ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literaturis instituti

nino baqraZe

germanuli romantizmi da grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedeba.

komparativistuli analizi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori irma ratiani

Tbilisi

2012

2

sarCevi

sarCevi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Tavi I. grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis msoflmxedvelobiTi

analogiebi

1.1. romantizmisa da modernizmis urTierTmimarTebisTvis ---------------------- 14

1.2. miTosuri azrovneba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

1.3. TviTSemecneba, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis individualuri gza ----- 45

1.4. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema --------------------------------------------------------------- 79

1.5. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi _ Teza, antiTeza, sinTezi ------------------------------ 86

1.6. “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Tema --------------------------------------------------------------- 91

pirveli Tavis daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97

Tavi II. ganaxlebuli adamiani ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 99

meore Tavis daskvnebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112

Tavi III. grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis Semoqmedebis stilur

TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113

3.1. saxe-simboloebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118

3.2. ferTa simbolika ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132

3.3. montaJis teqnika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134

mesame Tavis daskvnebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147

saerTo daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 151

3

Sesavali

XX saukunis damdegs qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani

epoqa iwyeba. Zveli Sexedulebebis gadafasebis paralelurad evropidan

qarTul kulturul sivrceSi mravali siaxle Semodis, Cndeba uamravi

“izmi”. axali azrovneba axal Temebs, gadawyvetis gzebsa da formebs

nergavs.

grigol robaqiZe (1880-1962), qarTveli mwerali, cnobili oratori da

esTeti, cvlilebebis momxreTa Soris araTu moiazreba, aramed mimdinare

movlenebis avangardSi imyofeba. qarTul literaturul sivrceSi gr.

robaqiZe erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas

novatoruli procesebis warmarTvaSi. evropis literaturul asparezze

aRmocenebuli siaxleebi mwerlisaTvis cnobili xdeba ruseTisa da

germaniis universitetebSi swavlisas. evropel SemoqmedTa mier

problematuri Temebisadmi axleburi midgoma-gaazreba, gamosaxvis xerxebis

Zieba sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs uSlis da usazRvro Tavisuflebasac

aniWebs xelovans.

gr. robaqiZe _ saqarTveloSi modernizmis erT-erTi ideologi da

mqadagebeli, evropidan samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave CaerTo aqtiur

samwerlo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi, iwyo zrunva qarTuli mwerlobis

ganaxlebaze, Seitana masSi mistikis, filosofiis, miTologiis elementebi.

mwerlis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, sajaro leqciebi iyo evropuli

mwerlobisa da kulturis propaganda.

modernizmi saqarTveloSi ruseTis gavliT mkvidrdeboda. gr. robaqiZe

im mcirericxovan moRvaweTa Soris iyo, romelTac SesaZlebloba hqondaT

uSualod gascnobodnen evropeli moazrovneebisa da mwerlebis nawerebs da

yofiliyvnen axali xelovnebis uSualo Semomtanni saqarTveloSi. gr.

robaqiZe iyo nicSes propagandisti, romlisganac SeiTvisa dionisos kulti,

miTosis problema, maradiuli mobrunebisa da zekacis ideebi. garda nicSesi

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze zegavlena iqonia goeTes, uaildis, vaJas, aseve

4

rus simbolistTa Semoqmedebam. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, roca

SeimCneva misi eqspresionizmiT gataceba, igi osvald SpengleriTac

interesdeba.

gr. robaqiZe miiCneva cisferyanwelTa upirveles avtoritetad da

gzamkvlevad. “mas uwodebdnen TavianTi ordenis “kardinals”, “uwmindessa”

da “unetaress” (paolo), “meleqseT baSs” (ticiani), “droSasa” da

“mxedarTmTavars” (giorgi leoniZe), “qarTuli poeziis tvins” (nikolo

miwiSvili), “poeziis metrs” (pavle ingoroyva). es maSin, roca grigols jer

ar daewera “lamara” da “gvelis perangi”. xolo galaktionze dumdnen,

Tumca dabeWdili hqonda umTavresi Sedevrebi!” (105, 83).

t. tabiZis azriT, pirveli simbolisturi leqsebi swored gr.

robaqiZem Seqmna. isic faqtia, rom cisferyanwelTa almanaxis “meocnebe

niamorebis” yvela nomeri (sul 11 nomeri gamoica), garda erTisa, sadac es

avtori saerTod ar dabeWdila, iwyeba gr. robaqiZis leqsiT. gazeT

“barrikadis” 1922 wlis 22 ianvris nomerSi ki paolo iaSvili wers: “aTi

yanwelis gvari icis saqarTvelom: grigol robaqiZe, tician tabiZe,

valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadiraZe, sandro cirekiZe, ali

arseniSvili, nikoloz miwiSvili, giorgi leoniZe, Salva afxaiZe da paolo

iaSvili” (50, 1). am rkals kidev ufro aviwrovebs s. sigua wignSi

“modernizmi”: “cisferyanwelebs hqondaT klasifikacia, qristianuli wminda

samebis msgavsi. pirveli adgili ekuTvnoda grigol robaqiZes, meore _

paolo iaSvils, mesame _ tician tabiZes” (105, 110).

gr. robaqiZem moaxerxa literaturuli siaxleebi organulad

Serwymoda qarTul kulturas da ar aRqmuliyo rogorc ucxo sxeuli. man

aRniSnul tendenciebs erovnuli suli STabera, qarTul literaturas

misca filosofiuri siRrme da daubruna miTi. “gansakuTrebiT didi roli

Seasrula gr. robaqiZis cxovrebasa da azrovnebaSi samma faqtorma _ fr.

nicSes moZRvrebam, simbolistTa esTetizmma da miTosma. yovelive es man

qarTul sinamdviles miusadaga, qarTul niadagze gaSala da nacionaluri

suliT aavso” (36, 161). ase gaxda gr. robaqiZe axali epoqis Semoqmedi,

simbolizmis mqadagebeli da damamkvidrebeli saqarTveloSi.

5

mwerlis gamudmebuli Zieba, siaxlis wyurvili kargad aisaxa mis

SemoqmedebaSi, romelSic sxvadasxva literaturuli tendencia SeimCneva:

simbolisturi, eqspresionistuli, romantikuli. Cven swored am

ukanasknelze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. romantikuli nakadi gr. robaqiZis

SemoqmedebaSi amJRavnebs naTesaobas germanul romantizmTan, da kerZod, mis

adreul periodTan, romelsac ienis romantizmsac uwodeben.

qarTuli literaturis istoria ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze gr.

robaqiZis Sesaxeb dumda. sabWoTa reJims gaqceuli, persona non gratad

gamocxadebuli, Tumca ki ukve aRiarebuli mwerlisa da oratoris saxels

samSobloSi aRar axsenebdnen. saqme iqamde mivida, rom drama “lamaras”

avtoroba, romelmac mwerals arnaxuli warmateba moutana ara marto

saqarTveloSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac, vaJa-fSavelas miaweres.

Sewyda mis Semoqmedebaze saubarebi, publikaciebi...

XX s-is 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba axali talRa gr. robaqiZis

Semoqmedebis kvlevis sferoSi. misi literaturuli memkvidreoba im mxrivac

mniSvnelovania, rom sabWoTa reJimisa da sinamdvilesagan Sors Seiqmna

cenzuris mkacri kontrolis gareSe. amitomac mis SemoqmedebaSi obieqturad

aisaxa saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare movlenebi. mwerali

gacilebiT ufro Tavisufalia problemis dasma-gadawyvetis Tu Tematikis

SerCevis momentSi, vidre misi Tanamedrove samSobloSi moRvawe mwerlebi,

romelnic sakuTari sicocxliT agebdnen pasuxs “Secdomebze”. gr. robaqiZes

ar dasWirvebia maT msgavsad xelisuflebisTvis gundrukis kmeva da

saSualeba hqonda, sakuTari mwerluri Tu moqalaqeobrivi pozicia srulad

gamoexata.

rogorc aRiniSna, sul axlo warsulSi moxda gr. robaqiZis saxelis

reabilitacia da misi Semoqmedebis dRis sinaTleze gamotana. mwerlis

literaturuli namoRvawari ki erTob moculobiTia: ramdenime romani,

leqsebi, novelebi, filosofiuri eseebi, uamravi publicisturi Tu

literaturul-kritikuli werili, sajaro gamosvlebi da leqciebi.

CamonaTvali mis sisxlsavse literaturul Tu sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze

karg warmodgenas iZleva. warmateba gr. robaqiZes arc saqarTvelos

6

farglebs gareT daklebia (cnobilia ucxoel mweralTa da moazrovneTa _

St. cvaigi, f. hoentSi, v. Seferi, r. rolani, f. marauni, r. karmani, l.

cigleri da sxv. _ uaRresad dadebiTi gamoxmaurebebi gr. robaqiZis

Semoqmedebaze (48, 59-63)), samSobloSi ki misi saxeli feniqsiviT ferflidan

xelaxla aRorZinda.

gr. robaqiZis garSemo Seqmnili vakuumis Sevsebas didad Seuwyo xeli

80-iani wlebis bolos qarTul periodikaSi gamoqveynebulma werilebma. unda

aRiniSnos g. SaraZis wvlili am mxriv. gazeTis furclebze Cndeba

publikaciebi: “ramdenime detali gr. robaqiZis biografiisaTvis”, “Segneba

jiSisa”, xolo oTxnawiliani wignis “ucxoeTis cis qveS” meore nawilSi

vrceli werili eZRvneba emigrant mwerals.

mwerlis mravalferovani Semoqmedeba saintereso, aqamde ucnobi

rakursiT aris gaSuqebuli ak. vasaZis, k. imedaSvilis, s. Wilaias, g.

benaSvilisa da sxvaTa publikaciebSi.

1999 ibeWdeba ak. baqraZis monografia “kardu anu grigol robaqiZis

cxovreba da Rvawli”, sadac Sesulia mwerlis biografiis, SemoqmedebiTi

Tu sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis CvenTvis aqamde ucnobi faqtebi.

80-iani wlebis bolodan iqmneba moculobiTi mecnieruli Sromebi.

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba mecnierulad Seiswavla,

iyo b. surgulaZe. sadisertacio naSromSi “eqspresionizmi qarTul

literaturaSi” (1988), avtori ikvlevs eqspresionistul nakads qarTul

mwerlobaSi. am axali xelovnebis Camoyalibebis mizezebisa da miznebis,

msoflmxedvelobisa da esTetikuri programis sakmaod vrceli mimoxilvis

Semdeg b. surgulaZe k. gamsaxurdias, d. Sengelaiasa da s. SanSiaSvilis

gverdiT ganixilavs gr. robaqiZis eqspresionistul nawarmoebebs.

gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli memkvidreobis ideur da miTologiur

sayrdens ikvlevs m. janjibuxaSvili naSromSi “miTis poeturi

transformacia grigol robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi” (1996). avtori gansazRvravs

miTis rolsa da adgils mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, ganixilavs rogorc mis

ZiriTad sayrdens. “Cakluli sulis”, “graalis mcvelnisa” da “lamaras”

paralelurad gaanalizebulia is uZvelesi miTiuri gadmocemebi, romelTa

7

siuJetsac isini imeoreben da garkveulwilad maT literaturul versias

warmoadgenen.

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebas Tematuri kuTxiT Seiswavlis e. cxadaZe.

naSromi “grigol robaqiZis dramaturgia” (1997), rogorc saTauridanve

cxadi xdeba, mis dramebs eZRvneba. gamokveTilia is ZiriTadi Tematika, rac

niSandoblivia mTlianad gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebisaTvis. gamaxvilebulia

yuradReba gamosaxvis saSualebebze, iqneba es dialogebis agebis

gansakuTrebuli stili, personaJTa kuTxuri metyveleba Tu Tqmulebebisa da

legendebis Warbad gamoyeneba.

mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi simbolistur nakads gamohyofs a. gomarTeli

wignSi “qarTuli simbolisturi proza” (1997), sadac gansakuTrebuli

adgili aqvs daTmobili gr. robaqiZis “gvelis perangs”. arCibaldsa da

vamexs avtori ganixilavs rogorc tarielisa da avTandilis, erTis mxriv,

da meores mxriv, dionisesa da apolonis arqetipul personaJebs. romanis

siuJetur qargas ki usadagebs miTs oidiposis Sesaxeb, sadac aris uneblie

danaSauli _ mamis mkvleloba da aseve sisxlis aRreva _ incesti.

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis erT, magram moculobiT da mniSvnelovan

segments ganixilavs T. mefariSvili wignSi “grigol robaqiZis eseistika”

(2005). masSi Tematurad aris Seswavlili mwerlis eseisturi memkvidreoba.

xazi esmeba mis mniSvnelobasa da datvirTvas gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi,

rogorc safuZvels misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebisaTvis, sadac gamokveTilad

Cans mwerlis ZiriTadi Tematika da stili.

ukanasknel ramdenime weliwadSi gamoqveynda wignebi: T. injias

“grigol robaqiZe... yurban saidi anu literaturuli Zarcva” (2005), T.

hoizermanis “Amor fati bedisweris siyvaruli” (2006), krebuli “grigol

robaqiZe, 1880-1962” (redaqtor-Semdgeneli m. jaliaSvili) (2009), m. xomerikis

“gverlis perangis” kodi” (2010), krebuli “grigol robaqiZe da Tanamedrove

azrovneba” (redaqtor-Semdgeneli m. TavxeliZe) (2011). xolo, mas Semdeg, rac

2012 wels sabavSvo Jurnalma “karuselma” gamoCenili adamianebis

biblioTekis seriiT gamosca grigol robaqiZis biografia, axla ukve norC

8

mkiTxvelsac eZleva saSualeba gaicnos XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis

mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli.

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba kidev mravaljer gaxdeba mkvlevarTa

yuradRebis obieqti, radgan misi zedrouloba da mravalwaxnaga buneba

yovelTvis iqneba uSreti interesis wyaro.

Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis ufro

farTo, yovelmxrivi Seswavlis aucilebloba da masSi axali aspeqtebis win

wamoweva, radgan interesi qarTveli modernistis Semoqmedebis mimarT kvlav

didia rogorc samecniero wreebSi, aseve sazogadoebaSic.

garda aRniSnuli konteqstisa, Temis aqtualobas ganapirobebs aseve

sxvadasxva qveynebis kulturaTa daaxloebis sakiTxi, rasac sul ufro

mzardi msoflio globalizaciis procesi gvkarnaxobs. germanul-qarTul

urTierTobebs didi xnis tradicia aqvs. winamdebare naSromi, vimedovnebT,

kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba am gzaze.

Temis siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi

romantikul nakads ikvlevs. am mwerlis mdidari da mravalferovani

literaturuli memkvidreoba dRemde SeiZleba iTqvas mxolod

eqspresionistul da simbolistur WrilSia Seswavlili. gamonakliss

warmoadgens ori werili _ l. TeTruaSvilis “dekadenturisa da

romantikulis gagebisaTvis grigol robaqiZis falestrasa da hainrix fon

klaistis penTezileas mixedviT” da g. benaSvilis “romantikul ocnebaTa

didostati”. pirveli maTgani efuZneba gr. robaqiZesa da klaists Soris

literaturul paralels. meore maTganSi avtori qarTveli modernistis

SemoqmedebaSi faqtiurad gamohyofs romantikul nakads, Tumca ar

ukavSirebs arc germanul, an zogadad evropul romantizms da miuTiTebs

mis qarTul Zirebze.

winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens mcdelobas, qarTveli mwerlis

mxatvruli memkvidreoba gamokvleul iqnas germanul literaturasTan

mimarTebaSi. 1931 wels emigrirebuli gr. robaqiZe sicocxlis bolomde

germanul kulturul garemoSi cxovrobda da qmnida amave enaze.

9

SeuZlebelia, mis nawerebSi ar igrZnobodes germanulenovani literaturis

kvali.

naSromis mizania gr. robaqiZisa da ienis skolis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _ novalisis (1772-1801) SemoqmedebaTa Soris

paralelis gavleba, maT Soris ideur-esTetikuri msgavsebis warmoCena da

am gziT qarTvel modernistTan romantikuli nakadis gamoyofa, im

Tanxvedrisa Tu ganmasxvavebeli aspeqtebis daZebna, ris saSualebasac maTi

erTmaneTisgan damoukidebladac saintereso da Rrmaazrovani Semoqmedeba

iZleva.

novalisis, igive fridrix fon hardenbergis Semoqmedeba, miekuTvneba

romantizmis im periods, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara germaniSi axal

literaturul mimdinareobas, sadac gaformda misi Teoriuli da

esTetikuri principebi. am skolis (avgust vilhelm da fridrix Slegelebi,

novalisi, ludvig tiki, vakenroderi...) moRvaweoba gagrZelda sul

ramodenime weli (1795/98 _ 1804), Tumca warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes etaps

germanuli romantizmisaTvis. amdenad, ienis skolis arsidan gamomdinare,

ufro maRalia misi Teoriuli Rirebuleba, vidre mxatvruli da swored es

gamoarCevs mas germanuli romantizmis meore, gviani periodisagan.

novalisis Semoqmedebis naxevaric, Tu ufro meti ara, Teoriul Sromebs

warmoadgens.

sakvlevi Tema ormag mimarTebas gulisxmobs, rogoricaa: ori

literaturuli epoqa da ori sxvadasxva erovnebis mwerali. rac Seexeba

pirvels, romantikul da modernistul skolebs Soris kavSiri sruliad

naTelia. swored romantizmSi rom unda veZioT me-20 saukunis bevri

mimdinareobis fesvebi, amaze Tavad literaturis mkvlevarebi aRar

kamaToben. xolo rac SeexebaT uSualod avtorebs, eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti,

rom gr. robaqiZe araTu kargad icnobda germanul mwerlobas da kerZod,

novaliss, aramed mecnieruladac aqvs Seswavlili. amis dasturia ramdenime

sagulisxmo faqti: pirveli, rom igi germanelebis mdidar literaturasa da

filosofias jer kidev laifcigis universitetSi swavlisas gaecno. meore,

rogorc akaki baqraZis “kardudan” vigebT, mwerals “1919-1920 wlebSi baqos

10

universitetSi waukiTxavs sagangebo kursi _ germanuli romantizmi” (12, 110).

cota mogvianebiT, ki Tbilisis universitetis xelmZRvanelobas “hpirdeba _

wavikiTxavo specialur kurss germaniis romantizmi Tanamedrove

literaturul ZiebasTan SefardebiT’” (12, 110). da mesame, am mosazrebis

yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino dadasturebaa misi ori ese. pirvel maTganSi igi

saubrobs novalisis poetikaze. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi misi mizani aris

ara Tavad germaneli romantikosis, aramed malarmes mwerluri

SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba da novaliss mxolod paralelis gasavlebad

mimarTavs. eses asec hqvia _ “mallarme da novalisi”. grigol robaqiZe sul

ramdenime sityviT zedmiwevniT zustad axasiaTebs germaneli romantikosis

azrovnebisa da weris maneras: “me msurs mallarmes novalisi

davupirispiro... igic ucnauri iyo da gaugebari. igic fragmentebiT

fiqrobda da genialur aforizmebs isroda... novalisi Tavis vizionerobas

mistikaSi alRobda” (94, 3), wers igi. aqve moaqvs misi mravalricxovani

fragmentebidan citata, rac aramarto imaSi gvarwmunebs, rom gr. robaqiZe

novalisis Semoqmedebas sakmaod siRrmiseulad icnobda, aramed moyvanili

magaliTi naTelyofsEromantizmis wiaRSi modernistuli xelovnebis

Canasaxis arsebobasac: ”SesaZloa daswero iseTi moTxroba saca sruliad ar

iqneba Sinagani kavSiri, magram saca, rogorc sizmrebSi, iqneba kavSiri

romelime garegan saganTan. SesaZloa daswero iseTi leqsebi, romlebic

mxolod keTilxmovanni iqnebian lamazi TqmebiT, magram moklebulni iqnebian

yovel azrs da Sinagan kavSirs, ase rom maTSi gasagebi iqnebian mxolod

calkeuli xazebi, mzgavsebi sxvadasxva sagnebis natexebisa. am namdvil

poezias eqneba mxolod allegoriuli sazrisi da mas SeZleba eqneba

gamoiwvios STabeWdileba musikis mzgavsad arapirdapiri gziT” (94, 3).

meore eseSic, saxelwodebiT “rusuli geniis Sesaxeb”, romelic

rusulenovan gazeT “kavkazSi” gamoqveynda, avtori aseve iribad exeba

novaliss. mohyavs ra rusi simbolistis vl. soloviovis sityvebi, imis

Sesaxeb, rom odesRac poetebi winaswarmetyvelni da qurumni iyvnen da droa

kvlav moxdes maTi daaxloeba. gr. robaqiZes aq isev novalisi axsendeba,

radgan vl. soloviovis mosazreba TiTqmis sityva-sityviT emTxveva

11

germaneli mwerlis gamonaTqvams: “aq ismis gamoZaxili Rrmadmoazrovne

romantikosis novalisis swavlebasTan magiur idealizmze’” (100, 3). es

ukanaskneli ki fragmentebSi wers: “poeti da qurumi dasawyisSi erTi da

igive iyo, mxolod Semdgom daSordnen. Tumca WeSmariti poeti yovelTvis

iyo qurumi, iseve, rogorc namdvili qurumi _ poeti. da nuTu momavalma

kvlav ar unda migviyvanos sagnebis Zvel mdgomareobamde?” (39, 94).

gr. robaqiZis germanuli ganaTlebis, aseve germaniasa da SveicariaSi

misi mravalwliani politikuri emigraciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar aris

gamoricxuli, arsebobdes pirdapiri gavlena novalisisa gr. robaqiZeze.

imis Tqma, rom sxva faqtorebTan erTad SesaZloa novalissac miuZRodes

wvlili qarTveli modernistis msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi, vfiqrobT

araferiT akninebs mwerlis saxelsa da didebas, radgan literaturuli

gavlenebi cnobili faqtia literaturaTmcodneobisa da literaturis

istoriaSi. mravali mwerali Tavad saubrobs aseT gavlenebze. samagaliTod

SeiZleba movitanoT germaneli klasikosis goeTes “aRiareba”: “niWi da

unari ki Tan dagvyva, magram Cvens ganviTarebas vumadliT im farTo

samyaros aTasobiT ganviTarebas, STabeWdilebebs, romelTac viTavisebT da

viRebT yvelafers, risi miRebac SegviZlia, rac CvenTvis Sesabamisad

migvaCnia. me vumadli berZnebsa da frangebs bevr rames, usazRvrod

davalebuli var Seqspiris, sternisa da goldsmitis winaSe. magram amiT ar

amoiwureba Cemi kulturis wyaroebi. Cemi ganviTarebis wyaroebi SemeZlo

usasrulod damesaxelebina da Semevso, magram ar aris saWiro” (35, 179-180).

sadisertacio naSromis miznis Seabamisad dasaxulia kvlevis ZiriTadi

amocanebi:

erTi mxriv, germanuli romantizmisa da meore mxriv,

modernizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobebis

socialuri, filosofiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebis dadgena,

maTi ZiriTadi principebisa da niSnebis gansazRvra da

Sepirispireba;

12

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa analizis safuZvelze

avtorTa Soris msoflxedvisa da problematikis doneze

msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis dadgena.

sakvlev masalas warmoadgens gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli proza: dramebi:

“londa” (1917), “malStrem” (1923), “lamara” (1924), romanebi: “gvelis perangi”

(1928), “Cakluli suli” (1933), “graalis mcvelni” (1937), novela “engadi”

(“kavkasiuri novelebi”, 1932), filosofiuri eseebi: ”nefertitis Tavi”,

“TaurSiSi da miTosi”, “sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi”

(novelebi gaerTianebulia wignSi “demoni da miTosi” 1935), publicistika da

eseistika.

gr. robaqiZisa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa Sepirispirebisas

veyrdnobiT novalisis prozas: “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” (1802), “saiseli

Segirdebi” (1802), aseve mis Teoriul Sromebs.

meTodologia da konkretuli kvlevis meTodi ganisazRvreba kvlevis

Teoriuli aspeqtisa da konkretuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT. naSromi

efuZneba komparativistul, istoriul-funqcionalur, tipologiuri kvlevis

meTodebs.

disertaciis samecniero da praqtikuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom misi masalebi da Sedegebi SesaZlebelia gaxdes Semdgomi

samecniero kvlevebis safuZveli komparativistikis sferoSi. aseve SesaZloa

gamoyenebul iqnes saleqcio kursebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da specialuri

kursebis mosamzadeblad, rogorc qarTuli, aseve germanuli literaturis

istoriaSi.

disertaciis struqtura. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavalis, sami Tavis, cxra

qveTavis, daskvnebisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisgan. gverdebis

saerTo raodenobaa 159. gamoyenebuli literaturis sia moicavs 144 erTeuls

qarTul, germanul da rusul enebze.

naSromis aprobacia. kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da Sedegebi aisaxa

xuT publikaciasa da erT sakonferencio moxsenebaSi:

1. novalisis miTos-SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. “sazrisi”, 2005, №18.

13

2. siyvaruli _ gza Semecnebisaken; novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis

SemoqmedebaTa mixedviT. “promeTe”, 2006, №7(19).

3. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis

mxatvrul naazrevSi. “kriteriumi”, 2006, №15.

4. On the Role of the Poet and Poetry According to Novalis and Grigol Robakidze’s

Creations. eleqtronuli Jurnali “litinfo”: http://www.litinfo.ge/volume3-

issue-1/bakradzenino.htm, 2009.

5. Reception of a Motif of “Romantic Path” According to Grigol Robakidze.

“inteleqti”, 2009, № 2(34).

6. Творчество Григола Робакидзе в отношении к немецкому романтическому

мировоззрению. Международная конференция «Взаимодействие литератур в

мировом литературном процессе. Проблемы теоретической и исторической

поэтики», Белосток, Польша. 2012.

14

Tavi pirveli

grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis msoflmxedvelobiTi

analogiebi

1.1. romantizmisa da modernizmis urTierTmimarTebisTvis

XX saukunis dadgoma evropul kulturul sivrceSi emTxveva axali,

mniSvnelovani epoqis dasabams. adgili aqvs Zveli, kargad nacnobi

tradiciebis gadafasebasa da mravali siaxlis danergvas.

amieridan mxatvrul asaxvas hpovebs upirvelesad is, rac mwerlis

cnobierebaSi aisaxeba. adamianis fsiqika xdeba movlenebis epicentri.

garemomcveli samyaro Semoqmedis sulis siRrmeebSi gamovlili aisarkeba

xelovnebaSi. realoba sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris realoba. mxolod

mwerlis warmodgena, gancda, xedva qmnis axal, subieqtur realobas.

cnobili WeSmaritebaa, rom yovelive axalSi kargad nacnobi Zveli

moiazreba, amitom Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, XX saukunis evropul

literaturul asparezze aRmocenebul mimdinareobebSi bevr saerTos

aRmovaCenT Tavis droze aseTive pretenziulEda araordinarul

romantizmTan.

vidre konkretulad visaubrebdeT ori mwerlis mier saerTo

problematikis SerCevisa Tu maTi msgavsi gaazrebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa jer im

literaturuli skolebis SedarebiTi analizi, romelTa gavlenasac isini

ganicdian, radgan Tavad avtorTa mxatvruli azrovneba uSualod

ukavSirdeba mimdinareobebis msoflgancdasa da esTetikas.

novalisi adreuli germanuli romantizmis warmomadgenelia da aq

yvelaferi garkveulia, rasac gr. robaqiZesTan mimarTebiT ase

erTmniSvnelovnad ver vityviT. Znelia misi Semoqmedebis romelime

konkretuli literaturuli mimdinareobis farglebSi moqceva. unda

daveTanxmoT g.GjiblaZes, roca ambobs, rom gr. robaqiZe “kastebsa da

ordenebSi ver eteoda. literaturuli skolebi misTvis ufro borkilebs

warmoadgenda, vidre SemoqmedebiTs laboratoriebs” (99, 391). magram igi

15

upirvelesad ganicdis simbolizmisa da eqspresionizmis Zlier gavlenas.

misi mxatvruli azrovneba ZiriTadad swored am mimdinareobaTa

msoflmxedvelobas efuZneba da iziarebs. farTo gagebiT gr. robaqiZe

modernistia.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom novalisi adreuli germanuli (ienis)

romantizmis warmomadgenelia, germaniaSi romantizmis ganviTarebis mxolod

am safexurze SevaCerebT yuradRebas. miuxedavad xanmokle arsebobisa,

adreulma romantizmma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula am qveyanaSi axali

xelovnebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aq yalibdeba

mimdinareobis Teoriul-esTetikuri safuZvlebi da germanuli romantizmis

pirvelive etapze mZafrad avlens mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

niSnebs: individualizmi, Rrma filosofiuroba, misticizmi, religiuroba...

haidelbergis romantizmisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic erovnuli

niSniT aris aRbeWdili da aSkaraa misi warmomadgenlebis daintereseba

erovnuli warsuliTa da fesvebTan mibrunebiT (mTeli qveynis masStabiT

Catarebuli eqspediciis Sedegia a. fon arnimisa da k. brentanos leqsebis

krebuli “biWis jadosnuri sayviri”, Zmebi grimebis “saSinao da sabavSvo

zRaprebi”, o. gioresis “germanuli saxalxo wignebi”), ienis romantikuli

skola ufro metad saerTo evropul Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli vidre

erovnulze.

h. korfi monumentur naSromSi “goeTes epoqis suli” adreuli

germanuli romantikuli literaturis Sesaxeb wers, rom igi imeorebs

samyaroze religiur Sexedulebebs, aris ufro evropuli, vidre viwro

germanuli da axasiaTebs istorizmi.

literaturaTmcodneobaSi evropuli romantizmis memkvidred

aRiarebulia modernizmi. modernizmi (franguli sityvidan moderne)

saTaurSive moiazrebs, siaxlisken swrafvas da Tavisi msoflmxedvelobriv

_ esTetikuri principebiT ewinaaRmdegeba realizms. igi Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs araerT mimdinareobas _ simbolizms, impresionizms,

eqspresionizms, futurizms, kubizms da sxv. dimitri oblomievski

monografiaSi ”franguli simbolizmi”, simbolizmis fesvebs romantizmSi

16

xedavs. imave azrs iziarebs d. fifiac: “modernizmma, rogorc

literaturulma mimdinareobam dasabami misca erT-erT ZiriTad

mimarTulebis – simbolizmis warmoSobas. [...] mecnierebaSi simbolizmi

gaiazreba rogorc evropuli romantizmis memkvidre” (113, 8-9).

modernizmi evropis qveynebis literaturasa da xelovnebis sxva

dargebSi XIX saukunis dasasrulidan ikidebs fexs. aRniSnul process

dasabams aZlevs simbolizmis mamamTavrebis: artur rembos, Stefan malarmes,

pol verlenis, Jan moreasis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba.

odnav mogvianebiT, XX saukunis dasawyisSi samoRvaweo asparezze rusi

simbolistebi gamodian: balmonti, briusovi, beli, bloki, esenini,

soloviovi, axmatova, cvetaeva... mxolod 10-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan

inacvlebs es procesi saqarTveloSi, sadac modernizmi yvelaze ufro

srulyofilad swored simbolizmSi gamoixata.

romantizmsa da modernizms, am or movlenas mTeli erTi saukune

aSorebs. Tumca maT Soris mravali msgavseba ikveTeba. daviwyoT iqidan, rom

orive evropis sinamdvileSi Caisaxa da maTi warmoSoba mniSvnelovan

politikur Zvrebsa da kataklizmebs daemTxva. iseT epoqalur movlenebs,

rogoric iyo safrangeTis burJuaziuli revolucia, erTi mxriv da meore

mxriv, pirveli msoflio omi.

germanuli romantizmis mniSvnelovanma figuram, mweralma da

romantizmis Teoretikosma fridrix Slegelma axali xelovnebis

warmoSobis erT-erT mizezad safrangeTis revolucia gamoacxada. rogorc

igi novaliss werda, safrangeTis revoluciis mTavari mniSvneloba isaa,

rom man daaCqara axali epoqis dabadebao. am movlenam warmoaCina adamianis

gadamwyveti roli da Zala kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzaze, romelmac

SesZlo istoriis Carxi Semoebrunebina da misi cxovrebisTvis sasurveli

gezi mieca. adamiani gaxda sakuTari bedis Semoqmedi.

revoluciis talRa CamorCenil, feodalur, danawevrebul germaniasac

miswvda da Searyia igi. Tuki aqamde samyaro dalagebuli, mowesrigebuli

organizacia iyo, Tavisi myari ierarqiiT, es stabiluroba revoluciis

gamoisobiT dairRva. samyaro moZraobaSi movida. stereotipi garkveuli

17

institutebis mdgradobis Sesaxeb daimsxvra, ramac arasaimedoobis gancda

warmoSva.

romantizmis Camoyalibeba mohyva rogorc safrangeTis revoluciasTan

dakavSirebul, aseve klasicizmis mier qadagebul “gonier” sazogadoebaze

damyarebuli imedebis msxvrevas.

Tavdapirvelad romantikosebi aRafrTovana revoluciam, magram cota

xanSi es grZnoba apaTiiT Seicvala. ganmanaTleblebisagan gansxvavebiT,

Tuki maT sjerodaT istoriuli progresis gardauvalobis, romantikosebma

kargad dainaxes burJuaziuli ganviTarebis negatiuri mxareebi. arc axali

sazogadoeba aRmoCnda unaklo. ganmanaTleblebis mier mocemuli

dapirebebis sapirispirod, gonebisa da samarTlianobis meufebis nacvlad,

yvelgan fuli da mogebis survili batonobda. maRali idealebi gaqra,

materialuri keTildReoba da kargi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba iqca

adamianisTvis mTavar orientirad. es ki ganmanaTlebluri ideebis marcxs

niSnavda. burJuazias romantikosebi imis gamoc kicxavdnen, rom am

sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis daTrgunva da misi uflebebis Selaxva moxda.

sainteresoa, rom ganmanaTleblobas upirveles yovlisa, misive

momzadebuli revolucia daupirispirda Tavisi SedegebiT, radgan mis mier

qadagebuli Tavisufleba da sayovelTao Tanasworoba cariel sityvebad

darCa da gonier sawyisebze dafuZnebuli samarTliani sazogadoeba

kvlavac ideis sferos ganekuTvneboda.

aseve boboqarma epoqam Seqmna modernizmi. axali xelovneba omisa da

revoluciebis epoqis evropel moazrovneTa da xelovanTa sulieri

tkivilis gamoxatuleba iyo. aqac mTavar problemad adamianisa da samyaros,

adamianisa da sazogadoebis dapirispireba iqca. msgavsad romantizmisa,

“modernizmis socialur winapirobas qmnis kapitalisturi yofis Sinagani

mZafri winaaRmdegobani. ukiduresi pesimizmi warmoSva sazogadoebrivi

progresisa da humanurobisadmi rwmenis dakargvam, cxovrebis logikis

darRvevam, ocnebis damsxvrevam adamianTa Tanasworuflebian arsebobaze.

realur samyaroSi araferia mtkice, yovelive nawilebadaa daglejili” (136,

105). kapitalisturi xisti realoba, misi praqticizmi da racionalizmi

18

sulisSemxuTvel garemod rCeboda da asparezs uzRudavda sulierebas,

maRal idealebs. es iyo epoqa, roca ocnebam konkretuli saxe miiRo da

xelSesaxebi gaxda, roca humanurobaze, mSvidobaze, sikeTeze da siyvarulze

metad fufunebaze, fizikur siamovnebaze dafiqrdnen.

modernizmi, romantizmis msgavsad, aSkarad warmoaCens Tanamedrove

adamianis mZafr dapirispirebas burJuaziul sinamdvilesTan, romelmac igi

gaameqanikura, manqanad aqcia. burJuaziuli sazogadoeba maTTvisac

miuRebeli aRmoCnda. adamiani im sazomiTa da kriteriumiT fasdeboda,

romelsac araferi hqonda saerTo sulierebasTan da zneobasTan.

modernistebsac aRar swamT istoriuli progresis. arsebul realobaSi

maTTvisac yvelaferi aramdgradi da aramyaria. ris gamoc aqac Tavs iCens

Zlieri miswrafeba maradiulobisa da usazRvroebisadmi. amaze metyvelebs

rusi simbolistis k. balmontis sityvebi: “rodesac Cveni uferuli,

dakninebuli, ulamazo Tanamedroveobisagan iRlebi, ra saamoa mogonebebiT

mainc gaqande sxva qveyanaSi, sxva xanaSi” (11, 13).

modernistebi xataven maxinj, xSir SemTxvevaSi gangeb deformirebul

sinamdviles da amiT xazs usvamen cvlilebebis aucileblobas. sjeraT, rom

msoflio aucileblad Seicvleba, Tuki adamiani gardaiqmneba. maT mier

gakeTebuli aqcentis TvalnaTeli magaliTia germaneli eqspresionistis

ludvig rubineris Txzulebaca da saTauric “centrSi adamiania”.

romantizmis msgavsad, axal mimdinareobebSic SeimCneva problemebis

globalizaciisa da ganzogadebis tendencia.

rogorc romantizmi, ise modernizmic mkveTrad daupirispirdnen

winamorbed mimdinareobebs.

rakiRa revoluciam ar moitana dapirebuli Sedegebi da imedebi ver

gaamarTla, romantikosebma uaryves ara marto revolucia da kapitalizmi,

aramed Tavad ganmanaTleblobac, rogorc burJuaziuli sazogadoebis

gamaidealebeli da misi apologeti. romantizmi XIX saukunis evropis

sinamdvileSi is movlena iyo, romelmac Zireulad gadaafasa wina epoqis

mier damkvidrebuli Rirebulebebi, Seecada Seecvala dasavleT evropuli

cnobiereba. igi daupirispirda ganmanaTleblur ideologias. “klasikuri”

19

da ”romantikuli” moiazreboda rogorc urTierTsapirispiro cnebebi.

pirveli niSnavda normatiuls, dasrulebulsa da statikurs, meore ki,

mudmivad ganaxlebadsa da ganviTarebads. ganmanaTleblobis mier

aRiarebuli gonebis kulti, myari wesrigi, harmonia da sicxade romantizmma

grZnobiT, qaosiT, usasrulobiTa da gaurkvevlobiT Caanacvla. qadagebda

wesebisa da sazRvrebis arqonas, aidealebda feodalur Sua saukuneebs, anu

ukeT, momavali warmoedginaT, rogorc ganaxlebuli Sua saukuneebi.

klasicizmis sapirispirod, romelic eyrdnoba antikur kulturas,

“menestrelebisa da minezingerebis poezia, Suasaukuneobrivi romantikuli

Tqmulebebi, legendebi, poemebi, romanebi, simRerebi, zRaprebi, qristianuli

rwmenis wiaRSi warmoqmnili poezia, evropuli nacionaluri saraindo da

sarwmunoebrivi miTosi xdeba XVIII s-is evropaSi axali mimarTulebis

romantizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saarsebo masala, romelsac igi eyrdnoba,

rogorc sakuTriv misi erisa da misi erovnuli sulis wiaRSi Seqmnil

safuZvels” (54, 6).

h. haine berZnul kulturas klasikurs uwodebs, xolo evropuls _

romantikuls. narkvevSi “romantikuli skola” Sua saukuneebis saraindo

romanebze saubrisas ambobs, rom yvela am nawarmoebSi “poezia aRbeWdilia

garkveuli niSniT, romelic mas berZnebisa da romaelebis poeziisagan

ganasxvavebs. gamomdinare am gansxvavebidan, pirvels romantikuls veZaxiT,

xolo meores klasikur poezias” (141, 164).

herman hese klasikasa da romantizms polarul cnebebs uwodebs,

rogorc azrovnebis or maradiul, Tanac ganmeorebad tips da ase

ganmartavs: “klasikuri aRqmis wesi moaxdens sazRvrisa da kanonis

aqcentirebas, aRiarebs tradicias da dagvexmareba SevqmnaT es ukanaskneli,

gairjeba imisTvis, rom mTlianad amowuros wami da gaaukvdavos.

romantikuli xedva waSlis formebsa da kanonebs, samagierod, Tayvans scems

sicocxlis upirvelades sawyiss, da RvTismosaobas daayenebs kritikis,

TviTCRrmavebas ki gonebis adgilas; igi miznad daisaxavs uJamos da aRvsili

iqneba nostalgiiTa da RvTaebriv erTSi dabrunebis natvriT” (143, 79).

20

antikuri kulturisadmi xelovnuri mimbaZveloba miuRebelia

romantikosebisaTvis, radgan gaaCniaT manamde arsebuli Tvalsazrisisagan

gansxvavebuli midgoma yvelafrisadmi garemomcvel samyaroSi. maTi aRqma-

Sefaseba sruliad gansakuTrebulia. es upirvelesad exeba adamians. Tuki

aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobam adamianis fizikuri da miwieri mxareebi

warmoaCina, romantizmi Seswavlis sagnad aqcevs adamianis suls, mis

gancdebs, Sinagan samyaros, cdilobs gadmosces mTeli misi siRrme,

sirTule da winaaRmdegobrioba. aqamde adamianis sulis siRrmeebi aseTi

seriozuli Seswavlis sagani arasodes yofila. romantikosebi iswrafvian

farda axadon maradiul saidumloebebs, SeaRwion yofierebis araxilul

sferoebSi. cdiloben aramarto adamianis, nebismieri sagnisa Tu movlenis

arsSi Cawvdomas. amitomaa romantizmi ase “Sinagani”.

modernizmic uaryofs realizmis simSvides, garemomcveli

samyarosadmi mis damokidebulebas da sinamdvilis ucvlelad miRebas.

romantizmis msgavsad modernizmic Tavad qmnis sakuTar samyaros. axali

xelovneba warmoadgens protests arasasurveli realobis mimarT. misi

warmomadgenlebi eswrafvian dainaxon yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi, miiltvian

zecnobierisaken, lamoben sagnisa Tu movlenis ideis Secnobas. rCeba

STabeWdileba, rom axali xelovneba aramarto adamianis sulSi iWreba

Rrmad, aramed mTlianad epoqis sulSi ixedeba.

modernistuli msoflmxedveloba upirispirdeba realizmsa da

naturalizms. realobis asaxva zRudavs xelovani adamianis SemoqmedebiT

fantazias. misi Tavisufleba iqamde grZeldeba, vidre Tavad buneba iZleva

amis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia realistma ufro

masStaburad aRiqvas samyaro, vidre modernistma. realisti afiqsirebs

mxolod realur nivTebsa Tu movlenebs. maSin roca, modernisti iyureba im

sagnebis miRma da ufro mets asaxavs vidre xedavs. radgan maTTvis Semecneba

mxolod intuitiuri wvdomiT, gaazrebisa da gansjis gareSe miiRweva,

amdenad es procesi ukiduresad subieqturia. modernistuli realoba

Sorsaa obieqturi sinamdvilisagan, ris gamoc igi ufro met siaxloves

amJRavnebs iracionalizmTan da mistikasTan, iseve, rogorc romantikosebis

21

SemTxvevaSi. modernistebis warmodgeniT, samyaro arsebobs, mis gameorebas

azri ara aqvs, realoba xelovanma unda Seqmnas. amdenad, modernistuli

nawarmoebi romantikulis msgavsad aris mwerlis individualobis

gamoxatuleba, es aris uSualod avtoris xedva, ganwyoba, gancda, aRqma.

realizmi aRiqmeba rogorc “mkvdari formebis fiqsacia”. aq “me”-s mzera

mimarTulia gareT, roca modernituli msoflxedviT es mzera Tavad “me”-Si

unda iyos Cabrunebuli. “Signidan xedvis proeqcia win wamoswevda me-s

individualur aspeqtebs. amkvidrebda kondicias, romlis pirobebSic

adamiani aRar sjerdeboda ukve arsebuli, gamyarebuli, TavisTavadi

“samyaros reproducirebas” da koncentrirdeboda sakuTri individualuri

SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis realizebaze” (87, 45). mwerlebi

sakuTar, ukiduresad subieqtur realobas qmnian da ara “me”-s gareT

arsebuls, radgan efuZnebian subieqtur ganwyobebs. “Tanamedrove xelovani

dabrmavda garesamyarosaTvis da Seabruna Tavisi mzera Sinagani “subieqturi

peizaJisken”, mimarTa intensiur TviTgamoxatvas. axla WeSmariti mxatvari

eswrafvis Caswvdes yovel saganSi mis ideas da mis damokidebulebas sxva

sagnebTan” (136, 92). adamianis fantaziis samyaro Tavisufalia yvela im

uaryofiTisagan, rac ase ar moswonT maT obieqtur realobaSi. romantizmis

msgavsad aqac aSkaraa ori urTierTdapirispirebuli samyaros arseboba.

naturalizmi, iseve, rogorc realizmi, garemomcveli samyaros asaxvas

yovelgvari CaRrmavebis gareSe gulisxmobs. adamians aq faqtebis

aRmnusxvelis funqcia ekisreba. amdenad, xelovnebas sakmaod “zedapiruli”

amocana aqvs, radgan siRrmes aris moklebuli. xelovanis TvalTaxedvaSi

moxvedrili konkretuli “kadri” movlenas mTeli sigrZe - siganiT ver

asaxavs, e. i. arc masStaburia Tavisi arsiT. Semoqmedis aqtivoba

minimumamdea dayvanili, igi ar ereva movlenebSi da ubralod

damkvirveblis, gverdze mdgomi adamianis pozicia aqvs. modernizmSi ki

piriqiT, aq cxadad Cans Semoqmedis neba-survili da miswrafeba, SeaRwios

yovelive arsebulis SuagulSi. “modernistebma, romelTac estafeta

romantikosebisgan aiRes, Cagvagones, rom Txrobis Tanmimdevroba,

racionalizmi, logikuroba, mizez – Sedegobrivi wyoba, gulubryvilo

22

iluzionizmi, enis gamWvirvaloba, siuJetis kompaqturoba da saSualo

klasis moraluri pirobiTobani ver qmnida samyaros mTlian suraTs”

(barti. citata aRebulia wignidan: 139, 22-23). rogorc vxedavT,

winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT axali xelovnebis aRqmis siRrme da

masStaburoba STambeWdavia.

erTi mxriv, romantizms da meore mxriv, modernizms seriozuli

filosofiuri wanamZRvrebi hqondaT. saerTo aRniSnul mimdinareobebs

Soris aqac ikveTeba, orives safuZvlad udevs idealisturi moZRvrebebi.

cnobilia, rom germanuli romantizmis filosofiur sayrdens warmoadgens

germanuli klasikuri idealizmi da misi warmomadgenlebi _ kanti, fixte,

Selingi.

romantikuli Teoria efuZneba aRniSnul moZRvrebas, radgan isic

adamianis Sinagan samyaros ikvlevs. samyaros centrSi adamianis moTavseba

Tavdapirvelad kantma gadawyvita. naSromSi “wminda gonebis kritika” avtori

sakuTar Tavs koperniks adarebs. rogorc cnobilia, polonelma astronomma

Tavis sferoSi gadatrialeba moaxdina: uaryo geocentrizmi da daamtkica

galaqtikis heliocentristuli mowyoba. kantisa da kopernikis msgavseba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom filosofosi adamians aRiarebs samyaros centrad,

sxva danarCens ki mis garSemo miuCens adgils. aq mTavaria “me”, Tumca

kantis moZRvrebiT arsebobs kidev “nivTi TavisTavad”, romelic samudamod

miuwvdomeli rCeba SemecnebisaTvis, anu srulad Semecneba SeuZlebelia.

mogvianebiT swored es dualizmi xdeba romantikosebis ukmayofilebis

mizezi.

Ziebis meore etapi fixtes ukavSirdeba. misi swavleba efuZneba

absoluturi “me”-s Tavisuflebas, kantisagan gansxvavebiT, aq igi Tavis

moqmedebaSi SeuzRudavia. ufro metic, samyaro imdenad arsebobs,

ramdenadac igi “me”-s cnobierebaSi arsebobs. fixtes ”moZRvreba mecnierebis

Sesaxeb“ romantizmis esTetikis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli xdeba. igi gonebis

Zalas upirispirebs sulis moRvaweobas. fixtesTan obieqturi samyaro _

“ara me” “me”-s moRvaweobis Sedegs warmoadgens. misi swavlebis mixedviT,

samyaros centrSi obieqturi realobis Semoqmedi subieqti dgas _ „me“,

23

romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs warmodgenas universumze. Sesabamisad,

individi usazRvro SesaZleblobebs flobs, SeuZlia ara marto Seqmnas,

aramed gardaqmnas kidec samyaro sakuTari survilisamebr. fixte “me”-Si

gulisxmobs ara konkretul adamians, ara empiriuls, aramed absolutur

“me”-s, anu suls. romantikosebma ki iqamde daaviwroves es cneba, rom

yovlisSemZle suli mokvdav adamians STaberes da faqtiurad RmerTs

gauTanabres. miuxedavad amisa, miwieri arsebebi maT win aRmarTuli

siZneleebis gadalaxvisTvis uZlurni aRmoCndnen, amitomac ver gascilda

romantikosTa ocnebebi ideebis sferos, amitom iyo maTi msoflmxedveloba

utopiuri.

romantikosebi iTaviseben aseve Selingis naturfilosofias, romelic

aRiarebs bunebis yovlisSemZle Zalas. Selingis Teoriis mixedviT, buneba

aris mudmivad qmnadi, ganviTarebadi, SemoqmedebiTi fenomeni da ara erTxel

srulqmnili, sadac xdeba winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, miiRweva erTianoba.

buneba ganixileba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi, rogorc axali

sicocxlisaTvis dasabamis mimcemi. igi warmoadgens TviTmbad energias.

yvelaferi garemomcvel samyaroSi swored bunebis Semoqmedebis nayofia da

isini erT mTlian yovladobaSi arian CarTulni, amitomac maTSi erTi da

igive Zalaa Casaxlebuli, “msgavsi suli”. “buneba gasulierebulia; misi

yvela nawili erTi bumberazi sxeulis nawilia; masSi yvelaferi

harmoniuladaa dakavSirebuli, radgan erTi suli cocxlobs am sxeulSi,

mis yvela moZraobaSi mJRavndeba erTi sicocxle, mTels bunebaSi vxedav

maradiul RmerTs” (112, 74). aRiarebulia adamianisa da bunebis

urTierTmimarTeba _ erTimeoreSi maTi arseboba, rac ganapirobebs samyaros

erTianobas, amitomac adamiani bunebis saidumloebebis, iseve rogorc

sakuTari arsis wvdomiT universums Seimecnebs. igi sakuTar TavSi bunebas

gaucnobiereblad atarebs. qvecnobierSi miZinebulia grZnoba, intuicia.

Tuki, adamiani moaxerxebs am Zalebis dauflebas, gaxdeba jadoqari, magi,

romelsac daemorCileba samyaro. adamiani upirvelesad sakuTar grZnobebsa

da suls unda “flobdes”, anu Tavis trascendentur “me”-s.

24

romantikosebis msoflmxevelobaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia aseve

fr. Slaiermaxeris religiur-mistikur-filosofiurma koncefciam, romelic

man Camoayaliba naSromSi “religiis Sesaxeb” (1799). Slaiermaxeri religias

grZnobiTi Semecnebis sferos miakuTvnebs, romelic antiracionaluri,

mistikuri xasiaTisaa. religia adamianis mier individualuri grZnobis

gamovlinebaa. universumis, anu RmerTis “ganWvreta” grZnobis doneze xdeba.

radgan es Zalian individualuri aqtia, religiac yvela adamianisaTvis

gansxvavebuli, individualuri arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare Slaiermaxeri

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs samyaros Semecnebis religiur da mecnierul

gzas.

romantikosebma Slaiermaxeris ideebi myisve gaiTavises, radgan kargad

Seesatyviseboda maT warmodgenebs. Slaiermaxeri religiaSi xedavs

sasrulisa da droebiTis, usasrulobisa da maradiulis dualizmis

gadawyvetas. religia aRmoCnda sasrulidan usasrulobaSi gadasvlis

saSualeba. garemomcvel samyaroSi yvela droebiTsa da sasrulSi moiazreba

maradiuli da usasrulo, radgan sasruli mxolod usasrulobaSi arsebobs

da droebiTi ki maradiulSi. amqveyniuri warmavalobis mZafri SegrZnebis

mqone romantikosebisTvis erTgvari Sveba iyo religiis amgvari gageba.

amdenad, ganmanaTleblur epoqaSi CrdilSi moqceuli religia

romantikosebis dainteresebas iwvevs da maT mier xdeba religiis rolis

axleburad gaazreba.

TvalSisacemia ienis skolis warmomadgenlebis gataceba filosofiiT,

rac imiT damTavrda, rom bolos sakuTari filosofiac Seqmnes.

romantikuli literaturisa da filosofiis mWidro kavSirze miuTiTebs

novalisi, roca ambobs: “sadac filosofia wydeba, iq iwyeba poezia” (39, 61).

romantikosebTan sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba Teoriis, ideis sferos

doneze. roca sxva xalxebi moqmedeben, iaraRiT xelSi ibrZvian, awyoben

revoluciebs da a. S. germanelebi msjeloben. haine werda, roca suli

safrangeTSi uaryves, igi TiTqos germaniaSi gadasaxlda da iq materia

uaryoo. J. de stali filosofiur gansjas ara marto romantikosebis,

mTlianad germaneli xalxis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs: “germaneli eri, ise

25

rogorc sxva aravin, imisTvis arsebobs, rom dakavdes filosofiiT” (40, 239),

radgan “germanelebisaTvis aqamde araferia ideaze Zvirfasi” (40, 239).

adreuli germanuli romantizmis mkveTrad gamoxatuli Teoriuli xasiaTis

mizezebi isev qveynis socialur _ politikur situaciaSi unda veZeboT.

qveynis teritoriaze uamravi patara damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arseboba,

mTavrebis TviTneburi mmarTveloba, centralizebuli xelisuflebis moSla,

ukiduresad uzRudavda germanelebs praqtikuli saqmianobis sferos.

ramdenadac “naciis inteleqtualuri energiisaTvis daketili iyo gza

ekonomikaSi, vaWrobaSi, zRvaosnobaSi, sazogadoebriv-politikur

moRvaweobaSi, am energiis akumulireba moxda Teoriis sferoSi _

filosofiur-esTetikur ZiebebSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi” (39, 28). amis

gamo germanulma romantizmma Seqmna farTo esTetikuri literatura,

romelic “gadmocemuli iyo ara imdenad samecniero traqtatebsa da

SromebSi, ramdenadac mravalferovan “Tavisufal” JanrebSi: kritikul

statiebSi, mxatvrul-istoriul narkvevebSi, aforizmebSi, nawarmoebTa

winasityvaobaSi, memuarebSi, dRiurebSi, werilebSi da bolos Tavad

mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.Ees ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: uwin

ase aravis gaujerebia mxatvruli nawarmoebebi esTetikuri problemebiT. es

asabuTebs, romantikosebis gansakuTrebul interess xelovnebis

filosofiuri gaazrebisaken” (45, 12).

modernizmis filosofiur wyarosac subieqturi idealizmi

warmoadgens. yvela is moZRvreba, romelsac isini iziareben, iqneba es

Sopenhaueris “samyaro rogorc neba da warmodgena”, TuUbergsonis

intuitivizmi, hartmanis “qvecnobieris filosofia”, Tu huserlis

“fenomenologia”, an froidizmi. me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze evropaSi

Camoyalibebuli subieqtur-idealisturi filosofiuri moZRvrebebi

samyaros absolutur sawyisad sicocxles aRiareben da upirispirdebian

civilizaciasa da teqnikur progress, rogorc adamianis individualuri

fenomenis waSlis, nivelirebis safrTxis Semcvels: “Sopenhaueris,

kirkegorisa da nicSes moZRvrebebSi gamoikveTa erTsulovani agresia

pozitivizmisa da “moangariSe-buxhaltruli” teqnikuri azrovnebis mimarT,

26

mwvaved daisva adamianis Tavisufali aqtivobis, SemoqmedebiTi nebisa da

individualuri azrovnebis dakargvis problema. axali filosofiuri

mimarTuleba, romelsac SemdgomSi “sicocxlis filosofia” ewoda,

mkveTrad daupirispirda rogorc klasikur filosofias, ise pozitivizmisa

da istoriul-dialeqtikuri materializmis gabatonebul filosofiur

tendenciebs” (87, 45).

me-20 saukunis aRniSnul Teoriebs gaaCnia Sinagani mimarTeba germanul

idealistur filosofiasTan, romelsac axasiaTebs iseTive ukiduresi

subieqtivizmi, rac samyaros aRqma-miRebis mxolod konkretuli

individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sulier Tu fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs

ukavSirdeba. msgavsi filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT

germanuli romantizmisa da moderniznis TeoretikosTa saprogramo

dokumentebi, sadac mTavari adamiania, erTmaneTTan naTesaobas amJRavnebs.

romantikuli msoflmxvedelobiT adamiani mikrokosmoss warmoadgens,

makrokosmosis Semcirebul models, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi CarTulia

samyaros mTlianobaSi da piriqiT, masSi moiazreba samyaro.

fridrix Slegeli samarTlianad miuTiTebda romantizmis

Camoyalibebis sam mizezze, rogorc misi drois sam udides tendenciaze:

“safrangeTis revolucia, fixtes „moZRvreba mecnierebaze“ da goeTes

„maisteri“ aRniSnaven Cveni drois udides tendenciebs“ – wers igi (39, 57).

fr. Slegelma xazi gausva romantizmis socialur, filosofiur da

literaturul wanamZRvrebs. TiToeulma movlenam pirovneba daayena win da

amiT iyo ganpirobebuli maTi progresuloba da mniSvneloba. istoria

meordeba da me-20 saukunis gariJraJzec adamians eniWeba dominanturi roli,

xdeba qmediTi.

romantikosebs ar uaryviaT RmerTi, piriqiT, eswrafvian mis wiaRSi

dabrunebas. “adamianis RmerTTan, mis pirvelsawyisTan, “samyaros sulTan”,

sinTezur mTlianobasTan dabruneba _ aris kidec romantizmis centraluri

problema” (112, 84).

es hqonda mxedvelobaSi herman heses, romelic werilSi “romantizmis

suli” xazgasmiT aRniSnavs germanuli romantizmis damsaxurebas

27

kaTolikuri eklesiis winaSe: “istorikosebi dRemde gansacvifreblad mcire

yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu ra didi samsaxuri gauwia germaniam germanuli

romantizmis saxiT kaTolicizms, rogor idina sisxli romTan WidilSi, da

rogor CamorCa romi romantikuli kaTolicizmis Zlevamosil impulsebs.

SegveZlo gveTqva, rom romis udides codvebsa da sisusteebs ganekuTvneba

is, rom mas, arsebiTad ar aRmoaCnda unari, mieRo da ukvdaveyo germanuli

romantizmis sulieri talRa” (143, 81).

Tuki romantikosebma adamianis SemoqmedebiTi genia RmerTisas

gautoles, modernistebi ufro Sors wavidnen da gamoacxades, rom “RmerTi

mokvda”, anu adamiani samyaros erTaderT gamgeblad aRiares. nicSes es

sityvebi aRiqmeba, rogorc adamianis sruli Tavisufleba. amieridan axal

Rirebulebes da orientirebs igi Tavad qmnis.

arasasurveli realoba, imedebis gacrueba ganapirobebs

romantikosTaAsurvils gaeqcnen sinamdviles, mimarTon fantazias. amas

ukavSirdeba e.w. “ori samyaros” Seqmnis genezisi. igi ambivalenturi

movlenaa, romelic realuri samyaros irealurTan dapirispirebas

gulisxmobs. pirvel maTgans cxovreba qmnis, sadac romantikosebis

warmodgeniT, boroteba mZlavrobs, meore ki, maTi fantaziis nayofs

warmoadgens da swored iseTia, rogor sinamdvilesac isini isurvebdnen, anu

qmnian SesaZlebel realobas. aq Tavisufleba, usazRvroeba, zneoba sufevs.

romantikosebi mtkivneulad ganicdian realobasa da ideals Soris gaCenil

winaaRmdegobas. “ori samyaros” arseboba naTlad metyvelebs adamiansa da

garesamyaros Soris gaTiSulobaze, darRveul harmoniaze. axali

msoflmxvedeloba mimarTulia swored aRniSnuli konfliqtis

aRmofxvrisken. romantikosebi Tanamedrove mtkivneuli problemebis

gadawyvetasa da yoveldRiurobaze amaRlebas sulis sferoSi cdiloben,

xolo ubadruk Tanamedroveobas maradiul Rirebulebebs upirispireben.

Tumca realurisa da idealuris opozicia xelovansa da cxovrebas Soris

dapirispirebas kidev ufro amwvavebs.

obieqtur realobasTan Seurigebloba iwvevs aseve me-20 saukunis

adamianis sasowarkveTas, skepticizms, SiSs, rac aiZulebs mas Tavi Seafaros

28

warmosaxvis iluzorul samyaros, sadac xdeba misi survilebisa da

ocnebebis realizeba.

idealisturma moZRvrebam romantikosebs didi SesaZleblobebi

gadauSala, daanaxa, rom ideali arsebobs ara realobaSi, aramed

irealurSi, zebunebrivSi. isini ar ikvleven mizezebs, Tu ram gamoiwvia

maTTvis arasasurveli Sedegebi, aramed idealis ZebniT ufro arian

dakavebulni. Tuki klasicistebTan ideali sruliad konkretuli da aqedan

gamomdinare, misaRwevi Cans, romantikosebisaTvis igi abstraqtuli,

universaluri, mudmivad srulqmnadi da amitom cota gaurkveveli da

miuRwevelia. idealisturi filosofiis SemoTavazebuli SesaZlebloba

sagnis gamoxatvis sanacvlod ideis, pirveladis gamoxatva, arsis Zieba,

modernizmisTvisac misaRebi aRmoCnda. masazrdoebeli wyaro, iseve, rogorc

romantizmis SemTxvevaSi, intuiciaa.

logika da racionalizmi meored XX saukunis dasawyisSi uaryves,

rogorc Semecnebis gza. erTxmad aitaces bergsonis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

rom adamiani realobas swvdeba intuiciis, instinqtisa da ara inteleqtis

saSualebiT. “Tanamedrove poetebi ise arian dajerebuli Tavis qmediT

intuiciaSi, rogorc mecnierebi Tavis maTematikur gonebaSi” (25, 613) _ wers

v. gafrindaSvili.

modernistuli msoflmxedvelobis mxatvrul esTetikaSi gardatexis

Sedegad viRebT nawarmoebs, romelsac m. jaliaSvili ase axasiaTebs:

“realizmis kanonebis uaryofa, iracionalizmi, miTisa da Tanamedroveobis

paralelebi, Txrobis Tanmimdevrobis darRveva, siuJetis erTianobis

uaryofa, ironia, orazrovneba, enisa da weris teqnikis erTgvari

dapirispireba SinaarsTan, Semoqmedis rolis xazgasma sazogadoebaSi,

interesis sagani xelovneba da ara cxovreba da sxv.” (139, 3). es definicia

sityva-sityviT miesadageba romantikul esTetikasac.

rogorc vnaxeT, romantizmsa da modernizms msgavsi socialuri,

filosofiuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi winapirobebi aerTianebT, riTac

aris gamowveuli maTi subieqtivizmi, iracionalizmi, alogikuroba,

misticizmi da ideuroba. orive maTgani Tavisi arsiT “antiklasikuri”

29

movlenaa. arc erTs ar axasiaTebs gawonasworebuloba, harmonia,

garkveuloba da sicxade. agreTve gaurkvevelia maTi formebi da gamosaxvis

xerxebi. xelovani orive SemTxvevaSi realobis Sesaxeb sakuTar suraTs

qmnis da “adamianis uflebebis damcvelad” gvevlineba.

yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri ar aris rom

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi

erTmaneTTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs. samyaros maTeuli xedva garda

mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa, gaTvalsaCinoebulia maT Teoriul-publicistur

nawerebSi, sadac gacxadebulia avtorTa mosazreba mraval sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT.

novalisis msoflmxedveloba gaformda Teoriul naSromebSi,

romelTac zogadad “fragmentebs” uwodeben. maTi ricxvi STambeWdavia da

gaerTianebulia Semdeg krebulebSi: “yvavilTa mtveri” (1798), “rwmena da

siyvaruli” (1798). “fragmentebSi” koncentrirebuli saxiT warmodgenili

mwerlis filosofia mxatvrulad xorcSesxmulia mis prozasa da poeziaSi.

novalisis saazrovno are, miuxedavad misi asakisa (gardaicvala 29 wlis

asakSi) da samwerlo asparezze moRvaweobis xanmokleobisa (qmnida sami

wlis manZilze), erTob farToa. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis simciris

miuxedavad, romelic sul erT sqeltanian toms Seadgens, TvalnaTeli

warmodgena gveqmneba mis aqtiur moRvaweobaze sxvadasxva JanrSi: prozaSi,

poeziasa da publicistikaSi. fragmentebSi gamoTqmulia avtoris azri

Tanamedrove cxovrebis uamrav mxareze. novalisis filosofia, romelic

cnobilia “magiuri idealizmis” saxeliT, germanuli romantizmis

mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgens. novalisis Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli

niSania Rrma, filosofiuri Sinaarsi, misticizmi da religiuroba.

literaturaTmcodneebi miiCneven, rom novalisi germanuli

romantizmis gasaRebs warmoadgens, misi Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli aRqma

aiolebs am mimdinareobis germanuli skolis esTetikis gagebas.

rac Seexeba gr. robaqiZes, mas, marTalia, fragmentis JanrisTvis ar

miumarTavs, Tumca dawerili aqvs uamravi literaturuli Tu kritikul-

publicisturi werili, ramdenime filosofiuri ese, sadac avtoris

30

msoflmxedvelobaa gacxadebuli. misi werilebis Tematika ar aris mxolod

literaturis sakiTxebiT SemozRuduli, aramed moicavs musikis, cekvis,

mxatvrobis da uamrav sxva sferos. maT mxatvrul xorcSesxmas ki misi

proza da poezia warmoadgens. swored gr. robaqiZis eseistikis Seswavla

aris sawindari misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis saTanadod aRqma-gagebisaTvis.

rogorc ak. baqraZe robaqiZisadmi miZRvnil Tavis monografiaSi wers, “gr.

robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze saubari erTdroulad advilic aris da Znelic.

advilia imdenad, ramdenadac Tavis TxzulebaTa umravlesobas Tavad

aanalizebs” (12, 87). amdenad, gansaxilvel mweralTa Semoqmedebaze saubari

srulyofili ver iqneba maTi Teoriuli Tu literaturul-publicisturi

nawerebis gauTvaliwineblad.

31

1.2. miTosuri azrovneba

mTavari Tanxvedra novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebas Soris

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom orive miTosuri azrovnebis nayofia, rac ar niSnavs

mxolod miTosuri siuJetebis gamoyenebas, an miTologiidan nasesxebi

personaJebis TxrobaSi Semoyvanas. aq saqme gvaqvs samyaros xedvis

gansakuTrebul unarTan. igi upirvelesad gulisxmobs problemebis

masStabur gaazrebas, roca mwerali mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT ki ar

azrovnebs, aramed kompleqsurad, roca Temebi mxolod erTi epoqisaTvis ki

ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed aqtualuria nebismier drosa da nebismier

sazogadoebaSi. laparakia e.w. zogadsakacobrio Temebze. cneba _ miTosuri

azrovneba gulisxmobs “miTosuri msoflmxedvelobis Zerwvis teqnologias,

miTosuri sturqturebis dafuZnebis xelovnebas, miTosuri cnobierebis

matarebeli _ miTis kacis Seqmnis teqnikas” (47, 10).

samyaros gaazrebis es forma mieltvis “marad myofadi” sidideebis,

WeSmaritebis Secnobas. miTosSi moTxrobili ambavi aris ara erTxel

momxdari da damTavrebuli, aramed ciklurad ganmeorebadi, rac gamoarCevs

mas istoriuli an literaturuli teqstisgan. “miTosi siuJeti ki ar aris,

aramed uamravi (maT Soris, miTologiuri) siuJetis uzogadesi, sqematuri

safuZveli. miTosi SeiZleba, agreTve, davasaxeloT, rogorc erTgvari

potenciuri siuJeti, romelic konkretuli realizaciis gareSe mxatvruli

SesaZleblobis (sqemis, “Targis”, “yalibis”) saxiT arsebobs adamianis

fsiqikaSi. faqtobrivad, uZvelesi miTologia sxva araferia, Tu ara

miTosur sqemaTa siuJeturi xorcSesxmis istoriulad yvelaze adreuli,

arqauli forma” (61, 39). samyaros Semecnebis es meTodi gulisxmobs

movlenebis siRrmiseul wvdomas. “miTosi asaxavs cnobierebis gamTlianebis

perspeqtivas, romlisganac bunebac da sulic, yofiereba Sinaganica da

gareganic axali formiT gamoCndeba” (47, 14). amitomac romantikosebisa da

modernistebis mzera realurs scdeba da irealurSi iWreba. miTosisken maT

Semobrunebas ganapirobebs realurisa da idealis konfliqti da saganTa

arsSi wvdomis survili.

32

arsebuli realobiT ukmayofilo romantikosebi xsnas maT mierve

Seqmnil, gamogonil samyaroSi eZeben. xelovnebis mTavar problemas

warmoadgens gaTiSuloba adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris. romantikosebs

Zalian moswonT yvelaferi gaurkveveli. maTi SemoqmedebisaTvis karg

masalas warmoadgens is, rac Rrma, filosofiuri gansjis saSualebas

iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad

misaRebia movlenebis Wvretis axleburi forma, universaluri xedva,

romelic xelovnebis garda, moicavs filosofiisa da religiis sferoebs.

yovelive amis gamo romantikuli nawarmoebi rTuli aRsaqmeli xdeba,

TiTqos zRaprul, miTiur saburvelSi exveva. saTqmeli mxolod miniSnebiT,

SefarviTaa naTqvami. igi teqstis miRma, qveteqstis saxiT ikiTxeba. aseTi

nawarmoebi gajerebulia alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT. rogorc fr.

Slegeli werda, axali drois mwerlebi miTebs qmnian da Tavad antikur

miTebsac tols ar udebeno.

romantikuli nawarmoebi sruliad alogikur da erTmaneTTan

SeuTavsebel faqtebs Tu movlenebs erTmaneTs uTanxmebs. masSi sruliad

SesaZlebelia is, rac realobaSi _ warmoudgeneli. romantikosTa

qmnilebebSi daxatuli suraTi, novalisis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

warmoadgens realobis sapirispiros. waSlilia zRvari drosa da sivrceSi.

aq erTmaneTis gverdiT arseboben realuri da ararealuri.

radgan romantikuli esTetika transcendenturis, miRmiuris asaxvas

gulisxmobs, romantikosi mwerlisaTvis miuRebelia faqtebisa Tu

movlenebis realisturi aRwera. amis Sesaxeb fr. Slegeli wers, rom

realisturi aRwera uZluria gamoxatos samyarosa da adamianis namdvili

arsi, rom igi mxolod maT asls iZleva. amitom, ramdenadac uCveulo

Temebze werdnen isini, gamosaxvis xerxebic saTanado SeimuSaves,

igulisxmeba Janruli sinTezi.

sabolood yvelaferi imas emsaxureba, rom, rac SeiZleba zedmiwevniT

gadmoscen sakuTari Sexedulebebi yoveliveze garemomcvel samyaroSi.

“romantikosebi, qmnidnen ra sakuTar miTologias iswrafodnen gamoexataT

universaluri da amavdroulad individualuri warmodgena samyaroze.

33

yvelaferi, ris gamoTqmac xatovnad SeiZleba, romantikosebi aRiqvamdnen

rogorc miTs, sadac sasruli usasrulobasTanaa gadajaWvuli” (106, 5).

romantizmma sxvagvarad gaiazra samyaro. misi mxatvruli azrovneba

gansxvavebulia imisagan, rasac icnobs romantizmamdeli literaturis

istoria. xelovnebis safuZvlad miTologiis gamocxadeba gamoiwvia

romantikulma panTeizmma, bunebis romantikulma aRqmam, sadac sasruli da

usasrulo erTmaneTs erwymis. bunebis msgavsad miTologiaSic yvelaferi

urTierTkavSirSia, sadac aramarto iqmneba, aramed gardaiqmneba kidec. “Tuki

buneba aris sulisa da materiis erTianoba, maSin miTologia aris, ase

vTqvaT am erTianobis gamoqveyneba, deklaracia” (112, 97).

romantikosebma herderis kvaldakval aRiares miTis gansakuTrebuli

esTetikuri mniSvneloba. SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes miTosis potenciali da

Seqmnes miTis sakuTari koncefcia, wamoayenes axali miTologiis idea.

romantikosebma miTi aRiares nebismieri mxatvruli formis

SemoqmedebiT principad. “axali miTis” Semqmneli swored uZvelesi miTebis

sisadavesa da universalobas unda miaxloveboda.

miTis warmoSobisTanave antikur xanaSi Cndeba misi gageba-gaazrebisa

Tu ganmartebis mcdeloba. es procesi ganmanaTleblobis epoqamde ori

ZiriTadi mimarTulebis saxiT yalibdeba: evhemeruli da alegoriuli.

pirveli maTgani dasabams iRebs Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe

berZeni mwerlisa da filosofosis evhemeres Semoqmedebidan, romelic

yovelgvar RvTaebrivSi adamianur sawyiss aRmoaCens. evhemeres azriT,

miTologiuri RmerTebi arian gaRmerTebuli istoriuli pirovnebebi, xolo

meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, RmerTebi da gmirebi aRiqmebian rogorc

abstaqtuli Tvisebebisa da movlenebis gansaxierebani.

ganmanaTleblebs Soris yalibdeba araerTazrovani damokidebuleba

miTologiaze. frangi mwerali da moazrovne bernar de fonteneli Tavis

SromebSi miTs ganixilavs, rogorc inteleqtualuri ganuviTareblobis

Sedegs, radgan gonebrivad ganuviTarebeli adamianis warmodgenebi

usazRvroa: “adamianebi rac ufro umecarni arian da rac ufro naklebi

34

gamocdileba aqvT, miT ufro saocrebad warmoudgebaT yvelaferi... pirveli

adamianebi midrekilni iyvnen yvelaferSi saswauli ganeWvritaT” (114, 58).

sapirispiro azrs aviTarebs Jan Jak ruso, gamodis ra “veluris

apologiiT”, misi kritikis obieqti xdeba civilizacia da progresi.

germaniaSi kargad icnobdnen italieli ganmanaTleblis,

filosofosis, literaturis Teoretikosisa da poetis _ jambatista vikos

naazrevs, romlis mixedviTac („axali mecnierebis safuZvlebi erTa zogadi

bunebis Sesaxeb” (1725)), kacobriobis istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara

movlenebisa da etapebis cikluri ganmeoreba. Zveli epoqis zrdasruli

adamianisa da bavSvis fsiqologiis Sedarebisas viko askvnis, rom maTi

msoflaRqma msgavsia. roca gonismieri gansja sustad aris ganviTarebuli,

adamiani usazRvro warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unars flobs.

germaniaSi j. vikos ideebis gaziareba moxda jer herderis da Semdeg

romantikosebis mier. miTis romantikuli Teoriis CamoyalibebisTvis

mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda aseve “qariSxlisa da Setevis” warmomadgenlis

karl filip moricis naSromi „swavleba RmerTebze“ (1791), sadac avtori

aviTarebs msjelobas miTologiuri Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb (asevea

dasaTaurebuli Sesavali nawili). Selingi, romelic miTologiis Sesaxeb

leqciebs kiTxulobda, xazs usvams moricis wignis gansakuTrebul

Rirebulebas. moricis naSromis mTavari fraza _ miTi aris poezia,

romantikosebma Semdegnairad gaiazres _ poezia aris miTi da poetebi ki –

miTismqnelebi.

uSualod miTebis kvlevisadmi miZRvnili Sromebi ar aqvs, magram miTis

romantikuli koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis

filosofossa da kritikoss, “qariSxlisa da Setevis” moZraobis liders _

iohan gotfrid herders, romelic jer kidev romantikosebamde miuTiTebda

Zveli xalxebis poeziis mniSvnelobaze. swored am kuTxiT miTebi

araerTxel moqceula misi interesebis sferoSi. xalxurma Semoqmedebam

axali JReradoba da datvirTva SeiZina. amieridan Zveli epoqebi aRar

aRiqmeboda rogorc dabali ganviTarebis mqone periodi kulturis

istoriaSi.

35

herderi Tanamedrove Semoqmedis mSral da Rarib enas upirispirebs

xalxuri poeziis mdidar enas, romelsac Sinagani kavSiri da mimarTeba

gaaCnia Soreuli warsulis namdvil poetur enasTan. swored xalxur

poeziasTan kavSirSi xedavs igi literaturis ganaxlebis gzas.

herderis SemoqmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda 1769 wels

safrangeTSi gemiT mogzauroba, romlis drosac mas samyaro warmoudga,

rogorc simboloebis erToblioba. bunebis wiaRSi mis Tvalwin gaixsna am

simboloebis usasrulo raodenoba, moxda maTi dekodireba. “is mixvda

rogor warmoiSva sagnebis miTologiuri xedva da rom isini aucileblad

eCvenebian imave saxiT Tanamedrove adamiansac, roca igi maTgan ar aris

dafaruli (rogorc mogzaurobis dros) civilizaciis WuWyiani mosasxamiT”

(144, 62). am gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba istoriuli sibrZnis kvlav aRorZineba

da miTis xelaxla gancda. amisTvis saWiroa bunebasTan da xalxur

SemoqmedebasTan mWidro kavSiri.

marTalia, miTis romantikuli koncefcia iziarebs garkveulwilad

herderis ideebs, igi damuSvda axali mimdinareobis Teoretikosebis _

fridrix Slegelis, Slaiermaxeris, Selingisa da novalisis SromebSi.

fr. Slegelis literaturuli memkvidreoba gansakuTrebuli

mxatvruli doniT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca aRiarebulia misi Teoriuli

Sromebis mniSvneloba. miTisa da miTologiis Temas exeba igi SromaSi

“saubari poeziaze” (1800), romlis erT Tavs asec qvia – “saubari

miTologiaze”. fr. Slegeli ayalibebs axali miTologiis Seqmnis ideas,

romelSic miiRweva filosofiis, religiisa da xelovnebis sinTezi. Zvel

miTologiaze saubrisas ambobs: “Zveli drois poeziis yvela nawarmoebi

erTmaneTs uerTdeba, qmnian [...]…raRac mTels, yvelaferi erTmaneTSi gadadis,

yvelgan erTi da igive sulia, mxolod sxvadasvagvarad gamovlenili [...]

Zveli poezia warmoadgenda erT ganuyofel, dasrulebul nawarmoebs” (129,

388).

axal miTologias fr. Slegeli amocanad usaxavs xelovnebis

“gacocxlebas”. miTi aris poeziis idealuri forma, sadac sasruli

36

usasrulos Seicavs. igi Zveli miTologiis gverdiT saWirod miiCnevs axali

miTologiis Seqmnas.

axal poezias gansakuTrebul funqcias aniWebs fr. Slegeli. igi

poezias ganixilavs, rogorc samyaros aRqmis miTologiur formas, romlis

universalizmma da sinTezurobam unda moicvas realoba, gamoxatos da

ganasaxieros mTeli epoqis cnobiereba. „mxolod romantikul poezias,

sarkis darad, SeuZlia gaxdes epoqis anarekli“ (39, 56). romantikuli

poeziis universalurobaSi fr. Slegeli gulisxmobs im mravalferovnebasa

da sisavses, rac Zveli poeziisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. „ratom ar

ganxorcieldes kidev rac erTxel ukve iyo? ra Tqma unda sxvagvarad – da

ratom ara ufro mSvenieri da didebuli saxiT?“ (129, 388) _ wers igi.

simbolizacia aris miTologiisa da romantikuli poeziis (zogadad,

romantikuli literaturis) damaxasiTebeli niSani. amitom, fr.

SlegelisTvis cnebebi “simboluri” da “miTologiuri” TiTqmis msgavsi

datvirTvis matarebelia. mogvianebiT, aRniSnul naSromSi koreqtivebis

Setanisas avtorma sityva “miTologiuri” “simboluriT” Caanacvla.

romantizmis kidev erTi saetapo naSroms warmoadgens Slaiermaxeris

“religiis Sesaxeb”, romelic am SemTxvevaSi saintersoa “axali

miTologiis” romantikuli ideis konteqstSi. sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli

naSromi maSin Seiqmna, roca ienaSi is-is iyo germanuli romantizmis

konturebi ikveTeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobda pirdapiri

kavSiri romantikul wreebTan, Slaiermaxeris aRniSnuli naSromi aSkara

ideur siaxloves amJRavnebs axali mimdinareobis ZiriTad postulatebTan.

avtoris gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs religiisadmi uaryofiTad

ganwyobili adamianebi. avtoris azriT, religiuri grZnoba mainc

damaxasiaTebelia bunebiT nebismieri adamianisaTvis, maTTvisac ki, vinc

uaryofs. avtoris azriT, religia adamians garedan ki ar “miewodeba”,

aramed mis pirad gancdebsa da emociebze dayrdnobiT missave arsSi

warmoiSoba. RmerTis, sayovelTao urTierTkavSirisa da damokidebulebis

Semecneba SesaZlebelia grZnobiTi aRqmiT, WvretiT da ara gonebiT.

37

Slaiermaxeris azriT, swored religia aZlevs adamians Semecnebis

universalobas, radgan igi aris usasrulobis Semcveli. religiis prizmaSi

sasrulsa da usasrulobas Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs.

fridrix vilhelm Selingi grZnobad Semecnebas ”inteleqtualur

Semecnebas” upirispirebs. yvelaze ufro dasrulebuli da Camoyalibebuli

koncefciac miTologiaze mas ekuTvnis. miTologia gansazRvrulia, rogorc

„nebismieri xelovnebis aucilebeli piroba“ da „upirvelesi masala“,

xazgasmulia misi simboluri buneba. SelingisaTvis miTologia sxva

araferia Tu ara universumi warmodgenili sazeimo samoselSi. miTs

miniWebuli aqvs simbolos yvela Tviseba da igi unda gaigebodes

simbolurad. Selingis da zogadad, romantikosTa esTetikaSi, rogorc ukve

vnaxeT, xdeba miTisa da simbolos daaxloeba.

poetisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb Selingi wers: “yoveli didi poeti

mowodebulia misTvis gaxsnili samyaros nawili aqcios raRac mTlianobad

da misi masalidan Seqmnas sakuTari miTologia; es samyaro (miTologiuri

samyaro) Camoyalibebis procesSia, da poetis Tanamedrove epoqas ZaluZs

mxolod mas gauxsnas am samyaros nawili” (123, 147-148).

rac Seexeba novaliss, misi filosofia ar warmoadgens Tanmimdevrul,

sistematur msjelobas. igi aforizmebis saxiT aris gabneuli CanawerebSi.

novalisis filosofiuri programa iziarebs fixtes moZRvrebas, Tumca ara

bolomde. radgan fixtes “me” ufro abstraqtul-filosofiuri movlenaa,

novalisTan ki empiriuli, iseve, rogorc danarCen romantikosebTan. masTan

samyaros Secvlis idea ukavSirdeba ara imdenad nebismieri adamianis “me”-s,

aramed upirveles yovlisa poets, romelic flobs udidess, magiur Zalas

Secvalos samyaro sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr. novalisis azriT, sityva

warmoadgens simbolos, romelic xsnis sagnis arss. poetis daniSnulebaa

swored sityvis arsSi wvdomiT daeuflos masze zemoqmedebis magiur

SesaZleblobebs, rac sabolood samyaros gardaqmnaSi daexmareba. amitom

poetis sityva Sedarebulia magis sityvasTan. miTosuri azrovneba, Tu axali

miTebis Seqmna aris samyaros wvdomis poeturi (romantikuli) forma.

gansakuTrebuli msoflSegrZnebis mqone poeti yoveldRiurobaSi

38

transcendenturis arsebobas amCnevs da mowodebulia sayovelTao

urTierTkavSiris, urTierTdamokidebulebis aRsadgenad. ase midis novalisi

Tanamedrove mwerlobis mier axali miTosis Seqmnis ideamde. igi Semecnebis

gzasTan erTad mis formasac gansazRvravs. misi azriT, zRapari yvelaze

ufro adekvaturad gamoxatavs transcendenturis saidumlos, radgan masSi

miiRweva samyaros mTlianobis miTologiuri idea. sainteresoa, rom mwerali

erTmaneTisagan ar gamoyofs zRapars, miTsa da poezias.

novalisma Teoriul SromebSi fragmentebad Camoyalibebul

Sexedulebebs: adamianis yofierebis sazrisis, samyaros wyobis, poetisa da

poeziis daniSnulebis, zRapris poetikis Sesaxeb mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa

romanSi “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”, sadac miTosuri azrovneba mTeli

sigrZe-siganiT warmoCinda – dawyebuli zogadsakacobrio ideebis

globaluri gaazrebiT, damTavrebuli nawarmoebebis Janruli TaviseburebiT.

novalisi qmnis sakuTar miTologias, romelsac igi “Tavisufal poetur

gamonagons” uwodebs. igi iSveliebs antikur, germanul, keltur miTebs,

aRmosavlur Tqmulebebs da ayalibebs miTs samyaros Sesaxeb, sadac

harmonia, poezia da siyvaruli mefobs anu qmnis miTs “oqros xanis” Sesaxeb.

romanSi “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” TiToeuli moqmedeba Tu personaJi

erTgvar simbolos, miTs warmoadgens. avtori xatavs miTiur warsulsa da

miTiur momavals. nawarmoebis dasawyisSive xdeba awmyoSi momavlis

ganWvreta. sizmarSi nanaxi cisferi yvavili, romelic “oqros xanis”

simbolocaa, aris momavali, romelsac awmyo Seicavs. iseve rogorc

gandegilis gamoqvabulSi nanax wignSi xedavs hainrixi Tavis warsuls da

masTan erTad momavalsac.

romantikulma ideebma germanul literaturasa da filosofiaSi

gavlena iqonia da dasabami misca Semdgomi periodis miTis axal

koncefciebs.

miTis sferoSi germanuli romatizmis ideebiTaa STagonebuli e. w.

“sicocxlis filosofiis” warmomadgenlebis f. nicSes, g. klagesis da

sxvaTa Semoqmedeba. upirveles yovlisa es exeba nicSes qrestomaTiad qceul

wigns “tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan” (1872). berZnul kulturaSi,

39

romelsac avtori Seiswavlis, xedavs or urTierTsapirispiro sawyiss _

apolonursa da dionisurs. pirveli maTgani harmoniuli, gawonasworebuli

da esTetizirebulia Tavisi bunebiT. meore _ disharmoniuli, instinqturi

da demonuri. avtoris azriT, miTosSemoqmedeba warmoadgens kulturis

ganaxlebis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas, rac uSualod romantikuli

Teoriis zegavleniT Camoyalibda, rogorc hese wers, “nicSe aSkarad

germanuli romantizmis nayofia” (143, 81).

TiTqos romantizmis epoqis Semdgom dro ar gasula, viTareba axali

aswleulis dasawyisSic ucvlelia. TiTqos adamiani kidev ufro daSorda

absoluts, vidre amas erTi saukunis win hqonda adgili da is rRveva-

gaucxoeba, romelsac romantikosebi ase mtkivneulad ganicdidnen, mas

Semdeg kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda da gafarTovda. yoveldRiuri rutiniT

daqanculi adamianis suls usazRvroebaSi gaWra moesurva. swored maSin

wamovida miTiT dainteresebis axali talRa. rogorc andrei beli, rusi

simbolisti, werda, „cota xnis winaT fiqrobdnen, rom samyaro Seswavlilia.

yovelgvari siRrme gaqra horizontidan, gaqra yovelgvari Rirebuleba,

romlebic aRmoaCendnen perspeqtivebs, yovelive Camofasda, magram ar

dakargula adamianTa gulebSi miswrafeba Soreulisadmi. kvlav moesurvaT

perspeqtivebi, gulma kvlav moiTxova maradiuli Rirebulebebi“ (15, 244).

miTosuri azrovneba modernistul esTetikaSic mniSvnelovani

segmentia. igi mwerals pirvelsawyisTan abrunebs, aRadgens darRveul

kontaqts miwasa da kosmoss Soris. modernistuli mimdinareobebi

neomiTologiur kulturas warmoadgens, radgan miTisadmi mimarTeba aqac

iseve aSkaraa, rogorc romantizmis SemTxvevaSi. axali xelovnebis

warmomadgenelnic fiqroben, rom adamianSi Camarxulia codna samyaros

saidumloebebis Sesaxeb. miTosuri azrovneba ki cdilobs Cawvdes mas,

cdilobs realuri da zeistoriuli faqtebi erTmaneTs moargos, Seqmnas

axali miTi. kvlav xdeba miTosuri da realuri sibrtyeebis monacvleoba.

nebismieri faqtisa Tu movlenis miRma idea imaleba da yovel konkretulSi

zogadsakacobrio igulisxmeba. miTi arRvevs profanuli drois sazRvrebs

da SesaZlebels xdis maradisobasTan ziarebas.

40

1922 wlis “meocnebe niamorebis” me-7 nomerSi ibeWdeba val.

gafrindaSvilis ese “axali miTologia”. imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqmneba

Tanamedrove miTebi, avtori wers, “dRes poezia qmnis realuri saxeebidan

simboloebs, qmnis axal miTebs... axali miTis Seqmna ufro Znelia da mas

meti Rirebuleba aqvs” (24, 9-10).

“grigol robaqiZem valerianis miTisqmnadoba astraluri xazebis

simbolikiT Secvala da “sityvis roiad” monaTla, romlis mTeli sistema

Seqmna” (103, 199) – wers s. sigua. swored “sityvis misteriaSi, misi arsis

SecnobaSi eZebda (gr. robaqiZe-n.b.) miTosur wiaRs, Semohqonda rogorc

warmarTuli, ise qristianuli masala, raTa qarTuli msoflWvreta

religiis mixedviT ar daxleCiliyo” (105, 202).

gr. robaqiZisaTvis xelovnebis daniSnuleba miTis qmna unda iyos,

romelic, marTalia ararealur, magram SesaZlo ambebs gadmogvcems.

werilSi “saTaveni Cemi Semoqmedebisa”, mwerali miTosis genezisze saubrobs

da ambobs, rom igi kosmiuri warmomavlobisaa da ara istoriuli. “miTiuri

realoba aris uTuod meti da ufro azrovani, vidre istoriuli” (99, 31).

istoriuli gansazRvrul, ukve nacnob drosa da adgils gulisxmobs,

miTiuri ki aseT konkretikaze maRla dgas. Zveli romaelis salustiusis

sityvebi ufro naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs mis arsze: “es ar yofila,

xolo aris yovelTvis” (99, 84). sxva eseSi gr. robaqiZe imowmebs germanel

romantikoss _ Selings, romelic miTosur realobas “metafizikur myofads”

uwodebs. igi ar scnobs gramatikuli drois kategoriebs da kosmiur

yovladobaSi CarTuli warmogvidgeba.

miTosuri azrovneba gr. robaqiZisTvis aris Sinagani WvretiT sagnebis

Seswavla, maTSi Sefaruli ideis migneba-warmoCena. idea anu pirvelsawyisi

aris miTi im sagnisa Tu movlenisaTvis. filosofiur eseSi “TaurSiSi da

miTosi” mwerali swored amaze saubrobs: “Cauqroblad Rvivis CvenSi

pirvelsawyisi. igi idumal arsebobs, cxovrobs yvela sagansa da movlenaSi.

ase warmoiSoba yofierebis miTiuri aRqma” (101,…53).

kargad aris cnobili robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze nicSes moZRvrebis

gavlenis Sesaxeb. mwerlis mier aRiarebul iqna dionisuri sawyisi

41

apolonuris sawinaaRmdegod. erTmaneTisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli

am ori sawyisis analizisas g. asaTiani dionisuris bunebaSi romantikulis

niSnebs xedavs: “apolonuri sawyisi am koncefciis mixedviT, niSnavs

daaxloebiT igives, rasac klasikuri hegelis esTetikaSi, an miamituri

SilerisaSi, anu naTels, gonebiT gawonasworebuls, harmoniuls, xolo

dionisuri – stiqiurs, qvecnobiers, disharmoniuls anu zogierTi niSniT

romantikulis monaTesave sawyiss” (7, 563).

gr. robaqiZe goeTes moZRvrebas Taurfenomenis Sesaxeb aseve maRal

Sefasebas aZlevs, romelmac misi msoflxedvis Camoyalibebaze mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori SeniSnavs, aRniSnuli

moZRvreba misTvis “saganTa Semecnebis safuZvlad” iqca. goeTem ara marto

mTlianad mcenareSi, aramed mis yovel umcires nawilSi dainaxa

Taurmcenare, igive arsi, idea. sxvagvarad SeiZleba Selingis sityvebiT

avxsnaT: “yvela organul arsebaSi, diax yvelaSi, Tundac maT umcires

nawilSi, Seicnob usasrulobasa da mTlianobas, yvela TavisTvis da mainc

erTad” (59, 83). swored “goethes Tvals”, mis msoflgancdas uZRvnis gr.

robaqiZe roman _ “gvelis perangs”, romlis ideasac samyaros Semecneba

warmoadgens. nawarmoebs epiTetad Semdegi sityvebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli:

“goeThes _

romlis “tyis mefe”

wakiTxvamde vigzne

Svidi wlis bavSvma _

goethes Tvals

romani “gvelis perangi”.

rogorc siyvaruli” (89, 7).

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrclad saubrobs mwerali werilSi “Cemi

cxovreba”, sadac qeds ixris germaneli klasikosis geniis winaSe: “goeTe

CemTvis gamocxadeba iyo. germaniamdec vicnobdi, mis “erlkionig”–s,

romelzec saqarTveloSi mudam vocnebobdi. mesaxeboda umSvenieres baladad

_ Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebidan. bavSvobaSi mamasTan erTad, xSirad

davaWenebdi cxens. Wenebis dros mamis qamars CaWidebuli im JrJolvas

42

vgrZnovdi, romelic goeTem ase ostaturad gadmosca leqsiT. goeTes

moZRvreba Taurfenomenis Sesaxeb CemTvis saganTa Semecnebis safuZvlad

iqca. sinamdvilis xedva Camoyalibebis processa da mTelis dinebaSi, da ara

calkeul momentebSi _ gana mwerlisa da moazrovnis umaRlesi amocana

araa?..” (125, 226).

gr. robaqiZis miTisqmnadobaze miTis romantikuli koncefciis

gavlenas mianiSnebs g. benaSvili werilSi “romantikul ocnebaTa

didostati”. “romantikuli poeziis gamocdileba man (gr. robaqiZe – n.b.)

aqcia prozis organul nakvTad Tu ornamentad” (16, 9).

gasagebi xdeba gr. robaqiZis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba vaJa-

fSavelas mimarT. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli vaJas Semoqmedebisadmi

qarTveli sazogadoebis masiurad daintereseba, rac gr. robaqiZis mier

wakiTxul sajaro leqciebs mohyva. mTielis TavisTavadoba, bunebrioba,

miTTan kavSiri aRmoCnda misi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli. gr. robaqiZe mas

ase axasiaTebs: „mkvdreTiT aRmdgari Ze miTologiuri warsulisa“ (125, 286),

„kaci, romelic bunebis Suagulidan umzers garesknels“ (99, 158) da bolos

_ „urmenS“ (99, 158), anu civilizacias TiTqmis mowyvetili adamiani,

romelic Sedevrebs qmnida. misi ganmWvreti goneba ufro mets swvdeboda,

vidre bevri sxva akademiuri ganaTlebis mqone.

miTosurad moazrovneTa Sorisaa uTuod Cveni didi winapari _

rusTaveli da albaT amas gulisxmobda gr. robaqiZe roca werda eses

“rusTavelis msoflio mzera”. igi rusTavelis SemoqmedebiT meTodad

movlenebis intuitiur wvdomas aRiarebs _ poetis “msoflio mzera” xom

igive miTosuri azrovnebaa.

da bolos, gr. robaqiZe gvTavazobs miTiuri nawarmoebis amocnobis

xerxs. mkiTxvels wignis kiTxvisas unda darCes STabeWdileba, rom

moTxrobili ambavi sadRac, odesRac ukve momxdara, maSin mwerlis misia

pirnaTlad aris Sesrulebuli. amiT avtori xazs usvams miTiuri ambis

zedroulobas.

43

miTis qmnadobis miznebisa da mizezebis Rrmad gaazrebis Semdeg gr.

robaqiZe zedmiwevniT misdevs mis yvela wess. rudolf karmani misi

Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb wers: “robaqiZe saganTa arsebas kvalSi misdevda TviT

yvelaze ufro dafarulamde. iqamde, rac SeiZleba mxolod winaswar

ugrZnos gulma kacs, Tanac ise, rom araviTar fsiqologiur analizs ar

eweoda” (99, 388).

rogorc cnobilia, „cisferyanwelebi“ mas ufros megobrad da

maswavleblad Tvlidnen, marTalia, wlebis Semdeg werilSi “saTaveni Cemi

Semoqmedebisa”, igi emijneba simbolistebs swored im mTavari mizezis gamo,

rom misi Semoqmedeba ar aris mxolod simboloebiT metyveleba da rom

masTan erTad miTosic warmoadgens misi msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxeds. gr.

robaqiZis ganmartebiT, “simbolo“ da „miTi“ aris ori mTavari postulati,

rasac emyareba mTeli misi Semoqmedeba da romelic bolomde rCeba mis

„samwerlo laboratoriaSi“.

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba uxvad sazrdoobs miTologiiT, qarTuli

folkloriT, sakmaod didi doziT sesxulobs siuJetebs (dionises miTi,

miTi amorZalebze, gilgameSis eposi...), legendebs (legenda Tbilisze,

graalze, Tqmuleba radamistze...), arqetipebs (iSTari da Tamuzi, isisi da

osirisi, eva...), Tumca gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebisa da upirvelesad,

azrovnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania xazgasmuli erovnuloba da

tradiciebisadmi erTguleba. miTi misTvis “upirveles yovlisa, samyaros

lirikuli xedvaa, romelSiac ganuyofladaa Serwymuli samSoblos

umZafresi grZnoba, kulturuli tradiciebis sunTqva da stiqiuri, raRac

poeturi gancda yofiTi konkretikisa, _ anu, zogad xilvaTa sistema,

romelic “xsnis” movlenaTa amouxsnel metafizikur infernaliebs” (16, 11).

maSasadame, aq ikveTeba mTavari Tanxvedra da gansxvavebac or mwerals

Soris. maTi msoflmxedveloba miTosur azrovnebas emyareba, Tumca gr.

robaqiZis nawarmoebebs novalisis Semoqmedebisgan gamoarCevs didi

erovnuli muxti, romelic Zalumad igrZnoba mwerlis TiToeul nawerSi.

44

maSin roca, novalisi msoflios moqalaqed warmogvidgeba Tavisi

ganmazogadebeli da kosmopolituri poziciiT.

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi cxadad gamosWvivis

miTosuri azrovneba, rac gamoixateba ara marto Temebis SerCevaSi, aramed

mis mxatvrul xorcSesxmaSic, vinaidan miTosSemoqmedeba es aris mTeli

rigi komponentebis erToblioba: dafarulis intuitiuri wvdoma, marad

aqtualuri problematika, gamosaxvis xerxebis mravalferovneba. maT

nawarmoebebSi cxadi da irealuri xSirad erTmaneTs ise erwymis, rom

zogjer Wirs kidec maT Soris sazRvris gavleba. zRaprebis, legendebis,

sizmrebis xSiri moSvelieba mistiuris gancdas badebs, rasac simboloebisa

da alegoriebis mTeli wyeba kidev ufro amZafrebs. igive iTqmis miTosuri

arqetipebisa da miTiuri personaJebis gamoyenebaze.

45

1.3. TviTSemecneba, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis individualuri gza

“Seican Tavi Seni da Sen Seicnob samyaros”, delfos taZris am

warweras, rogorc zedroul Segonebas, mravali saukunea aqtualoba ar

daukargavs. sakuTari Tavis Semecneba nebismieri filosofiuri sistemis

amosavali wertilia. dasabamidan adamiani gaazrebulad Tu qvecnobierad

yofierebis sazrisis amoxsnas cdilobs. “bunebiT yvela adamiani

Semecnebisaken iswrafvis” (6, 25). ase iwyebs aristotele Tavis “metafizikas.”

romantikuli msoflmxedvelobiT, makrokosmosi aris adamianis,

bunebisa da RmerTis erTianoba. mikrokosmosi, ki aris adamiani _

makrokosmosis xati. novalisi mokled ase ganmartavs individisa da

samyaros urTierTmimarTebas: “individi cxovrobs mTelSi da mTeli

individSi” (82, 375). Sesabamisad, individis TviTSemecneba niSnavs samyaros

Semecnebas da piriqiT. “Cven vocnebobT samyaroSi mogzaurobaze _ gana

samyaro CvenSi araa? Cveni sulis siRrmeebs ar vicnobT _ maTken saidumlo

gza miemarTeba. CvenSi da sxvagan arsad aris maradisoba Tavisi sferoebiT

_ warsuliTa da momavliT” (82, 326). amrigad, adamiani da samyaro sinTezur

mTlianobas qmnian da TviTanalizi pirdapiri gzaa universumis saidumlos

amosaxsnelad: “Cven SevicnobT samyaros, Tu ki sakuTar Tavs SevicnobT,

radgan Cven da is (samyaro - n.b.) erTi mTlianis Semadgeneli ori naxevari

varT” (82, 386).

romantikosebi aRiareben samyaros Semecnebis Semdeg gzebs:

TviTSemecneba, romelic sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas gulisxmobs da xSirad

siyvarulis grZnobasTanaa gadajaWvuli, poeturi Semoqmedeba da

pirvelyofil bunebasTan Sexeba. samive procesi gaucnobierebel impulsebs

emyareba da mTavari aq intuiciaa.M

rogorc romantikuli, ise modernistuli msoflmxedveloba da

esTetika qadagebs iracionaluri sawyisis logikisa da racionaluri

azrovnebis gziT miuRwevlobas, roca adamiani ara maxvili gonebisa da

inteleqtis meSveobiT, aramed TviTCaRrmavebis, Wvretis, intuiciis gziT

Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs da Sesabamisad universums.

46

siyvarulSi xedavs fr. Slegeli adamianis yofierebis sazriss, misi

potencialis gamovlenis saSualebas: “adamiani mxolod siyvarulis

meoxebiT da siyarulis SecnobiT xdeba adamiani” (39, 83), es grZnoba

gamoarCevs mas sxva arsebebisgan. romantizmis Teoretikosi Semecnebis

procesSi siyvarulis udides mniSvnelobas usvams xazs: “vinc bunebas

swavlobs siyvarulis ideis gareSe, verasodes Seimecnebs mas” (39, 103).

siyvarulis Semmecnebeli funqciis Sesaxeb, Teoriul ganmartebas

“fragmentebis” saSualebiT novalisic iZleva da igive azrs aviTarebs: “rac

gviyvars, yvelgan imas vnaxulobT, yvelgan mis msgavss vxedavT. rac ufro

didia siyvaruli, miT ufro farToa da mravalferovani es msgavseba. Cemi

Seyvarebuli universumis Semcirebuli formaa, universumi ki misi

gavrcobili forma” (82, 354).

novalissac, sxva romantikosebis msgavsad, siyvarulis grZnoba

kosmiur movlenaTa rangSi ahyavs. misTvis qali ara marto “samyaros

gasaRebia”, yvelafers saukeTesos, naTels, saimedos da sanatrels mas

ukavSirebs. novalisis romanis “hainrix fon ofterdingenis” yvela ocneba

qalis xatTan aris gaigivebuli _ cisfer yvavils qalis saxe aqvs,

“aRTqmul” qveyanas, ganxorcielebul “oqros xanas”, romelic odesme unda

damyardes, jinistani hqvia _ qalis saxeli, freiac (germanikuli

miTologiis mixedviT siyvarulisa da gazafxulis qalRmerTi), romelic

romanSi mSvidobasa da samyaros harmonias ganasaxierebs, aseve qalia.

novalisis proza sul or nawarmoebs moicavs. esenia: moTxroba

“saiseli Segirdebi” da romani “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”. orive maTganis

mTavari Tema Semecnebis problemas ukavSirdeba.

“saiseli moswavleebi” gvTavazobs samyaros Semecnebas bunebis

Seswavlis gziT, Tumca amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT masSi CarTul

zRaparze, romelic nawarmoebis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgens da romelic erTgvari miTia samyaros Semecnebis Sesaxeb:

hiacinti miatovebs ra ojaxs, Seyvarebul rozenbluts, eZiebs izidas

saburvelmosil qandakebas, radganac misTvis ridis axda dafarulis

gacxadebas gulisxmobs. bevri dabrkolebis gadalaxvis Semdeg miakvlevs

47

mas, saburvelis qveS ki Tavis rozenbluts aRmoaCens. gamodis, rom hiacinti

im codnas, riskenac iswrafvis, imTaviTve flobs, is masSia, mis wiaRSia,

romlis gaxsenebaSic siyvaruli exmareba.

nawarmoebis morali martivia da moTxrobis dasawyisSive formulis

saxiT aris mocemuli: “adamiani imas eZebs, rac aqvs da amgvarad amaze meti

arasodes upovnia” (81, 95). siuJetis mTeli ganviTareba am sentenciis

gamarTlebas emsaxureba.

msgavsi siuJeturi xazis garSemo viTardeba moqmedeba romanSi “hainrix

fon ofterdingeni”. Semecnebis simbolos isev qalis saxe aqvs.

rozenblutad gardasaxul izidas qandakebas aq cisferi yvavilidan

momzirali matilde cvlis. hainrixis mTeli cxovreba cisferi yavavilis

Zieba _ anu Semecnebaa. am mizans emsaxureba misi yoveli moqmedeba _

mogzauroba, poeturi Semoqmedebis arsis Secnoba, poetad Camoyalibeba.

hainrixis sulier ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens mogzauroba,

saintereso adamianebTan saubari. cnobili poetis – klingzoris gacnoba

mis, rogorc romantikos poetad formirebas uwyobs xels, magram Semecnebis

gzaze mTavari mainc matildea. am momxibvleli, nazi arsebis prototipi

novalisis naadrevad gardacvlili satrfo _ sofi fon kiunia. matilde

hainrixis sacole da muza xdeba, amasTan mfarveli angelozic.

siyvarulis magiuri Zalis daxmarebiT ukavSirdeba hainrixi zeciur

sferoebs: “Seni wyalobiT mecxadeba RmerTi” (79, 136), “Sen STamagoneb

zeciur xilvebs ...” (79, 137) – eubneba igi sayvarel qals. matildes

sikvdilis Semdegac grZnobs hainrixi satrfos siaxlovesa da Semweobas.

muxis xidan misi xma Camoesmis, romelic amSvidebs da pirdeba, rom ar

miatovebs, ugzavnis patara gogonas _ cianes, romelmac unda anugeSos

sasowarkveTaSi myofi poeti da sicocxlis bolomde misi Semwe iyos.

siyvaruli SeaZlebinebs hainrixs gadalaxos mravali dabrkoleba da roca

Semecnebis umaRles mwvervals – cisfer yvavils ixilavs, is matilde

aRmoCndeba.

siyvarulis grZnoba romantikosebTan kosmiuri Zalis mqonea, mas

ZaluZs aRmofxvras ufskruli adamiansa da universums Soris, es grZnoba

48

sruliad realuri, miwieri grZnobaa. swored qalisa da mamakacis

siyvarulSi ipoves romantikosebma samyaros udidesi saidumloebis amoxsna,

im grZnobaSi, romelic adamianma sakuTar TavSi unda aRmoaCinos.

igive SegviZlia vTqvaT gr. robaqiZis gmirebze, radgan TviTSemecneba

qarTvel mweralTanac sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba da “ukve yofilis”

gaxsenebaa. amas mnemosina hqvia. “mnemosina organuli grZnobaa, msoflio

sxeulis grZnoba. bavSvi moswyda mSoblis sxeuls, gamoeyo da moSorda mas,

mieca erTgvar Rames miviwyebisas; magram unamdviles sicocxlis Jams igi

Tvals axels da grZnobs Tavissave arsebaSi mSoblis sxuls, ixsenebs

mraval saukunes.. da ai aq, mis sulier unamdviles gancdaSi mTeli

msoflio WeSmaritad usazRvro mogonebad iSleba” (125, 311).

sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa da TviTSemecnebis gziT usasrulobasTan

ziarebaze saubrobs mwerali eseSi “nefertitis Tavi”. misi dakvirvebiT

nefertitis mzera Sebrunebulia sakuTari Tavisken da amgvarad, sadRac

siRrmeSi sakuTari arsebobis bnel pirvelsawyiss SeigrZnobs, rac

maradisobasTan Sexebis tolfasia.

sakuTari Tavis maZiebelia “gvelis perangis” mTavari moqmedi gmiri

arCibald mekeSi. igi saocar miusafrobasa da sulier simartoves ganicdis.

ver upovia adgili sazogadoebaSi, sulieri simSvide. “mekeSi eZebs Tavis

Tavs. ver naxulobs fesvebs” (89, 28), rasac igi Zalze mtkivneulad ganicdis.

oTxi wlis asakSi mamis mier saqarTvelodan sagvareulo sens evropaSi

garidebul, gvar-saxel Secvlil arCibalds mSobliuri kuTxisa da

dakarguli mamis monatreba, sakuTari fesvebis Secnobis wyurvili ayenebs

Ziebis gzaze.

romanis dasawyisSi WeSmaritad tragikul pirovnebad warmogvidgeba

igi: fesvebs mowyvetili, awmyosa da aqedan gamomdinare, momavlis armqone

adamiania. warsuli uTuod aqvs, oRond didi xnis win daviwyebuli, Tumca

mis sulSi minavlebuli cecxli nel-nela Zalas ikrefs. arCibald mekeSi

uRrmavdeba sakuTar arsebas, ixsenebs qvecnobierSi daleqil, miZinebul

informacias. evropidan sparseTis gavliT saqarTvelosken gza ufro mokle

da iolia, vidre sakuTari sulis xveulebSi xetiali. es emociurad

49

datvirTuli da Rrma flisiqologizmiT aRbeWdili mogzaurobaa, romlis

Sedegadac arCibald mekeSi romanis dasasruls arCil mayaSvilad

transformirebuli mogvevlineba.

sakuTar fesvebze myarad wamomarTuli axla ukve srulfasovnad

SeigrZnobs saamayo warsuls, awmyos, momavals ki imediT Sehyurebs,

Zveleburad aRar aSinebs da afiqrebs, aRarc iseTi bundovani da

gaurkveveli Cans.

Semecneba erTbaSad ar xdeba. hainrixis msgavsad arCibaldic

mogzaurobisas gzadagza arkvevs, xsnis saidumlos. araerTi SemTxvevis,

araerT adamianTan Sexvedris Semdeg agnebs “fesvebs”. misi sulis unazes

simebs arxevs mamis suraTi, qarTvelebTan Sexvedra, maTi simRera, vamexi,

romliTac pirveli naxvisTanave ixibleba da Tan raRac gaucnobierebel

mizidulobas grZnobs mis mimarT. misi iniciaciis gzaze umniSvnelovanes

rols TamaSobs taba-tabaჲs filosofiuri saubrebi, mamis danatovari

kolofi qarTuli miwiTa da irubaqiZeTa sagvareulos matianiT da bolos

matasi. Ziebis procesSi sxvadasxva etapze misTvis gezis mimcemi aRmoCndeba

TiToeuli es adamiani Tu movlena. aseTia gza arCibaldis sulieri

metamorfozis. sabolood gzaabneuli Svili ubrundeba mamas.

mekeSis mier sakuTari Tavisa da fesvebis Zieba sairmeSi, mis

samSobloSi sruldeba. rom ara matasi, igi apirebs dabrundes isev

evropasa Tu aziaSi, iyos isev miusafari da ugvartomo. raoden mtkivneulic

ar unda iyos, igi wasvlis gadawyvetilebas iRebs, Sordeba imas, riskenac

ase moiltvoda. yvelaferze uars ambobs, mxolod matasis siyvaruli

aRmoCndeba gadaulaxavi zRude. swored matasi abrunebs mas ukan da bolos

uRebs arCibaldis gaTiSvas Tavis “fesvebTan”. sagulisxmo momentia –

uCumrad wasul mekeSs vamexi matass daadevnebs cxeniT, imis nacvlad, rom

TviTon moagvaros es saqme, radgan Tvlis, rom gadamwyvet momentSi swored

siyvarulma unda Tqvas bolo sityva. rogorc hainrixis Zieba sruldeba

matildesTan misvliT, ise arCibaldisTvisac matasi aRmoCndeba erTgvari

xidi warsulsa da momavals Soris. “arCil mayaSvili, romelic Tavis TavSi

50

mokvdav da ukvdav mamas atarebs, iltvis matasisken, rogorc dedamiwis

dedobrivi saSosken. maTi Serwyma niSnavs arasrulyofilebidan

srulyofilebisaken aRmasvlas, mamis wiaRisken swrafva moiazreba

arCibaldis mier mamulSi, “saSoSi” dabrunebis mcdelobad. es ki matasis

siyvaruliT xorcieldeba” (66, 27).

xdeba arCibaldis xelaxali dabadeba, romelic gvelis mier Zveli

perangis gaxdas hgavs. gmiris mier sakuTari transcendenturi “me”-s

aRmoCena, Tu masTan dabruneba, rac RvTaebriv pirvelsawyisTan ziarebas

niSnavs, aRiqmeba, rogorc darRveuli kosmiuri mTlianobis aRdgena.

matasis wvlili arCibaldis mier sakuTari Tavis Secnobasa da

kuTvnili adgilis damkvidrebaSi gadamwyvetia. arCibalds matasis

gacnobamde sxva uyvars. mkiTxveli mowme xdeba sasiyvarulo istoriis, roca

misi trfobis obieqti olga balaSovaa. olga Cveulebrivi, miwieri, Zlieri,

saqmiani da damoukidebeli qalia. matasi ki – bavSvuri, miamiti, alali da

xalasi adamiani. sakuTar arsebaSi miwierTan erTad RvTiursac aerTianebs.

albaT, swored amas SeigrZnobs arCibaldi, roca mas da wminda

qalwuls – ninos Soris msgavsebas xedavs: “matasi – ninoa. Tu daxata

matasi – nino iqneba” (89, 169). arCibaldis trfoba da misadmi ltolva

aRiqmeba rogorc pirvelsawyisTan miaxloeba. matasi xom “miwaa” da

arCibaldic erTvis mis wiaRs.

matasi ninosTan, nata ki, “Cakluli sulis” erT-erTi mTavari

personaJi, Tavad pirvel qalTan – evasTan aris gaigivebuli: “misTvis evas

Semdeg dro ar gasula: is jer kidev Zveli eva iyo – pirvelqmnili.

pirvelqmnili xom RmerTis nawili unda iyos” (98, 15). evas garda igi

Sedarebulia neiTTan, igive izidasTan, romelic aseve pirveli qalia.

kidev erTi paralelis Sesaxeb: “saxeli matasi laTinuri “Mater”-is

analogiaa. aseve laTinuri fuZis semantikas mianiSnebs personaJis saxeli

“nata” romanidan “Cakluli suli”. Natus – Sobili, Terra Nata – miwis

aRmonaceni, miwis nayofi” (48, 296).

51

robaqiZis esTetikaSi “miwa” samyaros sulia, amitom personaJebi,

romelTa wiaRSic mwerali miwas xedavs, “kosmiuri ynosvis” mqoneni arian.

Sesabamisad, maTTan siaxlove uflis samyofelTan miaxlebas hgavs.

moralurad da sulierad ganadgurebuli TamazisTvis, romelsac ar

asvenebs kiTxva: “sad xar, RmerTo?” RmerTis Zieba gpu-Si (saxelmwifo

politikuri sammarTvelos rusuli abreviatura) gatarebulma dReebma da im

saSinelma eWvma gadaawyvetina, romelic gpu-s jojoxeTze ufro mZime iyo.

mosvenebas ar aZlevs imis fiqri, rom megobris sikvdilSi brali miuZRvis.

SeuZlebelia aseTi ram RmerTis monawileobiT momxdariyo. Tumca, marto

Tamazma ki ara, bevrma daijera uRmerToba. qveyanaSi datrialebuli ambebi,

ara Tu qristianul, aranairi adamianuri zneobis normebSi ar jdeboda.

mwerali totalitaruli saxelmwifos arahumanuri reJimis warmoCenis

fonze aRwers sabWoTa adamianis savalalo beds. sulisSemZvreli

sicxadiTaa naCvenebi sabWoeTis _ pirovneba CamorTmeuli individebis qveynis

_ damTrgunveli garemo, sadac mizanmimarTulad xdeba axali ideologiis

mier religiisa da winaparTa adaT – wesebis devna. vxedavT, Tu rogor

SeiZleba RvTismgmobel, mudmivi TvalTvalisa da SiSis pirobebSi adamiani

uneblie damnaSaved iqces da sruliad apolitikuri pirovneba gaxdes

politikuri intrigebis msxverpli. ase emarTeba Tamazsac.

“saidumlo magida” da “mesame Tvali” adamianebs aiZulebs iyvnen

yalbni, moCvenebiTad samagaliToni. maTi neba SeboWilia, namdvil saxes

niRabi ufaravT, yvelaferi falsificirebulia. adamianebi fizikur

gadarCenaze fiqroben, suli aRaravis axsovs. Tamazic fxizlad

“akontrolebs” sakuTar Tavs, naTqvams, namoqmedars. erTi araswori sityva,

mimikac ki SeiZleba Zvirad daujdes. am sulis SemxuTvel garemoSi, roca

sakuTari fiqric ki, gonebis kunWulSi gamkrTal-gaelvebuli SiSis

momgvrelia, mxolod natas siyvarulSi hpovebs igi Svebas. masTan Tavis

Tavs ubrundeba, mxolod am adamianTan urTierTobaSia igi “namdvili”.

udabnoSi aRmocenebul oaziss hgavs maTi siyvaruli, romelic gpu-Si

gatarebuli dReebis Semdeg erTiorad Zvirfasi xdeba. TamazisTvis mxolod

satrfosTan siaxlove aRmoCndeba cxovelmyofeli. “natas siaxlove

52

amSvidebda; qalis saidumlos locavda” (98, 149). qali mucladmyofi nayofiT

SeagrZnebinebs, rom igi samyaros mTlianobaSi, maradiulobaSia CarTuli:

“Tamazi grZnobda, rom mama iyo axla, im mamis nawili da gagrZeleba,

romelsac mudam Tayvans scemda” (98, 148). sayvarel adamianTan bolo vizitis

Semdeg xvdeba, rom aRar aris “adamianuri arseba” nel-nela sulieri

simSvide eufleba. gamudmebul Ziebas mosdevs is Sedegi, rom Tamazi

bolosdabolos poulobs dakargul RmerTs. natasadmi siyvaruli

aRmoCndeba misi damakavSirebeli zeciur substanciasTan, radgan “qali

kosmiurad ufro Zlieria, vidre kaci” (98, 19). albaT SemTxveviT ar xdeba,

rom Tamaz enguris iniciacia fizikur doneze im adgilidan iwyeba, sadac

erTi wlis win natasTan erTad ubednieresi wuTebi gaatara: “bundovan

instinqts daemorCila, kojorisken gaswia. sam saaTSi iq iyo. Tendeboda. im

kaklis xes miakiTxa, romlis baraqian CrdilSi gasul wels ubednieresi

wamebi gaatara natasTan. xes miuaxlovda, mis damskdar kans mieyrdno: wuTiT

moeCvena, rom misi sakuTari cxovreba saukunis iqiT miedineboda” (98, 152).

miRmiuri samyaros saidumloebasTan miaxlebad ganixileba

gansakuTrebuli fenomeni da uZvelesi xevsuruli tradicia – sworfruli

siyvaruli moTxrobaSi “engadi”. mwerali am bolomde amoucnobi movlenis

sakuTar axsnas gvTavazobs. masTan qal-vaJs Soris urTierToba ar

daiyvaneba mxolod fizikur Tu biologiur doneze, romelic

axalgazrdebis gasarTobad aris mogonili. gr. robaqiZe am fenomens

filosofiur planSi gaiazrebs. “sworfrobis, rogorc xatis dacva,

Seucnobeli, miRmiuri samyaros Semecnebisken swrafvaa, sakuTari

srulqmnilebis miRwevaa, romlis akrZaluli saidumlo Seucnoblad miiRo

qarTvelma (xevsurma) da masSi sqesis saidumlo gaxsna” (66, 57). saidumlo ki

SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “RvTiur ars siyorul; xorciel igemeb – mohklav

mas, iwvod mxolod!” (99, 128). aqac siyvarulis RvTiurTan, zeciurTan

wilnayarobazea saubari.

sworfruli siyvaruliviT wminda grZnoba akavSirebT erTmaneTTan

drama “lamaras” gmirebs _ mindiasa da lamaras. gr. robaqiZis gmirebs

Soris mindia yvelaze srulyofili personaJia, romelic “samyaroul

53

mTlianobaSia” CarTuli. esmis yvela sulierisa Tu usulos ena. es harmonia

droebiT irRveva. mas Semdeg, rac lamaras TorRvai moitacebs, mindiasaTvis

buneba utyvi xdeba. mxolod siyvaruli da Tavganwirva, sayvareli qalisa da

TvistomTa keTildReobisaTvis sikvdilze sakuTari nebiT wasvla exmareba

mas kvlav Seerwyas samyaros erTianobas da Tavi universumis nawilad

igrZnos.

s. axmetelis SefasebiT, “lamara” “rainduli romantizmis” SesaniSnavi

nimuSia. aqac robaqiZiseuli wminda, amaRlebuli grZnoba iZerweba

mkiTxvelis Tvalwin. iseTi, rogorsac romantikosi poetebi umRerodnen.

mindia namdvili raindiviT Soridan Sestrfis lamaras. mis yovel

moqmedebasa Tu naTqvamSi gamosWvivis qalisadmi uZlieresi, ulamazesi

grZnobis garda mowiweba da pativiscema. misi keTildReobisTvis sicocxlec

ar enaneba. lamarasadmi siyvaruli mas Tavganwirvisken ubiZgebs. amas emateba

TvistomTa bedis gamo wuxili: SiSobs, rom xevsurebsa da qistebs Soris

sisxli daiRvreba, afiqrebs orive xalxis bedi, aseve sayvareli qalis mZime

sulieri mdgomareoba, gamowveuli qmris _ TorRvais mier misi (lamaras n.b.)

Zmis mkvlelobiT. qalis siyvarulis gamo Tavganwirva aRadgens masa da

bunebas Soris darRveul mTlianobas. igi lamaras gamZvinvarebul mamasTan

warsdgeba, mzad aris Seewiros siyvaruls: “sisxl Cemze aiRebd.. Sen

damSviddebod.. lamarac morCeboda!” _ eubneba igi TorRvais (91, 179).

rogorc q. Sengelia aRniSnavs, aqac “mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala

siyvarulia. “lamaraSi” samyaros aRqmis centri qalis siyvarulSia

gasxivosnebuli”. (124, 49).

mindias msgavsad Tamazic (drama “londa”) uars ambobs sicocxleze

siyvarulis gamo. simboluria, rom mweralma piesa, romelic sikvdilis

meSveobiT sicocxlisa da siyvarulis gamaradiulebas umReris,

gardacvlili Svilis xsovnas miuZRvna.

siyvarulica da sikvdilic maradiulobis Tanaziari movlenebia.

siyvarulis Semmecnebeli Zala oTar moSairisaTvis gacxadebuli

WeSmaritebaa:

“siyvaruli Svebaa axali

54

saca RmerTi cxaddeba” (91, 20).

swored am grZnobis saxeliT Tamazi sikvdils arCevs. sikvdili

robaqiZis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi ganixileba rogorc yofierebis erTi

formis dasasruli da meoris dasawyisi. adamiani maradiulobas Seerwymis

da am gziT eziareba umaRles WeSmaritebas.

Tamazs Semecnebis survili ar amoZravebs. mas satrfosTan ganSoreba

eZneleba da msxverpladSewirul londasTan erTad ufskrulSi vardeba.

marTalia, arapirdapir, magram siyvaruli am SemTxvevaSic adamianis

maradisobasTan ziarebas emsaxureba.

wminda, Zlier siyvaruls ganadidebs piesa “malStremi”. moqmedeba

didi, industriuli qalaqis fonze mimdinareobs. am sivrceSi yvelaferi

yalbia da xelovnuri, daclili sulierebisa da zneobisagan. mxolod

morellasa da ucnobs Soris aRmocenebuli siyvaruli esaxeba mkiTxvels

TviTnabad grZnobad, dafuZnebuli sulis siRrmidan momdinare impulsebze.

es grZnoba sabedisweroa da ewirebian kidec gmirebi am siyvaruls.

morella nebayoflobiT midis sikvdilze, imis SiSiT, rom mdevars

xelSi Cauvardeba da mis siyvaruls wabilwvis safrTxe daemuqreba, Tavad

sTxovs ucnobs, mouswrafos sococxle. ase amaradiulebs ara marto im

grZnobas, rac masTan akavSirebs, aramed sicocxlesac, romelic fizikuri

sikvdiliT ar mTavrdeba.

morellas didi guli aqvs. mas SeuZlia Seiyvaros sazogadoebisagan

uaryofili, gandegili keTrovnebi. fizikurad jansaR, magram suliT

damaxinjebul, dacemul adamianebTan urTierTobas mZime sneulebiT

Sepyrobil, magram wminda zneobis xalxTan yofnas arCevs. moyvasisa da

ucnobis siyvaruli zecamde aamaRlebs mas. qristianoba xom siyvarulsa da

humanurobas qadagebs. ucnobic masTan urTierTobaSi eziareba maradisobas.

sakuTari arsebobis gamarTlebas xedavs momavali Svilis sicocxleSi:

“morella! Sen miwis mkerdi xar.

me Sens denaSi var naTeli.

me Sens badeSi var nayofieri (91, 73).

. . . . . . . . . . .

55

Cemi bedi STainTqa Sen bnel wiaRSi.

UCemi asruleba nayofSia: romelsac Sen atareb..” (91, 74).

daumTavrebeli romani “falestra” raRaciT Camohgavs “malStrems”.

mwerali aqac urbanistuli civilizaciis uSinaarso, TvalTmaqcur yofas

xatavs. kavalla mTis amayi Svilia. masSic igrZnoba monatreba “miwis”,

erTis mxriv, rogorc geologiuri warmonaqmnis, ise sakuTari fesvebis. is

garemo, sadac axla cxovrobs, Zalian gansxvavdeba misi mSobliuri, RviZli

samyarosgan. kavalla, ise rogorc, gr. robaqiZis sxva qali personaJebi,

maradqaluri fenomenis matarebelia. igi neiTTan aris Sedarebuli.

gr. robaqiZesTan siyvaruli “sxvad” qcevis process ukavSirdeba, rac

Soreul “me”-Si gadasvliT xorcieldeba da Tavis mxriv “samyaroul

mTlianobaSi” CarTulobiT aris ganpirobebuli. swored es mTlianoba

exmareba adamians sxvaSi sakuTari nawili aRmoaCinos, aq unda veZeboT “sxva

Cemis” amoxsna. gavixsenoT saidumloebiT moculi egvipturi warwera,

romelic gr. robaqiZem epigrafad waumZRvara “gvelis perangs”:

”Cemi Zma

aryofili

viTar miyvardis

umetes mzisa

da umetes xmalisa

rameTu iyo igi

sxva Cemi.

sityva amoWrili hamadanSi

naxul xvlikisfer qvaze”

(89, 7).

am saidumlos amoxsnas vpoulobT misive eseSi “eris suli da

Semoqmedeba”: “erosiT frTaasxmuli eZebs adamiani Tavis namdvil saxebas,

Tavis meore “mes”; sicocxlis gzajvaredins miyenebuli naxulobs igi ima

“mes”, ima saxebas, eqsoveba da esxeuleba mas erTarsebad, _ da wuTier

mTvrali svams neqtars ukvdavebisas. man Seiyvara _ da igrZno ukvdaveba”

(125, 309).

56

meore “me”-Si ar igulisxmeba aucileblad sapirispiro sqesi.

magaliTad, arCibaldisTvis igi aris matasi da vamexi, mindiasTvis lamara

da “Citis guli” (zogadad yvela sulieri Tu usulo), morellam ucnobTan

erTad keTrovnebis siyvarulSi naxa TviTgasruleba. adamiani sxva “me”-Si

gadasvliT yvela arsebas da e.i. samyaros SeerTvis.

“sxvai Cemis” poeturi gadaZaxilia gr. robaqiZis leqsi “pani”.

Soreul “me”-sTan dasakavSireblad ar arsebobs sivrciTi Tu droiTi

dabrkoleba. leqsis lirikuli gmiri aswleulebs iqiT iyureba:

“meoba mnaTi iwvis xvaviT alis foTlebSi,

saxe Secnoba ifliTeba cecxlis landebiT.

aTas wels iqiT aqve viyav xom areuli, _

dRes mas gavcqeri Tavis Tavis me oreuli!

maSinac ase mZvinvarebda SuadRis cecxli.

iyo siCume uyuJesi da umZimesi...

nuTu vifiqro, rom sacadi Cemi sicocxle _

mogonebaa datvirTuli mxolod vinmesi!” (95, 3).

kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT samyaros usasrulobasa da mTlianobaSi.

aseve aTaswleulebs gamzers hamadanSi arCibaldi. igi hamadanis Semogarenis

Tvalierebisas mogonebebSi iZireba da ixsenebs ori aTasi wlis win

momxdars, Tu rogor Semoagelva Tavisi bucefali aleqsandrem ekbatanis

simagreebSi da daamarcxa aqemenidebi. arCibaldi “TvalRia sizmriT”

ukavSirdeba Soreul “mes”.

adamianis mier sakuTar wiaRSi siyvarulis unaris aRmoCena da sxvaSi

Tavisi Tavis Secnoba umaRlesi WeSmaritebis Semecnebis gzaze udaod

xelSemwyobi pirobaa, rasac novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa

analizis safuZvelze savsebiT vrwmundebiT.

erTi mxriv - matasi da nata, meore mxriv rozenbluti da matilde

maTTvis gulanTebul Tayvanismcemlebs exmarebian sakuTari arsis gaxsnaSi,

rac paralelurad samyaros arsis wvdomas emsaxureba. Tuki am personaJebis

yvela meore naxevari - arCibaldi (“gvelis perangi”), Tamazi (“Cakluli

suli”), hiacinti (“saiseli Segirdebi”) da hainrixi (“hainrix fon

57

ofterdingeni”) – sruliad gaazrebulad eswrafian Seimecnon aqamde

Seucnobeli, farda axadon dafarul saidumlos, mindiasa (“lamara”) da

Tamazs (“londa”) Semecnebis ase gamoxatuli survili ar gaaCniaT, Tumca

siyvarulis grZnoba maT “samyaroul mTlianobaSi” dabrunebas ganapirobebs.

igulisxmeba Tamazis maradiul samyofelSi gadasaxleba da mindias mier

bunebis enis saidumlos kvlav Secnoba. rac Seexeba sworfrobas, igi

SeiZleba SevadaroT rusTveliseul trfobas, romelic robaqiZis eniTve

rom vTqvaT, “SoriTi acecxlebaa”, sadac “cnaurdeba samyaro Tavisi arsiT”

(96, 2).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, romantikuli da modernistuli

msoflmxedvelobiT Semecnebis mTavari wyaro intuiciaa. WeSmariteba

analizis, logikisa da gansjis meSveobiT ar miiRweva. es procesi ufro

“Sinagania”, adamianis sulis siRrmidan momavali, romelic sagnisa Tu

movlenis arsis Secnobisken aris mimarTuli.

gasakviri ar aris, rom romantikosi gmirebi ara praqtikosi, aramed

mWvreteli adamianebi arian. aseTia novalisis gandegili (”hainrix fon

ofterdingeni”), romelic gaqcevia cxovrebas, dros mogonebasa da WvretaSi

atarebs. cxovrebis oromtriali am procesisaTvis xelisSemSleli pirobaa.

gandegili sakuTari dakvirvebidan gamomdinare askvnis: “mWvretel adamians

dabrkolebad eRobeba didi da mravalferovani movlenebi, misi xvedri

ubralo cxovrebaa” (79, 113). mWvreteli adamianis moqmedebis are

SeuzRudavia, igi distanciidan Wvrets da ufro masStaburad aRiqvams

movlenebs.

platonis, aristoteles, Toma aqvinelis mixedviT intuicia gagebulia

rogorc inteligibeluri movlena, gansakuTrebuli sinamdvilis (empiriulis

sawinaarmdego) aragrZnobadi aRqma. dekarti, სpinoza da laibnici intuicias

inteleqtualuri Semecnebis umaRlesi saxed, axali codnis uSualo,

gonebis mtkicebulebebze dauyrdnoblad miRwevis saSualebad miiCneven.

kantisTvis intuicia samyaros uSualo Semecnebis saSualebaa, xolo

fixtes, Selingis, bergsonis, huserlis, loskis, aseve egzistencializmis,

58

neoTomizmis, realizmis da pragmatizmis warmomadgenlebisTvis intuicia

individualuri cnobierebis siRrmeebSi SeRwevis mistikur saSualebas, “me”-

s, nebis, sicocxlis, egzistenciis da misT. arsis gagebas uTanabrdeba (74,

425).

marTalia, intuicia bevradaa damokidebuli individze da im garemo-

pirobebze, romelSic is imyofeba, magram garemos poeturi aRqmis

SemTxvevaSi mas erTgvarad universaluri funqcia ekisreba. intuitiurad

Semmecnebeli adamianis SesaniSnavi magaliTia poeti. sxvadasxva epoqaSi

sxvadasxvagvari iyo Semoqmedi adamianisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.

antikur epoqaSi xelovneba wminda saqmianobad iTvleboda. radgan poetebi

STagonebas apolonisa da muzebisagan iRebdnen, brZen adamianad miiCneodnen.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom filosofosebis umravlesoba sakuTar

ideebs poetur teqstebSi gadmoscemen (platoni, aristotele). cota

mogvianebiT, romaeli poetis gaius valerius katulusis (84-54 w.w. Zv. w.)

moRvaweobis periodSi poeturi saqmianoba aRiqmeba rogorc kerZo aqtivoba

sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis gareSe. horaciusi (65-8 w.w. Zv. w.) mijnavs poetsa

da winaswarmetyvels erTmaneTisagan. misi azriT, poeti unda axalisebdes

adamians, emociebs aRZravdes, aswavlides da ara winaswarmetyvelebdes.

Sua saukuneebSi poezia erTgvari xelobaa. poeti warmogvidgeba

rogorc ganmmartebeli, xalxisTvis RvTiuri codnis gamziarebeli. mxolod

aRorZinebis epoqaSi aRiqmeba igi, rogorc Semoqmedi, romelic RmerTis

darad axal samyaros qmnis, ibadeba geniis kulti. Tuki aqamde poetis

pirovnuloba ukana planze iyo, axla Semoqmedis individualuri niWi wina

planze inacvlebs, romelic gulisxmobs ara marto mis SemoqmedebiT

talants, aramed mdidar sulier samyarosac, rac kidev ufro Rrmavdeba

romantizmis epoqaSi. germanuli romantizmis cnobili Teoretikosi

fridrix Slegeli poetis Sesaxeb wers: “WeSmaritia poeti, romlis

xelovnebac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas SeuZlia yvelaze Cveulebrivad da

yoveldRiurad miCneuli poetur samyaroSi sruliad axleburad da

ferSeucvlelad warmoaCinos, Cados masSi umaRlesi mniSvneloba da [...]

gamoicnos misi uRrmesi azri [...] sinamdvilisa da Tanadroulobis

59

arapirdapiri gadmocema xelovans SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamoxatos

maradiuli, yovelTvis da yvelgan mSvenieri, mniSvnelovani da sayovelTao”

(39, 66-67). romantikos a. fon arnimis azriT, poeturi nawarmoebi

mowodebulia “samyaros daubrunos sulisa da materiis dakarguli erToba”

(39, 152). radgan “ar SeiZleba universumis arc axsna, arc wvdoma, aramed

mxolod gaxsna da Wvreta” (39, 150), es yvelaze metad poets ZaluZs.

novalisis azriT, poezia ufro kargad swvdeba universums, ukeT

aRiqvams mis siRrmes mecnierebasTan SedarebiT, radgan e.w. meeqvse grZnoba

Semecnebis process ufro aiolebs. novalisi poetis arsis Semdeg

ganmartebas iZleva: “WeSmariti poeti yovlis mcodnea _ igi namdvili

samyaroa mcire masStabiT” (82, 401). Mmis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebic ufro

utyuaria, vidre swavlulis. Mmecnieris racionalur gonebasa da poetis

intuicias Soris romantikosebi am ukanasknels aniWeben upiratesobas.

Semoqmedi globalurad da meti siRrmiT Seimecnebs garesamyaros

mecnierTan SedarebiT. swavlulisaTvis is aris cnobili, rasac gonebis

ZaliT swvdeba. Mmovlena ki, romelic logikis sazRvrebs scildeba,

auxsneli rCeba. Mmxolod poezia, Semoqmedis moRvaweobis nayofi, mkiTxvels

gadauSlis dafarul saidumlos, iZleva pasuxs maradiul kiTxvebze.

amitomac, novalisi xelovnebis am dargsa da filosofias Soris pirdapir

kavSirs xedavs: “poezia filosofiis gmiria... filosofia poeziis Teoriaa”

(82, 401), wers igi “fragmentebSi”.

germanel romantikosTa gmirebis umravlesoba xelovania,

SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli adamiani. sayvareli personaJi mainc

poetia _ usazRvro fantaziis mqone, jadoqari, romelic warmosaxvis

samyaroSi erTmaneTis sapirispiro movlenebs arigebs, dabrkolebebs

gadalaxavs.

novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingenSi” naCvenebia mTavari gmiris,

axalgazrda ymawvilis, hainrixis poetad Camoyalibeba sulieri evoluciis

gziT, Tumca mwerali ar gamoricxavs Semecnebis racionalur gzas.

nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT: “kacTa modgmis istoria ori gziT Seimecneba:

erTi gza metad Sori da Zneladsavalia, amis garda uamravi gaukvalavi

60

bilikiTaa daserili; es gamocdilebis gza gaxlavT; meore gza _ erTi

naxtomiT SeiZleba ganvlos kacma; es Sinagani Wvretis gzaa. visac pirveli

gziT gadauwyvetia siaruli, man erTmaneTs unda Seujeros movlenebi da

Caataros mosawyeni gaangariSebebi; meore gziT mosiarule kaci ki uSualod

swvdeba yoveli ambisa Tu movlenis arss” (79, 53).

romani miznad isaxavs poetisa da poeziis rolis warmoCenas.

Semoqmedi mowodebulia bunebis saidumloebebis amosaxsnelad, bunebasa da

adamians Soris gaucxoebis dasaZlevad da dakarguli kavSiris aRsadgenad.

avtoris CanafiqriT, Tavad romani unda yofiliyo “poeziis apoTeozi”.

romanis pirvel nawilSi gadmocemulia hainrixis swrafva, gaxdes

poeti, igi emsaxureba momavali poetis codniTa da sxvadasxva

STabeWdilebebiT gamdidrebas, meore nawilSi ki, am sanukvari ocnebis

asrulebaa naCvenebi. Aaizenaxidan augsburgamde mogzaurobisas xdeba gmiris

momzadeba am didi misiisTvis. igi gzadagza xvdeba da ecnoba sxvadasxva

profesiis xalxs, ismens maT monaTxrobs, rac misi gonebrivi da sulieri

Tvalsawieris gafarToebas emsaxureba, Rrmavdeba masSi romantikuli suli,

magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena poet klingzorisa da misi asulis _

matildes gacnobaa. swored klingzoris saubrebi exmareba mas poeturi

xelovnebis mTeli xiblisa da idumalebis SecnobaSi. poezia warmoudgeba

rogorc Sinagani Zalisxmeva, romlis mizansac ara movlenebis garegnuli

saxiT aRwera, aramed mis arsSi wvdoma, CaRrmaveba warmoadgens. WeSmarit

poets, rogorc “sxva varskvlavze dabadebuls”, Seswevs unari Seicnos

dafaruli saidumlo da ubralo mokvdavnic aziaros am codnas. igi maT

aqamde ucnob, miRma samyaros gadauSlis da mis saidumloebebs ucxadebs,

rac warmoadgens poeziis Tavdapirvel azrs. Hhainrixs jer kidev Tavisi

aRmzrdelis swavleba axsovs: “mgosani RvTis madliT cxebuli adamiania,

amitomac zenaarsTan uxilavi siaxloviT aRtacebuls, SeuZlia dedamiwas

netari hangebiT auwyos zeciuri sibrZneo” (82, 54). Pgarda amisa, igi, rogorc

RvTisgan rCeuli, gansakuTrebuli unaris mqone adamiania.Ffantaziasa da

moqargul enasTan erTad aqvs bunebis Zalebze zemoqmedebis unari. A

61

romanSi ismis monatreba Zveli drois poetebis, romelnic magiur

Zalebs flobdnen. hqondaT uCveulo sakravebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac

saocar hangebs gamoscemdnen, SeeZloT bunebis Zalebis sulebis gamowveva,

mZvinvare mxecebis moTviniereba, aboboqrebuli mdinareebis damSvideba... Ees

is dro iyo, roca “poetebi misnebic iyvnen da qurumebic” (82, 56).

aseTi poetebi arian romanSi CarTuli zRaprebis mTavari gmirebi.

pirvel maTganSi damuSavebulia legenda berZeni poetis _ arionis Sesaxeb.

vxdebiT misi xelovnebisa da niWis magiuri Zalis mowmeni. igi simRerebis

SeTxzvis xelovnebasTan erTad flobs bunebaze zemoqmedebis saocar unars.

survilisamebr mas emorCilebian bunebis stiqionebi da mZvinvare urCxuli.

meore zRapris gmiric winamorbedis msgavsad poetia. Aaq ar Cans mis

mier bunebis Zalebze batonoba, magram aSkaraa adamianebze misi xelovnebis

keTilismyofeli zegavlena: Tu rogor ganawyobs sakuTari SemoqmedebiT

Tavis sasargeblod mefesa da mTel sasaxlis kars.

mesame zRaparSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor ixsnis poezia qveyanas

borotebisagan: arkturis sasaxle, romelic simbolurad RvTaebriv ZalTa

samyofels warmoadgens, srul uZraobas, mdumarebas, sicivesa da yinuls

moucavs. Mmas am jadosnobisagan aTavisufleben erosi _ siyvaruli da igavi,

igive poezia. qveynad mSvidoba, siyvaruli da harmonia isadgurebs,

marcxdeba proza da vxdebiT poeziis zeobis mowmeni.AzRaparSi borotebas,

momxveWelobas, sixarbes, qedmaRlobas poezia upirispirdeba da amarcxebs.

romantizmis msgavsad, modernizmisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli niSania

sulis saidumlo moZraobis, Zlieri grZnobebisa da adamianis “Crdilovani”

mxareebis warmoCena. Mmodernistebic miuTiTeben mecnierebis ususurobaze.

logika da racionalizmi meored XX saukunis dasawyisSi uaryves, rogorc

Semecnebis gza. erTxmad aitaces bergsonis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

adamiani realobas swvdeba intuiciis, instinqtisa da ara inteleqtis

saSualebiT.

gr. robaqiZis mTavari gmirebis umravlesobac xelovnebas emsaxureba.

maT Soris unda davasaxeloT poetebi _ oTar moSaire (piesa “londa”) da

levan orbeli (romani “graalis mcvelni”).

62

poeziaze qarTveli modernistic maRali azrisaa: “poeti, igive

xelovani momgonebelia Tavisi arsiT. Ees Tviseba yvela adamianSia, romelic

qveSecneulad sul gaxsenebaSia, sakuTari Tavis ZebnaSia, magram poets es

grZnoba gamZafrebuli aqvs. misTvis ufro iolia Caswvdes Zirebs, radgan

xelovani scildeba Semoqmedebis Jams empiriul-pirovnul sazRvrebs da

fantaziis (anu mnemosinis) gaSliT erTvis narnar ZafT msoflio qsovilisa”

(125, 311). SemoqmedebiTi procesi gr. robaqiZes warmoudgeba rogorc

“TvalRia sizmari”. es aris abstraqtuli simbolo, romelic niSnavs

“samyaros TviTarsis” WvretiT Semecnebas. saWiroa mxolod “gzneba”.

mTavaria mixvde, intuitiurad igrZno. “TvalRia sizmarSi” adamiani

usasrulo realobas erTvis. poeti maradisobas eaxleba SemoqmedebiTi wvis

procesSi da Tavisi xelovnebiT adamianebsac ukvdavebis Tanaziars xdis.

“aseTia saidumloeba SemoqmedebiTi Jamisa. am ucnaur Jams xelovani

scildeba fxizel yoveldRiurobas da Sedis Ramis samflobeloSi, saca igi

TvalRia sizmarSi gaxveuli, ufro naTlad umzers saxeTa warmoSobas...

diax, Tval-Ria sizmarSi!”…_ wers gr. robaqiZe (125, 312).……

piesa “londas” mniSvnelovani da gamorCeuli personaJia oTar

moSaire. misi piriT sibrZne RaRadebs, samyaros kosmiuri wyobis Sesaxeb

Semdeg azrs ayalibebs: qveyana ukideganoa, dasasruli da dasawyisi ar

gaaCnia, an vin icis, iqneb misi dasasruli dasawyisia da dasawyisi ki _

dasasruli:

“qveyanas ara aqvs arc saTauri da arc dasasruli” (91, 27) _ gvamcnobs

igi. poeti yvelaze ufro saRad moazrovne adamiania. qadagebs progresul

ideebs. swored mas uCndeba protestis grZnoba, roca movlenili gvalvis

gamo qurumi londas msxverplad Sewirvas gadawyvets. moSaire adamianis

msxverplSewirvis winaaRmdegia, erTaderTi mTels am xalxmraval

TavyrilobaSi Tamaz batoniSvilis Semdeg. Cans, rom xalxs igi uyvars,

interesiT ismenen mis monaTxrobs. is ambebi, rasac igi yveba, mniSvnelovani

informaciis Semcvelia. londas ucnauri, idumalebiT moculi, mistiuri

warmoSobis Sesaxeb swored moSaire amcnobs iq Sekrebil sazogadoebas.

63

hyveba aseve qalRmerTisa da Wabuki monadiris siyvarulis ambavs, romelsac

fataluri dasasruli aqvs. legenda TiTqos uxilavi ZafiT ukavSirdeba

londasa da Tamazis istorias. orive SemTxvevaSi siyvaruli da bediswera

wyvets, gansazRvravs finals. rom ara siyvaruli, sul sxvagvarad

ganviTardeboda moqmedeba, es iqneboda erT-erTi msxverplSewirvis rituali,

romlis msgavsic warmarTul warsulSi araerTxel momxdara da rom ara

bediswera _ movlenili gvalva da amis gamo msxverplad qurumis mier

londas gamocxadeba, SesaZloa londasa da Tamazis siyvaruls an ar

hqonoda gagrZeleba, an hqonoda sruliad banaluri dasasruli. swored

siyvarulisa da bedisweris Serkineba aqcevs dramas misteriad. yovelive

TiTqos oTar moSairis mier aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi da ganWvretili.

moSaire ar aris brmad morCili adamiani da swored misgan modis

sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebuli Sexedulebebisagan gansxvavebuli

azri. mis msgavsad, rogorc cnobilia, Tamaz batoniSvilic winaaRmdegia

londas msxverplad Sewirvis da cdilobs kidec, win aRudges am saSinel

gadawyvetilebas. magram igi Tavis qcevaSi subieqturia, radgan mas

siyvaruli amoZravebs. oTar moSaire ki, konkretul SemTxvevasTan

mimarTebaSi yovelmxriv miukerZoebeli adamiania.

saxalxo poeti warmarT qurumze maRla dgas Tavisi religiuri

SexedulebebiT. misTvis cnobilia samyaros mTlianobis arsi, RvTaebrivis

arseboba adamianSi da adamianurisa RvTaebrivSi:

“RmerTi yovelia da yoveli RmerTia.

adamiani RmerTia namdvili” (91, 32).

novalisis poetebis msgavsad, oTar moSairis personaJSic samyaros

gadasxvaferebis, masSi cvlilebebisa da gardatexis Setanis survili Cans.

warmarTuli Sexedulebebis, crurwmenebisa da ritualebisadmi erTguleba

masSi Sesustebulia, rac kontrasts warmoSobs massa da mSobel xalxs

Soris.

levani, “graalis mcvelnis” mTavari gmiri gansakuTrebuli personaJia.

romanis dasawyisSive iZleva avtori mis dawvrilebiT fsiqologiur

portrets. misi megobris avalas daxasiaTebiT, igi “ucnauri”, natifi da

64

faqizi sulis mqone adamiania, romelic sxva droiT ganzomilebaSi arsebobs

da cxovrebasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. “warmosaxuls igi realobad iRebs”

(102, 26), rac mis sevdas ganapirobebs. igi iseT ubralo nivTebSi Seicnobs

uzenaess, rogoricaa: qva, yvavili da a. S. Tuki avalas davujerebT, levani

namdvili romantikosi gmiria Tavisi msoflgancdiT. leqsis dabadebis

momentSi mis arsebaSi saocari fsiqo-emociuri muxti warmoiSoba. ase

iqmneba levan orbelis Semoqmedeba. am momentis Semswreni misi megobrebic

xdebian. swored Wvretis, zmanebis saSualebiT xdeba misTvis cnobili

graalis Sesaxeb.

poeturi alRo da xsenebuli xilva samyaros mTlianobas

ganacdevinebs levans. misi azrovneba saukuneebs kravs _ “roca xilva mewvia,

mqonda SegrZneba, TiTqos igi adrec mwveoda, Tanac misi yvela wvrilmani

maxsovda. zogjer mgonia, rom viRacam Zalian didi xnis win raRac

amdagvari ukve miambo. magram ar vici, vin. SesaZlebelia, rom am viRacam

yvelaferi ZilSi CamCurCula? magram ar var darwmunebuli. iqneb es jer

kidev Cems dabadebamde iyo? Tqven, ra Tqma unda, SegiZliaT

TavdajerebulobaSi damadanaSauloT, magram zogjer meCveneba, rom asec

iyo” (102, 121) _ ambobs igi norinasa da Tavad giorgisTan saubarSi.

pirveli SexvedrisTanave ixibleba Tavadi giorgi axalgazrda poetiT,

romelic sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebuli adamiania da misgan saocari Zala

momdinareobs. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom Tavadi mas opals Cuqnis. Zvirfasi

qvis brwyinvaleba, romelic masve ukan ubrundeba, romanSi Sedarebulia

adamianis TviTCaRrmavebis procesTan.

ori mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi poetisa da poeziis arsis SepirispirebiTma

Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom SemoqmedebiTi adamianis xati, iseve, rogorc

SemoqmedebiTi procesi, avtorebs msgavsad aqvT warmodgenili. saidumlo

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, universumsa da individs Soris gaTiSulobis

daZleva, momavlis ganWvreta, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi dadebiTi,

progresuli cvlilebebis Setana warmoadgens poetisa da poeziis

daniSnulebas.

65

gansxvaveba novalissa da gr. robaqiZis poetebs Soris mxolod is

aris, rom qarTvel modernistTan isini SedarebiT “realurebi” arian,

novalisTan ki ufro miTiur personaJebs gvanan, romelnic zemoqmedeben

garesamyaroze, SeuZliaT fizikuri garadasaxvac ki. hainrixi

transformaciis Semdeg gzas gadis: adamiani, qva, xe, verZi da isev adamiani.

mas Semdeg ki, rac cisfer yvavils mowyvets, xdeba aramiwieri, sul sxva

registrSi warmogvidgeba, amaRlebuli yoveldRiur yofaze, TiTqos

sxeulic simyares kargavs. maSin, roca gr. robaqiZis poetebi Cveulebrivi,

miwieri adamianebi arian da danarCenebisgan mxolod faqizi suli

gamoarCevT.

sabolood, orive mwerlis ideals misani poeti warmoadgens. gr.

robaqiZe werilSi “rusuli geniis Sesaxeb” eTanxmeba Tavad novalisis azrs,

mohyavs, ra citata misi fragmentebidan imis Sesaxeb, rom odesRac qurumi

da poeti erTi da igives niSnavda da rom kvlavac moxdeba maTi ideuri

Serwyma. Tuki novalisi am misiis Sesrulebas romantikul xelovnebas

usaxavda miznad, gr. robaqiZis azriT, es simbolizms ZaluZs. swored poeti-

qurumi warmoadgens Semoqmedi adamianis xats, romelsac maT sakuTari

personaJebi miusadages. A

oTar moSairisa da levan orbelis garda gr. robaqiZis sxva

nawarmoebTa mTavari personaJebic xelovnebas emsaxurebian. arCibald mekeSi

mxatvaria, adolf ungar ( “falestra”) _ kinoreJisori, xolo Tamaz enguri

_ scenaristi.

fr. Slegeli poetis Sesaxeb werda, Tuki vinme moindomebs bunebis

sulis Secnobas, eZebos igi poetebTan, radgan buneba swored maT winaSe

xsnis Tavis arss. romantikosebTan buneba universumTan aris gaigivebuli.

aRiqmeba rogorc cocxali organizmi, mudam ganaxlebadi da cvalebadi,

amitom idumali da saocari. masSi yvelaferi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba,

gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, romantikosTa

Sexedulebebi am kuTxiT Camoyalibda Selingis naturfilosofiur

moZRvrebaSi. Selingi bunebas ganixilavs ara rogorc produqts, aramed

66

rogorc produqtiulobas. ismis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom buneba rogorc

produqtiuloba, rogorc usasrulo Semoqmedeba, ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia.

Selingis naturfilosofiis mTavari Tezisia adamianisa da bunebis

erTianoba, sulieri (adamiani) da materialuri (buneba) samyaroebis

igiveobis idea.

Sexeduleba bunebaze, rogorc cocxal organizmze axali ar aris.

igive pozicia aqvs iakob biomes, germanel religiur moazrovnesa da

mistikoss, romelic aseve amtkicebda, rom bunebaSi araferia mkvdari,

aracocxali da rom samyaroSi yvelaferi gasulierebuli Zalebis

moqmedebis Sedegia. romantikosebma TiTqos axlidan aRmoaCines biome.

gansakuTrebuli gavlena misma Sromebma moaxdina novalisze, romelic

gatacebuli iyo misi filosofiur-mistikuri TeoriiT.

rac Seexeba novaliss, bunebis miseuli xedva fraibergis samTo

akademiaSi gatarebuli ori wlis Sedegia. igi cnobili mecnier-geolog

verneris xelmZRvanelobiT eufleboda mineralogias, geologiasa da samTo

saqmes axleburi xedviT _ filosofiur WrilSi. amis Sedegad Camouyalibda

samyaros axleburi gancda, romlis mixedviTac, buneba Sinagani erTianobiT

xasiaTdeba. adamiani am erTianobaSia CarTuli da misi calke ganxilva,

bunebasTan mimarTebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

buneba, romelic klasicizmma civilizacias daumorCila, romantizmma

TiTqos Tavidan aRmoaCina, rogorc TviTmyofadi da Zlieri subieqti.

novalisis “magiuri idealizmis” Teoria aris bunebis ukeT Secnobis

survili.

“saisel SegirdebSi” naCvenebia adamianisa da bunebis

urTierTdamokidebuleba. samTo skolis maswavleblis prototipi verneria.

igi bunebaze Seyvarebuli adamiania, romelic bavSvobidan swavlobda mas,

agrovebda niJarebs, ferad qvebs, sxvadasxva xoWoebs, akvirdeboda

adamianebsa da cxovelebs, sakuTar sulsa da fiqrebs bejiTad ayuradebda

da ar icoda saiT eweoda “gaucnobierebeli ltolva”. Sedegad, “male man

SeniSna yvelaferSi kavSiri, Tanxvedra, damTxveva da ai, male igi aRarafers

xedavda gamocalkevebiT” (81, 96). igi daeufla bunebaze zemoqmedebis Zalebs,

67

SeeZlo emarTa misi Zalebi da movlenebi. ukve gasagebia, rom maswavlebeli

racionalistia, radgan movlenebSi mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs eZebs da

poulobs kidec.

maswavlebeli moswavleebs sakuTar gamocdilebas uziarebs, aswavlis,

rogor moiqcnen, rom Caswvdnen bunebis saidumlos. sTavazobs maT im xerxs,

romelsac igi Tavis droze mimarTavda, Tumca Tavs ar axvevs, radgan

fiqrobs, rom moswavleebma sakuTari gza Tavad unda monaxon. Tavisuflebas

ar uzRudavs yvelasagan gamorCeul erT moswavles, romelsac qvebisa Tu

sxva sagnebis Segrovebas urCevnia fiqrs mieces. igi mWvreteli adamiania,

romelsac gulisyuri sakuTari Sinagani xmisken aqvs mimarTuli. “me

yvelaferi isev sakuTar TavTan mabrunebs” (81, 97) _ ambobs igi.

bunebisa da adamianis harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis SesaniSnavi

magaliTia hiacintis zRapari. aq aRwerilia is winaresazogadoeba, romelic

romantikosebs enatrebaT da mTeli maTi Semoqmedeba swored didi xnis win

dakarguli harmoniis aRdgenisaken aris mimarTuli. hiacints esmis bunebis

Svilebis ena, iseve advilad amyarebs komunikacias frinvelebTan da

cxovelebTan, rogorc adamianebTan. izidas qandakebisaken saval gzas mas

mxecebi, xeebi, yvavilebi, kldeebi, mdinareebi aswavlian.

odesRac adamianisa da bunebis erTianoba ufro TvalsaCino iyo, roca

adamiani da yvelaferi mis garSemo _ sulieri Tu usulo erTi eniT

saubrobda. axal droSi sagnebisa Tu movlenebis dedaarsSi wvdoma imitom

garTulda, rom bunebis Svilebs erTmaneTis aRar esmiT, gamqrala saerTo

ena.

bunebas swavlobs “hainrix fon ofterdingenis” erT-erTi personaJi _

maRaros mTxreli. miwis wiaRSi Casuli guldasmiT ikvlevs qanebs, agrovebs

qvebs, Zvirfas liTons, Seiswavlis maT da ase nel-nela aRadgens saerTo

suraTs, mozaikuri pano nabij-nabij ivseba. mas Semdeg, rac jaWvis yvela

rgols ipovis, maSin warmoudgeba buneba mTlianobaSi, sadac yvelaferi

erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobs. dedamiwa

memaRaroes “pirvelqmnili samyaros Zeglebs” warmoudgens, sakuTar arsSi

68

axedebs da dafarulis amoxsnas uiolebs. bunebis saidumloebebTan erTad

yofierebis saidumlos exdeba farda.

maSin, roca adamiansa da bunebas Soris darRveulia Sinagani kavSiri

da mimarTeba, mindias fenomeni sruliad gansakuTrebul movlenad aRiqmeba.

es aris irealur samyaros naziarebi adamiani. mindia flobs bunebis enas,

igive kosmosis enas, mas uyvars buneba, mis wiaRSi Tavs kargad grZnobs.

mindia miwieri adamiania, zebunebrivi unariTa da codniT aRWurvili. misi

guli siyvaruls ver itevs, misi nazi da faqizi suli enaTesaveba samyaros

yvela usulosa Tu sulier arsebas, esmis maTi ena, ris gamoc misans eZaxian:

“yoils ena aqv.

yovel gaCenils ena aqv:

xes. qvas. balaxs. valskvlavs.

miyvars yoveli.. mesmis yvelai” (91, 180).

pirvelyofili sazogadoebis gaxsenebaa xevsurTa yofa-cxovreba

moTxrobaSi “engadi”. isini bunebasTan mWidro kavSirSi cxovroben, ukeT

esmiT misi, vidre qalaqis mkvidrT. buneba maTi saxli da sarCos mimcemia.

adamianis sacxovrebeli imavdroulad pirutyvis sadgomsac warmoadgens.

novelaSi bunebis suraTebi mravlad aris mocemuli. bunebis wiaRSi

pirvelyofil materiasTan Sexebisas mTavar gmirs _ giorgi valuevs

maradisobasTan ziarebis SegrZnebas utovebs: “myisve vigrZeni ucxo ram.

TiTqo klde xomaldi yofiliyos udide da mZlavri; sizmareul migvaqanebda

igi usazRvroebaSi cis rZeTeTri SoreTis mimarT. iyo erTi wuTi: megona

Sevexe maradisobis samosels” (92, 107).

xevsurebisaTvis buneba aramarto masazrdoebeli, aramed mkurnalicaa.

TiTqos “miTosidan movlenili” mkurnali likokeli wamlis dasamzadeblad

bunebriv saSualebebs mimarTavs, iyenebs samkurnalo mcenareebs, rasac

buneba iZleva. likokeli civilizacias mowyvetili brZenia. flobs mistiur

codnas wignebisa da gazeTebis gareSe.

samyaro erT mTlian organizmad warmogvidgeba. es erTianoba da

ganuyofloba jer kidev Zlieria da TvalSisacemi. ritualuri ludis

69

gamosaxdeli wyali mTel sofels moaqvs da Sesawiri saqonelic komlobiT

mohyavT. es aris niSani “mTelis gznebis”. drois dineba aq ar SeigrZnoba.

im dros, roca axal droebaSi darRveulia kavSiri adamianebs Soris,

xdeba gaucxoeba, SeimCneva tendencia gacalkevebis, danawevrebis,

gamoyofisken ltolvis, xevsurebis erTianoba im idealis ganxorcielebad

aRiqmeba, razec ocnebobdnen romantikosebi, romlis modelic Soreul

warsulSi egulebodaT. am SemTxvevaSic robaqiZiseuli samyaros kosmiuri

mTlianobis aRqma, RmerTisa da bunebis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba anu samyaros

panTeisturi xedva, srul TanxvedraSia romantikosTa msoflgancdasTan.

feletonSi “buneba” gr. robaqiZe bunebis Semoqmed Tvisebaze saubrobs,

romelic mudmivad ganaxlebas ganicdis da miuxedavad amisa, misi

ganviTareba mainc ar dasrulebula. buneba ar scnobs drois dinebas,

misTvis awmyo maradisobaa (88, 2).

Semecnebas ukavSirdeba mogzaurobis motivi, romelic aseve saziaro

aqvT gr. robaqiZesa da novaliss. igi erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli

motivia literaturaSi, rogorc m. baxtini aRniSnavs, „bevri nawarmoebi

pirdapir efuZneba gzis qronotops, Sexvedrebsa da Tavgadasavlebs“ (13, 248).

gza SesaZlebelia gaviazroT rogorc zogadad moZraoba. saWirod

migvaCnia Tavdapirvelad am konceptis filosofiuri, religiuri da

miTologiuri kuTxiT gaanalizeba, risTvisac mivmarTavT f. keraSevas

kvlevas aRniSnul Temaze. sakiTxi Seswavlilia swored germanul

romantizmTan mimarTebaSi. romantizmis epoqaSi izrdeba moZraobis

problemis mimarT interesi, ramac asaxva hpova adamianis azrovnebis,

esTetikuri aRqmisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sferoebze. ra Tqma unda

Tavisi gavlena istoriulma fonmac iqonia. igulisxmeba is didi socialur-

politikuri Zvrebi, romelTac XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis

dasawyisis evropaSi aqvs adgili. aRniSnuli epoqa xasiaTdeba, rogorc

gansakuTrebulad dinamiuri, arastabiluri da cvalebadi.

moZraobis problemas uTmoben Tavis yuradRebas germanuli

idealisturi filosofiis warmomadgenlebi _ kanti, fixte, Selingi da sxv.

70

maT SromebSi kacobriobis istoria ganixileba, rogorc msoflio sulis

ganviTareba. etapebs gadis adamianis sulis ganviTarebac.

ganviTarebisa da TviTganviTarebis problemas aranakleb

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs herderisa da goeTes SromebSic. istorizmis

principi herderTan axsnilia, rogorc ganviTarebis, zrdis procesi.

TxzulebaSi “mogzaurobis dRiuri” exeba esTetikisa da filosofiis

araerT problemas. avtori miuTiTebs im Tanafardobaze, romelic

geografiul da sulier sferoebSi ganxorcielebul moZraobaTa Soris

arsebobs.

goeTes warmodgena samyaroze, rogorc formebis metamorfozis

erTobliobaze, romelTac erTi saerTo warmomavloba aqvT, aisaxa

moZRvrebaSi “Taurfenomenis” Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli mwerlisa da moazrovnis

SemTxvevaSic moZraoba rom ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, amas mowmobs

“vilhelm maisteri”. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

pirobad goeTe swored mogzaurobas miiCnevs.

romantikosebze gavlena iqonia aseve iakob biomes dialeqtikamac.

masTan adamianis mier RmerTis Semecneba moZraobas ukavSirdeba. Tavad

RmerTi, rogorc udidesi SemoqmedebiTi Zala aris yovelgvari moZraobis

saTave. sinamdvilis Semecneba axsnilia, rogorc procesi, romelic

SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod subieqtis aqtiuri moRvaweobis,

moqmedebis Sedegad.

rogorc cxadi xdeba, XVIII saukunis mTeli sulier – inteleqtualuri

fena moZraobis ideas sakuTar arsebaSi amuSavebda da am procesma

gamoxatuleba hpova filosofiur azrovnebasa da xelovnebaSi.

f. keraSeva Temis Seswavlisas ganixilavs m. baxtinis Sromebs “gzis”

konceptis Sesaxeb. m. baxtini moZraobis erT-erT formad miiCnevs

mogzaurobas, romelic sakuTari arsiT rTuli movlenaa da Tavis mxriv

ukavSirdeba iseT “motivebs, rogoricaa Sexvedra _ ganSoreba (gayra),

dakargva _ mopoveba, Zebna _ povna, gageba _ vergageba da sxv” (baxtini.

citata aRebulia: 55, 34).

71

m. baxtini literaturil nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli gzis qronotopis

Zirebs folklorSi xedavs, radgan “gzis arCeva _ cxovrebis gezis arCeva,

gzajvaredini _ yovelTvis aris folkloruli gmiris cxovrebaSi

Semobrunebis wertili” (baxtini. citata aRebulia: 55, 35).

Tumca aRniSnuli motivi folkloramde miTologiasa da religiur

wminda wignebSi aisaxa. drosa da sivrceSi gadaadgilebas am SemTxvevaSic

igive motivacia aqvs. moZraobis dawyeba gmirs SeuZlia nebismieri

wertilidan, magram misi dasasruli warmoadgens mizans. gzis dasawyisi da

dasasruli, es ori ukiduresoba gulisxmobs gmiris sulier da

fsiqologiur metamorfozas. amasTan, miTSi SesaZlebelia gmiris

gadaadgileba vertikalur sibrtyezec. vertikaluri traeqtoria, romelzec

personaJi gadaadgileba, warmosaxviTia. am SemTxvevaSi mogzaurobs misi

suli.

Zvel aRTqmaSi gzas ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovani movlenebi. f. keraSeva

iSveliebs araerT magaliTs. yvelaze cnobili epizodia ebraeli xalxis

mogzauroba egviptidan aRqmuli miwisken, romelic ormoc weliwads

gagrZelda. gzad myofT gadaecaT aTi mcneba. axal aRTqmaSi ki iesos mTeli

moRvaweoba aris gza golgoTisken. saxarebis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani

movlena xdeba ara saxlSi, WerqveS, aramed Ria sivceSi _ gzaSi, mTaze,

zRvaze da a. S. zogadad, adamianis cxovrebac erTgvari mogzaurobaa,

imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis samzadisi.

mogzaurobis Tema Cndeba Sua saukuneebis qristianul literaturaSic.

netari avgustine “aRsarebaSi” mogviTxrobs RmerTisken mimaval mis mier

ganvlil gzaze. mas aTi weli dasWirda, rom uari eTqva Zvel Cvevebsa da

gatacebebze da Sesdgomoda WeSmarit gzas. es erTdroulad iyo yoymanis,

eWvis da Tvalis axelis periodi. wmnida avgustinesTan gzas ukavSirdeba

Zebnis, Ziebis procesi. amqveynad iesos movlineba iqca Ziebis namdvil

stimulad.

RmerTisken savali gza Sua saukuneebis qristianul literaturaSi

xSirad kibis saxiT aris xolme warmodgenili. amis magaliTs jer kidev

Zveli aRTqma iZleva, iakobis cnobili sizmriT, romelsac esizmra zecaSi

72

amarTuli kibe da masze zemoT – qvemoT moZravi angelozebi. aseve qvia VI

saukunis qristiani beris ioane sinelis ber-monazonTa meore saxarebad

wodebul wigns “klemaqsi, anu kibe”. ioane Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi

dasaxlebula sinas mTaze, miuZRvna ra Tavi ufals. RmerTisken mimavali gza

masTan ocdaaT safexuriani kibis saxiT aris warmodgenili.

rogorc cxadi xdeba, gzis motivi uZvelesia da garkveuli adgili

uWiravs miTologiaSi, religiur (aramarto qristianul sarwmunoebaSi) Tu

filosofiur sistemebSi, magram igi erTnairad mniSvnelovani ar aris yvela

drosa da yvela swavlebisaTvis. literaturaSi ki, Tu ar CavTvliT Sua

saukuneebis qristianul Zeglebs, ganmanaTleblebma da Semdeg

romantikosebma gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da siRrme mianiWes aRniSnul

motivs. ramdenadac gza, gadaadgileba Semecnebis process ukavSirdeba,

mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs romantikul esTetikaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv

am mimdinareobis mTavar problemas warmoadgens. gza da Semecneba aq

erTmaneTis Tanafardi cnebebia.

germanuli romantizmi garkveulwilad eyrdnoba da iziarebs

qristianuli religiis gzis motivis interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac,

mogzaurobis procesi dakavSirebulia sulis evoluciasTan, adamianis

zneobriv srulyofasa da mis mier RvTiuri WeSmaritebis SecnobasTan.

romantikosTa winamorbedebmac mimarTes gzis motivs.

ganmanaTlebelebi romantikosebis msgavsad swavlis miRebis, Semecnebis erT

– erT saSualebad mogzaurobas miiCneven, Tumca Sedegebi gansxvavebulia.

sailustraciod goeTes “vilhelm maisters” mivmarTavT. zogierTi mkvlevari

novalisis dausrulebel romans “hainrix fon ofterdingens” ganixilavs

rogorc aRzrdis romans da saubroben masze “vilhelm maisteris” gavlenis

Sesaxeb.

goeTes am nawarmoebisadmi TanamedroveTa araerTgvarovan

damokidebulebaze da romantikosTa, maT Soris novalisis gamoxmaurebaze

meore TavSi gveqneba ufro vrclad saubari. msgavseba am or nawarmoebs

Soris is aris, rom maTi gmirebi bevrs mogzauroben sakuTari mowodebis

ZiebaSi, Tumca gansxvavebulia dasasruli. vilhelmis gza aris momavali

73

praqtikuli saqmianobisaTvis codnis dagroveba. maSin, roca hainrixisTvis

gza aris misi sulis moZraoba Tavissave siRrmeSi, romelic gadalaxavs

miwier, amqveyniur sivrces da gadis mistikur doneebze.

mogzauroba romantikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovani aqtia. maTi

personaJebi TiTqmis ganuwyvetlad sul gzaSi arian, magram es movlena

miznad ar isaxavs adamianis mier geografiuli Tu istoriuli adgilebis

monaxulebas, miTumetes garTobas, siamovnebasa Tu dasvenebas. igi

romantikuli gmiris sulier srulyofas, mis mier sakuTari Tavis Ziebas

emsaxureba. mogzauroba aris ara marto gadaadgileba fizikur drosa da

sivrceSi, aramed upirvelesad xetiali sakuTari sulis siRrmeebSi. es

movlena swavlasTan, ZiebasTan, axlis SemecnebasTan asocirdeba.

romantikosTa nawarmoebebSi xSirad figurirebs safosto kareta, an

ubralod fexiT moxetiale mogzaurebi.

romantikuli gmiri martosuli pirovnebaa, romelic

sazogadoebisagan calke myofi warmogvidgeba. igi uRrmavdeba sakuTar

arsebas, daexeteba mTels qveyanaze, magram adgils versad poulobs. gza

umetes wilad aris SemTxveviTi Sexvedrebis adgili, sadac xdeba

erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli (erovneba, socialuri mdgomareoba,

asaki da sxv.) adamianebis urTierToba, rac personaJis cxovrebaze

aucileblad tovebs kvals.

aRniSnul motivs novalisTan erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs.

romani “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” mTavari gmiris gamgzavrebiT iwyeba da

Semdgom igi mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze moZraobaSia. misi sulieri

Zalisxmeva mimarTulia poetad Camoyalibebisaken. mogzauroba simbolurad

gadmogvcems hainrixis sulis ganviTarebis istorias, misi

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. Tu materialur samyaroSi es moZraoba

sadRac unda dasruldes, ise, rogorc hainrixis mogzauroba daiwyo

aizenaxSi da dasrulda augsburgSi, sulis samyaroSi igi usasrulod

grZeldeba. es procesi, erTi adamianis sulis istoriaa da simbolurad

asaxavs kacobriobis ganviTarebis istorias, romelic aseve dausrulebeli

procesia.

74

mogzaurobisken hainrixs ubiZgebs sizmrad nanaxi cisferi yvavili _

usasrulobis, Semecnebis, siyvarulisa da poeziis romantikuli simbolo.

sainteresoa, rom gmiri sizmarSic mogzaurobs. vel-mindvrebSi, zRvebze,

usier tyeSi xetialis Semdeg nakadulTan xvdeba, sadac naxavs kidec

cisfer yvavils. gmiris mTeli Semdgomi cxovreba warmoadgens mis Ziebas.

pirvelad dedasTan da nacnob vaWrebTan erTad augsburgSi miemgzavreba.

gzaSi nanaxi da gagonili hainrixis sulze aisaxeba da mas aucilebel

codnasa da gamocdilebas matebs. Tanamgzavrni da gzad Semxvedrni iseT

sibrZnesa da saidumloebebs aziareben, romlis Sesaxebac ara Tu gaugia

raime, manamde warmodgenac ki ar hqonda. raindebis monaTxrobi da

aRmosavlel tyve qalTan _ zulimasTan Sexvedra jvarosnuli laSqrobebis

suliskveTebas da aRmosavluri poeziis sifaqizes aziarebs, memaRaroe mas

bunebis idumalebasa da samTo saqmis mSvenierebas gadauSlis. gandegilTan

saocar wignSi Tavis warsuls da momavals naxavs. Tanamgzavri vaWrebi

poeziis magiur zegavlenas cxadyofen. ase gzadagza swavlobs, ecnoba da

viTardeba hainrixi, iZerweba misi suli.

gmiris mier monaxulebuli adgilebis geografia farTovdeba

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi. igi mogzaurobs italiaSi, saberZneTSi, moivlis

aRmosavleTs, inaxulebs ierusalims. Sinaganad ki xdeba is, rom Seicnobs

bunebis, siyvarulis, sikvdilisa da omis arss da amis Semdeg poulobs

cisfer yvavils.

Soreuli mogzauroba ukuproporciulad moqmedebs romantikosi

gmiris mier sakuTari arsis Semecnebaze, rac ufro Sors gadaadgildeba,

miT ufro uaxlovdeba sakuTar Tavs. novalisis gmirebis yoveli qmedeba

sakuTari Tavisken siarulia. v.i. greSnixi gamokvlevaSi “adreuli germanuli

romantizmi” wers, rom es Tema _ “gza sakuTari Tavisken novalisis prozaSi

mravali mniSvnelobis Semcvelia. igi aRiqmeba rogorc gza adamianis

arsisken da aseve, rogorc gza warsulisken, idumalebisaken, Ramisken,

samSoblosken. amasTan, TiToeuli gza gmirs sakuTar TavSi abrunebs” (38,

91).

75

novalisis memaRaroe miwis wiaRTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli adamiania,

rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. maRaroSi Casvla

alegoriulad niSnavs bunebis wiaRSi Sesvlas. es erTgvari mogzaurobaa.

memaRaroe Tavis megobrebs “miwisqveSeTis mogzaurebs” uwodebs.

mogzaurobs novalisis aseve daumTavrebel moTxroba “saisel

SegirdebSi” CarTuli zRapris gmiri _ hiacintic, mas Semdeg, rac viRac

ucnobisgan Seityobs isidas qandakebis, rogorc yvela arsis dedis Sesaxeb,

Semecnebis dauZleveli wyurvili gadaawyvetinebs gaemgzavros mis

saZieblad. ver SeaCerebs verc mSoblebis Txovna, verc satrfos _

rozenblutis cremlebi. mis xangrZliv mogzaurobas sasurveli dasasruli

aqvs. hiacinti gzad mraval dabrkolebas gadalaxavs: gadaivlis mTebs,

mdinareebs, udabnoebs. mwerali ar akonkretebs, Tu romeli qveynebis gavla

uwevs mas miznis misaRwevad. Cven SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom es

virtualuri qveynebia. aq aRsaniSni mxolod is aris, rom “maSin, roca igi

mogzaurobda, icvleboda misi suli” (81, 111). da roca qandakebas saburvels

axdis, iq rozenbluts ixilavs. isidas qandakebis adgilze Tavisi satrfos,

sakuTari grZnobis, siyvarulis aRmoCena imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamianma

WeSmariteba unda eZebos axlos, anu yvelaze Soreuli yvelaze axlosaa,

magram amisTvis grZel mogzaurobaSi unda wavides. adamiani WeSmaritebamde

midis grZeli, damRleli, saxifaTo, SecdomebiT savse gziT. usasrulobaSi

gasvla, Semecneba niSnavs sakuTar TavTan miaxlebas, TviTSemecnebas.

orive personaJs mogzaurobisken ubiZgebs Soreuli qveynebidan

mosuli mogzauri. hiacintis mSvidi cxovreba mas Semdeg dasruldeba, rac

mis saxlTan erTi ucnobi gamoCndeba da sami dRis manZilze ucnaur ambebs

uambobs. es SemTxveva gadaawyvetinebs mas eZebos isidas qandakeba. hainrixic

aseTive ucnobisgan Seityobs cisferi yvavilis Sesaxeb da roca sizmarSic

naxavs, mosvenebas dakargavs. misi cxovrebis mamoZravebeli Zala cisferi

yvavilisken swrafva xdeba.

rogorc romanis gmiri moxuci memaRaroe ixsenebs, mas Semdeg, rac,

Seipyro survilma, Seetyo, ra imaleboda mTebis wiaRSi, ra saidumlos

76

faravdnen isini, gamoCnda erTi ucnobi mgzavri da urCia memaRaroe

gamosuliyo.

am ucnobi personaJebis Sesaxeb aravin araferi icis, vin arian, saidan

movidnen an saiT wavidnen magram cxadia, rom floben saidumlo codnas.

gzis motivis romantikul interpretacias iziarebs gr. robaqiZec. misi

gmirebis SemTxvevaSic WeSmaritebisken saval gzaze maT uwevT fizikur

sivrceSi gadaadgileba.

“gvelis perangSi” moqmedeba ramdenime qveyanaSi viTardeba.

personaJebic bevrs mogzauroben, maT Soris arCibaldic. Tumca aq sivrceSi

gadaadgilebaze ufro mniSvnelovani sakuTari Tavisaken siarulia.

mogzauroba saqarTvelodan bavSvobaSi iwyeba da evropisa da

sparseTis gavliT ukve zrdasrul asakSi isev saqarTveloSi mTavrdeba.

nawarmoebis dro da sivrce erTdroulad konkretulic aris da zogadic,

sadac warsuli, awmyo da momavali erT mTlianobad aris warmodgenili.

nawarmoebi scildeba konkretuli drois farglebs da saukuneebs moicavs.

arCibaldis gza daviwyebulis gaxsenebaa, misi cnobiereba mimarTulia

sakuTari Tavis ukeT Secnobisa da TviTCaRrmavebisken. samSobloSi

dabrunebuli poulobs dakargul fesvebs da sakuTar Tavs. mis sulSi

momxdari transformacia ukavSirdeba gvelis mier perangis gamocvlis

simbolur movlenas. swored es azrobrivi datvirTva eniWeba Tavad

nawarmoebis saTaurs da imTaviTve xazgasmulia mTavar gmirSi momxdari

feriscvalebis mniSvneloba. sakuTari ATavis Tu mamis Zieba es RmerTis

Ziebaa: “romanSi gr. robaqiZis saTqmels gadmogvcems taba - tabaჲ “hindu Tu

sparsi Tu egvipteli”, romelic Tavis Tavs “natexi sityvebiT” ebaaseba:

“warmomSobi Zala kosmiuri: mama da Svili erTad erTi meoreSi. mama: “erTi”

Svili: mama da Tan “sxva”. taba - tabaჲ xSirad imeorebs: “ruaxh eloRhim _

sunTqva yovelis”. yovelive es naTlad mogvaniSnebs am problemis religiur

_ filosofiur aspeqtze [...] arCibaldis mier mamis Zieba, amave dros,

RmerTis Ziebasac niSnavs” (137, 158-159).

77

Semecnebis procesi xorcieldeba daviwyebulis gaxsenebasa da

dakargulis kvlav povnis gziT. ise, rogorc “gveli “Tavs iviwyebs”, “qerqs

icvlis” da “ganvlil sicocxles” tovebs. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba

sicocxlis atana. moulodnelad, taba - tabaჲ arCibalds yelze gvelis

qerqs Semoaxvevs. ase iwyeba “gonis mxriv” meored dabadebis rTuli procesi

[...]. ziarebis ritualis dros, rogorc v. ivanovi amtkicebs, axalbedas ubeSi

gvels Causrialebdnen xolme. arCibaldi aRwevs sulieri ganviTarebis iseT

safexurs, rom yovelive Tavisi namdvili arsiT da WeSmariti saxeliT

warmosdgeba mis winaSe. mistikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben saxels [...].

arCibaldisTvis miuRebeli xdeba mogonili saxeli. amieridan is arCil

mayaSvilia. sulierad aRorZinebuli da gadaxalisebuli arCili

saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba da qmnis tradiciul ojaxs. SemTxveviTi ar aris,

rom germanuli Jurnali “exo der caiti” 1933 wels, grigol robaqiZes

“sulis suverens” uwodebda, xolo “gvelis perangis” Sesaxeb werda: es aris

giganturi naxati xelaxlad wamozrdili sulisa, romelsac diadi

tradicia aqvs’” (137, 160-161).

hainrixis msgavsad arCibaldis cxovrebis Tanamgzavrni Tu garkveuli

datvirTvis mqone calkeuli nivTebi da movlenebi _ mamis suraTi da

misgan danatovari kolofi, vamexi, matasi, taba-tabaჲ... _ mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben gmiris iniciaciis procesSi da rac ufro uaxlovdeba igi

sairmis pirvelmiwas, sulier planSic sul ufro uaxlovdeba mamis wiaRs.

arCibaldis mogzauroba es aris “garegan _ winsvla, Sinagan _ ukuqceva” (99,

86).

sivrceSi gadaadgilebas ukavSirdeba aseve gr. robaqiZis meore gmiris

_ Tamaz enguris mier RmerTis xilva. “sad xar, RmerTo?” _ ar asvenebs es

kiTxva Tamazs. imdenad Zlieria masSi ganaxlebis survili, rom Sedegic ar

igvianebs. “Tamazi mTebisken daiZra, mzesaviT adioda. varskvlaviviT. axla

grZnobda, rom miwasac Sordeboda” (98, 153). es epizodi simbolurad

miuTiTebs mis sulier aRorZinebaze. igi ara marto fizikurad Sordeba

miwas da zecisken miiwevs, aramed cvlileba upirvelesad sulier planSi

78

xdeba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom RmerTis Ziebis gzaze mimavals graaliT Tasis,

rogorc ganaxlebisa da sakuTar TavSi RmerTis aRmoCenis simbolos,

Sesaxeb axsendeba: “roca macxovarma suli ganuteva, erT-erTma mcvelma Subi

Casca mkvdar sxeuls. neknebidan sisxli da wyali gadmovida. ioseb

arimaTielma sisxli im TasSi Seagrova, romelsac qriste Tavis mowafeT

awvdida ziarebisas. es Tasi saukuneebis Semdeg gaxda graali, raindTa mier

daculi da Senaxuli. Tamazs moagonda es ambavi da gaifiqra: ramdenime

wveTi xom miwaSic unda moxvedriliyo! diax, mTeli dedamiwa mas Semdeg am

sisixliT aris morwyuli [...] da man midamos mimarTa: ... o, Sen, qristes

sisxlo, daWrili neknebidan gadmoRvrilo, Sens erT wveTs maziare, mxolod

erT patara wveTs, raTa ganvaxlde, gavnaTlde, viTarca bavSvi, rogorc

qalwuli” (98, 153-154). Tamazis mier aRvlenili RaRadisiARvTis

gamocxadebiT sruldeba: “uecrad igrZno: rac nazad da notiod exeboda,

ZaRli iyo _ levanis ZaRli, romelic mas _ gaxevebuls _ lokavda,

wkmutuniT efereboda. Tamazma xelSi aiyvana ZaRli, wamoimarTa, TvalebSi

Caxeda... uecrad akankalebulma. SeSinebulma RmerTi ixila iq. Tamazi

wamoxta, unapiro sivrceebs gadaxeda da mTeli xmiT iyvira: “Sen xar, Sen

xar, Sen xar”. Tamazi usaxelos uyviroda” (98, 154).

vfiqrobT, ganxiluli magaliTebi aSkarad cxadyofs, rom novalisisa

da gr. robaqiZis gmirebis drosa da sivrceSi gadaadgileba upirveles

yovlisa TviTSemecnebas, sakuTar TavSi pirvelsawyisis aRmoCenas

gulisxmobs. mogzauroba fizikur garemoSi sulier planSi sakuTari

Tavisken siarulia.

79

1.4. sikvdil-sicocxlis problema

uZvelesi civilizaciebi, filosofiuri moZRvrebani da religiebi

TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben sicocxles sikvdilis Semdeg, rac ukavSirdeba

sulis ama Tu im formiT mudmivad arsebobas. sikvdilis fenomeni, romelic

adamianSi erTdroulad SiSsa da interess iwvevs, ara erTxel gamxdara

mxatvruli literaturis Tema.

evropuli literaturis romantizmamdel periodSi vxvdebiT sikvdilis

qristianul gagebas, nimuSad marto dantes “RvTaebrivi komediac”

sakmarisia. romantizmma da gansakuTrebiT germanulma nakadma, am Tematikas

filosofiuri Seferiloba Semata, rac gamowveuli iyo aRniSnuli skolis

msoflmxedvelobiT. ra Tqma unda, misi yuradRebis miRma ver darCeboda

iseTi idumali da mistiuri movlena, rogoricaa adamianis am qveynidan

wasvla.

WeSmariti mwerali gverds ver auvlis sikvdilis Temas piradi

tragikuli gamocdilebis gareSec, Tumca albaT es momenti mainc

gasaTvaliswinebelia. novalisis xanmokle cxovrebis Tanamdevi iyo

sikvdili. tuberkulozma misi ramdenime da-Zma Seiwira, xelidan gamoecala

aseve uZvirfasesi arseba, sacole – sofi fon kiuni, ramac didi tkivili

miayena mwerals. erTgan wers igi, sofias sikvdili aris yvelafris

gasaRebio. mZime sulieri travma miiRo Tavis mxriv gr. robaqiZem, roca

erTaderTi (sxva informaciiT ori (99, 13)) mcirewlovani Svili dakarga.

SemTxveviT ar miuniWebia novaliss sofias gardacvalebisTvis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es movlena aRmoCnda mis cxovrebaSi erTgvari

Semobrunebis wertili _ axali etapis, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dasawyisi.

tragediis Semdeg samwlian monakveTSi Seiqmna am gamorCeuli da

TviTmyofadi mwerlis Semoqmedeba, romelic mTlianad gaJRenTilia sofias

dakargviT gamowveuli tkiviliT. novalisis sulieri ganwyobis Sesaxeb

cnobili xdeba misive dRiuris Canawerebidan. aqve aRwers satrfos

saflavze yofnisas momxdar erT SemTxvevas, romlis drosac hqonda

ucnauri gancda _ sivrcisa da drois sazRvris daZlevisa da

80

gardacvlilTan siaxlovis SegrZnebis. es Canaweri daedo safuZvlad mesame

himns (“himnebi Ramisadmi”).

Tundac “gamocdileba” ubiZgebda novaliss, xSirad efiqra sikvdilis

raobaze, ramac asaxva upirveles yovlisa, mis “fragmentebSi” hpova. sadac

mwerali am “Sav-bneli” fenomenis filosofiur-religiur-romantikul axsnas

iZleva: “sicocxle sikvdilis dasawyisia. sicocxle sikvdilis gamo

arsebobs. sikvdili erTdroulad dasasruli da dasawyisia – erTdroulad

gacalkevebaa da dakavSireba” (82, 325). saqme iqamde midis, rom sikvdils

sicocxlis gamaromantiulebel saSualebad acxadebs, romlis gareSec

sicocxle ase sasurveli ver iqneboda. is sZens sicocxles xiblsa da

mimzidvelobas: “sikvdili Cveni sicocxlis gamaromantiulebeli principia,

sikvdili aris _, sicocxle +. sicocxle sikvdiliT aris Zlieri” (82, 523).

novalisi am movlenas adarebs eleqtruli naperwklis erTi eleqtrodidan

meoreze gadasvlas. rac imas gulisxmobs, rom adamiani fizikuri arsebobis

Sewyvetis miuxedavad arasodes tovebs samyaros.

pirad cxovrebaSi gancdili mwuxarebis mxatvruli gardasaxvas

warmoadgens leqsebis cikli “himnebi Ramisadmi”, romelic am mwerlis

metnaklebad dasrulebuli nawarmoebia, gansxvavebiT misi prozisagan.

cikli prozisa da poeziis sinTezs warmoadgens. avtoris mier sikvdilis

“monatreba” ukavSirdeba sofiasTan kvlav Sexvedris survils. mxolod

sicocxleze uaris TqmiT SeiZleba im maradiul qveyanaSi moxvedra.

novalisis am periodis pirad CanawerebSi vxvdebiT miniSnebas mis mier

miRebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. saqme exeba ganzraxvas _

gardaicvalos, magram ara TviTmkvlelobiT, aramed satrfos mimarT sevdam

da dardma gamoiwvios es Sedegi. mxolod ase SesZlebs samudamod

daukavSirdes sofias. rogorc k. bregaZe wers: “sikvdilis wyurvili aris

lirikuli gmiris Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba daZlios sakuTari

SezRuduli empiriuli “me” da SezRuduli empiriuli egzistencia, raTa

amiT dafuZndes axali ontologiuri perspeqtiva – transcendentur

realobaSi egzistenciis SesaZlebloba” (21, 96-97).

81

DdRe-Ramis poeturi saxe novalisTan sikvdil-sicocxlis metaforas

warmoadgens. poeti ganadidebs Rames, rogorc maradiulobisa da

usasrulobis simbolos. erTi SexedviT urTierTsapirispiro cnebebi

erTmaneTs ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed ganavrcoben, radgan sicocxleSi

aucileblad moiazreba sikvdili da piriqiT. “dRis sinaTle ganasaxierebs

Jamierebas, warmavlobas, sasrul-empiriul sinamdviles, xolo Rame

usasrulobis, maradisobisa da saRvTo transcendenturobis simboloa,

sadac aRar arsebobs da uqmdeba droiT-sivrciTi kategoriebi. Tu

mxedvelobaSi miviRebT novalisis romantizebis (Romantisieren) postulats,

maSin dRisa da Ramis simbolika unda gaviazroT rogorc dialeqtikuri

mTlianoba da ara rogorc dapirispirebuli ganzomilebani” (21, 87).

hainrix fon ofterdingeni nawarmoebis dasawyisSive sizmarSi ixsenebs

imis Sesaxeb, rom mas ramodenime sicocxle aqvs gamovlili: momkvdariyo,

magram isev aRmdgariyo mkvdreTiT. sizmari romantikuli

msoflmxedvelobiT realur movlenebs ara Tu Camouvardeba, aramed

SeiZleba aRematebodes kidec, radgan adamiani am dros Ria kosmoss

eziareba da am gziT miRebuli informacia “utyuaria”.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi hainrixi micvalebulTa qveyanaSic

mogzaurobs, xedavs iqaurobas zeciuri netarebiT aRsavses da amis Semdeg

sikvdili mas warmoesaxeba rogorc “sicocxlis uzenaesi gamovlineba”.

hainrixi micvalebulebis simRerasac moismens, romlis xmac miwidan aRwevs.

mkiTxveli rwmundeba, rom sikvdili saSineli dasasruli ar aris. Tuki

aqamde sicocxle sasurveli da sanatreli iyo, xolo sikvdili

Zrwolismomgvreli, axla maT Soris ufskruli gamqralia. saiqioSic iseve

SeiZleba adamiani sicocxliT datkbes, uyvardes, mRerodes da a.S., rogorc

amqveyniur cxovrebaSi.

romanis gmirebi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin ganicdian araerTgzis

transformacias. hainrixi fizikur metamorfozas ganicdis. matildes suli

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg qarafze wamomarTul xeSi gadasaxldeba da

iseve SeuZlia hainrixTan saubari, rogorc uwin. am feriscvalebiT samyaros

mTlianoba da erTianoba TvalnaTliv aRiqmeba. garda amisa, adgili aqvs

82

personaJebis Serwymas, mxolod romanis bolos vigebT maTi igiveobis

Sesaxeb: matilde igive ciane da igive aRmosavleli qali zulimaa. amasTan

ciane matildes pirmSoa. gogona Tavad auwyebs hainrixs, rom maT saerTo

mSoblebi hyavT: deda _ RvTismSobeli da mama _ mRvimeSi mcxovrebi

gandegili _ grafi hohencolerni. cianesa da hainrixs sxva mSoblebic hyavT.

rac ise unda gavigoT, rom ara erTxel gadaulaxavT sikvdil-sicocxlis

sazRvari. hainrixis kiTxvaze: “gana erTxel ukve iyavi mkvdari?” gogona

pasuxobs: “maS cocxali rogorRa viqnebodi?” (79, 172). matilde ki acxadebs,

rom igi hainrixs „uxsovari droidan“ icnobs. hainrixi sikvdilis Semdeg

samudamod uerTdeba Seyvarebuls. ara sicocxle, aramed sikvdili gamodis

maTi siyvarulis maradiuli navsayudeli.

sasrulisa da usasrulobis dapirispireba damaxasiaTebelia

romantikuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis. novalisi sikvdilis saSualebiT

auqmebs miwieri cxovrebis kanonebs, sazRvars sivrcesa da droSi, moipovebs

usasrulobasa da Tavisuflebas. novalisis gmiri axla tkbeba namdvili

sixaruliT, wyvets cisfer yvavils, aRsruldeba miwieri moRvaweobis yvela

ocneba. dro-sivrcis sazRvris waSliT xdeba maradiuli harmoniis,

Tavisuflebisa da usasrulobis romantikuli ideis demonstrireba.

rogorc cxadi xdeba, novalisisaTvis sikvdil-sicocxle religiuri

niSniT aRbeWdili maradiuli monacvleobaa. religiaSi SesaZlebelia

dasasrulisa da dasawyisis Serwyma. amiT igi miTs hgavs. miTi da religia

ki, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, romantikosebma kargad gaiTavises, radgan maTSi

samyaros mowyobis universaluri modeli dainaxes.

robaqiZisTvisac maradiul wrebrunvaSi CarTvaa gardacvaleba. igi,

rogorc cnobilia, ideas nicSes daesexa, Tumca bolomde misi mimdevari ar

gamxdara. Tu ratom, amas Tavadve ganmartavs filosofiur eseSi “TaurSiSi

da miTosi” (aseve werilSi “Cemi cxovreba”). igi wers, rom fr. nicSe, Tavis

mxriv, piTagoras swavlebam aRafrTovana, Tumca araswori interpretacia

misca maradiuli dabrunebis ideas da gaigo igi, rogorc mudmivad erTi da

igives ganmeoreba umniSvnelo detalebis CaTvliT. gr. robaqiZis naazrevSi

maradiuli dabruneba sulis doneze xorcieldeba. adamiani isev da isev

83

ubrundeba da uRrmavdeba sakuTar Tavs, miiswrafis im pirvelsawyisisaken,

romelic yovel arsebaSia mocemuli da RmerTTan Tanaziars xdis mas.

fizikur doneze ki igi ver daubrundeba Tavis Tavs, ver gaivlis erTxel

ukve ganvlil cxovrebas, aramed eqneba sxva sicocxle. is Tvalsazrisi,

rom sikvdili axali sicocxlis dasawyisia, gr. robaqiZes novalissTan

ufro aaxlovebs, vidre nicSesTan. vxedavT mis aSkara Tanxvedras

“fragmentebSi” kondensirebuli saxiT warmodgenil sikvdil-sicocxlis

novalisiseul koncefciasTan.

sicocxle rom gardacvalebiT ar mTavrdeba kargad ician gr. robaqiZis

gmirebma. qarafis pirze gadasavardnad gamzadebuli, msxverplad Sewiruli

londa TiTqos axali sicocxlis dawyebis molodinSia. amis gacnobierebis

Sedegia is, rom ase mSvidad da uSfoTvelad xvdeba sikvdils.

Tavzardacemul Tamazs Tavad amSvidebs: “me mival iq – sadac erTad

viqnebiT maradis!.. vixilavT... vixilavT... erTmaneTs...” (91, 44).

sagulisxmo detalia isic, rom kldis qveS wminda mdinare miedineba.

erTi kedlidan gamosuli meores erTvis. aravin icis misi dasawyisi da

dasasruli. “mdinaris denaSi vlindeba nawili uzenaesis” (91, 43). esec

miniSnebaa samyaros maradiul moZraobaze, sadac dasawyisi da dasasruli

erTmaneTTanaa Serwymul-SeduRabebuli. k. marjaniSvili “londasadmi”

moZRvnil werilSi wers: “me mxolod mgonia, rom robaqiZes ar gadaugdia

Tavis sulSi londa ufskrulisaken, aramed aisrola is zeviT mzeze, meore

ufskrulSi” (68, 2).

fantasmagoria “malStremis” mTavari gmiri morella, araTu sruli

simSvidiT egebeba sikvdils, aramed ucnobs Tavadve sTxovs sicocxle

mouswrafos mas. es ukanasknelic, daJinebuli Txovnis Semdeg gadawyvets

daniT gangmiros sayvareli qali, rom ukan dadevnebul mdevars xelSi ar

Cauvardes igi. morella momavalSi Sexvedris imediT iseTive sityvebiT

emSvidobeba satrfos, rogorc londa Tamazs: “me mnaxav Sen sadme... me gnaxav

Sen... odesme...” (91, 76).

mas Semdeg, rac SuRliT gaTiSul Zmebs – TorRvaisa da mindias

(“lamara”) Searigebs, iRupeba lamarac. avtorisave sityvebiT jer “naTeli

84

siCume” Camowveba, Semdeg zeaziduli mihyavT igi da damRerian “liles”

msgavs simReras. erTis mxriv, eqspresiuli, emociurad datvirTuli finalia,

magram mkiTxvels ar rCeba tkivilis SegrZneba. naTelia, rom lamara

daZmobilebul qistebsa da qarTvelebs ukve zecidan locavs.

“maradiuli yovladobis” Sesaxeb esaubreba taba-tabჲ arCibald mekeSs.

gavixsenoT maTi dialogi “gvelis perangidan”. “sparsi Tu hindu Tu

egvipteli” (rogorc gr. robaqiZe xSirad moixseniebs tabais), es

aRmosavleli brZeni samyaros udides saidumlos ucxadebs arCibalds:

“-yvelaferi cvlaa.. sicocxle cvlaa.. (..) xedav am kvirts?! gaiSleba..

ayvavildeba.. nayofs gamoiRebs.. Semdeg: nayofi damwifdeba.. mowydeba..

daWneba.. gahqreba..

- maS yvelaferi hqreba..

- araferi ar hqreba. “erTi” sxvaSi gadava..

- magram es “sxva” is rom ar iqneba: pirveli?!

- “isic” iqneba.. amaSia yvelaferi moqceuli..

- Zneli sagznobia..

- talRas gamohyof okeanidan?! aiReb peSviT – “talRaa”. ai “es” – rom xedav..

gadauSveb okeaneSi – aRaraa: gaiTqvifa.. magram “talRa” gahqra?!” (89, 270).

aravin icis, taba-tabaჲm SemTxveviT moiyvana magaliTad talRisa da

okeanis ambavi maradisobis kanonze saubrisas Tu im uZveles warmodgenebs

eyrdnoboda, romelTa mixedviTac wylis stiqia RmerTebis gaCenis adgilia,

RvTaebrivisa da maradiulis Semcveli.

dedamiwis sami mesamedi wyals uWiravs. mecnierulad damtkicebulia,

rom yoveli mcenarisaYTu sulieri arsebis Semadgeneli sami meoTxedi

wyalia, romlis Semcvleli jer ar mougoniaT. igi erT-erTia oTxi

ZiriTadi elementidan (miwa, haeri, cecxli, wyali). wyali Tavisi simboluri

datvirTviT ambivalenturia da erTdroulad aris rogorc macocxlebeli

Tvisebis matarebeli, aseve gamanadgurebelic. wyalTan Serwyma RvTaebriv

wiaRSi dabrunebas niSnavs. RvTaebrivia is mdinare, romelSic londa unda

gadaeSvas. aramarto sikvdili, misi dabadebac xom wyals ukavSirdeba.

85

zenobias darad daWril morellas ucnobi mdinareSi agdebs. wylis

stiqions SeerTvis matildes sicocxlec. vidre hainrixi cisfer yvavils

ixilavdes, xdeba misi ganbanva, rac sulier ganaxlebas, ganaTvlas, xelaxal

dabadebas niSnavs. ganbanvis scena gvxvdeba klingzoris zRaparSic.

levan orbelis azriTac sikvdili sxva araferia Tu ara adamianSi

RvTiur wiaRSi anu sulis pirvelsawyisTan mibruneba. norinasadmi miwerili

werilebidan cxadi xdeba, rom swored sulis ukvdavebis gamo SeuZlebelia

ori adamianis erTmaneTisagan gaTiSva fizikuri daSorebis miuxedavad.

“vgrZnob, rom SenTan samudamod var dakavSirebuli! _ wers levani norinas,

_ iqneb RvTaebrivi am wuTisofelSi adamianis saxiT warmogvidgeba? qreba is

adamianis gardacvalebasTan erTad? ara, igi Tavis pirvelsawyiss ubrundeba.

es wami, romlis amosunTqvasac Cven warmovadgenT _ Sen da me _

maradiulobaSi gadaizrdeba” (102, 240). ukanasknel werilSi ki londasa da

morellasaviT emSvidobeba sayvarel qals aramiwier qveyanaSi kvlav

Sexvedris imediT: “erTxelac sikvdili daaSorebs Seyvarebulebs, isini

erTmaneTs dakargaven. maSin RmerTebi Tavis samarTals ganaCineben da

Seyvarebulebi aucileblad ipovnian isev erTmaneTs. damexmare, norina,

gipovno, roca me aRar viqnebi” (102, 255).

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi sikvdil-

sicocxlis problemis Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxis maTeuli

aRqma da analizi srul TanxvedraSia. kerZod, sikvdili da sicocxle

cikluri monacvleobiT maradiulobas badebs. qveynad yoveli sulieri da

usulo erT did wrebrunvaSia CarTuli. es sulis istoriaa. igi xan erTi,

xan meore saxiT xorcSesxmuli warmogvidgeba, modis da isev midis.

marTalia ukve “sxvaa”, magram amavdroulad “pirvelic” aris, maradiulad

arsebobs sxvadasxva formaSi. aseTia maradisobis kanoni.

sikvdil-sicocxle monacvleobs da amgvarad samyaro ganuwyvetel

moZraobaSia. adamiani RmerTis nawilia. masSi ukvdavebaa da sikvdilic ver

iqneba dasasruli. igi aris swrafva sawyisi mdgomareobis aRsadgenad. isev

86

novalisis fragments davimowmebT: “rasac Cven sikvdils veZaxiT, aris

absoluturi sicocxlis gagrZeleba” (82, 431).

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi adgili hqonda iseT kataklizmebs, romlTa

Sedegadac aramarto uamravi adamianis sicocxle ganadgurda, aramed

materialurad dazaralda evropis didi nawili, Tundac marto pirveli

msoflio omis gaxsenebac ikmarebs, romelis masStabebic sisxlisRvrisa Tu

geografiuli arealis mixedviT SemaZrwuneblad didi aRmoCnda. albaT am

movlenamac daafiqra inteleqtualuri msoflio sikvdil-sicocxlis

problemaze kidev erTxel, amitomac SeiZina xelaxla am Temam axali

aswleulis dasawyisSi interesi.

1.5. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi _ Teza, antiTeza, sinTezi

dasavleTi-aRmosavleTis urTierTobas sakmaod didi istoria aqvs.

SesaZlebelia am procesis ramdenime aspeqtad gaSla. amjerad SevexebiT

istoriul-kulturul da filosofiur aspeqtebs. pirveli maTganis Sesaxeb

sakmaod vrclad msjelobs e. abdurazakova Tavis naSromSi. igi eqskurss

iwyebs uZvelesi droidan, roca Cndeba aRmosavleTiT dainteresebis pirveli

niSnebi. aRmosavleTisadmi dasavleTis miswrafebas xan mSvidobiani, xanac

mtruli xasiaTi qonda. iqneboda es laSqrobebi da aRmosavleTis miwebis

kolonizacia Tu savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi.

XVIII saukunidan, anu ganmanaTlebelTa epoqaSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba

dasavleTis interesi da icvleba midgomac aRmosavleTisadmi. igi aqamde

aRiqmeboda rogorc periferiuli, mdidari, magram CamorCenili kuTxe.

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavleTisgan gansxvavebiT evropasTan axlos

87

iyo aRmosavluri kultura da masTan Sexeba qonda espaneTsa da siciliaSi

arsebul arabuli saxelmwifoebis xarjze. ganmanaTleblebis gavleniT

civilizebuli samyaros interesi kidev ufro izrdeba aRmosavleTis

xalxebis cxovrebis wesisa da kulturis mimarT. italieli mRvdlis

(Ludovico Maracci) mier laTinur enaze naTargmni yurani 1698 wels gamoica,

xolo 1705 ibeWdeba wigni “muhamedis religia”. 1734 wels inglisur enaze

gamocemuli yurani male frangul, germanul, holandiur, evropis sxva

enebze iTargmna da sazogadoebaSi didi interesiT sargeblobda.

XVII - XVIII saukuneebis gasayarze evropaSi Cndeba gansakuTrebuli

daintereseba aRmosavleTiT da adgili aqvs aRmosavluri kulturis

propagandas. franguli klasicizmis sapirispirod, romelic antikur

xelovnebas aidealebs, ismis mowodeba yvela droisa da xalxebis

literaturuli Zeglebis Seswavlisa. am mxriv didia herderis roli,

romelmac ara marto Teoriulad daasabuTa es principi, aramed evropeli

mkiTxveli aziara mravali xalxis poeziis nimuSebs. maT Sorisaa

“SakonTalas” Targmani da aRmosavluri poeziis anTologia.

swored herderis saSualebiT gaecno aRmosavlur kulturas goeTe,

romelic Targmnis kidec yuranidan adgilebs da aqvs Canafiqri daweros

drama “muhamedi”, Tumca mxolod “muhamedis simReris” daweras aswrebs.

goeTe ufro metad gatacebuli iyo aRmosavluri poeziiT da amis Sedegia

cnobili cikli “dasavlur – aRmosavluri divani”.

romantizmis epoqaSi mkveTrad gazrdili interesi aRmosavleTis

filosofiuri-esTetikuri memkvidreobisadmi da am kuTxiT Catarebuli

kvlevebi saTaves udebs axal mecnierebas _ aRmosavleTmcodneobas, igive

orientalistikas. swavluli orientalistebi acnoben evropas aqamde

TiTqmis ucnobi samyaros SesaniSnav literaturul Tu religiur Zeglebs,

cxovrebis wessa da zne - Cveulebebs.

novalisis romanis erT-erTi personaJia aRmosavleli tyve qali

zulima. zulimas saxe aris personificirebuli aRmosavleTi, romelic amave

dros poezias ganasaxierebs, aris zogadad aRmosavluri kulturis

simbolo. poeziasTan misi kavSiriT ukve bevri ram aris naTqvami, Tuki

88

gavixsenebT novalisis damokidebulebas xelovnebis am dargis mimarT: masSi

nagulisxmevia intuiciiT Semmecnebeli faqizi sulis adamiani,

romlisTvisac gacilebiT ioli misawvdomia dafaruli saidumloebani.

zulima aRmosavleTis mkvidria da SemTxveviT ar xdeba am personaJis

gaigiveba poeziasTan. mis mSobel kuTxes daamadla novalisma yvela is

Tviseba, riTac misi romanis personaJi poetebi arian Semkulni. mwerlis

azriT, aRmosavluri poezia axdens romantikuli ganwyobebis stimulirebas.

aSkaraa avtoris interesi samyaros am brZeni kuTxis, misi kulturis,

xelovnebis, mistikis mimarT. igi zulimas piriT laparakobs aRmosavleTis

gansakuTrebulobaze, romelic kidev inarCunebs bunebasTan siaxloves, rac

dasavleTma didi xania dakarga. „bunebas aq TiTqos ukeT esmis adamianisa,

dRevandelobis gamWvirvale saburvelSi gaxveuli Soreuli maxsovroba

samyaros suraTebs xatkeTilad aireklavs“ _ ambobs zulima (79, 82).

aRmosavleTisadmi interesi kidev ufro izrdeba me-20 saukuneSi.

qarTveli mwerali am SemTxvevaSic imeorebs novalisis ganwyobas. Tavad gr.

robaqiZes ukavSirdeba erTi SemTxveva, romelmac ganapiroba mis

SemoqmedebaSi axali etapis dawyeba. 1916 wels sparseTSi moxvedrils hqonda

SegrZneba, TiTqos mesopotamiaSi samSoblo epovos. istorikosebis varaudiT

xom qarTvelTa uZvelesi samSoblo qaldea iyo. aqve gaiazrebs sxvagvarad,

sruliad axleburad nicSes maradiuli ukandabrunebis ideas. radgan misi

SemoqmedebisaTvis ase mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRmosavleTs ukavSirdeba,

amitomac, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens mwerlis mxatvrul

azrovnebaSi, rogorc Tavad avtori aRniSnavs, es iyo Semobrunebis wertili

mis literaturul moRvaweobaSi.

ori samyaros, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis yofis, cxovrebis

ritmisa da azrovnebis stilis Sepirispirebas uZRvnis filosofiur eses _

“sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi“. Tavidanve unda iTqvas,

rom simbolur-azrobriv opoziciaSi avtori aRmosavleTs aniWebs

upiratesobas. aq drois dineba Taviseburia, TiTqos garindulia,

SeCerebuli. amitomac wami maradisobaSia gadasuli. aRmosavleTi da

dasavleTi polaruli cnebebia. pirveli maTgani sakuTar TavSi iZireba,

89

Wvrets, fiqrobs, gonebis Tvals sakuTar Sinagans miapyrobs, meore ki,

mudmivad moZraobaSia, realizebas qmnadobaSi hpovebs, TiTqos fiqrisaTvis

arc scalia. magram Semecneba WvretiT miiRweva, amisTvis fiqria saWiro,

moqmedeba usargebloa.

aRmosavleTSi Zlieria pirvelsawyisTan, „miwasTan“ adamianis kavSiri,

rac dasavleTSi aRar arsebobs. „miwa“ aq kosmiuri arsia, romelSic „miTi

Tvlems“, gansxvavebiT dasavleTisgan, sadac igi mxolod da mxolod

materiaa, romelsac amuSaveben, sadac mosavali mohyavT. ramdenadac

dasavleTi individualobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili, imdenad aRmosavleTSi

saerTo da saziaro momenti Warbobs.

mwerali aRmosavleTis Sesaxeb saubrobs aseve eseSi „rusTvelis

msoflio mzera“. „aRmosavleTi ar moqmedobs: igi Tvlems. aRmosavleTs

sZuls sifxizle da sicxade: mas uyvars Zili da zmaneba. nirvana mxolod

aRmosavleTSia SesaZlo. iq xSiria aseTi scena: zis vinme uZravad erTs

pozaSi dilidan saRamomdis da sWvrets TvalRia sizmars. roca sinamdvile

zmanebas aRar aZlevs“ (96, 9).

sabolood avtori erTmaneTs ar upirispirebs dasavleTsa da

aRmosavleTs. saqme gvaqvs or samyarosTan, yofa-cxovrebis or formasTan.

is, rac erTs moWarbebuli aqvs, meore naklebobas ganicdis. amdenad,

erTmaneTs erwymian da avseben.

„gvelis perangSi” aRmosavluri koloriti da surneli kargad

SeigrZnoba. tonis mimcemi garda damaxasiaTebeli peizaJebisa, aris uTuod

taba-tabaჲs personaJi. mwerali xazgasmiT idumal da saintereso saxes qmnis.

gmirs Tavdapirvelad ixseniebs, rogorc „Calmians“, Semdeg araerTxel

vxvdebiT epiTets: „sparsi Tu hindu Tu egvipteli“. taba-tabaჲ namdvili

aRmosavlelia Tavisi garegnobiT, mentalitetiTa da msoflgancdiT.

rogorc WeSmariti aRmosavleli flobs idumal codnas. misTvis cnobilia

samyaros saidumloebebi. erT-erTi, vinc arCibalds swor gzaze ayenebs,

isicaa. igi maradisobis kanonis saidumlos aziarebs arCibalds da gvelis

mier perangis gaxdis filosofiur Sinaarsze daafiqrebs.

90

aRmosavleTi “aris pirveli miwa: pirveli sicocxle” (89, 26), “sadac

dro Cerdeba. aris mxolod warsuli. awmyo mimqralia. momavali xandixan Tu

ielvebs _ rogorc azri Tu fiqri. aris mxolod warsuli: da isic _

rogorc zmanebulis mogoneba” (89, 119).

Tavad taba-tabaჲ avlebs paralels dasavlur cxovrebis wesTan, sadac

TvalSisacemia mTlianobadarRveuli yofiereba, gaTiSuloba “mamasa” da

“Svils” Soris, rac ucxoa aRmosavleTisaTvis: “dasavleTSi ar ician “mama”..

iq “Svilia” mxolod. isic mowyvetili.. aRmosavleTSi hamlet SeuZlebelia:

mamas mocilebuli.. aq arc faustia: mamas rom daeZebs.. CvenSi “Svili”

imTaviTve mamis wiaRSia.. es kantis TavSi ar Seva.. sefores sityva Zlevs

mTel hegels..” (89, 46).

gr. robaqiZe aRmosavluri cxovrebis wesis saidumlos xsnis iseT

Ceulebriv saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, yavaxanaSi mamakacebis mier

haSiSis moweva, romelic magiur wriul denadobaSi xorcieldeba.

aRmosavlelTa yoveldRiuroba aRbeWdilia Tanasworobis, erTiani sulisa

da “maradi qcevis” niSniT.

avtoris azris gamomxatvelia levan orbeli, roca ambobs, rom

aRmosavleTi dResac is sivrcea, sadac mefobs maradiuli awmyo, radgan

samyaros es nawili aris „maradisobis zRurbli“. Tavadi levanis

dakvirvebiT saqarTvelo namdvili aRmosavluri qveyanaa, rac mas

siamovnebas hgvris.

dasavleTis mimarT gr. robaqiZis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aSkaraa

„malStremsa“ da „falestraSi“. ganviTarebul, civilizebul, meqanizebul

da feSenebelur industriul qalaqSi wminda grZnobebisTvisac aRar darCa

adgili. aq fuliT siyvarulis yidvac SesaZlebelia. avtori Rones ar

iSurebs, rom mkiTxvels misi yalbi saxe daanaxos.

dasavleT-aRmosavleTis gansxvaveba kargad Cans adamianebis

moqmedebaze, azrovnebaze, cxovrebis wesze. dasavlelis cxovrebis

aCqarebuli ritmi sruliad sapirispiroa aRmosavleTisa. pirveli maTgani

TiTqos mxolod awmyoTi arsebobs, cxovrobs dReis dRiT da ar axsovs arc

91

guSindeli, arc xvalindeli dRe. maSin, roca meores mexsiereba erT

droulad samives moicavs. aRmosavleTi tradiciulia, dasavleTi _

novatoruli, advilad iRebs siaxles, maSin roca aRmosavleTs ar uyvars

igi. romantikosebsac da gr. robaqiZesac swored dedamiwis am nawilis

samyaros msoflaRqma, maradisobasTan mimarTeba xiblavT. aRmosavleTi

maTTvis erTgvari egzotikacaa, romelic erTiorad macduneblad da

momxibvlelad gamoiyureba maTi Tanamedrove evropuli realobis fonze.

dasavleT-aRmosavleTis dapirispireba erTdroulad opoziciac aris da

Teza-antiTezas sinTezic _ erTdroulad gamoricxavs, Tan avsebs erTmaneTs.

1.6. “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Tema

bavSvis, igive bavSvobis Temam msoflio literaturaSi ganviTarebis

sakmaod grZeli gza ganvlo. sxvadasxva evoluciur etapze gansxvavebuli

iyo Temis interpretaciebi da bavSvis personis mimarT sazogadoebis

damokidebulebac. sruliad axleburi Sinaarsi SeiZina man

ganmanaTleblobisa da romantizmis epoqebSi. Temis evoluciis dasawyis

etapze, antikur xanaSi, bavSvi moklebuli iyo individualobas, mas

mikuTvnebuli hqonda mxolod pirovnulobis kategoria. bavSvuri

warmodgenebis samyaro ar aRiqmeboda srulfasovan msoflmxedvelobad.

karga xnis manZilze bavSvi ganixileboda rogorc potenciuri “didi” da

Sesabamisad, misi momavali ufro faseulad aRiqmeboda garSemomyofTa mier,

vidre awmyo. Tumca antikur periodSic moiZebneba SemTxveva gamonaklisis

saxiT: romaelma avtorma regulusma Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg masze

92

nawarmoebi dawera da sakiTxisadmi im droisaTvis aratradiciuli,

inovaciuri midgomiT gaaoca Tanamedroveni.

Sua saukuneebSi bavSvis mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba

SeiniSneba. erTi mxriv, is aris umankoebis simbolo da meore mxriv, bunebis

boroti Zalebis gansaxiereba.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi bavSvi upirveles yovlis, aris aRzrdis

obieqti, mniSvnelovnad gazrdilia interesi mis mimarT, Tumca Zveleburad

moklebulia individualobas.

romantizmis xanaSi bavSvis fenomeni xdeba Rrma filosofiuri

ganzogadebis sakiTxi. romantikosebma sruliad axali interpretacia

SesZines “bavSvisa” da “bavSvobis” Temas. bavSvi aRiares kacTa modgmis

saukeTeso warmomadgenlad. Tuki aqamde is arasrulfasovnebisa da

arasrulyofilebis sinonimi iyo, amieridan idealurisa da srulyofilebis

sinonimad iqca. bavSvoba ki adamianis cxovrebaSi im saukeTeso periodad,

roca is yvelaze ufro axlos imyofeba idealurTan.

romantizmis wiaRSi momxdar aRniSnul cvlilebebs xeli Seuwyo

frangi ganmanaTleblis Jan-Jak rusos filosofiur-pedagogiurma

traqtatebma, romlis mixedviTac bavSvobaSi adamianis sufTa buneba da

suli asakis matebasTan erTad maxinjdeba, mxolod bunebasTan siaxlove

SeunarCunebs mas Zvelebur sispetakes.

romantikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo am problemis mimarT

qristianuli xedva. romelic qadagebs bavSvuri bunebis aucilebelobaze

caTa sasufevelSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad: “im dros mividnen mowafeebi

iesosTan da uTxres: vin ufro didia caTa sasufevelSi? iesom dauZaxa

bavSvs da Caayena maT Sua. uTxra: WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: Tu ise ar

moiqceviT da ar iqnebiT, rogorc bavSvebi, ver SexvalT caTa sasufevelSi’”

(10, 38). qristianobam bavSvi Tavisi TvisebebiT - ucodvelobiTa da

sispetakiT angelozs gautola, rogorc RmerTsa da adamians Soris myofi,

aRmatebuli yvela sxva miwier arsebaze da miaxloebuli RmerTTan swored

gansakuTrebuli Sinagani samyaros gamo.

93

romantizmisaTvis bavSvis Tema erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens.

adamiani da misi sulieri samyaro romantikosebisaTvis umTavresi

fasulobaa. praqtikul sferoSi moRvaweobaze ufro dasafasebeli Sinagani

Zalisxmevaa. mTavari gansxvaveba zrdasrulsa da bavSvs Soris bunebasTan

maTi kavSiris xarisxSi mdgomareobs. zrdasruli adamiani midrekilia

materialuri samyarosken, bavSvi ki Tavisufalia merkantiluri

interesebisgan. bavSvobaSi adamiani Riaa gare samyarosaTvis, misi suli

transcendenturs swvdeba. axali epoqis msoflmxedvelobiT bavSvi bunebis

rCeulia. sakuTari umankoebiT adamianTa modgmas saTaveSi udgas. kosmosis

Riaobas igi ukeT SeigrZnobs. amgvarad, absolutTan siaxlovis gamo flobs

sakralur codnas, razec mozrdil adamianebs Zalisxmevis gareSe xeli ar

miuwvdebaT. novalisi „fragmentebSi“ wers: „bavSvi gacilebiT ufro Wkviani

da brZenia, vidre mozrdili“ (82, 456), „sadac bavSvia, iq aris oqros xana“

(82, 346). „oqros xana”, igive „oqros saukune“ romantikosTa esTetikaSi

sayovelTao harmoniasa da Tanxmobas niSnavs. germaneli romantikosi

mxatvari filip oto runge ki Tvlis, warmatebas rom mivaRwioT, unda

vecadoT da bavSvebs davemsgavsoT, Sinaganad ganviwmindoT, raTa

maqsimalurad mivuaxlovdeT am arsebis zneobriv suraTs: „bavSvebi unda

gavxdeT, Tuki gvinda ukeTess mivaRwioT“ (46, 81). romantizmis mier bavSvis

kultis Seqmnis Sesaxeb berkovski wers, Tu manamde bavSvi iyo zrdasruli

adamianis Semcirebuli varianti, roca isinic ufrosebis darad kamzolebsa

da parikebSi iyvnen gamowyobilni, romantizmis epoqa bavSvur bavSvebs

xatavs, isini aRiqmebian ara rogorc momavali didebi, aramed rogorc

cxovrebis etimologizacia, nebismieri evoluciis dasabami (18, 42).

ienis romantikosebSi didia intersi bavSvis fsiqologiisa da miseuli

azrovnebis specifikis mimarT. am skolis warmomadgenelTa (fr. Slegeli,

novalisi, vakenroderi, l. tiki) mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT araerT

bavSv personaJs.

novalisis moTxrobis “saiseli Segirdebis” mniSvnelovani personaJia

erTi araCveulebrivi bavSvi, romelic, mravalricxovan saisel moswavleTa

Soris gamoCndeba. marTalia, am wreSi es-esaa moxvda, magram maswavlebeli

94

mzadaa gamoacxados igi memkvidred da gadasces mTeli Tavisi codna.

saocaria, rom yvela garSemo myofze cxovelmyofeli zemoqmedeba aqvs. mis

siaxloves Tavs kargad grZnoben. magram moulodnelad movlenili samTo

skolaSi aseve moulodnelad uCinardeba. maswavlebeli darwmunebulia, rom

igi dabrundeba da maSin aRar iqneba saWiro aranairi swavleba.

igive Tvalsazriss aviTarebs novalisi romanSic. adamians qvena

grZnobebi xels uSlis SeinarCunos alali guli, amitom rTuldeba

cxovreba. roca gaTavisufldeba igi Sav-bneli azrebisgan, daiviwyebs

angarebas, sixarbes, momxveWelobas da sxva mankierebebs, gaqreba

dabrkolebebi: „balRurad miamiti kaci xom ufro advilad miikvlevs gzas

am cxovrebis RadaRudaze“ (79, 52).

romanis meore, e.w. atlantidis zRaparSi qveynis ganaxleba, bednieri

momavali bavSvs ukavSirdeba. poetisa da mefis asulis pirmSos arwivi

oqrosfrad mosirmul mitras adgams Tavze. igi bunebasTan axlos myofi

arsebaa, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze ufro naturaluri mTels im

TavyrilobaSi. mefis garSemo Sekrebilan sasaxlis didebulebi, romelnic

sakuTar grZnobebs, namdvil saxes Zvirfasi tansacmlisa da uxilavi

niRbis miRma faraven. bavSvi ki pirvelyofilia, ganZarculi yovelive

Sesamkobelisagan, siyalbisa da xelovnurobisagan. igi Tavisi arsiT

wminda, Seuryvneli da umankoa. swored mas adgams gvirgvins samefo arwivi.

klingzoris zRapris mixedviT, samyaros bavSvebi ixsnian. zRapris

bednier dasasruls swored maT unda vumadlodeT _ mravali dabrkolebis

gadalaxvis Semdeg samyaros igavi _ es „maradiuli bavSvi“ gadaarCens. misi

piridan WeSmariteba RaRadebs: sfinqsis kiTxvaze, vin icnobs samyaroso,

igi pasuxobs, is vinc sakuTar Tavs icnobs.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi hainrixisa da matildes Svilis _

astralisis amqveynad movlineba euwyeba mkiTxvels. igi ganxorcielebuli

oqros xanis simboloa.

bavSvis ucodvelobasa da siwmindes kidev erTxel gaesva xazi

modernizmis epoqaSi. axali xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi uSualobis,

miamitobis Tu primitivizmis Ziebam miiyvana bavSvis Tvisebebis sanimuSod

95

aRiarebamde. mis qcevaSi, laparakSi vlindeba WeSmariteba. bodleris TqmiT,

adamiani kargia ymawvilobis asakSi swored Tavisi ucodvelobis gamo.

Tavad diogen sinopelma aiRo magaliTi bavSvisagan. roca naxa, rom am

ukanasknelma peSviT dalia wyali, momarjvebuli Tasi gadaagdo. gaocda,

rogor ajoba bavSvma cxovrebis simartiviT. garemomcvel samyaros bavSvi

martivad aRiqvams, maSin roca codnisa da gamocdilebis mqone uneburad

arTulebs. ris winaaRmdegic iyo diogen sinopeli. man uaryo civilizacia

erTi moTxovniT, rom adamiani dabruneboda Tavis pirvelyofil

mdgomareobas, isev egrZno Tavi bunebis Svilad.

bavSvuri primitivizmi aRafrTovanebs firosmanSi robaqiZes, radgan

“bavSvTan yovelTvis aris simarTle. yovels mis nakveTs azis beWedi

pirveladis, sworis, marTalis. aq aris pirveli sityva’” (99, 184).

filosofiur novelaSi “TaurSiSi da miTosi” gr. robaqiZe bavSvis

msoflaRqmis Sesaxeb wers: “adamiani sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi mudmivad

SeigrZnobs pirvelyofil mdgomareobas. misi “me” jer kidev ar moscilebia

dedobriv wiaRs... jer kidev garkveviT ver aRiqvams Tavisi SesaZleblobebis

sazRvrebs. ver aRiqvams sivrces da misi moZraoba mimarTulia

usasrulobisken. amitomac bavSvi sikvdilSic ver xedavs sikvdils da SiSs

mis winaSe” (101, 51).Aigive azrs aviTarebs avtori romanSi “graalis

mcvelni”. A

cnobilia mwerlis mxatvruli gmirebisa da bavSvebis

urTierTdamokidebuleba. londa maT uyvarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT

dedebsa da debs igi sZulT, radgan londaSi mamakacebis gamxelebels,

aqedan metoqes xedaven. ufrosebi londas mxolod maTTvis miuRebeli,

uaryofiTi mxridan aRiqvamen.

piesaSi “lamara” moTxrobilia mindiasa da ori mcirewlovani Zmis

megobrobis Sesaxeb.

aseve iolad umegobrdeba levani mebaRis mcirewlovan vaJs _ leqsos,

Semdeg norinas Svils _ gogis. umniSvnelo, magram dasamaxsovrebeli

personaJia patara iezidi gogona _ aiSa igive romanidan, romelic

daufaravad gamoxatavs Tavis siyvaruls levanis mimarT. bavSvis mzera

96

Sinagans swvdeba, levani imitom uyvars, rom “iseTi” araa, rogoric sxvebi.

ase martivad pasuxobs Txovnas, axsnas levanis mimarT Tavisi

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis mizezi. mogvianebiT ki mis gardacvalebas

sami kviriT adre winaswarmetyvelebs.

gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic vxvdebiT bavSvebs, romelnic

ufrosebisagan gansxvavebiT bevrad ufro martivad aRiqvams garemomcvel

samyaros. maTTvis igi feradovania, mxiaruli, saocrebebiT savse. maT

cnobierebaSi sikvdilic ki ar aris tragikuli. zrdasruli adamianisTvis

cxovreba dabrkolebebTan da problemebTan Widilia. sikvdili ki _ yvelaze

saSinel gancdebTan dakavSirebuli movlena. adamiani masSi xedavs

dasasruls, gardauval bedisweras, romelsac SiSiT elodeba. ufross

codna-gamocdileba xels uSlis iyos bavSviviT uSualo.

97

pirveli Tavis daskvnebi

grigol robaqiZesa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa Soris paralelis

gavlebis saSualebas iZleva romantizmisa da modernizmis

msoflmxedvelobriv-estetikuri principebis siaxlove;

or literaturul movlenas mTeli erTi saukune aSorebs, Tumca

msgavsi politikuri, socialuri Tu filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis

Sedegad Camoyalibebuli romantizmisa da modernizmis mimdinareobebi

amJRavneben naTesaobas jer kidev msoflmxedvelobisa da eTetikis

doneze;

maTi warmoSoba mniSvnelovan politikur Zvrebsa da kataklizmebs

daemTxva. iseT epoqalur movlenebs, rogoric iyo safrangeTis

burJuaziuli revolucia, erTi mxriv da meore mxriv, pirveli

msoflio omi;

burJuaziuli sazogadoeba miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc

romantikosebisTvis, aseve modernistebisTvisac. orive xelovneba

warmoaCens Tanamedrove adamianis mZafr dapirispirebas burJuaziul

sinamdvilesTan;

romantizmisa da modernizmis filosofiur wanamZRvars idealizmi

warmoadgens. klasikurma idealizmma da “sicocxlis filosofosebis”

moZRvrebebma didi SesaZleblobebi gadauSala romantikosebsa da

modernistebs. daanaxa, rom ideali arsebobs ara realobaSi, aramed

irealurSi;

aRniSnuli mimdinareobebis antiklasikuri da antirealisturi xasiaTi

ganapirobebs maT problematikas;

orive xelovnebisTvis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens adamianis suli,

misi Sinagani samyaro;

“ori realoba”, ukiduresi subieqtivizmi, iracionalizmi da

misticizmi is saerTo Tvisebebia, ris gamoc modernizmi romantizmis

memkvidred da xazis gamgrZeleblad miiCneva. orive maTgani eswrafvis

98

dainaxos yvelaferSi RvTaebrivi, miiltvis zecnobierisaken, lamobs

sagnisa Tu movlenis ideis Secnobas;

romantizmisa da modernizmis msoflmxedvelobaTa siaxlove

saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis

msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri Sexedulebebis erTmaneTTan

msgavsebaze;

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli azrovnebis fundaments

warmoadgens miTosuri msoflmxedveloba, rogorc samyaros

specifikuri Semecnebis unari;

radgan adamiani, rogorc mikrokosmosi makrokosmosis nawilia da

imeorebs mas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom WeSmariteba masSia.

TviTanalizi pirdapirproporciul mimarTebaSia samyaros Semecnebis

procesTan;

Semecneba intuiciiT aris SesaZlebeli;

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa paraleluri Seswavla

aCvenebs, rom personaJebis iniciaciis procesSi xelSemwyobi

faqtorebia: siyvarulis grZnoba, poeturi saqmianoba da bunebasTan

siaxlove;

maradiul wrebrunvad aRiqmeba sikvdil-sicocxlis monacvleoba,

riTac kidev erTxel xazi esmeba samyaros usasrulobasa da

ganuyofel mTlianobas;

saxezea mwerlebis msgavsi damokidebuleba dasavleT-aRmosavleTis

opoziciis mimarTac. samyaros ori nawilis simbolur-azrobriv

dapirispirebaSi upiratesoba aRmosavleTs eniWeba, sadac

dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT SenarCunebulia kavSiri pirvelsawyisTan;

gr. robaqiZiseuli bavSvisa Tu bavSvobis Temis gaazreba emTxveva

Sesabamis romantikul koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac bavSvi

kosmiurad Ria arsebaa.

99

Tavi meore

ganaxlebuli adamiani

jer romantikosebisaTvis da Semdeg modernistebisaTvis Zalian male

dRis wesrigSi dadga samyaros gardaqmnis sakiTxi. arsebuli realobiT

gamowveulma ukmayofilebam bunebrivia daafiqra isini da daarwmuna

cvlilebebis aucileblobaSi. maT samyaros gardasaxva warmoedginaT

ganaxlebuli adamianis moRvaweobis meSveobiT. adamianis mTavari

daniSnuleba am amocanas ukavSirdeboda. novalisi erT-erT fragmentSi

miuTiTebs, Cven yvelani erTi misiiT varT movlenilni _ dedamiwis

gardaqmna-ganaxlebaa Cveni mizanio. romantikosebi da modernistebi aqac

Tanxmdebian, rom am rTuli problemis gadaWraSi mTavari roli xelovanma

adamianma da zogadad xelovnebam unda itvirTos.

germanel romantikosebze gavlena iqonia e.w. aRzrdis romanma,

romelsac “agaTonis” avtorma _ vilandma Cauyara safuZveli germanul

literaturaSi, xolo Tavis mwvervals miaRwia goeTes romanebSi “vilhelm

maisteris swavlebis wlebi” da ”vilhelm maisteris mogzaurobis wlebi”.

marTalia, aRzrdis romani germanul literaturaSi Tavisi klasikuri

saxiT vilandisa da goeTes SemoqmedebaSi warmogvidgeba, misi tradiciebis

gagrZeleba xdeba romantikosebis SemoqmedebaSic, Tumca maT Soris sxvaoba

imdenad aSkaraa, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi gaCnda axali termini _

romantikuli aRzrdis romani. mas SeiZleba ufro ganviTarebis romani

vuwodoT, radgan orientirebulia adamianis sulier progresze.

aRzrdis romani ganmanaTleblobis epoqis pirmSoa, roca adamianis

problemebis gadawyvetaSi gonebas mieniWa upiratesoba. ukanaskneli

saukuneebis aRmoCenebi da sagrZnobi winsvla mecnierebis mraval dargSi

iyo swored gonebis udidesi Zalis demonstrireba.

A m. baxtini aRzrdis romanis gaanaliziebisas Semdeg daskvnamde midis,

rom igi Tavis arsiT sinTezuria, aerTianebs mogzaurobis, gamocdis,

biografiul romanebs da iZleva adamianis Camoyalibebis dinamikas. n.

100

berkovskis azriT, aRzrdis romani mogviTxrobda mTavarze _ rogor

viTardeba adamiani, rogor yalibdeba misi pirovneba?

germanuli aRzrdis romani gviCvenebs pirovnebis Camoyalibebas

“Signidan”, misi TandaTanobiTi formirebis qronologiur gzas vrcel dro-

sivrcul farglebSi. es aris monocentristuli nawarmoebi, romelSic

dominanti mTavari gmiria, danarCeni personaJebi mis garSemo jgufdebian da

misi aRzrdis procesebis katalizatoris rolSi gamodian. Tanamgzavrobas

uweven mTavar gmirs da xels uwyoben mis gonebriv da sulier aRorZinebas.

aRzrdis romani miiCneva ganmanaTleblobis epoqis produqtad, Tumca

misi fesvebi literaturaSi bevrad Rrmad midis. am tipis romanis

filosofiur da literaturul wanamZRvrebs vrclad mimoixilavs v.

paSigorevi Tavis SromaSi “aRzrdis romani XVIII-XX saukuneebis germanul

literaturaSi. genezisi da evolucia”. pirovnebisa da misi

msoflmxedvelobis Zireuli cvlilebebis asaxvas avtori jer kidev

Suasaukuneebis klerikaluri literaturis wiaRSi SeniSnavs _ wmindanTa

cxovrebis amsaxvel nawarmoebebSi. maRali idealebisadmi ltolva

warmoadgens maTi gmirebis mamoZravebel Zalas (mag.: wm. avgustines

“aRsareba”). rogorc wesi, isini SeZlebuli ojaxebidan arian. miatoveben ra

saxls, xorcis daTrgunvisa da sulis aRzevebis wiaR miuyvebian qristes

gzas. avtori gadmogvcems sulsa da xorcs Soris winaaRmdegobis daZlevis

Sedegad pirovnebis sulieri samyaros formirebas. aseT nawarmoebTa rigSi

moixsenieba, magaliTad, wm. avgustines “aRsareba”, anselm kenterberielis

nawerebi da sxva.

germanul mxatvruli literaturaSi ganviTarebis romanis pirvel

nimuSebad v. paSigorevi miiCnevs hartman fon aues “gregoriussa” da

“sabralo hainrixs”, aseve volfram fon eSenbaxis “parcifals”, romelSic

kidev ufro aSkaraa aRzrdis romanis elementebi. nawarmoebis centrSi

moqceulia parcifali, misi cxovrebis gza da ganviTarebis etapebi, Tu

rogor icvleba igi cxovrebiseuli gakveTilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad,

Tumca mkiTxvelisTvis ufro metad cnobili xdeba misi sagmiro saqmeebis

Sesaxeb, vidre mimdinare Sinagan sulier procesebze. Tavgadasavlebis

101

aRwera bevrad Warbobs personaJis rTuli sulieri samyaros gaSuqebasa da

fsiqologiur analizs.

aRorZinebis literaturaSi SedarebiT Rrmavdeba fsiqologiuri da

biografiuli momenti, iseve, rogorc nawarmoebTa siuJetur-kompoziciuri

mTlianoba. amis dadasturebaa xalxuri wignebi til oilenSpigelsa da

doqtor faustusze.

evropulma gaiZverulma romanma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova

sinamdvilis gamosaxvis diapazoni, danerga pirvel pirSi Txrobis principi,

gaagrZela cxovrebis gakveTilebze aRzrdili gmirebis, ufro sworad,

antigmirebis gamosaxva. magram fsiqologizmi aqac moikoWlebs, radgan

interesi didia isev biografiuli momentebisa da garemoebebis mimarT.

cvlilebebi xdeba personaJis garSemo da ara mis arsebaSi.

aRzrdis romanTan Tavisi ideur-mxatvruli struqturiT axlosaa

grimelshauzenis (1621-1676) “simplicisimusi”. naCvenebia gmiris mTeli

cxovrebiseuli gza, magram aqac upiratesoba aqvs mainc garegnul mxares da

ara Sinagans. es aris romani kvlav ganviTarebis elementebiT.

XVIII saukuneSi franguli da gansakuTrebiT inglisuri mxatvruli

tradiciebis zegavleniT sruldeba germanul literaturaSi aRzrdis

romanis Camoyalibeba. v. paSigorevis azriT, germanuli ganviTarebis romanis

axal etaps warmoadgens vilandis “agaToni” da goeTes “vilhelm maisteri”.

filosofiur – ganmanaTlebluri romanis nimuSia vilandis “agaToni”.

pirvelad vxvdebiT germanul romanSi pirovnebis inteleqtualuri aRzrdis

moments, Tu rogor yalibdeba pirovneba sazogado moRvawed, romelic

mowodebulia akeTos sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo saqme.

goeTes “vilhelm maisterSi” simZimis centri garegnulidan Sinaganze,

individualurzea gadatanili. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis problemac ufro

gamokveTil saxes iRebs. nel-nela daSorda ra goeTe axalgazrdobis

periodis “qariSxlisa da Setevis” postulatebs, is axla uars ambobs

yovelgvar Zaladobasa da iZulebaze, revoluciur nabijebze, aRiarebs

pirovnul Tavisuflebas, radgan mxolod Tavisufal adamians ZaluZs

Seqmnas WeSmariti faseulobebi. amitomac mwerals sazogadoebrividan

102

piradulze gadaaqvs aqcenti. goeTesTan sxvagvaria gmiris grZnobisa da

xasiaTis dialeqtika. es aris romani adamianis Sinagan samyarosa da mis

garegan gamovlinebebze, gmiris pirovnebad Camoyalibebaze, mis

individualur srulyofaze da bolos mis swrafvaze sazogadoebrivi

amocanebis gadasaWrelad.

nawarmoebis bolomde SenarCunebulia interesi gmiris Sinagani

samyaros mimarT. XVIII saukunis germaniis yofis fonze erT mTlianobaSi

warmogvidgeba individualuri da socialuri, Sesabamisad gmiris

yofierebis Sinagani da garegani mxareebi. vilhelmis ganviTareba xdeba

xelovnebisa da siyvarulis gziT konkretulisaken anu sazogadoebrivad

sasargeblo arsebobisaken. gmiris ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania esTetikuri

aRzrda, radgan vilhelmi swored idealuris Secnobis Semdeg acnobierebs

rogorc mis kontrastulobas realur cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi, aseve am

winaaRmdegobis daZlevis gzebsac. avtori Tavis gmirs jer xelovnebis

saocar samyaros aziarebs da amis Semdeg Sehyavs igi realur cxovrebaSi. es

aris gza idealuridan realurisken. TeatriT gataceba gmiris

gansakuTrebul sulier mdgomareobas iwvevs, rasac zed erTvis marianasadmi

siyvaruli. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac siyvarulSi imedgacruebas iwvnevs,

zurgs aqcevs Teatrsac. aqedan iwyeba axali etapi mis cxovrebaSi. amieridan

orientacias iRebs praqtikul saqmianobaze, radgan Tvlis, rom realaur

cxovrebas ver Secvlis veranairi xelovneba. xelovneba iluzorulia,

cxovrebasTan ki iluziebi SeuTavsebelia.

goeTes winamorbedis vilandis mier moTxrobili agaTonis istoria,

misi aRzrda mTavrdeba gamogonil saxelmwifoSi, gansxvavebiT “vilhelm

maisterisgan”, sadac TvalSisacemia gmiris swrafva praqtikuli

saqmianobisken.

romantikosebi goeTes romanis gamoCenas Tavdapirvelad

aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen, magram Semdeg apaTia daeuflaT, radgan maTi

dakvirvebiT romanis gmiris saxiT miiRes adamiani, sazogadoebis erT-erTi

rigiTi, axali wevri, kargad aRzrdili da naswavli. marTalia, gmirma

103

warmatebas miaRwia, magram amiT samyaro ar Secvlila. cvlilebebi ar

gascdenia Tavad mis biografias.

vidre vilhelmi sulierad viTardeba, romantikosebis simpaTias

imsaxurebs, magram rogorc ki igi Seecdeba fexi moikidos Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi, daimkvidros sakuTari Tavi, Seudges praqtikul saqmianobas,

maSinve zurgs aqceven. cnobili faqtia isic, rom novaliss “hainrix fon

ofterdingenis” Seqmnisken ubiZga swored am romanma.

literaturaTmcodneebi irwmunebian, rom ara, goeTes “maisteri”, “hainrix

fon ofterdingeni” ar Seiqmnebodao.

radgan ganmanaTlebelTa idealebi ar ganxorcielda, romantikosebi

Tvlidnen, rom mizezi adamianSi unda eZebnaT, radgan adamiani, gonebis

kulti da racionaluri Semecneba iyo is, rasac ganmanaTleblebi mTeli

XVIII saukunis manZilze qadagebdnen.

aSkaraa ganmanaTleblebisa da romantikosebis erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli aRqma adamianis rolsa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. pirvelni

xataven gmirebs, romelnic aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdebian sazogadoebisaTvis

sasargeblo wevrebad. maTi mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiT, rom fexi moikidon

sazogadoebaSi, daimsaxuron aRiareba, mowoneba, gaxdnen pativsacemi

moqalaqeebi. xolo romantikuli gmiri Sors aris yoveldRiuri fusfusisa

da amaoebisgan, ver egueba burJuaziuli sinamdvilis praqticizms da

gamudmebiT ZiebaSia, mieltvis ideals. is aris zneobrivad da sulierad

ganviTarebuli adamiani, romelic ganmanaTleblobis xanis ganaTlebuli

adamianisagan gansxvavebiT moRvaweobs ara materiis, aramed sulis sferoSi.

romantikosTa gagebiT, adamiani ki ar ergeba sazogadoebas, igi Tavad qmnis

sasurvel garemos. “adreuli romantikosebi mijaWvulni arian sakuTar

ocnebas. isini “vilhelm maisterSi” dasmul problemas pasuxoben individis

gadasaxlebiT realuri cxovrebidan poeziis fantastikur samflobeloSi,

sadac jer kidev poetebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi moqmedeben” (142, 82).

goeTes “vilhelm maisters” raRac aspeqtSi hgavs da raRac aspeqtSi

ewinaaRmdegeba Slegelis romani “lucinde”. mxatvrebis _ lucindesa da

iuliusis grZnobebis ganviTareba-aRzrdaa naCvenebi. siyvaruls isini

104

aRiqvamen rogorc usasrulobisken siaruls, maradiulobasTan Serwymas.

mTavari personaJebi WeSmaritad romantikuli gmirebi arian, romelTa

samoRvaweo sferoc grZnobebis samyaroa. swored es ganasxvavebT maT

vilhelm maisterisgan. “Tuki vilhelm maisteri evoluciurad viTardeba

individualuridan socialur – moqalaqeobrivamde, fr. Slegelis gmirebi

uRrmavdebian individualur – grZnobadis ukidegano siRrmeebs, wyveten ra

yovelgvar kavSirs garesamyarosTan. aseTia maTi rogorc romantikul

gmirebad Camoyalibebisa da formirebis Sinagani procesi” (83, 116-117).

ganmanaTlebluri aRzrdis koncefcias ewinaaRmdegeba aseve ienis

romantikosis l. tikis romani “franc Sternbaldis mogzauroba”. igi

goeTes “vilhelm maisteris” gavleniT Seiqmna, Tumca ara imitom, rom misi

msgavseba an gagrZeleba yofiliyo, aramed, piriqiT, avtoris survili iyo

gamoexata racionaluri poziciisgan gasxvavebuli midgoma adamianis

aRzrdisadmi. problema: “xelovneba” Tu “cxovreba” gadawyvetilia ienis

romantikuli Teoriis Sesabamisad. franc Sternbaldic xelovania –

mxatvari, romelic sakuTar “me”-s uRrmavdeba. l. tikisa da goeTes

nawarmoebebSi pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva rakursidan aris

gaSuqebuli. tikis SemTxvevaSic aqcenti kiTdeba subieqtur-individualurze

saerTo-sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. marTalia, romani dausrulebeli

darCa, mainc naTelia, rom mwerali Tavis gmirs tovebs metafizikur

sferoSi. romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad, l. tiki aviTarebs

idealisa da realuris SeuTavseblobis ideas.

CvenTvis cnobilia novalisis azri goeTes “vilhelm maisteris

swavlebis wlebze”, romelsac romantikosi metismetad zedapiruls,

poeziaze Seqmnil satiras, prozauls uwodebs, sadac ugulebelyofilia

yovelive romantikuli. novalisi fragmentebSi wers: “masSi romantikuli

iRupeba _ aseve naturfilosofia, saswaulebrivi _ saubaria mxolod

Cveulebriv adamianur ambebze _ buneba da misticizmi sruliad

daviwyebulia. es aris poetizirebuli biurgeruli da saojaxo ambavi.

saswaulebrivi masSi aSkarad ganxilulia, rogorc poezia da meocnebeoba.

mxatvruli aTeizmi aris wignis suli” (82, 544). novalisisTvis miuRebelia

105

goeTes empiriuli realizmi, biurgerTa yoveldRiurobis mxatvrul tiloze

asaxva, sadac “saubaria Cveulebriv adamianur saqmianobaze, buneba da

mistikuri sruliad daviwyebulia. es aris poeziad gardaqmnili meSCanuri

saojaxo moTxroba” (32, 136).

maisteris mTavari kiTxva da problema aris profesiis arCeva, maSin

roca hainrixisTvis cxovrebis miznad samyaros Secnoba qceula. goeTes

gmiri Sordeba poeziasa da xelovnebas. hainrixi amis sapirispirod

moZraobs, eswrafvis poetad Camoyalibdes.

radgan romantikosebis warmodgeniT samyaroSi yvela da yvelaferi

erTmaneTTan kavSirSia, adamianic yvela suliersa Tu usulosTan

urTierTmimarTebaSia, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis feriscvalebis

paralelurad Seicvleba samyaroc. novalisis esTetikaSi poeti aris

umaRlesi SemoqmedebiTi da sulieri potenciis mqone. misi azriT, odesme

RvTiuri harmonia daisadgurebs. adamiani gamocdis ra miwier siyvaruls,

amaRldeba idealur grZnobamde, misi TviTSemecneba sruldeba imiT, rom

Tavs Seimecnebs absolutis nawilad.

kidev erT polemikas goeTes romanTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens

novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingeni”. isic dgas xelovanis, xelovnebisa

da zogadad cxovrebis romantikuli koncefciis poziciaze. avtori xatavs

ara yoveldRiur realobas, aramed qmnis miTologiur istorias, qmnis

roman-miTs. realoba imdenad aris mwerlisaTvis saintereso, ramdenadac

realobis garkveuli faqtebi Tu movlenebi emsaxureba gmiris sulier

ganviTarebas.

novalisic ukve ganxiluli romantikosebis kvaldakval materialur,

realur samyaros suliers upirispirebs. mTavari gmiris sulis daxvewas

emsaxureba nebismieri faqti Tu movlena, Tanamosaubreebis mier naTqvami

yoveli fraza. mas Semdeg, rac hainrixi gaivlis gzas “molodinidan”

“aRsrulebisken” (asea dasaTaurebuli or nawiliani romanis Tavebi). roca

erTmaneTs Seerwymis poezia da siyvaruli, sruldeba hainrixis ganviTarebis

miwieri etapi, Seicnobs cxovrebis sazriss. gmiri Seicnobs xelovnebisa da

106

siyvarulis arss, bolos ki xdeba misi Serwyma samyarosTan. romanis

dasasruli sruliad zRaprul-fantastikuria.

„hainrix fon ofterdingenSi“ da gansakuTrebiT ki, mis meore nawilSi

aisaxa novalisis filosofiuri moZRvreba “magiuri idealizmi”. igi

gulisxmobs adamianis „mbrZaneblobas“ bunebaze, ris ganxorcielebac

SesaZlebelia misi bolomde Secnobis gziT. mwerlis Canafiqri aseTia, mas

Semdeg, rac adamiani sulierad da fizikurad moaxerxebs sakuTari Tavis

dauflebas, misi Zalmosileba samyarozec gavrceldeba, adamiani sakuTari

Tavis srulyofiT srulyofs samyaros. “samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis

Secnobis Sedegad poets gardasaxvis survili ipyrobs” (79, 190) da misi

“ukanaskneli qmedeba dedamiwaze misi sakuTari feriscvalebaa” (79, 191).

“oqros xanis” dabruneba niSnavs sulisa da materiis dakarguli

harmoniis aRdgenas, maT sinTezs, grZnobadi da sulieri samyaros SeerTebas.

am opoziciis dasaZlevad saWiroa realobis romantizacia, rac

SesaZlebelia “magiuri idealizmis” saSualebiT. “adamianisa da universumis

„garomantiuleba“, _ wers r. gabitova, _ misTvis (novalisisTvis – n. b.)

niSnavs adamiansa da universums Soris urTierTobis „mistificirebas“,

ufro sworad racionaluri SemecnebisaTvis dafaruli winaaRmdegobebis

„dialeqtikur“ sinTezs” (22, 175-176).

samyaros ganviTarebis novaliseuli koncefciis miswrafeba ikiTxeba

„hainrix fon ofterdingenis“ samive zRaparSi. romani romantikul poezias

asxams xotbas da upirispirdeba fantaziis, ocnebis, poeziis gareSe

darCenil, prozauli realobiT aRsavse burJuaziul yofas.

germaneli romantikosebis xedviT adamians samoRvaweo asparezad

mxolod sulis sfero darCenia. prozauli realoba mtrulad aris mis

mimarT ganwyobili, amitom rTulia adamianma sakuTari Tavi gamoavlinos.

hainrixis gardasaxva xdeba sulis doneze. aseve sulis sferoSia

gadatanili axali samyaros Seqmnac. realurad mas perspeqtiva ar aqvs da

amitomac es idea utopiuriis sferos ganekuTvneba.

kacobriobis xangrZlivi istoria icnobs utopiuri sazogadoebisa Tu

saxelmwifos ara erT SemTxvevas. misi fesvebi Cndeba jer kidev

107

miTologiur warsulSi. uranosisa (cisa) da geas (dedamiwis) Svilisa da

zevsis mamis _ kronosis ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielebuli idealuri

sazogadoeba warmoadgens pirvel „oqros xanas“. „kronosis dros iSvnen da

gamravldnen adamianebi. isini uzrunvelad cxovrobdnen. dedamiwa imden

sarCos iZleoda, rom maT ar awuxebdaT arc yinva da arc sicxe, arc

sneulebebi da arc sibere. am xanis adamianebma ar icodnen, Tu ra aris

daundobeli sikvdili; isini Zalze didxans cxovrobdnen, maTi

gardacvaleba ki saocari gardasaxva iyo. rogorc sizmarSi, ise qrebodnen

isini da yvelani miwiszeda, keTilismqmnel demonebad iqceodnen. maTi

cxovreba ar iTxovda arc kanonebs, arc daundobel omebs da davas. maT

yvelaferi TavisTavad eZleodaT, Sromobdnen ki imdens, ramdenic

exalisebodaT. kronosis drois mokvdavni yvelaze ufro bednierad

iTvlebodnen. amis aRsaniSnavad maT oqros xanis adamianebsac uwodebdnen

xolme“ (118, 23).

Tumca am idiliis miRma sastiki realoba imaleboda.

winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, kronosi Svilisgan iqneboda Zleuli, iseve

rogorc Tavad gausworda mamas da gaxda samyaros gamgebeli, amitom

ylapavda igi yvela Tavis pirmSos. Tumca ver Secvala bediswera da isev

Svilis _ zevsis mier iqna damarcxebuli. „miTi cxadyofs kronosis

miTologiuri personis kuriozulad ormag xasiaTs: erTi mxriv, kronosi

idealuri mmarTvelia, mefe, romlis zeobis drosac adamianebi idiliur

pirobebSi arseboben da araferi ician wuxilis, SiSisa Tu tanjvis Sesaxeb,

meore mxriv, kronosi SemaZrwunebeli moZaladea, romelmac daasaWurisa mama

da SeWama sakuTari Svilebi erTi mizniT: mieRwia ganuyofeli

xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobisaTvis. kronosis ikonografia erTdroulad

aris datvirTuli pozitiuri da negatiuri simbolikiT, sadac pozitiuri

simbolika utopiis, rogorc axdenili ocnebis, relevanturi modelia,

negatiuri ki _ utopiis realizebisaTvis saWiro brutaluri Zalisxmevaa“

(87, 18-19).

kronosis utopiur sazogadoebas mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa hesiodem,

Tumca iqve cxadi xdeba utopiis iluzoruli xasiaTi, rogorc realobaSi

108

ararealizebadi. „TxzulebaSi „Sromani da dReni“ hesiode sruliad

garkveviT miuTiTebs idealuri oqros xanis preistoriulobas _ „in illo

tempore“, wers hesiode, riTac migvaniSnebs, rom oqros xana istoriis gareSe

mdgomi, drois miRma arsebuli movlenaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, idealuri

samyaro anu arkadia misTvis droisagan Tavisufal, ucvlel da usasrulo

eqsistenss warmoadgens. hesiodes gaaqvs utopia realobis sazRvrebidan,

vinaidan uwyis: idilia ar eqvemdebareba realizacias, idilia zedrouli,

transistoriuli movlenaa, rameTu realoba yovelTvis amarcxebs ocnebas“

(87, 22).

hesiodes es Teoria aTaswleulebis manZilze ar Secvlila. kraxiT

dasrulda cnobili utopiuri modelebidan yvelaze realuris _

socialistur-komunisturi sazogadoebis mSeneblobac.

erTmniSvnelovnad utopiuria novalisis „oqros xanac“. mwerals

„momavlis samyaro“ warmoudgenia, rogorc usasrulobisa da „gonivruli

qaosis“ sinTezi: „momaval samyaroSi yvelaferia; rogorc yofil samyaroSi

_ da mainc yvelaferi sxvagvarad. momavlis samyaro aris gonivruli qaosi

[...] _ qaosi anu ∞“ (82, 455). novalisis azriT, samyaros dasabami aris

miTiuri, iseve rogorc momavali.

meoce saukuneSic adamians kvlav Zalumad amoZravebs axlis Secnobis,

cvlilebebis survili. Semoqmedi xalxi miiCnevs, rom saWiro gaxda

revoluciuri cvlileba, oRond sulis sferoSi. Sesacvlelia ara

sazogadoebrivi wyoba, ara qveynis mmarTvelobiTi organoebi, aramed Tavad

adamiani, misi suli. axali msoflxedvis, axali orientiris mqone adamiani

ver Seegueba arsebul sinamdviles, rac misi gardaqmnisken ubiZgebs. aseTi

lozungic ki gaisma: msoflios SeuZlia gaxdes kargi, Tu adamiani gaxdeba

kargi.

romantikosebis msgavsad, modernistuli esTetikis erT-erTi amocanaa

“axali adamianis” Seqmna, romlis gardasaxvac SesaZlebelia sulis sferoSi

momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad. mxolod aseTi adamianebi SeZleben dasabami

109

daudon ganaxlebul samyaros. individma, rogorc samayaros mamoZravebelma

Zalam, TviTon unda iTavos cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba.

modernistuli „axali adamianis“ idea nicSes zekacis ideas

ukavSirdeba. romlis mixedviTac adamiani „RmerTis sikvdilis“ gamo aRar

elis xsnas zeciuri sferoebidan. RmerTis gareSe da Sesabamisad,

orientiris gareSe darCenili axla sakuTari Tavis zeasvlas eswrafvis.

„zekaci _ yovelive jerarsobis, yoveli „undas“ uRlisagan Tavdaxsnili,

Zvel „sjulis ficarTa“ Semmusvreli, axal RirebulebaTa fuZemdebeli,

zekaci _ qera bestia, mtacebeli mxeci, lomi sisxlismRvreli, Semoqmedeba _

TamaSiT garTuli bavSvi _ umanko da ucodveli _ am niSniT axasiaTebs

nicSe momaval adamians da es niSnebi, es RvTaebrivi Saravandedi

gvafiqrebinebs, rom nicSes Tavisi zekaci Cafiqrebuli hyavs, rogorc

RmerTis Semcvleli, rogorc RmerTis funqciis aRmsrulebeli, RmerTkaci...

zekaci, rogorc Semoqmedeba _ TamaSiT garTuli ucodveli bavSvi,

adamianuri sulis gardaqmna _ ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da mZime gzis bolo,

mesame safexuria“ (84, 212).

gr. robaqiZis gmirebi - arCibald mekeSi da mindia “axali adamianebi”

arian. arCibaldma sakuTar TavSi CaZiebiT aRmoaCina momavali da Tavi

daaRwia mtanjvel, gaurkvevel warsuls. mis sulSi datrialebulma

qartexilma gamokveTa misi xvalindeli dRe. TiTqos xelaxla daibada da

dasabami misca lamis gadaSenebul ZirZvel irubaqiZeTa gvars. is “axali

adamiania”, magram miwaze myarad mdgomi. igi axerxebs Tavis damkvidrebas,

sakuTari adgilis povnas, romelsac didxans eZebda. hyavs meuRle _ matasi

da vaJi _ babuis mosaxele _ Tamazi. male Sematebas elian. Tavad arCili

meurneobas uZRveba, mokled, praqtikul saqmianobaSia CarTuli.

TavisTavad ganaxlebuli adamiania mindia. bunebis enis codnis

wyalobiT, masTan asimilirebas axdens da srul harmoniaSi modis. bunebis

saidumlos dasaufleblad mindias ar dasWirvebia sulieri metamorfoza.

misi suli ar auforiaqebia gaucnobierebel ltolvas, mis siRrmeSi ar

aSlila da amoZravebula idumali Zalebi. yvelaferi martivad moxda -

Zilis dros mas gveli miepara, yuri auloka da gaRviZebulma cxadad

110

SeigrZno sakuTari feriscvaleba. arc am SemTxvevSi gadaizrdeba siuJeti

ararealobaSi, piriqiT, zRapariviT iwyeba da Semdeg sruliad realur

ganviTarebas iZens.

mindia udides codnas flobs da mas sakuTari xalxis keTildReobas

axmars. arCibaldis msgavsad cxovrobs da saqmianobs, rogorc uwin.

cdilobs waadges rogorc sakuTar Tavs, ise mSobel xalxsa da qveyanas.

orive aRniSnuli personaJi novalisis hainrixisgan gansxvavebiT,

goeTes maisters da zogadad ganmanaTlebluri romanebis gmirebs ufro

metad enaTesaveba. Tu novalisTan RvTaebrivs, maradiuls naziarebi gmiri

ararealuri xdeba, gr. robaqiZis gmirebi Cveulebriv, miwier adamianebad

rCebian, romelnic yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ferxulSi arian Cabmulni.

sulierad ganwmendili, amaRlebuli gmiri, romelic eziara maradisobas, am

codniT rCeba isev empiriul realobaSi da ganagrZobs cxovrebas.

savaraudod man unda gardaqmnas samyaro. Tavad man ganicada sulieri

metamorfoza da “ganaxlda”, STamomavloba ki imTaviTve “ganaxlebuli”

moevlineba qveyanas.

sulier ganwmendas hainrixi da arCibaldi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin gadian.

vxdebiT Tanamonawileni maTi metamorfozis. iniciaciis gzas gadis levan

orbelic („graalis mcvelni“). marTalia, iRupeba, magram sikvdilis

Semdegac axerxebs TanamemamuleTa zneobis amaRleba-aRorZinebas. poetis

TanaavtorobiT Seqmnili piesa mis Sesaxeb dadgmul speqtaklad gadaiqceva.

levanis magaliTi mayurebelSi aRZravs survils, saqveyno saqmisTvis

sakuTari sicocxlec ar daiSuron.

Tuki gmirebis cxovrebas or fazad – ganviTarebisa da moRvaweobis

etapebad davyofT, advili SesamCnevi iqneba msgavseba da gansxvaveba

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis personaJebs Soris. isini gadian iniciaciis

rTul gzas, magram maTi cxovreba sulieri srulyofis Semdeg

sxvadasxvagvarad viTardeba. novalisis hainrixi kategoriulad emijneba

praqtikul saqmianobas. mwerali zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebs ra romantizmis

esTetikur principebs, rCeba realobis uarmyofeli da qmnis samyaros

utopiur momavals e. w. “oqros xanis” saxiT. maSin, roca, gr. robaqiZe Tavis

111

gmirebs tovebs praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi. isini cxovroben da

iRwvian aramarto sakuTari Tavis, aramed sxvaTaAsasikeTodac, rac gr.

robaqiZes ganmanaTleblur TvalsazrisTanac Tanaziars xdis da viRebT

ganmanaTlebluri da romantikuli gmiris Sualedur, sinTezur formas,

romlis “ganaxlebac” ara racios, aramed pirvelsawyisTan miaxlebis,

uzenaesis WvretiT Semecnebis gziT xorcieldeba, magram amave dros

kategoriulad ar emijneba empiriul realobas.

112

meore Tavis daskvnebi

samyaros Secvla-ganaxleba romantikuli da modernistuli skolebis

erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens;

rogorc romantikuli, aseve modernistuli esTetikis Tanaxmad,

samyaros Secvla sulierad aRorZinebuli adamianis moRvaweobis

Sedegad unda ganxorcieldes.

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis personaJebs axasiaTebT sulieri

metamorfoza;

romantikuli aRzrdis romani upirispirdeba ganmanaTlebluri

aRzrdis romans: ganmanaTleblebi adamians miznad usaxaven

sazogadoebisaTvis sasikeTo moRvaweobas, romantikuli gmiris

“aRzrda” gulisxmobs mis sulier feriscvalebas da misi samoqmedo

arec sulis sferos ar scildeba;

novalisis “hainrix fon ofterdingeni” Seiqmna rogorc reaqcia

goeTes “vilhelm maisterze”. gmiris ganviTareba saxezea, magram

maisterisgan gansxvavebiT gmiris sulieri ganviTareba grZeldeba

sulis sferoSi saqmianobiT;

germaneli mwerali zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebs ra romantizmis

esTetikur principebs, rCeba realobis uarmyofeli da midis “oqros

xanis” damayrebamde – gvTavazobs samyaros utopiur models;

gr. robaqiZis gmirebic hainrixis msgavsad ganicdian sulier

metamorfozas, Tumca rCebian praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi, rac

ganmanaTleblur TvalsazrisTan Tanaziarsac xdis;

gr. robaqiZis personaJebis saxiT viRebT ganmanaTlebeli da

romantikosi gmiris Sualedur, sinTezur formas, romlis

“ganaxlebac” ara racios, aramed pirvelsawyisTan miaxlebas, uzenaesis

WvretiT SemecnebasAemyareba, Tumca amave dros kategoriulad ar

emijneba empiriul realobas.

113

Tavi mesame

grigol robaqiZisa da novalisis SemoqmedebaTa stilur

TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb

gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebaze saubari srulyofili ver iqneba Tu ar

SevexeT mis mwerlur maneras _ sruliad gansakuTrebul, misTvis

damaxasiaTebel stils. miT umetes, rom novalisis SemoqmedebasTan

paralelis gavleba am aspeqtSic SesaZlebelia.

xelovnebis istoriis, literaturisa da lingvistikis sferoSi Znelad

Tu moiZebneba iseTi mravali mniSvnelobis mqone termini, rogoricaa stili.

avtoris individualuri stilis Seswavlas miZRvnes Sromebi v.

vinogradovma, i. arnoldma, a. fiodorovam, m. brandesma da sxv. swavleba

stilis Sesaxeb jer kidev antikur xanaSi iyo cnobili. stilis Teoriis

fuZemdeblad aristotele miiCneva, romlis Teoriac aisaxa mis “poetikasa”

da Semdeg ki “ritorikaSi”.

nawarmoebis stils garkveulwilad is konkretuli literaturuli

epoqa gansazRvravs, romlis msoflmxedvelobasa da esTetikasac iziarebs

mwerali, magram Tavad Semoqmedis xvedriTi wili ufro mniSnelovania.

axali Teoriebi mwerlis stilis Sesaxeb ayalibebs azrs, rom stili

individualuri niSniT aris aRbeWdili. igi ganuyoflad, mWidrod

ukavSirdeba mwerlis individualobas da mis enaSi vlindeba yvelaze ufro

naTlad. individualuri stili SeiZleba mTeli literaturuli skolis

ZiriTad stilad iqces. avtoris individualoba maqsimalurad SeigrZnoba

mxatvrul teqstebSi. zogjer imdenad Zlieria individualuri sawyisi rom

stiliT avtoris Secnoba xdeba SesaZlebeli. mxatvruli stili aris

mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli, sadac Cans misi subieqturi

damokidebuleba zogadad garesamyarosadmi da enobrivi formebis

Tavisuflad gamoyenebisadmi.

114

rogorc novalisis, ise gr. robaqiZis weris stili ukavSirdeba

aramarto maT individualur SesaZleblobebs, aseve im mimdinareobebis

Taviseburebebs, romelTa gavlenasac isini ganicdian.

romantizmi sruliad gansxvavebuli da TavisTavadi literaturuli

mimdinareoba iyo XVIII _ XIX saukuneebis mijnaze da gasakviri ar aris, rom

gamosaxvis xerxebic manamde sruliad gansxvavebuli gamoinaxa. es

ukanaskneli im uaRresad rTulma problematikam gansazRvra, rac

romantikosebis Semoqmedebis wyaros warmoadgenda.

maT mimarTes gamosaxvis iseT xerxebebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro

kargad asaxavda Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel sirTuleebs.

romantikosTa gamosaxvis xerxebi iyo iseTi moqnili, rogorc arasdros.

axalma xelovnebam axal simaRleze aiyvana simbolos gamomxatvelobiTi

funqcia. romantikosebma kargad gamoiyenes ferisTvis azrobriv-

Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis miniWebis SesaZlebloba, xolo Janrebis

erTmaneTSi aRreviT Seqmnes universaluri Janri. ramdenadac farTo iyo

maTi interesebis areali da azrovnebis masStabebi, Janris SerCevis mxrivac

aranair CarCoSi ar moeqcnen da ar daemorCilnen manamde cnobil wesebs.

romantikosebma klasicistebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi _ Janruli

siwmindis dacvis Sesaxeb maT sxva debulebebTan erTad uaryves, radgan

romantikuli nawarmoebi warmoedginaT sworedac rom Janrebis sinTezi.

calke aRebuli arc erTi forma ar akmayofilebdaT, radgan miTos-

SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisaTvis did gasaqans ar iZleoda, SeuZlebeli iyo

saTqmelis srulad gamoxatva, Tanac uaryofdnen yovelgvar SemzRudav

faqtors da aqac sruli Tavisufleba mianiWes fantazias.

fr. Slegelis cnobili 116-e fragmenti romantikuli nawarmoebis

universalobaze miuTiTebs: “romantikuli poezia (igulisxmeba ara mxolod

poeturi, aramed zogadad romantikuli nawarmoebi. n.b.) aris progresuli,

universaluri poezia, misi daniSnuleba ar aris mxolod yvela

gancalkevebuli Janris gaerTianeba... eposis msgavsad mxolod mas SeuZlia

gaxdes garemomcveli samyarosa da epoqis sarke“ (130, 204-205). aqedan

115

gamomdinare, romantikosi xelovani gacilebiT ufro Tavisufalia da misi

TviTgamoxatvis procesi SeuzRudavi.

amrigad, miviReT romantikuli nawarmoebi, romelic, rogorc b. a.

sorenseni wers, erTdroulad aris iracionaluri, fantastikuri,

sizmareuli, simbolisturi, sadac ar arsebobs mizez-Sedegobrivi

damokidebuleba.

es definicia kargad miesadageba modernistTa Semoqmedebasac. me-20

saukunis dasawyiss ukavSirdeba qarTuli literaturis formalisturi da

Sinaarsobrivi feriscvaleba. Tanamedroveobis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi

xasiaTi unda asaxuliyo mxatvrul literaturaSi. gr. robaqiZisTvisac ar

aris ucxo erTi nawarmoebis farglebSi sxvadasxva Janris SeTavseba.

magaliTad, „gvelis perangSi“ avtori romans uxamebs poezias, legendas,

epistolarul teqsts. uxvad iyenebs aseve simboloebsa da alegoriebs,

saxeebis gaxsnisTvis mimarTavs miToss saidanac sesxulobs miTiur

personaJebs, arqetipebs. sabolood iRebs ufro moqnil, moxerxebul

gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas, romelic yvelaze ufro optimaluria misi

Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad.

orive avtori Tavs aridebs saxeebis, xasiaTebis konkretizacias, arc

erTi maTgani ar iZleva personaJebis dawvrilebiT portrets, piriqiT, isini

rig SemTxvevaSi sqematurni arian. sakmarisia mxolod ramodenime Strixi.

personaJebs TiTqmis ar gamosaxaven yoveldRiur yofiT situaciebSi.

mTavari saerTo maxasiaTebeli novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis gmirebis aris

is, rom maTTvis niSandoblivia sulieri zrda da moraluri ganwmenda.

ganzogadebisken midrekileba orive mweralTan aSkaraa. zulima _

tyvedCavardnili aRmosavleli qali _ qadagebs omis sisastikes,

humanurobisaken, mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisaken mouwodebs aRmosavleTsa da

dasavleTs. sakuTari piradi bedi TiTqos aRarc ki awuxebs. igi

Tvalcremliani yveba samSobloze, Tanamemamuleebze, maT keTilSobilebaze,

ixsenebs arabeTis ayvavebuli oazisebis mSvenierebas da ar Civis Tavis

axlandel yofaze. arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mokles

116

jvarosnebma misi qmari _ arabi didebuli, TviTon ki bavSvTan erTad tyved

wamoiyvanes.

rig SemTxvevebSi ar aris dakonkretebuli personaJTa saxelebic.

novalisis mxatvrul prozaSi adamianebi moixsenieba maTi profesiisa da

saqmianobis mixedviT. CvenTvis ucnobi rCeba vaWrebis, memaRaroes,

gandegilis („hainrix fon ofterdingeni“), maswavleblisa da moswavleebis

(„saiseli moswavleebi“) vinaoba. moTxrobaSi isic xdeba, rom ismis xmebi.

oTxi xma isev da isev adamianisa da bunebis urTierTmimarTebaze

msjelobs.

msgavs SemTxvevebs adgili aqvs gr. robaqiZesTanac. es Seexeba

gansakuTrebiT mis dramebs. „malStremis“ inkognito moqmedi gmirebi arian:

ucnobi, moxuci mewisqvile, meTevze, Seyvarebuli qal-vaJi. moqmed pirTaA

sqematuroba aq aSkaraa. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia ainStainisa da kantis

moCvenebebi, romelnic SigadaSig gaielveben xolme da sakuTari

moZRvrebebis mTavar frazebs warmoTqvamen (kanti _ „fenomenia mxolod _

yoveli. sagani TavisTavad gamoucnobia“, ainStaini _ „relativuria mxolod

_ yoveli. absoluturi moxsnilia imTaviT“ (91, 57)). “usaxelo” personaJebi

„londaSic“ gvxvdebian: mTavari, dedofali, qurumi, qadagi da moambe. Tavad

londas warmoSoba, misi warmomavloba burusiT aris moculi. zRvis piras

napovni gogonas mSoblebis vinaoba aravin icis.

„anonimuroba“ daculia dialogebSic. xSirad sakmaod mozrdil

monakveTebSic ar xdeba mosaubreTa dakonkreteba. amiT avtori imaze

migvaniSnebs, rom mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris vin ambobs, aramed _ ras

ambobs.

novalisis “fragmentebi” hgavs robaqiZis dausrulebel frazebs,

sadac avtori lakonurad atevs saTqmels. mkiTxvels rCeba SesaZlebloba

mweralTan erTad ifiqros, daasrulos azri, uTqmels mixvdes. erT-erT

fragmentSi novalisi wers kidec: “WeSmaritma mkiTxvelma avtori unda

ganavrcos” (82, 352).

Tavad romani „hainrix fon ofterdingeni“ erT did fragments

warmoadgens: kiTxvis dawyebisas adamians rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Txrobis

117

SuagulSi CaerTo. rac Seexeba finals, misi avtoriseuli varianti, rogorc

cnobilia, arc arsebobs. novalisis gardacvalebis Semdeg romani misma

megobarma da aseve romantikosma mweralma ludvig tikma daasrula. hainem

„hainrix fon ofterdingens“ uwoda kidec “didi alegoriuli romanis

nawyveti”.

ukve aRiniSna, rom orive mwerlis Semoqmedeba eyrdnoba filosofias,

religiasa da miToss (es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia gr.

robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi). problemebis dasma-gadawyvetis saqmeSi maT mTavari

adgili uWiravT. orive avtori inteleqtualuri mwerlobis

warmomadgenelia da amitom rTulad aRsaqmelic. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom

personaJebis umetesoba filosofosebi arian. isini SeuzRudavad saubroben

wamowyebul Temebze. ganaTlebisa, Tu saqmianobis miuxedavad, maTi

saazrovno are farToa. msjeloben zogad Temebze da ara sakuTar, kerZo

ambebze. novalisTan aseTi personaJebi arian: vaWrebi, memaRaroe,

aRmosavleli qali, gandegili, klingzori... gr. robaqiZesTan: oTar

moSaire, taba-tabaჲ, petereci, levan orbeli, Tavadi giorgi...

vfiqrobT, zemoT moyvanili faqtebi imis naTel suraTs iZleva, rom

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa Soris stilis donezec

SesaZlebelia msgavsebis moZebna. rasac ver vityviT Txrobis tempis Sesaxeb.

novalisis mSvidi, auRelvebeli Txrobisagan gansxvavebiT, gr. robaqiZis

SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia sulmouTqmeli ritmi, misi nawarmoebebidan

moedineba grZnobebis zRva, Tavbrudamxvevi emocia da eqspresia.

ukiduresi lakonuroba gr. robaqiZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

niSandoblivi maxasiaTebelia. novalisi ase Zalian ar izRudeba da ar

gaurbis azris gaSlisas vrcel msjelobas. mokvecil, dausrulebel

frazebsa Tu SekumSul formebs “fragmentebis” miRma TiTqmis ar mimarTavs.

misi ena robaqiZis enobriv artistizmTan SedarebiT sada da ubraloa. gr.

robaqiZis frazis musikaluroba Tavis zenits piesebSi aRwevs. rogorc wesi,

igi ar mimarTavs rTul sintaqsur konstruqciebs, rasac germaneli

romantikosis SemTxvevaSi xSirad aqvs adgili.

118

qvemoT saubari gveqneba am ori mwerlis mier saxe-simboloebis, feris

simbolikisa da montaJis teqnikis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

3.1. saxe-simboloebi

novalisis Semoqmedebis mTavari saxe-simboloebia: cisferi yvavili,

isidas qandakeba da dRe da Rame.

cisferi yvavili „hainrix fon ofterdingenis“ centraluri simbolos

warmoadgens. igi ara marto novalisis Semoqmedebis, aramed germanuli

romantizmis da saerTod romantizmis simbolod iqca. novalisis

mkvlevarebis gansakuTrebul interessac swored is iwvevs. maTi azriT, am

poeturi saxis Seqmnisas saxelmZRvanelo magaliTebs savaraudod unda

warmoadgendes Tiuringiuli Tqmuleba saocari yvavilis Sesaxeb. es aris

indoelTa cisferi lotosi, romelsac novalisi forsteris mier

“SakonTalas” TargmaniT gaecno. aseve ludvig tikis leqsi “Traum” da

bolos SroSanis simbolo biomesa da goeTesTan. sabolood novalisma

Seqmna konkretuli simbolo abstraqtuli mniSvnelobiT: yvavili miwaze

iSleba, mas zecis feri aqvs da erTdroulad niSnavs miswrafebas,

monatrebas, Semecnebasa da usazRvroebas, aris siyvarulisa da poeziis

simbolo, radgan es cnebebi novalisisTvis sinonimebs warmoadgens. rogorc

vnaxeT, igi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT abstraqtuli da amasTan mravalplaniani

saxea, romelic adamianisa (matilde) da yvavilis sinTezs warmoadgens.

cisferi yvavili mxolod intuitiurad aris misawvdomi. romantikosTa

winamorbedTaTvis ideali konkretuli da garkveuli iyo. ganmanaTleblebis

mibaZvis obieqts antikuri xelovneba warmoadgenda, rogorc maTi idealebis

119

ganxorcielebuli magaliTi. misTvis swored imitom unda miebaZaT, rom

miaxlovebodnen ideals. axali xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi ki eswrafodnen

raRac bolomde gaurkvevels, usasrulos, gamudmebiT srulqmnaSi myofs da

aqedan gamomdinare miuRwevels da gaugebars. cisferi yvavili moiazrebs

adamianis individualizaciis process. misi miRweva aris swored adamianis

mier sakuTari Tavisken siaruli, sakuTari pirovnebis gaxsna da wigniviT

wakiTxva.

cisferi yvavilis simbolikis Semdeg SevexebiT dRisa da Ramis poetur

saxes, romelic novaliss “Ramis himnebSi” Semoaqvs. Cveulebriv, dRisa da

Ramis simboluri aRniSvna asocirdeba, erTis mxriv, sicxadesTan da

gonierebasTan da meores mxriv, saidumlosTan, raRac SeucnobelTan, aseve

sikvdilTan. novalisma dRe-Ramis erTianoba sikvdil-sicocxlis

monacvleobas daukavSira. Tumca sikvdili masTan ar aris dasasruli, igi

aris ufro maRal sivrceSi, zesamyaroSi gadasaxleba. rogorc f. martini

wers, novalisis warmodgenaSi adamiani kosmiur-universalur kanonebs

emorCileba, igi TiTqos kibeze moZraobs, romlis orive boloc

usasrulobas erTvis.

leqsebis xsenebul ciklSi novalisma ganazogada sofias sikvdiliT

gamowveuli sakuTari gancdebi. mis mier daxatul samyaroSi, sadac dasabami

da dasasruli ar arsebobs, SeuZlebelic araferia. misi azriT, sikvdilic

ver aRudgeba win siyvaruls da darwmunebulia, rom sicocxle sikvdilis

Jamsac SesaZlebelia. “himnebi Ramisadmi” gamsWvalulia religiiTa da

misticizmiT. novalisi xotbas asxams Rames da Sesabamisad sikvdils, Tumca

es ar niSnavs mis mier amqveyniuri cxovrebis uaryofas, es ufro maradiuli

arsebobis aRiarebaa. Rame ar warmogvidgeba rogorc wyvdiadi, ukuneTi,

usiamovno grZnobebisa da fiqrebis aRmZvreli. Rame sinaTlis, dRis

kontrapunqtia. igi usazRvroebasTan, TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba.

saerTod, romantikosebisaTvis igi erTob poeturi movlenaa, iseve rogorc,

magaliTad: sasaflao, Zveli nangrevebi da a.S.

120

is, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT saerTo aqvT gr. robaqiZesa da

novaliss saxe-simboloebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, aris isidas saxe.

isidas qandakeba dafaruli saidumlos Secnobis simboloa.

isida, igive izida da igive neiTi egvipturi miTologiis mTavari

RvTaebaa. aris nayofierebis, sicocxlisa da dedaSvilobis mfarveli

qalRmerTi, ojaxuri siwmindis damcveli. igi deda RvTismSoblis miTosuri

arqetipia. mecnierebi paralels avleben yrmaatatebuli mariamis saxesa da

isidas Soris, romelsac Cvili horusi upyria xelT.

isidasadmi mowiweba da Tayvaniscema gavrcelebuli iyo ara marto

egvipteSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac. misi taZrebi arsebobda Zvel

saberZneTsa da romSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, nilosis deltis dasavleTiT,

qalaq saisSi arsebobda isidas qandakeba, romelsac hqonda Semdegi warwera:

„me var yvelaferi, rac aris, rac iyo da rac iqneba; arc erT mokvdavs ar

auxdia Cemi saburveli“ (82, 681).

samxreT egvipturi qalaqis _ saisis izidas saburvelmosili

qandakebis Sesaxeb legendas xSirad mimarTavdnen mistikosebi da

okultistebi. igi Semoqmedi adamianebis interesis sferoSic araerTxel

moxvda. Sileris 1795 wels daweril filosofiur leqsSi „Seburvili kerpi

saisSi“ (“Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais”) moTxrobilia erTi mowafis mier isidas

qandakebisTvis upatiod saburvelis Camoglejis Sesaxeb, romelic man

samyaros saidumloebebis Secnobis wyurviliT moimoqmeda:

“swavlis SeZenis did wyurviliT gatacebuli,

Zveli egviptis saisisken yrma iswrafoda,

rom Seeswavla misgan mogvTa sibrZne faruli”

(127, 49).

aravin icis ra ixila man saburvels miRma. igi qandakebis win iatakze

ugonod myofi ipoves taZris qurumebma. am leqsSic izidas qandakeba

miCneulia dafarulis Secnobis, zogadad Semecnebis simbolod iseve,

rogorc novalisTan da gr. robaqiZesTan.

121

hiacintis dauRalavi mcdeloba, ipovos izidas, rogorc „yvela

arsebis dedis“ qandakeba, ganpirobebulia erTi surviliT, yvela kiTxvas

pasuxi mouZebnos. amas emsaxureba misi mogzauroba.

gr. robaqiZe araerTxel mimarTavs am simbolos. romans „falestra“

epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli isidas saisis qandakebis warwera: “me var is,

rac aris, rac iyo da rac iqneba da arc erT mokvdavs ar auxdia Cemi

saburveli. warwera saisis qalis qandakis safexurze, romelsac egvipturad

erqva saxeli neif’” (89, 303). igive poetur saxesa da warweras vxvdebiT

romanSi “Cakluli suli”, dramaSi “malStrem” da eseSi “Tamar”.

gr. robaqiZesTan isida ara marto simbolo, aramed imavdrulad

miTosuri arqetipicaa. masTan arian gaigivebulni nata, morella da

kavalla. samive SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia neiTis (izida) avxorcoba da

imavdroulad misi ubiwoeba. „neifi qali iyo avxorci... da mainc darCa:

xeluxlebeli“ (91, 92), radgan „is jer aravis hkuTvnebia... kaci mxolod

zedapirs exeba qalisas“ (98, 21).

samive qalis cxovrebaSi wrfeli grZnobis garda angarebiani

siyvarulic arsebobs (gansakuTrebiT morellasa da kavallas SemTxvevaSi).

nata mzad aris sakuTari nebiT danebdes gpu-el berzins, oRond cixeSi

gamomwyvdeuli Tamazi daixsnas. berzinisa da natas urTierTobas saerTo

araferi aqvs namdvil grZnobasTan.

morellasaviT kavallas siyvarulsac oqroTi yiduloben. warsulSi

gancdilma wminda grZnobam masSi Rrma kvali datova. romani

dausrulebelia, Tumca tovebs SegrZnebas, rom kavallas boboqari

sasiyvarulo istoria jer kidev win elodeba, magram ucnobia, es grZnoba

masa da reJisor adolf ungars Soris warmoiSoba (qalma misi daintereseba

da moxibvla erTi naxviT moaswro), Tu bedi moulodnelad isev yazi-beis

Seaxvedrebs. evropaSi myofs, mraval Wir-varam gadaxdenils kidev ar

daviwyebia es sworupovari vaJkaci da qalis warmosaxvaSi kidev erTxel

TamaSdeba yazi-beis mier misi gatacebis suraTi. magram, radgan masze,

rogorc mamamisis mkvlelze, erTxel ukve Tqva uari, Tuki qalSi mTis

122

kanonebi isev moqmedeben, ambis msgavsi gagrZelebis molodini ar unda

gvqondes.

morellas SemTxvevaSic msgavsi suraTi warmogvidgeba: qals bedis

ukuRmarTobiT araerT mamakacTan uwevs urTierToba, magram arcerTs ar

ekuTvnis bolomde ucnobis garda. Sedegad qalis saidumlos mxolod

ucnobi swvdeba da masSi „miwas“ Seicnobs.

qali gansakuTrebuli personaJia gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi,

romelsac ukavSirdeba “maradqaluris” cneba. es poeturi saxe erT-erTi

wamyvania mwerlis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi. maradqaluris fenomeni “maradi

qalwulis” xats, aseve “didi dedis” kults (igive “magna mater”).

ukavSirdeba Tavis mxriv.

maradi qalwuli zneobrivad daxvewili, srulyofili da mudam

saocnebo arsebaa, romelic sakuTar TavSi mxolod zeciurs ar moiazrebs,

igi miwieri sawyisis matarebelicaa. misadmi ltolva es aris

gaucnobierebeli swrafva zeciurisken, adamiani misi meSveobiT zesivrcul

sferoebs eziareba. rogorc aRiniSna, maradqaluris ganmsazRvreli sulac

ar aris ubiwoeba, igi wmindans ar niSnavs. piriqiT, SesaZloa masSi mkveTrad

iyos gamoxatuli miwieri sawyisi. es aris maradqaluris saidumlo: iyo

avxorci da mainc umanko. rogorc, magaliTad, xazi esmeba londas

avxorcobasac.

“Cakluli sulis” erT-erT Tavs, sadac natas personaJs vecnobiT, asec

hqvia _ “marad qaluri”. aq laparakia qalis maradiulSi myofobaze,

mamakacTan mis upiratesobaze, aRqmulia rogorc “kosmiuri wiaRis natexi”

(98, 23). nata marTlac ifaravs sakuTar arsSi samyaros saidumloebebs. es

ambavi bolomde gacnobierebuli arc Tavad aqvs, mxolod gumaniT xvdeba.

TiTqos masSi iRviZebs da zedapirze amotivtivebas iwyebs saidumlo codna.

gr. robaqiZem werilic uZRvna am fenomens (“fiordebis asuls”). maradi

qalwuli maradi saZiebelia: “dageZeb mudam Jams... viwyeb Zebnas Sensas

mSveniero da vicocxleb Seni SexvedrisaTvis mxolod. me viwvi cecxliT da

ferflis ar meSinia; mzis ganaxlebaSi mec viSvi xelaxla imav suliT;

gadavlaxav saukunoebs da gixilav kidev” (97, 65–66).

123

maradqaluris saidumlo yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. igi

Zalian hgavs izidas simbolos, Tavisi orbunebianobiT. isic avxorcia da

imavdroulad qalwuli.

maradqalur fenomens garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba “miwis” poeturi

simbolika. qali gr. robaqiZis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi aris miwis saSo,

pirvelmiwa. qalic da miwac nayofierebis simboloa. gavixsenoT, rom

dedamiwis RvTaeba qalia _ gea.

qarTvel mweralTan miwa mxolod geologiuri warmonaqmni ar aris da

bevrad ufro Rrmad aris gasaanalizebeli. mas ukavSirdeba ori

mniSvnelovani epizodi, romelsac gr. robaqiZis biografiaSi hqonda adgili.

swored am SemTxvevebis Sedegad gaiazra avtorma filosofiur WrilSi

miwasTan dabrunebis idea. roca tifiT mZimed dasneulebuli eqvsi wlis

grigoli mamam saavadmyofodan moitaca, bavSvs saaqao piri ar uCanda.

mSobelma, imis SiSiT, rom gvams ar miscemdnen, am gamosavalsRa miagno.

moxda saocreba, gonmixdils araTu cnobiereba aRudga, saxlSi dabrunebis

sixarulic ki gamoxata. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs mwerali, “mSobliuri

miwis sunTqvam gamomacocxla. mas Semdeg miwis goroxi CemTvis sijansaRis

niSania” (125, 226). aq miwis kosmiuri arsi cxaddeba. adamiani mas uxilavad

ukavSirdeba da aseve uxilavad ganicdis misgan zemoqmedebas.

adamianze zemoqmedebis meore magaliTsac iZleva Tavad avtori. miwam

masze xelaxla sparseTSi imoqmeda, sadac 1916 wels aRmoCnda rogorc

samxedro piri. “mesopotamiis zRurblamde mivaRwie da mqonda SegrZneba,

rom saukuneTa svlaSi dakarguli samSoblo vipove” (99, 227) _ wers igi

mogvianebiT. es imitom, rom istorikosebis varaudiT, qarTvelTa uZvelesi

samSoblo qaldea iyo. swored aq xdeba mwerlis mier axleburad gaazreba

ukan dabrunebis ideis: adamiani ki ar gadis ciklurad erTi da igive gzas,

aramed masSi Semodis maradisoba.

miwis kosmiuri arsisa da maradiuli ukandabrunebis ideis gaazreba

edeba safuZvlad “gvelis perangs”.

miwis kosmiur arsze saubrobs gr. robaqiZe filosofiur eseSi

“sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi” krebulidan “demoni da

124

miTosi”, sadac sakiTxi ganxilulia dasavleT-aRmosavleTis Sepirispirebis

fonze, ris Sesaxebac pirvel TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari.

piesaSi “malStrem” civilizebul samyaros Tavisi feSenebeluri

sastumroebiT, kazinoebiT, barebiT, mdidari saqmosnebiT, yalbi

urTierTobebiT upirispirdeba sofeli da boSaTa banaki, sadac afaseben

namdvil siyvaruls, megobrobas, sadac ician uangarod Tanadgoma da

Tavdadeba. swored aq cocxlobs miwa, romelic qalaqidan didi xnis win

gamoaZeves. karsmomdgari civilizacia ukve aqac emuqreba mas.

“male mdinaresac amoaSroben..

male tyeebsac gasCexen...

male miwasac amouSroben ZuZuebs... (91, 71)

gr. robaqiZe “malStremis” ganmartebaSi wers: „miwa“ aq sulia

samyarosi: instinqti, ganukveTloba, rassiuli xsovna cocxali anamnezis”

(89, 269). am gagebiT morella miwaa:

“morella! Sen kidev miwa xar.

Sen mixvdi mxolod Cems vinaobas” (91, 65)

_ eubneba mas ucnobi. is, rac sxvebisTvis dafaruli WeSmaritebaa, cnobilia

am boSa qalisTvis.

morellas garda gr. robaqiZe “miwasTan” aigivebs matasisac, romelic

sakuTari sxeuliT atarebs qarTuli miwis madls, siwmindes, siuxvesa da

nayofierebas: “da modis qarTuli miwa: misi mkerdebiT _ misi xnulebiT _

misi ZuZuebiT _ misi jejilebiT... (89, 297). matasi orsuladaa da Svenis

daqaleba. dadis: mucliT TiTqo miwis saSo miaqvs” (89, 299).

“miwa” erTdroulad materialuri cnebacaa da abstraqtulic.

xmauriani qalaqiT daRlili kavalla qalaqgareT midis, raTa gaeqces misi

yofis amaoebas, miwas daadgas fexi, mis SexebasTan erTad cota xniT mainc

igrZnos is uxilavi energia, romliTac miwa mdidaria da ase uxvad

ajildoebs masTan kavSirSi myof adamianebs. miwa bunebriobaa, sixalasea.

arCibaldic ar iSorebs mamisgan danatovar kolofSi napovn sairmis

miwas, “rogorc mSobliur sivrcesTan damakavSirebel magiur niSans” (89, 68).

igi Seugneblad Tu qvecnobierad gamudmebiT iqiT miiswrafvis, sadac misi

125

fesvebia, es sairmis pirvelmiwaa. “aq iSva... aq mosWra mas bebiaqalma Wipi. es

Wipi am miwas SeerTo. netav sadaa misi nawilebi?.. aq aris, miwaSia” (89, 157).

sargisi sikvdilis win qarTul miwas iTxovs, hkocnis, Wams da vamexs

pirobas arTmevs, rom mis neSts saqarTveloSi waiReben. sargisis mxridan es

Txovna, Tu ufro moTxovna sakuTar wiaRSi dabrunebis survils niSnavs.

babua saridanis mier monaTxrobi legendebis mosmenis Semdeg taba-

tabaჲ ityvis: “TqvenSi jer miwa ar amomSrala..” (89, 274). legendebi, miTebi

qveynierebis dasabamidan motanil kosmiur codnaze miuTiTeben da xalxi,

romelSic jer kidev cocxlobs amgvari maxsovroba, “miwis” Svilebi arian.

aq adamianebsa da pirvelsawyiss Soris kavSiri isev SeigrZnoba, rac

dasavlurma civilizaciam TiTqmis sruliad dakarga.

arCili, ukanaskneli irubaqiZe, ubrundeba ra Tavis miwas, saSineli

seniT gadagvarebis piras myofi gvari TiTqos xelaxla ibadeba, aRorZindeba

da ganadgurebas gadaurCeba. arCibaldis mier sakuTar keraze dabruneba da

sakuTari Zirebis moZieba ganapirobebs sakuTari Tavis povnas, radgan igi

mxolod aq aris srulyofili, Zlieri.

Tavad giorgisgan vigebT, Tu rogor SeiZleba dakargos adamianma is

sulieri pirvelsawyisi, romelic masSi imTaviTve arsebobs da isev maszea

damokidebuli misi SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba: “Tuki miwas aRviqvamT, rogorc

mxolod materias, adamianSi Cadebuli logosos Zala, myisve datovebs mas.

suli kargavs cxovelmyofel simtkices, igi TiTqos gamoiSigneba da

gadagvardeba raciod, romelic uZluria rwmenis aqti ganaxorcielos” (102,

125).

eseSi “firosmani” avtori kvlav ubrundeba “miwis” Temas. qarTvel

mxatvars igi vaJas adarebs, aRniSnavs mis mier “miwis” gansakuTrebul

SegrZnebas da namdvil vizioners uwodebs.

1920-ian wlebSi gaCnda mowodeba _ “dabruneba miwasTan”, radgan

civilizaciam, teqnikurma progresma adamiani moswyvita miwas, aman gamoiwvia

mZafri protesti da miwasTan dabrunebis moTxovna. besarion JRenti Jurnal

“qarTul mwerlobaSi” “gvelis perangis Sesaxeb wers: “romanis Tema: rasis

126

apologia, adamianis fiziologiuri da fsiqiuri kavSiri Tavis “miwasTan”

da am “Zirebisaken” swrafva [...]. germanul eqspresionizmTan daaxloebiT

robaqiZem SeimuSava Tvalsazrisi, rom Tanamedrove civilizacia adamians

aSorebs miwas; swyvets mas am “Zirebisagan”, gadayavs igi avtomatizaciis da

meqanizaciis samyaroSi _ aq ikargeba suli _ ikargeba adamiani. amitom

“dabruneba miwasTan”, dabruneba “ZirebTan” _ primitivTan, bunebasTan, ai,

mokleT is filosofiuri koncepcia, romelzedac agebulia “gvelis perangi”

(86, 76-77).

Tavad gr. robaqiZis mier miwis gansakuTrebuli aRqmis Sesaxeb

rudolf karmani aRniSnavs: “robaqiZem mogvitana Cven, dasavleT evropelT,

qarTuli miwa, misi saxeli, misi sunTqva da misi ferebi” (99, 380), radgan igi

dakavSirebuli iyo “miwasTan”, kargad grZnobda da gamoxatavda mis

“Tavdapirvel sawyiss”.

simboloebidan yvelaze ufro xSirad gr. robaqiZe mimarTavs

warmarTuli Tu miTosuri xanis farTod gavrcelebul sam wminda

simbolikas _ muxas, mzesa da gvels, romelTac, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs,

mistiuri naTesaoba akavSirebT. mivyveT am TanmimdevrobiT.

muxa berZnuli miTologiiT zevsis, xolo romaelTa miTologiiT

iupiteris xed iyo miCneuli.

v. lomaia Zvel saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gadmogvcems, rom

qarTvelebi da mezobeli xalxebi uZveles warsulSi warmarTul RvTaebaTa

garda xeebsac eTayvanebodnen. gamorCeviT ki muxasa da cacxvs.

samegreloSi Wyondidis toponimis muxis kulturasTan kavSiri

saxelwodebis etimologiiTac aSkaraa (sityvasityviT did muxas niSnavs).

qarTlSi rkonis monastris dasaxeleba imaze metyvelebs, rom warsulSi

amave jiSis xeebiT iyo garSemoculi. gadmocemiT laSaris jvris

siaxlovesac es xe idga. Tqmulebebma Semoinaxa ambavi laSaris muxis

Sesaxeb, romelic cas oqros SibiT, anu jaWviT ukavSirdeboda. iseve,

rogorc sveticxovlis adgilze aseve mdgara uzarmazari wminda muxa. zogi

gadmocemiT muxis iyo is jvari, romelzedac macxovari gaakres.

127

Tuki qronologiurad kidev ufro win gadavinacvlebT, vnaxavT, rom

argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli miTis Tanaxmad, oqros sawmisi yvelaze maRal

muxis xeze ekida. rogorc vxedavT, miTologiurad Tu istoriulad

aRniSnul kulturas gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs qarTul cnobierebaSi.

Tavisi medidurobiT, siZlieriTa da silamaziT igi evropeli

xalxebis siyvarulsac imsaxurebda. Sua saukuneebSi ukvdavebis simbolod

iTvleboda. me-18 saukuneSi raindobis aRmniSvneli gaxda. kidev cota

mogvianebiT muxis foToli Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT dafnis

foTols gautolda.

cxramuxa “gvelis perangidan” sairmis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli da

mkiTxvelisTvis dasamaxsovrebeli adgilia. “lamaraSi” adgilis dedasTan

ixsenieba sqelfoTlovani muxa. “londaSi” warmarTul salocavs

aTaswlovani cxra muxa (es sakraluri cifri muxis xesTan mimarTebaSi

meored Cndeba) mfarvelobs. Tu gavixsenebT tyis scenas romanidan “graalis

mcvelni”, miTiTebulia sxva xeebs Soris muxis siWarbe. levan orbelisa da

norinas hierogamiuli qorwineba am xes ukavSirdeba. roca isini muxas gars

Semoertymian da erTmaneTs xels CasWideben, am “ritualis” Sesrulebisas

SeigrZnoben erTmaneTs ise, rogorc sakuTar Tavs. maSin iTrguneba “me” da

adgils uTmobs “Sen”-s. “orive grZnobda muxis tanis miRma sakuTari

sxeulis gagrZelebas. ori gulis Zgera erT Zlier pulsaciaSi gadaizarda”

(102, 114). levan orbeli muxis qveS gardaicvleba, Tanamoazreni iqve

krZalaven, xolo graals xis tanSi sagangebod gakeTebul sicarieleSi

aTavseben, ukeTes dromde mas andoben graalis “mcvelobas”. romanis kidev

erTi epizodi ukavSirdeba am kulturas. erT-erT TavSi (“tyis gza”)

moTxrobili naTlobis ceremoniali muxis CrdilqveS tardeba.

(sxvaTaSoris, is molaparake xe, romelSic matildes (“hainrix fon

ofterdingeni”) sulia gadasuli, aseve muxaa).

muxis, gvelisa da mzis erTianoba yvelaze kargad “londaSi” Cans.

warmarTuli mzis RvTaebis _ saddasais salocavs, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,

aTaswlovani muxa faravs, romlis totebSi drodadro wiTeli gveli Cndeba.

128

levan orbelisaTvis cnobilia am sami simbolos erTianobis Sesaxeb: “muxa,

mze da gveli mistiurad enaTesavebian erTmaneTs” _ ambobs igi (102, 53).

mzisadmi Tayvaniscema qarTvelTa Soris cnobilia warmarTul

warsulSi. aramarto qarTvelebi, mcire aziis xalxebi adidebdnen mas.

gavrcelebuli iyo saerTod mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema. mze sicocxlis

simboloa. misi perioduli amosvla-Casvla samyaros maradiul

monacvleobaze, ciklurobaze miuTiTebs. miTologiaSi cnobilia mzesTan

dakavSirebuli egvipturi RvTaeba _ ra (re), romlis gansxeulebadac mzis

diskos aRiqvamdnen. berZnuli miTologiiT mas heliosi Seesabameba, xolo

romaulSi _ soli. yvela CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi mze mamakacuri sawyisis

matarebelia. aziis xalxebSi ki piriqiT, masSi qalur sawyiss moiazreben. am

kults ukavSirdeba bedniereba, sikeTe, silamaze, sicocxle.

Zvel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT mze qalur sawyiss ganasaxierebda. mzis

kulti imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom misi dResaswauliT aRiniSneboda

axali wlis dadgoma. saxlebSi ki dedaboZze borjRals gamosaxavdnen _

mbrunav mzes. alqimikosebi am ciur sxeuls oqros adarebdnen, romelsac

miwis mzes uwodebdnen.

gr. robaqiZe werilSi “mzis xana qarTvelTa” saubrobs qarTvelTa

mier mzis fenomenis aRqmis Taviseburebaze, rac leqsikaSic hpovebs asaxvas.

“mze aris sicocxlis Tesli... mze saTavea sinaTlisa romelic sibneles

ebrZvis” (99, 68-69). is, rac mweralma eseSi publicisturi wesebis dacviT

Camoayaliba, mxatvrulad xorci Seasxa romanSi “graalis mcvelni”. aq igive

Temas mTeli Tavi eZRvneba da saTauric Sesabamisi aqvs _ “mzis nadimi”.

lxinis Semdeg ismis “lile” _ mzis sagalobeli. igive simReris TanxlebiT

miacilebs procesia londas samsxverplosken, “lamaras” finalSic “liles”

msgavsi simRera gaismis.

rac Seexeba warmarTul RvTaeba _ saddasais, mzis RmerTi am

saxelwodebiT avtoris gamonagonia. saxelis etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT

ki, arsebobs varaudi, rom igi avtors ebrauli enidan unda aeRo: “saddsai

igive “saddai, sada” (ebr. saddaj) iSviaTad saxmari sinonimia RmerTisa, esaa

stiqiur ZalTa RmerTis gasaidumloebuli saxeli” (132, 151). k. marjaniSvili

129

werilSi “Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi” iZleva aRniSnuli saxelis

sakuTar, e.w. Tavisufal interpretacias, romelic TiTqosda RmerTis

yvelgan myofobas unda niSnavdes (saddasai _ “sad da sad”) (68, 2).

gveli sxvadasxva xalxebSi gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. bevri kultura

mas RvTaebad aRiarebda. igi warmoadgens TviTganaxlebis, vegetaciis

simbolos. Zvel romaelebs gveli saxlebSic hyavdaT. arcTu Soreul

warsulSi msgavs faqtebs qarTul sinamdvileSic hqonda adgili.

dadasturebulia saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (svaneTSi, xevSi, xevsureTSi)

gvelis kulti. magaliTad, svaneTSi Tuki gvels SeiCvevdnen da

gaaSinaurebdnen, igi „fuZis angelozad“ iTvleboda. ojaxi warmatebasa Tu

warumateblobas amieridan mas ukavSirebdeboda. swiravdnen saklavsac.

gveli sibrZnis simboloa “lamaraSi”. mas SeuZlia adamians gadasces

saidumlo codna. xogais mindias Tqmulebebi, romelnic safuZvlad daedo

gr. robaqiZis am dramas, enaTesaveba berZnuli miTologiidan melampusis

istorias. melampuss Zilis dros gvelebma yuri gamouwmindes, ris Semdegac

mas esmoda frinvelTa ena da SeeZlo momavlis winaswarmetyveleba.

melampusis msgavsad, xogais mindiaca da gr. robaqiZis mindiac gvelisgan

eziarebian sibrZnes. gvelis mier boZebul saidumlo codnaze saubrobs

“londas” personaJi oTar moSairec: “amboben Tu gveli Seiyvare codnas

gaCuqebso” (91, 26). piesaSi warmarTuli salocavis kedlebze gamosaxulia

gvelebi, grifebi da Tevzfrinvelebi. aq gveli wminda cxovelia, radgan

“wiTeli gveli mzis Svilia” (91, 26).

gveli codnis mCuqebeli TvisebiT bibliur gvelTan naTesaobas

amJRavnebs, romlis gamoisobiTac eziarnen jer eva da Semdeg adami xe

cnobadis nayofs. “Caklul sulSi” swored am kuTxiT aris igi aRqmuli.

“gvels ar Seucdenia pirveli adamianebi. Tu im xis nayofs igemebT, iqnebiT,

rogorc RmerTebi. evam igema, adamma igema _ da iyo dabadeba da RvTiuri

saqcieli” (98, 24). adamiani gaxda RmerTiviT Semoqmedi da SeigrZno masTan

Tanaziaroba.

igive simbolo “gvelis perangSi” metamorfozis, sulieri ganaxlebis,

axlis dasawyisis, aRorZinebis niSania. ise, rogorc gveli ixdis perangs da

130

tovebs, ase icilebs sakuTar warsuls arCibaldic da sulierad

gadasxvaferebuli iwyebs axal cxovrebas.

gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani simboloa graali. me-20

saukuneSi xelaxla aRorZinebulma graalis misteriam dasabami daudo

religiur-mistikur mecnierebas _ anTroposofias. misi fuZemdeblis _ r.

Staineris ganmartebiT, igi aris mecniereba graalis Sesaxeb.

misteriebSi graali ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Tasis saxiT, romelSic

ioseb arimaTielma jvarcmuli macxovris naWrilobevidan gadmosuli

sisxli Seagrova. volfram fon eSenbaxTan graali saswaulmoqmedi Zvirfasi

qvaa, romelic mflobels axalgazrdobas aniWebs. “igi aris zeciuri da

miwieri umaRlesi bednierebis, aseve zeciuri ierusalimis simbolo. igi

misawvdomia mxolod spetaki sulis adamianisTvis” (14, 106).Q

Tasi angelozebs gamouTliaT im zurmuxtis qvisagan, romelic

dacemulma luciferma dakarga. misi mflobelni sxvadasxva dros iyvnen:

noe, melqisedeki _ salemis mefe, solomoni. Semdeg ukve mas saidumlo

serobaze vxedavT. am dros graali ioseb arimaTielis sakuTrebaa, igia misi

pirveli mcvelic, radgan jvarcmis Semdgom flobs Tass wminda nawilTan

erTad.

didi xnis manZilze graalis Sesaxeb mxolod ezoTerul wreebSi iyo

cnobili. es codna miuwvdomeli gaxda Cveulebriv mokvdavTaTvis. Sua

saukuneebSi graalze Seqmnili araerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebidan yvelaze

cnobilia robert de boronis, kretien de truasa da volfram fon

eSenbaxis romanebi, sadac gacxadda graalis misteriebis garkveuli nawili

farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

gr. robaqiZesTan graali warmodgenilia vazis jvris mtevnebidan

gamowuruli wveniT savse Tasis saxiT. qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi

uZvirfasesi siwmidea vazis jvari (“juari nasxlavisa”), romliTac ninom

saqarTveloSi qristianoba iqadaga. imasac Tu gavixsenebT, rom qristianul

religiaSi Ze RmerTi vazTan asocirdeba: “me var vazi WeSmariti” (10, 213).

naTelia, rom es mcenare, rogorc misgan miRebuli sasmeli wmindaa da

uSualod ukavSirdeba macxovars. Tumca gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ara

131

imas, Tu rogor gamoiyureba graali. mTavaria is, Tu ra Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTvis matarebelia. idea ki, saukuneebis manZilze ar Secvlila.

“graali azrovnebis evoluciis ezoTeruli saxelia... golgoTaze Tasi

kosmiuri “mes” SinaarsiT aRivso da gadaeca adamianebs, rogorc siyvarulis

impulsi” (60, 5). dakarguli, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, droebiT dafaruli

graalis Zieba ar niSnavs “fizikuri” sagnis Ziebas, romelic mxolod

simbolos warmoadgens, sinamdvileSi ki es procesi pirvelsawyisTan

mibrunebaa. es aris ganaxlebis, aRorZinebis, sakuTar TavSi RmerTis

aRmoCenis cda.

graalis mcveli yvela droSi erTidaigive pirobebs unda

akmayofilebdes: unda iyos keTilSobili, zneobrivad sufTa adamiani. gr.

robaqiZis levan orbeli swored aseTia: faqizi sulis mqone da zneobrivi

principebis damcveli.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis ambebiT SeZrul levans xilva hqonda:

saqarTvelos monRolTa urdoebi Semoesivnen, mTeli qveyana daimones,

mxolod ninos jvris mflobeli erTi mesxuri gvari ar nebdeboda im

motiviT, rom “erTi adamiani mainc unda darCeniliyo daumonebeli, raTa

SenarCunebuliyo xalxis neba gautexeli, Tundac igi ukve daCoqili

yofiliyo” (102, 118-119). Tavadi kardu Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad

ufskrulsa da monRolebs Soris iyo moqceuli, iq moulodnelad Cndeba

patara gogona, Tavisi umanko xeliT exeba jvars, xdeba saswauli da vazis

jvari sam oqros mtevans gamoisxams. qarTuli graali, rogorc aRiniSna, am

mtevnebidan miRebuli wveniT savse Tasia “TasSi inaxeboda saqarTvelos

madli (wyaloba)... igi gaxda misi sulieri Zalebis ganaxlebis wyaro” (102,

123), is iyo “guli, mze saqarTvelosi. graalis mcvelni icavdnen sakuTar

miwas” (102, 38) Sesabamisad, igi qarTvelTaTvis niSnavda gansacdelis

daZlevas, gadarCenas, gamarjvebas, Tavisuflebas...

graali im dros Cndeba, roca rwmena Sesustebulia, nebisyofa _

modunebuli, Cndeba, raTa ganamtkicos Seryeuli mrwamsi, Caunergos imedi

Tundac fizikurad dauZlurebul samwysos. magram adamiani mas aramarto

Znelbedobis Jams unda eZiebdes. “graalis misia ar amoiwureba romelime

132

konkretul epoqaSi, esaa is maradiuli saZiebeli, romelsac samyaros

esqatologiur dasasrulamde moiZiebs adamianis goni, Tumca igi, ise

rogorc yovelive wminda da RvTaebrivi, misawvdomia mxolod

gansakuTrebul pirobebSi da gansakuTrebuli unarebis flobisas” (140, 77).

3.2. ferTa simbolika

feris simbolikam romantikosebis esTetikaSi gansakuTrebuli

datvirTva SeiZina. jer kidev uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebiT TiToeul

fers hqonda garkveuli azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.

mwerlobam bevri ram isesxa religiur-miTologiuri warmodgenebidan

da bevri ram ki Tavad Seqmna.

novalisis Semoqmedeba cisferTan asocirdeba. es feri simsubuqis,

monatrebis, sevdis, usazRvroebis Sinaarss itevs da romantikosebis sulier

ganwyobas sruliad Seesabameba. eduard Siuries mtkicebiT, adamianis suli

cisferia. evropuli romantizmis msgavsad qarTveli romantikosebic didad

afasebdnen am fers. igi simbolistebisTvisac STagonebis wyarod iqca.

qarTvelma simbolistebma sakuTar literaturul gaerTianebas “cisferi

yanwebi” uwodes. galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT lurjisa da cisferis

monacvleobas _ “cisferi landebi”, “lurji ialqnebi”, “lurja cxenebi”,

“lurji angelozebi” da a.S. lurjs gr. robaqiZec iyenebs. sakmaod mcire

eseSi „fiordebis asuls“ mas Svidjer mimarTavs da am saocnebo asulis

RvTiur warmoSobaze miuTiTebs.

gr. robaqiZe mxolod erTi feriT ar ifargleba da iyenebs mTel

gamas. mis palitraze vxvdebiT: wiTels, yviTels, Savs, TeTrs... erTi

133

konkretuli feri sxvadasxva konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

sxvadasxva datvirTviT. fers robaqiZis esTetikaSi mkacrad gansazRvruli

mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia.

gveli gr. robaqiZesTan wiTeli ferisaa (“londa”, “lamara”). mindias

sibrZnes wiTeli gveli aziarebs. mindias Sesaxeb xalxur Tqmulebebis

mixedviT, mxolod TeTri gveli aris codnis mCuqebeli, iseve rogorc k.

gamsaxurdiasTan. vaJasTan ki gvelis feri saerTod ucnobia.

„londaSi“ ori feri ikveTeba _ yviTeli da wiTeli. dasawyisSi

yviTeli gvxvdeba. aremares es feri dasdebia, radgan mze gaxelebulia. es

mzis feria da ase gamoiyureba qveyana, sadac yvelaferi iwvis da idagvis

gaxangrZlivebuli gvalvisgan. mogvianebiT yviTeli nel-nela adgils

uTmobs wiTels (wiTeli gveli, wiTeli gvelis perangebi, broweulis

marcvlebi, sisxliviT wiTeli cxenebi) Tavad londas garegnobaSic

niSandoblivia wiTlis sxvadasxva tonaloba. sityvaZunwad daxatuli

portretidan CvenTvis cnobili xdeba mxolod misi Tmisa da Tvalebis feri.

orive SemTxvevaSi odnav „gadasxvaferebul“ wiTels vxvdebiT:

„Tmebi: TiTqo spilenZis Releni

mzis tevrebiT daferilni.

Tvalebi: TiTqo didronni safironni _

muqi lalebiT odnav aelvarebulni“ (91, 22).

spilenZi, rogorc cnobilia, mowiTalo feris liTonia. londas

lurj Tvalebs ki lalisferi gadahkravs. wiTeli feris moWarbeba imaze

migvaniSnebs, rom saddasais mier msxverplis moTxovna Sesruldeba da

msxverpli ki londaa.

msxverplia lamarac. broweulisferi TmiTa da molurjo TvalebiT

aramarto garegnulad hgavs londas aramed bediTac.

sabediswero qals _ tyis dedofalsac wiTuri Tma aqvs. wiTeli

ambivalenturi feria. erTis mxriv, igi aris cecxlis, sisxlis, omis feri.

qarTul sinamdvileSi da kerZod ki mTaSi, wiTeli glovis feri iyo.

CamonaTvali mis negatiur mxareze mianiSnebs, Tumca amavdroulad is aris

siyvarulis, sicocxlis, nayofierebis feri. codnismCuqebeli gvelic

134

wiTeli ferisaa. CamonaTvalSi wiTlis pirveli rigis Tvisebebs uaxlovdeba

Savi Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT, romelic gaigivebulia sikvdilTan,

glovasTan, borotebasTan, ubedurebasTan da jojoxeTTan. is wminda

mdinare, sadac odiTgan msxverpls swiraven saddasais Savia da bunebrivia,

rom adamianTa cnobierebaSi igi sikvdilTan asocirdeba.

arc wiTeli da arc Savi feri gr. robaqiZesTan yovelTvis ar

ukavSirdeba sisxlsa da sikvdils. matasis moSavo Tma da Tvalebi aqvs.

arCibaldis gacnobisas mis Tvalebs lalisferi gadahkravda. vamexi

Savgvremania, xolo arCibalds TiTqmis Savi _ ruxi feris Tvalebi aqvs,

magram es arc maT borot bunebaze, arc mosalodnel sikvdilsa da glovaze

ar mianiSnebs. SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT, rom am personaJebis Savi

Seferiloba mxolod da mxolod maT samxreTul warmomavlobaze

miuTiTebs.

3.3. montaJis teqnika

Temebisa da problemebis sirTule ganapirobebs orive mwerlis

nawarmoebTa formis sirTules. Tavisi danawevrebuli kompoziciiTa da

siuJetiT, axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiTa da xerxebiT klasikis

normebidan orive Sors aris.

rogorc novalisis, ise gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi TvalSisacemia

nawarmoebTa rTuli arqiteqtonika. orive mwerali mimarTavs e.w. montaJis

teqnikas. novalisis prozaul nawarmoebebSi CarTulia zRaprebi. romanSi

amas emateba leqsebic.

135

romantikosebs gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT zRapris

Janris mimarT. igi germanul literaturaSi frangulis gavleniT XVIII

saukuneSi gaCnda. frangulma jadosnurma zRaparma germaneli

ganmanaTleblis _ vilandis SemoqmedebaSi satiruli Seferiloba miiRo.

mogvianebiT romantikosebma zRapris Janri kidev ufro ganaviTares. maTi

zRaprebi agebulia folklorul siuJetze an Tavisufal gamonagonze, sadac

wydeba filosofiuri Tu moralur-eTikuri problemebi. mTavari gansxvaveba

folklorul zRaparsa da e.w. literaturul zRapars Soris aris is, rom

pirveli maTgani koleqtiuri muxtis matarebelia, sadac waSlilia

individualuri, meore ki konkretuli mwerlis fantaziis nayofia da

amdenad SemoqmedebiTi individualobis Semcveli.

novalisis am JanriT daintereseba gamoiwvia goeTes simbolisturma

zRaparma, romelic CarTulia romanSi “Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten” da

aseve vilandis Semoqmedebam. samyaros Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenebisa da

grZnobebis gamoxatvas novalisi yvelaze ukeT am JanrSi axerxebs. erT-erT

fragmentSi wers: “Cemi sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatva, vfiqrob yvelaze

ukeT zRaparSi SemiZlia. yvelaferi zRaparia” (82, 476). igi ufro Sors midis

da zRapars “poeziis kanonad” acxadebs. “yovelgvari poeturi zRapruli

unda iyos” (82, 493) _ wers igi. misi azriT, zRapris mTxzveli momavlis

mWvretelia.

novalisis mier SemuSavebuli zRapris Teoriis ufro srulyofilad

demonstrirebisaTvis kidev oriode fragments moviyvanT: “araferi ar aris

zRapris sulisTvis ufro saZulveli, vidre moraluri fatumi,

kanonzomieri kavSiri. zRaparSi sufevs WeSmariti bunebrivi anarqia” (82, 491);

“namdvil zRaparSi yvelaferi unda iyos saocari, saidumloebiT moculi,

kavSirebis ar mqone...” (82, 455).

zRaparSi sazRvrebi moSlilia. aq sasruli usasrulobasTanaa

gadajaWvuli. romantikoseba isesxes misi struqtura, rogorc mxatvruli

azrovnebis xerxi, raTa ufro efeqturad gardaeqmnaT realuri samyaro.

“zRapari iqca erTgvar miTad, sadac zRapari-miTi zedrouli Janria,

yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi simboluri samyaros konstruirebisTvis da

136

romantikuli poetikis Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad... zRapari, iseve

rogorc miTi, aRwers zeindividualurs, zesivrculs, zedrouls, qmnis

samyaros sakuTar suraTs” (106, 5). zRaparSi aRdgenilia didi xnis winaT

darRveuli kosmiuri mTlianoba, adamianis harmoniuli yofa sazogadoebasa

da bunebasTan mimarTebaSi.

“saiseli moswavleebis” gasaazreblad mniSvnelovania hiacintis

zRapari, romelic moTxrobaSia CarTuli. isic, iseve rogorc “hainrix fon

ofterdingenis” zRaprebi, nawarmoebis gasaRebs warmoadgens, radgan masSi

winaswar aris moxazuli moqmedebis savaraudo ganviTareba, vxvdebiT, Tu

riT dasruldeba, ra Sedegs gamoiRebs saiseli moswavleebis mier bunebis

Seswavla. novalisi gvTavazobs samyaros Semecnebis, bunebisa da adamianis

harmonizaciis gzas.

rac Seexeba romans, igi sam zRapars Seicavs. pirvel maTganSi

damuSavebulia legenda berZeni poetis arionis Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad

berZen poetsa da musikoss Soreul warsulSi ucxovria. herodotes cnobiT,

igi gaZarcves mekobreebma da aiZules wyalSi gadamxtariyo, magram

delfinma ixsna. arionis saswaulmoqmedi niWis Sesaxeb novalisisTvis

cnobili gaxda a. v. Slegelis romansidan “arioni” da igive Temaze Seqmnili

tikis leqsidan “Arion schifft auf Meereswogen”.

mekobreebis agresiisgan da ueWveli daRupvisgan arions, zRaparSi

usaxelo poets (avtori mis vinaobas ar akonkretebs), ixsnis bunebaze

zegavlenisa da misi marTvis magiuri Zala, romelic misTvis, rogorc

poetisTvis aris SesaZlebeli: Zvel droSi Turme erT poets gemiT ucxo

qveyanaSi daupirebia wasvla da Tan madlieri msenelisgan jildod

miRebuli uricxvi simdidrec gauyolebia. mezRvaurebma ganizraxes mgosnis

mokvla da ganZis xelSi Cagdeba. poetis vedreba yurad ar iRes, romelic

nebiT Tmobda simdidres, Tanac borotmoqmedebs uwinaswarmetyvela, Tu

Canafiqrs sisruleSi moiyvanT, ubedurebas gadaeyrebiTo. roca Seatyo, rom

misi Zalisxmeva amao iyo, simReris neba iTxova. mekobreebma neba ki darTes,

magram yurebi daixSes. gagonili hqondaT misi simReris jadosnuri Zalis

Sesaxeb da SeeSindaT, rom guls moulbobda maT. poetis simRera marTlac

137

magiuri Zalis aRmoCnda: “mgosanma simRera wamoiwyo Tu ara, gemi mis xmas

ahyva, talRebma wkriali daiwyes, mze da varskvlavebi erTdroulad

akiafdnen cis gumbaTze, laJvardisfer talRebze Tevzebisa da zRvis

urCxulTa dasebma iwyes rokva. mxolod mezRvaurebi idgnen gamexebuli

saxeebiT” (79, 57). simReris damTavrebis Semdeg mgosani Tavad vardeba

wyalSi, magram misi xelovnebiT moxibluli zRvis urCxuli gadaarCens mas

da mogvianebiT mekobreebis mier warTmeul ganZsac ubrunebs.

zRapris gmiri poeti-misania. romelsac SeuZlia aramarto kontaqti

daamyaros cocxal da aracocxal bunebasTan, aramed marTos kidec igi, aqvs

winaswarmetyvelebis unari. aseTia idealuri poeti novalisis esTetikaSi.

Semdeg zRaprSi pirvelis msgavsad Semoqmedisa da bunebis aseTi

mWidro kavSiri ar SeiniSneba, Tumca aSkaraa poetis niWis zemoqmedeba

adamianebze.

ymawvili kaci mamasTan erTad sruliad ganmartoebiT tyeSi,

pirvelyofil bunebaSi cxovrobs. SemTxveviT mefis asuls gaicnobs,

SeuyvardebaT erTmaneTi da erTad yofnasac gadawyveten. asulis gauCinareba

Zlier daaRonebs mis gulzviadsa da goroz mamas, romelsac mravali sasiZo

dauwunebia, radgan Rirseulad arc erTi miuCnevia. erTi wlis Semdeg poeti

colTan da axalSobil yrmasTan erTad samefo kars estumreba, roca iq

maRali sazogadoebaa Sekrebili. poeti qnaris TanxlebiT simReras

Seasrulebs, sadac moTxrobilia misi da mefis asulis ambavi. xelmwife

sayvarel asuls gulSi Caikravs, eamboreba yrmasa da “mdabio” siZes. Tu

kargad davakvirdebiT, poetSi hainrixs amovicnobT, mefis asulSi –

matildes, xolo maT pirmSoSi – astraliss. yrmaSi Serwymulia miwieri da

zemiwieri. misi am qveynad movlinebiT nawinaswarmetyvelebia “axali

samyaros” dabadeba.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania klingzoris zRapari, romliTac

sruldeba romanis pirveli nawili. aqac naCvenebia zRapris sinamdviled

gadaqceva da “oqros xanis” dadgoma. zRapris gmirebTan erTad mkiTxveli

ramdenime samefoSi xvdeba. warmogvidgeba oTxi samyaro: ierarqiis mixedviT

yvelaze maRla astraluri samyaroa, romlis binadarnic arian arkturi _

138

sicocxlis suli, misi meuRle _ sofia, sibrZne, romelic adamianTa

samyofelSia Casuli da maTi asuli freia. igi aris momavali dedofali da

ganasaxierebs mSvidobas. astraluri samefo samyaros CrdiloeTiT

mdebareobs, swored aqedan aris mosalodneli mSvidobisa da harmoniis

damyareba qveynad, jer-jerobiT ki Zilsa da sicives moucavs.Q

Semdegia mTvaris samefo _ jinistanis mamis samflobelo.

adamianur saufloSi mkveTrad dapirispirebuli ori Zala iCens Tavs.

erTi mxriv arian: erosi (siyvaruli), misi deda (guli), mama (azri), igavi

(erosis ZuZumte, romelic poezias ganasaxierebs), misi deda _ jinistani

(fantazia), droebiT maTTan myofi sofia da meore mxriv, mwerali _

“gaqvavebuli da gamqvavebeli goneba” anu racionaluri goneba.

da bolos _ miwisqveSa sauflo, igive qveskneli, romlis binadarnic

arian: debi parkebi (bneli Zalebi) da sfinqsi.

ra Tqma unda, zRaprebi SemTxveviT ar Sesula romanSi da ara mxolod

drois sasiamovnod gasayvanad an mgzavrobis gasaxaliseblad aris

moTxrobili (arionisa da atlantidis zRaprebs sovdagrebi hyvebian

mgzavrobis dros, mesames ki, poeti klingzori uambobs SvaningTan _

hainrixis papasTan Sekrebil sazogadoebas). pirvel or zRaparSi naCvenebia

idealuri poetis tipi. novalisis romanis gmiri _ hainrixi swored aseT

poetad unda Camoyalibdes. mesame SemTxvevaSi ki samyaros ganviTarebis gzaa

dasaxuli, Tu rogor myardeba qveyanaze “oqros xana”. sabolood, igi

mianiSnebs romanis dasasrulze, masSi nawinaswarmetyvelebia finali.

moTxrobilia, Tu rogor amarcxebs poezia prozis meufebas.

zRapruloba mTlianad romanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. moqmedeba

konkretul qveyanaSi, konkretul qalaqSi iwyeba, Semdeg yvelaferi nel-nela

zRaprul elfers iZens, TiTqos gaurkvevlobis nislSi exveva. xdeba usulo

sagnebis gasuliereba da cxovelebis ametyveleba. Tavad hainrixi da

matilde ganicdian araerTgzis transformacias. maTi sulebi sxvadasxva

xesa Tu cxovelSi Casaxldebis Semdeg isev adamianis formas iRebs.

“hainrix fon ofterdingenis” qarTuli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi

vkiTxulobT: “novalisis romani [...] warmoadgens kosmiur dramas, gnebavT,

139

operas, sadac monawileoben RvTaebrivi Zalebi da adamianebi, bunebis

stiqionebi, mcenareebi, cxovelebi, liTonebi, mineralebi, cocxlebi da

gardacvlilebi. romanSi erTiani ganuyofeli yofierebis faruli musika da

saubari, ena da anbani igrZnoba da ismis. es romani novalisis Sinagani

samyarosa da, saerTod, mTeli romantizmis saukeTeso sulier mignebaTa

kvintesenciad gvevlineba” (79, 33).

gr. robaqiZis prozaSi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa CarTuli Tqmulebebi,

legendebi tyis qalis _ dalisa da wylis qalis _ alis Sesaxeb.

“londaSi” moTxrobilia tyis qalisa da axlgazrda monadiris ambavi.

romelTac erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT. qali mas gaafrTxilebs, rom amieridan

vaJma mokvdavi qali aRar unda Seiyvaros, magram igi sabediswerod Zmis

qvrivs gaumijnurdeba. tyis qali Ralats ar apatiebs da sasikvdilod

imetebs. es igive dalis ambavia. londas saerTo tyis qalTan is aqvs, rom

isic sabediswero qalia. misma siyvarulma araerTi mamakaci gaaxela.

“malStremSi” CarTulia legenda mdinaris qalze. moxuci mewisqvile

hyveba, Tu rogor gamodis yovel mTvarian Rames mdinaridan ali, romelic

momajadoeblad momxibvlelia, magram misi naxva mxolod ucolos SeuZlia.

“gvelis perangSi” es orive Tqmuleba Tavs iyris. isini arCibaldis

cxovrebis or qals ukavSirdeba: matasi wylis qalTan aris gaigivebuli,

xolo olga _ tyis qalTan. babua saridanis mier wylis dedoflis Sesaxeb

legendis Txrobisas matasi uneburad imeorebs alis moqmedebebs, ris gamoc

iq myofTa mier xdeba misi Sedareba wylis qalTan. olgas xvlikisferi

Tvalebi tyis qalis zurmuxtisfer Tvalebs gvagoneben: “arCibald ganze

ixedeba: TiTqo aravis usmens. igi xedavs tyis dedofals _ (“xvlikisferi

Tvalebi” anaTeben). olga?! ho.. SeiZleba.. magram raTaa rom dakarguli

dedofali modunebul sevdaSi gadadis mxolod?! arCibaldis sisxlSi sxva

cecxlia: mdinaris qali “qvis vaJis” zRapris. warmosTqvas kriala saxeli

“matasi”?!” (89, 273).

wylis qalis ambavi Sesulia „malStremSic“, mas moxuci mewisqvile

yveba. ali, mkvlevarTa azriT, dalis degradirebuli saxea.

140

RvTaeba dali svanuri miTosis centraluri personaJia. misi saxeli

tabusa da SurisZiebas ukavSirdeba. tabus damRrvevs sikvdili elis. gr.

robaqiZis mier gamoyenebuli Tqmuleba imeorebs dalisa da beTqilis ambavs:

beTqili Tavis rZalTan Secdeba, maSin, roca dalisgan sxva qalTan

sasiyvarulo urTierToba akrZaluli aqvs, rac monadiris daRupviT

sruldeba.

gr. robaqiZis mier miTebisa da Tqmulebebis gamoyeneba emsaxureba

mTavari moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebis gaxsnas. xdeba personaJebis gaigiveba

Tqmulebebis gmirebTan.

„lamaras“ siuJeti Tavad aris legendaruli. misi Seqmnis idea vaJas

„gvelismWamelidan“ wamovida, romelsac Tavis mxriv safuZvlad daedo

xogais mindias Sesaxeb Tqmuleba. aseTi ki ramdenime arsebobs. Tavad vaJa-

fSavela ixsenebs im versias, romelze dayrdnobiTac Seiqmna misi poema:

„xevsuri mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs. maT Soris cxovrebam iqamdis

daaRona mindia, Tavis mosakvlelad gvelis xorci Wama, romliTac qajebi

ikvebebodnen. gvelis Wamam sruliad sxva nayofi gamoiRo: mindia brZen kacad

gadaiqca, cnobs mcenareebs, yvela mcenare TviTon iZaxis ris wamalic aris.

Sedegi am codnisa aris mindias gaeqimeba, misi wamali uebaria“ (117, 316).

xalxuri Tqmuleba, yovel SemTxvevaSi is, romelic vaJas poemis

pirvelwyaros warmoadgens, amiT sruldeba. saubari ar aris mindias mier

colis SerTvaze, mis mxedarTmTavrul niWze, roca xevsurebs Seumcdarad

karnaxobs brZolis strategiasa da taqtikas, rasac maTi gamarjvebebi

mosdevs. es gagrZeleba vaJam mouZebna mindias ambavs. igi ojaxis

interesebidan gamomdinare iZulebulia xe moWras, inadiros, rac misi niWis

gaqrobas iwvevs. amas mosdevs TanamoZmeTaAmarcxi brZolis velze.

qarTuli Tqmulebebidan xogais mindias Sesaxeb vigebT, rom igi

saidumlo codnas iRebs mas Semdeg, rac SeWams gvelis xorcs, an galokavs

mis sisxls. warmarTul warsulSi gavrcelebuli azriT, „xorcis miReba,

Wama warmarTul CveulebebSi niSnavs ziarebas SeWmulis sulTan, mis

miRebas da SeTvisevas sakuTar TavSi. amiT aixsneba isic, rom warmarTebi

beladis xorcs inawilebdnen da Wamdnen“ (132, 28).

141

kidev erTi legendis Sesaxeb, romelic gr. robaqiZem tacitusis

qronikebidan aiRo. „malStremis“ ganmartebaSi motanili aqvs es saintereso

istoria: „iveriis mefiswuls radamists sdevnian armeniis xelisufalni.

radamist garbis. masTan erTad misi colic zenobia. coli orsulia. cxenis

Weneba ukanasknels meti aRar ZaluZs. axlovdeba saSiSroeba. tyved Cavardna.

radamistis da zenobias siyvaruli ukanasknelia. coli mimarTavs qmars:

momkalo. radamist xeldeba. dasWris cols da isvris mdinareSi. radamist

garbis: darwmunebuli, rom sayvareli mohkla, magram zenobias mwyemsebi

naxuloben. Wriloba sasikvdilo ar aRmoCndeba. gadaarCenen“ (91, 269).

mwerali aRafrTovana qalis Tavgametebam da kacis mier bedis siyvarulma.

aRniSnuli legenda gamoiyena „gvelis perangSi“. iveriis mefiswuli

radamisti aq arCibaldis Soreuli winapari radame irubaqiZea. avtori

gvTavazobs am ambis finalis sakuTar versiasac: gadarCenili colis

danaxvisas radame Zlier sinanuls igrZnobs imis gamo, rom gaimeta qali.

cxens pirdapir zRvaSi Seagdebs da iRupeba. mas gadahyveba qalic.

Tuki romanSi gardasuli saukuneebis gasaocari ambavi CanarTis saxiT

aris warmodgenili, „malStremis“ Seqmnisas mis siuJets daedo safuZvlad

da es istoria ucnobsa da morellas Soris gaTamaSda.

gr. robaqiZis mxridan legendebisa Tu miTebis Setana TxrobaSi

emsaxureba, ZiriTadad moqmedi gmirebis portretis Sevseba-daxvewas da

pirdapiri mimarTeba ar gaaCnia nawarmoebis finalTan, rogorc amas

novalisTan zRaprebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi vxvdebiT.

orive mwerlis miTosSemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani elementia sizmris

fenomeni. mecnierTa ganmartebiT, sizmars adamianis cnobierebaSi aRbeWdili

sxvadasxva SegrZnebebi iwvevs. xalxSi mas odiTgan winaswarmetyveluri

mniSvneloba eniWeba.

msoflios xalxebis istoriaSi, miTologiaSi, klasikur

literaturaSi Tu religiis istoriaSi aRwerilia mravali sizmari,

romelmac kacobriobis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa.

Zveli aRTqma ormocdaxuTamde sizmars iTvlis. abraams sizmarSi auwya

RmerTma misi STamomavlobis bedi. aseve sizmarSi ecxadeba ufali iakobs,

142

aRuTqvams upatronos da daicvas misi xalxi da misces miwa. iakobis Svils

iosebs ara marto esizmreba, aramed SeuZlia sxvebis sizmrebis axsna. igi am

gziT winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTar dawinaurebas ierarqiis kibeze, momavalSi

marTlac xdeba egviptis faraonis karze gavleniani piri, samefos

mmarTveli. manve axsna faraonis sizmari da egviptes Svidi mosavliani da

Semdgom Svidi mousavliani, SimSilisa da gaWirvebis weli

uwinaswarmetyvela.

bibliis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili winaswarmrtyveluri sizmari

ezekiels daesizmra. es iyo ZvlebiT mofenili mindori, romelTac ufalma

suli STabera, rac fizikurad TiTqmis ganadgurebuli ebraeli xalxis

aRorZinebis momaswavebeli aRmoCnda.

sizmrebis cnobili ganmmartebelia winaswarmetyveli danieli. man

nabuqodonosoris sizmari maRali xis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb axsna, rogorc

babilonis dacema.

bibliurma solomonma ZilSi sTxova RmerTs, misTvis keTilisa da

borotis garCevis unari mieca da dasaCuqrda kidec udidesi codniT da

gaxda kacTa Soris yvelaze brZeni.

axali aRTqma Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT mxolod da mxolod cxra

sizmars moicavs. sizmrad myofi iosebi uflis angelozisgan Seityobs

mariamis suliwmidisgan daorsulebisa da iesos dabadebis Sesaxeb: “aha,

eCvena mas sizmarSi uflis angelozi da uTxra: ioseb, Zeo daviTisa, nu

gaSinebs Seni colis, mariamis miReba, vinaidan is, vinc masSia Casaxuli,

suliwmidisgan aris. Zes Sobs da daarqmev mas saxelad iesos, vinaidan igi

ixsnis Tavis xalxs maTi codvebisagan” (10, 20-21). amave gziT euwyeba iosebs

herodes mier mosalodneli ymaTa Jletis Sesaxeb. ZilSi miRebuli

miTiTebisamebr iosebi tovebs egviptes da nazareTSi saxldeba.

budisturi religiis Tanaxmad, dedofali maia, budas deda sizmarSi

Seityobs budas dabadebis Sesaxeb. xolo islamuri religiis mixedviT,

araerTi sizmari dasizmrebia winaswarmetyvel muhameds, Tavad misi dabadeba

mamam – abdulam sizmriT Seityo. xolo islamuri rwmenis simbolo,

cnobili fraza – “ara ars RmerTi garda alahisa, xolo muhamedi aris

143

winaswarmetyveli misi” _ ZilSi Caesma muhamedis TanamoRvawes abdul ben

zaiads. locvis dros CaZinebuls esizmra adamiani, romelmac aswavla mas es

sityvebi.

aleqsandre makedonelis amqveynad movlisebis Sesaxeb mis mSoblebs

esizmraT. am gziT iwinaswarmetyvela kaligulam sakuTari sikvdili. iseve,

rogorc aSS-s 16-e prezidentma abraam linkolnma mis mkvlelobamde aTi

dRiT adre naxa winaswarmetyveluri sizmarSi.

arsebobs mravali magaliTi jer kidev Zveli msoflios istoriidan.

roca sizmris Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebam sasikeTod imoqmeda Tavad im

adamianisa da qveynis bedze. lidiis mefe gigess esizmra RmerTi aSuri,

romelmac mas ubrZana gamxdariyo asiriis vasali da misi daxmarebiT

dapirispireboda kimerielebs. marTlac, kimerielebi gandevnil iqnen mcire

aziidan da lidia ki gaZlierda.

tutmos IV-s, jer kidev ufliswuls sfinqsis saxiT esizmra erT-erTi

RmerTi da mosTxova sfinqsi gaeTavisuflebina qviSisagan, romlisganac

TiTqmis mTlianad iyo dafaruli. jildod ki faraonoba aRuTqva, rac

Sesrulda kidec.

karlos didma Zilad myofma miiRo davaleba erT-erTi taZris

saxuravi SeekeTebina. magram ufro cnobilia misi meore sizmari, romelic

Sesulia sagmiro eposSi _ “rolandis simRera”. sizmarSi uflis mowodebis

Semdeg warmatebiT gailaSqrebs igi sarkinozebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac

mitacebuli qondaT safrangeTisa da espaneTis miwebi.

sizmriT iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi wm. avgustines moRvaweoba, aseve

franciskanelTa da dominikelTa ordenebis daarsebac.

garda bibliuri Tu istoriuli faqtebisa, cnobilia, rom araerT

aRmoCenas swored sizmarma daudo saTave. ase magaliTad, somexi

istorikosebi gvauwyeben, mesrop maStocs angelozi dasizmrebia, romelsac

somxuri anbani uCvenebia. iseve, rogorc mendeleevs unaxavs Tavisi cnobili

tabula, germanel qimikoss fridrix kekules _ benzolis molekulis

struqturuli formula, romlis amoxsnasac didxans cdilobda, erovnebiT

daniel nils bors _ atomis struqtura, fridrix burdaxs _ idea sisxlis

144

mimoqcevis Sesaxeb, frederik bantings ki _ eqsperimenti, romelic

sabolood insulinis aRmoCenaSi daexmara da nobelis premiac moapovebina.

xolo indoeli maTematikosi srinivasa ramanujani irwmuneboda, rom yvela

misi aRmoCena sizmarSi, induisturi qalRmerTis namagiris daxarebiT

gaakeTa.

musikisa da literaturis istoriidan cnobilia faqtebi, roca

musikaluri an mxatvruli nawarmoebebs sizmarSi miRebulma ideam an

mosmenilma melodiam daudo saTave. ase Seiqmna juzepe tartinis erT-erTi

sonata, rixard vagneris “tristani da izolda”, biTlebis “Yesterday”,

kolrijis poema “kubla-xani”, meri Selis “frankenSteini” da sxv.

sizmars exeba araerTi ferweruli tilo, graviura, Tu kedlis

mxatvroba (pietro dela franCeska, xose ribera, rafaeli, romano,

voroneze, joto da sxv.), sadac aisaxa cnobili sizmrebi, romelTagan

zogierTze zemoT gvqonda saubari.

mecnierebs Soris sizmars seriozuli mniSvneloba zigmund froidma

mianiWa da daiwyo am movlenis mecnieruli Seswavla. sizmrebis analizi da

Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi daedo safuZvlad fsiqoanalizs. froidis

azriT, sizmari miuxedavad Tavisi xSirad alogikuri, gaugebari xasiaTisa,

Seicavs Rrma azrs. aracnobierSi daleqili informacia misi saSualebiT

gamodis saaSkaraoze. es aris daSifruli gzavnili, romelic simboloebis

axsnas saWiroebs.

romantizmis poetika iTavisebs sizmris fenomens, radgan

romantikosebis warmodgeniT, sizmarSi adamianis suli Tavisuflad

mogzaurobs transcendentur sferoebSi. am dros adamianisTvis ufro

misawvdomia kosmiuri saidumlo. zRapris msgavsad sizmarSic uaryofilia

racionaluri azrovneba da logika. isic zedrouli da zesivrculia.

“novalisi sizmars udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs. misi azriT, Zilis dros

eziareba zegrZnobad samyaroebs, rac met-naklebad SeiZleba aireklos

sizmarma. sizmarSi racionalur-logikuri azrovnebis jaWvebi wydeba da

adamianis suls Tavisufleba eZleva, ris gamoc igi wvdeba dafarul

WeSmaritebebs... sizmari aris nimuSi iseTi mxatvruli formisa, rogoric

145

gaxlavT zRapar-igavi; zRapari agebulia ara logikur-racionaluri

kanonebiT, aramed sizmris logikiT; da rogorc samyaro, novalisis azriT,

unda gadavides zRaprul-sizmareul yofierebaSi, aseve romanic realuri

sinamdvilidan TandaTan gadadis irealur-zRaprulSi”. Tavad novalisi

“fragmentebSi” afiqsirebs, rom samyaro sizmaria, cxovreba sizmrad iqceva,

xolo sizmari cxovrebad.

hiacinti grZeli mogzaurobis bolos ara cxadSi, aramed ZilSi

ixilavs izidas qandakebas da axdis saburvels. igive xdeba hainrixis

SemTxvevaSic. romanis dasawyisSive esizmreba cisferi yvavili da mas mere

icvleba hainrixis cxovreba, cisferi yvavili xdeba misi miswrafebis

obieqti. rogorc irkveva, hainrixis mamasac unaxavs axalgazrdobaSi msgavsi

sizmari, magram masze igive zemoqmedeba ar hqonia – mis SemTxvevaSi ar

gauRviZia Semecnebis survils, Tumca winaswarmetyveluri ki aRmoCnda. is,

rac ZilSi ixila, male realobad iqca (esizmra, rom daqorwinda sayvarel

qalze _ hainrixis momaval dedaze).

hainrixi sizmarSi naxavs matildes gardacvalebasac, Tu rogor

CaiTrevs mas morevi.

winaswarmetyveluria gr. robaqiZis personaJTa sizmrebic. levan

orbels gpu-s TanamSromlis _ velskis danaxvaze erTi wlis win ZilSi

nanaxi arasasiamovno saxe axsendeba da uCndeba arakeTilganwyobileba mis

mimarT.

levan orbeli sizmars sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas aniWebs: “madloba

RmerTs, bednieri aRorZinebis es pirvelwyaro jerjerobiT ar mtovebs” (102,

24), _ ambobs igi.

romanis dasasruls kidev erT sizmars vxvdebiT: levanis moxuc dedas

esizmreba, Tu rogor wovs misi vaJi ZuZus, Semdeg ki Tasidan svams sasmels,

romelic varskvlaviviT kiafobs. gamoRviZebuli ezoSi gadis, caze

varskvlavs akvirdeba da masSi wminda graals mzers, romlis Sesaxebac

bavSvisTvis xSirad uambnia. sizmarSi aqcenti keTdeba graalsa da levanze.

SemTxveviT ar aris, rom dedas, romelmac araferi icis Svilis graalis

146

mcvelobis Sesaxeb, erTdroulad agondeba wminda Tasi da sakuTari pirmSo.

mis qvecnobierSi sizmris daxmarebiT am ors Soris kavSiri myardeba.

eseSi “TaurSiSi da miTosi” gr. robaqiZe wers, rom individi ufro

xSirad swored sizmaris saSualebiT exeba “adamianuri cxovrebis

gariJraJs”.

maSasadame, novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis esTetikaSi sizmari

winaswarmetyveluri movlenaa, romelic adamians intuiciis msgavsad

uSualod akavSirebs kosmiur arsTan da realobasTan mimarTebaSi

upiratesobac ki eniWeba. A

147

mesame Tavis daskvnebi

modernistebi romantikosebis darad reformatorebi arian, danerges

mravali siaxle. formalisturi feriscvaleba am SemTxvevaSic saxezea.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSic gamosaxvis xerxebi moqnili da

Tavisufalia.

gansaxilveli mwerebis mier simboloebis, azrobrivad datvirTuli

ferebisa da montaJis teqnikis gamoyeneba gansakuTebul elfers sZens

maT mxatvrul Semoqmedebas.

cisferi yvavili, isidas qandakeba, dRe da Rame aris novalisis

Semoqmedebis mTavari simboloebi.

isidas simbolikas mimarTavs gr. robaqiZec. mis esTetikaSic isida

(igive izida, igive neiTi) uzenaesi codnis simboloa. mas ukavSirdeba

“maradqaluris” fenomeni da “miwis” simbolo. gr. robaqiZe xSirad

mimarTavs aseve muxis, mzisa da gvelis mxatvrul saxeebs. misi

Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani simboloa graali, rogorc pirvelsawyisis

maradiuli Ziebis gamomxatveli.

gr. robaqiZe novalisisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod cisfers

iyenebs, araerT fers mimarTavs da rig SemTxvevebSi ambivalenturad.

avtorTa mxatvruli Semoqmedebis rTul arqiteqtonikas gansazRvravs

Janruli sinTezi, roca erTi konkretuli nawarmoebi aerTianebs

ramdenime sxva Janrs (miTi, legenda, Tqmuleba, zRapari, leqsi,

werili, sizmari).

sizmari aris zerealuri fenomeni, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani

transcententurs exeba.

148

saerTo daskvnebi

naSromis mizani, romelic mdgomareobda novalisisa da grigol

robaqiZis SemoqmedebaTa paraleluri analizis safuZvelze maT Soris

saerTo niSnebis, aseve gansxvavebebis dadgenasa da am gziT qarTveli

modernistis SemoqmedebaSi romantikuli nakadis aRniSvnaSi, daefuZna

Tavad romantizmisa da modernizmis msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri

principebis SepirispirebiT Seswavlas. dadginda maTi socialur-

politikuri da filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis msgavseba. aman ganapiroba

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobisa da poetikis

siaxlove, rac asaxvas hpovebs maT Teoriul Tu mxatvrul nawerebSi.

TiTqmis msgavsi wanamZRvrebi, maTi antiklasikuri da antirealisturi

Sinaarsi ganapirobebs romantizmisa da modernizmis aseve msgavs

problematikas.

mTavar problemas warmoadgens adamianis dapirispireba samyarosTan,

rasac Semoqmedi mihyavs ori realobis _ obieqturisa da subieqturis

_ aRiarebamde. romantizmis Semdeg modernizmis esTetikis

maxasiaTebeli xdeba subieqtivizmi, transcendenturisken swrafva da

misticizmi.

adamianTan mimarTebaSic modernizmi romantikosTa kvals mihyveba. igi

zeciurTan Tanaziari arseba da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

idealisturi moZRvrebebis gavleniT samyaros centrSi kvlav

adamiania. romantikosebi da modernistebi cdiloben samyaro aRiqvan

mTlianobaSi, globalurad da ara danawevrebul-daqucmacebuli.

maTTvis samyaro erTiania. RmerTi yvelganaa. yvela da yvelaferi misi

nawilis Semcvelia. maTi rwmeniT samyaro TviT maTSia, amitom asaxaven

ara obieqtur, aramed subieqtur realobas _ samyaros mimarT sakuTar

damokidebulebas.

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze

Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom isini miTosurad moazrovne

149

mwerlebi arian. aqvT movlenebSi wvdomis gansakuTrebuli unari,

universaluri xedva, romelic xelovnebasTan erTad aerTianebs

filosofiis, mecnierebisa da religiis sferoebs. yuradRebas

amaxvileben msgavs problemebze. gaaCniaT msgavsi midgoma da

gadawyvetis gzebi.

novalisisa da gr. robaqiZis gmirebs saerTo miswrafeba aerTianebT _

samyaros Semecneba, romelic TviTSemecnebas, sakuTar TavSi

CaRrmavebas gulisxmobs da xSirad siyvarulis grZnobasTanaa

gadajaWvuli. poetur moRvaweobasa da bunebis saidumloebaTa

Seswavlas adamiani aseve samyaros Semecnebamde mihyavs. samive procesi

gaucnobierebel impulsebs emyareba da mTavari aq intuiciaa.

romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gzis motivs gr. robaqiZec

iTavisebs, radganM gmirebis mogzauroba, fizikur samyaroSi

gadaadgilebis paralelurad sulier planSi sakuTari Tavisken

siarulis tolfasia.

sikvdil-sicocxlis romantikul gaazrebas emTxveva gr. robaqiZis

Sexeduleba. aRniSnuli antagonizmi avtorebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc

erTi movlenis ori mxare. es aris maradiuli wrebrunva, sadac

sasrul-usruls Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs.

aRmosavleTis mimarT gansakuTrebul interess avlens orive mwerali.

maTi aRqmiT es aris samyaros uZvelesi civilizaciis mqone brZeni

kuTxe, sadac adamiansa da bunebas Soris kavSiri jer isev mWidroa,

rac dasavleTSi aRar SeimCneva. aRmosavleTi mWvretelia da am gziT

Seimecnebs, maSin roca dasavleTi azrovnebs da moqmedebs.

bavSvisa da bavSvobis Temis romantikul interpretacias iziarebs gr.

robaqiZe. bavSvi masTanac kosmiur arsTan yvelaze ufro miaxloebuli

arsebaa.

samyaros gardaqmna-ganaxleba orive avtoris gansjis Temas

warmoadgens. es procesi maT esaxebaT, rogorc ganaxlebuli adamianis

moRvaweobis Sedegi.

150

romantizmisa da modernizmis novatoruli xasiaTi kargad Cans maTsave

formalistur ZiebebSi. novalisi da gr. robaqiZe ki aRniSnuli

literaturuli skolebis avangardSi imyofebian. simboloebis

gamoyeneba, ferisTvis simbolur-azrobrivi mniSvnelobis miniWeba da

Janruli sinTezi aris maTi poetikis mniSvnelovani elementebi.

or gansxvavebul epoqaSi, gansxvavebul kulturul tradiciebze

aRzrdili ori mwerali xedavs da SeigrZnobs msgavsad. rogorc

vnaxeT, maT Soris bevri msgavsebaa dawyebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi

SexedulebebiT da ideebis xorcSesxmis saSualebebiT damTavrebuli.

151

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. abaSiZe 2000: abaSiZe b. “qarTuli siRrmiseuli miTosuri samyaro”.

J. pirveli sxivi. 2000/28, gv. 129-136.

2. abdurazakova 2005: Абдуразакова Е. Тема Востока в творчестве Бориса Пильняка,

Дис., Владивосток, 2005.

3. antikis... 1985: Lexikon der Antike. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1985.

4. antikuri... 1938: Античные мыслители об искусстве. М.: Искусство, 1938.

5. arabuli 2000: arabuli g. gvelis kulti fSav-xevsurul miTosSi, J.

pirveli sxivi, 2000/28, gv. 124-128.

6. aristotele 1964: aristotele. metafizika. Tb.: “sabW. saqarTvelo”, 1964

7. asaTiani 1988: asaTiani g. saukunis poetebi. Tb.: “merani”, 1988.

8. asaTiani 2003: asaTiani q. vazis jvris istoriidan. J. saqarTvelos

siZveleni. 2003/4-5, gv. 34-45.

9. afxaiZe 1923: afxaiZe S. “londa”. gaz. rubikoni. 1923/5, gv. 2.

10. axali... 1992: axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi. stokholmi. bibliis

Targmnis in-ti, 1992.

11. balmonti 1905: Бальмонт К. Весы. 1905, №1, стр. 13.

12. baqraZe 2003: baqraZe ak. kardu. Tb.: “lomisi”, 2003.

13. baxtini 1975: Бахтин М. М. Вопросы литературы и эстетики; Исследования

научных лет. М.: Художественная литература, 1975.

14. bekeri 2000: Becker U. Lexikon der Symbole. Freiburg. Herder, 2000.

15. beli 1994: Белый А. Символизм как миропонимание. М.: Республика, 1994.

16. benaSvili 2003: benaSvili g. romantikul ocnebaTa didostati. kreb.

TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT. Tb.: qarT. lit. in-ti, 2003.

17. benti 1986: Бент М. Гете и романтизм. Челябинск. Изд-во Челябинского ун-та, 1986.

18. berkovski 1973: Берковский Н.Я. Романтизм в Германии. Л.: Худож. лит., 1973.

19. braginski 1974: Брагинский И. С. Проблема востоковедения. M.: Наука, 1974.

20. bregaZe 2001: bregaZe k. novalisis saxismetyvelebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi.

Tb., 2001.

152

21. bregaZe 2012: bregaZe k. germanuli romantizmi. Tb.: “meridiani”, 2012.

22. gabitova 1978: Габитова Р. М. Философия немецкого романтизма. M.: Наука,

1978.

23. gabitova 1989: Габитова Р. М. Философия немецкого романтизма. M.: Наука,

1989.

24. gafrindaSvili 1922: gafrindaSvili v. deklaracia (axali miTologia).

meocnebe niamorebi. 1922, # 7. gv. 9-12.

25. gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili v. leqsebi, poema, Targmanebi,

esseebi, werilebi, mwerlis arqividan. Tb.: “merani”, 1990.

26. gafrindaSvili 1923: gafrindaSvili v. “londa”. gaz. rubikoni. 1923/5,

gv. 2.

27. gelovani 1983: gelovani a. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tb.: “sabW.

saqarTvelo”, 1983.

28. germanuli 1986:…История немецкой литературы (в 3-х томах). т.2. M.: Радуга,

1986.

29. germanuli 1966: История немецкой литературы (в 5-ти томах). т.3. M. 1966. т.4.

M.: Наука, 1968.

30. germanuli...1989: Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zur

Gegenwart. Bd.7 München: Beck, 1989.

31. germanuli... 1990: Deutsche Literatur in Schlaglichtern. Mannheim. Wien. Zürich:

Meyers Lexikonverlag, 1990.

32. germanuli...… 1934: Литературная теория немецкого романтизма. Л.: Изд-во

писателей в Ленинграде, 1934.

33. germanuli... 1975: Немецкие волшебно-сатирические сказки. Л.: Наука, Ленингр.

отд-ние, 1972.

34. goeTe 1999: goeTe i. v. “buneba”. gaz. alternativa. 1999, #18, gv.E3.E

35. goeTe 1988: goeTe. goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan. baTumi. 1988.

36. gomarTeli 1997: gomarTeli a. qarTuli simbolisturi proza. Tb.:

Tbil. un-tis gam-ba, 1997.

37. gomarTeli 1923: gomarTeli iv. “londa”. gaz. rubikoni. 1923, #9, gv. 2.

153

38. greSnixi 1991: Грешных В. И. Ранний немецкий романтизм. Л.: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1991.

39. dasavleTevropeli... 1980: Литературные манифесты западноевропейских

романтиков. М.: МГУ, 1980.…

40. de stali 1989: де Сталь Ж. О литературе, рассмотренной в связи с общественными

установлениями. M.: Искусство, 1989.

41. evropuli... 1973: Европейский романтизм. М.: Наука, 1973.… ………

42. eqspresionizmi 1939: Экспрессионизм. сборник статей. М. 1939.

43. eqspresionizmi 1966: Экспрессионизм. сборник статей. М.: Наука, 1966.

44. eqspresionizmi 1986: Exspressionismus: Literatur und Kunst. Moskau. Raduga, 1986.

45. vanslovi 1966: Ванслов В. В. Эстетика романтизма. M.: Искусство, 1966.

46. vinkleri 1995: Winkler M. Mythisches Denken zwischen Romantik und Realismus.

Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1995.

47. zaqariaZe 1999: zaqariaZe a. miTosuri msoflmxedveloba. sad naSr. 1999

48. TeTr 2003: TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT kreb. Tb.: qarT. lit.

in-ti, 2003.

49. TvaraZe 1991: TvaraZe T. mxatvruli saxis metamorfozebi. Tb.:

“mecniereba”, 1991.

50. TvaraZe 1985: TvaraZe r. TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. Tb.: “sabW.

saqarTvelo”, 1985.

51. ingoroyva 1923: ingoroyva p. grigol robaqiZe. gaz. rubikoni. 1923. #5,

gv. 1.

52. iaSvili 1922: iaSvili p. yanwelebi 1922 welSi. barrikadi. 22 ianvari

1922, # 5. gv. 1-2.

53. kakauriZe 1991: kakauriZe n. SturmerTa da ienis wris romantikosTa

literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. Tb., “ganaTleba”, 1991.

54. kakabaZe 1983: kakabaZe m. qarTuli romantizmis erovnuli safuZvlebi.

Tb.: “mecniereba”, 1983.

55. keraSeva 2007: Керашева Ф. Религиозно-мифологический мотив пути в русском

и немецком романтизме, Дис., Краснодар, 2007.

154

56. kiziria 1989: kiziria d. “grigol robaqiZis “gvelis perangi” rusul-

evropuli simbolizmis konteqstSi”. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo.

1989, 2 ivnisi, gv. 14-15.

57. kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi.

Tb.: Tbil. un-tis gam-ba, 1978.

58. kiknaZe 1991: kiknaZe z. “Tasis simbolo kulturis miTosSi”. J.

kldekari. 1991, №1, gv. 228-232.

59. klesmani 1979: Klessmann E. Die deutsche Romantik. Köln: Du Mont, 1979.

60. kobalaZe 1997: kobalaZe T. “graali”. gaz. qarTuli qronika. 1997. #1,

gv. 5.

61. kobaxiZe 1991: kobaxiZe T. t. s. elioti: poezia da miTosi, Tb.: Tbil.

un-tis gam-ba, 1991.

62. lipovecki 1992: Липовецкий М. Н. Поэтика литературной сказки. Свердловск:

Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 1992.

63. literaturuli... 1993: Lexikon literarischer Geschtalten, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner

Verlag, 1993.

64. lomaia 1926: lomaia v. xis kultisaTvis saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos

muzeumis moambe t.3, 164-178.

65. lomiZe 2001: lomiZe g. mamis wiaRSi dabrunebis goeTeseuli koncefcia

da grigol robaqiZis ”gvelis perangi”. kreb. goeTe_250. Tb.: qarT. lit.

in-ti 2001, gv.145-152.

66. lorTqifaniZe 2003: lorTqifaniZe l. grigol robaqiZis mxatvruli

azrovnebis sakiTxebi. sad. naS. 2003.

67. martini 1991: Martini F. Deutsche Literaturgeschichte. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,

1991.

68. marjaniSvili 1923: marjaniSvili k. “Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi”.

gaz. rubikoni. 1923, № 5, gv. 2.

69. meletinski 1995: Мелетинский Е. М. Поэтика мифа. М.: Наука, 1995.

70. merkvilaZe 1988: merkvilaZe g. “gvelis perangis” mxatvruli dro da

sivrce. J. kritika. 1988, #2, gv. 59-85.

155

71. mefariSvili 2005: mefariSvili T. grigol robaqiZis eseistika. Tb.:

Tbil. un-tis gam-ba, 2005.

72. mecxramete... 1982: История зарубежной литературы XIX века. M.: Просвещение,

1982.

73. milorava 1998: milorava i. “feris funqcia XX saukunis pirveli

naxevris qarTul moTxrobaSi”. literaturuli Ziebani 1998, XIX, gv.

276-290.

74. msoflio... 2001: Всемирная энциклопедия: Философия. Москва: Минск, 2001.

75. msoflios... 1997: Мифы народов мира. М.: Российская энциклопедия. Олимп,

1997.

76. nemsaZe 1999: nemsaZe l. graalis qarTuli simbolika msoflio

literaturis konteqstSi. sakand. dis. 1999.

77. novalisi 1963: Novalis Dichtungen. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1963.

78. novalisi 1979: Novalis Dokumente seines Lebens und Sterbens, Frankfurt/M: Insel,

1979.

79. novalisi 1989: novalisi. hainrix fon ofterdingeni. Tb.: “nakaduli”,

1989.

80. novalisi 2001 a: Novalis. Hymnen an die Nacht. in: Novalis Werke. Herausgegeben

und kommentiert von Gerhard Schulz. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2001.

81. novalisi 2001 b: Novalis. Lehrlinge zu Sais. in: Novalis Werke. Herausgegeben und

kommentiert von Gerhard Schulz. München: : Verlag C. H. Beck, 2001.

82. novalisi 2001 g: Novalis Werke. Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Gerhard Schulz.

München: : Verlag C. H. Beck, 2001.

83. paSigorevi 2005: Пашигорев В. Роман воспитания в немецкой литературе XVIII-XX

веков. Генезис и эволюция. Дис. Ростов н/Д, 2005.

84. popiaSvili 1988: popiaSvili a. individis problema s. kirkegorisa da

f. nicSes filosofiaSi. Tb.: “mecniereba” 1988.

85. Jordania 1982: Жорданиа С. Творческое развитие символа. Тб.: Мерани, 1982.

86. JRenti 1927: JRenti b. “1926 weli qarTul literaturaSi”. J. qarTuli

mwerloba. 1927, II, gv. 55-80.

156

87. ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. Tb.: Tbil.

un-tis gam-ba, 2005.

88. robaqiZe 1902: robaqiZe gr. buneba. gaz. cnobis furceli. 1902, # 1799,

gv. 2

89. robaqiZe 1988: robaqiZe gr. gvelis perangi. falestra. Tb.: “merani”,

1988.

90. robaqiZe 1993: robaqiZe gr. “dabruneba miwasTan”. gaz. rubikoni. 1993,

№ 37, gv. 1.

91. robaqiZe 2003a: robaqiZe gr. dramebi. Tb.: Sps “poligrafisti”, 2003.

92. robaqiZe 1996a: robaqiZe gr. engadi kreb. CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia.

Tb.: “jek-servisi”, 1996.

93. robaqiZe 1924: robaqiZe gr. “eqspresionizmi”. J. kavkasioni. 1924, 1-2, gv.

129-133.

94. robaqiZe 1920 a: robaqiZe gr. “mallarme da novalisi”. gaz.

saqarTvelo. 1920, #106, gv. 3.

95. robaqiZe 1917: robaqiZe gr. “pani”. gaz. saqarTvelo. 1917, #281, gv.3.

96. robaqiZe 1920 b: robaqiZe gr. “rusTavelis msoflio mzera”. gaz.

saqarTvelo. 1920, #118.

97. robaqiZe 1913: robaqiZe gr. “fiordebis asuls”. oqros verZi. 1913, №5,

gv. 65-66.

98. robaqiZe 1991: gr. Cakluli suli Tb.: “iveria”, 1991.

99. robaqiZe 1996 b: robaqiZe gr. CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia. Tb.: “jek-

servisi”, 1996.

100. robaqiZe 1914: Робакидзе Гр. “О русской гении”. газ. Кавказ. 1914. №276. стр.3.

101. robaqiZe 2001:…Робакидзе Гр., Демон и миф, Тб.: Цотне, 2001.

102. robaqiZe 2003 b: Робакидзе Гр. Хранители Грааля. Тб.: Хронограф 2003.

103. roSi 1996: Rösch H. Grundlagen, Stile, Geschtalten der deutschen Literatur. Berlin: 1996.

104. sigua 1994: sigua s. avangardizmi qarTul literaturaSi. Tb.:

“didostati”, 1994.

105. sigua 2008: sigua s. modernizmi. Tb.: “mwerlis gazeTi”, 2008.

157

106. smolina…2001: Смолина О. В. Сказка и сказочност в творчестве Новалиса.

автореферат. Санкт-Петербург 2001.

107. sorenseni 1997: Sorensen B.A. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Bd. 1. München:

Verlag C. H. Beck, 1997.

108. spanioli 1923: spanioli S. “Teatri da eqspresionizmi”. J. Teatri da

cxovreba. 1923, №2 gv. 12-14.

109. surgulaZe 1988: surgulaZe b. eqspresionizmi qarTul literaturaSi

sakand. dis. 1988.

110. uedingi 1988: Ueding G. Klassik und Romantik. München: DTV, 1988.

111. filosofiuri 1983: Философский энциклопедический словарь. M: Советская

энциклопедия, 1983.

112. fiodorovi 1988: Федоров Ф. П. Романтический художественный мир:

пространство и время. Рига: Зинатне, 1988.

113. fifia 2001: fifia d. modernizmi da terenti graneli. sad. naS. 2001.

114. fonteneli 1979: Фонтенель Б. Рассуждение о религии, природе и разуме. М.:

Мысль, 1979.

115. frenceli 1999: Frenzel E. Motive der Weltliteratur. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,

1999.

116. frenceli 1998: Frenzel E. Stoffe der Weltliteratur. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,

1998.

117. fSavela 1961: fSavela v. t.5. Tb.: “sabW. saqarTvelo”, 1961.

118. qaosidan... 1997: qaosidan kronosamde (uranosi, kronosi, zevsi),

berZnuli miTebis samyaro, Tb.: 1997.

119. qvriviSvili 2000: qvriviSvili o. sveticxovlis misteria. Tb.: “diqsi”,

2000.

120. Rvinjilia 2002: Rvinjilia g. “cisferi feris simbolika romantikuli

da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis poziciebidan”. J. kulturis

istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi 2002, №11 gv. 65-69.

121. SaraZe 1991 a: SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. wg. 1, Tb.: “merani”, 1991.

158

122. SaraZe 1991 b: SaraZe g. “grigol robaqiZis ucnobi nawerebi gazeT

“saqarTvelos” furclebze”. literaturuli saqarTvelo. 1991, 15

noemberi, gv.11.

123. Selingi 1966: Шеллинг Ф. Философия искусства. М.: Мысль, 1966.

124. Sengelia 2005: Sengelia q. qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi mimarTeba

vaJa-fSavelasTan. Tb.: “universali”, 2005.

125. Serisxulni 1994: Serisxulni. t.2. Tb.: merani 1994.

126. Sileri 1962: Schiller Fr. Sämtliche Werke. in 5 Bänden. Bd.3. Düsseldorf/Zürich:

Artemis & Winkler Verlag, 1996 .

127. Sileri 1940: Sileri fr. leqsebi. Tb.: “federacia”, 1940.

128. Siurie 1998: Siurie ed. “piTagoria”. J. afra 1998 (4). gv. 118-145.

129. Slegeli 1983: Шлегель Ф. Эстетика. Философия. Критика. В 2-х т. Т.1. М.:

Искусство, 1983.

130. Slegeli 1988: Schlegel Fr. Werke in zwei Bänden. Bd. 1. Berlin/Weimar: Aufbau-

Verlag, 1988.

131. CxeiZe 1986: CxeiZe o. rkali, Tb.: “sabW. saqarTvelo”, 1986.

132. cxadaZe 1997: cxadaZe e. grigol robaqiZis dramaturgia. sakand. dis.

1997.

133. wiqariSvili 2003: wiqariSvili l. purismteobisaTvis: grigol robaqiZe

da mixeil javaxiSvili. kreb. TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT.

Tb.: qarT. lit. in-ti, 2003.

134. WarxalaSvili 1981: WarxalaSvili z. germanuli literaturis

istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: “ganaTleba”, 1981.

135. xelaia 2001: xelaia n. maradiuli sagodebeli. quTaisi: qtu, 2001.

136. xvedeliZe 2003: xvedeliZe r. “modernistuli xelovnebis filosofiur-

esTetikuri safuZvlebi”. Tsu_slavistikis centri. 2003, №I, gv. 92-114.

137. xomeriki 1990: xomeriki m. “hieratiuli “gvelis perangsa” da

“falestraSi””. J. ganTiadi. 1990, №2, gv.150-163.

159

138. jaliaSvili 1998: jaliaSvili m. “prozisa da poeziis sinTezi grigol

robaqiZis “gvelis perangSi””. J-li literaturuli Ziebani. 1998, XIX,

gv. 291-196.

139. jaliaSvili 1999: jaliaSvili m. qarTuli modernistuli romani. Tb.:

“wyarosTvali”, 1999.

140. janjibuxaSvili 1996: janjibuxaSvili m. miTis poeturi transformacia

grigol robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi. sakand. dis. 1996.

141. haine 1958: Геине Г. Собрание сочинении. В 10-ти т. т. 7. Гослитиздат (Ленингр. отд-

ние), 1958.

142. hainrixi 1977: Heinrich G. Geschichtsphilosophische Positionen der deutschen

Frühromantik. Berlin: Kronberg/Ts, 1977.

143. hese 2003: hese h. “romantizmis suli”, afra, 2003, №11. gv. 77-82.

144. hiubneri 1996: Хюбнер К. Истина мифа. М.: Республика, 1996.