangeTis revoluciis mTavari mniSvneloba isaa,
rom man daaCqara axali epoqis dabadebao. am movlenam warmoaCina adamianis
gadamwyveti roli da Zala kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzaze, romelmac
SesZlo istoriis Carxi Semoebrunebina da misi cxovrebisTvis sasurveli
gezi mieca. adamiani gaxda sakuTari bedis Semoqmedi.
revoluciis talRa CamorCenil, feodalur, danawevrebul germaniasac
miswvda da Searyia igi. Tuki aqamde samyaro dalagebuli, mowesrigebuli
organizacia iyo, Tavisi myari ierarqiiT, es stabiluroba revoluciis
gamoisobiT dairRva. samyaro moZraobaSi movida. stereotipi garkveuli
17
institutebis mdgradobis Sesaxeb daimsxvra, ramac arasaimedoobis gancda
warmoSva.
romantizmis Camoyalibeba mohyva rogorc safrangeTis revoluciasTan
dakavSirebul, aseve klasicizmis mier qadagebul “gonier” sazogadoebaze
damyarebuli imedebis msxvrevas.
Tavdapirvelad romantikosebi aRafrTovana revoluciam, magram cota
xanSi es grZnoba apaTiiT Seicvala. ganmanaTleblebisagan gansxvavebiT,
Tuki maT sjerodaT istoriuli progresis gardauvalobis, romantikosebma
kargad dainaxes burJuaziuli ganviTarebis negatiuri mxareebi. arc axali
sazogadoeba aRmoCnda unaklo. ganmanaTleblebis mier mocemuli
dapirebebis sapirispirod, gonebisa da samarTlianobis meufebis nacvlad,
yvelgan fuli da mogebis survili batonobda. maRali idealebi gaqra,
materialuri keTildReoba da kargi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba iqca
adamianisTvis mTavar orientirad. es ki ganmanaTlebluri ideebis marcxs
niSnavda. burJuazias romantikosebi imis gamoc kicxavdnen, rom am
sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis daTrgunva da misi uflebebis Selaxva moxda.
sainteresoa, rom ganmanaTleblobas upirveles yovlisa, misive
momzadebuli revolucia daupirispirda Tavisi SedegebiT, radgan mis mier
qadagebuli Tavisufleba da sayovelTao Tanasworoba cariel sityvebad
darCa da gonier sawyisebze dafuZnebuli samarTliani sazogadoeba
kvlavac ideis sferos ganekuTvneboda.
aseve boboqarma epoqam Seqmna modernizmi. axali xelovneba omisa da
revoluciebis epoqis evropel moazrovneTa da xelovanTa sulieri
tkivilis gamoxatuleba iyo. aqac mTavar problemad adamianisa da samyaros,
adamianisa da sazogadoebis dapirispireba iqca. msgavsad romantizmisa,
“modernizmis socialur winapirobas qmnis kapitalisturi yofis Sinagani
mZafri winaaRmdegobani. ukiduresi pesimizmi warmoSva sazogadoebrivi
progresisa da humanurobisadmi rwmenis dakargvam, cxovrebis logikis
darRvevam, ocnebis damsxvrevam adamianTa Tanasworuflebian arsebobaze.
realur samyaroSi araferia mtkice, yovelive nawilebadaa daglejili” (136,
105). kapitalisturi xisti realoba, misi praqticizmi da racionalizmi
18
sulisSemxuTvel garemod rCeboda da asparezs uzRudavda sulierebas,
maRal idealebs. es iyo epoqa, roca ocnebam konkretuli saxe miiRo da
xelSesaxebi gaxda, roca humanurobaze, mSvidobaze, sikeTeze da siyvarulze
metad fufunebaze, fizikur siamovnebaze dafiqrdnen.
modernizmi, romantizmis msgavsad, aSkarad warmoaCens Tanamedrove
adamianis mZafr dapirispirebas burJuaziul sinamdvilesTan, romelmac igi
gaameqanikura, manqanad aqcia. burJuaziuli sazogadoeba maTTvisac
miuRebeli aRmoCnda. adamiani im sazomiTa da kriteriumiT fasdeboda,
romelsac araferi hqonda saerTo sulierebasTan da zneobasTan.
modernistebsac aRar swamT istoriuli progresis. arsebul realobaSi
maTTvisac yvelaferi aramdgradi da aramyaria. ris gamoc aqac Tavs iCens
Zlieri miswrafeba maradiulobisa da usazRvroebisadmi. amaze metyvelebs
rusi simbolistis k. balmontis sityvebi: “rodesac Cveni uferuli,
dakninebuli, ulamazo Tanamedroveobisagan iRlebi, ra saamoa mogonebebiT
mainc gaqande sxva qveyanaSi, sxva xanaSi” (11, 13).
modernistebi xataven maxinj, xSir SemTxvevaSi gangeb deformirebul
sinamdviles da amiT xazs usvamen cvlilebebis aucileblobas. sjeraT, rom
msoflio aucileblad Seicvleba, Tuki adamiani gardaiqmneba. maT mier
gakeTebuli aqcentis TvalnaTeli magaliTia germaneli eqspresionistis
ludvig rubineris Txzulebaca da saTauric “centrSi adamiania”.
romantizmis msgavsad, axal mimdinareobebSic SeimCneva problemebis
globalizaciisa da ganzogadebis tendencia.
rogorc romantizmi, ise modernizmic mkveTrad daupirispirdnen
winamorbed mimdinareobebs.
rakiRa revoluciam ar moitana dapirebuli Sedegebi da imedebi ver
gaamarTla, romantikosebma uaryves ara marto revolucia da kapitalizmi,
aramed Tavad ganmanaTleblobac, rogorc burJuaziuli sazogadoebis
gamaidealebeli da misi apologeti. romantizmi XIX saukunis evropis
sinamdvileSi is movlena iyo, romelmac Zireulad gadaafasa wina epoqis
mier damkvidrebuli Rirebulebebi, Seecada Seecvala dasavleT evropuli
cnobiereba. igi daupirispirda ganmanaTleblur ideologias. “klasikuri”
19
da ”romantikuli” moiazreboda rogorc urTierTsapirispiro cnebebi.
pirveli niSnavda normatiuls, dasrulebulsa da statikurs, meore ki,
mudmivad ganaxlebadsa da ganviTarebads. ganmanaTleblobis mier
aRiarebuli gonebis kulti, myari wesrigi, harmonia da sicxade romantizmma
grZnobiT, qaosiT, usasrulobiTa da gaurkvevlobiT Caanacvla. qadagebda
wesebisa da sazRvrebis arqonas, aidealebda feodalur Sua saukuneebs, anu
ukeT, momavali warmoedginaT, rogorc ganaxlebuli Sua saukuneebi.
klasicizmis sapirispirod, romelic eyrdnoba antikur kulturas,
“menestrelebisa da minezingerebis poezia, Suasaukuneobrivi romantikuli
Tqmulebebi, legendebi, poemebi, romanebi, simRerebi, zRaprebi, qristianuli
rwmenis wiaRSi warmoqmnili poezia, evropuli nacionaluri saraindo da
sarwmunoebrivi miTosi xdeba XVIII s-is evropaSi axali mimarTulebis
romantizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saarsebo masala, romelsac igi eyrdnoba,
rogorc sakuTriv misi erisa da misi erovnuli sulis wiaRSi Seqmnil
safuZvels” (54, 6).
h. haine berZnul kulturas klasikurs uwodebs, xolo evropuls _
romantikuls. narkvevSi “romantikuli skola” Sua saukuneebis saraindo
romanebze saubrisas ambobs, rom yvela am nawarmoebSi “poezia aRbeWdilia
garkveuli niSniT, romelic mas berZnebisa da romaelebis poeziisagan
ganasxvavebs. gamomdinare am gansxvavebidan, pirvels romantikuls veZaxiT,
xolo meores klasikur poezias” (141, 164).
herman hese klasikasa da romantizms polarul cnebebs uwodebs,
rogorc azrovnebis or maradiul, Tanac ganmeorebad tips da ase
ganmartavs: “klasikuri aRqmis wesi moaxdens sazRvrisa da kanonis
aqcentirebas, aRiarebs tradicias da dagvexmareba SevqmnaT es ukanaskneli,
gairjeba imisTvis, rom mTlianad amowuros wami da gaaukvdavos.
romantikuli xedva waSlis formebsa da kanonebs, samagierod, Tayvans scems
sicocxlis upirvelades sawyiss, da RvTismosaobas daayenebs kritikis,
TviTCRrmavebas ki gonebis adgilas; igi miznad daisaxavs uJamos da aRvsili
iqneba nostalgiiTa da RvTaebriv erTSi dabrunebis natvriT” (143, 79).
20
antikuri kulturisadmi xelovnuri mimbaZveloba miuRebelia
romantikosebisaTvis, radgan gaaCniaT manamde arsebuli Tvalsazrisisagan
gansxvavebuli midgoma yvelafrisadmi garemomcvel samyaroSi. maTi aRqma-
Sefaseba sruliad gansakuTrebulia. es upirvelesad exeba adamians. Tuki
aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobam adamianis fizikuri da miwieri mxareebi
warmoaCina, romantizmi Seswavlis sagnad aqcevs adamianis suls, mis
gancdebs, Sinagan samyaros, cdilobs gadmosces mTeli misi siRrme,
sirTule da winaaRmdegobrioba. aqamde adamianis sulis siRrmeebi aseTi
seriozuli Seswavlis sagani arasodes yofila. romantikosebi iswrafvian
farda axadon maradiul saidumloebebs, SeaRwion yofierebis araxilul
sferoebSi. cdiloben aramarto adamianis, nebismieri sagnisa Tu movlenis
arsSi Cawvdomas. amitomaa romantizmi ase “Sinagani”.
modernizmic uaryofs realizmis simSvides, garemomcveli
samyarosadmi mis damokidebulebas da sinamdvilis ucvlelad miRebas.
romantizmis msgavsad modernizmic Tavad qmnis sakuTar samyaros. axali
xelovneba warmoadgens protests arasasurveli realobis mimarT. misi
warmomadgenlebi eswrafvian dainaxon yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi, miiltvian
zecnobierisaken, lamoben sagnisa Tu movlenis ideis Secnobas. rCeba
STabeWdileba, rom axali xelovneba aramarto adamianis sulSi iWreba
Rrmad, aramed mTlianad epoqis sulSi ixedeba.
modernistuli msoflmxedveloba upirispirdeba realizmsa da
naturalizms. realobis asaxva zRudavs xelovani adamianis SemoqmedebiT
fantazias. misi Tavisufleba iqamde grZeldeba, vidre Tavad buneba iZleva
amis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia realistma ufro
masStaburad aRiqvas samyaro, vidre modernistma. realisti afiqsirebs
mxolod realur nivTebsa Tu movlenebs. maSin roca, modernisti iyureba im
sagnebis miRma da ufro mets asaxavs vidre xedavs. radgan maTTvis Semecneba
mxolod intuitiuri wvdomiT, gaazrebisa da gansjis gareSe miiRweva,
amdenad es procesi ukiduresad subieqturia. modernistuli realoba
Sorsaa obieqturi sinamdvilisagan, ris gamoc igi ufro met siaxloves
amJRavnebs iracionalizmTan da mistikasTan, iseve, rogorc romantikosebis
21
SemTxvevaSi. modernistebis warmodgeniT, samyaro arsebobs, mis gameorebas
azri ara aqvs, realoba xelovanma unda Seqmnas. amdenad, modernistuli
nawarmoebi romantikulis msgavsad aris mwerlis individualobis
gamoxatuleba, es aris uSualod avtoris xedva, ganwyoba, gancda, aRqma.
realizmi aRiqmeba rogorc “mkvdari formebis fiqsacia”. aq “me”-s mzera
mimarTulia gareT, roca modernituli msoflxedviT es mzera Tavad “me”-Si
unda iyos Cabrunebuli. “Signidan xedvis proeqcia win wamoswevda me-s
individualur aspeqtebs. amkvidrebda kondicias, romlis pirobebSic
adamiani aRar sjerdeboda ukve arsebuli, gamyarebuli, TavisTavadi
“samyaros reproducirebas” da koncentrirdeboda sakuTri individualuri
SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis realizebaze” (87, 45). mwerlebi
sakuTar, ukiduresad subieqtur realobas qmnian da ara “me”-s gareT
arsebuls, radgan efuZnebian subieqtur ganwyobebs. “Tanamedrove xelovani
dabrmavda garesamyarosaTvis da Seabruna Tavisi mzera Sinagani “subieqturi
peizaJisken”, mimarTa intensiur TviTgamoxatvas. axla WeSmariti mxatvari
eswrafvis Caswvdes yovel saganSi mis ideas da mis damokidebulebas sxva
sagnebTan” (136, 92). adamianis fantaziis samyaro Tavisufalia yvela im
uaryofiTisagan, rac ase ar moswonT maT obieqtur realobaSi. romantizmis
msgavsad aqac aSkaraa ori urTierTdapirispirebuli samyaros arseboba.
naturalizmi, iseve, rogorc realizmi, garemomcveli samyaros asaxvas
yovelgvari CaRrmavebis gareSe gulisxmobs. adamians aq faqtebis
aRmnusxvelis funqcia ekisreba. amdenad, xelovnebas sakmaod “zedapiruli”
amocana aqvs, radgan siRrmes aris moklebuli. xelovanis TvalTaxedvaSi
moxvedrili konkretuli “kadri” movlenas mTeli sigrZe - siganiT ver
asaxavs, e. i. arc masStaburia Tavisi arsiT. Semoqmedis aqtivoba
minimumamdea dayvanili, igi ar ereva movlenebSi da ubralod
damkvirveblis, gverdze mdgomi adamianis pozicia aqvs. modernizmSi ki
piriqiT, aq cxadad Cans Semoqmedis neba-survili da miswrafeba, SeaRwios
yovelive arsebulis SuagulSi. “modernistebma, romelTac estafeta
romantikosebisgan aiRes, Cagvagones, rom Txrobis Tanmimdevroba,
racionalizmi, logikuroba, mizez – Sedegobrivi wyoba, gulubryvilo
22
iluzionizmi, enis gamWvirvaloba, siuJetis kompaqturoba da saSualo
klasis moraluri pirobiTobani ver qmnida samyaros mTlian suraTs”
(barti. citata aRebulia wignidan: 139, 22-23). rogorc vxedavT,
winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT axali xelovnebis aRqmis siRrme da
masStaburoba STambeWdavia.
erTi mxriv, romantizms da meore mxriv, modernizms seriozuli
filosofiuri wanamZRvrebi hqondaT. saerTo aRniSnul mimdinareobebs
Soris aqac ikveTeba, orives safuZvlad udevs idealisturi moZRvrebebi.
cnobilia, rom germanuli romantizmis filosofiur sayrdens warmoadgens
germanuli klasikuri idealizmi da misi warmomadgenlebi _ kanti, fixte,
Selingi.
romantikuli Teoria efuZneba aRniSnul moZRvrebas, radgan isic
adamianis Sinagan samyaros ikvlevs. samyaros centrSi adamianis moTavseba
Tavdapirvelad kantma gadawyvita. naSromSi “wminda gonebis kritika” avtori
sakuTar Tavs koperniks adarebs. rogorc cnobilia, polonelma astronomma
Tavis sferoSi gadatrialeba moaxdina: uaryo geocentrizmi da daamtkica
galaqtikis heliocentristuli mowyoba. kantisa da kopernikis msgavseba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom filosofosi adamians aRiarebs samyaros centrad,
sxva danarCens ki mis garSemo miuCens adgils. aq mTavaria “me”, Tumca
kantis moZRvrebiT arsebobs kidev “nivTi TavisTavad”, romelic samudamod
miuwvdomeli rCeba SemecnebisaTvis, anu srulad Semecneba SeuZlebelia.
mogvianebiT swored es dualizmi xdeba romantikosebis ukmayofilebis
mizezi.
Ziebis meore etapi fixtes ukavSirdeba. misi swavleba efuZneba
absoluturi “me”-s Tavisuflebas, kantisagan gansxvavebiT, aq igi Tavis
moqmedebaSi SeuzRudavia. ufro metic, samyaro imdenad arsebobs,
ramdenadac igi “me”-s cnobierebaSi arsebobs. fixtes ”moZRvreba mecnierebis
Sesaxeb“ romantizmis esTetikis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli xdeba. igi gonebis
Zalas upirispirebs sulis moRvaweobas. fixtesTan obieqturi samyaro _
“ara me” “me”-s moRvaweobis Sedegs warmoadgens. misi swavlebis mixedviT,
samyaros centrSi obieqturi realobis Semoqmedi subieqti dgas _ „me“,
23
romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs warmodgenas universumze. Sesabamisad,
individi usazRvro SesaZleblobebs flobs, SeuZlia ara marto Seqmnas,
aramed gardaqmnas kidec samyaro sakuTari survilisamebr. fixte “me”-Si
gulisxmobs ara konkretul adamians, ara empiriuls, aramed absolutur
“me”-s, anu suls. romantikosebma ki iqamde daaviwroves es cneba, rom
yovlisSemZle suli mokvdav adamians STaberes da faqtiurad RmerTs
gauTanabres. miuxedavad amisa, miwieri arsebebi maT win aRmarTuli
siZneleebis gadalaxvisTvis uZlurni aRmoCndnen, amitomac ver gascilda
romantikosTa ocnebebi ideebis sferos, amitom iyo maTi msoflmxedveloba
utopiuri.
romantikosebi iTaviseben aseve Selingis naturfilosofias, romelic
aRiarebs bunebis yovlisSemZle Zalas. Selingis Teoriis mixedviT, buneba
aris mudmivad qmnadi, ganviTarebadi, SemoqmedebiTi fenomeni da ara erTxel
srulqmnili, sadac xdeba winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, miiRweva erTianoba.
buneba ganixileba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi, rogorc axali
sicocxlisaTvis dasabamis mimcemi. igi warmoadgens TviTmbad energias.
yvelaferi garemomcvel samyaroSi swored bunebis Semoqmedebis nayofia da
isini erT mTlian yovladobaSi arian CarTulni, amitomac maTSi erTi da
igive Zalaa Casaxlebuli, “msgavsi suli”. “buneba gasulierebulia; misi
yvela nawili erTi bumberazi sxeulis nawilia; masSi yvelaferi
harmoniuladaa dakavSirebuli, radgan erTi suli cocxlobs am sxeulSi,
mis yvela moZraobaSi mJRavndeba erTi sicocxle, mTels bunebaSi vxedav
maradiul RmerTs” (112, 74). aRiarebulia adamianisa da bunebis
urTierTmimarTeba _ erTimeoreSi maTi arseboba, rac ganapirobebs samyaros
erTianobas, amitomac adamiani bunebis saidumloebebis, iseve rogorc
sakuTari arsis wvdomiT universums Seimecnebs. igi sakuTar TavSi bunebas
gaucnobiereblad atarebs. qvecnobierSi miZinebulia grZnoba, intuicia.
Tuki, adamiani moaxerxebs am Zalebis dauflebas, gaxdeba jadoqari, magi,
romelsac daemorCileba samyaro. adamiani upirvelesad sakuTar grZnobebsa
da suls unda “flobdes”, anu Tavis trascendentur “me”-s.
24
romantikosebis msoflmxevelobaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia aseve
fr. Slaiermaxeris religiur-mistikur-filosofiurma koncefciam, romelic
man Camoayaliba naSromSi “religiis Sesaxeb” (1799). Slaiermaxeri religias
grZnobiTi Semecnebis sferos miakuTvnebs, romelic antiracionaluri,
mistikuri xasiaTisaa. religia adamianis mier individualuri grZnobis
gamovlinebaa. universumis, anu RmerTis “ganWvreta” grZnobis doneze xdeba.
radgan es Zalian individualuri aqtia, religiac yvela adamianisaTvis
gansxvavebuli, individualuri arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare Slaiermaxeri
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs samyaros Semecnebis religiur da mecnierul
gzas.
romantikosebma Slaiermaxeris ideebi myisve gaiTavises, radgan kargad
Seesatyviseboda maT warmodgenebs. Slaiermaxeri religiaSi xedavs
sasrulisa da droebiTis, usasrulobisa da maradiulis dualizmis
gadawyvetas. religia aRmoCnda sasrulidan usasrulobaSi gadasvlis
saSualeba. garemomcvel samyaroSi yvela droebiTsa da sasrulSi moiazreba
maradiuli da usasrulo, radgan sasruli mxolod usasrulobaSi arsebobs
da droebiTi ki maradiulSi. amqveyniuri warmavalobis mZafri SegrZnebis
mqone romantikosebisTvis erTgvari Sveba iyo religiis amgvari gageba.
amdenad, ganmanaTleblur epoqaSi CrdilSi moqceuli religia
romantikosebis dainteresebas iwvevs da maT mier xdeba religiis rolis
axleburad gaazreba.
TvalSisacemia ienis skolis warmomadgenlebis gataceba filosofiiT,
rac imiT damTavrda, rom bolos sakuTari filosofiac Seqmnes.
romantikuli literaturisa da filosofiis mWidro kavSirze miuTiTebs
novalisi, roca ambobs: “sadac filosofia wydeba, iq iwyeba poezia” (39, 61).
romantikosebTan sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba Teoriis, ideis sferos
doneze. roca sxva xalxebi moqmedeben, iaraRiT xelSi ibrZvian, awyoben
revoluciebs da a. S. germanelebi msjeloben. haine werda, roca suli
safrangeTSi uaryves, igi TiTqos germaniaSi gadasaxlda da iq materia
uaryoo. J. de stali filosofiur gansjas ara marto romantikosebis,
mTlianad germaneli xalxis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs: “germaneli eri, ise
25
rogorc sxva aravin, imisTvis arsebobs, rom dakavdes filosofiiT” (40, 239),
radgan “germanelebisaTvis aqamde araferia ideaze Zvirfasi” (40, 239).
adreuli germanuli romantizmis mkveTrad gamoxatuli Teoriuli xasiaTis
mizezebi isev qveynis socialur _ politikur situaciaSi unda veZeboT.
qveynis teritoriaze uamravi patara damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arseboba,
mTavrebis TviTneburi mmarTveloba, centralizebuli xelisuflebis moSla,
ukiduresad uzRudavda germanelebs praqtikuli saqmianobis sferos.
ramdenadac “naciis inteleqtualuri energiisaTvis daketili iyo gza
ekonomikaSi, vaWrobaSi, zRvaosnobaSi, sazogadoebriv-politikur
moRvaweobaSi, am energiis akumulireba moxda Teoriis sferoSi _
filosofiur-esTetikur ZiebebSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi” (39, 28). amis
gamo germanulma romantizmma Seqmna farTo esTetikuri literatura,
romelic “gadmocemuli iyo ara imdenad samecniero traqtatebsa da
SromebSi, ramdenadac mravalferovan “Tavisufal” JanrebSi: kritikul
statiebSi, mxatvrul-istoriul narkvevebSi, aforizmebSi, nawarmoebTa
winasityvaobaSi, memuarebSi, dRiurebSi, werilebSi da bolos Tavad
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.Ees ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: uwin
ase aravis gaujerebia mxatvruli nawarmoebebi esTetikuri problemebiT. es
asabuTebs, romantikosebis gansakuTrebul interess xelovnebis
filosofiuri gaazrebisaken” (45, 12).
modernizmis filosofiur wyarosac subieqturi idealizmi
warmoadgens. yvela is moZRvreba, romelsac isini iziareben, iqneba es
Sopenhaueris “samyaro rogorc neba da warmodgena”, TuUbergsonis
intuitivizmi, hartmanis “qvecnobieris filosofia”, Tu huserlis
“fenomenologia”, an froidizmi. me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze evropaSi
Camoyalibebuli subieqtur-idealisturi filosofiuri moZRvrebebi
samyaros absolutur sawyisad sicocxles aRiareben da upirispirdebian
civilizaciasa da teqnikur progress, rogorc adamianis individualuri
fenomenis waSlis, nivelirebis safrTxis Semcvels: “Sopenhaueris,
kirkegorisa da nicSes moZRvrebebSi gamoikveTa erTsulovani agresia
pozitivizmisa da “moangariSe-buxhaltruli” teqnikuri azrovnebis mimarT,
26
mwvaved daisva adamianis Tavisufali aqtivobis, SemoqmedebiTi nebisa da
individualuri azrovnebis dakargvis problema. axali filosofiuri
mimarTuleba, romelsac SemdgomSi “sicocxlis filosofia” ewoda,
mkveTrad daupirispirda rogorc klasikur filosofias, ise pozitivizmisa
da istoriul-dialeqtikuri materializmis gabatonebul filosofiur
tendenciebs” (87, 45).
me-20 saukunis aRniSnul Teoriebs gaaCnia Sinagani mimarTeba germanul
idealistur filosofiasTan, romelsac axasiaTebs iseTive ukiduresi
subieqtivizmi, rac samyaros aRqma-miRebis mxolod konkretuli
individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sulier Tu fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs
ukavSirdeba. msgavsi filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT
germanuli romantizmisa da moderniznis TeoretikosTa saprogramo
dokumentebi, sadac mTavari adamiania, erTmaneTTan naTesaobas amJRavnebs.
romantikuli msoflmxvedelobiT adamiani mikrokosmoss warmoadgens,
makrokosmosis Semcirebul models, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi CarTulia
samyaros mTlianobaSi da piriqiT, masSi moiazreba samyaro.
fridrix Slegeli samarTlianad miuTiTebda romantizmis
Camoyalibebis sam mizezze, rogorc misi drois sam udides tendenciaze:
“safrangeTis revolucia, fixtes „moZRvreba mecnierebaze“ da goeTes
„maisteri“ aRniSnaven Cveni drois udides tendenciebs“ – wers igi (39, 57).
fr. Slegelma xazi gausva romantizmis socialur, filosofiur da
literaturul wanamZRvrebs. TiToeulma movlenam pirovneba daayena win da
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli maTi progresuloba da mniSvneloba. istoria
meordeba da me-20 saukunis gariJraJzec adamians eniWeba dominanturi roli,
xdeba qmediTi.
romantikosebs ar uaryviaT RmerTi, piriqiT, eswrafvian mis wiaRSi
dabrunebas. “adamianis RmerTTan, mis pirvelsawyisTan, “samyaros sulTan”,
sinTezur mTlianobasTan dabruneba _ aris kidec romantizmis centraluri
problema” (112, 84).
es hqonda mxedvelobaSi herman heses, romelic werilSi “romantizmis
suli” xazgasmiT aRniSnavs germanuli romantizmis damsaxurebas
27
kaTolikuri eklesiis winaSe: “istorikosebi dRemde gansacvifreblad mcire
yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu ra didi samsaxuri gauwia germaniam germanuli
romantizmis saxiT kaTolicizms, rogor idina sisxli romTan WidilSi, da
rogor CamorCa romi romantikuli kaTolicizmis Zlevamosil impulsebs.
SegveZlo gveTqva, rom romis udides codvebsa da sisusteebs ganekuTvneba
is, rom mas, arsebiTad ar aRmoaCnda unari, mieRo da ukvdaveyo germanuli
romantizmis sulieri talRa” (143, 81).
Tuki romantikosebma adamianis SemoqmedebiTi genia RmerTisas
gautoles, modernistebi ufro Sors wavidnen da gamoacxades, rom “RmerTi
mokvda”, anu adamiani samyaros erTaderT gamgeblad aRiares. nicSes es
sityvebi aRiqmeba, rogorc adamianis sruli Tavisufleba. amieridan axal
Rirebulebes da orientirebs igi Tavad qmnis.
arasasurveli realoba, imedebis gacrueba ganapirobebs
romantikosTaAsurvils gaeqcnen sinamdviles, mimarTon fantazias. amas
ukavSirdeba e.w. “ori samyaros” Seqmnis genezisi. igi ambivalenturi
movlenaa, romelic realuri samyaros irealurTan dapirispirebas
gulisxmobs. pirvel maTgans cxovreba qmnis, sadac romantikosebis
warmodgeniT, boroteba mZlavrobs, meore ki, maTi fantaziis nayofs
warmoadgens da swored iseTia, rogor sinamdvilesac isini isurvebdnen, anu
qmnian SesaZlebel realobas. aq Tavisufleba, usazRvroeba, zneoba sufevs.
romantikosebi mtkivneulad ganicdian realobasa da ideals Soris gaCenil
winaaRmdegobas. “ori samyaros” arseboba naTlad metyvelebs adamiansa da
garesamyaros Soris gaTiSulobaze, darRveul harmoniaze. axali
msoflmxvedeloba mimarTulia swored aRniSnuli konfliqtis
aRmofxvrisken. romantikosebi Tanamedrove mtkivneuli problemebis
gadawyvetasa da yoveldRiurobaze amaRlebas sulis sferoSi cdiloben,
xolo ubadruk Tanamedroveobas maradiul Rirebulebebs upirispireben.
Tumca realurisa da idealuris opozicia xelovansa da cxovrebas Soris
dapirispirebas kidev ufro amwvavebs.
obieqtur realobasTan Seurigebloba iwvevs aseve me-20 saukunis
adamianis sasowarkveTas, skepticizms, SiSs, rac aiZulebs mas Tavi Seafaros
28
warmosaxvis iluzorul samyaros, sadac xdeba misi survilebisa da
ocnebebis realizeba.
idealisturma moZRvrebam romantikosebs didi SesaZleblobebi
gadauSala, daanaxa, rom ideali arsebobs ara realobaSi, aramed
irealurSi, zebunebrivSi. isini ar ikvleven mizezebs, Tu ram gamoiwvia
maTTvis arasasurveli Sedegebi, aramed idealis ZebniT ufro arian
dakavebulni. Tuki klasicistebTan ideali sruliad konkretuli da aqedan
gamomdinare, misaRwevi Cans, romantikosebisaTvis igi abstraqtuli,
universaluri, mudmivad srulqmnadi da amitom cota gaurkveveli da
miuRwevelia. idealisturi filosofiis SemoTavazebuli SesaZlebloba
sagnis gamoxatvis sanacvlod ideis, pirveladis gamoxatva, arsis Zieba,
modernizmisTvisac misaRebi aRmoCnda. masazrdoebeli wyaro, iseve, rogorc
romantizmis SemTxvevaSi, intuiciaa.
logika da racionalizmi meored XX saukunis dasawyisSi uaryves,
rogorc Semecnebis gza. erTxmad aitaces bergsonis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamiani realobas swvdeba intuiciis, instinqtisa da ara inteleqtis
saSualebiT. “Tanamedrove poetebi ise arian dajerebuli Tavis qmediT
intuiciaSi, rogorc mecnierebi Tavis maTematikur gonebaSi” (25, 613) _ wers
v. gafrindaSvili.
modernistuli msoflmxedvelobis mxatvrul esTetikaSi gardatexis
Sedegad viRebT nawarmoebs, romelsac m. jaliaSvili ase axasiaTebs:
“realizmis kanonebis uaryofa, iracionalizmi, miTisa da Tanamedroveobis
paralelebi, Txrobis Tanmimdevrobis darRveva, siuJetis erTianobis
uaryofa, ironia, orazrovneba, enisa da weris teqnikis erTgvari
dapirispireba SinaarsTan, Semoqmedis rolis xazgasma sazogadoebaSi,
interesis sagani xelovneba da ara cxovreba da sxv.” (139, 3). es definicia
sityva-sityviT miesadageba romantikul esTetikasac.
rogorc vnaxeT, romantizmsa da modernizms msgavsi socialuri,
filosofiuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi winapirobebi aerTianebT, riTac
aris gamowveuli maTi subieqtivizmi, iracionalizmi, alogikuroba,
misticizmi da ideuroba. orive maTgani Tavisi arsiT “antiklasikuri”
29
movlenaa. arc erTs ar axasiaTebs gawonasworebuloba, harmonia,
garkveuloba da sicxade. agreTve gaurkvevelia maTi formebi da gamosaxvis
xerxebi. xelovani orive SemTxvevaSi realobis Sesaxeb sakuTar suraTs
qmnis da “adamianis uflebebis damcvelad” gvevlineba.
yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri ar aris rom
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi
erTmaneTTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs. samyaros maTeuli xedva garda
mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa, gaTvalsaCinoebulia maT Teoriul-publicistur
nawerebSi, sadac gacxadebulia avtorTa mosazreba mraval sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
novalisis msoflmxedveloba gaformda Teoriul naSromebSi,
romelTac zogadad “fragmentebs” uwodeben. maTi ricxvi STambeWdavia da
gaerTianebulia Semdeg krebulebSi: “yvavilTa mtveri” (1798), “rwmena da
siyvaruli” (1798). “fragmentebSi” koncentrirebuli saxiT warmodgenili
mwerlis filosofia mxatvrulad xorcSesxmulia mis prozasa da poeziaSi.
novalisis saazrovno are, miuxedavad misi asakisa (gardaicvala 29 wlis
asakSi) da samwerlo asparezze moRvaweobis xanmokleobisa (qmnida sami
wlis manZilze), erTob farToa. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis simciris
miuxedavad, romelic sul erT sqeltanian toms Seadgens, TvalnaTeli
warmodgena gveqmneba mis aqtiur moRvaweobaze sxvadasxva JanrSi: prozaSi,
poeziasa da publicistikaSi. fragmentebSi gamoTqmulia avtoris azri
Tanamedrove cxovrebis uamrav mxareze. novalisis filosofia, romelic
cnobilia “magiuri idealizmis” saxeliT, germanuli romantizmis
mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgens. novalisis Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania Rrma, filosofiuri Sinaarsi, misticizmi da religiuroba.
literaturaTmcodneebi miiCneven, rom novalisi germanuli
romantizmis gasaRebs warmoadgens, misi Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli aRqma
aiolebs am mimdinareobis germanuli skolis esTetikis gagebas.
rac Seexeba gr. robaqiZes, mas, marTalia, fragmentis JanrisTvis ar
miumarTavs, Tumca dawerili aqvs uamravi literaturuli Tu kritikul-
publicisturi werili, ramdenime filosofiuri ese, sadac avtoris
30
msoflmxedvelobaa gacxadebuli. misi werilebis Tematika ar aris mxolod
literaturis sakiTxebiT SemozRuduli, aramed moicavs musikis, cekvis,
mxatvrobis da uamrav sxva sferos. maT mxatvrul xorcSesxmas ki misi
proza da poezia warmoadgens. swored gr. robaqiZis eseistikis Seswavla
aris sawindari misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis saTanadod aRqma-gagebisaTvis.
rogorc ak. baqraZe robaqiZisadmi miZRvnil Tavis monografiaSi wers, “gr.
robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze saubari erTdroulad advilic aris da Znelic.
advilia imdenad, ramdenadac Tavis TxzulebaTa umravlesobas Tavad
aanalizebs” (12, 87). amdenad, gansaxilvel mweralTa Semoqmedebaze saubari
srulyofili ver iqneba maTi Teoriuli Tu literaturul-publicisturi
nawerebis gauTvaliwineblad.
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1.2. miTosuri azrovneba
mTavari Tanxvedra novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebas Soris
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom orive miTosuri azrovnebis nayofia, rac ar niSnavs
mxolod miTosuri siuJetebis gamoyenebas, an miTologiidan nasesxebi
personaJebis TxrobaSi Semoyvanas. aq saqme gvaqvs samyaros xedvis
gansakuTrebul unarTan. igi upirvelesad gulisxmobs problemebis
masStabur gaazrebas, roca mwerali mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT ki ar
azrovnebs, aramed kompleqsurad, roca Temebi mxolod erTi epoqisaTvis ki
ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed aqtualuria nebismier drosa da nebismier
sazogadoebaSi. laparakia e.w. zogadsakacobrio Temebze. cneba _ miTosuri
azrovneba gulisxmobs “miTosuri msoflmxedvelobis Zerwvis teqnologias,
miTosuri sturqturebis dafuZnebis xelovnebas, miTosuri cnobierebis
matarebeli _ miTis kacis Seqmnis teqnikas” (47, 10).
samyaros gaazrebis es forma mieltvis “marad myofadi” sidideebis,
WeSmaritebis Secnobas. miTosSi moTxrobili ambavi aris ara erTxel
momxdari da damTavrebuli, aramed ciklurad ganmeorebadi, rac gamoarCevs
mas istoriuli an literaturuli teqstisgan. “miTosi siuJeti ki ar aris,
aramed uamravi (maT Soris, miTologiuri) siuJetis uzogadesi, sqematuri
safuZveli. miTosi SeiZleba, agreTve, davasaxeloT, rogorc erTgvari
potenciuri siuJeti, romelic konkretuli realizaciis gareSe mxatvruli
SesaZleblobis (sqemis, “Targis”, “yalibis”) saxiT arsebobs adamianis
fsiqikaSi. faqtobrivad, uZvelesi miTologia sxva araferia, Tu ara
miTosur sqemaTa siuJeturi xorcSesxmis istoriulad yvelaze adreuli,
arqauli forma” (61, 39). samyaros Semecnebis es meTodi gulisxmobs
movlenebis siRrmiseul wvdomas. “miTosi asaxavs cnobierebis gamTlianebis
perspeqtivas, romlisganac bunebac da sulic, yofiereba Sinaganica da
gareganic axali formiT gamoCndeba” (47, 14). amitomac romantikosebisa da
modernistebis mzera realurs scdeba da irealurSi iWreba. miTosisken maT
Semobrunebas ganapirobebs realurisa da idealis konfliqti da saganTa
arsSi wvdomis survili.
32
arsebuli realobiT ukmayofilo romantikosebi xsnas maT mierve
Seqmnil, gamogonil samyaroSi eZeben. xelovnebis mTavar problemas
warmoadgens gaTiSuloba adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris. romantikosebs
Zalian moswonT yvelaferi gaurkveveli. maTi SemoqmedebisaTvis karg
masalas warmoadgens is, rac Rrma, filosofiuri gansjis saSualebas
iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad
misaRebia movlenebis Wvretis axleburi forma, universaluri xedva,
romelic xelovnebis garda, moicavs filosofiisa da religiis sferoebs.
yovelive amis gamo romantikuli nawarmoebi rTuli aRsaqmeli xdeba,
TiTqos zRaprul, miTiur saburvelSi exveva. saTqmeli mxolod miniSnebiT,
SefarviTaa naTqvami. igi teqstis miRma, qveteqstis saxiT ikiTxeba. aseTi
nawarmoebi gajerebulia alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT. rogorc fr.
Slegeli werda, axali drois mwerlebi miTebs qmnian da Tavad antikur
miTebsac tols ar udebeno.
romantikuli nawarmoebi sruliad alogikur da erTmaneTTan
SeuTavsebel faqtebs Tu movlenebs erTmaneTs uTanxmebs. masSi sruliad
SesaZlebelia is, rac realobaSi _ warmoudgeneli. romantikosTa
qmnilebebSi daxatuli suraTi, novalisis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
warmoadgens realobis sapirispiros. waSlilia zRvari drosa da sivrceSi.
aq erTmaneTis gverdiT arseboben realuri da ararealuri.
radgan romantikuli esTetika transcendenturis, miRmiuris asaxvas
gulisxmobs, romantikosi mwerlisaTvis miuRebelia faqtebisa Tu
movlenebis realisturi aRwera. amis Sesaxeb fr. Slegeli wers, rom
realisturi aRwera uZluria gamoxatos samyarosa da adamianis namdvili
arsi, rom igi mxolod maT asls iZleva. amitom, ramdenadac uCveulo
Temebze werdnen isini, gamosaxvis xerxebic saTanado SeimuSaves,
igulisxmeba Janruli sinTezi.
sabolood yvelaferi imas emsaxureba, rom, rac SeiZleba zedmiwevniT
gadmoscen sakuTari Sexedulebebi yoveliveze garemomcvel samyaroSi.
“romantikosebi, qmnidnen ra sakuTar miTologias iswrafodnen gamoexataT
universaluri da amavdroulad individualuri warmodgena samyaroze.
33
yvelaferi, ris gamoTqmac xatovnad SeiZleba, romantikosebi aRiqvamdnen
rogorc miTs, sadac sasruli usasrulobasTanaa gadajaWvuli” (106, 5).
romantizmma sxvagvarad gaiazra samyaro. misi mxatvruli azrovneba
gansxvavebulia imisagan, rasac icnobs romantizmamdeli literaturis
istoria. xelovnebis safuZvlad miTologiis gamocxadeba gamoiwvia
romantikulma panTeizmma, bunebis romantikulma aRqmam, sadac sasruli da
usasrulo erTmaneTs erwymis. bunebis msgavsad miTologiaSic yvelaferi
urTierTkavSirSia, sadac aramarto iqmneba, aramed gardaiqmneba kidec. “Tuki
buneba aris sulisa da materiis erTianoba, maSin miTologia aris, ase
vTqvaT am erTianobis gamoqveyneba, deklaracia” (112, 97).
romantikosebma herderis kvaldakval aRiares miTis gansakuTrebuli
esTetikuri mniSvneloba. SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes miTosis potenciali da
Seqmnes miTis sakuTari koncefcia, wamoayenes axali miTologiis idea.
romantikosebma miTi aRiares nebismieri mxatvruli formis
SemoqmedebiT principad. “axali miTis” Semqmneli swored uZvelesi miTebis
sisadavesa da universalobas unda miaxloveboda.
miTis warmoSobisTanave antikur xanaSi Cndeba misi gageba-gaazrebisa
Tu ganmartebis mcdeloba. es procesi ganmanaTleblobis epoqamde ori
ZiriTadi mimarTulebis saxiT yalibdeba: evhemeruli da alegoriuli.
pirveli maTgani dasabams iRebs Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe
berZeni mwerlisa da filosofosis evhemeres Semoqmedebidan, romelic
yovelgvar RvTaebrivSi adamianur sawyiss aRmoaCens. evhemeres azriT,
miTologiuri RmerTebi arian gaRmerTebuli istoriuli pirovnebebi, xolo
meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, RmerTebi da gmirebi aRiqmebian rogorc
abstaqtuli Tvisebebisa da movlenebis gansaxierebani.
ganmanaTleblebs Soris yalibdeba araerTazrovani damokidebuleba
miTologiaze. frangi mwerali da moazrovne bernar de fonteneli Tavis
SromebSi miTs ganixilavs, rogorc inteleqtualuri ganuviTareblobis
Sedegs, radgan gonebrivad ganuviTarebeli adamianis warmodgenebi
usazRvroa: “adamianebi rac ufro umecarni arian da rac ufro naklebi
34
gamocdileba aqvT, miT ufro saocrebad warmoudgebaT yvelaferi... pirveli
adamianebi midrekilni iyvnen yvelaferSi saswauli ganeWvritaT” (114, 58).
sapirispiro azrs aviTarebs Jan Jak ruso, gamodis ra “veluris
apologiiT”, misi kritikis obieqti xdeba civilizacia da progresi.
germaniaSi kargad icnobdnen italieli ganmanaTleblis,
filosofosis, literaturis Teoretikosisa da poetis _ jambatista vikos
naazrevs, romlis mixedviTac („axali mecnierebis safuZvlebi erTa zogadi
bunebis Sesaxeb” (1725)), kacobriobis istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara
movlenebisa da etapebis cikluri ganmeoreba. Zveli epoqis zrdasruli
adamianisa da bavSvis fsiqologiis Sedarebisas viko askvnis, rom maTi
msoflaRqma msgavsia. roca gonismieri gansja sustad aris ganviTarebuli,
adamiani usazRvro warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unars flobs.
germaniaSi j. vikos ideebis gaziareba moxda jer herderis da Semdeg
romantikosebis mier. miTis romantikuli Teoriis CamoyalibebisTvis
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda aseve “qariSxlisa da Setevis” warmomadgenlis
karl filip moricis naSromi „swavleba RmerTebze“ (1791), sadac avtori
aviTarebs msjelobas miTologiuri Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb (asevea
dasaTaurebuli Sesavali nawili). Selingi, romelic miTologiis Sesaxeb
leqciebs kiTxulobda, xazs usvams moricis wignis gansakuTrebul
Rirebulebas. moricis naSromis mTavari fraza _ miTi aris poezia,
romantikosebma Semdegnairad gaiazres _ poezia aris miTi da poetebi ki –
miTismqnelebi.
uSualod miTebis kvlevisadmi miZRvnili Sromebi ar aqvs, magram miTis
romantikuli koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis
filosofossa da kritikoss, “qariSxlisa da Setevis” moZraobis liders _
iohan gotfrid herders, romelic jer kidev romantikosebamde miuTiTebda
Zveli xalxebis poeziis mniSvnelobaze. swored am kuTxiT miTebi
araerTxel moqceula misi interesebis sferoSi. xalxurma Semoqmedebam
axali JReradoba da datvirTva SeiZina. amieridan Zveli epoqebi aRar
aRiqmeboda rogorc dabali ganviTarebis mqone periodi kulturis
istoriaSi.
35
herderi Tanamedrove Semoqmedis mSral da Rarib enas upirispirebs
xalxuri poeziis mdidar enas, romelsac Sinagani kavSiri da mimarTeba
gaaCnia Soreuli warsulis namdvil poetur enasTan. swored xalxur
poeziasTan kavSirSi xedavs igi literaturis ganaxlebis gzas.
herderis SemoqmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda 1769 wels
safrangeTSi gemiT mogzauroba, romlis drosac mas samyaro warmoudga,
rogorc simboloebis erToblioba. bunebis wiaRSi mis Tvalwin gaixsna am
simboloebis usasrulo raodenoba, moxda maTi dekodireba. “is mixvda
rogor warmoiSva sagnebis miTologiuri xedva da rom isini aucileblad
eCvenebian imave saxiT Tanamedrove adamiansac, roca igi maTgan ar aris
dafaruli (rogorc mogzaurobis dros) civilizaciis WuWyiani mosasxamiT”
(144, 62). am gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba istoriuli sibrZnis kvlav aRorZineba
da miTis xelaxla gancda. amisTvis saWiroa bunebasTan da xalxur
SemoqmedebasTan mWidro kavSiri.
marTalia, miTis romantikuli koncefcia iziarebs garkveulwilad
herderis ideebs, igi damuSvda axali mimdinareobis Teoretikosebis _
fridrix Slegelis, Slaiermaxeris, Selingisa da novalisis SromebSi.
fr. Slegelis literaturuli memkvidreoba gansakuTrebuli
mxatvruli doniT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca aRiarebulia misi Teoriuli
Sromebis mniSvneloba. miTisa da miTologiis Temas exeba igi SromaSi
“saubari poeziaze” (1800), romlis erT Tavs asec qvia – “saubari
miTologiaze”. fr. Slegeli ayalibebs axali miTologiis Seqmnis ideas,
romelSic miiRweva filosofiis, religiisa da xelovnebis sinTezi. Zvel
miTologiaze saubrisas ambobs: “Zveli drois poeziis yvela nawarmoebi
erTmaneTs uerTdeba, qmnian [...]…raRac mTels, yvelaferi erTmaneTSi gadadis,
yvelgan erTi da igive sulia, mxolod sxvadasvagvarad gamovlenili [...]
Zveli poezia warmoadgenda erT ganuyofel, dasrulebul nawarmoebs” (129,
388).
axal miTologias fr. Slegeli amocanad usaxavs xelovnebis
“gacocxlebas”. miTi aris poeziis idealuri forma, sadac sasruli
36
usasrulos Seicavs. igi Zveli miTologiis gverdiT saWirod miiCnevs axali
miTologiis Seqmnas.
axal poezias gansakuTrebul funqcias aniWebs fr. Slegeli. igi
poezias ganixilavs, rogorc samyaros aRqmis miTologiur formas, romlis
universalizmma da sinTezurobam unda moicvas realoba, gamoxatos da
ganasaxieros mTeli epoqis cnobiereba. „mxolod romantikul poezias,
sarkis darad, SeuZlia gaxdes epoqis anarekli“ (39, 56). romantikuli
poeziis universalurobaSi fr. Slegeli gulisxmobs im mravalferovnebasa
da sisavses, rac Zveli poeziisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. „ratom ar
ganxorcieldes kidev rac erTxel ukve iyo? ra Tqma unda sxvagvarad – da
ratom ara ufro mSvenieri da didebuli saxiT?“ (129, 388) _ wers igi.
simbolizacia aris miTologiisa da romantikuli poeziis (zogadad,
romantikuli literaturis) damaxasiTebeli niSani. amitom, fr.
SlegelisTvis cnebebi “simboluri” da “miTologiuri” TiTqmis msgavsi
datvirTvis matarebelia. mogvianebiT, aRniSnul naSromSi koreqtivebis
Setanisas avtorma sityva “miTologiuri” “simboluriT” Caanacvla.
romantizmis kidev erTi saetapo naSroms warmoadgens Slaiermaxeris
“religiis Sesaxeb”, romelic am SemTxvevaSi saintersoa “axali
miTologiis” romantikuli ideis konteqstSi. sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli
naSromi maSin Seiqmna, roca ienaSi is-is iyo germanuli romantizmis
konturebi ikveTeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobda pirdapiri
kavSiri romantikul wreebTan, Slaiermaxeris aRniSnuli naSromi aSkara
ideur siaxloves amJRavnebs axali mimdinareobis ZiriTad postulatebTan.
avtoris gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs religiisadmi uaryofiTad
ganwyobili adamianebi. avtoris azriT, religiuri grZnoba mainc
damaxasiaTebelia bunebiT nebismieri adamianisaTvis, maTTvisac ki, vinc
uaryofs. avtoris azriT, religia adamians garedan ki ar “miewodeba”,
aramed mis pirad gancdebsa da emociebze dayrdnobiT missave arsSi
warmoiSoba. RmerTis, sayovelTao urTierTkavSirisa da damokidebulebis
Semecneba SesaZlebelia grZnobiTi aRqmiT, WvretiT da ara gonebiT.
37
Slaiermaxeris azriT, swored religia aZlevs adamians Semecnebis
universalobas, radgan igi aris usasrulobis Semcveli. religiis prizmaSi
sasrulsa da usasrulobas Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs.
fridrix vilhelm Selingi grZnobad Semecnebas ”inteleqtualur
Semecnebas” upirispirebs. yvelaze ufro dasrulebuli da Camoyalibebuli
koncefciac miTologiaze mas ekuTvnis. miTologia gansazRvrulia, rogorc
„nebismieri xelovnebis aucilebeli piroba“ da „upirvelesi masala“,
xazgasmulia misi simboluri buneba. SelingisaTvis miTologia sxva
araferia Tu ara universumi warmodgenili sazeimo samoselSi. miTs
miniWebuli aqvs simbolos yvela Tviseba da igi unda gaigebodes
simbolurad. Selingis da zogadad, romantikosTa esTetikaSi, rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, xdeba miTisa da simbolos daaxloeba.
poetisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb Selingi wers: “yoveli didi poeti
mowodebulia misTvis gaxsnili samyaros nawili aqcios raRac mTlianobad
da misi masalidan Seqmnas sakuTari miTologia; es samyaro (miTologiuri
samyaro) Camoyalibebis procesSia, da poetis Tanamedrove epoqas ZaluZs
mxolod mas gauxsnas am samyaros nawili” (123, 147-148).
rac Seexeba novaliss, misi filosofia ar warmoadgens Tanmimdevrul,
sistematur msjelobas. igi aforizmebis saxiT aris gabneuli CanawerebSi.
novalisis filosofiuri programa iziarebs fixtes moZRvrebas, Tumca ara
bolomde. radgan fixtes “me” ufro abstraqtul-filosofiuri movlenaa,
novalisTan ki empiriuli, iseve, rogorc danarCen romantikosebTan. masTan
samyaros Secvlis idea ukavSirdeba ara imdenad nebismieri adamianis “me”-s,
aramed upirveles yovlisa poets, romelic flobs udidess, magiur Zalas
Secvalos samyaro sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr. novalisis azriT, sityva
warmoadgens simbolos, romelic xsnis sagnis arss. poetis daniSnulebaa
swored sityvis arsSi wvdomiT daeuflos masze zemoqmedebis magiur
SesaZleblobebs, rac sabolood samyaros gardaqmnaSi daexmareba. amitom
poetis sityva Sedarebulia magis sityvasTan. miTosuri azrovneba, Tu axali
miTebis Seqmna aris samyaros wvdomis poeturi (romantikuli) forma.
gansakuTrebuli msoflSegrZnebis mqone poeti yoveldRiurobaSi
38
transcendenturis arsebobas amCnevs da mowodebulia sayovelTao
urTierTkavSiris, urTierTdamokidebulebis aRsadgenad. ase midis novalisi
Tanamedrove mwerlobis mier axali miTosis Seqmnis ideamde. igi Semecnebis
gzasTan erTad mis formasac gansazRvravs. misi azriT, zRapari yvelaze
ufro adekvaturad gamoxatavs transcendenturis saidumlos, radgan masSi
miiRweva samyaros mTlianobis miTologiuri idea. sainteresoa, rom mwerali
erTmaneTisagan ar gamoyofs zRapars, miTsa da poezias.
novalisma Teoriul SromebSi fragmentebad Camoyalibebul
Sexedulebebs: adamianis yofierebis sazrisis, samyaros wyobis, poetisa da
poeziis daniSnulebis, zRapris poetikis Sesaxeb mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa
romanSi “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”, sadac miTosuri azrovneba mTeli
sigrZe-siganiT warmoCinda – dawyebuli zogadsakacobrio ideebis
globaluri gaazrebiT, damTavrebuli nawarmoebebis Janruli TaviseburebiT.
novalisi qmnis sakuTar miTologias, romelsac igi “Tavisufal poetur
gamonagons” uwodebs. igi iSveliebs antikur, germanul, keltur miTebs,
aRmosavlur Tqmulebebs da ayalibebs miTs samyaros Sesaxeb, sadac
harmonia, poezia da siyvaruli mefobs anu qmnis miTs “oqros xanis” Sesaxeb.
romanSi “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” TiToeuli moqmedeba Tu personaJi
erTgvar simbolos, miTs warmoadgens. avtori xatavs miTiur warsulsa da
miTiur momavals. nawarmoebis dasawyisSive xdeba awmyoSi momavlis
ganWvreta. sizmarSi nanaxi cisferi yvavili, romelic “oqros xanis”
simbolocaa, aris momavali, romelsac awmyo Seicavs. iseve rogorc
gandegilis gamoqvabulSi nanax wignSi xedavs hainrixi Tavis warsuls da
masTan erTad momavalsac.
romantikulma ideebma germanul literaturasa da filosofiaSi
gavlena iqonia da dasabami misca Semdgomi periodis miTis axal
koncefciebs.
miTis sferoSi germanuli romatizmis ideebiTaa STagonebuli e. w.
“sicocxlis filosofiis” warmomadgenlebis f. nicSes, g. klagesis da
sxvaTa Semoqmedeba. upirveles yovlisa es exeba nicSes qrestomaTiad qceul
wigns “tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan” (1872). berZnul kulturaSi,
39
romelsac avtori Seiswavlis, xedavs or urTierTsapirispiro sawyiss _
apolonursa da dionisurs. pirveli maTgani harmoniuli, gawonasworebuli
da esTetizirebulia Tavisi bunebiT. meore _ disharmoniuli, instinqturi
da demonuri. avtoris azriT, miTosSemoqmedeba warmoadgens kulturis
ganaxlebis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas, rac uSualod romantikuli
Teoriis zegavleniT Camoyalibda, rogorc hese wers, “nicSe aSkarad
germanuli romantizmis nayofia” (143, 81).
TiTqos romantizmis epoqis Semdgom dro ar gasula, viTareba axali
aswleulis dasawyisSic ucvlelia. TiTqos adamiani kidev ufro daSorda
absoluts, vidre amas erTi saukunis win hqonda adgili da is rRveva-
gaucxoeba, romelsac romantikosebi ase mtkivneulad ganicdidnen, mas
Semdeg kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda da gafarTovda. yoveldRiuri rutiniT
daqanculi adamianis suls usazRvroebaSi gaWra moesurva. swored maSin
wamovida miTiT dainteresebis axali talRa. rogorc andrei beli, rusi
simbolisti, werda, „cota xnis winaT fiqrobdnen, rom samyaro Seswavlilia.
yovelgvari siRrme gaqra horizontidan, gaqra yovelgvari Rirebuleba,
romlebic aRmoaCendnen perspeqtivebs, yovelive Camofasda, magram ar
dakargula adamianTa gulebSi miswrafeba Soreulisadmi. kvlav moesurvaT
perspeqtivebi, gulma kvlav moiTxova maradiuli Rirebulebebi“ (15, 244).
miTosuri azrovneba modernistul esTetikaSic mniSvnelovani
segmentia. igi mwerals pirvelsawyisTan abrunebs, aRadgens darRveul
kontaqts miwasa da kosmoss Soris. modernistuli mimdinareobebi
neomiTologiur kulturas warmoadgens, radgan miTisadmi mimarTeba aqac
iseve aSkaraa, rogorc romantizmis SemTxvevaSi. axali xelovnebis
warmomadgenelnic fiqroben, rom adamianSi Camarxulia codna samyaros
saidumloebebis Sesaxeb. miTosuri azrovneba ki cdilobs Cawvdes mas,
cdilobs realuri da zeistoriuli faqtebi erTmaneTs moargos, Seqmnas
axali miTi. kvlav xdeba miTosuri da realuri sibrtyeebis monacvleoba.
nebismieri faqtisa Tu movlenis miRma idea imaleba da yovel konkretulSi
zogadsakacobrio igulisxmeba. miTi arRvevs profanuli drois sazRvrebs
da SesaZlebels xdis maradisobasTan ziarebas.
40
1922 wlis “meocnebe niamorebis” me-7 nomerSi ibeWdeba val.
gafrindaSvilis ese “axali miTologia”. imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqmneba
Tanamedrove miTebi, avtori wers, “dRes poezia qmnis realuri saxeebidan
simboloebs, qmnis axal miTebs... axali miTis Seqmna ufro Znelia da mas
meti Rirebuleba aqvs” (24, 9-10).
“grigol robaqiZem valerianis miTisqmnadoba astraluri xazebis
simbolikiT Secvala da “sityvis roiad” monaTla, romlis mTeli sistema
Seqmna” (103, 199) – wers s. sigua. swored “sityvis misteriaSi, misi arsis
SecnobaSi eZebda (gr. robaqiZe-n.b.) miTosur wiaRs, Semohqonda rogorc
warmarTuli, ise qristianuli masala, raTa qarTuli msoflWvreta
religiis mixedviT ar daxleCiliyo” (105, 202).
gr. robaqiZisaTvis xelovnebis daniSnuleba miTis qmna unda iyos,
romelic, marTalia ararealur, magram SesaZlo ambebs gadmogvcems.
werilSi “saTaveni Cemi Semoqmedebisa”, mwerali miTosis genezisze saubrobs
da ambobs, rom igi kosmiuri warmomavlobisaa da ara istoriuli. “miTiuri
realoba aris uTuod meti da ufro azrovani, vidre istoriuli” (99, 31).
istoriuli gansazRvrul, ukve nacnob drosa da adgils gulisxmobs,
miTiuri ki aseT konkretikaze maRla dgas. Zveli romaelis salustiusis
sityvebi ufro naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs mis arsze: “es ar yofila,
xolo aris yovelTvis” (99, 84). sxva eseSi gr. robaqiZe imowmebs germanel
romantikoss _ Selings, romelic miTosur realobas “metafizikur myofads”
uwodebs. igi ar scnobs gramatikuli drois kategoriebs da kosmiur
yovladobaSi CarTuli warmogvidgeba.
miTosuri azrovneba gr. robaqiZisTvis aris Sinagani WvretiT sagnebis
Seswavla, maTSi Sefaruli ideis migneba-warmoCena. idea anu pirvelsawyisi
aris miTi im sagnisa Tu movlenisaTvis. filosofiur eseSi “TaurSiSi da
miTosi” mwerali swored amaze saubrobs: “Cauqroblad Rvivis CvenSi
pirvelsawyisi. igi idumal arsebobs, cxovrobs yvela sagansa da movlenaSi.
ase warmoiSoba yofierebis miTiuri aRqma” (101,…53).
kargad aris cnobili robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze nicSes moZRvrebis
gavlenis Sesaxeb. mwerlis mier aRiarebul iqna dionisuri sawyisi
41
apolonuris sawinaaRmdegod. erTmaneTisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli
am ori sawyisis analizisas g. asaTiani dionisuris bunebaSi romantikulis
niSnebs xedavs: “apolonuri sawyisi am koncefciis mixedviT, niSnavs
daaxloebiT igives, rasac klasikuri hegelis esTetikaSi, an miamituri
SilerisaSi, anu naTels, gonebiT gawonasworebuls, harmoniuls, xolo
dionisuri – stiqiurs, qvecnobiers, disharmoniuls anu zogierTi niSniT
romantikulis monaTesave sawyiss” (7, 563).
gr. robaqiZe goeTes moZRvrebas Taurfenomenis Sesaxeb aseve maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs, romelmac misi msoflxedvis Camoyalibebaze mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori SeniSnavs, aRniSnuli
moZRvreba misTvis “saganTa Semecnebis safuZvlad” iqca. goeTem ara marto
mTlianad mcenareSi, aramed mis yovel umcires nawilSi dainaxa
Taurmcenare, igive arsi, idea. sxvagvarad SeiZleba Selingis sityvebiT
avxsnaT: “yvela organul arsebaSi, diax yvelaSi, Tundac maT umcires
nawilSi, Seicnob usasrulobasa da mTlianobas, yvela TavisTvis da mainc
erTad” (59, 83). swored “goethes Tvals”, mis msoflgancdas uZRvnis gr.
robaqiZe roman _ “gvelis perangs”, romlis ideasac samyaros Semecneba
warmoadgens. nawarmoebs epiTetad Semdegi sityvebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli:
“goeThes _
romlis “tyis mefe”
wakiTxvamde vigzne
Svidi wlis bavSvma _
goethes Tvals
romani “gvelis perangi”.
rogorc siyvaruli” (89, 7).
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrclad saubrobs mwerali werilSi “Cemi
cxovreba”, sadac qeds ixris germaneli klasikosis geniis winaSe: “goeTe
CemTvis gamocxadeba iyo. germaniamdec vicnobdi, mis “erlkionig”–s,
romelzec saqarTveloSi mudam vocnebobdi. mesaxeboda umSvenieres baladad
_ Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebidan. bavSvobaSi mamasTan erTad, xSirad
davaWenebdi cxens. Wenebis dros mamis qamars CaWidebuli im JrJolvas
42
vgrZnovdi, romelic goeTem ase ostaturad gadmosca leqsiT. goeTes
moZRvreba Taurfenomenis Sesaxeb CemTvis saganTa Semecnebis safuZvlad
iqca. sinamdvilis xedva Camoyalibebis processa da mTelis dinebaSi, da ara
calkeul momentebSi _ gana mwerlisa da moazrovnis umaRlesi amocana
araa?..” (125, 226).
gr. robaqiZis miTisqmnadobaze miTis romantikuli koncefciis
gavlenas mianiSnebs g. benaSvili werilSi “romantikul ocnebaTa
didostati”. “romantikuli poeziis gamocdileba man (gr. robaqiZe – n.b.)
aqcia prozis organul nakvTad Tu ornamentad” (16, 9).
gasagebi xdeba gr. robaqiZis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba vaJa-
fSavelas mimarT. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli vaJas Semoqmedebisadmi
qarTveli sazogadoebis masiurad daintereseba, rac gr. robaqiZis mier
wakiTxul sajaro leqciebs mohyva. mTielis TavisTavadoba, bunebrioba,
miTTan kavSiri aRmoCnda misi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli. gr. robaqiZe mas
ase axasiaTebs: „mkvdreTiT aRmdgari Ze miTologiuri warsulisa“ (125, 286),
„kaci, romelic bunebis Suagulidan umzers garesknels“ (99, 158) da bolos
_ „urmenS“ (99, 158), anu civilizacias TiTqmis mowyvetili adamiani,
romelic Sedevrebs qmnida. misi ganmWvreti goneba ufro mets swvdeboda,
vidre bevri sxva akademiuri ganaTlebis mqone.
miTosurad moazrovneTa Sorisaa uTuod Cveni didi winapari _
rusTaveli da albaT amas gulisxmobda gr. robaqiZe roca werda eses
“rusTavelis msoflio mzera”. igi rusTavelis SemoqmedebiT meTodad
movlenebis intuitiur wvdomas aRiarebs _ poetis “msoflio mzera” xom
igive miTosuri azrovnebaa.
da bolos, gr. robaqiZe gvTavazobs miTiuri nawarmoebis amocnobis
xerxs. mkiTxvels wignis kiTxvisas unda darCes STabeWdileba, rom
moTxrobili ambavi sadRac, odesRac ukve momxdara, maSin mwerlis misia
pirnaTlad aris Sesrulebuli. amiT avtori xazs usvams miTiuri ambis
zedroulobas.
43
miTis qmnadobis miznebisa da mizezebis Rrmad gaazrebis Semdeg gr.
robaqiZe zedmiwevniT misdevs mis yvela wess. rudolf karmani misi
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb wers: “robaqiZe saganTa arsebas kvalSi misdevda TviT
yvelaze ufro dafarulamde. iqamde, rac SeiZleba mxolod winaswar
ugrZnos gulma kacs, Tanac ise, rom araviTar fsiqologiur analizs ar
eweoda” (99, 388).
rogorc cnobilia, „cisferyanwelebi“ mas ufros megobrad da
maswavleblad Tvlidnen, marTalia, wlebis Semdeg werilSi “saTaveni Cemi
Semoqmedebisa”, igi emijneba simbolistebs swored im mTavari mizezis gamo,
rom misi Semoqmedeba ar aris mxolod simboloebiT metyveleba da rom
masTan erTad miTosic warmoadgens misi msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxeds. gr.
robaqiZis ganmartebiT, “simbolo“ da „miTi“ aris ori mTavari postulati,
rasac emyareba mTeli misi Semoqmedeba da romelic bolomde rCeba mis
„samwerlo laboratoriaSi“.
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba uxvad sazrdoobs miTologiiT, qarTuli
folkloriT, sakmaod didi doziT sesxulobs siuJetebs (dionises miTi,
miTi amorZalebze, gilgameSis eposi...), legendebs (legenda Tbilisze,
graalze, Tqmuleba radamistze...), arqetipebs (iSTari da Tamuzi, isisi da
osirisi, eva...), Tumca gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebisa da upirvelesad,
azrovnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania xazgasmuli erovnuloba da
tradiciebisadmi erTguleba. miTi misTvis “upirveles yovlisa, samyaros
lirikuli xedvaa, romelSiac ganuyofladaa Serwymuli samSoblos
umZafresi grZnoba, kulturuli tradiciebis sunTqva da stiqiuri, raRac
poeturi gancda yofiTi konkretikisa, _ anu, zogad xilvaTa sistema,
romelic “xsnis” movlenaTa amouxsnel metafizikur infernaliebs” (16, 11).
maSasadame, aq ikveTeba mTavari Tanxvedra da gansxvavebac or mwerals
Soris. maTi msoflmxedveloba miTosur azrovnebas emyareba, Tumca gr.
robaqiZis nawarmoebebs novalisis Semoqmedebisgan gamoarCevs didi
erovnuli muxti, romelic Zalumad igrZnoba mwerlis TiToeul nawerSi.
44
maSin roca, novalisi msoflios moqalaqed warmogvidgeba Tavisi
ganmazogadebeli da kosmopolituri poziciiT.
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi cxadad gamosWvivis
miTosuri azrovneba, rac gamoixateba ara marto Temebis SerCevaSi, aramed
mis mxatvrul xorcSesxmaSic, vinaidan miTosSemoqmedeba es aris mTeli
rigi komponentebis erToblioba: dafarulis intuitiuri wvdoma, marad
aqtualuri problematika, gamosaxvis xerxebis mravalferovneba. maT
nawarmoebebSi cxadi da irealuri xSirad erTmaneTs ise erwymis, rom
zogjer Wirs kidec maT Soris sazRvris gavleba. zRaprebis, legendebis,
sizmrebis xSiri moSvelieba mistiuris gancdas badebs, rasac simboloebisa
da alegoriebis mTeli wyeba kidev ufro amZafrebs. igive iTqmis miTosuri
arqetipebisa da miTiuri personaJebis gamoyenebaze.
45
1.3. TviTSemecneba, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis individualuri gza
“Seican Tavi Seni da Sen Seicnob samyaros”, delfos taZris am
warweras, rogorc zedroul Segonebas, mravali saukunea aqtualoba ar
daukargavs. sakuTari Tavis Semecneba nebismieri filosofiuri sistemis
amosavali wertilia. dasabamidan adamiani gaazrebulad Tu qvecnobierad
yofierebis sazrisis amoxsnas cdilobs. “bunebiT yvela adamiani
Semecnebisaken iswrafvis” (6, 25). ase iwyebs aristotele Tavis “metafizikas.”
romantikuli msoflmxedvelobiT, makrokosmosi aris adamianis,
bunebisa da RmerTis erTianoba. mikrokosmosi, ki aris adamiani _
makrokosmosis xati. novalisi mokled ase ganmartavs individisa da
samyaros urTierTmimarTebas: “individi cxovrobs mTelSi da mTeli
individSi” (82, 375). Sesabamisad, individis TviTSemecneba niSnavs samyaros
Semecnebas da piriqiT. “Cven vocnebobT samyaroSi mogzaurobaze _ gana
samyaro CvenSi araa? Cveni sulis siRrmeebs ar vicnobT _ maTken saidumlo
gza miemarTeba. CvenSi da sxvagan arsad aris maradisoba Tavisi sferoebiT
_ warsuliTa da momavliT” (82, 326). amrigad, adamiani da samyaro sinTezur
mTlianobas qmnian da TviTanalizi pirdapiri gzaa universumis saidumlos
amosaxsnelad: “Cven SevicnobT samyaros, Tu ki sakuTar Tavs SevicnobT,
radgan Cven da is (samyaro - n.b.) erTi mTlianis Semadgeneli ori naxevari
varT” (82, 386).
romantikosebi aRiareben samyaros Semecnebis Semdeg gzebs:
TviTSemecneba, romelic sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas gulisxmobs da xSirad
siyvarulis grZnobasTanaa gadajaWvuli, poeturi Semoqmedeba da
pirvelyofil bunebasTan Sexeba. samive procesi gaucnobierebel impulsebs
emyareba da mTavari aq intuiciaa.M
rogorc romantikuli, ise modernistuli msoflmxedveloba da
esTetika qadagebs iracionaluri sawyisis logikisa da racionaluri
azrovnebis gziT miuRwevlobas, roca adamiani ara maxvili gonebisa da
inteleqtis meSveobiT, aramed TviTCaRrmavebis, Wvretis, intuiciis gziT
Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs da Sesabamisad universums.
46
siyvarulSi xedavs fr. Slegeli adamianis yofierebis sazriss, misi
potencialis gamovlenis saSualebas: “adamiani mxolod siyvarulis
meoxebiT da siyarulis SecnobiT xdeba adamiani” (39, 83), es grZnoba
gamoarCevs mas sxva arsebebisgan. romantizmis Teoretikosi Semecnebis
procesSi siyvarulis udides mniSvnelobas usvams xazs: “vinc bunebas
swavlobs siyvarulis ideis gareSe, verasodes Seimecnebs mas” (39, 103).
siyvarulis Semmecnebeli funqciis Sesaxeb, Teoriul ganmartebas
“fragmentebis” saSualebiT novalisic iZleva da igive azrs aviTarebs: “rac
gviyvars, yvelgan imas vnaxulobT, yvelgan mis msgavss vxedavT. rac ufro
didia siyvaruli, miT ufro farToa da mravalferovani es msgavseba. Cemi
Seyvarebuli universumis Semcirebuli formaa, universumi ki misi
gavrcobili forma” (82, 354).
novalissac, sxva romantikosebis msgavsad, siyvarulis grZnoba
kosmiur movlenaTa rangSi ahyavs. misTvis qali ara marto “samyaros
gasaRebia”, yvelafers saukeTesos, naTels, saimedos da sanatrels mas
ukavSirebs. novalisis romanis “hainrix fon ofterdingenis” yvela ocneba
qalis xatTan aris gaigivebuli _ cisfer yvavils qalis saxe aqvs,
“aRTqmul” qveyanas, ganxorcielebul “oqros xanas”, romelic odesme unda
damyardes, jinistani hqvia _ qalis saxeli, freiac (germanikuli
miTologiis mixedviT siyvarulisa da gazafxulis qalRmerTi), romelic
romanSi mSvidobasa da samyaros harmonias ganasaxierebs, aseve qalia.
novalisis proza sul or nawarmoebs moicavs. esenia: moTxroba
“saiseli Segirdebi” da romani “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”. orive maTganis
mTavari Tema Semecnebis problemas ukavSirdeba.
“saiseli moswavleebi” gvTavazobs samyaros Semecnebas bunebis
Seswavlis gziT, Tumca amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT masSi CarTul
zRaparze, romelic nawarmoebis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgens da romelic erTgvari miTia samyaros Semecnebis Sesaxeb:
hiacinti miatovebs ra ojaxs, Seyvarebul rozenbluts, eZiebs izidas
saburvelmosil qandakebas, radganac misTvis ridis axda dafarulis
gacxadebas gulisxmobs. bevri dabrkolebis gadalaxvis Semdeg miakvlevs
47
mas, saburvelis qveS ki Tavis rozenbluts aRmoaCens. gamodis, rom hiacinti
im codnas, riskenac iswrafvis, imTaviTve flobs, is masSia, mis wiaRSia,
romlis gaxsenebaSic siyvaruli exmareba.
nawarmoebis morali martivia da moTxrobis dasawyisSive formulis
saxiT aris mocemuli: “adamiani imas eZebs, rac aqvs da amgvarad amaze meti
arasodes upovnia” (81, 95). siuJetis mTeli ganviTareba am sentenciis
gamarTlebas emsaxureba.
msgavsi siuJeturi xazis garSemo viTardeba moqmedeba romanSi “hainrix
fon ofterdingeni”. Semecnebis simbolos isev qalis saxe aqvs.
rozenblutad gardasaxul izidas qandakebas aq cisferi yvavilidan
momzirali matilde cvlis. hainrixis mTeli cxovreba cisferi yavavilis
Zieba _ anu Semecnebaa. am mizans emsaxureba misi yoveli moqmedeba _
mogzauroba, poeturi Semoqmedebis arsis Secnoba, poetad Camoyalibeba.
hainrixis sulier ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens mogzauroba,
saintereso adamianebTan saubari. cnobili poetis – klingzoris gacnoba
mis, rogorc romantikos poetad formirebas uwyobs xels, magram Semecnebis
gzaze mTavari mainc matildea. am momxibvleli, nazi arsebis prototipi
novalisis naadrevad gardacvlili satrfo _ sofi fon kiunia. matilde
hainrixis sacole da muza xdeba, amasTan mfarveli angelozic.
siyvarulis magiuri Zalis daxmarebiT ukavSirdeba hainrixi zeciur
sferoebs: “Seni wyalobiT mecxadeba RmerTi” (79, 136), “Sen STamagoneb
zeciur xilvebs ...” (79, 137) – eubneba igi sayvarel qals. matildes
sikvdilis Semdegac grZnobs hainrixi satrfos siaxlovesa da Semweobas.
muxis xidan misi xma Camoesmis, romelic amSvidebs da pirdeba, rom ar
miatovebs, ugzavnis patara gogonas _ cianes, romelmac unda anugeSos
sasowarkveTaSi myofi poeti da sicocxlis bolomde misi Semwe iyos.
siyvaruli SeaZlebinebs hainrixs gadalaxos mravali dabrkoleba da roca
Semecnebis umaRles mwvervals – cisfer yvavils ixilavs, is matilde
aRmoCndeba.
siyvarulis grZnoba romantikosebTan kosmiuri Zalis mqonea, mas
ZaluZs aRmofxvras ufskruli adamiansa da universums Soris, es grZnoba
48
sruliad realuri, miwieri grZnobaa. swored qalisa da mamakacis
siyvarulSi ipoves romantikosebma samyaros udidesi saidumloebis amoxsna,
im grZnobaSi, romelic adamianma sakuTar TavSi unda aRmoaCinos.
igive SegviZlia vTqvaT gr. robaqiZis gmirebze, radgan TviTSemecneba
qarTvel mweralTanac sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba da “ukve yofilis”
gaxsenebaa. amas mnemosina hqvia. “mnemosina organuli grZnobaa, msoflio
sxeulis grZnoba. bavSvi moswyda mSoblis sxeuls, gamoeyo da moSorda mas,
mieca erTgvar Rames miviwyebisas; magram unamdviles sicocxlis Jams igi
Tvals axels da grZnobs Tavissave arsebaSi mSoblis sxuls, ixsenebs
mraval saukunes.. da ai aq, mis sulier unamdviles gancdaSi mTeli
msoflio WeSmaritad usazRvro mogonebad iSleba” (125, 311).
sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa da TviTSemecnebis gziT usasrulobasTan
ziarebaze saubrobs mwerali eseSi “nefertitis Tavi”. misi dakvirvebiT
nefertitis mzera Sebrunebulia sakuTari Tavisken da amgvarad, sadRac
siRrmeSi sakuTari arsebobis bnel pirvelsawyiss SeigrZnobs, rac
maradisobasTan Sexebis tolfasia.
sakuTari Tavis maZiebelia “gvelis perangis” mTavari moqmedi gmiri
arCibald mekeSi. igi saocar miusafrobasa da sulier simartoves ganicdis.
ver upovia adgili sazogadoebaSi, sulieri simSvide. “mekeSi eZebs Tavis
Tavs. ver naxulobs fesvebs” (89, 28), rasac igi Zalze mtkivneulad ganicdis.
oTxi wlis asakSi mamis mier saqarTvelodan sagvareulo sens evropaSi
garidebul, gvar-saxel Secvlil arCibalds mSobliuri kuTxisa da
dakarguli mamis monatreba, sakuTari fesvebis Secnobis wyurvili ayenebs
Ziebis gzaze.
romanis dasawyisSi WeSmaritad tragikul pirovnebad warmogvidgeba
igi: fesvebs mowyvetili, awmyosa da aqedan gamomdinare, momavlis armqone
adamiania. warsuli uTuod aqvs, oRond didi xnis win daviwyebuli, Tumca
mis sulSi minavlebuli cecxli nel-nela Zalas ikrefs. arCibald mekeSi
uRrmavdeba sakuTar arsebas, ixsenebs qvecnobierSi daleqil, miZinebul
informacias. evropidan sparseTis gavliT saqarTvelosken gza ufro mokle
da iolia, vidre sakuTari sulis xveulebSi xetiali. es emociurad
49
datvirTuli da Rrma flisiqologizmiT aRbeWdili mogzaurobaa, romlis
Sedegadac arCibald mekeSi romanis dasasruls arCil mayaSvilad
transformirebuli mogvevlineba.
sakuTar fesvebze myarad wamomarTuli axla ukve srulfasovnad
SeigrZnobs saamayo warsuls, awmyos, momavals ki imediT Sehyurebs,
Zveleburad aRar aSinebs da afiqrebs, aRarc iseTi bundovani da
gaurkveveli Cans.
Semecneba erTbaSad ar xdeba. hainrixis msgavsad arCibaldic
mogzaurobisas gzadagza arkvevs, xsnis saidumlos. araerTi SemTxvevis,
araerT adamianTan Sexvedris Semdeg agnebs “fesvebs”. misi sulis unazes
simebs arxevs mamis suraTi, qarTvelebTan Sexvedra, maTi simRera, vamexi,
romliTac pirveli naxvisTanave ixibleba da Tan raRac gaucnobierebel
mizidulobas grZnobs mis mimarT. misi iniciaciis gzaze umniSvnelovanes
rols TamaSobs taba-tabaჲs filosofiuri saubrebi, mamis danatovari
kolofi qarTuli miwiTa da irubaqiZeTa sagvareulos matianiT da bolos
matasi. Ziebis procesSi sxvadasxva etapze misTvis gezis mimcemi aRmoCndeba
TiToeuli es adamiani Tu movlena. aseTia gza arCibaldis sulieri
metamorfozis. sabolood gzaabneuli Svili ubrundeba mamas.
mekeSis mier sakuTari Tavisa da fesvebis Zieba sairmeSi, mis
samSobloSi sruldeba. rom ara matasi, igi apirebs dabrundes isev
evropasa Tu aziaSi, iyos isev miusafari da ugvartomo. raoden mtkivneulic
ar unda iyos, igi wasvlis gadawyvetilebas iRebs, Sordeba imas, riskenac
ase moiltvoda. yvelaferze uars ambobs, mxolod matasis siyvaruli
aRmoCndeba gadaulaxavi zRude. swored matasi abrunebs mas ukan da bolos
uRebs arCibaldis gaTiSvas Tavis “fesvebTan”. sagulisxmo momentia –
uCumrad wasul mekeSs vamexi matass daadevnebs cxeniT, imis nacvlad, rom
TviTon moagvaros es saqme, radgan Tvlis, rom gadamwyvet momentSi swored
siyvarulma unda Tqvas bolo sityva. rogorc hainrixis Zieba sruldeba
matildesTan misvliT, ise arCibaldisTvisac matasi aRmoCndeba erTgvari
xidi warsulsa da momavals Soris. “arCil mayaSvili, romelic Tavis TavSi
50
mokvdav da ukvdav mamas atarebs, iltvis matasisken, rogorc dedamiwis
dedobrivi saSosken. maTi Serwyma niSnavs arasrulyofilebidan
srulyofilebisaken aRmasvlas, mamis wiaRisken swrafva moiazreba
arCibaldis mier mamulSi, “saSoSi” dabrunebis mcdelobad. es ki matasis
siyvaruliT xorcieldeba” (66, 27).
xdeba arCibaldis xelaxali dabadeba, romelic gvelis mier Zveli
perangis gaxdas hgavs. gmiris mier sakuTari transcendenturi “me”-s
aRmoCena, Tu masTan dabruneba, rac RvTaebriv pirvelsawyisTan ziarebas
niSnavs, aRiqmeba, rogorc darRveuli kosmiuri mTlianobis aRdgena.
matasis wvlili arCibaldis mier sakuTari Tavis Secnobasa da
kuTvnili adgilis damkvidrebaSi gadamwyvetia. arCibalds matasis
gacnobamde sxva uyvars. mkiTxveli mowme xdeba sasiyvarulo istoriis, roca
misi trfobis obieqti olga balaSovaa. olga Cveulebrivi, miwieri, Zlieri,
saqmiani da damoukidebeli qalia. matasi ki – bavSvuri, miamiti, alali da
xalasi adamiani. sakuTar arsebaSi miwierTan erTad RvTiursac aerTianebs.
albaT, swored amas SeigrZnobs arCibaldi, roca mas da wminda
qalwuls – ninos Soris msgavsebas xedavs: “matasi – ninoa. Tu daxata
matasi – nino iqneba” (89, 169). arCibaldis trfoba da misadmi ltolva
aRiqmeba rogorc pirvelsawyisTan miaxloeba. matasi xom “miwaa” da
arCibaldic erTvis mis wiaRs.
matasi ninosTan, nata ki, “Cakluli sulis” erT-erTi mTavari
personaJi, Tavad pirvel qalTan – evasTan aris gaigivebuli: “misTvis evas
Semdeg dro ar gasula: is jer kidev Zveli eva iyo – pirvelqmnili.
pirvelqmnili xom RmerTis nawili unda iyos” (98, 15). evas garda igi
Sedarebulia neiTTan, igive izidasTan, romelic aseve pirveli qalia.
kidev erTi paralelis Sesaxeb: “saxeli matasi laTinuri “Mater”-is
analogiaa. aseve laTinuri fuZis semantikas mianiSnebs personaJis saxeli
“nata” romanidan “Cakluli suli”. Natus – Sobili, Terra Nata – miwis
aRmonaceni, miwis nayofi” (48, 296).
51
robaqiZis esTetikaSi “miwa” samyaros sulia, amitom personaJebi,
romelTa wiaRSic mwerali miwas xedavs, “kosmiuri ynosvis” mqoneni arian.
Sesabamisad, maTTan siaxlove uflis samyofelTan miaxlebas hgavs.
moralurad da sulierad ganadgurebuli TamazisTvis, romelsac ar
asvenebs kiTxva: “sad xar, RmerTo?” RmerTis Zieba gpu-Si (saxelmwifo
politikuri sammarTvelos rusuli abreviatura) gatarebulma dReebma da im
saSinelma eWvma gadaawyvetina, romelic gpu-s jojoxeTze ufro mZime iyo.
mosvenebas ar aZlevs imis fiqri, rom megobris sikvdilSi brali miuZRvis.
SeuZlebelia aseTi ram RmerTis monawileobiT momxdariyo. Tumca, marto
Tamazma ki ara, bevrma daijera uRmerToba. qveyanaSi datrialebuli ambebi,
ara Tu qristianul, aranairi adamianuri zneobis normebSi ar jdeboda.
mwerali totalitaruli saxelmwifos arahumanuri reJimis warmoCenis
fonze aRwers sabWoTa adamianis savalalo beds. sulisSemZvreli
sicxadiTaa naCvenebi sabWoeTis _ pirovneba CamorTmeuli individebis qveynis
_ damTrgunveli garemo, sadac mizanmimarTulad xdeba axali ideologiis
mier religiisa da winaparTa adaT – wesebis devna. vxedavT, Tu rogor
SeiZleba RvTismgmobel, mudmivi TvalTvalisa da SiSis pirobebSi adamiani
uneblie damnaSaved iqces da sruliad apolitikuri pirovneba gaxdes
politikuri intrigebis msxverpli. ase emarTeba Tamazsac.
“saidumlo magida” da “mesame Tvali” adamianebs aiZulebs iyvnen
yalbni, moCvenebiTad samagaliToni. maTi neba SeboWilia, namdvil saxes
niRabi ufaravT, yvelaferi falsificirebulia. adamianebi fizikur
gadarCenaze fiqroben, suli aRaravis axsovs. Tamazic fxizlad
“akontrolebs” sakuTar Tavs, naTqvams, namoqmedars. erTi araswori sityva,
mimikac ki SeiZleba Zvirad daujdes. am sulis SemxuTvel garemoSi, roca
sakuTari fiqric ki, gonebis kunWulSi gamkrTal-gaelvebuli SiSis
momgvrelia, mxolod natas siyvarulSi hpovebs igi Svebas. masTan Tavis
Tavs ubrundeba, mxolod am adamianTan urTierTobaSia igi “namdvili”.
udabnoSi aRmocenebul oaziss hgavs maTi siyvaruli, romelic gpu-Si
gatarebuli dReebis Semdeg erTiorad Zvirfasi xdeba. TamazisTvis mxolod
satrfosTan siaxlove aRmoCndeba cxovelmyofeli. “natas siaxlove
52
amSvidebda; qalis saidumlos locavda” (98, 149). qali mucladmyofi nayofiT
SeagrZnebinebs, rom igi samyaros mTlianobaSi, maradiulobaSia CarTuli:
“Tamazi grZnobda, rom mama iyo axla, im mamis nawili da gagrZeleba,
romelsac mudam Tayvans scemda” (98, 148). sayvarel adamianTan bolo vizitis
Semdeg xvdeba, rom aRar aris “adamianuri arseba” nel-nela sulieri
simSvide eufleba. gamudmebul Ziebas mosdevs is Sedegi, rom Tamazi
bolosdabolos poulobs dakargul RmerTs. natasadmi siyvaruli
aRmoCndeba misi damakavSirebeli zeciur substanciasTan, radgan “qali
kosmiurad ufro Zlieria, vidre kaci” (98, 19). albaT SemTxveviT ar xdeba,
rom Tamaz enguris iniciacia fizikur doneze im adgilidan iwyeba, sadac
erTi wlis win natasTan erTad ubednieresi wuTebi gaatara: “bundovan
instinqts daemorCila, kojorisken gaswia. sam saaTSi iq iyo. Tendeboda. im
kaklis xes miakiTxa, romlis baraqian CrdilSi gasul wels ubednieresi
wamebi gaatara natasTan. xes miuaxlovda, mis damskdar kans mieyrdno: wuTiT
moeCvena, rom misi sakuTari cxovreba saukunis iqiT miedineboda” (98, 152).
miRmiuri samyaros saidumloebasTan miaxlebad ganixileba
gansakuTrebuli fenomeni da uZvelesi xevsuruli tradicia – sworfruli
siyvaruli moTxrobaSi “engadi”. mwerali am bolomde amoucnobi movlenis
sakuTar axsnas gvTavazobs. masTan qal-vaJs Soris urTierToba ar
daiyvaneba mxolod fizikur Tu biologiur doneze, romelic
axalgazrdebis gasarTobad aris mogonili. gr. robaqiZe am fenomens
filosofiur planSi gaiazrebs. “sworfrobis, rogorc xatis dacva,
Seucnobeli, miRmiuri samyaros Semecnebisken swrafvaa, sakuTari
srulqmnilebis miRwevaa, romlis akrZaluli saidumlo Seucnoblad miiRo
qarTvelma (xevsurma) da masSi sqesis saidumlo gaxsna” (66, 57). saidumlo ki
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “RvTiur ars siyorul; xorciel igemeb – mohklav
mas, iwvod mxolod!” (99, 128). aqac siyvarulis RvTiurTan, zeciurTan
wilnayarobazea saubari.
sworfruli siyvaruliviT wminda grZnoba akavSirebT erTmaneTTan
drama “lamaras” gmirebs _ mindiasa da lamaras. gr. robaqiZis gmirebs
Soris mindia yvelaze srulyofili personaJia, romelic “samyaroul
53
mTlianobaSia” CarTuli. esmis yvela sulierisa Tu usulos ena. es harmonia
droebiT irRveva. mas Semdeg, rac lamaras TorRvai moitacebs, mindiasaTvis
buneba utyvi xdeba. mxolod siyvaruli da Tavganwirva, sayvareli qalisa da
TvistomTa keTildReobisaTvis sikvdilze sakuTari nebiT wasvla exmareba
mas kvlav Seerwyas samyaros erTianobas da Tavi universumis nawilad
igrZnos.
s. axmetelis SefasebiT, “lamara” “rainduli romantizmis” SesaniSnavi
nimuSia. aqac robaqiZiseuli wminda, amaRlebuli grZnoba iZerweba
mkiTxvelis Tvalwin. iseTi, rogorsac romantikosi poetebi umRerodnen.
mindia namdvili raindiviT Soridan Sestrfis lamaras. mis yovel
moqmedebasa Tu naTqvamSi gamosWvivis qalisadmi uZlieresi, ulamazesi
grZnobis garda mowiweba da pativiscema. misi keTildReobisTvis sicocxlec
ar enaneba. lamarasadmi siyvaruli mas Tavganwirvisken ubiZgebs. amas emateba
TvistomTa bedis gamo wuxili: SiSobs, rom xevsurebsa da qistebs Soris
sisxli daiRvreba, afiqrebs orive xalxis bedi, aseve sayvareli qalis mZime
sulieri mdgomareoba, gamowveuli qmris _ TorRvais mier misi (lamaras n.b.)
Zmis mkvlelobiT. qalis siyvarulis gamo Tavganwirva aRadgens masa da
bunebas Soris darRveul mTlianobas. igi lamaras gamZvinvarebul mamasTan
warsdgeba, mzad aris Seewiros siyvaruls: “sisxl Cemze aiRebd.. Sen
damSviddebod.. lamarac morCeboda!” _ eubneba igi TorRvais (91, 179).
rogorc q. Sengelia aRniSnavs, aqac “mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala
siyvarulia. “lamaraSi” samyaros aRqmis centri qalis siyvarulSia
gasxivosnebuli”. (124, 49).
mindias msgavsad Tamazic (drama “londa”) uars ambobs sicocxleze
siyvarulis gamo. simboluria, rom mweralma piesa, romelic sikvdilis
meSveobiT sicocxlisa da siyvarulis gamaradiulebas umReris,
gardacvlili Svilis xsovnas miuZRvna.
siyvarulica da sikvdilic maradiulobis Tanaziari movlenebia.
siyvarulis Semmecnebeli Zala oTar moSairisaTvis gacxadebuli
WeSmaritebaa:
“siyvaruli Svebaa axali
54
saca RmerTi cxaddeba” (91, 20).
swored am grZnobis saxeliT Tamazi sikvdils arCevs. sikvdili
robaqiZis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi ganixileba rogorc yofierebis erTi
formis dasasruli da meoris dasawyisi. adamiani maradiulobas Seerwymis
da am gziT eziareba umaRles WeSmaritebas.
Tamazs Semecnebis survili ar amoZravebs. mas satrfosTan ganSoreba
eZneleba da msxverpladSewirul londasTan erTad ufskrulSi vardeba.
marTalia, arapirdapir, magram siyvaruli am SemTxvevaSic adamianis
maradisobasTan ziarebas emsaxureba.
wminda, Zlier siyvaruls ganadidebs piesa “malStremi”. moqmedeba
didi, industriuli qalaqis fonze mimdinareobs. am sivrceSi yvelaferi
yalbia da xelovnuri, daclili sulierebisa da zneobisagan. mxolod
morellasa da ucnobs Soris aRmocenebuli siyvaruli esaxeba mkiTxvels
TviTnabad grZnobad, dafuZnebuli sulis siRrmidan momdinare impulsebze.
es grZnoba sabedisweroa da ewirebian kidec gmirebi am siyvaruls.
morella nebayoflobiT midis sikvdilze, imis SiSiT, rom mdevars
xelSi Cauvardeba da mis siyvaruls wabilwvis safrTxe daemuqreba, Tavad
sTxovs ucnobs, mouswrafos sococxle. ase amaradiulebs ara marto im
grZnobas, rac masTan akavSirebs, aramed sicocxlesac, romelic fizikuri
sikvdiliT ar mTavrdeba.
morellas didi guli aqvs. mas SeuZlia Seiyvaros sazogadoebisagan
uaryofili, gandegili keTrovnebi. fizikurad jansaR, magram suliT
damaxinjebul, dacemul adamianebTan urTierTobas mZime sneulebiT
Sepyrobil, magram wminda zneobis xalxTan yofnas arCevs. moyvasisa da
ucnobis siyvaruli zecamde aamaRlebs mas. qristianoba xom siyvarulsa da
humanurobas qadagebs. ucnobic masTan urTierTobaSi eziareba maradisobas.
sakuTari arsebobis gamarTlebas xedavs momavali Svilis sicocxleSi:
“morella! Sen miwis mkerdi xar.
me Sens denaSi var naTeli.
me Sens badeSi var nayofieri (91, 73).
. . . . . . . . . . .
55
Cemi bedi STainTqa Sen bnel wiaRSi.
UCemi asruleba nayofSia: romelsac Sen atareb..” (91, 74).
daumTavrebeli romani “falestra” raRaciT Camohgavs “malStrems”.
mwerali aqac urbanistuli civilizaciis uSinaarso, TvalTmaqcur yofas
xatavs. kavalla mTis amayi Svilia. masSic igrZnoba monatreba “miwis”,
erTis mxriv, rogorc geologiuri warmonaqmnis, ise sakuTari fesvebis. is
garemo, sadac axla cxovrobs, Zalian gansxvavdeba misi mSobliuri, RviZli
samyarosgan. kavalla, ise rogorc, gr. robaqiZis sxva qali personaJebi,
maradqaluri fenomenis matarebelia. igi neiTTan aris Sedarebuli.
gr. robaqiZesTan siyvaruli “sxvad” qcevis process ukavSirdeba, rac
Soreul “me”-Si gadasvliT xorcieldeba da Tavis mxriv “samyaroul
mTlianobaSi” CarTulobiT aris ganpirobebuli. swored es mTlianoba
exmareba adamians sxvaSi sakuTari nawili aRmoaCinos, aq unda veZeboT “sxva
Cemis” amoxsna. gavixsenoT saidumloebiT moculi egvipturi warwera,
romelic gr. robaqiZem epigrafad waumZRvara “gvelis perangs”:
”Cemi Zma
aryofili
viTar miyvardis
umetes mzisa
da umetes xmalisa
rameTu iyo igi
sxva Cemi.
sityva amoWrili hamadanSi
naxul xvlikisfer qvaze”
(89, 7).
am saidumlos amoxsnas vpoulobT misive eseSi “eris suli da
Semoqmedeba”: “erosiT frTaasxmuli eZebs adamiani Tavis namdvil saxebas,
Tavis meore “mes”; sicocxlis gzajvaredins miyenebuli naxulobs igi ima
“mes”, ima saxebas, eqsoveba da esxeuleba mas erTarsebad, _ da wuTier
mTvrali svams neqtars ukvdavebisas. man Seiyvara _ da igrZno ukvdaveba”
(125, 309).
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meore “me”-Si ar igulisxmeba aucileblad sapirispiro sqesi.
magaliTad, arCibaldisTvis igi aris matasi da vamexi, mindiasTvis lamara
da “Citis guli” (zogadad yvela sulieri Tu usulo), morellam ucnobTan
erTad keTrovnebis siyvarulSi naxa TviTgasruleba. adamiani sxva “me”-Si
gadasvliT yvela arsebas da e.i. samyaros SeerTvis.
“sxvai Cemis” poeturi gadaZaxilia gr. robaqiZis leqsi “pani”.
Soreul “me”-sTan dasakavSireblad ar arsebobs sivrciTi Tu droiTi
dabrkoleba. leqsis lirikuli gmiri aswleulebs iqiT iyureba:
“meoba mnaTi iwvis xvaviT alis foTlebSi,
saxe Secnoba ifliTeba cecxlis landebiT.
aTas wels iqiT aqve viyav xom areuli, _
dRes mas gavcqeri Tavis Tavis me oreuli!
maSinac ase mZvinvarebda SuadRis cecxli.
iyo siCume uyuJesi da umZimesi...
nuTu vifiqro, rom sacadi Cemi sicocxle _
mogonebaa datvirTuli mxolod vinmesi!” (95, 3).
kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT samyaros usasrulobasa da mTlianobaSi.
aseve aTaswleulebs gamzers hamadanSi arCibaldi. igi hamadanis Semogarenis
Tvalierebisas mogonebebSi iZireba da ixsenebs ori aTasi wlis win
momxdars, Tu rogor Semoagelva Tavisi bucefali aleqsandrem ekbatanis
simagreebSi da daamarcxa aqemenidebi. arCibaldi “TvalRia sizmriT”
ukavSirdeba Soreul “mes”.
adamianis mier sakuTar wiaRSi siyvarulis unaris aRmoCena da sxvaSi
Tavisi Tavis Secnoba umaRlesi WeSmaritebis Semecnebis gzaze udaod
xelSemwyobi pirobaa, rasac novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa
analizis safuZvelze savsebiT vrwmundebiT.
erTi mxriv - matasi da nata, meore mxriv rozenbluti da matilde
maTTvis gulanTebul Tayvanismcemlebs exmarebian sakuTari arsis gaxsnaSi,
rac paralelurad samyaros arsis wvdomas emsaxureba. Tuki am personaJebis
yvela meore naxevari - arCibaldi (“gvelis perangi”), Tamazi (“Cakluli
suli”), hiacinti (“saiseli Segirdebi”) da hainrixi (“hainrix fon
57
ofterdingeni”) – sruliad gaazrebulad eswrafian Seimecnon aqamde
Seucnobeli, farda axadon dafarul saidumlos, mindiasa (“lamara”) da
Tamazs (“londa”) Semecnebis ase gamoxatuli survili ar gaaCniaT, Tumca
siyvarulis grZnoba maT “samyaroul mTlianobaSi” dabrunebas ganapirobebs.
igulisxmeba Tamazis maradiul samyofelSi gadasaxleba da mindias mier
bunebis enis saidumlos kvlav Secnoba. rac Seexeba sworfrobas, igi
SeiZleba SevadaroT rusTveliseul trfobas, romelic robaqiZis eniTve
rom vTqvaT, “SoriTi acecxlebaa”, sadac “cnaurdeba samyaro Tavisi arsiT”
(96, 2).
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, romantikuli da modernistuli
msoflmxedvelobiT Semecnebis mTavari wyaro intuiciaa. WeSmariteba
analizis, logikisa da gansjis meSveobiT ar miiRweva. es procesi ufro
“Sinagania”, adamianis sulis siRrmidan momavali, romelic sagnisa Tu
movlenis arsis Secnobisken aris mimarTuli.
gasakviri ar aris, rom romantikosi gmirebi ara praqtikosi, aramed
mWvreteli adamianebi arian. aseTia novalisis gandegili (”hainrix fon
ofterdingeni”), romelic gaqcevia cxovrebas, dros mogonebasa da WvretaSi
atarebs. cxovrebis oromtriali am procesisaTvis xelisSemSleli pirobaa.
gandegili sakuTari dakvirvebidan gamomdinare askvnis: “mWvretel adamians
dabrkolebad eRobeba didi da mravalferovani movlenebi, misi xvedri
ubralo cxovrebaa” (79, 113). mWvreteli adamianis moqmedebis are
SeuzRudavia, igi distanciidan Wvrets da ufro masStaburad aRiqvams
movlenebs.
platonis, aristoteles, Toma aqvinelis mixedviT intuicia gagebulia
rogorc inteligibeluri movlena, gansakuTrebuli sinamdvilis (empiriulis
sawinaarmdego) aragrZnobadi aRqma. dekarti, სpinoza da laibnici intuicias
inteleqtualuri Semecnebis umaRlesi saxed, axali codnis uSualo,
gonebis mtkicebulebebze dauyrdnoblad miRwevis saSualebad miiCneven.
kantisTvis intuicia samyaros uSualo Semecnebis saSualebaa, xolo
fixtes, Selingis, bergsonis, huserlis, loskis, aseve egzistencializmis,
58
neoTomizmis, realizmis da pragmatizmis warmomadgenlebisTvis intuicia
individualuri cnobierebis siRrmeebSi SeRwevis mistikur saSualebas, “me”-
s, nebis, sicocxlis, egzistenciis da misT. arsis gagebas uTanabrdeba (74,
425).
marTalia, intuicia bevradaa damokidebuli individze da im garemo-
pirobebze, romelSic is imyofeba, magram garemos poeturi aRqmis
SemTxvevaSi mas erTgvarad universaluri funqcia ekisreba. intuitiurad
Semmecnebeli adamianis SesaniSnavi magaliTia poeti. sxvadasxva epoqaSi
sxvadasxvagvari iyo Semoqmedi adamianisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.
antikur epoqaSi xelovneba wminda saqmianobad iTvleboda. radgan poetebi
STagonebas apolonisa da muzebisagan iRebdnen, brZen adamianad miiCneodnen.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom filosofosebis umravlesoba sakuTar
ideebs poetur teqstebSi gadmoscemen (platoni, aristotele). cota
mogvianebiT, romaeli poetis gaius valerius katulusis (84-54 w.w. Zv. w.)
moRvaweobis periodSi poeturi saqmianoba aRiqmeba rogorc kerZo aqtivoba
sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis gareSe. horaciusi (65-8 w.w. Zv. w.) mijnavs poetsa
da winaswarmetyvels erTmaneTisagan. misi azriT, poeti unda axalisebdes
adamians, emociebs aRZravdes, aswavlides da ara winaswarmetyvelebdes.
Sua saukuneebSi poezia erTgvari xelobaa. poeti warmogvidgeba
rogorc ganmmartebeli, xalxisTvis RvTiuri codnis gamziarebeli. mxolod
aRorZinebis epoqaSi aRiqmeba igi, rogorc Semoqmedi, romelic RmerTis
darad axal samyaros qmnis, ibadeba geniis kulti. Tuki aqamde poetis
pirovnuloba ukana planze iyo, axla Semoqmedis individualuri niWi wina
planze inacvlebs, romelic gulisxmobs ara marto mis SemoqmedebiT
talants, aramed mdidar sulier samyarosac, rac kidev ufro Rrmavdeba
romantizmis epoqaSi. germanuli romantizmis cnobili Teoretikosi
fridrix Slegeli poetis Sesaxeb wers: “WeSmaritia poeti, romlis
xelovnebac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas SeuZlia yvelaze Cveulebrivad da
yoveldRiurad miCneuli poetur samyaroSi sruliad axleburad da
ferSeucvlelad warmoaCinos, Cados masSi umaRlesi mniSvneloba da [...]
gamoicnos misi uRrmesi azri [...] sinamdvilisa da Tanadroulobis
59
arapirdapiri gadmocema xelovans SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamoxatos
maradiuli, yovelTvis da yvelgan mSvenieri, mniSvnelovani da sayovelTao”
(39, 66-67). romantikos a. fon arnimis azriT, poeturi nawarmoebi
mowodebulia “samyaros daubrunos sulisa da materiis dakarguli erToba”
(39, 152). radgan “ar SeiZleba universumis arc axsna, arc wvdoma, aramed
mxolod gaxsna da Wvreta” (39, 150), es yvelaze metad poets ZaluZs.
novalisis azriT, poezia ufro kargad swvdeba universums, ukeT
aRiqvams mis siRrmes mecnierebasTan SedarebiT, radgan e.w. meeqvse grZnoba
Semecnebis process ufro aiolebs. novalisi poetis arsis Semdeg
ganmartebas iZleva: “WeSmariti poeti yovlis mcodnea _ igi namdvili
samyaroa mcire masStabiT” (82, 401). Mmis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebic ufro
utyuaria, vidre swavlulis. Mmecnieris racionalur gonebasa da poetis
intuicias Soris romantikosebi am ukanasknels aniWeben upiratesobas.
Semoqmedi globalurad da meti siRrmiT Seimecnebs garesamyaros
mecnierTan SedarebiT. swavlulisaTvis is aris cnobili, rasac gonebis
ZaliT swvdeba. Mmovlena ki, romelic logikis sazRvrebs scildeba,
auxsneli rCeba. Mmxolod poezia, Semoqmedis moRvaweobis nayofi, mkiTxvels
gadauSlis dafarul saidumlos, iZleva pasuxs maradiul kiTxvebze.
amitomac, novalisi xelovnebis am dargsa da filosofias Soris pirdapir
kavSirs xedavs: “poezia filosofiis gmiria... filosofia poeziis Teoriaa”
(82, 401), wers igi “fragmentebSi”.
germanel romantikosTa gmirebis umravlesoba xelovania,
SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli adamiani. sayvareli personaJi mainc
poetia _ usazRvro fantaziis mqone, jadoqari, romelic warmosaxvis
samyaroSi erTmaneTis sapirispiro movlenebs arigebs, dabrkolebebs
gadalaxavs.
novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingenSi” naCvenebia mTavari gmiris,
axalgazrda ymawvilis, hainrixis poetad Camoyalibeba sulieri evoluciis
gziT, Tumca mwerali ar gamoricxavs Semecnebis racionalur gzas.
nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT: “kacTa modgmis istoria ori gziT Seimecneba:
erTi gza metad Sori da Zneladsavalia, amis garda uamravi gaukvalavi
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bilikiTaa daserili; es gamocdilebis gza gaxlavT; meore gza _ erTi
naxtomiT SeiZleba ganvlos kacma; es Sinagani Wvretis gzaa. visac pirveli
gziT gadauwyvetia siaruli, man erTmaneTs unda Seujeros movlenebi da
Caataros mosawyeni gaangariSebebi; meore gziT mosiarule kaci ki uSualod
swvdeba yoveli ambisa Tu movlenis arss” (79, 53).
romani miznad isaxavs poetisa da poeziis rolis warmoCenas.
Semoqmedi mowodebulia bunebis saidumloebebis amosaxsnelad, bunebasa da
adamians Soris gaucxoebis dasaZlevad da dakarguli kavSiris aRsadgenad.
avtoris CanafiqriT, Tavad romani unda yofiliyo “poeziis apoTeozi”.
romanis pirvel nawilSi gadmocemulia hainrixis swrafva, gaxdes
poeti, igi emsaxureba momavali poetis codniTa da sxvadasxva
STabeWdilebebiT gamdidrebas, meore nawilSi ki, am sanukvari ocnebis
asrulebaa naCvenebi. Aaizenaxidan augsburgamde mogzaurobisas xdeba gmiris
momzadeba am didi misiisTvis. igi gzadagza xvdeba da ecnoba sxvadasxva
profesiis xalxs, ismens maT monaTxrobs, rac misi gonebrivi da sulieri
Tvalsawieris gafarToebas emsaxureba, Rrmavdeba masSi romantikuli suli,
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena poet klingzorisa da misi asulis _
matildes gacnobaa. swored klingzoris saubrebi exmareba mas poeturi
xelovnebis mTeli xiblisa da idumalebis SecnobaSi. poezia warmoudgeba
rogorc Sinagani Zalisxmeva, romlis mizansac ara movlenebis garegnuli
saxiT aRwera, aramed mis arsSi wvdoma, CaRrmaveba warmoadgens. WeSmarit
poets, rogorc “sxva varskvlavze dabadebuls”, Seswevs unari Seicnos
dafaruli saidumlo da ubralo mokvdavnic aziaros am codnas. igi maT
aqamde ucnob, miRma samyaros gadauSlis da mis saidumloebebs ucxadebs,
rac warmoadgens poeziis Tavdapirvel azrs. Hhainrixs jer kidev Tavisi
aRmzrdelis swavleba axsovs: “mgosani RvTis madliT cxebuli adamiania,
amitomac zenaarsTan uxilavi siaxloviT aRtacebuls, SeuZlia dedamiwas
netari hangebiT auwyos zeciuri sibrZneo” (82, 54). Pgarda amisa, igi, rogorc
RvTisgan rCeuli, gansakuTrebuli unaris mqone adamiania.Ffantaziasa da
moqargul enasTan erTad aqvs bunebis Zalebze zemoqmedebis unari. A
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romanSi ismis monatreba Zveli drois poetebis, romelnic magiur
Zalebs flobdnen. hqondaT uCveulo sakravebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac
saocar hangebs gamoscemdnen, SeeZloT bunebis Zalebis sulebis gamowveva,
mZvinvare mxecebis moTviniereba, aboboqrebuli mdinareebis damSvideba... Ees
is dro iyo, roca “poetebi misnebic iyvnen da qurumebic” (82, 56).
aseTi poetebi arian romanSi CarTuli zRaprebis mTavari gmirebi.
pirvel maTganSi damuSavebulia legenda berZeni poetis _ arionis Sesaxeb.
vxdebiT misi xelovnebisa da niWis magiuri Zalis mowmeni. igi simRerebis
SeTxzvis xelovnebasTan erTad flobs bunebaze zemoqmedebis saocar unars.
survilisamebr mas emorCilebian bunebis stiqionebi da mZvinvare urCxuli.
meore zRapris gmiric winamorbedis msgavsad poetia. Aaq ar Cans mis
mier bunebis Zalebze batonoba, magram aSkaraa adamianebze misi xelovnebis
keTilismyofeli zegavlena: Tu rogor ganawyobs sakuTari SemoqmedebiT
Tavis sasargeblod mefesa da mTel sasaxlis kars.
mesame zRaparSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor ixsnis poezia qveyanas
borotebisagan: arkturis sasaxle, romelic simbolurad RvTaebriv ZalTa
samyofels warmoadgens, srul uZraobas, mdumarebas, sicivesa da yinuls
moucavs. Mmas am jadosnobisagan aTavisufleben erosi _ siyvaruli da igavi,
igive poezia. qveynad mSvidoba, siyvaruli da harmonia isadgurebs,
marcxdeba proza da vxdebiT poeziis zeobis mowmeni.AzRaparSi borotebas,
momxveWelobas, sixarbes, qedmaRlobas poezia upirispirdeba da amarcxebs.
romantizmis msgavsad, modernizmisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli niSania
sulis saidumlo moZraobis, Zlieri grZnobebisa da adamianis “Crdilovani”
mxareebis warmoCena. Mmodernistebic miuTiTeben mecnierebis ususurobaze.
logika da racionalizmi meored XX saukunis dasawyisSi uaryves, rogorc
Semecnebis gza. erTxmad aitaces bergsonis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
adamiani realobas swvdeba intuiciis, instinqtisa da ara inteleqtis
saSualebiT.
gr. robaqiZis mTavari gmirebis umravlesobac xelovnebas emsaxureba.
maT Soris unda davasaxeloT poetebi _ oTar moSaire (piesa “londa”) da
levan orbeli (romani “graalis mcvelni”).
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poeziaze qarTveli modernistic maRali azrisaa: “poeti, igive
xelovani momgonebelia Tavisi arsiT. Ees Tviseba yvela adamianSia, romelic
qveSecneulad sul gaxsenebaSia, sakuTari Tavis ZebnaSia, magram poets es
grZnoba gamZafrebuli aqvs. misTvis ufro iolia Caswvdes Zirebs, radgan
xelovani scildeba Semoqmedebis Jams empiriul-pirovnul sazRvrebs da
fantaziis (anu mnemosinis) gaSliT erTvis narnar ZafT msoflio qsovilisa”
(125, 311). SemoqmedebiTi procesi gr. robaqiZes warmoudgeba rogorc
“TvalRia sizmari”. es aris abstraqtuli simbolo, romelic niSnavs
“samyaros TviTarsis” WvretiT Semecnebas. saWiroa mxolod “gzneba”.
mTavaria mixvde, intuitiurad igrZno. “TvalRia sizmarSi” adamiani
usasrulo realobas erTvis. poeti maradisobas eaxleba SemoqmedebiTi wvis
procesSi da Tavisi xelovnebiT adamianebsac ukvdavebis Tanaziars xdis.
“aseTia saidumloeba SemoqmedebiTi Jamisa. am ucnaur Jams xelovani
scildeba fxizel yoveldRiurobas da Sedis Ramis samflobeloSi, saca igi
TvalRia sizmarSi gaxveuli, ufro naTlad umzers saxeTa warmoSobas...
diax, Tval-Ria sizmarSi!”…_ wers gr. robaqiZe (125, 312).……
piesa “londas” mniSvnelovani da gamorCeuli personaJia oTar
moSaire. misi piriT sibrZne RaRadebs, samyaros kosmiuri wyobis Sesaxeb
Semdeg azrs ayalibebs: qveyana ukideganoa, dasasruli da dasawyisi ar
gaaCnia, an vin icis, iqneb misi dasasruli dasawyisia da dasawyisi ki _
dasasruli:
“qveyanas ara aqvs arc saTauri da arc dasasruli” (91, 27) _ gvamcnobs
igi. poeti yvelaze ufro saRad moazrovne adamiania. qadagebs progresul
ideebs. swored mas uCndeba protestis grZnoba, roca movlenili gvalvis
gamo qurumi londas msxverplad Sewirvas gadawyvets. moSaire adamianis
msxverplSewirvis winaaRmdegia, erTaderTi mTels am xalxmraval
TavyrilobaSi Tamaz batoniSvilis Semdeg. Cans, rom xalxs igi uyvars,
interesiT ismenen mis monaTxrobs. is ambebi, rasac igi yveba, mniSvnelovani
informaciis Semcvelia. londas ucnauri, idumalebiT moculi, mistiuri
warmoSobis Sesaxeb swored moSaire amcnobs iq Sekrebil sazogadoebas.
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hyveba aseve qalRmerTisa da Wabuki monadiris siyvarulis ambavs, romelsac
fataluri dasasruli aqvs. legenda TiTqos uxilavi ZafiT ukavSirdeba
londasa da Tamazis istorias. orive SemTxvevaSi siyvaruli da bediswera
wyvets, gansazRvravs finals. rom ara siyvaruli, sul sxvagvarad
ganviTardeboda moqmedeba, es iqneboda erT-erTi msxverplSewirvis rituali,
romlis msgavsic warmarTul warsulSi araerTxel momxdara da rom ara
bediswera _ movlenili gvalva da amis gamo msxverplad qurumis mier
londas gamocxadeba, SesaZloa londasa da Tamazis siyvaruls an ar
hqonoda gagrZeleba, an hqonoda sruliad banaluri dasasruli. swored
siyvarulisa da bedisweris Serkineba aqcevs dramas misteriad. yovelive
TiTqos oTar moSairis mier aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi da ganWvretili.
moSaire ar aris brmad morCili adamiani da swored misgan modis
sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebuli Sexedulebebisagan gansxvavebuli
azri. mis msgavsad, rogorc cnobilia, Tamaz batoniSvilic winaaRmdegia
londas msxverplad Sewirvis da cdilobs kidec, win aRudges am saSinel
gadawyvetilebas. magram igi Tavis qcevaSi subieqturia, radgan mas
siyvaruli amoZravebs. oTar moSaire ki, konkretul SemTxvevasTan
mimarTebaSi yovelmxriv miukerZoebeli adamiania.
saxalxo poeti warmarT qurumze maRla dgas Tavisi religiuri
SexedulebebiT. misTvis cnobilia samyaros mTlianobis arsi, RvTaebrivis
arseboba adamianSi da adamianurisa RvTaebrivSi:
“RmerTi yovelia da yoveli RmerTia.
adamiani RmerTia namdvili” (91, 32).
novalisis poetebis msgavsad, oTar moSairis personaJSic samyaros
gadasxvaferebis, masSi cvlilebebisa da gardatexis Setanis survili Cans.
warmarTuli Sexedulebebis, crurwmenebisa da ritualebisadmi erTguleba
masSi Sesustebulia, rac kontrasts warmoSobs massa da mSobel xalxs
Soris.
levani, “graalis mcvelnis” mTavari gmiri gansakuTrebuli personaJia.
romanis dasawyisSive iZleva avtori mis dawvrilebiT fsiqologiur
portrets. misi megobris avalas daxasiaTebiT, igi “ucnauri”, natifi da
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faqizi sulis mqone adamiania, romelic sxva droiT ganzomilebaSi arsebobs
da cxovrebasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. “warmosaxuls igi realobad iRebs”
(102, 26), rac mis sevdas ganapirobebs. igi iseT ubralo nivTebSi Seicnobs
uzenaess, rogoricaa: qva, yvavili da a. S. Tuki avalas davujerebT, levani
namdvili romantikosi gmiria Tavisi msoflgancdiT. leqsis dabadebis
momentSi mis arsebaSi saocari fsiqo-emociuri muxti warmoiSoba. ase
iqmneba levan orbelis Semoqmedeba. am momentis Semswreni misi megobrebic
xdebian. swored Wvretis, zmanebis saSualebiT xdeba misTvis cnobili
graalis Sesaxeb.
poeturi alRo da xsenebuli xilva samyaros mTlianobas
ganacdevinebs levans. misi azrovneba saukuneebs kravs _ “roca xilva mewvia,
mqonda SegrZneba, TiTqos igi adrec mwveoda, Tanac misi yvela wvrilmani
maxsovda. zogjer mgonia, rom viRacam Zalian didi xnis win raRac
amdagvari ukve miambo. magram ar vici, vin. SesaZlebelia, rom am viRacam
yvelaferi ZilSi CamCurCula? magram ar var darwmunebuli. iqneb es jer
kidev Cems dabadebamde iyo? Tqven, ra Tqma unda, SegiZliaT
TavdajerebulobaSi damadanaSauloT, magram zogjer meCveneba, rom asec
iyo” (102, 121) _ ambobs igi norinasa da Tavad giorgisTan saubarSi.
pirveli SexvedrisTanave ixibleba Tavadi giorgi axalgazrda poetiT,
romelic sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebuli adamiania da misgan saocari Zala
momdinareobs. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom Tavadi mas opals Cuqnis. Zvirfasi
qvis brwyinvaleba, romelic masve ukan ubrundeba, romanSi Sedarebulia
adamianis TviTCaRrmavebis procesTan.
ori mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi poetisa da poeziis arsis SepirispirebiTma
Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom SemoqmedebiTi adamianis xati, iseve, rogorc
SemoqmedebiTi procesi, avtorebs msgavsad aqvT warmodgenili. saidumlo
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, universumsa da individs Soris gaTiSulobis
daZleva, momavlis ganWvreta, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi dadebiTi,
progresuli cvlilebebis Setana warmoadgens poetisa da poeziis
daniSnulebas.
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gansxvaveba novalissa da gr. robaqiZis poetebs Soris mxolod is
aris, rom qarTvel modernistTan isini SedarebiT “realurebi” arian,
novalisTan ki ufro miTiur personaJebs gvanan, romelnic zemoqmedeben
garesamyaroze, SeuZliaT fizikuri garadasaxvac ki. hainrixi
transformaciis Semdeg gzas gadis: adamiani, qva, xe, verZi da isev adamiani.
mas Semdeg ki, rac cisfer yvavils mowyvets, xdeba aramiwieri, sul sxva
registrSi warmogvidgeba, amaRlebuli yoveldRiur yofaze, TiTqos
sxeulic simyares kargavs. maSin, roca gr. robaqiZis poetebi Cveulebrivi,
miwieri adamianebi arian da danarCenebisgan mxolod faqizi suli
gamoarCevT.
sabolood, orive mwerlis ideals misani poeti warmoadgens. gr.
robaqiZe werilSi “rusuli geniis Sesaxeb” eTanxmeba Tavad novalisis azrs,
mohyavs, ra citata misi fragmentebidan imis Sesaxeb, rom odesRac qurumi
da poeti erTi da igives niSnavda da rom kvlavac moxdeba maTi ideuri
Serwyma. Tuki novalisi am misiis Sesrulebas romantikul xelovnebas
usaxavda miznad, gr. robaqiZis azriT, es simbolizms ZaluZs. swored poeti-
qurumi warmoadgens Semoqmedi adamianis xats, romelsac maT sakuTari
personaJebi miusadages. A
oTar moSairisa da levan orbelis garda gr. robaqiZis sxva
nawarmoebTa mTavari personaJebic xelovnebas emsaxurebian. arCibald mekeSi
mxatvaria, adolf ungar ( “falestra”) _ kinoreJisori, xolo Tamaz enguri
_ scenaristi.
fr. Slegeli poetis Sesaxeb werda, Tuki vinme moindomebs bunebis
sulis Secnobas, eZebos igi poetebTan, radgan buneba swored maT winaSe
xsnis Tavis arss. romantikosebTan buneba universumTan aris gaigivebuli.
aRiqmeba rogorc cocxali organizmi, mudam ganaxlebadi da cvalebadi,
amitom idumali da saocari. masSi yvelaferi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba,
gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, romantikosTa
Sexedulebebi am kuTxiT Camoyalibda Selingis naturfilosofiur
moZRvrebaSi. Selingi bunebas ganixilavs ara rogorc produqts, aramed
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rogorc produqtiulobas. ismis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom buneba rogorc
produqtiuloba, rogorc usasrulo Semoqmedeba, ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia.
Selingis naturfilosofiis mTavari Tezisia adamianisa da bunebis
erTianoba, sulieri (adamiani) da materialuri (buneba) samyaroebis
igiveobis idea.
Sexeduleba bunebaze, rogorc cocxal organizmze axali ar aris.
igive pozicia aqvs iakob biomes, germanel religiur moazrovnesa da
mistikoss, romelic aseve amtkicebda, rom bunebaSi araferia mkvdari,
aracocxali da rom samyaroSi yvelaferi gasulierebuli Zalebis
moqmedebis Sedegia. romantikosebma TiTqos axlidan aRmoaCines biome.
gansakuTrebuli gavlena misma Sromebma moaxdina novalisze, romelic
gatacebuli iyo misi filosofiur-mistikuri TeoriiT.
rac Seexeba novaliss, bunebis miseuli xedva fraibergis samTo
akademiaSi gatarebuli ori wlis Sedegia. igi cnobili mecnier-geolog
verneris xelmZRvanelobiT eufleboda mineralogias, geologiasa da samTo
saqmes axleburi xedviT _ filosofiur WrilSi. amis Sedegad Camouyalibda
samyaros axleburi gancda, romlis mixedviTac, buneba Sinagani erTianobiT
xasiaTdeba. adamiani am erTianobaSia CarTuli da misi calke ganxilva,
bunebasTan mimarTebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
buneba, romelic klasicizmma civilizacias daumorCila, romantizmma
TiTqos Tavidan aRmoaCina, rogorc TviTmyofadi da Zlieri subieqti.
novalisis “magiuri idealizmis” Teoria aris bunebis ukeT Secnobis
survili.
“saisel SegirdebSi” naCvenebia adamianisa da bunebis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. samTo skolis maswavleblis prototipi verneria.
igi bunebaze Seyvarebuli adamiania, romelic bavSvobidan swavlobda mas,
agrovebda niJarebs, ferad qvebs, sxvadasxva xoWoebs, akvirdeboda
adamianebsa da cxovelebs, sakuTar sulsa da fiqrebs bejiTad ayuradebda
da ar icoda saiT eweoda “gaucnobierebeli ltolva”. Sedegad, “male man
SeniSna yvelaferSi kavSiri, Tanxvedra, damTxveva da ai, male igi aRarafers
xedavda gamocalkevebiT” (81, 96). igi daeufla bunebaze zemoqmedebis Zalebs,
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SeeZlo emarTa misi Zalebi da movlenebi. ukve gasagebia, rom maswavlebeli
racionalistia, radgan movlenebSi mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs eZebs da
poulobs kidec.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sakuTar gamocdilebas uziarebs, aswavlis,
rogor moiqcnen, rom Caswvdnen bunebis saidumlos. sTavazobs maT im xerxs,
romelsac igi Tavis droze mimarTavda, Tumca Tavs ar axvevs, radgan
fiqrobs, rom moswavleebma sakuTari gza Tavad unda monaxon. Tavisuflebas
ar uzRudavs yvelasagan gamorCeul erT moswavles, romelsac qvebisa Tu
sxva sagnebis Segrovebas urCevnia fiqrs mieces. igi mWvreteli adamiania,
romelsac gulisyuri sakuTari Sinagani xmisken aqvs mimarTuli. “me
yvelaferi isev sakuTar TavTan mabrunebs” (81, 97) _ ambobs igi.
bunebisa da adamianis harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis SesaniSnavi
magaliTia hiacintis zRapari. aq aRwerilia is winaresazogadoeba, romelic
romantikosebs enatrebaT da mTeli maTi Semoqmedeba swored didi xnis win
dakarguli harmoniis aRdgenisaken aris mimarTuli. hiacints esmis bunebis
Svilebis ena, iseve advilad amyarebs komunikacias frinvelebTan da
cxovelebTan, rogorc adamianebTan. izidas qandakebisaken saval gzas mas
mxecebi, xeebi, yvavilebi, kldeebi, mdinareebi aswavlian.
odesRac adamianisa da bunebis erTianoba ufro TvalsaCino iyo, roca
adamiani da yvelaferi mis garSemo _ sulieri Tu usulo erTi eniT
saubrobda. axal droSi sagnebisa Tu movlenebis dedaarsSi wvdoma imitom
garTulda, rom bunebis Svilebs erTmaneTis aRar esmiT, gamqrala saerTo
ena.
bunebas swavlobs “hainrix fon ofterdingenis” erT-erTi personaJi _
maRaros mTxreli. miwis wiaRSi Casuli guldasmiT ikvlevs qanebs, agrovebs
qvebs, Zvirfas liTons, Seiswavlis maT da ase nel-nela aRadgens saerTo
suraTs, mozaikuri pano nabij-nabij ivseba. mas Semdeg, rac jaWvis yvela
rgols ipovis, maSin warmoudgeba buneba mTlianobaSi, sadac yvelaferi
erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobs. dedamiwa
memaRaroes “pirvelqmnili samyaros Zeglebs” warmoudgens, sakuTar arsSi
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axedebs da dafarulis amoxsnas uiolebs. bunebis saidumloebebTan erTad
yofierebis saidumlos exdeba farda.
maSin, roca adamiansa da bunebas Soris darRveulia Sinagani kavSiri
da mimarTeba, mindias fenomeni sruliad gansakuTrebul movlenad aRiqmeba.
es aris irealur samyaros naziarebi adamiani. mindia flobs bunebis enas,
igive kosmosis enas, mas uyvars buneba, mis wiaRSi Tavs kargad grZnobs.
mindia miwieri adamiania, zebunebrivi unariTa da codniT aRWurvili. misi
guli siyvaruls ver itevs, misi nazi da faqizi suli enaTesaveba samyaros
yvela usulosa Tu sulier arsebas, esmis maTi ena, ris gamoc misans eZaxian:
“yoils ena aqv.
yovel gaCenils ena aqv:
xes. qvas. balaxs. valskvlavs.
miyvars yoveli.. mesmis yvelai” (91, 180).
pirvelyofili sazogadoebis gaxsenebaa xevsurTa yofa-cxovreba
moTxrobaSi “engadi”. isini bunebasTan mWidro kavSirSi cxovroben, ukeT
esmiT misi, vidre qalaqis mkvidrT. buneba maTi saxli da sarCos mimcemia.
adamianis sacxovrebeli imavdroulad pirutyvis sadgomsac warmoadgens.
novelaSi bunebis suraTebi mravlad aris mocemuli. bunebis wiaRSi
pirvelyofil materiasTan Sexebisas mTavar gmirs _ giorgi valuevs
maradisobasTan ziarebis SegrZnebas utovebs: “myisve vigrZeni ucxo ram.
TiTqo klde xomaldi yofiliyos udide da mZlavri; sizmareul migvaqanebda
igi usazRvroebaSi cis rZeTeTri SoreTis mimarT. iyo erTi wuTi: megona
Sevexe maradisobis samosels” (92, 107).
xevsurebisaTvis buneba aramarto masazrdoebeli, aramed mkurnalicaa.
TiTqos “miTosidan movlenili” mkurnali likokeli wamlis dasamzadeblad
bunebriv saSualebebs mimarTavs, iyenebs samkurnalo mcenareebs, rasac
buneba iZleva. likokeli civilizacias mowyvetili brZenia. flobs mistiur
codnas wignebisa da gazeTebis gareSe.
samyaro erT mTlian organizmad warmogvidgeba. es erTianoba da
ganuyofloba jer kidev Zlieria da TvalSisacemi. ritualuri ludis
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gamosaxdeli wyali mTel sofels moaqvs da Sesawiri saqonelic komlobiT
mohyavT. es aris niSani “mTelis gznebis”. drois dineba aq ar SeigrZnoba.
im dros, roca axal droebaSi darRveulia kavSiri adamianebs Soris,
xdeba gaucxoeba, SeimCneva tendencia gacalkevebis, danawevrebis,
gamoyofisken ltolvis, xevsurebis erTianoba im idealis ganxorcielebad
aRiqmeba, razec ocnebobdnen romantikosebi, romlis modelic Soreul
warsulSi egulebodaT. am SemTxvevaSic robaqiZiseuli samyaros kosmiuri
mTlianobis aRqma, RmerTisa da bunebis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba anu samyaros
panTeisturi xedva, srul TanxvedraSia romantikosTa msoflgancdasTan.
feletonSi “buneba” gr. robaqiZe bunebis Semoqmed Tvisebaze saubrobs,
romelic mudmivad ganaxlebas ganicdis da miuxedavad amisa, misi
ganviTareba mainc ar dasrulebula. buneba ar scnobs drois dinebas,
misTvis awmyo maradisobaa (88, 2).
Semecnebas ukavSirdeba mogzaurobis motivi, romelic aseve saziaro
aqvT gr. robaqiZesa da novaliss. igi erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
motivia literaturaSi, rogorc m. baxtini aRniSnavs, „bevri nawarmoebi
pirdapir efuZneba gzis qronotops, Sexvedrebsa da Tavgadasavlebs“ (13, 248).
gza SesaZlebelia gaviazroT rogorc zogadad moZraoba. saWirod
migvaCnia Tavdapirvelad am konceptis filosofiuri, religiuri da
miTologiuri kuTxiT gaanalizeba, risTvisac mivmarTavT f. keraSevas
kvlevas aRniSnul Temaze. sakiTxi Seswavlilia swored germanul
romantizmTan mimarTebaSi. romantizmis epoqaSi izrdeba moZraobis
problemis mimarT interesi, ramac asaxva hpova adamianis azrovnebis,
esTetikuri aRqmisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sferoebze. ra Tqma unda
Tavisi gavlena istoriulma fonmac iqonia. igulisxmeba is didi socialur-
politikuri Zvrebi, romelTac XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis
dasawyisis evropaSi aqvs adgili. aRniSnuli epoqa xasiaTdeba, rogorc
gansakuTrebulad dinamiuri, arastabiluri da cvalebadi.
moZraobis problemas uTmoben Tavis yuradRebas germanuli
idealisturi filosofiis warmomadgenlebi _ kanti, fixte, Selingi da sxv.
70
maT SromebSi kacobriobis istoria ganixileba, rogorc msoflio sulis
ganviTareba. etapebs gadis adamianis sulis ganviTarebac.
ganviTarebisa da TviTganviTarebis problemas aranakleb
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs herderisa da goeTes SromebSic. istorizmis
principi herderTan axsnilia, rogorc ganviTarebis, zrdis procesi.
TxzulebaSi “mogzaurobis dRiuri” exeba esTetikisa da filosofiis
araerT problemas. avtori miuTiTebs im Tanafardobaze, romelic
geografiul da sulier sferoebSi ganxorcielebul moZraobaTa Soris
arsebobs.
goeTes warmodgena samyaroze, rogorc formebis metamorfozis
erTobliobaze, romelTac erTi saerTo warmomavloba aqvT, aisaxa
moZRvrebaSi “Taurfenomenis” Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli mwerlisa da moazrovnis
SemTxvevaSic moZraoba rom ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, amas mowmobs
“vilhelm maisteri”. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
pirobad goeTe swored mogzaurobas miiCnevs.
romantikosebze gavlena iqonia aseve iakob biomes dialeqtikamac.
masTan adamianis mier RmerTis Semecneba moZraobas ukavSirdeba. Tavad
RmerTi, rogorc udidesi SemoqmedebiTi Zala aris yovelgvari moZraobis
saTave. sinamdvilis Semecneba axsnilia, rogorc procesi, romelic
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod subieqtis aqtiuri moRvaweobis,
moqmedebis Sedegad.
rogorc cxadi xdeba, XVIII saukunis mTeli sulier – inteleqtualuri
fena moZraobis ideas sakuTar arsebaSi amuSavebda da am procesma
gamoxatuleba hpova filosofiur azrovnebasa da xelovnebaSi.
f. keraSeva Temis Seswavlisas ganixilavs m. baxtinis Sromebs “gzis”
konceptis Sesaxeb. m. baxtini moZraobis erT-erT formad miiCnevs
mogzaurobas, romelic sakuTari arsiT rTuli movlenaa da Tavis mxriv
ukavSirdeba iseT “motivebs, rogoricaa Sexvedra _ ganSoreba (gayra),
dakargva _ mopoveba, Zebna _ povna, gageba _ vergageba da sxv” (baxtini.
citata aRebulia: 55, 34).
71
m. baxtini literaturil nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli gzis qronotopis
Zirebs folklorSi xedavs, radgan “gzis arCeva _ cxovrebis gezis arCeva,
gzajvaredini _ yovelTvis aris folkloruli gmiris cxovrebaSi
Semobrunebis wertili” (baxtini. citata aRebulia: 55, 35).
Tumca aRniSnuli motivi folkloramde miTologiasa da religiur
wminda wignebSi aisaxa. drosa da sivrceSi gadaadgilebas am SemTxvevaSic
igive motivacia aqvs. moZraobis dawyeba gmirs SeuZlia nebismieri
wertilidan, magram misi dasasruli warmoadgens mizans. gzis dasawyisi da
dasasruli, es ori ukiduresoba gulisxmobs gmiris sulier da
fsiqologiur metamorfozas. amasTan, miTSi SesaZlebelia gmiris
gadaadgileba vertikalur sibrtyezec. vertikaluri traeqtoria, romelzec
personaJi gadaadgileba, warmosaxviTia. am SemTxvevaSi mogzaurobs misi
suli.
Zvel aRTqmaSi gzas ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovani movlenebi. f. keraSeva
iSveliebs araerT magaliTs. yvelaze cnobili epizodia ebraeli xalxis
mogzauroba egviptidan aRqmuli miwisken, romelic ormoc weliwads
gagrZelda. gzad myofT gadaecaT aTi mcneba. axal aRTqmaSi ki iesos mTeli
moRvaweoba aris gza golgoTisken. saxarebis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani
movlena xdeba ara saxlSi, WerqveS, aramed Ria sivceSi _ gzaSi, mTaze,
zRvaze da a. S. zogadad, adamianis cxovrebac erTgvari mogzaurobaa,
imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis samzadisi.
mogzaurobis Tema Cndeba Sua saukuneebis qristianul literaturaSic.
netari avgustine “aRsarebaSi” mogviTxrobs RmerTisken mimaval mis mier
ganvlil gzaze. mas aTi weli dasWirda, rom uari eTqva Zvel Cvevebsa da
gatacebebze da Sesdgomoda WeSmarit gzas. es erTdroulad iyo yoymanis,
eWvis da Tvalis axelis periodi. wmnida avgustinesTan gzas ukavSirdeba
Zebnis, Ziebis procesi. amqveynad iesos movlineba iqca Ziebis namdvil
stimulad.
RmerTisken savali gza Sua saukuneebis qristianul literaturaSi
xSirad kibis saxiT aris xolme warmodgenili. amis magaliTs jer kidev
Zveli aRTqma iZleva, iakobis cnobili sizmriT, romelsac esizmra zecaSi
72
amarTuli kibe da masze zemoT – qvemoT moZravi angelozebi. aseve qvia VI
saukunis qristiani beris ioane sinelis ber-monazonTa meore saxarebad
wodebul wigns “klemaqsi, anu kibe”. ioane Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi
dasaxlebula sinas mTaze, miuZRvna ra Tavi ufals. RmerTisken mimavali gza
masTan ocdaaT safexuriani kibis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
rogorc cxadi xdeba, gzis motivi uZvelesia da garkveuli adgili
uWiravs miTologiaSi, religiur (aramarto qristianul sarwmunoebaSi) Tu
filosofiur sistemebSi, magram igi erTnairad mniSvnelovani ar aris yvela
drosa da yvela swavlebisaTvis. literaturaSi ki, Tu ar CavTvliT Sua
saukuneebis qristianul Zeglebs, ganmanaTleblebma da Semdeg
romantikosebma gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da siRrme mianiWes aRniSnul
motivs. ramdenadac gza, gadaadgileba Semecnebis process ukavSirdeba,
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs romantikul esTetikaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv
am mimdinareobis mTavar problemas warmoadgens. gza da Semecneba aq
erTmaneTis Tanafardi cnebebia.
germanuli romantizmi garkveulwilad eyrdnoba da iziarebs
qristianuli religiis gzis motivis interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac,
mogzaurobis procesi dakavSirebulia sulis evoluciasTan, adamianis
zneobriv srulyofasa da mis mier RvTiuri WeSmaritebis SecnobasTan.
romantikosTa winamorbedebmac mimarTes gzis motivs.
ganmanaTlebelebi romantikosebis msgavsad swavlis miRebis, Semecnebis erT
– erT saSualebad mogzaurobas miiCneven, Tumca Sedegebi gansxvavebulia.
sailustraciod goeTes “vilhelm maisters” mivmarTavT. zogierTi mkvlevari
novalisis dausrulebel romans “hainrix fon ofterdingens” ganixilavs
rogorc aRzrdis romans da saubroben masze “vilhelm maisteris” gavlenis
Sesaxeb.
goeTes am nawarmoebisadmi TanamedroveTa araerTgvarovan
damokidebulebaze da romantikosTa, maT Soris novalisis gamoxmaurebaze
meore TavSi gveqneba ufro vrclad saubari. msgavseba am or nawarmoebs
Soris is aris, rom maTi gmirebi bevrs mogzauroben sakuTari mowodebis
ZiebaSi, Tumca gansxvavebulia dasasruli. vilhelmis gza aris momavali
73
praqtikuli saqmianobisaTvis codnis dagroveba. maSin, roca hainrixisTvis
gza aris misi sulis moZraoba Tavissave siRrmeSi, romelic gadalaxavs
miwier, amqveyniur sivrces da gadis mistikur doneebze.
mogzauroba romantikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovani aqtia. maTi
personaJebi TiTqmis ganuwyvetlad sul gzaSi arian, magram es movlena
miznad ar isaxavs adamianis mier geografiuli Tu istoriuli adgilebis
monaxulebas, miTumetes garTobas, siamovnebasa Tu dasvenebas. igi
romantikuli gmiris sulier srulyofas, mis mier sakuTari Tavis Ziebas
emsaxureba. mogzauroba aris ara marto gadaadgileba fizikur drosa da
sivrceSi, aramed upirvelesad xetiali sakuTari sulis siRrmeebSi. es
movlena swavlasTan, ZiebasTan, axlis SemecnebasTan asocirdeba.
romantikosTa nawarmoebebSi xSirad figurirebs safosto kareta, an
ubralod fexiT moxetiale mogzaurebi.
romantikuli gmiri martosuli pirovnebaa, romelic
sazogadoebisagan calke myofi warmogvidgeba. igi uRrmavdeba sakuTar
arsebas, daexeteba mTels qveyanaze, magram adgils versad poulobs. gza
umetes wilad aris SemTxveviTi Sexvedrebis adgili, sadac xdeba
erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli (erovneba, socialuri mdgomareoba,
asaki da sxv.) adamianebis urTierToba, rac personaJis cxovrebaze
aucileblad tovebs kvals.
aRniSnul motivs novalisTan erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs.
romani “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” mTavari gmiris gamgzavrebiT iwyeba da
Semdgom igi mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze moZraobaSia. misi sulieri
Zalisxmeva mimarTulia poetad Camoyalibebisaken. mogzauroba simbolurad
gadmogvcems hainrixis sulis ganviTarebis istorias, misi
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. Tu materialur samyaroSi es moZraoba
sadRac unda dasruldes, ise, rogorc hainrixis mogzauroba daiwyo
aizenaxSi da dasrulda augsburgSi, sulis samyaroSi igi usasrulod
grZeldeba. es procesi, erTi adamianis sulis istoriaa da simbolurad
asaxavs kacobriobis ganviTarebis istorias, romelic aseve dausrulebeli
procesia.
74
mogzaurobisken hainrixs ubiZgebs sizmrad nanaxi cisferi yvavili _
usasrulobis, Semecnebis, siyvarulisa da poeziis romantikuli simbolo.
sainteresoa, rom gmiri sizmarSic mogzaurobs. vel-mindvrebSi, zRvebze,
usier tyeSi xetialis Semdeg nakadulTan xvdeba, sadac naxavs kidec
cisfer yvavils. gmiris mTeli Semdgomi cxovreba warmoadgens mis Ziebas.
pirvelad dedasTan da nacnob vaWrebTan erTad augsburgSi miemgzavreba.
gzaSi nanaxi da gagonili hainrixis sulze aisaxeba da mas aucilebel
codnasa da gamocdilebas matebs. Tanamgzavrni da gzad Semxvedrni iseT
sibrZnesa da saidumloebebs aziareben, romlis Sesaxebac ara Tu gaugia
raime, manamde warmodgenac ki ar hqonda. raindebis monaTxrobi da
aRmosavlel tyve qalTan _ zulimasTan Sexvedra jvarosnuli laSqrobebis
suliskveTebas da aRmosavluri poeziis sifaqizes aziarebs, memaRaroe mas
bunebis idumalebasa da samTo saqmis mSvenierebas gadauSlis. gandegilTan
saocar wignSi Tavis warsuls da momavals naxavs. Tanamgzavri vaWrebi
poeziis magiur zegavlenas cxadyofen. ase gzadagza swavlobs, ecnoba da
viTardeba hainrixi, iZerweba misi suli.
gmiris mier monaxulebuli adgilebis geografia farTovdeba
nawarmoebis meore nawilSi. igi mogzaurobs italiaSi, saberZneTSi, moivlis
aRmosavleTs, inaxulebs ierusalims. Sinaganad ki xdeba is, rom Seicnobs
bunebis, siyvarulis, sikvdilisa da omis arss da amis Semdeg poulobs
cisfer yvavils.
Soreuli mogzauroba ukuproporciulad moqmedebs romantikosi
gmiris mier sakuTari arsis Semecnebaze, rac ufro Sors gadaadgildeba,
miT ufro uaxlovdeba sakuTar Tavs. novalisis gmirebis yoveli qmedeba
sakuTari Tavisken siarulia. v.i. greSnixi gamokvlevaSi “adreuli germanuli
romantizmi” wers, rom es Tema _ “gza sakuTari Tavisken novalisis prozaSi
mravali mniSvnelobis Semcvelia. igi aRiqmeba rogorc gza adamianis
arsisken da aseve, rogorc gza warsulisken, idumalebisaken, Ramisken,
samSoblosken. amasTan, TiToeuli gza gmirs sakuTar TavSi abrunebs” (38,
91).
75
novalisis memaRaroe miwis wiaRTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli adamiania,
rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. maRaroSi Casvla
alegoriulad niSnavs bunebis wiaRSi Sesvlas. es erTgvari mogzaurobaa.
memaRaroe Tavis megobrebs “miwisqveSeTis mogzaurebs” uwodebs.
mogzaurobs novalisis aseve daumTavrebel moTxroba “saisel
SegirdebSi” CarTuli zRapris gmiri _ hiacintic, mas Semdeg, rac viRac
ucnobisgan Seityobs isidas qandakebis, rogorc yvela arsis dedis Sesaxeb,
Semecnebis dauZleveli wyurvili gadaawyvetinebs gaemgzavros mis
saZieblad. ver SeaCerebs verc mSoblebis Txovna, verc satrfos _
rozenblutis cremlebi. mis xangrZliv mogzaurobas sasurveli dasasruli
aqvs. hiacinti gzad mraval dabrkolebas gadalaxavs: gadaivlis mTebs,
mdinareebs, udabnoebs. mwerali ar akonkretebs, Tu romeli qveynebis gavla
uwevs mas miznis misaRwevad. Cven SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom es
virtualuri qveynebia. aq aRsaniSni mxolod is aris, rom “maSin, roca igi
mogzaurobda, icvleboda misi suli” (81, 111). da roca qandakebas saburvels
axdis, iq rozenbluts ixilavs. isidas qandakebis adgilze Tavisi satrfos,
sakuTari grZnobis, siyvarulis aRmoCena imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamianma
WeSmariteba unda eZebos axlos, anu yvelaze Soreuli yvelaze axlosaa,
magram amisTvis grZel mogzaurobaSi unda wavides. adamiani WeSmaritebamde
midis grZeli, damRleli, saxifaTo, SecdomebiT savse gziT. usasrulobaSi
gasvla, Semecneba niSnavs sakuTar TavTan miaxlebas, TviTSemecnebas.
orive personaJs mogzaurobisken ubiZgebs Soreuli qveynebidan
mosuli mogzauri. hiacintis mSvidi cxovreba mas Semdeg dasruldeba, rac
mis saxlTan erTi ucnobi gamoCndeba da sami dRis manZilze ucnaur ambebs
uambobs. es SemTxveva gadaawyvetinebs mas eZebos isidas qandakeba. hainrixic
aseTive ucnobisgan Seityobs cisferi yvavilis Sesaxeb da roca sizmarSic
naxavs, mosvenebas dakargavs. misi cxovrebis mamoZravebeli Zala cisferi
yvavilisken swrafva xdeba.
rogorc romanis gmiri moxuci memaRaroe ixsenebs, mas Semdeg, rac,
Seipyro survilma, Seetyo, ra imaleboda mTebis wiaRSi, ra saidumlos
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faravdnen isini, gamoCnda erTi ucnobi mgzavri da urCia memaRaroe
gamosuliyo.
am ucnobi personaJebis Sesaxeb aravin araferi icis, vin arian, saidan
movidnen an saiT wavidnen magram cxadia, rom floben saidumlo codnas.
gzis motivis romantikul interpretacias iziarebs gr. robaqiZec. misi
gmirebis SemTxvevaSic WeSmaritebisken saval gzaze maT uwevT fizikur
sivrceSi gadaadgileba.
“gvelis perangSi” moqmedeba ramdenime qveyanaSi viTardeba.
personaJebic bevrs mogzauroben, maT Soris arCibaldic. Tumca aq sivrceSi
gadaadgilebaze ufro mniSvnelovani sakuTari Tavisaken siarulia.
mogzauroba saqarTvelodan bavSvobaSi iwyeba da evropisa da
sparseTis gavliT ukve zrdasrul asakSi isev saqarTveloSi mTavrdeba.
nawarmoebis dro da sivrce erTdroulad konkretulic aris da zogadic,
sadac warsuli, awmyo da momavali erT mTlianobad aris warmodgenili.
nawarmoebi scildeba konkretuli drois farglebs da saukuneebs moicavs.
arCibaldis gza daviwyebulis gaxsenebaa, misi cnobiereba mimarTulia
sakuTari Tavis ukeT Secnobisa da TviTCaRrmavebisken. samSobloSi
dabrunebuli poulobs dakargul fesvebs da sakuTar Tavs. mis sulSi
momxdari transformacia ukavSirdeba gvelis mier perangis gamocvlis
simbolur movlenas. swored es azrobrivi datvirTva eniWeba Tavad
nawarmoebis saTaurs da imTaviTve xazgasmulia mTavar gmirSi momxdari
feriscvalebis mniSvneloba. sakuTari ATavis Tu mamis Zieba es RmerTis
Ziebaa: “romanSi gr. robaqiZis saTqmels gadmogvcems taba - tabaჲ “hindu Tu
sparsi Tu egvipteli”, romelic Tavis Tavs “natexi sityvebiT” ebaaseba:
“warmomSobi Zala kosmiuri: mama da Svili erTad erTi meoreSi. mama: “erTi”
Svili: mama da Tan “sxva”. taba - tabaჲ xSirad imeorebs: “ruaxh eloRhim _
sunTqva yovelis”. yovelive es naTlad mogvaniSnebs am problemis religiur
_ filosofiur aspeqtze [...] arCibaldis mier mamis Zieba, amave dros,
RmerTis Ziebasac niSnavs” (137, 158-159).
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Semecnebis procesi xorcieldeba daviwyebulis gaxsenebasa da
dakargulis kvlav povnis gziT. ise, rogorc “gveli “Tavs iviwyebs”, “qerqs
icvlis” da “ganvlil sicocxles” tovebs. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba
sicocxlis atana. moulodnelad, taba - tabaჲ arCibalds yelze gvelis
qerqs Semoaxvevs. ase iwyeba “gonis mxriv” meored dabadebis rTuli procesi
[...]. ziarebis ritualis dros, rogorc v. ivanovi amtkicebs, axalbedas ubeSi
gvels Causrialebdnen xolme. arCibaldi aRwevs sulieri ganviTarebis iseT
safexurs, rom yovelive Tavisi namdvili arsiT da WeSmariti saxeliT
warmosdgeba mis winaSe. mistikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben saxels [...].
arCibaldisTvis miuRebeli xdeba mogonili saxeli. amieridan is arCil
mayaSvilia. sulierad aRorZinebuli da gadaxalisebuli arCili
saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba da qmnis tradiciul ojaxs. SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom germanuli Jurnali “exo der caiti” 1933 wels, grigol robaqiZes
“sulis suverens” uwodebda, xolo “gvelis perangis” Sesaxeb werda: es aris
giganturi naxati xelaxlad wamozrdili sulisa, romelsac diadi
tradicia aqvs’” (137, 160-161).
hainrixis msgavsad arCibaldis cxovrebis Tanamgzavrni Tu garkveuli
datvirTvis mqone calkeuli nivTebi da movlenebi _ mamis suraTi da
misgan danatovari kolofi, vamexi, matasi, taba-tabaჲ... _ mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben gmiris iniciaciis procesSi da rac ufro uaxlovdeba igi
sairmis pirvelmiwas, sulier planSic sul ufro uaxlovdeba mamis wiaRs.
arCibaldis mogzauroba es aris “garegan _ winsvla, Sinagan _ ukuqceva” (99,
86).
sivrceSi gadaadgilebas ukavSirdeba aseve gr. robaqiZis meore gmiris
_ Tamaz enguris mier RmerTis xilva. “sad xar, RmerTo?” _ ar asvenebs es
kiTxva Tamazs. imdenad Zlieria masSi ganaxlebis survili, rom Sedegic ar
igvianebs. “Tamazi mTebisken daiZra, mzesaviT adioda. varskvlaviviT. axla
grZnobda, rom miwasac Sordeboda” (98, 153). es epizodi simbolurad
miuTiTebs mis sulier aRorZinebaze. igi ara marto fizikurad Sordeba
miwas da zecisken miiwevs, aramed cvlileba upirvelesad sulier planSi
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xdeba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom RmerTis Ziebis gzaze mimavals graaliT Tasis,
rogorc ganaxlebisa da sakuTar TavSi RmerTis aRmoCenis simbolos,
Sesaxeb axsendeba: “roca macxovarma suli ganuteva, erT-erTma mcvelma Subi
Casca mkvdar sxeuls. neknebidan sisxli da wyali gadmovida. ioseb
arimaTielma sisxli im TasSi Seagrova, romelsac qriste Tavis mowafeT
awvdida ziarebisas. es Tasi saukuneebis Semdeg gaxda graali, raindTa mier
daculi da Senaxuli. Tamazs moagonda es ambavi da gaifiqra: ramdenime
wveTi xom miwaSic unda moxvedriliyo! diax, mTeli dedamiwa mas Semdeg am
sisixliT aris morwyuli [...] da man midamos mimarTa: ... o, Sen, qristes
sisxlo, daWrili neknebidan gadmoRvrilo, Sens erT wveTs maziare, mxolod
erT patara wveTs, raTa ganvaxlde, gavnaTlde, viTarca bavSvi, rogorc
qalwuli” (98, 153-154). Tamazis mier aRvlenili RaRadisiARvTis
gamocxadebiT sruldeba: “uecrad igrZno: rac nazad da notiod exeboda,
ZaRli iyo _ levanis ZaRli, romelic mas _ gaxevebuls _ lokavda,
wkmutuniT efereboda. Tamazma xelSi aiyvana ZaRli, wamoimarTa, TvalebSi
Caxeda... uecrad akankalebulma. SeSinebulma RmerTi ixila iq. Tamazi
wamoxta, unapiro sivrceebs gadaxeda da mTeli xmiT iyvira: “Sen xar, Sen
xar, Sen xar”. Tamazi usaxelos uyviroda” (98, 154).
vfiqrobT, ganxiluli magaliTebi aSkarad cxadyofs, rom novalisisa
da gr. robaqiZis gmirebis drosa da sivrceSi gadaadgileba upirveles
yovlisa TviTSemecnebas, sakuTar TavSi pirvelsawyisis aRmoCenas
gulisxmobs. mogzauroba fizikur garemoSi sulier planSi sakuTari
Tavisken siarulia.
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1.4. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema
uZvelesi civilizaciebi, filosofiuri moZRvrebani da religiebi
TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben sicocxles sikvdilis Semdeg, rac ukavSirdeba
sulis ama Tu im formiT mudmivad arsebobas. sikvdilis fenomeni, romelic
adamianSi erTdroulad SiSsa da interess iwvevs, ara erTxel gamxdara
mxatvruli literaturis Tema.
evropuli literaturis romantizmamdel periodSi vxvdebiT sikvdilis
qristianul gagebas, nimuSad marto dantes “RvTaebrivi komediac”
sakmarisia. romantizmma da gansakuTrebiT germanulma nakadma, am Tematikas
filosofiuri Seferiloba Semata, rac gamowveuli iyo aRniSnuli skolis
msoflmxedvelobiT. ra Tqma unda, misi yuradRebis miRma ver darCeboda
iseTi idumali da mistiuri movlena, rogoricaa adamianis am qveynidan
wasvla.
WeSmariti mwerali gverds ver auvlis sikvdilis Temas piradi
tragikuli gamocdilebis gareSec, Tumca albaT es momenti mainc
gasaTvaliswinebelia. novalisis xanmokle cxovrebis Tanamdevi iyo
sikvdili. tuberkulozma misi ramdenime da-Zma Seiwira, xelidan gamoecala
aseve uZvirfasesi arseba, sacole – sofi fon kiuni, ramac didi tkivili
miayena mwerals. erTgan wers igi, sofias sikvdili aris yvelafris
gasaRebio. mZime sulieri travma miiRo Tavis mxriv gr. robaqiZem, roca
erTaderTi (sxva informaciiT ori (99, 13)) mcirewlovani Svili dakarga.
SemTxveviT ar miuniWebia novaliss sofias gardacvalebisTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es movlena aRmoCnda mis cxovrebaSi erTgvari
Semobrunebis wertili _ axali etapis, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dasawyisi.
tragediis Semdeg samwlian monakveTSi Seiqmna am gamorCeuli da
TviTmyofadi mwerlis Semoqmedeba, romelic mTlianad gaJRenTilia sofias
dakargviT gamowveuli tkiviliT. novalisis sulieri ganwyobis Sesaxeb
cnobili xdeba misive dRiuris Canawerebidan. aqve aRwers satrfos
saflavze yofnisas momxdar erT SemTxvevas, romlis drosac hqonda
ucnauri gancda _ sivrcisa da drois sazRvris daZlevisa da
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gardacvlilTan siaxlovis SegrZnebis. es Canaweri daedo safuZvlad mesame
himns (“himnebi Ramisadmi”).
Tundac “gamocdileba” ubiZgebda novaliss, xSirad efiqra sikvdilis
raobaze, ramac asaxva upirveles yovlisa, mis “fragmentebSi” hpova. sadac
mwerali am “Sav-bneli” fenomenis filosofiur-religiur-romantikul axsnas
iZleva: “sicocxle sikvdilis dasawyisia. sicocxle sikvdilis gamo
arsebobs. sikvdili erTdroulad dasasruli da dasawyisia – erTdroulad
gacalkevebaa da dakavSireba” (82, 325). saqme iqamde midis, rom sikvdils
sicocxlis gamaromantiulebel saSualebad acxadebs, romlis gareSec
sicocxle ase sasurveli ver iqneboda. is sZens sicocxles xiblsa da
mimzidvelobas: “sikvdili Cveni sicocxlis gamaromantiulebeli principia,
sikvdili aris _, sicocxle +. sicocxle sikvdiliT aris Zlieri” (82, 523).
novalisi am movlenas adarebs eleqtruli naperwklis erTi eleqtrodidan
meoreze gadasvlas. rac imas gulisxmobs, rom adamiani fizikuri arsebobis
Sewyvetis miuxedavad arasodes tovebs samyaros.
pirad cxovrebaSi gancdili mwuxarebis mxatvruli gardasaxvas
warmoadgens leqsebis cikli “himnebi Ramisadmi”, romelic am mwerlis
metnaklebad dasrulebuli nawarmoebia, gansxvavebiT misi prozisagan.
cikli prozisa da poeziis sinTezs warmoadgens. avtoris mier sikvdilis
“monatreba” ukavSirdeba sofiasTan kvlav Sexvedris survils. mxolod
sicocxleze uaris TqmiT SeiZleba im maradiul qveyanaSi moxvedra.
novalisis am periodis pirad CanawerebSi vxvdebiT miniSnebas mis mier
miRebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. saqme exeba ganzraxvas _
gardaicvalos, magram ara TviTmkvlelobiT, aramed satrfos mimarT sevdam
da dardma gamoiwvios es Sedegi. mxolod ase SesZlebs samudamod
daukavSirdes sofias. rogorc k. bregaZe wers: “sikvdilis wyurvili aris
lirikuli gmiris Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba daZlios sakuTari
SezRuduli empiriuli “me” da SezRuduli empiriuli egzistencia, raTa
amiT dafuZndes axali ontologiuri perspeqtiva – transcendentur
realobaSi egzistenciis SesaZlebloba” (21, 96-97).
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DdRe-Ramis poeturi saxe novalisTan sikvdil-sicocxlis metaforas
warmoadgens. poeti ganadidebs Rames, rogorc maradiulobisa da
usasrulobis simbolos. erTi SexedviT urTierTsapirispiro cnebebi
erTmaneTs ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed ganavrcoben, radgan sicocxleSi
aucileblad moiazreba sikvdili da piriqiT. “dRis sinaTle ganasaxierebs
Jamierebas, warmavlobas, sasrul-empiriul sinamdviles, xolo Rame
usasrulobis, maradisobisa da saRvTo transcendenturobis simboloa,
sadac aRar arsebobs da uqmdeba droiT-sivrciTi kategoriebi. Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT novalisis romantizebis (Romantisieren) postulats,
maSin dRisa da Ramis simbolika unda gaviazroT rogorc dialeqtikuri
mTlianoba da ara rogorc dapirispirebuli ganzomilebani” (21, 87).
hainrix fon ofterdingeni nawarmoebis dasawyisSive sizmarSi ixsenebs
imis Sesaxeb, rom mas ramodenime sicocxle aqvs gamovlili: momkvdariyo,
magram isev aRmdgariyo mkvdreTiT. sizmari romantikuli
msoflmxedvelobiT realur movlenebs ara Tu Camouvardeba, aramed
SeiZleba aRematebodes kidec, radgan adamiani am dros Ria kosmoss
eziareba da am gziT miRebuli informacia “utyuaria”.
nawarmoebis meore nawilSi hainrixi micvalebulTa qveyanaSic
mogzaurobs, xedavs iqaurobas zeciuri netarebiT aRsavses da amis Semdeg
sikvdili mas warmoesaxeba rogorc “sicocxlis uzenaesi gamovlineba”.
hainrixi micvalebulebis simRerasac moismens, romlis xmac miwidan aRwevs.
mkiTxveli rwmundeba, rom sikvdili saSineli dasasruli ar aris. Tuki
aqamde sicocxle sasurveli da sanatreli iyo, xolo sikvdili
Zrwolismomgvreli, axla maT Soris ufskruli gamqralia. saiqioSic iseve
SeiZleba adamiani sicocxliT datkbes, uyvardes, mRerodes da a.S., rogorc
amqveyniur cxovrebaSi.
romanis gmirebi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin ganicdian araerTgzis
transformacias. hainrixi fizikur metamorfozas ganicdis. matildes suli
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg qarafze wamomarTul xeSi gadasaxldeba da
iseve SeuZlia hainrixTan saubari, rogorc uwin. am feriscvalebiT samyaros
mTlianoba da erTianoba TvalnaTliv aRiqmeba. garda amisa, adgili aqvs
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personaJebis Serwymas, mxolod romanis bolos vigebT maTi igiveobis
Sesaxeb: matilde igive ciane da igive aRmosavleli qali zulimaa. amasTan
ciane matildes pirmSoa. gogona Tavad auwyebs hainrixs, rom maT saerTo
mSoblebi hyavT: deda _ RvTismSobeli da mama _ mRvimeSi mcxovrebi
gandegili _ grafi hohencolerni. cianesa da hainrixs sxva mSoblebic hyavT.
rac ise unda gavigoT, rom ara erTxel gadaulaxavT sikvdil-sicocxlis
sazRvari. hainrixis kiTxvaze: “gana erTxel ukve iyavi mkvdari?” gogona
pasuxobs: “maS cocxali rogorRa viqnebodi?” (79, 172). matilde ki acxadebs,
rom igi hainrixs „uxsovari droidan“ icnobs. hainrixi sikvdilis Semdeg
samudamod uerTdeba Seyvarebuls. ara sicocxle, aramed sikvdili gamodis
maTi siyvarulis maradiuli navsayudeli.
sasrulisa da usasrulobis dapirispireba damaxasiaTebelia
romantikuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis. novalisi sikvdilis saSualebiT
auqmebs miwieri cxovrebis kanonebs, sazRvars sivrcesa da droSi, moipovebs
usasrulobasa da Tavisuflebas. novalisis gmiri axla tkbeba namdvili
sixaruliT, wyvets cisfer yvavils, aRsruldeba miwieri moRvaweobis yvela
ocneba. dro-sivrcis sazRvris waSliT xdeba maradiuli harmoniis,
Tavisuflebisa da usasrulobis romantikuli ideis demonstrireba.
rogorc cxadi xdeba, novalisisaTvis sikvdil-sicocxle religiuri
niSniT aRbeWdili maradiuli monacvleobaa. religiaSi SesaZlebelia
dasasrulisa da dasawyisis Serwyma. amiT igi miTs hgavs. miTi da religia
ki, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, romantikosebma kargad gaiTavises, radgan maTSi
samyaros mowyobis universaluri modeli dainaxes.
robaqiZisTvisac maradiul wrebrunvaSi CarTvaa gardacvaleba. igi,
rogorc cnobilia, ideas nicSes daesexa, Tumca bolomde misi mimdevari ar
gamxdara. Tu ratom, amas Tavadve ganmartavs filosofiur eseSi “TaurSiSi
da miTosi” (aseve werilSi “Cemi cxovreba”). igi wers, rom fr. nicSe, Tavis
mxriv, piTagoras swavlebam aRafrTovana, Tumca araswori interpretacia
misca maradiuli dabrunebis ideas da gaigo igi, rogorc mudmivad erTi da
igives ganmeoreba umniSvnelo detalebis CaTvliT. gr. robaqiZis naazrevSi
maradiuli dabruneba sulis doneze xorcieldeba. adamiani isev da isev
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ubrundeba da uRrmavdeba sakuTar Tavs, miiswrafis im pirvelsawyisisaken,
romelic yovel arsebaSia mocemuli da RmerTTan Tanaziars xdis mas.
fizikur doneze ki igi ver daubrundeba Tavis Tavs, ver gaivlis erTxel
ukve ganvlil cxovrebas, aramed eqneba sxva sicocxle. is Tvalsazrisi,
rom sikvdili axali sicocxlis dasawyisia, gr. robaqiZes novalissTan
ufro aaxlovebs, vidre nicSesTan. vxedavT mis aSkara Tanxvedras
“fragmentebSi” kondensirebuli saxiT warmodgenil sikvdil-sicocxlis
novalisiseul koncefciasTan.
sicocxle rom gardacvalebiT ar mTavrdeba kargad ician gr. robaqiZis
gmirebma. qarafis pirze gadasavardnad gamzadebuli, msxverplad Sewiruli
londa TiTqos axali sicocxlis dawyebis molodinSia. amis gacnobierebis
Sedegia is, rom ase mSvidad da uSfoTvelad xvdeba sikvdils.
Tavzardacemul Tamazs Tavad amSvidebs: “me mival iq – sadac erTad
viqnebiT maradis!.. vixilavT... vixilavT... erTmaneTs...” (91, 44).
sagulisxmo detalia isic, rom kldis qveS wminda mdinare miedineba.
erTi kedlidan gamosuli meores erTvis. aravin icis misi dasawyisi da
dasasruli. “mdinaris denaSi vlindeba nawili uzenaesis” (91, 43). esec
miniSnebaa samyaros maradiul moZraobaze, sadac dasawyisi da dasasruli
erTmaneTTanaa Serwymul-SeduRabebuli. k. marjaniSvili “londasadmi”
moZRvnil werilSi wers: “me mxolod mgonia, rom robaqiZes ar gadaugdia
Tavis sulSi londa ufskrulisaken, aramed aisrola is zeviT mzeze, meore
ufskrulSi” (68, 2).
fantasmagoria “malStremis” mTavari gmiri morella, araTu sruli
simSvidiT egebeba sikvdils, aramed ucnobs Tavadve sTxovs sicocxle
mouswrafos mas. es ukanasknelic, daJinebuli Txovnis Semdeg gadawyvets
daniT gangmiros sayvareli qali, rom ukan dadevnebul mdevars xelSi ar
Cauvardes igi. morella momavalSi Sexvedris imediT iseTive sityvebiT
emSvidobeba satrfos, rogorc londa Tamazs: “me mnaxav Sen sadme... me gnaxav
Sen... odesme...” (91, 76).
mas Semdeg, rac SuRliT gaTiSul Zmebs – TorRvaisa da mindias
(“lamara”) Searigebs, iRupeba lamarac. avtorisave sityvebiT jer “naTeli
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siCume” Camowveba, Semdeg zeaziduli mihyavT igi da damRerian “liles”
msgavs simReras. erTis mxriv, eqspresiuli, emociurad datvirTuli finalia,
magram mkiTxvels ar rCeba tkivilis SegrZneba. naTelia, rom lamara
daZmobilebul qistebsa da qarTvelebs ukve zecidan locavs.
“maradiuli yovladobis” Sesaxeb esaubreba taba-tabჲ arCibald mekeSs.
gavixsenoT maTi dialogi “gvelis perangidan”. “sparsi Tu hindu Tu
egvipteli” (rogorc gr. robaqiZe xSirad moixseniebs tabais), es
aRmosavleli brZeni samyaros udides saidumlos ucxadebs arCibalds:
“-yvelaferi cvlaa.. sicocxle cvlaa.. (..) xedav am kvirts?! gaiSleba..
ayvavildeba.. nayofs gamoiRebs.. Semdeg: nayofi damwifdeba.. mowydeba..
daWneba.. gahqreba..
- maS yvelaferi hqreba..
- araferi ar hqreba. “erTi” sxvaSi gadava..
- magram es “sxva” is rom ar iqneba: pirveli?!
- “isic” iqneba.. amaSia yvelaferi moqceuli..
- Zneli sagznobia..
- talRas gamohyof okeanidan?! aiReb peSviT – “talRaa”. ai “es” – rom xedav..
gadauSveb okeaneSi – aRaraa: gaiTqvifa.. magram “talRa” gahqra?!” (89, 270).
aravin icis, taba-tabaჲm SemTxveviT moiyvana magaliTad talRisa da
okeanis ambavi maradisobis kanonze saubrisas Tu im uZveles warmodgenebs
eyrdnoboda, romelTa mixedviTac wylis stiqia RmerTebis gaCenis adgilia,
RvTaebrivisa da maradiulis Semcveli.
dedamiwis sami mesamedi wyals uWiravs. mecnierulad damtkicebulia,
rom yoveli mcenarisaYTu sulieri arsebis Semadgeneli sami meoTxedi
wyalia, romlis Semcvleli jer ar mougoniaT. igi erT-erTia oTxi
ZiriTadi elementidan (miwa, haeri, cecxli, wyali). wyali Tavisi simboluri
datvirTviT ambivalenturia da erTdroulad aris rogorc macocxlebeli
Tvisebis matarebeli, aseve gamanadgurebelic. wyalTan Serwyma RvTaebriv
wiaRSi dabrunebas niSnavs. RvTaebrivia is mdinare, romelSic londa unda
gadaeSvas. aramarto sikvdili, misi dabadebac xom wyals ukavSirdeba.
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zenobias darad daWril morellas ucnobi mdinareSi agdebs. wylis
stiqions SeerTvis matildes sicocxlec. vidre hainrixi cisfer yvavils
ixilavdes, xdeba misi ganbanva, rac sulier ganaxlebas, ganaTvlas, xelaxal
dabadebas niSnavs. ganbanvis scena gvxvdeba klingzoris zRaparSic.
levan orbelis azriTac sikvdili sxva araferia Tu ara adamianSi
RvTiur wiaRSi anu sulis pirvelsawyisTan mibruneba. norinasadmi miwerili
werilebidan cxadi xdeba, rom swored sulis ukvdavebis gamo SeuZlebelia
ori adamianis erTmaneTisagan gaTiSva fizikuri daSorebis miuxedavad.
“vgrZnob, rom SenTan samudamod var dakavSirebuli! _ wers levani norinas,
_ iqneb RvTaebrivi am wuTisofelSi adamianis saxiT warmogvidgeba? qreba is
adamianis gardacvalebasTan erTad? ara, igi Tavis pirvelsawyiss ubrundeba.
es wami, romlis amosunTqvasac Cven warmovadgenT _ Sen da me _
maradiulobaSi gadaizrdeba” (102, 240). ukanasknel werilSi ki londasa da
morellasaviT emSvidobeba sayvarel qals aramiwier qveyanaSi kvlav
Sexvedris imediT: “erTxelac sikvdili daaSorebs Seyvarebulebs, isini
erTmaneTs dakargaven. maSin RmerTebi Tavis samarTals ganaCineben da
Seyvarebulebi aucileblad ipovnian isev erTmaneTs. damexmare, norina,
gipovno, roca me aRar viqnebi” (102, 255).
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi sikvdil-
sicocxlis problemis Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxis maTeuli
aRqma da analizi srul TanxvedraSia. kerZod, sikvdili da sicocxle
cikluri monacvleobiT maradiulobas badebs. qveynad yoveli sulieri da
usulo erT did wrebrunvaSia CarTuli. es sulis istoriaa. igi xan erTi,
xan meore saxiT xorcSesxmuli warmogvidgeba, modis da isev midis.
marTalia ukve “sxvaa”, magram amavdroulad “pirvelic” aris, maradiulad
arsebobs sxvadasxva formaSi. aseTia maradisobis kanoni.
sikvdil-sicocxle monacvleobs da amgvarad samyaro ganuwyvetel
moZraobaSia. adamiani RmerTis nawilia. masSi ukvdavebaa da sikvdilic ver
iqneba dasasruli. igi aris swrafva sawyisi mdgomareobis aRsadgenad. isev
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novalisis fragments davimowmebT: “rasac Cven sikvdils veZaxiT, aris
absoluturi sicocxlis gagrZeleba” (82, 431).
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi adgili hqonda iseT kataklizmebs, romlTa
Sedegadac aramarto uamravi adamianis sicocxle ganadgurda, aramed
materialurad dazaralda evropis didi nawili, Tundac marto pirveli
msoflio omis gaxsenebac ikmarebs, romelis masStabebic sisxlisRvrisa Tu
geografiuli arealis mixedviT SemaZrwuneblad didi aRmoCnda. albaT am
movlenamac daafiqra inteleqtualuri msoflio sikvdil-sicocxlis
problemaze kidev erTxel, amitomac SeiZina xelaxla am Temam axali
aswleulis dasawyisSi interesi.
1.5. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi _ Teza, antiTeza, sinTezi
dasavleTi-aRmosavleTis urTierTobas sakmaod didi istoria aqvs.
SesaZlebelia am procesis ramdenime aspeqtad gaSla. amjerad SevexebiT
istoriul-kulturul da filosofiur aspeqtebs. pirveli maTganis Sesaxeb
sakmaod vrclad msjelobs e. abdurazakova Tavis naSromSi. igi eqskurss
iwyebs uZvelesi droidan, roca Cndeba aRmosavleTiT dainteresebis pirveli
niSnebi. aRmosavleTisadmi dasavleTis miswrafebas xan mSvidobiani, xanac
mtruli xasiaTi qonda. iqneboda es laSqrobebi da aRmosavleTis miwebis
kolonizacia Tu savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi.
XVIII saukunidan, anu ganmanaTlebelTa epoqaSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba
dasavleTis interesi da icvleba midgomac aRmosavleTisadmi. igi aqamde
aRiqmeboda rogorc periferiuli, mdidari, magram CamorCenili kuTxe.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavleTisgan gansxvavebiT evropasTan axlos
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iyo aRmosavluri kultura da masTan Sexeba qonda espaneTsa da siciliaSi
arsebul arabuli saxelmwifoebis xarjze. ganmanaTleblebis gavleniT
civilizebuli samyaros interesi kidev ufro izrdeba aRmosavleTis
xalxebis cxovrebis wesisa da kulturis mimarT. italieli mRvdlis
(Ludovico Maracci) mier laTinur enaze naTargmni yurani 1698 wels gamoica,
xolo 1705 ibeWdeba wigni “muhamedis religia”. 1734 wels inglisur enaze
gamocemuli yurani male frangul, germanul, holandiur, evropis sxva
enebze iTargmna da sazogadoebaSi didi interesiT sargeblobda.
XVII - XVIII saukuneebis gasayarze evropaSi Cndeba gansakuTrebuli
daintereseba aRmosavleTiT da adgili aqvs aRmosavluri kulturis
propagandas. franguli klasicizmis sapirispirod, romelic antikur
xelovnebas aidealebs, ismis mowodeba yvela droisa da xalxebis
literaturuli Zeglebis Seswavlisa. am mxriv didia herderis roli,
romelmac ara marto Teoriulad daasabuTa es principi, aramed evropeli
mkiTxveli aziara mravali xalxis poeziis nimuSebs. maT Sorisaa
“SakonTalas” Targmani da aRmosavluri poeziis anTologia.
swored herderis saSualebiT gaecno aRmosavlur kulturas goeTe,
romelic Targmnis kidec yuranidan adgilebs da aqvs Canafiqri daweros
drama “muhamedi”, Tumca mxolod “muhamedis simReris” daweras aswrebs.
goeTe ufro metad gatacebuli iyo aRmosavluri poeziiT da amis Sedegia
cnobili cikli “dasavlur – aRmosavluri divani”.
romantizmis epoqaSi mkveTrad gazrdili interesi aRmosavleTis
filosofiuri-esTetikuri memkvidreobisadmi da am kuTxiT Catarebuli
kvlevebi saTaves udebs axal mecnierebas _ aRmosavleTmcodneobas, igive
orientalistikas. swavluli orientalistebi acnoben evropas aqamde
TiTqmis ucnobi samyaros SesaniSnav literaturul Tu religiur Zeglebs,
cxovrebis wessa da zne - Cveulebebs.
novalisis romanis erT-erTi personaJia aRmosavleli tyve qali
zulima. zulimas saxe aris personificirebuli aRmosavleTi, romelic amave
dros poezias ganasaxierebs, aris zogadad aRmosavluri kulturis
simbolo. poeziasTan misi kavSiriT ukve bevri ram aris naTqvami, Tuki
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gavixsenebT novalisis damokidebulebas xelovnebis am dargis mimarT: masSi
nagulisxmevia intuiciiT Semmecnebeli faqizi sulis adamiani,
romlisTvisac gacilebiT ioli misawvdomia dafaruli saidumloebani.
zulima aRmosavleTis mkvidria da SemTxveviT ar xdeba am personaJis
gaigiveba poeziasTan. mis mSobel kuTxes daamadla novalisma yvela is
Tviseba, riTac misi romanis personaJi poetebi arian Semkulni. mwerlis
azriT, aRmosavluri poezia axdens romantikuli ganwyobebis stimulirebas.
aSkaraa avtoris interesi samyaros am brZeni kuTxis, misi kulturis,
xelovnebis, mistikis mimarT. igi zulimas piriT laparakobs aRmosavleTis
gansakuTrebulobaze, romelic kidev inarCunebs bunebasTan siaxloves, rac
dasavleTma didi xania dakarga. „bunebas aq TiTqos ukeT esmis adamianisa,
dRevandelobis gamWvirvale saburvelSi gaxveuli Soreuli maxsovroba
samyaros suraTebs xatkeTilad aireklavs“ _ ambobs zulima (79, 82).
aRmosavleTisadmi interesi kidev ufro izrdeba me-20 saukuneSi.
qarTveli mwerali am SemTxvevaSic imeorebs novalisis ganwyobas. Tavad gr.
robaqiZes ukavSirdeba erTi SemTxveva, romelmac ganapiroba mis
SemoqmedebaSi axali etapis dawyeba. 1916 wels sparseTSi moxvedrils hqonda
SegrZneba, TiTqos mesopotamiaSi samSoblo epovos. istorikosebis varaudiT
xom qarTvelTa uZvelesi samSoblo qaldea iyo. aqve gaiazrebs sxvagvarad,
sruliad axleburad nicSes maradiuli ukandabrunebis ideas. radgan misi
SemoqmedebisaTvis ase mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRmosavleTs ukavSirdeba,
amitomac, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens mwerlis mxatvrul
azrovnebaSi, rogorc Tavad avtori aRniSnavs, es iyo Semobrunebis wertili
mis literaturul moRvaweobaSi.
ori samyaros, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis yofis, cxovrebis
ritmisa da azrovnebis stilis Sepirispirebas uZRvnis filosofiur eses _
“sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi“. Tavidanve unda iTqvas,
rom simbolur-azrobriv opoziciaSi avtori aRmosavleTs aniWebs
upiratesobas. aq drois dineba Taviseburia, TiTqos garindulia,
SeCerebuli. amitomac wami maradisobaSia gadasuli. aRmosavleTi da
dasavleTi polaruli cnebebia. pirveli maTgani sakuTar TavSi iZireba,
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Wvrets, fiqrobs, gonebis Tvals sakuTar Sinagans miapyrobs, meore ki,
mudmivad moZraobaSia, realizebas qmnadobaSi hpovebs, TiTqos fiqrisaTvis
arc scalia. magram Semecneba WvretiT miiRweva, amisTvis fiqria saWiro,
moqmedeba usargebloa.
aRmosavleTSi Zlieria pirvelsawyisTan, „miwasTan“ adamianis kavSiri,
rac dasavleTSi aRar arsebobs. „miwa“ aq kosmiuri arsia, romelSic „miTi
Tvlems“, gansxvavebiT dasavleTisgan, sadac igi mxolod da mxolod
materiaa, romelsac amuSaveben, sadac mosavali mohyavT. ramdenadac
dasavleTi individualobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili, imdenad aRmosavleTSi
saerTo da saziaro momenti Warbobs.
mwerali aRmosavleTis Sesaxeb saubrobs aseve eseSi „rusTvelis
msoflio mzera“. „aRmosavleTi ar moqmedobs: igi Tvlems. aRmosavleTs
sZuls sifxizle da sicxade: mas uyvars Zili da zmaneba. nirvana mxolod
aRmosavleTSia SesaZlo. iq xSiria aseTi scena: zis vinme uZravad erTs
pozaSi dilidan saRamomdis da sWvrets TvalRia sizmars. roca sinamdvile
zmanebas aRar aZlevs“ (96, 9).
sabolood avtori erTmaneTs ar upirispirebs dasavleTsa da
aRmosavleTs. saqme gvaqvs or samyarosTan, yofa-cxovrebis or formasTan.
is, rac erTs moWarbebuli aqvs, meore naklebobas ganicdis. amdenad,
erTmaneTs erwymian da avseben.
„gvelis perangSi” aRmosavluri koloriti da surneli kargad
SeigrZnoba. tonis mimcemi garda damaxasiaTebeli peizaJebisa, aris uTuod
taba-tabaჲs personaJi. mwerali xazgasmiT idumal da saintereso saxes qmnis.
gmirs Tavdapirvelad ixseniebs, rogorc „Calmians“, Semdeg araerTxel
vxvdebiT epiTets: „sparsi Tu hindu Tu egvipteli“. taba-tabaჲ namdvili
aRmosavlelia Tavisi garegnobiT, mentalitetiTa da msoflgancdiT.
rogorc WeSmariti aRmosavleli flobs idumal codnas. misTvis cnobilia
samyaros saidumloebebi. erT-erTi, vinc arCibalds swor gzaze ayenebs,
isicaa. igi maradisobis kanonis saidumlos aziarebs arCibalds da gvelis
mier perangis gaxdis filosofiur Sinaarsze daafiqrebs.
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aRmosavleTi “aris pirveli miwa: pirveli sicocxle” (89, 26), “sadac
dro Cerdeba. aris mxolod warsuli. awmyo mimqralia. momavali xandixan Tu
ielvebs _ rogorc azri Tu fiqri. aris mxolod warsuli: da isic _
rogorc zmanebulis mogoneba” (89, 119).
Tavad taba-tabaჲ avlebs paralels dasavlur cxovrebis wesTan, sadac
TvalSisacemia mTlianobadarRveuli yofiereba, gaTiSuloba “mamasa” da
“Svils” Soris, rac ucxoa aRmosavleTisaTvis: “dasavleTSi ar ician “mama”..
iq “Svilia” mxolod. isic mowyvetili.. aRmosavleTSi hamlet SeuZlebelia:
mamas mocilebuli.. aq arc faustia: mamas rom daeZebs.. CvenSi “Svili”
imTaviTve mamis wiaRSia.. es kantis TavSi ar Seva.. sefores sityva Zlevs
mTel hegels..” (89, 46).
gr. robaqiZe aRmosavluri cxovrebis wesis saidumlos xsnis iseT
Ceulebriv saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, yavaxanaSi mamakacebis mier
haSiSis moweva, romelic magiur wriul denadobaSi xorcieldeba.
aRmosavlelTa yoveldRiuroba aRbeWdilia Tanasworobis, erTiani sulisa
da “maradi qcevis” niSniT.
avtoris azris gamomxatvelia levan orbeli, roca ambobs, rom
aRmosavleTi dResac is sivrcea, sadac mefobs maradiuli awmyo, radgan
samyaros es nawili aris „maradisobis zRurbli“. Tavadi levanis
dakvirvebiT saqarTvelo namdvili aRmosavluri qveyanaa, rac mas
siamovnebas hgvris.
dasavleTis mimarT gr. robaqiZis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aSkaraa
„malStremsa“ da „falestraSi“. ganviTarebul, civilizebul, meqanizebul
da feSenebelur industriul qalaqSi wminda grZnobebisTvisac aRar darCa
adgili. aq fuliT siyvarulis yidvac SesaZlebelia. avtori Rones ar
iSurebs, rom mkiTxvels misi yalbi saxe daanaxos.
dasavleT-aRmosavleTis gansxvaveba kargad Cans adamianebis
moqmedebaze, azrovnebaze, cxovrebis wesze. dasavlelis cxovrebis
aCqarebuli ritmi sruliad sapirispiroa aRmosavleTisa. pirveli maTgani
TiTqos mxolod awmyoTi arsebobs, cxovrobs dReis dRiT da ar axsovs arc
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guSindeli, arc xvalindeli dRe. maSin, roca meores mexsiereba erT
droulad samives moicavs. aRmosavleTi tradiciulia, dasavleTi _
novatoruli, advilad iRebs siaxles, maSin roca aRmosavleTs ar uyvars
igi. romantikosebsac da gr. robaqiZesac swored dedamiwis am nawilis
samyaros msoflaRqma, maradisobasTan mimarTeba xiblavT. aRmosavleTi
maTTvis erTgvari egzotikacaa, romelic erTiorad macduneblad da
momxibvlelad gamoiyureba maTi Tanamedrove evropuli realobis fonze.
dasavleT-aRmosavleTis dapirispireba erTdroulad opoziciac aris da
Teza-antiTezas sinTezic _ erTdroulad gamoricxavs, Tan avsebs erTmaneTs.
1.6. “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Tema
bavSvis, igive bavSvobis Temam msoflio literaturaSi ganviTarebis
sakmaod grZeli gza ganvlo. sxvadasxva evoluciur etapze gansxvavebuli
iyo Temis interpretaciebi da bavSvis personis mimarT sazogadoebis
damokidebulebac. sruliad axleburi Sinaarsi SeiZina man
ganmanaTleblobisa da romantizmis epoqebSi. Temis evoluciis dasawyis
etapze, antikur xanaSi, bavSvi moklebuli iyo individualobas, mas
mikuTvnebuli hqonda mxolod pirovnulobis kategoria. bavSvuri
warmodgenebis samyaro ar aRiqmeboda srulfasovan msoflmxedvelobad.
karga xnis manZilze bavSvi ganixileboda rogorc potenciuri “didi” da
Sesabamisad, misi momavali ufro faseulad aRiqmeboda garSemomyofTa mier,
vidre awmyo. Tumca antikur periodSic moiZebneba SemTxveva gamonaklisis
saxiT: romaelma avtorma regulusma Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg masze
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nawarmoebi dawera da sakiTxisadmi im droisaTvis aratradiciuli,
inovaciuri midgomiT gaaoca Tanamedroveni.
Sua saukuneebSi bavSvis mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba
SeiniSneba. erTi mxriv, is aris umankoebis simbolo da meore mxriv, bunebis
boroti Zalebis gansaxiereba.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi bavSvi upirveles yovlis, aris aRzrdis
obieqti, mniSvnelovnad gazrdilia interesi mis mimarT, Tumca Zveleburad
moklebulia individualobas.
romantizmis xanaSi bavSvis fenomeni xdeba Rrma filosofiuri
ganzogadebis sakiTxi. romantikosebma sruliad axali interpretacia
SesZines “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Temas. bavSvi aRiares kacTa modgmis
saukeTeso warmomadgenlad. Tuki aqamde is arasrulfasovnebisa da
arasrulyofilebis sinonimi iyo, amieridan idealurisa da srulyofilebis
sinonimad iqca. bavSvoba ki adamianis cxovrebaSi im saukeTeso periodad,
roca is yvelaze ufro axlos imyofeba idealurTan.
romantizmis wiaRSi momxdar aRniSnul cvlilebebs xeli Seuwyo
frangi ganmanaTleblis Jan-Jak rusos filosofiur-pedagogiurma
traqtatebma, romlis mixedviTac bavSvobaSi adamianis sufTa buneba da
suli asakis matebasTan erTad maxinjdeba, mxolod bunebasTan siaxlove
SeunarCunebs mas Zvelebur sispetakes.
romantikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo am problemis mimarT
qristianuli xedva. romelic qadagebs bavSvuri bunebis aucilebelobaze
caTa sasufevelSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad: “im dros mividnen mowafeebi
iesosTan da uTxres: vin ufro didia caTa sasufevelSi? iesom dauZaxa
bavSvs da Caayena maT Sua. uTxra: WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: Tu ise ar
moiqceviT da ar iqnebiT, rogorc bavSvebi, ver SexvalT caTa sasufevelSi’”
(10, 38). qristianobam bavSvi Tavisi TvisebebiT - ucodvelobiTa da
sispetakiT angelozs gautola, rogorc RmerTsa da adamians Soris myofi,
aRmatebuli yvela sxva miwier arsebaze da miaxloebuli RmerTTan swored
gansakuTrebuli Sinagani samyaros gamo.
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romantizmisaTvis bavSvis Tema erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens.
adamiani da misi sulieri samyaro romantikosebisaTvis umTavresi
fasulobaa. praqtikul sferoSi moRvaweobaze ufro dasafasebeli Sinagani
Zalisxmevaa. mTavari gansxvaveba zrdasrulsa da bavSvs Soris bunebasTan
maTi kavSiris xarisxSi mdgomareobs. zrdasruli adamiani midrekilia
materialuri samyarosken, bavSvi ki Tavisufalia merkantiluri
interesebisgan. bavSvobaSi adamiani Riaa gare samyarosaTvis, misi suli
transcendenturs swvdeba. axali epoqis msoflmxedvelobiT bavSvi bunebis
rCeulia. sakuTari umankoebiT adamianTa modgmas saTaveSi udgas. kosmosis
Riaobas igi ukeT SeigrZnobs. amgvarad, absolutTan siaxlovis gamo flobs
sakralur codnas, razec mozrdil adamianebs Zalisxmevis gareSe xeli ar
miuwvdebaT. novalisi „fragmentebSi“ wers: „bavSvi gacilebiT ufro Wkviani
da brZenia, vidre mozrdili“ (82, 456), „sadac bavSvia, iq aris oqros xana“
(82, 346). „oqros xana”, igive „oqros saukune“ romantikosTa esTetikaSi
sayovelTao harmoniasa da Tanxmobas niSnavs. germaneli romantikosi
mxatvari filip oto runge ki Tvlis, warmatebas rom mivaRwioT, unda
vecadoT da bavSvebs davemsgavsoT, Sinaganad ganviwmindoT, raTa
maqsimalurad mivuaxlovdeT am arsebis zneobriv suraTs: „bavSvebi unda
gavxdeT, Tuki gvinda ukeTess mivaRwioT“ (46, 81). romantizmis mier bavSvis
kultis Seqmnis Sesaxeb berkovski wers, Tu manamde bavSvi iyo zrdasruli
adamianis Semcirebuli varianti, roca isinic ufrosebis darad kamzolebsa
da parikebSi iyvnen gamowyobilni, romantizmis epoqa bavSvur bavSvebs
xatavs, isini aRiqmebian ara rogorc momavali didebi, aramed rogorc
cxovrebis etimologizacia, nebismieri evoluciis dasabami (18, 42).
ienis romantikosebSi didia intersi bavSvis fsiqologiisa da miseuli
azrovnebis specifikis mimarT. am skolis warmomadgenelTa (fr. Slegeli,
novalisi, vakenroderi, l. tiki) mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT araerT
bavSv personaJs.
novalisis moTxrobis “saiseli Segirdebis” mniSvnelovani personaJia
erTi araCveulebrivi bavSvi, romelic, mravalricxovan saisel moswavleTa
Soris gamoCndeba. marTalia, am wreSi es-esaa moxvda, magram maswavlebeli
94
mzadaa gamoacxados igi memkvidred da gadasces mTeli Tavisi codna.
saocaria, rom yvela garSemo myofze cxovelmyofeli zemoqmedeba aqvs. mis
siaxloves Tavs kargad grZnoben. magram moulodnelad movlenili samTo
skolaSi aseve moulodnelad uCinardeba. maswavlebeli darwmunebulia, rom
igi dabrundeba da maSin aRar iqneba saWiro aranairi swavleba.
igive Tvalsazriss aviTarebs novalisi romanSic. adamians qvena
grZnobebi xels uSlis SeinarCunos alali guli, amitom rTuldeba
cxovreba. roca gaTavisufldeba igi Sav-bneli azrebisgan, daiviwyebs
angarebas, sixarbes, momxveWelobas da sxva mankierebebs, gaqreba
dabrkolebebi: „balRurad miamiti kaci xom ufro advilad miikvlevs gzas
am cxovrebis RadaRudaze“ (79, 52).
romanis meore, e.w. atlantidis zRaparSi qveynis ganaxleba, bednieri
momavali bavSvs ukavSirdeba. poetisa da mefis asulis pirmSos arwivi
oqrosfrad mosirmul mitras adgams Tavze. igi bunebasTan axlos myofi
arsebaa, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze ufro naturaluri mTels im
TavyrilobaSi. mefis garSemo Sekrebilan sasaxlis didebulebi, romelnic
sakuTar grZnobebs, namdvil saxes Zvirfasi tansacmlisa da uxilavi
niRbis miRma faraven. bavSvi ki pirvelyofilia, ganZarculi yovelive
Sesamkobelisagan, siyalbisa da xelovnurobisagan. igi Tavisi arsiT
wminda, Seuryvneli da umankoa. swored mas adgams gvirgvins samefo arwivi.
klingzoris zRapris mixedviT, samyaros bavSvebi ixsnian. zRapris
bednier dasasruls swored maT unda vumadlodeT _ mravali dabrkolebis
gadalaxvis Semdeg samyaros igavi _ es „maradiuli bavSvi“ gadaarCens. misi
piridan WeSmariteba RaRadebs: sfinqsis kiTxvaze, vin icnobs samyaroso,
igi pasuxobs, is vinc sakuTar Tavs icnobs.
nawarmoebis meore nawilSi hainrixisa da matildes Svilis _
astralisis amqveynad movlineba euwyeba mkiTxvels. igi ganxorcielebuli
oqros xanis simboloa.
bavSvis ucodvelobasa da siwmindes kidev erTxel gaesva xazi
modernizmis epoqaSi. axali xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi uSualobis,
miamitobis Tu primitivizmis Ziebam miiyvana bavSvis Tvisebebis sanimuSod
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aRiarebamde. mis qcevaSi, laparakSi vlindeba WeSmariteba. bodleris TqmiT,
adamiani kargia ymawvilobis asakSi swored Tavisi ucodvelobis gamo.
Tavad diogen sinopelma aiRo magaliTi bavSvisagan. roca naxa, rom am
ukanasknelma peSviT dalia wyali, momarjvebuli Tasi gadaagdo. gaocda,
rogor ajoba bavSvma cxovrebis simartiviT. garemomcvel samyaros bavSvi
martivad aRiqvams, maSin roca codnisa da gamocdilebis mqone uneburad
arTulebs. ris winaaRmdegic iyo diogen sinopeli. man uaryo civilizacia
erTi moTxovniT, rom adamiani dabruneboda Tavis pirvelyofil
mdgomareobas, isev egrZno Tavi bunebis Svilad.
bavSvuri primitivizmi aRafrTovanebs firosmanSi robaqiZes, radgan
“bavSvTan yovelTvis aris simarTle. yovels mis nakveTs azis beWedi
pirveladis, sworis, marTalis. aq aris pirveli sityva’” (99, 184).
filosofiur novelaSi “TaurSiSi da miTosi” gr. robaqiZe bavSvis
msoflaRqmis Sesaxeb wers: “adamiani sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi mudmivad
SeigrZnobs pirvelyofil mdgomareobas. misi “me” jer kidev ar moscilebia
dedobriv wiaRs... jer kidev garkveviT ver aRiqvams Tavisi SesaZleblobebis
sazRvrebs. ver aRiqvams sivrces da misi moZraoba mimarTulia
usasrulobisken. amitomac bavSvi sikvdilSic ver xedavs sikvdils da SiSs
mis winaSe” (101, 51).Aigive azrs aviTarebs avtori romanSi “graalis
mcvelni”. A
cnobilia mwerlis mxatvruli gmirebisa da bavSvebis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. londa maT uyvarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT
dedebsa da debs igi sZulT, radgan londaSi mamakacebis gamxelebels,
aqedan metoqes xedaven. ufrosebi londas mxolod maTTvis miuRebeli,
uaryofiTi mxridan aRiqvamen.
piesaSi “lamara” moTxrobilia mindiasa da ori mcirewlovani Zmis
megobrobis Sesaxeb.
aseve iolad umegobrdeba levani mebaRis mcirewlovan vaJs _ leqsos,
Semdeg norinas Svils _ gogis. umniSvnelo, magram dasamaxsovrebeli
personaJia patara iezidi gogona _ aiSa igive romanidan, romelic
daufaravad gamoxatavs Tavis siyvaruls levanis mimarT. bavSvis mzera
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Sinagans swvdeba, levani imitom uyvars, rom “iseTi” araa, rogoric sxvebi.
ase martivad pasuxobs Txovnas, axsnas levanis mimarT Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis mizezi. mogvianebiT ki mis gardacvalebas
sami kviriT adre winaswarmetyvelebs.
gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic vxvdebiT bavSvebs, romelnic
ufrosebisagan gansxvavebiT bevrad ufro martivad aRiqvams garemomcvel
samyaros. maTTvis igi feradovania, mxiaruli, saocrebebiT savse. maT
cnobierebaSi sikvdilic ki ar aris tragikuli. zrdasruli adamianisTvis
cxovreba dabrkolebebTan da problemebTan Widilia. sikvdili ki _ yvelaze
saSinel gancdebTan dakavSirebuli movlena. adamiani masSi xedavs
dasasruls, gardauval bedisweras, romelsac SiSiT elodeba. ufross
codna-gamocdileba xels uSlis iyos bavSviviT uSualo.
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pirveli Tavis daskvnebi
grigol robaqiZesa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa Soris paralelis
gavlebis saSualebas iZleva romantizmisa da modernizmis
msoflmxedvelobriv-estetikuri principebis siaxlove;
or literaturul movlenas mTeli erTi saukune aSorebs, Tumca
msgavsi politikuri, socialuri Tu filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli romantizmisa da modernizmis mimdinareobebi
amJRavneben naTesaobas jer kidev msoflmxedvelobisa da eTetikis
doneze;
maTi warmoSoba mniSvnelovan politikur Zvrebsa da kataklizmebs
daemTxva. iseT epoqalur movlenebs, rogoric iyo safrangeTis
burJuaziuli revolucia, erTi mxriv da meore mxriv, pirveli
msoflio omi;
burJuaziuli sazogadoeba miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc
romantikosebisTvis, aseve modernistebisTvisac. orive xelovneba
warmoaCens Tanamedrove adamianis mZafr dapirispirebas burJuaziul
sinamdvilesTan;
romantizmisa da modernizmis filosofiur wanamZRvars idealizmi
warmoadgens. klasikurma idealizmma da “sicocxlis filosofosebis”
moZRvrebebma didi SesaZleblobebi gadauSala romantikosebsa da
modernistebs. daanaxa, rom ideali arsebobs ara realobaSi, aramed
irealurSi;
aRniSnuli mimdinareobebis antiklasikuri da antirealisturi xasiaTi
ganapirobebs maT problematikas;
orive xelovnebisTvis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens adamianis suli,
misi Sinagani samyaro;
“ori realoba”, ukiduresi subieqtivizmi, iracionalizmi da
misticizmi is saerTo Tvisebebia, ris gamoc modernizmi romantizmis
memkvidred da xazis gamgrZeleblad miiCneva. orive maTgani eswrafvis
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dainaxos yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi, miiltvis zecnobierisaken, lamobs
sagnisa Tu movlenis ideis Secnobas;
romantizmisa da modernizmis msoflmxedvelobaTa siaxlove
saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis
msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri Sexedulebebis erTmaneTTan
msgavsebaze;
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli azrovnebis fundaments
warmoadgens miTosuri msoflmxedveloba, rogorc samyaros
specifikuri Semecnebis unari;
radgan adamiani, rogorc mikrokosmosi makrokosmosis nawilia da
imeorebs mas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom WeSmariteba masSia.
TviTanalizi pirdapirproporciul mimarTebaSia samyaros Semecnebis
procesTan;
Semecneba intuiciiT aris SesaZlebeli;
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa paraleluri Seswavla
aCvenebs, rom personaJebis iniciaciis procesSi xelSemwyobi
faqtorebia: siyvarulis grZnoba, poeturi saqmianoba da bunebasTan
siaxlove;
maradiul wrebrunvad aRiqmeba sikvdil-sicocxlis monacvleoba,
riTac kidev erTxel xazi esmeba samyaros usasrulobasa da
ganuyofel mTlianobas;
saxezea mwerlebis msgavsi damokidebuleba dasavleT-aRmosavleTis
opoziciis mimarTac. samyaros ori nawilis simbolur-azrobriv
dapirispirebaSi upiratesoba aRmosavleTs eniWeba, sadac
dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT SenarCunebulia kavSiri pirvelsawyisTan;
gr. robaqiZiseuli bavSvisa Tu bavSvobis Temis gaazreba emTxveva
Sesabamis romantikul koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac bavSvi
kosmiurad Ria arsebaa.
99
Tavi meore
ganaxlebuli adamiani
jer romantikosebisaTvis da Semdeg modernistebisaTvis Zalian male
dRis wesrigSi dadga samyaros gardaqmnis sakiTxi. arsebuli realobiT
gamowveulma ukmayofilebam bunebrivia daafiqra isini da daarwmuna
cvlilebebis aucileblobaSi. maT samyaros gardasaxva warmoedginaT
ganaxlebuli adamianis moRvaweobis meSveobiT. adamianis mTavari
daniSnuleba am amocanas ukavSirdeboda. novalisi erT-erT fragmentSi
miuTiTebs, Cven yvelani erTi misiiT varT movlenilni _ dedamiwis
gardaqmna-ganaxlebaa Cveni mizanio. romantikosebi da modernistebi aqac
Tanxmdebian, rom am rTuli problemis gadaWraSi mTavari roli xelovanma
adamianma da zogadad xelovnebam unda itvirTos.
germanel romantikosebze gavlena iqonia e.w. aRzrdis romanma,
romelsac “agaTonis” avtorma _ vilandma Cauyara safuZveli germanul
literaturaSi, xolo Tavis mwvervals miaRwia goeTes romanebSi “vilhelm
maisteris swavlebis wlebi” da ”vilhelm maisteris mogzaurobis wlebi”.
marTalia, aRzrdis romani germanul literaturaSi Tavisi klasikuri
saxiT vilandisa da goeTes SemoqmedebaSi warmogvidgeba, misi tradiciebis
gagrZeleba xdeba romantikosebis SemoqmedebaSic, Tumca maT Soris sxvaoba
imdenad aSkaraa, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi gaCnda axali termini _
romantikuli aRzrdis romani. mas SeiZleba ufro ganviTarebis romani
vuwodoT, radgan orientirebulia adamianis sulier progresze.
aRzrdis romani ganmanaTleblobis epoqis pirmSoa, roca adamianis
problemebis gadawyvetaSi gonebas mieniWa upiratesoba. ukanaskneli
saukuneebis aRmoCenebi da sagrZnobi winsvla mecnierebis mraval dargSi
iyo swored gonebis udidesi Zalis demonstrireba.
A m. baxtini aRzrdis romanis gaanaliziebisas Semdeg daskvnamde midis,
rom igi Tavis arsiT sinTezuria, aerTianebs mogzaurobis, gamocdis,
biografiul romanebs da iZleva adamianis Camoyalibebis dinamikas. n.
100
berkovskis azriT, aRzrdis romani mogviTxrobda mTavarze _ rogor
viTardeba adamiani, rogor yalibdeba misi pirovneba?
germanuli aRzrdis romani gviCvenebs pirovnebis Camoyalibebas
“Signidan”, misi TandaTanobiTi formirebis qronologiur gzas vrcel dro-
sivrcul farglebSi. es aris monocentristuli nawarmoebi, romelSic
dominanti mTavari gmiria, danarCeni personaJebi mis garSemo jgufdebian da
misi aRzrdis procesebis katalizatoris rolSi gamodian. Tanamgzavrobas
uweven mTavar gmirs da xels uwyoben mis gonebriv da sulier aRorZinebas.
aRzrdis romani miiCneva ganmanaTleblobis epoqis produqtad, Tumca
misi fesvebi literaturaSi bevrad Rrmad midis. am tipis romanis
filosofiur da literaturul wanamZRvrebs vrclad mimoixilavs v.
paSigorevi Tavis SromaSi “aRzrdis romani XVIII-XX saukuneebis germanul
literaturaSi. genezisi da evolucia”. pirovnebisa da misi
msoflmxedvelobis Zireuli cvlilebebis asaxvas avtori jer kidev
Suasaukuneebis klerikaluri literaturis wiaRSi SeniSnavs _ wmindanTa
cxovrebis amsaxvel nawarmoebebSi. maRali idealebisadmi ltolva
warmoadgens maTi gmirebis mamoZravebel Zalas (mag.: wm. avgustines
“aRsareba”). rogorc wesi, isini SeZlebuli ojaxebidan arian. miatoveben ra
saxls, xorcis daTrgunvisa da sulis aRzevebis wiaR miuyvebian qristes
gzas. avtori gadmogvcems sulsa da xorcs Soris winaaRmdegobis daZlevis
Sedegad pirovnebis sulieri samyaros formirebas. aseT nawarmoebTa rigSi
moixsenieba, magaliTad, wm. avgustines “aRsareba”, anselm kenterberielis
nawerebi da sxva.
germanul mxatvruli literaturaSi ganviTarebis romanis pirvel
nimuSebad v. paSigorevi miiCnevs hartman fon aues “gregoriussa” da
“sabralo hainrixs”, aseve volfram fon eSenbaxis “parcifals”, romelSic
kidev ufro aSkaraa aRzrdis romanis elementebi. nawarmoebis centrSi
moqceulia parcifali, misi cxovrebis gza da ganviTarebis etapebi, Tu
rogor icvleba igi cxovrebiseuli gakveTilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad,
Tumca mkiTxvelisTvis ufro metad cnobili xdeba misi sagmiro saqmeebis
Sesaxeb, vidre mimdinare Sinagan sulier procesebze. Tavgadasavlebis
101
aRwera bevrad Warbobs personaJis rTuli sulieri samyaros gaSuqebasa da
fsiqologiur analizs.
aRorZinebis literaturaSi SedarebiT Rrmavdeba fsiqologiuri da
biografiuli momenti, iseve, rogorc nawarmoebTa siuJetur-kompoziciuri
mTlianoba. amis dadasturebaa xalxuri wignebi til oilenSpigelsa da
doqtor faustusze.
evropulma gaiZverulma romanma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova
sinamdvilis gamosaxvis diapazoni, danerga pirvel pirSi Txrobis principi,
gaagrZela cxovrebis gakveTilebze aRzrdili gmirebis, ufro sworad,
antigmirebis gamosaxva. magram fsiqologizmi aqac moikoWlebs, radgan
interesi didia isev biografiuli momentebisa da garemoebebis mimarT.
cvlilebebi xdeba personaJis garSemo da ara mis arsebaSi.
aRzrdis romanTan Tavisi ideur-mxatvruli struqturiT axlosaa
grimelshauzenis (1621-1676) “simplicisimusi”. naCvenebia gmiris mTeli
cxovrebiseuli gza, magram aqac upiratesoba aqvs mainc garegnul mxares da
ara Sinagans. es aris romani kvlav ganviTarebis elementebiT.
XVIII saukuneSi franguli da gansakuTrebiT inglisuri mxatvruli
tradiciebis zegavleniT sruldeba germanul literaturaSi aRzrdis
romanis Camoyalibeba. v. paSigorevis azriT, germanuli ganviTarebis romanis
axal etaps warmoadgens vilandis “agaToni” da goeTes “vilhelm maisteri”.
filosofiur – ganmanaTlebluri romanis nimuSia vilandis “agaToni”.
pirvelad vxvdebiT germanul romanSi pirovnebis inteleqtualuri aRzrdis
moments, Tu rogor yalibdeba pirovneba sazogado moRvawed, romelic
mowodebulia akeTos sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo saqme.
goeTes “vilhelm maisterSi” simZimis centri garegnulidan Sinaganze,
individualurzea gadatanili. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis problemac ufro
gamokveTil saxes iRebs. nel-nela daSorda ra goeTe axalgazrdobis
periodis “qariSxlisa da Setevis” postulatebs, is axla uars ambobs
yovelgvar Zaladobasa da iZulebaze, revoluciur nabijebze, aRiarebs
pirovnul Tavisuflebas, radgan mxolod Tavisufal adamians ZaluZs
Seqmnas WeSmariti faseulobebi. amitomac mwerals sazogadoebrividan
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piradulze gadaaqvs aqcenti. goeTesTan sxvagvaria gmiris grZnobisa da
xasiaTis dialeqtika. es aris romani adamianis Sinagan samyarosa da mis
garegan gamovlinebebze, gmiris pirovnebad Camoyalibebaze, mis
individualur srulyofaze da bolos mis swrafvaze sazogadoebrivi
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.
nawarmoebis bolomde SenarCunebulia interesi gmiris Sinagani
samyaros mimarT. XVIII saukunis germaniis yofis fonze erT mTlianobaSi
warmogvidgeba individualuri da socialuri, Sesabamisad gmiris
yofierebis Sinagani da garegani mxareebi. vilhelmis ganviTareba xdeba
xelovnebisa da siyvarulis gziT konkretulisaken anu sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo arsebobisaken. gmiris ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania esTetikuri
aRzrda, radgan vilhelmi swored idealuris Secnobis Semdeg acnobierebs
rogorc mis kontrastulobas realur cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi, aseve am
winaaRmdegobis daZlevis gzebsac. avtori Tavis gmirs jer xelovnebis
saocar samyaros aziarebs da amis Semdeg Sehyavs igi realur cxovrebaSi. es
aris gza idealuridan realurisken. TeatriT gataceba gmiris
gansakuTrebul sulier mdgomareobas iwvevs, rasac zed erTvis marianasadmi
siyvaruli. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac siyvarulSi imedgacruebas iwvnevs,
zurgs aqcevs Teatrsac. aqedan iwyeba axali etapi mis cxovrebaSi. amieridan
orientacias iRebs praqtikul saqmianobaze, radgan Tvlis, rom realaur
cxovrebas ver Secvlis veranairi xelovneba. xelovneba iluzorulia,
cxovrebasTan ki iluziebi SeuTavsebelia.
goeTes winamorbedis vilandis mier moTxrobili agaTonis istoria,
misi aRzrda mTavrdeba gamogonil saxelmwifoSi, gansxvavebiT “vilhelm
maisterisgan”, sadac TvalSisacemia gmiris swrafva praqtikuli
saqmianobisken.
romantikosebi goeTes romanis gamoCenas Tavdapirvelad
aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen, magram Semdeg apaTia daeuflaT, radgan maTi
dakvirvebiT romanis gmiris saxiT miiRes adamiani, sazogadoebis erT-erTi
rigiTi, axali wevri, kargad aRzrdili da naswavli. marTalia, gmirma
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warmatebas miaRwia, magram amiT samyaro ar Secvlila. cvlilebebi ar
gascdenia Tavad mis biografias.
vidre vilhelmi sulierad viTardeba, romantikosebis simpaTias
imsaxurebs, magram rogorc ki igi Seecdeba fexi moikidos Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, daimkvidros sakuTari Tavi, Seudges praqtikul saqmianobas,
maSinve zurgs aqceven. cnobili faqtia isic, rom novaliss “hainrix fon
ofterdingenis” Seqmnisken ubiZga swored am romanma.
literaturaTmcodneebi irwmunebian, rom ara, goeTes “maisteri”, “hainrix
fon ofterdingeni” ar Seiqmnebodao.
radgan ganmanaTlebelTa idealebi ar ganxorcielda, romantikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom mizezi adamianSi unda eZebnaT, radgan adamiani, gonebis
kulti da racionaluri Semecneba iyo is, rasac ganmanaTleblebi mTeli
XVIII saukunis manZilze qadagebdnen.
aSkaraa ganmanaTleblebisa da romantikosebis erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli aRqma adamianis rolsa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. pirvelni
xataven gmirebs, romelnic aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdebian sazogadoebisaTvis
sasargeblo wevrebad. maTi mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiT, rom fexi moikidon
sazogadoebaSi, daimsaxuron aRiareba, mowoneba, gaxdnen pativsacemi
moqalaqeebi. xolo romantikuli gmiri Sors aris yoveldRiuri fusfusisa
da amaoebisgan, ver egueba burJuaziuli sinamdvilis praqticizms da
gamudmebiT ZiebaSia, mieltvis ideals. is aris zneobrivad da sulierad
ganviTarebuli adamiani, romelic ganmanaTleblobis xanis ganaTlebuli
adamianisagan gansxvavebiT moRvaweobs ara materiis, aramed sulis sferoSi.
romantikosTa gagebiT, adamiani ki ar ergeba sazogadoebas, igi Tavad qmnis
sasurvel garemos. “adreuli romantikosebi mijaWvulni arian sakuTar
ocnebas. isini “vilhelm maisterSi” dasmul problemas pasuxoben individis
gadasaxlebiT realuri cxovrebidan poeziis fantastikur samflobeloSi,
sadac jer kidev poetebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi moqmedeben” (142, 82).
goeTes “vilhelm maisters” raRac aspeqtSi hgavs da raRac aspeqtSi
ewinaaRmdegeba Slegelis romani “lucinde”. mxatvrebis _ lucindesa da
iuliusis grZnobebis ganviTareba-aRzrdaa naCvenebi. siyvaruls isini
104
aRiqvamen rogorc usasrulobisken siaruls, maradiulobasTan Serwymas.
mTavari personaJebi WeSmaritad romantikuli gmirebi arian, romelTa
samoRvaweo sferoc grZnobebis samyaroa. swored es ganasxvavebT maT
vilhelm maisterisgan. “Tuki vilhelm maisteri evoluciurad viTardeba
individualuridan socialur – moqalaqeobrivamde, fr. Slegelis gmirebi
uRrmavdebian individualur – grZnobadis ukidegano siRrmeebs, wyveten ra
yovelgvar kavSirs garesamyarosTan. aseTia maTi rogorc romantikul
gmirebad Camoyalibebisa da formirebis Sinagani procesi” (83, 116-117).
ganmanaTlebluri aRzrdis koncefcias ewinaaRmdegeba aseve ienis
romantikosis l. tikis romani “franc Sternbaldis mogzauroba”. igi
goeTes “vilhelm maisteris” gavleniT Seiqmna, Tumca ara imitom, rom misi
msgavseba an gagrZeleba yofiliyo, aramed, piriqiT, avtoris survili iyo
gamoexata racionaluri poziciisgan gasxvavebuli midgoma adamianis
aRzrdisadmi. problema: “xelovneba” Tu “cxovreba” gadawyvetilia ienis
romantikuli Teoriis Sesabamisad. franc Sternbaldic xelovania –
mxatvari, romelic sakuTar “me”-s uRrmavdeba. l. tikisa da goeTes
nawarmoebebSi pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva rakursidan aris
gaSuqebuli. tikis SemTxvevaSic aqcenti kiTdeba subieqtur-individualurze
saerTo-sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. marTalia, romani dausrulebeli
darCa, mainc naTelia, rom mwerali Tavis gmirs tovebs metafizikur
sferoSi. romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad, l. tiki aviTarebs
idealisa da realuris SeuTavseblobis ideas.
CvenTvis cnobilia novalisis azri goeTes “vilhelm maisteris
swavlebis wlebze”, romelsac romantikosi metismetad zedapiruls,
poeziaze Seqmnil satiras, prozauls uwodebs, sadac ugulebelyofilia
yovelive romantikuli. novalisi fragmentebSi wers: “masSi romantikuli
iRupeba _ aseve naturfilosofia, saswaulebrivi _ saubaria mxolod
Cveulebriv adamianur ambebze _ buneba da misticizmi sruliad
daviwyebulia. es aris poetizirebuli biurgeruli da saojaxo ambavi.
saswaulebrivi masSi aSkarad ganxilulia, rogorc poezia da meocnebeoba.
mxatvruli aTeizmi aris wignis suli” (82, 544). novalisisTvis miuRebelia
105
goeTes empiriuli realizmi, biurgerTa yoveldRiurobis mxatvrul tiloze
asaxva, sadac “saubaria Cveulebriv adamianur saqmianobaze, buneba da
mistikuri sruliad daviwyebulia. es aris poeziad gardaqmnili meSCanuri
saojaxo moTxroba” (32, 136).
maisteris mTavari kiTxva da problema aris profesiis arCeva, maSin
roca hainrixisTvis cxovrebis miznad samyaros Secnoba qceula. goeTes
gmiri Sordeba poeziasa da xelovnebas. hainrixi amis sapirispirod
moZraobs, eswrafvis poetad Camoyalibdes.
radgan romantikosebis warmodgeniT samyaroSi yvela da yvelaferi
erTmaneTTan kavSirSia, adamianic yvela suliersa Tu usulosTan
urTierTmimarTebaSia, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis feriscvalebis
paralelurad Seicvleba samyaroc. novalisis esTetikaSi poeti aris
umaRlesi SemoqmedebiTi da sulieri potenciis mqone. misi azriT, odesme
RvTiuri harmonia daisadgurebs. adamiani gamocdis ra miwier siyvaruls,
amaRldeba idealur grZnobamde, misi TviTSemecneba sruldeba imiT, rom
Tavs Seimecnebs absolutis nawilad.
kidev erT polemikas goeTes romanTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens
novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”. isic dgas xelovanis, xelovnebisa
da zogadad cxovrebis romantikuli koncefciis poziciaze. avtori xatavs
ara yoveldRiur realobas, aramed qmnis miTologiur istorias, qmnis
roman-miTs. realoba imdenad aris mwerlisaTvis saintereso, ramdenadac
realobis garkveuli faqtebi Tu movlenebi emsaxureba gmiris sulier
ganviTarebas.
novalisic ukve ganxiluli romantikosebis kvaldakval materialur,
realur samyaros suliers upirispirebs. mTavari gmiris sulis daxvewas
emsaxureba nebismieri faqti Tu movlena, Tanamosaubreebis mier naTqvami
yoveli fraza. mas Semdeg, rac hainrixi gaivlis gzas “molodinidan”
“aRsrulebisken” (asea dasaTaurebuli or nawiliani romanis Tavebi). roca
erTmaneTs Seerwymis poezia da siyvaruli, sruldeba hainrixis ganviTarebis
miwieri etapi, Seicnobs cxovrebis sazriss. gmiri Seicnobs xelovnebisa da
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siyvarulis arss, bolos ki xdeba misi Serwyma samyarosTan. romanis
dasasruli sruliad zRaprul-fantastikuria.
„hainrix fon ofterdingenSi“ da gansakuTrebiT ki, mis meore nawilSi
aisaxa novalisis filosofiuri moZRvreba “magiuri idealizmi”. igi
gulisxmobs adamianis „mbrZaneblobas“ bunebaze, ris ganxorcielebac
SesaZlebelia misi bolomde Secnobis gziT. mwerlis Canafiqri aseTia, mas
Semdeg, rac adamiani sulierad da fizikurad moaxerxebs sakuTari Tavis
dauflebas, misi Zalmosileba samyarozec gavrceldeba, adamiani sakuTari
Tavis srulyofiT srulyofs samyaros. “samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis
Secnobis Sedegad poets gardasaxvis survili ipyrobs” (79, 190) da misi
“ukanaskneli qmedeba dedamiwaze misi sakuTari feriscvalebaa” (79, 191).
“oqros xanis” dabruneba niSnavs sulisa da materiis dakarguli
harmoniis aRdgenas, maT sinTezs, grZnobadi da sulieri samyaros SeerTebas.
am opoziciis dasaZlevad saWiroa realobis romantizacia, rac
SesaZlebelia “magiuri idealizmis” saSualebiT. “adamianisa da universumis
„garomantiuleba“, _ wers r. gabitova, _ misTvis (novalisisTvis – n. b.)
niSnavs adamiansa da universums Soris urTierTobis „mistificirebas“,
ufro sworad racionaluri SemecnebisaTvis dafaruli winaaRmdegobebis
„dialeqtikur“ sinTezs” (22, 175-176).
samyaros ganviTarebis novaliseuli koncefciis miswrafeba ikiTxeba
„hainrix fon ofterdingenis“ samive zRaparSi. romani romantikul poezias
asxams xotbas da upirispirdeba fantaziis, ocnebis, poeziis gareSe
darCenil, prozauli realobiT aRsavse burJuaziul yofas.
germaneli romantikosebis xedviT adamians samoRvaweo asparezad
mxolod sulis sfero darCenia. prozauli realoba mtrulad aris mis
mimarT ganwyobili, amitom rTulia adamianma sakuTari Tavi gamoavlinos.
hainrixis gardasaxva xdeba sulis doneze. aseve sulis sferoSia
gadatanili axali samyaros Seqmnac. realurad mas perspeqtiva ar aqvs da
amitomac es idea utopiuriis sferos ganekuTvneba.
kacobriobis xangrZlivi istoria icnobs utopiuri sazogadoebisa Tu
saxelmwifos ara erT SemTxvevas. misi fesvebi Cndeba jer kidev
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miTologiur warsulSi. uranosisa (cisa) da geas (dedamiwis) Svilisa da
zevsis mamis _ kronosis ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielebuli idealuri
sazogadoeba warmoadgens pirvel „oqros xanas“. „kronosis dros iSvnen da
gamravldnen adamianebi. isini uzrunvelad cxovrobdnen. dedamiwa imden
sarCos iZleoda, rom maT ar awuxebdaT arc yinva da arc sicxe, arc
sneulebebi da arc sibere. am xanis adamianebma ar icodnen, Tu ra aris
daundobeli sikvdili; isini Zalze didxans cxovrobdnen, maTi
gardacvaleba ki saocari gardasaxva iyo. rogorc sizmarSi, ise qrebodnen
isini da yvelani miwiszeda, keTilismqmnel demonebad iqceodnen. maTi
cxovreba ar iTxovda arc kanonebs, arc daundobel omebs da davas. maT
yvelaferi TavisTavad eZleodaT, Sromobdnen ki imdens, ramdenic
exalisebodaT. kronosis drois mokvdavni yvelaze ufro bednierad
iTvlebodnen. amis aRsaniSnavad maT oqros xanis adamianebsac uwodebdnen
xolme“ (118, 23).
Tumca am idiliis miRma sastiki realoba imaleboda.
winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, kronosi Svilisgan iqneboda Zleuli, iseve
rogorc Tavad gausworda mamas da gaxda samyaros gamgebeli, amitom
ylapavda igi yvela Tavis pirmSos. Tumca ver Secvala bediswera da isev
Svilis _ zevsis mier iqna damarcxebuli. „miTi cxadyofs kronosis
miTologiuri personis kuriozulad ormag xasiaTs: erTi mxriv, kronosi
idealuri mmarTvelia, mefe, romlis zeobis drosac adamianebi idiliur
pirobebSi arseboben da araferi ician wuxilis, SiSisa Tu tanjvis Sesaxeb,
meore mxriv, kronosi SemaZrwunebeli moZaladea, romelmac daasaWurisa mama
da SeWama sakuTari Svilebi erTi mizniT: mieRwia ganuyofeli
xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobisaTvis. kronosis ikonografia erTdroulad
aris datvirTuli pozitiuri da negatiuri simbolikiT, sadac pozitiuri
simbolika utopiis, rogorc axdenili ocnebis, relevanturi modelia,
negatiuri ki _ utopiis realizebisaTvis saWiro brutaluri Zalisxmevaa“
(87, 18-19).
kronosis utopiur sazogadoebas mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa hesiodem,
Tumca iqve cxadi xdeba utopiis iluzoruli xasiaTi, rogorc realobaSi
108
ararealizebadi. „TxzulebaSi „Sromani da dReni“ hesiode sruliad
garkveviT miuTiTebs idealuri oqros xanis preistoriulobas _ „in illo
tempore“, wers hesiode, riTac migvaniSnebs, rom oqros xana istoriis gareSe
mdgomi, drois miRma arsebuli movlenaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, idealuri
samyaro anu arkadia misTvis droisagan Tavisufal, ucvlel da usasrulo
eqsistenss warmoadgens. hesiodes gaaqvs utopia realobis sazRvrebidan,
vinaidan uwyis: idilia ar eqvemdebareba realizacias, idilia zedrouli,
transistoriuli movlenaa, rameTu realoba yovelTvis amarcxebs ocnebas“
(87, 22).
hesiodes es Teoria aTaswleulebis manZilze ar Secvlila. kraxiT
dasrulda cnobili utopiuri modelebidan yvelaze realuris _
socialistur-komunisturi sazogadoebis mSeneblobac.
erTmniSvnelovnad utopiuria novalisis „oqros xanac“. mwerals
„momavlis samyaro“ warmoudgenia, rogorc usasrulobisa da „gonivruli
qaosis“ sinTezi: „momaval samyaroSi yvelaferia; rogorc yofil samyaroSi
_ da mainc yvelaferi sxvagvarad. momavlis samyaro aris gonivruli qaosi
[...] _ qaosi anu ∞“ (82, 455). novalisis azriT, samyaros dasabami aris
miTiuri, iseve rogorc momavali.
meoce saukuneSic adamians kvlav Zalumad amoZravebs axlis Secnobis,
cvlilebebis survili. Semoqmedi xalxi miiCnevs, rom saWiro gaxda
revoluciuri cvlileba, oRond sulis sferoSi. Sesacvlelia ara
sazogadoebrivi wyoba, ara qveynis mmarTvelobiTi organoebi, aramed Tavad
adamiani, misi suli. axali msoflxedvis, axali orientiris mqone adamiani
ver Seegueba arsebul sinamdviles, rac misi gardaqmnisken ubiZgebs. aseTi
lozungic ki gaisma: msoflios SeuZlia gaxdes kargi, Tu adamiani gaxdeba
kargi.
romantikosebis msgavsad, modernistuli esTetikis erT-erTi amocanaa
“axali adamianis” Seqmna, romlis gardasaxvac SesaZlebelia sulis sferoSi
momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad. mxolod aseTi adamianebi SeZleben dasabami
109
daudon ganaxlebul samyaros. individma, rogorc samayaros mamoZravebelma
Zalam, TviTon unda iTavos cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba.
modernistuli „axali adamianis“ idea nicSes zekacis ideas
ukavSirdeba. romlis mixedviTac adamiani „RmerTis sikvdilis“ gamo aRar
elis xsnas zeciuri sferoebidan. RmerTis gareSe da Sesabamisad,
orientiris gareSe darCenili axla sakuTari Tavis zeasvlas eswrafvis.
„zekaci _ yovelive jerarsobis, yoveli „undas“ uRlisagan Tavdaxsnili,
Zvel „sjulis ficarTa“ Semmusvreli, axal RirebulebaTa fuZemdebeli,
zekaci _ qera bestia, mtacebeli mxeci, lomi sisxlismRvreli, Semoqmedeba _
TamaSiT garTuli bavSvi _ umanko da ucodveli _ am niSniT axasiaTebs
nicSe momaval adamians da es niSnebi, es RvTaebrivi Saravandedi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom nicSes Tavisi zekaci Cafiqrebuli hyavs, rogorc
RmerTis Semcvleli, rogorc RmerTis funqciis aRmsrulebeli, RmerTkaci...
zekaci, rogorc Semoqmedeba _ TamaSiT garTuli ucodveli bavSvi,
adamianuri sulis gardaqmna _ ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da mZime gzis bolo,
mesame safexuria“ (84, 212).
gr. robaqiZis gmirebi - arCibald mekeSi da mindia “axali adamianebi”
arian. arCibaldma sakuTar TavSi CaZiebiT aRmoaCina momavali da Tavi
daaRwia mtanjvel, gaurkvevel warsuls. mis sulSi datrialebulma
qartexilma gamokveTa misi xvalindeli dRe. TiTqos xelaxla daibada da
dasabami misca lamis gadaSenebul ZirZvel irubaqiZeTa gvars. is “axali
adamiania”, magram miwaze myarad mdgomi. igi axerxebs Tavis damkvidrebas,
sakuTari adgilis povnas, romelsac didxans eZebda. hyavs meuRle _ matasi
da vaJi _ babuis mosaxele _ Tamazi. male Sematebas elian. Tavad arCili
meurneobas uZRveba, mokled, praqtikul saqmianobaSia CarTuli.
TavisTavad ganaxlebuli adamiania mindia. bunebis enis codnis
wyalobiT, masTan asimilirebas axdens da srul harmoniaSi modis. bunebis
saidumlos dasaufleblad mindias ar dasWirvebia sulieri metamorfoza.
misi suli ar auforiaqebia gaucnobierebel ltolvas, mis siRrmeSi ar
aSlila da amoZravebula idumali Zalebi. yvelaferi martivad moxda -
Zilis dros mas gveli miepara, yuri auloka da gaRviZebulma cxadad
110
SeigrZno sakuTari feriscvaleba. arc am SemTxvevSi gadaizrdeba siuJeti
ararealobaSi, piriqiT, zRapariviT iwyeba da Semdeg sruliad realur
ganviTarebas iZens.
mindia udides codnas flobs da mas sakuTari xalxis keTildReobas
axmars. arCibaldis msgavsad cxovrobs da saqmianobs, rogorc uwin.
cdilobs waadges rogorc sakuTar Tavs, ise mSobel xalxsa da qveyanas.
orive aRniSnuli personaJi novalisis hainrixisgan gansxvavebiT,
goeTes maisters da zogadad ganmanaTlebluri romanebis gmirebs ufro
metad enaTesaveba. Tu novalisTan RvTaebrivs, maradiuls naziarebi gmiri
ararealuri xdeba, gr. robaqiZis gmirebi Cveulebriv, miwier adamianebad
rCebian, romelnic yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ferxulSi arian Cabmulni.
sulierad ganwmendili, amaRlebuli gmiri, romelic eziara maradisobas, am
codniT rCeba isev empiriul realobaSi da ganagrZobs cxovrebas.
savaraudod man unda gardaqmnas samyaro. Tavad man ganicada sulieri
metamorfoza da “ganaxlda”, STamomavloba ki imTaviTve “ganaxlebuli”
moevlineba qveyanas.
sulier ganwmendas hainrixi da arCibaldi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin gadian.
vxdebiT Tanamonawileni maTi metamorfozis. iniciaciis gzas gadis levan
orbelic („graalis mcvelni“). marTalia, iRupeba, magram sikvdilis
Semdegac axerxebs TanamemamuleTa zneobis amaRleba-aRorZinebas. poetis
TanaavtorobiT Seqmnili piesa mis Sesaxeb dadgmul speqtaklad gadaiqceva.
levanis magaliTi mayurebelSi aRZravs survils, saqveyno saqmisTvis
sakuTari sicocxlec ar daiSuron.
Tuki gmirebis cxovrebas or fazad – ganviTarebisa da moRvaweobis
etapebad davyofT, advili SesamCnevi iqneba msgavseba da gansxvaveba
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis personaJebs Soris. isini gadian iniciaciis
rTul gzas, magram maTi cxovreba sulieri srulyofis Semdeg
sxvadasxvagvarad viTardeba. novalisis hainrixi kategoriulad emijneba
praqtikul saqmianobas. mwerali zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebs ra romantizmis
esTetikur principebs, rCeba realobis uarmyofeli da qmnis samyaros
utopiur momavals e. w. “oqros xanis” saxiT. maSin, roca, gr. robaqiZe Tavis
111
gmirebs tovebs praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi. isini cxovroben da
iRwvian aramarto sakuTari Tavis, aramed sxvaTaAsasikeTodac, rac gr.
robaqiZes ganmanaTleblur TvalsazrisTanac Tanaziars xdis da viRebT
ganmanaTlebluri da romantikuli gmiris Sualedur, sinTezur formas,
romlis “ganaxlebac” ara racios, aramed pirvelsawyisTan miaxlebis,
uzenaesis WvretiT Semecnebis gziT xorcieldeba, magram amave dros
kategoriulad ar emijneba empiriul realobas.
112
meore Tavis daskvnebi
samyaros Secvla-ganaxleba romantikuli da modernistuli skolebis
erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens;
rogorc romantikuli, aseve modernistuli esTetikis Tanaxmad,
samyaros Secvla sulierad aRorZinebuli adamianis moRvaweobis
Sedegad unda ganxorcieldes.
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis personaJebs axasiaTebT sulieri
metamorfoza;
romantikuli aRzrdis romani upirispirdeba ganmanaTlebluri
aRzrdis romans: ganmanaTleblebi adamians miznad usaxaven
sazogadoebisaTvis sasikeTo moRvaweobas, romantikuli gmiris
“aRzrda” gulisxmobs mis sulier feriscvalebas da misi samoqmedo
arec sulis sferos ar scildeba;
novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” Seiqmna rogorc reaqcia
goeTes “vilhelm maisterze”. gmiris ganviTareba saxezea, magram
maisterisgan gansxvavebiT gmiris sulieri ganviTareba grZeldeba
sulis sferoSi saqmianobiT;
germaneli mwerali zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebs ra romantizmis
esTetikur principebs, rCeba realobis uarmyofeli da midis “oqros
xanis” damayrebamde – gvTavazobs samyaros utopiur models;
gr. robaqiZis gmirebic hainrixis msgavsad ganicdian sulier
metamorfozas, Tumca rCebian praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi, rac
ganmanaTleblur TvalsazrisTan Tanaziarsac xdis;
gr. robaqiZis personaJebis saxiT viRebT ganmanaTlebeli da
romantikosi gmiris Sualedur, sinTezur formas, romlis
“ganaxlebac” ara racios, aramed pirvelsawyisTan miaxlebas, uzenaesis
WvretiT SemecnebasAemyareba, Tumca amave dros kategoriulad ar
emijneba empiriul realobas.
113
Tavi mesame
grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa stilur
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb
gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze saubari srulyofili ver iqneba Tu ar
SevexeT mis mwerlur maneras _ sruliad gansakuTrebul, misTvis
damaxasiaTebel stils. miT umetes, rom novalisis SemoqmedebasTan
paralelis gavleba am aspeqtSic SesaZlebelia.
xelovnebis istoriis, literaturisa da lingvistikis sferoSi Znelad
Tu moiZebneba iseTi mravali mniSvnelobis mqone termini, rogoricaa stili.
avtoris individualuri stilis Seswavlas miZRvnes Sromebi v.
vinogradovma, i. arnoldma, a. fiodorovam, m. brandesma da sxv. swavleba
stilis Sesaxeb jer kidev antikur xanaSi iyo cnobili. stilis Teoriis
fuZemdeblad aristotele miiCneva, romlis Teoriac aisaxa mis “poetikasa”
da Semdeg ki “ritorikaSi”.
nawarmoebis stils garkveulwilad is konkretuli literaturuli
epoqa gansazRvravs, romlis msoflmxedvelobasa da esTetikasac iziarebs
mwerali, magram Tavad Semoqmedis xvedriTi wili ufro mniSnelovania.
axali Teoriebi mwerlis stilis Sesaxeb ayalibebs azrs, rom stili
individualuri niSniT aris aRbeWdili. igi ganuyoflad, mWidrod
ukavSirdeba mwerlis individualobas da mis enaSi vlindeba yvelaze ufro
naTlad. individualuri stili SeiZleba mTeli literaturuli skolis
ZiriTad stilad iqces. avtoris individualoba maqsimalurad SeigrZnoba
mxatvrul teqstebSi. zogjer imdenad Zlieria individualuri sawyisi rom
stiliT avtoris Secnoba xdeba SesaZlebeli. mxatvruli stili aris
mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli, sadac Cans misi subieqturi
damokidebuleba zogadad garesamyarosadmi da enobrivi formebis
Tavisuflad gamoyenebisadmi.
114
rogorc novalisis, ise gr. robaqiZis weris stili ukavSirdeba
aramarto maT individualur SesaZleblobebs, aseve im mimdinareobebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTa gavlenasac isini ganicdian.
romantizmi sruliad gansxvavebuli da TavisTavadi literaturuli
mimdinareoba iyo XVIII _ XIX saukuneebis mijnaze da gasakviri ar aris, rom
gamosaxvis xerxebic manamde sruliad gansxvavebuli gamoinaxa. es
ukanaskneli im uaRresad rTulma problematikam gansazRvra, rac
romantikosebis Semoqmedebis wyaros warmoadgenda.
maT mimarTes gamosaxvis iseT xerxebebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro
kargad asaxavda Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel sirTuleebs.
romantikosTa gamosaxvis xerxebi iyo iseTi moqnili, rogorc arasdros.
axalma xelovnebam axal simaRleze aiyvana simbolos gamomxatvelobiTi
funqcia. romantikosebma kargad gamoiyenes ferisTvis azrobriv-
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis miniWebis SesaZlebloba, xolo Janrebis
erTmaneTSi aRreviT Seqmnes universaluri Janri. ramdenadac farTo iyo
maTi interesebis areali da azrovnebis masStabebi, Janris SerCevis mxrivac
aranair CarCoSi ar moeqcnen da ar daemorCilnen manamde cnobil wesebs.
romantikosebma klasicistebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi _ Janruli
siwmindis dacvis Sesaxeb maT sxva debulebebTan erTad uaryves, radgan
romantikuli nawarmoebi warmoedginaT sworedac rom Janrebis sinTezi.
calke aRebuli arc erTi forma ar akmayofilebdaT, radgan miTos-
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisaTvis did gasaqans ar iZleoda, SeuZlebeli iyo
saTqmelis srulad gamoxatva, Tanac uaryofdnen yovelgvar SemzRudav
faqtors da aqac sruli Tavisufleba mianiWes fantazias.
fr. Slegelis cnobili 116-e fragmenti romantikuli nawarmoebis
universalobaze miuTiTebs: “romantikuli poezia (igulisxmeba ara mxolod
poeturi, aramed zogadad romantikuli nawarmoebi. n.b.) aris progresuli,
universaluri poezia, misi daniSnuleba ar aris mxolod yvela
gancalkevebuli Janris gaerTianeba... eposis msgavsad mxolod mas SeuZlia
gaxdes garemomcveli samyarosa da epoqis sarke“ (130, 204-205). aqedan
115
gamomdinare, romantikosi xelovani gacilebiT ufro Tavisufalia da misi
TviTgamoxatvis procesi SeuzRudavi.
amrigad, miviReT romantikuli nawarmoebi, romelic, rogorc b. a.
sorenseni wers, erTdroulad aris iracionaluri, fantastikuri,
sizmareuli, simbolisturi, sadac ar arsebobs mizez-Sedegobrivi
damokidebuleba.
es definicia kargad miesadageba modernistTa Semoqmedebasac. me-20
saukunis dasawyiss ukavSirdeba qarTuli literaturis formalisturi da
Sinaarsobrivi feriscvaleba. Tanamedroveobis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi
xasiaTi unda asaxuliyo mxatvrul literaturaSi. gr. robaqiZisTvisac ar
aris ucxo erTi nawarmoebis farglebSi sxvadasxva Janris SeTavseba.
magaliTad, „gvelis perangSi“ avtori romans uxamebs poezias, legendas,
epistolarul teqsts. uxvad iyenebs aseve simboloebsa da alegoriebs,
saxeebis gaxsnisTvis mimarTavs miToss saidanac sesxulobs miTiur
personaJebs, arqetipebs. sabolood iRebs ufro moqnil, moxerxebul
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas, romelic yvelaze ufro optimaluria misi
Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad.
orive avtori Tavs aridebs saxeebis, xasiaTebis konkretizacias, arc
erTi maTgani ar iZleva personaJebis dawvrilebiT portrets, piriqiT, isini
rig SemTxvevaSi sqematurni arian. sakmarisia mxolod ramodenime Strixi.
personaJebs TiTqmis ar gamosaxaven yoveldRiur yofiT situaciebSi.
mTavari saerTo maxasiaTebeli novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis gmirebis aris
is, rom maTTvis niSandoblivia sulieri zrda da moraluri ganwmenda.
ganzogadebisken midrekileba orive mweralTan aSkaraa. zulima _
tyvedCavardnili aRmosavleli qali _ qadagebs omis sisastikes,
humanurobisaken, mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisaken mouwodebs aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs. sakuTari piradi bedi TiTqos aRarc ki awuxebs. igi
Tvalcremliani yveba samSobloze, Tanamemamuleebze, maT keTilSobilebaze,
ixsenebs arabeTis ayvavebuli oazisebis mSvenierebas da ar Civis Tavis
axlandel yofaze. arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mokles
116
jvarosnebma misi qmari _ arabi didebuli, TviTon ki bavSvTan erTad tyved
wamoiyvanes.
rig SemTxvevebSi ar aris dakonkretebuli personaJTa saxelebic.
novalisis mxatvrul prozaSi adamianebi moixsenieba maTi profesiisa da
saqmianobis mixedviT. CvenTvis ucnobi rCeba vaWrebis, memaRaroes,
gandegilis („hainrix fon ofterdingeni“), maswavleblisa da moswavleebis
(„saiseli moswavleebi“) vinaoba. moTxrobaSi isic xdeba, rom ismis xmebi.
oTxi xma isev da isev adamianisa da bunebis urTierTmimarTebaze
msjelobs.
msgavs SemTxvevebs adgili aqvs gr. robaqiZesTanac. es Seexeba
gansakuTrebiT mis dramebs. „malStremis“ inkognito moqmedi gmirebi arian:
ucnobi, moxuci mewisqvile, meTevze, Seyvarebuli qal-vaJi. moqmed pirTaA
sqematuroba aq aSkaraa. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia ainStainisa da kantis
moCvenebebi, romelnic SigadaSig gaielveben xolme da sakuTari
moZRvrebebis mTavar frazebs warmoTqvamen (kanti _ „fenomenia mxolod _
yoveli. sagani TavisTavad gamoucnobia“, ainStaini _ „relativuria mxolod
_ yoveli. absoluturi moxsnilia imTaviT“ (91, 57)). “usaxelo” personaJebi
„londaSic“ gvxvdebian: mTavari, dedofali, qurumi, qadagi da moambe. Tavad
londas warmoSoba, misi warmomavloba burusiT aris moculi. zRvis piras
napovni gogonas mSoblebis vinaoba aravin icis.
„anonimuroba“ daculia dialogebSic. xSirad sakmaod mozrdil
monakveTebSic ar xdeba mosaubreTa dakonkreteba. amiT avtori imaze
migvaniSnebs, rom mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris vin ambobs, aramed _ ras
ambobs.
novalisis “fragmentebi” hgavs robaqiZis dausrulebel frazebs,
sadac avtori lakonurad atevs saTqmels. mkiTxvels rCeba SesaZlebloba
mweralTan erTad ifiqros, daasrulos azri, uTqmels mixvdes. erT-erT
fragmentSi novalisi wers kidec: “WeSmaritma mkiTxvelma avtori unda
ganavrcos” (82, 352).
Tavad romani „hainrix fon ofterdingeni“ erT did fragments
warmoadgens: kiTxvis dawyebisas adamians rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Txrobis
117
SuagulSi CaerTo. rac Seexeba finals, misi avtoriseuli varianti, rogorc
cnobilia, arc arsebobs. novalisis gardacvalebis Semdeg romani misma
megobarma da aseve romantikosma mweralma ludvig tikma daasrula. hainem
„hainrix fon ofterdingens“ uwoda kidec “didi alegoriuli romanis
nawyveti”.
ukve aRiniSna, rom orive mwerlis Semoqmedeba eyrdnoba filosofias,
religiasa da miToss (es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia gr.
robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi). problemebis dasma-gadawyvetis saqmeSi maT mTavari
adgili uWiravT. orive avtori inteleqtualuri mwerlobis
warmomadgenelia da amitom rTulad aRsaqmelic. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom
personaJebis umetesoba filosofosebi arian. isini SeuzRudavad saubroben
wamowyebul Temebze. ganaTlebisa, Tu saqmianobis miuxedavad, maTi
saazrovno are farToa. msjeloben zogad Temebze da ara sakuTar, kerZo
ambebze. novalisTan aseTi personaJebi arian: vaWrebi, memaRaroe,
aRmosavleli qali, gandegili, klingzori... gr. robaqiZesTan: oTar
moSaire, taba-tabaჲ, petereci, levan orbeli, Tavadi giorgi...
vfiqrobT, zemoT moyvanili faqtebi imis naTel suraTs iZleva, rom
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa Soris stilis donezec
SesaZlebelia msgavsebis moZebna. rasac ver vityviT Txrobis tempis Sesaxeb.
novalisis mSvidi, auRelvebeli Txrobisagan gansxvavebiT, gr. robaqiZis
SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia sulmouTqmeli ritmi, misi nawarmoebebidan
moedineba grZnobebis zRva, Tavbrudamxvevi emocia da eqspresia.
ukiduresi lakonuroba gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
niSandoblivi maxasiaTebelia. novalisi ase Zalian ar izRudeba da ar
gaurbis azris gaSlisas vrcel msjelobas. mokvecil, dausrulebel
frazebsa Tu SekumSul formebs “fragmentebis” miRma TiTqmis ar mimarTavs.
misi ena robaqiZis enobriv artistizmTan SedarebiT sada da ubraloa. gr.
robaqiZis frazis musikaluroba Tavis zenits piesebSi aRwevs. rogorc wesi,
igi ar mimarTavs rTul sintaqsur konstruqciebs, rasac germaneli
romantikosis SemTxvevaSi xSirad aqvs adgili.
118
qvemoT saubari gveqneba am ori mwerlis mier saxe-simboloebis, feris
simbolikisa da montaJis teqnikis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
3.1. saxe-simboloebi
novalisis Semoqmedebis mTavari saxe-simboloebia: cisferi yvavili,
isidas qandakeba da dRe da Rame.
cisferi yvavili „hainrix fon ofterdingenis“ centraluri simbolos
warmoadgens. igi ara marto novalisis Semoqmedebis, aramed germanuli
romantizmis da saerTod romantizmis simbolod iqca. novalisis
mkvlevarebis gansakuTrebul interessac swored is iwvevs. maTi azriT, am
poeturi saxis Seqmnisas saxelmZRvanelo magaliTebs savaraudod unda
warmoadgendes Tiuringiuli Tqmuleba saocari yvavilis Sesaxeb. es aris
indoelTa cisferi lotosi, romelsac novalisi forsteris mier
“SakonTalas” TargmaniT gaecno. aseve ludvig tikis leqsi “Traum” da
bolos SroSanis simbolo biomesa da goeTesTan. sabolood novalisma
Seqmna konkretuli simbolo abstraqtuli mniSvnelobiT: yvavili miwaze
iSleba, mas zecis feri aqvs da erTdroulad niSnavs miswrafebas,
monatrebas, Semecnebasa da usazRvroebas, aris siyvarulisa da poeziis
simbolo, radgan es cnebebi novalisisTvis sinonimebs warmoadgens. rogorc
vnaxeT, igi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT abstraqtuli da amasTan mravalplaniani
saxea, romelic adamianisa (matilde) da yvavilis sinTezs warmoadgens.
cisferi yvavili mxolod intuitiurad aris misawvdomi. romantikosTa
winamorbedTaTvis ideali konkretuli da garkveuli iyo. ganmanaTleblebis
mibaZvis obieqts antikuri xelovneba warmoadgenda, rogorc maTi idealebis
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ganxorcielebuli magaliTi. misTvis swored imitom unda miebaZaT, rom
miaxlovebodnen ideals. axali xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi ki eswrafodnen
raRac bolomde gaurkvevels, usasrulos, gamudmebiT srulqmnaSi myofs da
aqedan gamomdinare miuRwevels da gaugebars. cisferi yvavili moiazrebs
adamianis individualizaciis process. misi miRweva aris swored adamianis
mier sakuTari Tavisken siaruli, sakuTari pirovnebis gaxsna da wigniviT
wakiTxva.
cisferi yvavilis simbolikis Semdeg SevexebiT dRisa da Ramis poetur
saxes, romelic novaliss “Ramis himnebSi” Semoaqvs. Cveulebriv, dRisa da
Ramis simboluri aRniSvna asocirdeba, erTis mxriv, sicxadesTan da
gonierebasTan da meores mxriv, saidumlosTan, raRac SeucnobelTan, aseve
sikvdilTan. novalisma dRe-Ramis erTianoba sikvdil-sicocxlis
monacvleobas daukavSira. Tumca sikvdili masTan ar aris dasasruli, igi
aris ufro maRal sivrceSi, zesamyaroSi gadasaxleba. rogorc f. martini
wers, novalisis warmodgenaSi adamiani kosmiur-universalur kanonebs
emorCileba, igi TiTqos kibeze moZraobs, romlis orive boloc
usasrulobas erTvis.
leqsebis xsenebul ciklSi novalisma ganazogada sofias sikvdiliT
gamowveuli sakuTari gancdebi. mis mier daxatul samyaroSi, sadac dasabami
da dasasruli ar arsebobs, SeuZlebelic araferia. misi azriT, sikvdilic
ver aRudgeba win siyvaruls da darwmunebulia, rom sicocxle sikvdilis
Jamsac SesaZlebelia. “himnebi Ramisadmi” gamsWvalulia religiiTa da
misticizmiT. novalisi xotbas asxams Rames da Sesabamisad sikvdils, Tumca
es ar niSnavs mis mier amqveyniuri cxovrebis uaryofas, es ufro maradiuli
arsebobis aRiarebaa. Rame ar warmogvidgeba rogorc wyvdiadi, ukuneTi,
usiamovno grZnobebisa da fiqrebis aRmZvreli. Rame sinaTlis, dRis
kontrapunqtia. igi usazRvroebasTan, TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba.
saerTod, romantikosebisaTvis igi erTob poeturi movlenaa, iseve rogorc,
magaliTad: sasaflao, Zveli nangrevebi da a.S.
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is, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT saerTo aqvT gr. robaqiZesa da
novaliss saxe-simboloebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, aris isidas saxe.
isidas qandakeba dafaruli saidumlos Secnobis simboloa.
isida, igive izida da igive neiTi egvipturi miTologiis mTavari
RvTaebaa. aris nayofierebis, sicocxlisa da dedaSvilobis mfarveli
qalRmerTi, ojaxuri siwmindis damcveli. igi deda RvTismSoblis miTosuri
arqetipia. mecnierebi paralels avleben yrmaatatebuli mariamis saxesa da
isidas Soris, romelsac Cvili horusi upyria xelT.
isidasadmi mowiweba da Tayvaniscema gavrcelebuli iyo ara marto
egvipteSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac. misi taZrebi arsebobda Zvel
saberZneTsa da romSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, nilosis deltis dasavleTiT,
qalaq saisSi arsebobda isidas qandakeba, romelsac hqonda Semdegi warwera:
„me var yvelaferi, rac aris, rac iyo da rac iqneba; arc erT mokvdavs ar
auxdia Cemi saburveli“ (82, 681).
samxreT egvipturi qalaqis _ saisis izidas saburvelmosili
qandakebis Sesaxeb legendas xSirad mimarTavdnen mistikosebi da
okultistebi. igi Semoqmedi adamianebis interesis sferoSic araerTxel
moxvda. Sileris 1795 wels daweril filosofiur leqsSi „Seburvili kerpi
saisSi“ (“Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais”) moTxrobilia erTi mowafis mier isidas
qandakebisTvis upatiod saburvelis Camoglejis Sesaxeb, romelic man
samyaros saidumloebebis Secnobis wyurviliT moimoqmeda:
“swavlis SeZenis did wyurviliT gatacebuli,
Zveli egviptis saisisken yrma iswrafoda,
rom Seeswavla misgan mogvTa sibrZne faruli”
(127, 49).
aravin icis ra ixila man saburvels miRma. igi qandakebis win iatakze
ugonod myofi ipoves taZris qurumebma. am leqsSic izidas qandakeba
miCneulia dafarulis Secnobis, zogadad Semecnebis simbolod iseve,
rogorc novalisTan da gr. robaqiZesTan.
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hiacintis dauRalavi mcdeloba, ipovos izidas, rogorc „yvela
arsebis dedis“ qandakeba, ganpirobebulia erTi surviliT, yvela kiTxvas
pasuxi mouZebnos. amas emsaxureba misi mogzauroba.
gr. robaqiZe araerTxel mimarTavs am simbolos. romans „falestra“
epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli isidas saisis qandakebis warwera: “me var is,
rac aris, rac iyo da rac iqneba da arc erT mokvdavs ar auxdia Cemi
saburveli. warwera saisis qalis qandakis safexurze, romelsac egvipturad
erqva saxeli neif’” (89, 303). igive poetur saxesa da warweras vxvdebiT
romanSi “Cakluli suli”, dramaSi “malStrem” da eseSi “Tamar”.
gr. robaqiZesTan isida ara marto simbolo, aramed imavdrulad
miTosuri arqetipicaa. masTan arian gaigivebulni nata, morella da
kavalla. samive SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia neiTis (izida) avxorcoba da
imavdroulad misi ubiwoeba. „neifi qali iyo avxorci... da mainc darCa:
xeluxlebeli“ (91, 92), radgan „is jer aravis hkuTvnebia... kaci mxolod
zedapirs exeba qalisas“ (98, 21).
samive qalis cxovrebaSi wrfeli grZnobis garda angarebiani
siyvarulic arsebobs (gansakuTrebiT morellasa da kavallas SemTxvevaSi).
nata mzad aris sakuTari nebiT danebdes gpu-el berzins, oRond cixeSi
gamomwyvdeuli Tamazi daixsnas. berzinisa da natas urTierTobas saerTo
araferi aqvs namdvil grZnobasTan.
morellasaviT kavallas siyvarulsac oqroTi yiduloben. warsulSi
gancdilma wminda grZnobam masSi Rrma kvali datova. romani
dausrulebelia, Tumca tovebs SegrZnebas, rom kavallas boboqari
sasiyvarulo istoria jer kidev win elodeba, magram ucnobia, es grZnoba
masa da reJisor adolf ungars Soris warmoiSoba (qalma misi daintereseba
da moxibvla erTi naxviT moaswro), Tu bedi moulodnelad isev yazi-beis
Seaxvedrebs. evropaSi myofs, mraval Wir-varam gadaxdenils kidev ar
daviwyebia es sworupovari vaJkaci da qalis warmosaxvaSi kidev erTxel
TamaSdeba yazi-beis mier misi gatacebis suraTi. magram, radgan masze,
rogorc mamamisis mkvlelze, erTxel ukve Tqva uari, Tuki qalSi mTis
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kanonebi isev moqmedeben, ambis msgavsi gagrZelebis molodini ar unda
gvqondes.
morellas SemTxvevaSic msgavsi suraTi warmogvidgeba: qals bedis
ukuRmarTobiT araerT mamakacTan uwevs urTierToba, magram arcerTs ar
ekuTvnis bolomde ucnobis garda. Sedegad qalis saidumlos mxolod
ucnobi swvdeba da masSi „miwas“ Seicnobs.
qali gansakuTrebuli personaJia gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi,
romelsac ukavSirdeba “maradqaluris” cneba. es poeturi saxe erT-erTi
wamyvania mwerlis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi. maradqaluris fenomeni “maradi
qalwulis” xats, aseve “didi dedis” kults (igive “magna mater”).
ukavSirdeba Tavis mxriv.
maradi qalwuli zneobrivad daxvewili, srulyofili da mudam
saocnebo arsebaa, romelic sakuTar TavSi mxolod zeciurs ar moiazrebs,
igi miwieri sawyisis matarebelicaa. misadmi ltolva es aris
gaucnobierebeli swrafva zeciurisken, adamiani misi meSveobiT zesivrcul
sferoebs eziareba. rogorc aRiniSna, maradqaluris ganmsazRvreli sulac
ar aris ubiwoeba, igi wmindans ar niSnavs. piriqiT, SesaZloa masSi mkveTrad
iyos gamoxatuli miwieri sawyisi. es aris maradqaluris saidumlo: iyo
avxorci da mainc umanko. rogorc, magaliTad, xazi esmeba londas
avxorcobasac.
“Cakluli sulis” erT-erT Tavs, sadac natas personaJs vecnobiT, asec
hqvia _ “marad qaluri”. aq laparakia qalis maradiulSi myofobaze,
mamakacTan mis upiratesobaze, aRqmulia rogorc “kosmiuri wiaRis natexi”
(98, 23). nata marTlac ifaravs sakuTar arsSi samyaros saidumloebebs. es
ambavi bolomde gacnobierebuli arc Tavad aqvs, mxolod gumaniT xvdeba.
TiTqos masSi iRviZebs da zedapirze amotivtivebas iwyebs saidumlo codna.
gr. robaqiZem werilic uZRvna am fenomens (“fiordebis asuls”). maradi
qalwuli maradi saZiebelia: “dageZeb mudam Jams... viwyeb Zebnas Sensas
mSveniero da vicocxleb Seni SexvedrisaTvis mxolod. me viwvi cecxliT da
ferflis ar meSinia; mzis ganaxlebaSi mec viSvi xelaxla imav suliT;
gadavlaxav saukunoebs da gixilav kidev” (97, 65–66).
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maradqaluris saidumlo yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. igi
Zalian hgavs izidas simbolos, Tavisi orbunebianobiT. isic avxorcia da
imavdroulad qalwuli.
maradqalur fenomens garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba “miwis” poeturi
simbolika. qali gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi aris miwis saSo,
pirvelmiwa. qalic da miwac nayofierebis simboloa. gavixsenoT, rom
dedamiwis RvTaeba qalia _ gea.
qarTvel mweralTan miwa mxolod geologiuri warmonaqmni ar aris da
bevrad ufro Rrmad aris gasaanalizebeli. mas ukavSirdeba ori
mniSvnelovani epizodi, romelsac gr. robaqiZis biografiaSi hqonda adgili.
swored am SemTxvevebis Sedegad gaiazra avtorma filosofiur WrilSi
miwasTan dabrunebis idea. roca tifiT mZimed dasneulebuli eqvsi wlis
grigoli mamam saavadmyofodan moitaca, bavSvs saaqao piri ar uCanda.
mSobelma, imis SiSiT, rom gvams ar miscemdnen, am gamosavalsRa miagno.
moxda saocreba, gonmixdils araTu cnobiereba aRudga, saxlSi dabrunebis
sixarulic ki gamoxata. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs mwerali, “mSobliuri
miwis sunTqvam gamomacocxla. mas Semdeg miwis goroxi CemTvis sijansaRis
niSania” (125, 226). aq miwis kosmiuri arsi cxaddeba. adamiani mas uxilavad
ukavSirdeba da aseve uxilavad ganicdis misgan zemoqmedebas.
adamianze zemoqmedebis meore magaliTsac iZleva Tavad avtori. miwam
masze xelaxla sparseTSi imoqmeda, sadac 1916 wels aRmoCnda rogorc
samxedro piri. “mesopotamiis zRurblamde mivaRwie da mqonda SegrZneba,
rom saukuneTa svlaSi dakarguli samSoblo vipove” (99, 227) _ wers igi
mogvianebiT. es imitom, rom istorikosebis varaudiT, qarTvelTa uZvelesi
samSoblo qaldea iyo. swored aq xdeba mwerlis mier axleburad gaazreba
ukan dabrunebis ideis: adamiani ki ar gadis ciklurad erTi da igive gzas,
aramed masSi Semodis maradisoba.
miwis kosmiuri arsisa da maradiuli ukandabrunebis ideis gaazreba
edeba safuZvlad “gvelis perangs”.
miwis kosmiur arsze saubrobs gr. robaqiZe filosofiur eseSi
“sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi” krebulidan “demoni da
124
miTosi”, sadac sakiTxi ganxilulia dasavleT-aRmosavleTis Sepirispirebis
fonze, ris Sesaxebac pirvel TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari.
piesaSi “malStrem” civilizebul samyaros Tavisi feSenebeluri
sastumroebiT, kazinoebiT, barebiT, mdidari saqmosnebiT, yalbi
urTierTobebiT upirispirdeba sofeli da boSaTa banaki, sadac afaseben
namdvil siyvaruls, megobrobas, sadac ician uangarod Tanadgoma da
Tavdadeba. swored aq cocxlobs miwa, romelic qalaqidan didi xnis win
gamoaZeves. karsmomdgari civilizacia ukve aqac emuqreba mas.
“male mdinaresac amoaSroben..
male tyeebsac gasCexen...
male miwasac amouSroben ZuZuebs... (91, 71)
gr. robaqiZe “malStremis” ganmartebaSi wers: „miwa“ aq sulia
samyarosi: instinqti, ganukveTloba, rassiuli xsovna cocxali anamnezis”
(89, 269). am gagebiT morella miwaa:
“morella! Sen kidev miwa xar.
Sen mixvdi mxolod Cems vinaobas” (91, 65)
_ eubneba mas ucnobi. is, rac sxvebisTvis dafaruli WeSmaritebaa, cnobilia
am boSa qalisTvis.
morellas garda gr. robaqiZe “miwasTan” aigivebs matasisac, romelic
sakuTari sxeuliT atarebs qarTuli miwis madls, siwmindes, siuxvesa da
nayofierebas: “da modis qarTuli miwa: misi mkerdebiT _ misi xnulebiT _
misi ZuZuebiT _ misi jejilebiT... (89, 297). matasi orsuladaa da Svenis
daqaleba. dadis: mucliT TiTqo miwis saSo miaqvs” (89, 299).
“miwa” erTdroulad materialuri cnebacaa da abstraqtulic.
xmauriani qalaqiT daRlili kavalla qalaqgareT midis, raTa gaeqces misi
yofis amaoebas, miwas daadgas fexi, mis SexebasTan erTad cota xniT mainc
igrZnos is uxilavi energia, romliTac miwa mdidaria da ase uxvad
ajildoebs masTan kavSirSi myof adamianebs. miwa bunebriobaa, sixalasea.
arCibaldic ar iSorebs mamisgan danatovar kolofSi napovn sairmis
miwas, “rogorc mSobliur sivrcesTan damakavSirebel magiur niSans” (89, 68).
igi Seugneblad Tu qvecnobierad gamudmebiT iqiT miiswrafvis, sadac misi
125
fesvebia, es sairmis pirvelmiwaa. “aq iSva... aq mosWra mas bebiaqalma Wipi. es
Wipi am miwas SeerTo. netav sadaa misi nawilebi?.. aq aris, miwaSia” (89, 157).
sargisi sikvdilis win qarTul miwas iTxovs, hkocnis, Wams da vamexs
pirobas arTmevs, rom mis neSts saqarTveloSi waiReben. sargisis mxridan es
Txovna, Tu ufro moTxovna sakuTar wiaRSi dabrunebis survils niSnavs.
babua saridanis mier monaTxrobi legendebis mosmenis Semdeg taba-
tabaჲ ityvis: “TqvenSi jer miwa ar amomSrala..” (89, 274). legendebi, miTebi
qveynierebis dasabamidan motanil kosmiur codnaze miuTiTeben da xalxi,
romelSic jer kidev cocxlobs amgvari maxsovroba, “miwis” Svilebi arian.
aq adamianebsa da pirvelsawyiss Soris kavSiri isev SeigrZnoba, rac
dasavlurma civilizaciam TiTqmis sruliad dakarga.
arCili, ukanaskneli irubaqiZe, ubrundeba ra Tavis miwas, saSineli
seniT gadagvarebis piras myofi gvari TiTqos xelaxla ibadeba, aRorZindeba
da ganadgurebas gadaurCeba. arCibaldis mier sakuTar keraze dabruneba da
sakuTari Zirebis moZieba ganapirobebs sakuTari Tavis povnas, radgan igi
mxolod aq aris srulyofili, Zlieri.
Tavad giorgisgan vigebT, Tu rogor SeiZleba dakargos adamianma is
sulieri pirvelsawyisi, romelic masSi imTaviTve arsebobs da isev maszea
damokidebuli misi SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba: “Tuki miwas aRviqvamT, rogorc
mxolod materias, adamianSi Cadebuli logosos Zala, myisve datovebs mas.
suli kargavs cxovelmyofel simtkices, igi TiTqos gamoiSigneba da
gadagvardeba raciod, romelic uZluria rwmenis aqti ganaxorcielos” (102,
125).
eseSi “firosmani” avtori kvlav ubrundeba “miwis” Temas. qarTvel
mxatvars igi vaJas adarebs, aRniSnavs mis mier “miwis” gansakuTrebul
SegrZnebas da namdvil vizioners uwodebs.
1920-ian wlebSi gaCnda mowodeba _ “dabruneba miwasTan”, radgan
civilizaciam, teqnikurma progresma adamiani moswyvita miwas, aman gamoiwvia
mZafri protesti da miwasTan dabrunebis moTxovna. besarion JRenti Jurnal
“qarTul mwerlobaSi” “gvelis perangis Sesaxeb wers: “romanis Tema: rasis
126
apologia, adamianis fiziologiuri da fsiqiuri kavSiri Tavis “miwasTan”
da am “Zirebisaken” swrafva [...]. germanul eqspresionizmTan daaxloebiT
robaqiZem SeimuSava Tvalsazrisi, rom Tanamedrove civilizacia adamians
aSorebs miwas; swyvets mas am “Zirebisagan”, gadayavs igi avtomatizaciis da
meqanizaciis samyaroSi _ aq ikargeba suli _ ikargeba adamiani. amitom
“dabruneba miwasTan”, dabruneba “ZirebTan” _ primitivTan, bunebasTan, ai,
mokleT is filosofiuri koncepcia, romelzedac agebulia “gvelis perangi”
(86, 76-77).
Tavad gr. robaqiZis mier miwis gansakuTrebuli aRqmis Sesaxeb
rudolf karmani aRniSnavs: “robaqiZem mogvitana Cven, dasavleT evropelT,
qarTuli miwa, misi saxeli, misi sunTqva da misi ferebi” (99, 380), radgan igi
dakavSirebuli iyo “miwasTan”, kargad grZnobda da gamoxatavda mis
“Tavdapirvel sawyiss”.
simboloebidan yvelaze ufro xSirad gr. robaqiZe mimarTavs
warmarTuli Tu miTosuri xanis farTod gavrcelebul sam wminda
simbolikas _ muxas, mzesa da gvels, romelTac, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs,
mistiuri naTesaoba akavSirebT. mivyveT am TanmimdevrobiT.
muxa berZnuli miTologiiT zevsis, xolo romaelTa miTologiiT
iupiteris xed iyo miCneuli.
v. lomaia Zvel saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gadmogvcems, rom
qarTvelebi da mezobeli xalxebi uZveles warsulSi warmarTul RvTaebaTa
garda xeebsac eTayvanebodnen. gamorCeviT ki muxasa da cacxvs.
samegreloSi Wyondidis toponimis muxis kulturasTan kavSiri
saxelwodebis etimologiiTac aSkaraa (sityvasityviT did muxas niSnavs).
qarTlSi rkonis monastris dasaxeleba imaze metyvelebs, rom warsulSi
amave jiSis xeebiT iyo garSemoculi. gadmocemiT laSaris jvris
siaxlovesac es xe idga. Tqmulebebma Semoinaxa ambavi laSaris muxis
Sesaxeb, romelic cas oqros SibiT, anu jaWviT ukavSirdeboda. iseve,
rogorc sveticxovlis adgilze aseve mdgara uzarmazari wminda muxa. zogi
gadmocemiT muxis iyo is jvari, romelzedac macxovari gaakres.
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Tuki qronologiurad kidev ufro win gadavinacvlebT, vnaxavT, rom
argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli miTis Tanaxmad, oqros sawmisi yvelaze maRal
muxis xeze ekida. rogorc vxedavT, miTologiurad Tu istoriulad
aRniSnul kulturas gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs qarTul cnobierebaSi.
Tavisi medidurobiT, siZlieriTa da silamaziT igi evropeli
xalxebis siyvarulsac imsaxurebda. Sua saukuneebSi ukvdavebis simbolod
iTvleboda. me-18 saukuneSi raindobis aRmniSvneli gaxda. kidev cota
mogvianebiT muxis foToli Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT dafnis
foTols gautolda.
cxramuxa “gvelis perangidan” sairmis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli da
mkiTxvelisTvis dasamaxsovrebeli adgilia. “lamaraSi” adgilis dedasTan
ixsenieba sqelfoTlovani muxa. “londaSi” warmarTul salocavs
aTaswlovani cxra muxa (es sakraluri cifri muxis xesTan mimarTebaSi
meored Cndeba) mfarvelobs. Tu gavixsenebT tyis scenas romanidan “graalis
mcvelni”, miTiTebulia sxva xeebs Soris muxis siWarbe. levan orbelisa da
norinas hierogamiuli qorwineba am xes ukavSirdeba. roca isini muxas gars
Semoertymian da erTmaneTs xels CasWideben, am “ritualis” Sesrulebisas
SeigrZnoben erTmaneTs ise, rogorc sakuTar Tavs. maSin iTrguneba “me” da
adgils uTmobs “Sen”-s. “orive grZnobda muxis tanis miRma sakuTari
sxeulis gagrZelebas. ori gulis Zgera erT Zlier pulsaciaSi gadaizarda”
(102, 114). levan orbeli muxis qveS gardaicvleba, Tanamoazreni iqve
krZalaven, xolo graals xis tanSi sagangebod gakeTebul sicarieleSi
aTavseben, ukeTes dromde mas andoben graalis “mcvelobas”. romanis kidev
erTi epizodi ukavSirdeba am kulturas. erT-erT TavSi (“tyis gza”)
moTxrobili naTlobis ceremoniali muxis CrdilqveS tardeba.
(sxvaTaSoris, is molaparake xe, romelSic matildes (“hainrix fon
ofterdingeni”) sulia gadasuli, aseve muxaa).
muxis, gvelisa da mzis erTianoba yvelaze kargad “londaSi” Cans.
warmarTuli mzis RvTaebis _ saddasais salocavs, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
aTaswlovani muxa faravs, romlis totebSi drodadro wiTeli gveli Cndeba.
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levan orbelisaTvis cnobilia am sami simbolos erTianobis Sesaxeb: “muxa,
mze da gveli mistiurad enaTesavebian erTmaneTs” _ ambobs igi (102, 53).
mzisadmi Tayvaniscema qarTvelTa Soris cnobilia warmarTul
warsulSi. aramarto qarTvelebi, mcire aziis xalxebi adidebdnen mas.
gavrcelebuli iyo saerTod mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema. mze sicocxlis
simboloa. misi perioduli amosvla-Casvla samyaros maradiul
monacvleobaze, ciklurobaze miuTiTebs. miTologiaSi cnobilia mzesTan
dakavSirebuli egvipturi RvTaeba _ ra (re), romlis gansxeulebadac mzis
diskos aRiqvamdnen. berZnuli miTologiiT mas heliosi Seesabameba, xolo
romaulSi _ soli. yvela CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi mze mamakacuri sawyisis
matarebelia. aziis xalxebSi ki piriqiT, masSi qalur sawyiss moiazreben. am
kults ukavSirdeba bedniereba, sikeTe, silamaze, sicocxle.
Zvel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT mze qalur sawyiss ganasaxierebda. mzis
kulti imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom misi dResaswauliT aRiniSneboda
axali wlis dadgoma. saxlebSi ki dedaboZze borjRals gamosaxavdnen _
mbrunav mzes. alqimikosebi am ciur sxeuls oqros adarebdnen, romelsac
miwis mzes uwodebdnen.
gr. robaqiZe werilSi “mzis xana qarTvelTa” saubrobs qarTvelTa
mier mzis fenomenis aRqmis Taviseburebaze, rac leqsikaSic hpovebs asaxvas.
“mze aris sicocxlis Tesli... mze saTavea sinaTlisa romelic sibneles
ebrZvis” (99, 68-69). is, rac mweralma eseSi publicisturi wesebis dacviT
Camoayaliba, mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa romanSi “graalis mcvelni”. aq igive
Temas mTeli Tavi eZRvneba da saTauric Sesabamisi aqvs _ “mzis nadimi”.
lxinis Semdeg ismis “lile” _ mzis sagalobeli. igive simReris TanxlebiT
miacilebs procesia londas samsxverplosken, “lamaras” finalSic “liles”
msgavsi simRera gaismis.
rac Seexeba warmarTul RvTaeba _ saddasais, mzis RmerTi am
saxelwodebiT avtoris gamonagonia. saxelis etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT
ki, arsebobs varaudi, rom igi avtors ebrauli enidan unda aeRo: “saddsai
igive “saddai, sada” (ebr. saddaj) iSviaTad saxmari sinonimia RmerTisa, esaa
stiqiur ZalTa RmerTis gasaidumloebuli saxeli” (132, 151). k. marjaniSvili
129
werilSi “Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi” iZleva aRniSnuli saxelis
sakuTar, e.w. Tavisufal interpretacias, romelic TiTqosda RmerTis
yvelgan myofobas unda niSnavdes (saddasai _ “sad da sad”) (68, 2).
gveli sxvadasxva xalxebSi gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. bevri kultura
mas RvTaebad aRiarebda. igi warmoadgens TviTganaxlebis, vegetaciis
simbolos. Zvel romaelebs gveli saxlebSic hyavdaT. arcTu Soreul
warsulSi msgavs faqtebs qarTul sinamdvileSic hqonda adgili.
dadasturebulia saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (svaneTSi, xevSi, xevsureTSi)
gvelis kulti. magaliTad, svaneTSi Tuki gvels SeiCvevdnen da
gaaSinaurebdnen, igi „fuZis angelozad“ iTvleboda. ojaxi warmatebasa Tu
warumateblobas amieridan mas ukavSirebdeboda. swiravdnen saklavsac.
gveli sibrZnis simboloa “lamaraSi”. mas SeuZlia adamians gadasces
saidumlo codna. xogais mindias Tqmulebebi, romelnic safuZvlad daedo
gr. robaqiZis am dramas, enaTesaveba berZnuli miTologiidan melampusis
istorias. melampuss Zilis dros gvelebma yuri gamouwmindes, ris Semdegac
mas esmoda frinvelTa ena da SeeZlo momavlis winaswarmetyveleba.
melampusis msgavsad, xogais mindiaca da gr. robaqiZis mindiac gvelisgan
eziarebian sibrZnes. gvelis mier boZebul saidumlo codnaze saubrobs
“londas” personaJi oTar moSairec: “amboben Tu gveli Seiyvare codnas
gaCuqebso” (91, 26). piesaSi warmarTuli salocavis kedlebze gamosaxulia
gvelebi, grifebi da Tevzfrinvelebi. aq gveli wminda cxovelia, radgan
“wiTeli gveli mzis Svilia” (91, 26).
gveli codnis mCuqebeli TvisebiT bibliur gvelTan naTesaobas
amJRavnebs, romlis gamoisobiTac eziarnen jer eva da Semdeg adami xe
cnobadis nayofs. “Caklul sulSi” swored am kuTxiT aris igi aRqmuli.
“gvels ar Seucdenia pirveli adamianebi. Tu im xis nayofs igemebT, iqnebiT,
rogorc RmerTebi. evam igema, adamma igema _ da iyo dabadeba da RvTiuri
saqcieli” (98, 24). adamiani gaxda RmerTiviT Semoqmedi da SeigrZno masTan
Tanaziaroba.
igive simbolo “gvelis perangSi” metamorfozis, sulieri ganaxlebis,
axlis dasawyisis, aRorZinebis niSania. ise, rogorc gveli ixdis perangs da
130
tovebs, ase icilebs sakuTar warsuls arCibaldic da sulierad
gadasxvaferebuli iwyebs axal cxovrebas.
gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani simboloa graali. me-20
saukuneSi xelaxla aRorZinebulma graalis misteriam dasabami daudo
religiur-mistikur mecnierebas _ anTroposofias. misi fuZemdeblis _ r.
Staineris ganmartebiT, igi aris mecniereba graalis Sesaxeb.
misteriebSi graali ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Tasis saxiT, romelSic
ioseb arimaTielma jvarcmuli macxovris naWrilobevidan gadmosuli
sisxli Seagrova. volfram fon eSenbaxTan graali saswaulmoqmedi Zvirfasi
qvaa, romelic mflobels axalgazrdobas aniWebs. “igi aris zeciuri da
miwieri umaRlesi bednierebis, aseve zeciuri ierusalimis simbolo. igi
misawvdomia mxolod spetaki sulis adamianisTvis” (14, 106).Q
Tasi angelozebs gamouTliaT im zurmuxtis qvisagan, romelic
dacemulma luciferma dakarga. misi mflobelni sxvadasxva dros iyvnen:
noe, melqisedeki _ salemis mefe, solomoni. Semdeg ukve mas saidumlo
serobaze vxedavT. am dros graali ioseb arimaTielis sakuTrebaa, igia misi
pirveli mcvelic, radgan jvarcmis Semdgom flobs Tass wminda nawilTan
erTad.
didi xnis manZilze graalis Sesaxeb mxolod ezoTerul wreebSi iyo
cnobili. es codna miuwvdomeli gaxda Cveulebriv mokvdavTaTvis. Sua
saukuneebSi graalze Seqmnili araerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebidan yvelaze
cnobilia robert de boronis, kretien de truasa da volfram fon
eSenbaxis romanebi, sadac gacxadda graalis misteriebis garkveuli nawili
farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.
gr. robaqiZesTan graali warmodgenilia vazis jvris mtevnebidan
gamowuruli wveniT savse Tasis saxiT. qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi
uZvirfasesi siwmidea vazis jvari (“juari nasxlavisa”), romliTac ninom
saqarTveloSi qristianoba iqadaga. imasac Tu gavixsenebT, rom qristianul
religiaSi Ze RmerTi vazTan asocirdeba: “me var vazi WeSmariti” (10, 213).
naTelia, rom es mcenare, rogorc misgan miRebuli sasmeli wmindaa da
uSualod ukavSirdeba macxovars. Tumca gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ara
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imas, Tu rogor gamoiyureba graali. mTavaria is, Tu ra Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTvis matarebelia. idea ki, saukuneebis manZilze ar Secvlila.
“graali azrovnebis evoluciis ezoTeruli saxelia... golgoTaze Tasi
kosmiuri “mes” SinaarsiT aRivso da gadaeca adamianebs, rogorc siyvarulis
impulsi” (60, 5). dakarguli, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, droebiT dafaruli
graalis Zieba ar niSnavs “fizikuri” sagnis Ziebas, romelic mxolod
simbolos warmoadgens, sinamdvileSi ki es procesi pirvelsawyisTan
mibrunebaa. es aris ganaxlebis, aRorZinebis, sakuTar TavSi RmerTis
aRmoCenis cda.
graalis mcveli yvela droSi erTidaigive pirobebs unda
akmayofilebdes: unda iyos keTilSobili, zneobrivad sufTa adamiani. gr.
robaqiZis levan orbeli swored aseTia: faqizi sulis mqone da zneobrivi
principebis damcveli.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis ambebiT SeZrul levans xilva hqonda:
saqarTvelos monRolTa urdoebi Semoesivnen, mTeli qveyana daimones,
mxolod ninos jvris mflobeli erTi mesxuri gvari ar nebdeboda im
motiviT, rom “erTi adamiani mainc unda darCeniliyo daumonebeli, raTa
SenarCunebuliyo xalxis neba gautexeli, Tundac igi ukve daCoqili
yofiliyo” (102, 118-119). Tavadi kardu Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad
ufskrulsa da monRolebs Soris iyo moqceuli, iq moulodnelad Cndeba
patara gogona, Tavisi umanko xeliT exeba jvars, xdeba saswauli da vazis
jvari sam oqros mtevans gamoisxams. qarTuli graali, rogorc aRiniSna, am
mtevnebidan miRebuli wveniT savse Tasia “TasSi inaxeboda saqarTvelos
madli (wyaloba)... igi gaxda misi sulieri Zalebis ganaxlebis wyaro” (102,
123), is iyo “guli, mze saqarTvelosi. graalis mcvelni icavdnen sakuTar
miwas” (102, 38) Sesabamisad, igi qarTvelTaTvis niSnavda gansacdelis
daZlevas, gadarCenas, gamarjvebas, Tavisuflebas...
graali im dros Cndeba, roca rwmena Sesustebulia, nebisyofa _
modunebuli, Cndeba, raTa ganamtkicos Seryeuli mrwamsi, Caunergos imedi
Tundac fizikurad dauZlurebul samwysos. magram adamiani mas aramarto
Znelbedobis Jams unda eZiebdes. “graalis misia ar amoiwureba romelime
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konkretul epoqaSi, esaa is maradiuli saZiebeli, romelsac samyaros
esqatologiur dasasrulamde moiZiebs adamianis goni, Tumca igi, ise
rogorc yovelive wminda da RvTaebrivi, misawvdomia mxolod
gansakuTrebul pirobebSi da gansakuTrebuli unarebis flobisas” (140, 77).
3.2. ferTa simbolika
feris simbolikam romantikosebis esTetikaSi gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva SeiZina. jer kidev uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebiT TiToeul
fers hqonda garkveuli azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.
mwerlobam bevri ram isesxa religiur-miTologiuri warmodgenebidan
da bevri ram ki Tavad Seqmna.
novalisis Semoqmedeba cisferTan asocirdeba. es feri simsubuqis,
monatrebis, sevdis, usazRvroebis Sinaarss itevs da romantikosebis sulier
ganwyobas sruliad Seesabameba. eduard Siuries mtkicebiT, adamianis suli
cisferia. evropuli romantizmis msgavsad qarTveli romantikosebic didad
afasebdnen am fers. igi simbolistebisTvisac STagonebis wyarod iqca.
qarTvelma simbolistebma sakuTar literaturul gaerTianebas “cisferi
yanwebi” uwodes. galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT lurjisa da cisferis
monacvleobas _ “cisferi landebi”, “lurji ialqnebi”, “lurja cxenebi”,
“lurji angelozebi” da a.S. lurjs gr. robaqiZec iyenebs. sakmaod mcire
eseSi „fiordebis asuls“ mas Svidjer mimarTavs da am saocnebo asulis
RvTiur warmoSobaze miuTiTebs.
gr. robaqiZe mxolod erTi feriT ar ifargleba da iyenebs mTel
gamas. mis palitraze vxvdebiT: wiTels, yviTels, Savs, TeTrs... erTi
133
konkretuli feri sxvadasxva konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
sxvadasxva datvirTviT. fers robaqiZis esTetikaSi mkacrad gansazRvruli
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia.
gveli gr. robaqiZesTan wiTeli ferisaa (“londa”, “lamara”). mindias
sibrZnes wiTeli gveli aziarebs. mindias Sesaxeb xalxur Tqmulebebis
mixedviT, mxolod TeTri gveli aris codnis mCuqebeli, iseve rogorc k.
gamsaxurdiasTan. vaJasTan ki gvelis feri saerTod ucnobia.
„londaSi“ ori feri ikveTeba _ yviTeli da wiTeli. dasawyisSi
yviTeli gvxvdeba. aremares es feri dasdebia, radgan mze gaxelebulia. es
mzis feria da ase gamoiyureba qveyana, sadac yvelaferi iwvis da idagvis
gaxangrZlivebuli gvalvisgan. mogvianebiT yviTeli nel-nela adgils
uTmobs wiTels (wiTeli gveli, wiTeli gvelis perangebi, broweulis
marcvlebi, sisxliviT wiTeli cxenebi) Tavad londas garegnobaSic
niSandoblivia wiTlis sxvadasxva tonaloba. sityvaZunwad daxatuli
portretidan CvenTvis cnobili xdeba mxolod misi Tmisa da Tvalebis feri.
orive SemTxvevaSi odnav „gadasxvaferebul“ wiTels vxvdebiT:
„Tmebi: TiTqo spilenZis Releni
mzis tevrebiT daferilni.
Tvalebi: TiTqo didronni safironni _
muqi lalebiT odnav aelvarebulni“ (91, 22).
spilenZi, rogorc cnobilia, mowiTalo feris liTonia. londas
lurj Tvalebs ki lalisferi gadahkravs. wiTeli feris moWarbeba imaze
migvaniSnebs, rom saddasais mier msxverplis moTxovna Sesruldeba da
msxverpli ki londaa.
msxverplia lamarac. broweulisferi TmiTa da molurjo TvalebiT
aramarto garegnulad hgavs londas aramed bediTac.
sabediswero qals _ tyis dedofalsac wiTuri Tma aqvs. wiTeli
ambivalenturi feria. erTis mxriv, igi aris cecxlis, sisxlis, omis feri.
qarTul sinamdvileSi da kerZod ki mTaSi, wiTeli glovis feri iyo.
CamonaTvali mis negatiur mxareze mianiSnebs, Tumca amavdroulad is aris
siyvarulis, sicocxlis, nayofierebis feri. codnismCuqebeli gvelic
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wiTeli ferisaa. CamonaTvalSi wiTlis pirveli rigis Tvisebebs uaxlovdeba
Savi Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT, romelic gaigivebulia sikvdilTan,
glovasTan, borotebasTan, ubedurebasTan da jojoxeTTan. is wminda
mdinare, sadac odiTgan msxverpls swiraven saddasais Savia da bunebrivia,
rom adamianTa cnobierebaSi igi sikvdilTan asocirdeba.
arc wiTeli da arc Savi feri gr. robaqiZesTan yovelTvis ar
ukavSirdeba sisxlsa da sikvdils. matasis moSavo Tma da Tvalebi aqvs.
arCibaldis gacnobisas mis Tvalebs lalisferi gadahkravda. vamexi
Savgvremania, xolo arCibalds TiTqmis Savi _ ruxi feris Tvalebi aqvs,
magram es arc maT borot bunebaze, arc mosalodnel sikvdilsa da glovaze
ar mianiSnebs. SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT, rom am personaJebis Savi
Seferiloba mxolod da mxolod maT samxreTul warmomavlobaze
miuTiTebs.
3.3. montaJis teqnika
Temebisa da problemebis sirTule ganapirobebs orive mwerlis
nawarmoebTa formis sirTules. Tavisi danawevrebuli kompoziciiTa da
siuJetiT, axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiTa da xerxebiT klasikis
normebidan orive Sors aris.
rogorc novalisis, ise gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi TvalSisacemia
nawarmoebTa rTuli arqiteqtonika. orive mwerali mimarTavs e.w. montaJis
teqnikas. novalisis prozaul nawarmoebebSi CarTulia zRaprebi. romanSi
amas emateba leqsebic.
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romantikosebs gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT zRapris
Janris mimarT. igi germanul literaturaSi frangulis gavleniT XVIII
saukuneSi gaCnda. frangulma jadosnurma zRaparma germaneli
ganmanaTleblis _ vilandis SemoqmedebaSi satiruli Seferiloba miiRo.
mogvianebiT romantikosebma zRapris Janri kidev ufro ganaviTares. maTi
zRaprebi agebulia folklorul siuJetze an Tavisufal gamonagonze, sadac
wydeba filosofiuri Tu moralur-eTikuri problemebi. mTavari gansxvaveba
folklorul zRaparsa da e.w. literaturul zRapars Soris aris is, rom
pirveli maTgani koleqtiuri muxtis matarebelia, sadac waSlilia
individualuri, meore ki konkretuli mwerlis fantaziis nayofia da
amdenad SemoqmedebiTi individualobis Semcveli.
novalisis am JanriT daintereseba gamoiwvia goeTes simbolisturma
zRaparma, romelic CarTulia romanSi “Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten” da
aseve vilandis Semoqmedebam. samyaros Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenebisa da
grZnobebis gamoxatvas novalisi yvelaze ukeT am JanrSi axerxebs. erT-erT
fragmentSi wers: “Cemi sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatva, vfiqrob yvelaze
ukeT zRaparSi SemiZlia. yvelaferi zRaparia” (82, 476). igi ufro Sors midis
da zRapars “poeziis kanonad” acxadebs. “yovelgvari poeturi zRapruli
unda iyos” (82, 493) _ wers igi. misi azriT, zRapris mTxzveli momavlis
mWvretelia.
novalisis mier SemuSavebuli zRapris Teoriis ufro srulyofilad
demonstrirebisaTvis kidev oriode fragments moviyvanT: “araferi ar aris
zRapris sulisTvis ufro saZulveli, vidre moraluri fatumi,
kanonzomieri kavSiri. zRaparSi sufevs WeSmariti bunebrivi anarqia” (82, 491);
“namdvil zRaparSi yvelaferi unda iyos saocari, saidumloebiT moculi,
kavSirebis ar mqone...” (82, 455).
zRaparSi sazRvrebi moSlilia. aq sasruli usasrulobasTanaa
gadajaWvuli. romantikoseba isesxes misi struqtura, rogorc mxatvruli
azrovnebis xerxi, raTa ufro efeqturad gardaeqmnaT realuri samyaro.
“zRapari iqca erTgvar miTad, sadac zRapari-miTi zedrouli Janria,
yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi simboluri samyaros konstruirebisTvis da
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romantikuli poetikis Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad... zRapari, iseve
rogorc miTi, aRwers zeindividualurs, zesivrculs, zedrouls, qmnis
samyaros sakuTar suraTs” (106, 5). zRaparSi aRdgenilia didi xnis winaT
darRveuli kosmiuri mTlianoba, adamianis harmoniuli yofa sazogadoebasa
da bunebasTan mimarTebaSi.
“saiseli moswavleebis” gasaazreblad mniSvnelovania hiacintis
zRapari, romelic moTxrobaSia CarTuli. isic, iseve rogorc “hainrix fon
ofterdingenis” zRaprebi, nawarmoebis gasaRebs warmoadgens, radgan masSi
winaswar aris moxazuli moqmedebis savaraudo ganviTareba, vxvdebiT, Tu
riT dasruldeba, ra Sedegs gamoiRebs saiseli moswavleebis mier bunebis
Seswavla. novalisi gvTavazobs samyaros Semecnebis, bunebisa da adamianis
harmonizaciis gzas.
rac Seexeba romans, igi sam zRapars Seicavs. pirvel maTganSi
damuSavebulia legenda berZeni poetis arionis Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad
berZen poetsa da musikoss Soreul warsulSi ucxovria. herodotes cnobiT,
igi gaZarcves mekobreebma da aiZules wyalSi gadamxtariyo, magram
delfinma ixsna. arionis saswaulmoqmedi niWis Sesaxeb novalisisTvis
cnobili gaxda a. v. Slegelis romansidan “arioni” da igive Temaze Seqmnili
tikis leqsidan “Arion schifft auf Meereswogen”.
mekobreebis agresiisgan da ueWveli daRupvisgan arions, zRaparSi
usaxelo poets (avtori mis vinaobas ar akonkretebs), ixsnis bunebaze
zegavlenisa da misi marTvis magiuri Zala, romelic misTvis, rogorc
poetisTvis aris SesaZlebeli: Zvel droSi Turme erT poets gemiT ucxo
qveyanaSi daupirebia wasvla da Tan madlieri msenelisgan jildod
miRebuli uricxvi simdidrec gauyolebia. mezRvaurebma ganizraxes mgosnis
mokvla da ganZis xelSi Cagdeba. poetis vedreba yurad ar iRes, romelic
nebiT Tmobda simdidres, Tanac borotmoqmedebs uwinaswarmetyvela, Tu
Canafiqrs sisruleSi moiyvanT, ubedurebas gadaeyrebiTo. roca Seatyo, rom
misi Zalisxmeva amao iyo, simReris neba iTxova. mekobreebma neba ki darTes,
magram yurebi daixSes. gagonili hqondaT misi simReris jadosnuri Zalis
Sesaxeb da SeeSindaT, rom guls moulbobda maT. poetis simRera marTlac
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magiuri Zalis aRmoCnda: “mgosanma simRera wamoiwyo Tu ara, gemi mis xmas
ahyva, talRebma wkriali daiwyes, mze da varskvlavebi erTdroulad
akiafdnen cis gumbaTze, laJvardisfer talRebze Tevzebisa da zRvis
urCxulTa dasebma iwyes rokva. mxolod mezRvaurebi idgnen gamexebuli
saxeebiT” (79, 57). simReris damTavrebis Semdeg mgosani Tavad vardeba
wyalSi, magram misi xelovnebiT moxibluli zRvis urCxuli gadaarCens mas
da mogvianebiT mekobreebis mier warTmeul ganZsac ubrunebs.
zRapris gmiri poeti-misania. romelsac SeuZlia aramarto kontaqti
daamyaros cocxal da aracocxal bunebasTan, aramed marTos kidec igi, aqvs
winaswarmetyvelebis unari. aseTia idealuri poeti novalisis esTetikaSi.
Semdeg zRaprSi pirvelis msgavsad Semoqmedisa da bunebis aseTi
mWidro kavSiri ar SeiniSneba, Tumca aSkaraa poetis niWis zemoqmedeba
adamianebze.
ymawvili kaci mamasTan erTad sruliad ganmartoebiT tyeSi,
pirvelyofil bunebaSi cxovrobs. SemTxveviT mefis asuls gaicnobs,
SeuyvardebaT erTmaneTi da erTad yofnasac gadawyveten. asulis gauCinareba
Zlier daaRonebs mis gulzviadsa da goroz mamas, romelsac mravali sasiZo
dauwunebia, radgan Rirseulad arc erTi miuCnevia. erTi wlis Semdeg poeti
colTan da axalSobil yrmasTan erTad samefo kars estumreba, roca iq
maRali sazogadoebaa Sekrebili. poeti qnaris TanxlebiT simReras
Seasrulebs, sadac moTxrobilia misi da mefis asulis ambavi. xelmwife
sayvarel asuls gulSi Caikravs, eamboreba yrmasa da “mdabio” siZes. Tu
kargad davakvirdebiT, poetSi hainrixs amovicnobT, mefis asulSi –
matildes, xolo maT pirmSoSi – astraliss. yrmaSi Serwymulia miwieri da
zemiwieri. misi am qveynad movlinebiT nawinaswarmetyvelebia “axali
samyaros” dabadeba.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania klingzoris zRapari, romliTac
sruldeba romanis pirveli nawili. aqac naCvenebia zRapris sinamdviled
gadaqceva da “oqros xanis” dadgoma. zRapris gmirebTan erTad mkiTxveli
ramdenime samefoSi xvdeba. warmogvidgeba oTxi samyaro: ierarqiis mixedviT
yvelaze maRla astraluri samyaroa, romlis binadarnic arian arkturi _
138
sicocxlis suli, misi meuRle _ sofia, sibrZne, romelic adamianTa
samyofelSia Casuli da maTi asuli freia. igi aris momavali dedofali da
ganasaxierebs mSvidobas. astraluri samefo samyaros CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobs, swored aqedan aris mosalodneli mSvidobisa da harmoniis
damyareba qveynad, jer-jerobiT ki Zilsa da sicives moucavs.Q
Semdegia mTvaris samefo _ jinistanis mamis samflobelo.
adamianur saufloSi mkveTrad dapirispirebuli ori Zala iCens Tavs.
erTi mxriv arian: erosi (siyvaruli), misi deda (guli), mama (azri), igavi
(erosis ZuZumte, romelic poezias ganasaxierebs), misi deda _ jinistani
(fantazia), droebiT maTTan myofi sofia da meore mxriv, mwerali _
“gaqvavebuli da gamqvavebeli goneba” anu racionaluri goneba.
da bolos _ miwisqveSa sauflo, igive qveskneli, romlis binadarnic
arian: debi parkebi (bneli Zalebi) da sfinqsi.
ra Tqma unda, zRaprebi SemTxveviT ar Sesula romanSi da ara mxolod
drois sasiamovnod gasayvanad an mgzavrobis gasaxaliseblad aris
moTxrobili (arionisa da atlantidis zRaprebs sovdagrebi hyvebian
mgzavrobis dros, mesames ki, poeti klingzori uambobs SvaningTan _
hainrixis papasTan Sekrebil sazogadoebas). pirvel or zRaparSi naCvenebia
idealuri poetis tipi. novalisis romanis gmiri _ hainrixi swored aseT
poetad unda Camoyalibdes. mesame SemTxvevaSi ki samyaros ganviTarebis gzaa
dasaxuli, Tu rogor myardeba qveyanaze “oqros xana”. sabolood, igi
mianiSnebs romanis dasasrulze, masSi nawinaswarmetyvelebia finali.
moTxrobilia, Tu rogor amarcxebs poezia prozis meufebas.
zRapruloba mTlianad romanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. moqmedeba
konkretul qveyanaSi, konkretul qalaqSi iwyeba, Semdeg yvelaferi nel-nela
zRaprul elfers iZens, TiTqos gaurkvevlobis nislSi exveva. xdeba usulo
sagnebis gasuliereba da cxovelebis ametyveleba. Tavad hainrixi da
matilde ganicdian araerTgzis transformacias. maTi sulebi sxvadasxva
xesa Tu cxovelSi Casaxldebis Semdeg isev adamianis formas iRebs.
“hainrix fon ofterdingenis” qarTuli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi
vkiTxulobT: “novalisis romani [...] warmoadgens kosmiur dramas, gnebavT,
139
operas, sadac monawileoben RvTaebrivi Zalebi da adamianebi, bunebis
stiqionebi, mcenareebi, cxovelebi, liTonebi, mineralebi, cocxlebi da
gardacvlilebi. romanSi erTiani ganuyofeli yofierebis faruli musika da
saubari, ena da anbani igrZnoba da ismis. es romani novalisis Sinagani
samyarosa da, saerTod, mTeli romantizmis saukeTeso sulier mignebaTa
kvintesenciad gvevlineba” (79, 33).
gr. robaqiZis prozaSi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa CarTuli Tqmulebebi,
legendebi tyis qalis _ dalisa da wylis qalis _ alis Sesaxeb.
“londaSi” moTxrobilia tyis qalisa da axlgazrda monadiris ambavi.
romelTac erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT. qali mas gaafrTxilebs, rom amieridan
vaJma mokvdavi qali aRar unda Seiyvaros, magram igi sabediswerod Zmis
qvrivs gaumijnurdeba. tyis qali Ralats ar apatiebs da sasikvdilod
imetebs. es igive dalis ambavia. londas saerTo tyis qalTan is aqvs, rom
isic sabediswero qalia. misma siyvarulma araerTi mamakaci gaaxela.
“malStremSi” CarTulia legenda mdinaris qalze. moxuci mewisqvile
hyveba, Tu rogor gamodis yovel mTvarian Rames mdinaridan ali, romelic
momajadoeblad momxibvlelia, magram misi naxva mxolod ucolos SeuZlia.
“gvelis perangSi” es orive Tqmuleba Tavs iyris. isini arCibaldis
cxovrebis or qals ukavSirdeba: matasi wylis qalTan aris gaigivebuli,
xolo olga _ tyis qalTan. babua saridanis mier wylis dedoflis Sesaxeb
legendis Txrobisas matasi uneburad imeorebs alis moqmedebebs, ris gamoc
iq myofTa mier xdeba misi Sedareba wylis qalTan. olgas xvlikisferi
Tvalebi tyis qalis zurmuxtisfer Tvalebs gvagoneben: “arCibald ganze
ixedeba: TiTqo aravis usmens. igi xedavs tyis dedofals _ (“xvlikisferi
Tvalebi” anaTeben). olga?! ho.. SeiZleba.. magram raTaa rom dakarguli
dedofali modunebul sevdaSi gadadis mxolod?! arCibaldis sisxlSi sxva
cecxlia: mdinaris qali “qvis vaJis” zRapris. warmosTqvas kriala saxeli
“matasi”?!” (89, 273).
wylis qalis ambavi Sesulia „malStremSic“, mas moxuci mewisqvile
yveba. ali, mkvlevarTa azriT, dalis degradirebuli saxea.
140
RvTaeba dali svanuri miTosis centraluri personaJia. misi saxeli
tabusa da SurisZiebas ukavSirdeba. tabus damRrvevs sikvdili elis. gr.
robaqiZis mier gamoyenebuli Tqmuleba imeorebs dalisa da beTqilis ambavs:
beTqili Tavis rZalTan Secdeba, maSin, roca dalisgan sxva qalTan
sasiyvarulo urTierToba akrZaluli aqvs, rac monadiris daRupviT
sruldeba.
gr. robaqiZis mier miTebisa da Tqmulebebis gamoyeneba emsaxureba
mTavari moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebis gaxsnas. xdeba personaJebis gaigiveba
Tqmulebebis gmirebTan.
„lamaras“ siuJeti Tavad aris legendaruli. misi Seqmnis idea vaJas
„gvelismWamelidan“ wamovida, romelsac Tavis mxriv safuZvlad daedo
xogais mindias Sesaxeb Tqmuleba. aseTi ki ramdenime arsebobs. Tavad vaJa-
fSavela ixsenebs im versias, romelze dayrdnobiTac Seiqmna misi poema:
„xevsuri mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs. maT Soris cxovrebam iqamdis
daaRona mindia, Tavis mosakvlelad gvelis xorci Wama, romliTac qajebi
ikvebebodnen. gvelis Wamam sruliad sxva nayofi gamoiRo: mindia brZen kacad
gadaiqca, cnobs mcenareebs, yvela mcenare TviTon iZaxis ris wamalic aris.
Sedegi am codnisa aris mindias gaeqimeba, misi wamali uebaria“ (117, 316).
xalxuri Tqmuleba, yovel SemTxvevaSi is, romelic vaJas poemis
pirvelwyaros warmoadgens, amiT sruldeba. saubari ar aris mindias mier
colis SerTvaze, mis mxedarTmTavrul niWze, roca xevsurebs Seumcdarad
karnaxobs brZolis strategiasa da taqtikas, rasac maTi gamarjvebebi
mosdevs. es gagrZeleba vaJam mouZebna mindias ambavs. igi ojaxis
interesebidan gamomdinare iZulebulia xe moWras, inadiros, rac misi niWis
gaqrobas iwvevs. amas mosdevs TanamoZmeTaAmarcxi brZolis velze.
qarTuli Tqmulebebidan xogais mindias Sesaxeb vigebT, rom igi
saidumlo codnas iRebs mas Semdeg, rac SeWams gvelis xorcs, an galokavs
mis sisxls. warmarTul warsulSi gavrcelebuli azriT, „xorcis miReba,
Wama warmarTul CveulebebSi niSnavs ziarebas SeWmulis sulTan, mis
miRebas da SeTvisevas sakuTar TavSi. amiT aixsneba isic, rom warmarTebi
beladis xorcs inawilebdnen da Wamdnen“ (132, 28).
141
kidev erTi legendis Sesaxeb, romelic gr. robaqiZem tacitusis
qronikebidan aiRo. „malStremis“ ganmartebaSi motanili aqvs es saintereso
istoria: „iveriis mefiswuls radamists sdevnian armeniis xelisufalni.
radamist garbis. masTan erTad misi colic zenobia. coli orsulia. cxenis
Weneba ukanasknels meti aRar ZaluZs. axlovdeba saSiSroeba. tyved Cavardna.
radamistis da zenobias siyvaruli ukanasknelia. coli mimarTavs qmars:
momkalo. radamist xeldeba. dasWris cols da isvris mdinareSi. radamist
garbis: darwmunebuli, rom sayvareli mohkla, magram zenobias mwyemsebi
naxuloben. Wriloba sasikvdilo ar aRmoCndeba. gadaarCenen“ (91, 269).
mwerali aRafrTovana qalis Tavgametebam da kacis mier bedis siyvarulma.
aRniSnuli legenda gamoiyena „gvelis perangSi“. iveriis mefiswuli
radamisti aq arCibaldis Soreuli winapari radame irubaqiZea. avtori
gvTavazobs am ambis finalis sakuTar versiasac: gadarCenili colis
danaxvisas radame Zlier sinanuls igrZnobs imis gamo, rom gaimeta qali.
cxens pirdapir zRvaSi Seagdebs da iRupeba. mas gadahyveba qalic.
Tuki romanSi gardasuli saukuneebis gasaocari ambavi CanarTis saxiT
aris warmodgenili, „malStremis“ Seqmnisas mis siuJets daedo safuZvlad
da es istoria ucnobsa da morellas Soris gaTamaSda.
gr. robaqiZis mxridan legendebisa Tu miTebis Setana TxrobaSi
emsaxureba, ZiriTadad moqmedi gmirebis portretis Sevseba-daxvewas da
pirdapiri mimarTeba ar gaaCnia nawarmoebis finalTan, rogorc amas
novalisTan zRaprebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi vxvdebiT.
orive mwerlis miTosSemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani elementia sizmris
fenomeni. mecnierTa ganmartebiT, sizmars adamianis cnobierebaSi aRbeWdili
sxvadasxva SegrZnebebi iwvevs. xalxSi mas odiTgan winaswarmetyveluri
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
msoflios xalxebis istoriaSi, miTologiaSi, klasikur
literaturaSi Tu religiis istoriaSi aRwerilia mravali sizmari,
romelmac kacobriobis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa.
Zveli aRTqma ormocdaxuTamde sizmars iTvlis. abraams sizmarSi auwya
RmerTma misi STamomavlobis bedi. aseve sizmarSi ecxadeba ufali iakobs,
142
aRuTqvams upatronos da daicvas misi xalxi da misces miwa. iakobis Svils
iosebs ara marto esizmreba, aramed SeuZlia sxvebis sizmrebis axsna. igi am
gziT winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTar dawinaurebas ierarqiis kibeze, momavalSi
marTlac xdeba egviptis faraonis karze gavleniani piri, samefos
mmarTveli. manve axsna faraonis sizmari da egviptes Svidi mosavliani da
Semdgom Svidi mousavliani, SimSilisa da gaWirvebis weli
uwinaswarmetyvela.
bibliis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili winaswarmrtyveluri sizmari
ezekiels daesizmra. es iyo ZvlebiT mofenili mindori, romelTac ufalma
suli STabera, rac fizikurad TiTqmis ganadgurebuli ebraeli xalxis
aRorZinebis momaswavebeli aRmoCnda.
sizmrebis cnobili ganmmartebelia winaswarmetyveli danieli. man
nabuqodonosoris sizmari maRali xis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb axsna, rogorc
babilonis dacema.
bibliurma solomonma ZilSi sTxova RmerTs, misTvis keTilisa da
borotis garCevis unari mieca da dasaCuqrda kidec udidesi codniT da
gaxda kacTa Soris yvelaze brZeni.
axali aRTqma Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT mxolod da mxolod cxra
sizmars moicavs. sizmrad myofi iosebi uflis angelozisgan Seityobs
mariamis suliwmidisgan daorsulebisa da iesos dabadebis Sesaxeb: “aha,
eCvena mas sizmarSi uflis angelozi da uTxra: ioseb, Zeo daviTisa, nu
gaSinebs Seni colis, mariamis miReba, vinaidan is, vinc masSia Casaxuli,
suliwmidisgan aris. Zes Sobs da daarqmev mas saxelad iesos, vinaidan igi
ixsnis Tavis xalxs maTi codvebisagan” (10, 20-21). amave gziT euwyeba iosebs
herodes mier mosalodneli ymaTa Jletis Sesaxeb. ZilSi miRebuli
miTiTebisamebr iosebi tovebs egviptes da nazareTSi saxldeba.
budisturi religiis Tanaxmad, dedofali maia, budas deda sizmarSi
Seityobs budas dabadebis Sesaxeb. xolo islamuri religiis mixedviT,
araerTi sizmari dasizmrebia winaswarmetyvel muhameds, Tavad misi dabadeba
mamam – abdulam sizmriT Seityo. xolo islamuri rwmenis simbolo,
cnobili fraza – “ara ars RmerTi garda alahisa, xolo muhamedi aris
143
winaswarmetyveli misi” _ ZilSi Caesma muhamedis TanamoRvawes abdul ben
zaiads. locvis dros CaZinebuls esizmra adamiani, romelmac aswavla mas es
sityvebi.
aleqsandre makedonelis amqveynad movlisebis Sesaxeb mis mSoblebs
esizmraT. am gziT iwinaswarmetyvela kaligulam sakuTari sikvdili. iseve,
rogorc aSS-s 16-e prezidentma abraam linkolnma mis mkvlelobamde aTi
dRiT adre naxa winaswarmetyveluri sizmarSi.
arsebobs mravali magaliTi jer kidev Zveli msoflios istoriidan.
roca sizmris Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebam sasikeTod imoqmeda Tavad im
adamianisa da qveynis bedze. lidiis mefe gigess esizmra RmerTi aSuri,
romelmac mas ubrZana gamxdariyo asiriis vasali da misi daxmarebiT
dapirispireboda kimerielebs. marTlac, kimerielebi gandevnil iqnen mcire
aziidan da lidia ki gaZlierda.
tutmos IV-s, jer kidev ufliswuls sfinqsis saxiT esizmra erT-erTi
RmerTi da mosTxova sfinqsi gaeTavisuflebina qviSisagan, romlisganac
TiTqmis mTlianad iyo dafaruli. jildod ki faraonoba aRuTqva, rac
Sesrulda kidec.
karlos didma Zilad myofma miiRo davaleba erT-erTi taZris
saxuravi SeekeTebina. magram ufro cnobilia misi meore sizmari, romelic
Sesulia sagmiro eposSi _ “rolandis simRera”. sizmarSi uflis mowodebis
Semdeg warmatebiT gailaSqrebs igi sarkinozebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac
mitacebuli qondaT safrangeTisa da espaneTis miwebi.
sizmriT iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi wm. avgustines moRvaweoba, aseve
franciskanelTa da dominikelTa ordenebis daarsebac.
garda bibliuri Tu istoriuli faqtebisa, cnobilia, rom araerT
aRmoCenas swored sizmarma daudo saTave. ase magaliTad, somexi
istorikosebi gvauwyeben, mesrop maStocs angelozi dasizmrebia, romelsac
somxuri anbani uCvenebia. iseve, rogorc mendeleevs unaxavs Tavisi cnobili
tabula, germanel qimikoss fridrix kekules _ benzolis molekulis
struqturuli formula, romlis amoxsnasac didxans cdilobda, erovnebiT
daniel nils bors _ atomis struqtura, fridrix burdaxs _ idea sisxlis
144
mimoqcevis Sesaxeb, frederik bantings ki _ eqsperimenti, romelic
sabolood insulinis aRmoCenaSi daexmara da nobelis premiac moapovebina.
xolo indoeli maTematikosi srinivasa ramanujani irwmuneboda, rom yvela
misi aRmoCena sizmarSi, induisturi qalRmerTis namagiris daxarebiT
gaakeTa.
musikisa da literaturis istoriidan cnobilia faqtebi, roca
musikaluri an mxatvruli nawarmoebebs sizmarSi miRebulma ideam an
mosmenilma melodiam daudo saTave. ase Seiqmna juzepe tartinis erT-erTi
sonata, rixard vagneris “tristani da izolda”, biTlebis “Yesterday”,
kolrijis poema “kubla-xani”, meri Selis “frankenSteini” da sxv.
sizmars exeba araerTi ferweruli tilo, graviura, Tu kedlis
mxatvroba (pietro dela franCeska, xose ribera, rafaeli, romano,
voroneze, joto da sxv.), sadac aisaxa cnobili sizmrebi, romelTagan
zogierTze zemoT gvqonda saubari.
mecnierebs Soris sizmars seriozuli mniSvneloba zigmund froidma
mianiWa da daiwyo am movlenis mecnieruli Seswavla. sizmrebis analizi da
Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi daedo safuZvlad fsiqoanalizs. froidis
azriT, sizmari miuxedavad Tavisi xSirad alogikuri, gaugebari xasiaTisa,
Seicavs Rrma azrs. aracnobierSi daleqili informacia misi saSualebiT
gamodis saaSkaraoze. es aris daSifruli gzavnili, romelic simboloebis
axsnas saWiroebs.
romantizmis poetika iTavisebs sizmris fenomens, radgan
romantikosebis warmodgeniT, sizmarSi adamianis suli Tavisuflad
mogzaurobs transcendentur sferoebSi. am dros adamianisTvis ufro
misawvdomia kosmiuri saidumlo. zRapris msgavsad sizmarSic uaryofilia
racionaluri azrovneba da logika. isic zedrouli da zesivrculia.
“novalisi sizmars udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs. misi azriT, Zilis dros
eziareba zegrZnobad samyaroebs, rac met-naklebad SeiZleba aireklos
sizmarma. sizmarSi racionalur-logikuri azrovnebis jaWvebi wydeba da
adamianis suls Tavisufleba eZleva, ris gamoc igi wvdeba dafarul
WeSmaritebebs... sizmari aris nimuSi iseTi mxatvruli formisa, rogoric
145
gaxlavT zRapar-igavi; zRapari agebulia ara logikur-racionaluri
kanonebiT, aramed sizmris logikiT; da rogorc samyaro, novalisis azriT,
unda gadavides zRaprul-sizmareul yofierebaSi, aseve romanic realuri
sinamdvilidan TandaTan gadadis irealur-zRaprulSi”. Tavad novalisi
“fragmentebSi” afiqsirebs, rom samyaro sizmaria, cxovreba sizmrad iqceva,
xolo sizmari cxovrebad.
hiacinti grZeli mogzaurobis bolos ara cxadSi, aramed ZilSi
ixilavs izidas qandakebas da axdis saburvels. igive xdeba hainrixis
SemTxvevaSic. romanis dasawyisSive esizmreba cisferi yvavili da mas mere
icvleba hainrixis cxovreba, cisferi yvavili xdeba misi miswrafebis
obieqti. rogorc irkveva, hainrixis mamasac unaxavs axalgazrdobaSi msgavsi
sizmari, magram masze igive zemoqmedeba ar hqonia – mis SemTxvevaSi ar
gauRviZia Semecnebis survils, Tumca winaswarmetyveluri ki aRmoCnda. is,
rac ZilSi ixila, male realobad iqca (esizmra, rom daqorwinda sayvarel
qalze _ hainrixis momaval dedaze).
hainrixi sizmarSi naxavs matildes gardacvalebasac, Tu rogor
CaiTrevs mas morevi.
winaswarmetyveluria gr. robaqiZis personaJTa sizmrebic. levan
orbels gpu-s TanamSromlis _ velskis danaxvaze erTi wlis win ZilSi
nanaxi arasasiamovno saxe axsendeba da uCndeba arakeTilganwyobileba mis
mimarT.
levan orbeli sizmars sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas aniWebs: “madloba
RmerTs, bednieri aRorZinebis es pirvelwyaro jerjerobiT ar mtovebs” (102,
24), _ ambobs igi.
romanis dasasruls kidev erT sizmars vxvdebiT: levanis moxuc dedas
esizmreba, Tu rogor wovs misi vaJi ZuZus, Semdeg ki Tasidan svams sasmels,
romelic varskvlaviviT kiafobs. gamoRviZebuli ezoSi gadis, caze
varskvlavs akvirdeba da masSi wminda graals mzers, romlis Sesaxebac
bavSvisTvis xSirad uambnia. sizmarSi aqcenti keTdeba graalsa da levanze.
SemTxveviT ar aris, rom dedas, romelmac araferi icis Svilis graalis
146
mcvelobis Sesaxeb, erTdroulad agondeba wminda Tasi da sakuTari pirmSo.
mis qvecnobierSi sizmris daxmarebiT am ors Soris kavSiri myardeba.
eseSi “TaurSiSi da miTosi” gr. robaqiZe wers, rom individi ufro
xSirad swored sizmaris saSualebiT exeba “adamianuri cxovrebis
gariJraJs”.
maSasadame, novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis esTetikaSi sizmari
winaswarmetyveluri movlenaa, romelic adamians intuiciis msgavsad
uSualod akavSirebs kosmiur arsTan da realobasTan mimarTebaSi
upiratesobac ki eniWeba. A
147
mesame Tavis daskvnebi
modernistebi romantikosebis darad reformatorebi arian, danerges
mravali siaxle. formalisturi feriscvaleba am SemTxvevaSic saxezea.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSic gamosaxvis xerxebi moqnili da
Tavisufalia.
gansaxilveli mwerebis mier simboloebis, azrobrivad datvirTuli
ferebisa da montaJis teqnikis gamoyeneba gansakuTebul elfers sZens
maT mxatvrul Semoqmedebas.
cisferi yvavili, isidas qandakeba, dRe da Rame aris novalisis
Semoqmedebis mTavari simboloebi.
isidas simbolikas mimarTavs gr. robaqiZec. mis esTetikaSic isida
(igive izida, igive neiTi) uzenaesi codnis simboloa. mas ukavSirdeba
“maradqaluris” fenomeni da “miwis” simbolo. gr. robaqiZe xSirad
mimarTavs aseve muxis, mzisa da gvelis mxatvrul saxeebs. misi
Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani simboloa graali, rogorc pirvelsawyisis
maradiuli Ziebis gamomxatveli.
gr. robaqiZe novalisisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod cisfers
iyenebs, araerT fers mimarTavs da rig SemTxvevebSi ambivalenturad.
avtorTa mxatvruli Semoqmedebis rTul arqiteqtonikas gansazRvravs
Janruli sinTezi, roca erTi konkretuli nawarmoebi aerTianebs
ramdenime sxva Janrs (miTi, legenda, Tqmuleba, zRapari, leqsi,
werili, sizmari).
sizmari aris zerealuri fenomeni, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani
transcententurs exeba.
148
saerTo daskvnebi
naSromis mizani, romelic mdgomareobda novalisisa da grigol
robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa paraleluri analizis safuZvelze maT Soris
saerTo niSnebis, aseve gansxvavebebis dadgenasa da am gziT qarTveli
modernistis SemoqmedebaSi romantikuli nakadis aRniSvnaSi, daefuZna
Tavad romantizmisa da modernizmis msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri
principebis SepirispirebiT Seswavlas. dadginda maTi socialur-
politikuri da filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis msgavseba. aman ganapiroba
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobisa da poetikis
siaxlove, rac asaxvas hpovebs maT Teoriul Tu mxatvrul nawerebSi.
TiTqmis msgavsi wanamZRvrebi, maTi antiklasikuri da antirealisturi
Sinaarsi ganapirobebs romantizmisa da modernizmis aseve msgavs
problematikas.
mTavar problemas warmoadgens adamianis dapirispireba samyarosTan,
rasac Semoqmedi mihyavs ori realobis _ obieqturisa da subieqturis
_ aRiarebamde. romantizmis Semdeg modernizmis esTetikis
maxasiaTebeli xdeba subieqtivizmi, transcendenturisken swrafva da
misticizmi.
adamianTan mimarTebaSic modernizmi romantikosTa kvals mihyveba. igi
zeciurTan Tanaziari arseba da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
idealisturi moZRvrebebis gavleniT samyaros centrSi kvlav
adamiania. romantikosebi da modernistebi cdiloben samyaro aRiqvan
mTlianobaSi, globalurad da ara danawevrebul-daqucmacebuli.
maTTvis samyaro erTiania. RmerTi yvelganaa. yvela da yvelaferi misi
nawilis Semcvelia. maTi rwmeniT samyaro TviT maTSia, amitom asaxaven
ara obieqtur, aramed subieqtur realobas _ samyaros mimarT sakuTar
damokidebulebas.
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze
Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom isini miTosurad moazrovne
149
mwerlebi arian. aqvT movlenebSi wvdomis gansakuTrebuli unari,
universaluri xedva, romelic xelovnebasTan erTad aerTianebs
filosofiis, mecnierebisa da religiis sferoebs. yuradRebas
amaxvileben msgavs problemebze. gaaCniaT msgavsi midgoma da
gadawyvetis gzebi.
novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis gmirebs saerTo miswrafeba aerTianebT _
samyaros Semecneba, romelic TviTSemecnebas, sakuTar TavSi
CaRrmavebas gulisxmobs da xSirad siyvarulis grZnobasTanaa
gadajaWvuli. poetur moRvaweobasa da bunebis saidumloebaTa
Seswavlas adamiani aseve samyaros Semecnebamde mihyavs. samive procesi
gaucnobierebel impulsebs emyareba da mTavari aq intuiciaa.
romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gzis motivs gr. robaqiZec
iTavisebs, radganM gmirebis mogzauroba, fizikur samyaroSi
gadaadgilebis paralelurad sulier planSi sakuTari Tavisken
siarulis tolfasia.
sikvdil-sicocxlis romantikul gaazrebas emTxveva gr. robaqiZis
Sexeduleba. aRniSnuli antagonizmi avtorebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc
erTi movlenis ori mxare. es aris maradiuli wrebrunva, sadac
sasrul-usruls Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs.
aRmosavleTis mimarT gansakuTrebul interess avlens orive mwerali.
maTi aRqmiT es aris samyaros uZvelesi civilizaciis mqone brZeni
kuTxe, sadac adamiansa da bunebas Soris kavSiri jer isev mWidroa,
rac dasavleTSi aRar SeimCneva. aRmosavleTi mWvretelia da am gziT
Seimecnebs, maSin roca dasavleTi azrovnebs da moqmedebs.
bavSvisa da bavSvobis Temis romantikul interpretacias iziarebs gr.
robaqiZe. bavSvi masTanac kosmiur arsTan yvelaze ufro miaxloebuli
arsebaa.
samyaros gardaqmna-ganaxleba orive avtoris gansjis Temas
warmoadgens. es procesi maT esaxebaT, rogorc ganaxlebuli adamianis
moRvaweobis Sedegi.
150
romantizmisa da modernizmis novatoruli xasiaTi kargad Cans maTsave
formalistur ZiebebSi. novalisi da gr. robaqiZe ki aRniSnuli
literaturuli skolebis avangardSi imyofebian. simboloebis
gamoyeneba, ferisTvis simbolur-azrobrivi mniSvnelobis miniWeba da
Janruli sinTezi aris maTi poetikis mniSvnelovani elementebi.
or gansxvavebul epoqaSi, gansxvavebul kulturul tradiciebze
aRzrdili ori mwerali xedavs da SeigrZnobs msgavsad. rogorc
vnaxeT, maT Soris bevri msgavsebaa dawyebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi
SexedulebebiT da ideebis xorcSesxmis saSualebebiT damTavrebuli.
151
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