Tu pAv - FORRU

Tu pAv ...'...!.:<<

Ving thtq,ng ngudn, Mae Sa Valley, VQG Doi Suthep-Pui, 1998.

...ToI oAv...

...cHi TRoNG v0tqc 6 NArvll

Tim cAcH THIJc HIHN NHIJ rHfr NAo...rroc Dtr...

gtz dedDeutscherEnMicklungsdienst

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lli. ihl li,ifr,rsi li, fri..lr: riji

m I i.1iTll,:1#flJ,peration

I and Development

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--:TRONG NUNC NHU THE NAO:

ptJQc rAi rnQ ndISANG KIEN DARWTN, ANH QUOC

Xudt bin dAu ti6n vio ndm 2006

NHIING NGUVEN TY VA THUC gATVH

PHUC Hdr RrJNG Xuryr DOI

"Chilng tn leo lLn nggn nili cao nhdt.

Chilng ta sE lhm sa mqc nd hoa

Chilng ta rdt khdn ngoan;

Chring ta cd thd di trAn mdt trdngNfutng khi tbi nghe ritng da chdt, tbi rdi rufic mdt."

- ]ulian Lennon

Trqm nghiOn c(fu

phqc hO'i rfrng (CMU)

Bi6n so+n:

STEPHEN ELLIOTT, DAVID BLAKESLEY, I. F. MAXWELL, SUSAN

DOUSTVA SUTTHATHORN SUWANNARATANA

MINH HQA: SURAT PLUKAM

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rndNc ntlNc NlrU rHfi NAo\\F-^1 I2

Tdi 1i6u -TRdNG RL/NG NHIJ THfi NAO- hi6n c6 tai Thdi Lan. TAi 1i6u blng tidng Trung Qudc, {-Llo vd Kho-me dang ikloc chudn bi in. Cdm nang ndy kh6ng c6 b6n quydn vd drroc thiSt kd d<! -

d6 ding t6i b6n. Didu chring t6i ddi h6i la khi srl dung cdm nang ndy hey ghi 16 c6 tham khio ,

tdi bin tii li6u goc, Hdy trich d5n li:

TRAM NGHIEN cUu rHUC sdI nUruc,200s. TRdNG RUNG NHrJ rHd N,A.o: Nguy€n

tic vi th1ic ti6n phuc h6i rilng nhiQt ddi. Phdng Sinh hoc, Khoa Khoa hoc, Tnfdng D4i hgc

Chiang Mai, Th6i Lan.

Bin sao (blng tidng Anh vd tidng Thdi) hi6n c6 luu 6 Tram Nghi6n ct?u Phuc hdi nlng, 1i6n hO

TS. Stephen Elliott ho4c TS. Sutthathorn Suwannaratana. Xem *ang,200 dd c6 chi tidt nen he.

Anh bia

Anh tuAn - Nqn mft ritng, canh tdc, bd hoang, chdy oii xudng cdp. Rnng diu ngu6n phia tr€n Vtrdn

Qudc gia Mae So Mai & Doi Sutlrcp-Pui li khu z;xc didn hinh phn hqp cho ph4c h6i rirng

Anh fu.tdi - Cing khu o{c d6, 7 ndm sau khi tr6ng 30 lodi cdy tqo khung ritng.

Anh gifra - Trbng cay aoi tim bia che phi gic dd gidm stt canh tranh cila c6.

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LdI TI.,A

Cudn cdm nang nlLy danh dd tri8ng nhd Bi Smansnid Svastr (1932-2003), md ban bb v6n goi don

giAn ld "Nunie". Ld m6t nha h/ nl-LiOn hoc xudt sic, tinh thAn ciia Nunie da girip chring t6i thdnh 1dp

FORRU-CMU. Mong ri6c cria bn ld nhrTng khu rdng d phia bdc Th6i Lan c6 thd drioc tr6ng lai vi ldng

nhi6t huydt cria bd ddi vdi cdng vi6c cria chfng t6i vAn tidp tuc th6i thtic chring tdi ldm vi6c cho ddn

ngiy h6m nay.

T6i sd nhd tinh bqn ztdi bii ah nhttng ldi dQng oi€n ctia bh, nhtng

cubc ddi thoai diy khtch l€ cin bd ad tinh ham bidt cao d6 cia

bd trong nhitng lin di dqo trong ritng. Nhttng quan trong hon,

th{ gidi t{ nhi€n dd mdt di m1t trong nhitng ngtrti bdo oQ n6

hdng hdi nhd't od d6 ln di|u mdt mdt ldn hon lchi bi qun ddi."

- Stephen Eliiott (tr) cudn s6ch trrdng nhd Nunie, 2003)

Nunie ciim thily nhq nhdm sau khi trinh bhy bni c6 ilAu dA "Nhfrng con

s1ng & leopardy" tai h6i thdo 'Phuc hdi ring dd btio t6n dQng thdc 'oht

hoang dd", do FORRLI-CMII td chitc ndm 2000 ztii do Td chi.tc 96 nhi4t

ddi qudc td tii trq.

TRdNG RTING NTnJ Trt6 NAo

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NOI DUNG

Ldi c6m on

Th6ng di6p tti 86 tnidng Bd m6i tnidng cria Alh,ELLIOT MORLEY M,P.

Ldi n6i dAu cfia Gi6o stl VISUT BAIMAI, Phu trdch chtiorrg trinh

nghiOn crlu vi ddo tao v6 da dang sinh hoc (BRT)

PhAn 1

Phuc h6i rrlng - MOt i nghi vidn v6ng hay mQt j' nghi mang tinh thLfc td?

Muc 1 - Nan mdt rttng - Mdi de doa ddi vdi srt' sdng tr6n trdi d.dt

Muc 2 - Phgc h6i rrlng - Chdng lai cuQc khing hoing

Muc 3 - Tram nghiOn cfu phgc h6i rrlng (FORRU-CMU)

Muc 4 - Giiio duc v) dio tao vd phuc hdi da dang sinh hoc

nlng nhiQt ddi

PhAn 2

NhAn bidt cic loai rrlng t

Mqc 1 - Rrlng thddng xanh vd rtlng kh6p

Muc 2 - NhAn biSt rtlng thddng xanh

Muc 3 - Nhin bidt c6c loai rrlng khQp

Muc 4 - Loai rrlng vd chiSn luoc phuc h6i

PhAn 3

Tim hidu tii sinh rilng - Hqc h6i tr} t{ nhi6n

Muc 1 - Li thuydt vd di6n thd rrlng

Muc 2 - C6c ngu6n tdi sinh

Muc 3 - TAm quan trong ctia stt' phdt ten hat

Mqc 4 - DOng vft dn hat

Muc5-NziymAmMuc 6 - Thidt l4p cAy con

Muc 7 - Sinh th6i hoc vd ch6y nlng

Mgc 8 - CAy sdng s6t

PhAn 4

Gi(rp rrlng t{ gi6p bin thAn - Thric ddy tiri sinh t{ nhi6n

Muc 1 - (T6i sinh tti nhiOn c6 i6c dQng) ANR ld gi?

Muc 2 - Chdm s6c nhrlng cAy c6 sinMuc 3 - Ting hat roi xudng ddt

FIdp 4.1. - Vai trd cfia chim trong tdi sinh rtngHdp d5n d6ng vflt dd girip phuc hdi da dang sinh th6i rtngHdp 4.2 - Thri nghiOm tinh hi6u qul c:i.a vi6c gieo hat trdc ti6p

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TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO III

Phdn 5

Phrfdng ph6p t4o loii cAy t4o khung rrlng trong phgc h6i rdng

Mgc 1 - Dinh nghia khei niem

Mqc 2 - Lria chon c6c loii cAy tao khung rrlngMuc 3 - Thr? nghiQm cdc loii cAy tao khung rdng

Phdn 6

Tr6ng cAy cria chinh b4n

Mqc 1 - Thidt kd vd xAy drrng mQt vridn tidrn cAy

Muc 2 - Lda chgn hat gidng

Muc 3 - Xtl Ii quA vi hat

Muc 4 - Hat n6y mAm

Muc 5 - Trdng cAy con trong chAu

Muc 6 - Chdm s6c c6c cay con trong vtldn r.idm

Muc 7 - Kidm tra chdt lrtong

PhAn 7

rrong cay

Muc L - Lria chon dia bin tr6ng c6y

Muc 2 - Chudn bi tr6ng cay

Mgc 3 - Sti ki0n tr6ng cdy

Mgc 4 - Chdm s6c cAy dttoc tr6ng

Muc 5 - GiSm s5t sri phuc hdi cria rrlng

PhAn 8

Lflp kd hoach

Muc 1 - DQng lrrc ld ndn tAng

Muc 2 - Ho. p t6c li thiSt ydu

Muc 3 - L{p kd hoach ld quan trong

Phdn 9

C6c loii cAy t4o khung rfrng cho phqc h6i rrlng 6 phia bdc Th6i Lan

Phg lgc

Thu{t ngf,Tii li6u tham kh6o

Danh mgc thuft ngfrLim thd nio eld H6n h6 vdi FORRU-CMU

Nhfrng mdc quan trong cria FORRU-CMU

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Cudn cdm nang niykh6ng thd li sAn phdmcfra m6t t6c gii hay m6tnh6m nh6 c6c t6c gi6.

Nhfrng th6ng tin trongd6 c6 stl g6p phAn ciianhieu ngdoi tham gia

vio ciLc chdong trinhnghiOn crlu vi ddo tao

ctia Tram nghiOn crlu

phuc hdi rr,Yng ctla trddng Dai hoc Chiang Mai(FORRU-CMU) tt ndm 1994. Nhflng ngtidibiOn soan nhd da n6u trong trang dAu dd linhfrng nglidi da tdng htlp th6ng tin duoc thuthAp trI hc,rr m6t thqP kf.

Cudn cdm nang niY li m6t trong nhflngkdt qui cira dri 6,n "Gr6.o duc vd ddo tao vd

phuc h6i da dang sinh th6i rtlng nhiQt ddi",do S6ng kidn Darwin, Anh tai tro. Chting t6irdt biSt dn Sdng kidn Darwin da tei trd chi

phi sAn xudt vi g6p f kidn'cho bAn dr.i th6o

thtl nhdt.Nim 1994, FORRU-CMU dtioc d6ng tdi

trcr bdi Ph6 gi6o su - TiSn si Vilaiwan Anusar

nsunthor n, Ts. Stephen Elliott vd Ts. David

Blakesley thu6c trddng Dai hoc Chiang Mai

(CMU) B6 m6n sinh hoc vd vdi sri cdng t6c

ctia c6c c6n bO tai tru sd chinh ctia Vr-idn Qudcgia Doi Suthep-Pui, ndi xAy ddng vtldn tidmnghiOn ciiu cira tram. Chdng t6i gt?i ldi cAm

dn d4c biOt ddn tdt ca lanh dao Vtldn Qudc gia

ngr.idi dd h6 tro vd mdt hAu cAn cho tramtrong nhi6u ndm, trong d6 c6 Ong Prawat

Wohandee, Ong Amporn Panmongkol, Ong

Wirote Rojana-jinda, Ong Suchai Omapinyan,

Ong Paiboon Sawetmalutlo., Ong Prasert

Saentaam, Ong Arran Sorngai vd Ong Surachai

Tuamsomboon.Cudn s6ch niy kh6ng thd thenh hi6n

thric ndu kh6ng c6 sti g6p s(Ic ctia c6c cdn b6

FORRU, cA bdy gid vA trtidc dAy, trong d5 c6

Bd Siriporn Kopachon, Ba Kittiya Suriya,

O.g Puttipong Navakitbumrung, O.gCherdsak Kuaraksa, Ong Greuk Pakkad, Bd

Panitnard Tunjai, Bd Naru-mon Tantana, BiThonglaw Seethong, Bd Jahmbee Bunyadit,Bi Somkit Kungotha vd Ong Kunya Seethong.

Nh6m dio tao Darwin cria IORRU da g5p

rt't nhidu lf kidn phin h6i cho dti th6o trridcddy ctia cudn s6ch ndy, bao g6m Bi Nate-

napit Jitlam, O.g Wasun Leerat, O.8Kunakorn Boonsai, O.g ThanakornLattirasuvan, Bi Sudarat Zangkum, Ba

Narrisa Pongsopa. Bi Rungtiwa Bunyayod

dd gitip trinh bdy vd thidt kd dn b6n bHng

tidng Th6i.

Qua 10 ndm, FORRU dh duoc nhi6u tinhnguyQn vi6n d6ng g6p citc j' kidn mdi, trong

d6 c6 Ong Daniel Blackburn, Ong Alan Smith,

BA Anne Sinclair, Ong Simon Gard- ner, Bd

Pindar Sidisunthorn, O^g Derek Hitch-cock,

Ong Kevin Woods, Bd Janice Kerby, Ong Tim

Rayden vir Bd Amanda Brigden' Dic bi6t, Dai

stl thanh niOn cria Uc, Ong Kirby Doak da

d6ng g6p nhi6u j' kidn cho PhAn B cria cudn

s6ch vA BiL Susan Doust d6ng g6p f kidn cho

drr thAo PhAn 9. Chfng t6i ctlng cim on TS.

Kate Hardwick vi nhf,ng i' ki6n vd mdt khoa

hoc ctia bd trong thdi gian hinh thenh FORRU.

Ong Smansnid Svasti vi Ong Mark Graham

1u6n dttoc nhic ddn vi sti trd girip xAy dring

tram ciia ho.Phtiong phdp tao c6c lodi cAy tao khung

rtlng trong phuc h6i rtlng dtioc ph5t kidn tai

Queensland, Uc vd chdng t6i bidt on Ong

Nigel Tucker vA Bi Tania Murphy dd tAp

hut'n cho c6n bQ ctia FORRU-CMU vd Y

hiEng tai Vudn Qudc gia H6 Eacham vho

nitm 1,997. TS. Nancy C. Garwood tr] Vi6nBAo tdng lich st? tri nhi6n, London, Anh cfingda dio tao c6n bQ cria FORRU trong giaidoan xAy ddng tram.

Sti cQng t6c cr-ia dAn ldng Ban Mae Sa Mai

g6p phAn quan trong vio thinh c6ng cira dttdn niy, ddc bi6t li trong vi6c xAy dr.ing c6c 6

tr6ng t} d6. Chdng t6i cim on Ong Naeng

Thanonworakun, Bd Nahor Thanonworakun

viL gia dinh ho vi dd chdm s6c vtidn ridm cAy

ctia ldng vd phdi hop c6ng viOc cfia chting t6i

vdi c6ng d6ng.FORRU-CMU dA duoc sdng ldP vdi su

tii trd crfa Riche Monde (Bangkok) Ltd.Nghi6n crlu cfia c6ng ty sau ndy dd dttgc

Trtldng Dai hoc Chiang Mai, chttong trinhDdo tao vi nghi6n ctlu da dang sinh thei, ddiin Eden cf a Anh, Shell InternationalRenewables viL Guinness PLC h6 tro. NhfngnhA tei tro kh6c g6m c6 Dai sr-li qu6n Anh taiBangkok, hdi d6ng Anh, Qui ttidng nhrlFagus Anstruther, Quf Peter Nathan Trust,

Qui Robert Kiln Charitable, Qui Barbara

Everard cho b6o t6n phong lan, Cdu lac b6

Rotary cria Cleveland, Tenne-ssee, Dtl 6n

Pondan, Ong Alan and Bi Thelma Kindred,O.g Nostha Chartikavanij, O.g R.

Butterworth vd Ong james C. Boudreau.

Chting t6i cim dn tft cA nhring ngrldi d6.

TRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAO

N6i dung cudn s6ch dlidc bi6n soan bdiTs. Stephen Elliott, Ts. David Blakesley vi BiSusan Doust. An bin tidng Th6i cluoc Ts.

Sutthathorn Suwannaratana hi6u chinh. j. F.

Maxwell di x6c dinh c6c loAi cAy n6u trongn6i dung cdm nang vd girip hoin thiOn d6ngkd cho dri thao PhAn 2 va S. Anh minh hoa doOng Surat Plukam thdc hiAn, trd nhtrng Anh

drroc ghi rd ngtidi cung cdp. Aot"r cttup do c6nbO FORRU-CMU thtic hi6n.

Tdt cA c6c quan didm n6u trong cudnsdch ndy ld quan didm ctia ngridi bi6n soanvd kh6ng nht't thidt ld cria c6c nhA tAi trd haynhtTng ngddi d6nh gid hodc g6p i'. Nh6m

bi6n soan mudn nhdn co h6i nly c6m dnnhrlng ngddi kh6ng dtioc n6u tCn d tren dad6ng g6p tich ctic cho c6ng vi6c ctiaFORRU-CMU hay cho vi6c sAn xudt cudnsiich ndy.

Cudi cring, chting t6i rA't bidt on 86m6n sinh hoc, Khoa Khoa hoc, tnidng Daihoc Chiang Mai University da h5 trd v6 mittd chttc kd tt khi drr 6n FORRU bit dAu,cim dn East Malling Research (trlidc ia Vi6nnghiOn ctlu lim vtidn qudc td) ddi r-di srih5 tro td chdc ctia Ts. David Blakesle,v r-iv6 sri c6ng t6c cria drr ein S6ng kidn Daru-incfa Anh.

1ng Naeng Thnnonworakul, dng \rnen.;

Thanonworakul, cdn bd oton iom -tti lit trgtdii

ahn ddng c6ng d6ng d Ban Mae Sa Mai, 6tit

cdy Spondias axillnris 5 tudi.

Ts. Daaid Blakesley dtng trong

thiAn nhiAn, ngtdi ding sdng lQp

ra FORRU ad lh cd t:dn nghi€n

cilu liu ndm.

Nh6m EOKRU tqi CMU, diu ndm 2005. Tit trdi sang phii: Bii Panitnard Tu:njai (Nghi€n citu aiAd,

Ts. Stephen Elliott (ding sing lQfl, Ts. Vilniwan Anusarnsunthorn ddng sdng hil, OnC l. F.

Maxwell (nhh phkn loqi thttc ztAil, Ts. Sutthathorn Suwannnratana (Giim dic giho dltc), Bii

Rtmgtiwa Bunyayod (Thttt{y),6ng Cherdsak Kturaksn (Cin bd nghiAn citu cao cdp), Ts. Greuk

Pakl.ad (Chn bQ nghiAn citu cao cdp), Bi Sudarat Zangkum. Ong Kunnkorn Boonsai oit Bh Narissa

Pongsopa (tdt crt h cin bQ giio duc crta Darwin) od Bii Susan Doust (Dqi sit tlmnh niAn cia Ad.

.4 ABI-

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VI TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO

THONG orpr ru ""0

rnrldlvc nQ rudr mUdnc cte Ar\[H,nAn nrEu NGHr vrEn ELLror MoRLEY

Nan ph6 rrlng nhi6t ddi c6 16 li mdi de doanguy hidm nhdt ddn c6ng d6ng d6ng d6o c6c

lodi d6ng thric vQt sdng chung vdi chring ta

tran tr6i dft niy. Mdc di rdng nhi6t ddi chichiIrn 7% diOn tich dt't tr6n bd mdt tr6i dit,ch(ng lai li ng6i nhi cria hon m6t m?a sd loAid6ng thdc vQt tr6n thd gidi. Hdn nfia, chdngcung cdp cho ngtidi dAn dia phuotLg d6i ddo

lAm sAn, gi6m thidu thiQt hai do lfl lut vi han}l.6r. gdy n6n vd tao thu nhAp do thu hrit kh6chdu lich. Ay

"ay md nhrlng khu rrlng d6 dang

bidn mdt nhanh ch6ng.

Dd dep hi sri khting ho6ng vA da dangsinh hoc trOn todn cAu, chinh phri Anh da

thnnh lAp S6ng kiSn Darwin vao ndm 7992 ddtdng ctidng sr.l dung chuy6n gia ciia Anh ldmvi6c trong khu6n khd h-o. p tdc vdi c6c qudc giagidu c6 vA da dang sinh hoc nhung lai thidumoi ngu6n llic dd b6o t6n, n6. Ddn nay, tdcht?c nAy da tai trd tdng c6ng 35 tri0u cho 350

drr 6n thric ddy b6o t6n stl da dang sinh hoc

tr6n khdp thd gidi.Ndm 2002, S6ng kidn Darwin dd tii tro

Vi0n nghi6n crlu ldm vddnqudc tdlvd TramnghiOn crlu phuc h6i rrlng (FORRU) cria

tnldng Dai hoc Chiang Mai 6 phia Bfc Th6iLan m6t dti 6n c6 t6n l) "Gi6o duc vir ddo tao

vd phuc h6i da dang sinh th6i rtYng nhiQt ddi",drr 6n ndy dd xAy dring m6t don vi diro tao ddday ngrrdi dAn dia phtiong cdch phuc hdi h0

sinh th5i rtlng nhiOt ddi vdi muc ti6u cu thd lithdc ddy phuc h6i da dang sinh hoc. Chrrong

trinh gi6o duc ddoc drta tr6n nghiOn crlu gdc

cia FORRU-CMU tt ndrn 2004, nghiOn cfundy dd chi ra 1) c6 thd t6i thidt lAp tAng tdn

nlng nhi6t ddi trong vdng khoAng 3-5 ndm sau

khi trdng c6c lodi cAy b6n dia, ltta chon cdn

thAn c6c loAi cAy c6 kh6 ndng tao b6ng rAmchdng lai sri xAm ldn cria c6 vi thu hrit d6ngvAt ph6t tdn hat dd thric ddy phuc hdi da dangsinh hoc.

Th6ng qua c6c budi hoi thAo v) c6c hoatd6ng mang tinh gi6o duc kh6c, dd 6n da gidpthOm nhidu ngtidi tham gia phqc h6i nhrfngkhu rtYng dd ttng li nhrTng khu rtlng rdt ).6n

cria Th6i Lan vdL girip c6i thi6n tinh hi6u qu6

cuA c6c drt dn phuc h6i rrlng hi6n thdi. Ngodivi6c drta vdo stl dung c6c chuy6n gia k! thuflt,drl 6n cdn phdt tridn cdc phttong phrip cAi tiSndd khuydn khich c6c cQng d6ng dfa phridngtham gia phuc h6i rtng.

Ndm 2004, t6i da ddn thdm mdt trongnhrlng c6ng ddng d6, Ban Mae Sa Mai 6 Vtrdn

Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui, vd dd tnic tidpchrlng kidn c6ch du dn khoi ggi sr.i nhiQt tinhcao d6 trong phuc h6i rdng gita nhf,ng ngddiddn dia phrrorrg vd ddo tao kh6 ndng vd kithuAt cAn thiSt dd thdc hiAn vi6c d6.

Cdm nang ndy Id m6t trong sd cdc kdtqu6 cria du 6n. N6 dtra ra hrtdng dAn dongi6n, c6 thd tidp cAn vd thrrc hdnh dddc ddmoi ngtidi c6 thd iip dung nhrlng ph6t hi6nctia nghiOn crlu ctia FORRU vd trd n6n tichctlc tham gia phqc h6i rtYng d Thei Lan. T6irdt vui mdng lA Sdng kidn Darwin c6 thdd6ng g6p cho vi6c xudt b6n vi phAn ph6'icudn cdm nang ndy. Cudn cdm nang kh6ngchi 1A mQt htrdng dAn vd phuc h6i rtYng dTh6i Lan md cdn li m6t vi du cho c6c nrfdckhdc thi dua.

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86 tnl1ng BQ mni htdng cia Anh, ddn bidu nghiuiEn Anh trao ddi udi Tnlhng ban Ban Mae Sct Mai,Kuhn Manat Thanontoorakul ud- Dai sit Anh A ThaiI-an, Dauid, Fall trong chugdn thdm FORRU-CMU

ndrn 2OO4.

LHie, ."y ddi ten thanh East Maling Research [EMR)

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAo vII

rdr Hior pAu

GS. vISUT BArMAr, PHU rnAcu rRAMNcurEN cUu vA DAo rAo DA DA.NGsrNH Hoc cfra ruAr LAN (BRT)

Cfrng gi6ng nhtt nhidu mrdc nhiQt ddikh6c, Th6i Lan phAi ddi mdt vdi mQt cuQc

khring ho6ng da dang sinh hoc. Do nlng bichdt phri phgc vg ph6t tridn vd n6ng nghi6p,

nhrlng quAn thd dQng thric vQt v6 cring giiuc6 cria Vtrong qudc dang mdt di. NhAn thrlcdtioc diAu n)y, ChrtotLg trinh nghiOn ctlu vd

ddo tao vd da dang sinh hoc dd drloc xAy

dttng vdo ndm 1995 a6 n5 t.o nghiGn crlu bAo

t6n vi srl dung b6n vt1ng c6c ngu6n tdinguy6n sinh vAt.

Tr] ndm 1998, BRT da gitip tAi trd nhflngn6 ltic ti6n phong crfa Tram nghiOn cfu phuch6i nlng cria tn-ldng Dai hoc Chiang Mai(FORRU-CMU) trong nhiOm vu kh6m ph6

c6ch tili tao hQ sinh th6i nlng gidu v6 tinh da

dang sinh hoc dang bi hfy hoai. Nghi6n crluniy di gd,t hdi dtroc thdnh c6ng vang d6i.Tram di ph6t tridn ciic vtidn tidrn c6y tht?

nghiOm vi h0 thdng 6 trdng trinh di6n dAy

dn ttidng, noi nlng dd drioc phuc h6i chi

trong vdi ndm blng cdch 6p dung cdi goi ld"phrrong phiip tao c6c loAi cAy tao khungrdng" dd phuc h6i rrlng. Nhi6u lodi chim vd

d6ng vQt c6 vri dd nhanh ch6ng tiii dinh ctitai nhf,ng khu rrlng mdi tr6ng niy, mang

theo hat cria hon 60 loii cAy kh6c (kh6ngdlloc tr6ng).

Cudn s6ch ndy trinh bdy c6c kdt quA

nghidn crlu d6 dddi hinh thr.fc d6 srl dqng dd

bit ct ai quan tAm ddn phuc h6i h0 sinh thriirtng c6 thd tiSp cAn m6t c6ch hi6u qui. Vdith6ng di6p lac quan "nan mdt nlng c6 thd

dudc deo rrg:.]rdc", cudn s6ch dd cung cdp citc

phddng ph6p phuc hdi da dang silh hoc dd

vi dang bi can ki6t blng cdch tai thidt ndi cri

ngu cho hdng nghin loii d6ng thdc vat.

Ngodi viQc ldm 16 chi dAn "thric hi6ndi6u d6 nhd thd ndo", cudn s6ch crlng culgcdp cho ban doc m6t c6ch hidu co b6n v6 cdc

lodi rtlng vd di6n thd rrlng td nhi6n, td d6 c6,c

ki thuat drtoc m6 tA trong cudn s6ch c6 thd

drroc 6p dung trong c6c didu ki6n dia phdcrng

kh6c nhau. Cudn sdch bao hirm nhrlng di6uddnh cho nhring ngridi quan tAm ddn nlng vida dang sinh hoc ctia Th6i Lan, fl] hoc sinh

tham gia vio stJ ki6n tr6ng cAy dAu ti6n cLia

ho ddn c6c c6n bd chinh phri chiu tr6ch ntLi6m

hp kd hoach cho nhrtng chtlong trinh phuc h6irrlng tr6n todn qudc.

Tdi tLt' hdo vd nhrlng d6ng g6p cua BRT cho

nghiOn ctlu nhy trong vi6c xAy drrng nhidu thdng

tin gdc dddc trinh bdy trong cu6n s6ch nly vit6i hy vong ngrioi doc sE bi cudn hrit tham gia

tnrc tidp vio viQc phuc h6i nhrlng khu r&rg ttifiOn vi di sin sinh hoc cria qudc qua minh.

d

RTFne Ji:*i Ersp*nse tn Fiudivetsily

VIII TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

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PHAN I

PHUC ndr nUNc -t,Y NGHI VIEN VONG HAYvrOr suY Ncrti rsUc lfrz

Ncsi ^? VIEN VONG rAMQT 7

I

* * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * f, * * * * * * * * * * + * * *

^,^.4NAN luAr ntlNc - vt6t DE DoA p6t vdISU SONG TREN TRAI DAT

pHUC ndr nrjxc - cndNc LAI srj xutiNc uoANcTRAM NcurEN cUu rHVC rtOI ntJNG (FoRRU-cMU)

clAo DUC vA DAo rAo cHo nugc HOIDA DANG sINH Hec nUNc NutEr odt

"Sq sdng tuAn tudi ddt xudt hiQn tt 4.000 triQu ndm trtdc.Con ngtdi hiQn dqi cd lE mdi chi cd lich st khbng hdx 30.000 ndm.Chilng ta mdi chl xudt hian tuan tudi ddt mqt thdi gian ngdn,Nhtng cfuing ta ndm trong tay sd ph|n cfia moi lodi sinh ztfrt khdc.

Chilng ta cd m\t trdch nhiAm tu l6n ddi o0l thd he ,icon chdu cila chilng ta, od ddi ztdi tdt ci cdc lodi khdc,

cfing nht ddi ofi hdnh tinh cfia chilng ta."- Di6n vi6n Ben Kingsley.

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ri*,\:*' {f,r

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;b$r i"*\,h Lttti-'rr * r

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GrAo DVC vA pAo rAo cHo rHUC udr pa DANG srNH Hec niINcNHrEr pdr - MOT pU Au oo sANc rrEN ctra DARwIN rat rnQFORRU/EMR

Tir ndm 2002 ddn ndm 2005, dtt dn ndy da truyin bd nhttng ky ndng ai kidn thtc thu dtuc nhdm phuc hii h€ sittlt

thdi ritng cho cic nh6m cdng d6ng oi NGO cung nhx cdc hoc sinh aii giio oiAn. Chr.ttng trinh gido d4c/ dio tqo di dtu tr€n

thdng tin gdc cd dwc tir cdc nghiAn cirtr cila FORRU ai giip nh{rng cbng ddng dia phtong kh&i dQng nhitng sdng ki€it phtrc hiirimg cfin minh, sil dung cdc W thuil da dqc kidm chitng. Cudn cdm nang ndy ginp phd bidn nhtmg kinh nghiQm thu dttoc tit tltlin niy cho nh{tng ngttdi khdc trong nhiAu ndm tdi.

Hotr 780 sx ki€n hoc dtdng da td chrrc odi 9.000 hqc sinh oi gido zti|n

nhnm gioi thiiu ui khai nitm oii phmg phip ph1c hdi ring (hrnh tuAil.

19 hdi thiio da chi ru cdch l6ng ghdp afrh di fltuc hiida dnng sintt Ihrii uito trong cnL' clulonR trutlt tr.\n;:

rirng bing cdch dp dung phwng phdp loii cfrv too

khung rimg cho hon 500 cin bQ ky thuat (ltinh tr?itt.

Nhttng sinh oi1n trd tit cdc noi tr€n tlfi' liciidi dfitc gidng day ai cdc ky thuQt utdtt ttrtttt (rittlt

b€n trdi) trtic khi tham gin trong cic lrcnt tltitt,:

oi.ta hoc ain lim (hinlt tr€n).

Tdt cri nhilng ngttdi tham

gia drtr dn da dtOc th1ng tin

qua td thdng tin (dnh bAn

trii); 900 bdn (tidng Thdi

ai Anh) phdt hanh hang quy.

Phuc hdi rirng kh6ng chl li trdng civ.

Bdo t6n cic Loai chim phit tdn lmt cittgquan trong ddi odi stt pltuc hii da dang

sinh hoc. Do oQy, m|t cfftr lac b6 bio tinchim da dwc thiinh lfrp tni Batt Mne Sn

Mai dd thuydt ph4c tr€

em, nhrtng d6'i tllong

thtdng sdn chim hidu rdgid tri ad biio t6n ching

thay oi sdn biin (tinh b€n

trdi oii hinh tuAd.

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#,

m[f l: Fsirr u*i k r.!4ke tLrrlr*tae itlls. rrlt !-n#f,19.1i_l!*r}!",*.*__J_rt-- 4i"'@.,!r. *

PHUC HdI RilNC

a\ rr

PHUC HOr_RUNG -MQr Y Nbni vIfN v6trtc HAY

uOr Y Ncsi uailc riNs rHtjc rfrz

"Ndu ching ta ilAp t4c mi.tc dO phi ritng ai phn huy cdc hQ sinh thii quan trqng nht nhtngcdnh ritng nhiAt ddi oi cdc rdng son h6, noi tdp trung sU da dqng sinh hoc cao nhdt, ching ta

chic chiin sd mii't hon m1t nfra s6'lohi dQng uiit ai thxc oLt tr€n trdi ddt odo cudi th|'W 21."

- E. O. Wilson, nhd sinh r.At hoc ndi tidng vdi khdi ni6m "sri da dang sinh hoc".

pnAN 1 - NAN vrAr RUNG - vrdr NGUy cd pdI vdr stlsdNG rREN rRAI pAr

Tai sao t6i phii lo l5ng v6 nan phi rilng ?

Kd td khi con ngtidi lAn dAu tiOn rdn c6i riubang sjt, nhieu ciinh rr-ing di bi ch;t ph.i de

sdn xudt n6ng nghiOp vd hinh thdnh c5c d6thi vi cung cdp 96, ctri vd nhi6u s6n phdmkh6c. Trong thdi cd xtia, vi6c chdt cAy hidmkhi vrfdt qud ning ltic Lu'n-hien cua ru'ng de

tdi sinh. Ttrl nhien hien nay. do nhu cdu

tdng 10n khdng ngtlng do dAn sd tdng 10n

kh6ng ngrlng, rtlng vi sti gidu c6 v6 c6c

lo)i mi rtng nu6i dddng, dang bi tin ph6manh m6 vtidt ra ngoii ndng ldc tdi tao cira

chting. Vdn dO niy ddc biOt nghi6m trong dnhtng ving nhi6t d6i. Nhfrng c6nh rrlngnhi6t d6i vA cAn nhi6t ddi chi che phi 76,8%

dion tich tr6i ddt (FAo, 2001), chting 1) noitrti ngg ciia hon m6t nt?a sd iodi d6ng thtt'c

r.At tr6n tr6i d{t (Wilson, 1988). Nan ph6rtlng dang dAn dAn idm giAm nhrlng di€ntich rtYng idn thdnh nhttng khoinh rilngnh6, c6 lAp, ttng khoAnh rdng nhci d5kh6ng dli kha ning nu6i sdng nhfrng quAn

thd sdng c6c loAi d6ng thtic vdt, ddc biOt c6c

lodi thti 16n v) chim. Khi cdc loAi bXt dAu

bidn mdt, mdt chu6i phfc tap c6c mdi licnh0 gifra c6c loii, mang tinh sdng cdn ddi v6ivi6c duy tri tinh da dang sinh th6i ctia rtlngnhi6t d6i, b5t dAu r.d ra. C6c lodi cAy mdtdi nhilng loii thu phdn hodc c6c loAi phdtt6n hat vd kh6ng thd tei sinh s6n; nhfrngquAn thd d6ng vAt dn c6, trtidc kia dtioc cAn

bdng bdi c6c loii d6ng vdt dn thit, ph6ttridn vii de doa s J sinh tdn ctia cdc lodi cAy

ldm thfc dn cho chting. Khi nhtrng lodi chuchdt bi chdt, sti tuyQt chtlng hdt 16p ndy ddnldp kh6c gidm sri da dang sinh hoc ctiartlng nhiOt ddi tdi trong chi cdn m6t vdilodi, phd biSn ld c6c lodi c6 chidm tiu thdc6nh quan. Do d6, s1f tdn phd hi6n nay ctia

rdng nhiOt ddi trOn tr6i ddt dang gdy n6n sd

tuyOt chting ctia nhidu lodi hon nila hdn bdtky thdi gian nio trong lich st? cira hanh tinhchfng ta (Wilson, 1992).

Sti da dang sinh hoc ctia rtng nhiOt

ddi tao ra nhi6u s6n phdm cho nhtrng c6ng

ddng dia phuong, vi du: cdc loAi cdy thudcvi 1im thtlc dn, mAt ong, tre n:r-a, ndm r.ir

v.v. V6i didu kiOn chfng dtidc thu hdi m6tc6ch bdn vtlng, nhtlng s6n phdm n)y c6 thdId m6t ngudn d6ng g6p ddi han vd c6 gi6tri cho sinh kd ctia ngtidi dAn dia phttong.Tuy nhi6n, bdi vi nhfrng sAn phdm sinh kdd6 kh6ng dticlc mua hay b6n trOn thitrudng, gi6 tti ctia cht'rng kh6ng c6 trongcdc chi sd ph6t tridn kinh td (vi du: tdng sdn

phdm qudc n6i). Do dci, tAm quan trong cira

chfng phAn ldn bi cdc nhd hoach dinh chinhsdch b6 qua, nhtlng ngdoi hi sinh rung dd

chuydn ddi thlnh nhdng muc dich sdi

dung kh6c. HAu quA ld, tinh trangnghbo d6i trd nOn t6i tO hon,

khi ngridi dAn dia phtiongbi buQc phii mua c6c

sAn phdm thaythd cho

Ritng cung cip nhi€u lotti sinphdm cho ngtoi ddn dln phtong.

*,1 6d ,

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-\\.r:r-

13ts\

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

PHUC H6I RUNG

Nnn phd rlng gdy x6i mdtt

ddt, li hn ai fi dni.

lhotr in.y (oil s)t l0t tlt( nten

ritng phti hu'tj...

nhtlng sin phdm rtYng dd bi mdt bXng tidnmit, trong khi that la'm6t nghich ly, c6c chisd kinh td chi ra sti tdng tnidng gi6 tao ctiatdi s6n qudc gia.

Rtlng nhiOt ddi crlng cung cdp c6c dichvu sinh th5i mang tinh sdng cdn duy tri tinhdn dinh ctia m6i trddng. C6c lodi dQng vAt

dn thit s6ng trong rtng khOng thd ki0m chd

hdt c6c d6ng vAt gAy hai sinh sdng trongc6c trang trai xung quanh. Trong khi cdc

loli doi cti dAn trong rtYng vd c6n tring thuphdn cho nhi6u loAi cAy tr6ng, ddc biOt cAy

dn quA. Mdt sd luong ldn 16. rung dortlng nhiOt d6i thAnh thuc tao ra, tao n6n16p dt't c5 nhiOu chdt hfru co diy, chtla rdtnhi6u nti6c tren m6t don vi thd tich. Nhr]ngt6p dt't ndy ngdm nddc trong mtia mua,

phdng chdng hi lut. Trdi lai trong mia kh6,nr.ldc bi rft dAn dAn ra kh6i ddt rtlng, duytri ddng ch6y ctia sudl vA do d6 ddy lnidtioc han h6n. Hon thd nfia, rt'fng gitipgidm hi6n ttiong dm dAn tr€n toirn cAu,

bdng cdch h61p thu mQt khdi ltrong 16n

;ri._ .: -

khi COz vio trong t6n ctia minh vichuydn thdnh 96.tdt cd nhfrng sAn phdm vA dich r.u sinh thdiniy thd hiOn phAn d6ng g6p i6n cho chJtltlong cu6c sdng ctia con ngtldi, cho t6i navdang bi de doa bdi nan ph6 rrlng

Nhffng c6nh rrlng nhi6t ddi dang bi6hmdt vdi t6'c d0 nhd thd nio?Td chtlc N6ng nghiOp vd ltiong thdc th6

gi6i ct'ra LHQ de cung cdp mOt ddnh gid

toin di6n nht't vd d6 che phri cria rtngnhl6t ddi, sr"1 dung 6nh vO tinh. TrOn phamvi tohn thd gidi, diOn tich rtlng nhi6t d6i tr-l

nhi€n dd gi6m ttY 1.945 xudng cdn 1.80-l

triOu ha gitTa nhfing nim 1990 vi 2000 sar-r

cong ngtryen. l0 trieu ha dd dLio-c chtrr en

thdnh dt't tr6ng trot, trong khi 142 triOu ha

drioc chuydn th)nh c6c muc dich sr? dr,rng

ddt kh6c. Ctng trong thdi gian d6, chi c6

kho6ng 10 tri0u ha ddt dd bi mt't rdng dr-idc

t6i sinh thdnh rtng nhi6i ddi. Do dci tdc d6

giAm diOn tich rtling nhiOt ddi td nhi6rtrung binh hing ndm \d 1,4,2 triOu ha (xdp ri0,7 'k/ndrn), bXng tjr t0 gidm trong vdng 10

ndm tni6c; 1980-90 (FAO, 2001). Tai Th6iLan, diOn tich rling tiJ nhi€n li 9,8 triOu ha(19,3 % di6n tich ci nddc) viLo ndm 2000 sau

c6ng nguyOn. Mdc dti c6 16nh cdm khai th6c

95 thtiong mai td ndm 1989, diOn tich rtlngtri nhien gijm trung binh (lqq5-2000t iJn la

0,26 ffi|u ha (2.3 ok c6a ndm i995) (FAO,

1997, 2001). Nhin chung, tt) ndm 1961, ThAiLan dd mdt hon 2/3 didn tich rtlng ctaminh (Bhumibamon, 1986).

tr*'S.*r2n-:l-:l?6ffi*

i:

-\\,2.:-

41P

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO 1DO clrc phrt cila ciy >10%, nhtfitg khOng bao gdm ritng tr6ng

PHUC HOI ltU'NC

pnAN 2 - pHUC ndt ntlNc - pdr MAr vdt xstiNc soANc

Li6u nan ph6 rtlng nhiOt ddi vi nhr.lng

mdt m6t da dang sinh hoc mang tinh thimhoa c6 1i0n quan c6 thd d6o nglroc dtiockh6ng? Hay chi c5 thd ldm chAm nan phd

ri'ng gidi phtip tot nhdt mi nhtlng ngudib.lo i6n c6 thd hi vong m6t c6ch thtic t5?

Thdt ma,v m5n rtng c6 khi ndng thuc phuch6i tu nhi6n mot c6ch to ldn. Dti6i nhfrng

didu ki6n ttl nhi6n, qud trinh phuc hdi c6

thd mdt hing trdm nim nhting bdng sti hidubidt vi thric ddy cdc qud trinh t6i sinh rtYng

tti nhiOn, qu6 trinh phuc hdi c6 thd duochoin thdnh chi trong m6t viLi ndm. C6c kythuAt ddn giin, dtioc mieu ti trong cuon

s6ch ndy, chi ra c6ch c6 thd thtic hiOn. Stfphuc h6i rdng khdng phrii li mQt y nghividn v6ng mi li m6t mgc ti6u c6 thd alAt

dddc m6t c6ch thr,ic td.

DAu li sti kh6c biQt $ifra tr6ng rrlngv) phuc h6i rrlng?

"Tr6ng rtlng" c6 nghia ld viOc t6i thiSt10p dO che phti cira cAy d bt't ky dang ndo

trOn d61t c1d mdt rti'ng. DAy li mOt kh.1i niOm

r6ng, bao g6m nhi6u dang lAm nghiOp vdicdc muc dich kh6c nhau, r-i du trong ciry,

hoat c16ng ndng lAm, ldm nghiOp c6ng ddng

vi \,.\.. d ving nhi6t d6i, vi6c tr6ng cAy

thuong mai ld hlnh thfc phd bidn nhdt tronghoat d6ng tr6ng rtYng. ChAu A d5n dAu thdgidi vO loai tr6ng rt'ing ndy. Vio nim 2000,

62oi cAc hoat d6ng tr6ng cAy d6u di6n ra taidAy, chidm 20% tdng di6n tich c6 cAy bao

phir cira ChAu A. Th6i Lan dtlng thtl 8 trongsd c6c nri6c c6 tju i0 rtlng trdng cao nht't thd

gidi. GAn 5 triOr,r ha tr6ng th6ng, bach dinr.i cao su chidm 1/3 tdng diOn tich c6 cdy

bao phti tai Th6i Lan. (FAO, 2001).

Nhfing hoat dOng trdng cAy d6 rdt cAn

thiSt dd th6a mdn nhu cAu ngdy c)ng gia

ting vd 95, bdt gidy vi chr"hng c5 thd gi.lmnhu cAu ch.it ph6 rtlng. Tuy nhiOn, chfngkhdng tao ndi cti ngq thich hop cho c.1c lodid6ng thric r.At d i tdng sdng trong h0 sinhthdi rdng bi thay thd bdi cdc hoat ddngtrdng cAy niy. VO b6o v0 rting r') b6o t6nda dang sinh hoc, "phqc h6i rdng" lai thichhop hon. N6 dr.ioc dinh nghra 1a"t6i thidi ha

sinh th6i rtlng nguy6n gdc dd ttlng t6n taitrtidc nan mdt rrlng."

Phuc h6i rtlng kh6ng thd tai thidt 1ipduoc tt't c6c loii d6ng thtic r.,Qt dd ttlngsdng trong rdng nguy6n gdc trong m6t lfc,do 6 hAu hdt c6c khu vuc, toin b6 quAn thd

d6ng ihtic vdt ctia rdng nguy6n gdc kh6ngdddc bidt ddn. Hon ntla, muc dich cria n6 liphuc h6i mtlc d6 cdu trtic r.ir chtlc ndng h0

sinh th6i nhd cri bdng c6ch tr6ng c5c lodi

chti dao d6ng vai trd sdng cdn trong h0 sinh

th6i ctia rr.Yng nguyOn gdc. Sri thAnh c6ng

cr.ia c6ng t6c phuc h6i rrltng c6 thd dtioc do

ttidng bing st{ trd lai ctia nhi6u tAng t6n, stl

gia tdng vd sd ltiong c6c loiri quay 1ai rtng(ddc biOt ld lodi quj. hidm vi chti chdt); didukiOn ddt dai dtio-c cai thien... Do viy, phgch6i rtYng li dang ddc biOt cire. tdi sinh rtlng(Ellioit, 2000).

Phuc hdi rffng 6 dAu li h{p l!'?

Phuc hdi rtlng thich hop nh.{t khi sd da

dang sinh hoc li m6t trong nhrlng muc tiOu

cira tdi sinh rtng, vi du dd bdo t6n d6ng

thtic vAt hoang da, b6o v0 m6i trtidng, dulich sinh th6i hay cung cdp nhi6u loai lAm

sin cho c6ng d6ng dia phti<mg. N6 thichhcrp nht't ddi vdi cdc dia bdn mt't rtYng ndm

trong khu bdo tdn. Tt nhtlng nam 1960, Sd

I-Am nghiOp Hodng gia dd c6ng bd 138 VQGhay khu bio tdn d6ng thtfc vAt hoang dd,

chiSrn hon 15% tdng di6n tich tr6n ci nri6c(Elliott & Cubitt, 2001).

Tuy nhiOn, ngay ca nhtng khu bao t6nndy bao g6m nhilng dia bhn bi mit rtlngctlng bl c6c chti ddndi6n cfr chdt ddn haycu dAn cir khai phddd 1im rAy. Ndu ddnhtlng khu rdng d6

thtic hi6n vai trd ldno'i trf dn cudi ctingcho dQng thtlc vathoang de t+i Th.iiLan, phuc h6i rtlng,nht{ m6 t6 o tr6n, ldv6 cting cdp thiet.

..nhla1g mOt s6' g6'c ciyoirt dtim chii tttt dd

giiinh ldy xt sditg.

lHiAn norl li 56cdc VQG ttii cdc Looi cl6ng tltttc oitlntng Lltt (DNP)

.^\.a-::)-"tI

TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAO

PHLJC HdI RI]NG

Moi rtgttdi diLt c6 the tinhulng k{,t qui tring cky...

Tr6ng c|y c6 quan trong ddi vdi phuch6i c6c hG sinh th6i rrlng kh6ng?

NghiOn ctlu c6ch t6i sinh rdng c6 th6mang lai nhidu ich loi (xem phAn 3). Cdcydu td lim han chd sti t6i sinh c5 thd x6cdinh drroc vd do vdy c6 thd can thiOp rdtnhiAu dd kh6c phuc c6c han chd d6. Nh.dngcan thi6p d6 bao g6m lAm c6 vi bd sungphAn b6n xung quanh c6c cdy con trl nhiOn,phdng chdng chdy, di ddi gia stic...

Hoat d6ng d5 dtioc goi ld "t6i sinh ttinhi6n c6 t6c ddng hay ANR" (xem phAn 4).

ARN rt't don gi6n vi hiOu qui vA mdt chiphi, nhting n6 thddng 6p dung ddi vdinhtlng cAy da ttYng hi€n di6n. Chtingthtidng dai di6n cho chi phAn doan nh6 ctiatdng c6c lodi cdy da ph6t tridn t6t d6 trongrtfng nhi€t d6i. Do vA1,, dd phuc h6i dadang sinh thdi hoin to)n, tr6ng cAy ld cAnthidt. Trdng hing trdm c6y dd ttlng sdngtrong rtlng nguy6n gdc ld kh6ng khi thi vikh6ng cAn thidt.

...nlnhg quail trong la phtii girin sdt stt phdt tri€h ciaciy drtoc tr6ng, dd hoc hdi tit nhrtns sai lim -oit cdt

thiAn ky thufft tir ndm niy sang ndm khic.

Thd nlo liL phtfdng ph6p t4o c6cloAi cAy tao khung rfing trong phgchdi rfing?

Tr6ng m6t sd lodi cAy. ddoc itia choncdn thAn c6 thd tei thi6t sd da dang sinhhqc nhanh ch5ng. Dudc ph6t kidn taiQueensland, Uc (Goosem vd Tucker, 1995;Lamb vd c6ng st{, L997; Tucker vir Murphlr,7997; Tucker, 2000), phtiong ph6p tao cdcloii cAy tao khung rtng ld tr6ng h6n giao20-30 lo)i cAy rtYng b6n dia dd nhanh ch6ngt6i thi6t cdu trtic vi chtlc ndng hO sinh th6i.D6ng vAt hoang dd dtioc cAy tr6ng thu hdtlim ph6t tdn hat cdy cria c6c loii cAy bdsung ddn khu vr-ic tr6ng cdy, trong khi didukiOn m6t m6 hon, co do am cao hon vikh6ng c6 c6 do cAy duoc tr6ng mang laitao di6u ki0n cho hat niy mAm v) thiSt lApcay con (xem ptrin 5).

Phuohg ph6p niy dA dat dttoc kdt quituy6t vdi tai Uc (Tucker vi Murphy, 1997),

,-lh.ir-rg 1i0u n6 c6 th)nh c6ng khi ddcJc nhalrr6ng d Th6i Lan khOng? Tram nghiOn clirrthu6c tnidng dai hoc Chiang Mai da drio-c

thnh lAp vdo ndm 7994 dd tim cAu trA ldi chor,t'n dd ndy.

6 TRdNG RIJNG NHU THfi NAo

PHI]C HO] RTJNC

MUC 3 - TRAM NGHTEN ctlu pHUC ndr nrluc

Ndm 1994, m6t sd thdnh viOn ld cdn b6r,,d sinh viOn BO m6n sinh hoc, trtldng daihoc Chiang Mai (CMU) Khoa Khoa hoc, da

bdt dAu nghiOn ciiu khi ndng phuc hdi rdngtai nhfrng dia bin bi xudng ct'p tai mi6n BXc

Thdi Lan bhng c6ch st? dung phtic,rLg phdptao c6c lodi cAy tao khung rr-'ing. Dtiocthinh lAp vdi sti tdi trd cira Riche Monde(Bangkok) Ltd., v.r sLr h6 tro re ky thu;tcria trtldng Dai hoc Bath, Anh (do H6id6ng Anh tii trd), m6t nh6m nghiOn ctludi dtioc thinh lAp r,6i sti c6ng t6c ctia Vr./dn

Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui (thu6c DNP) r.d

dtioc ggi ld Tram nghiOn ctlu phuc h6i rtYng

(FORRU-CMU). HiOn nay tram gdm c6 m6tvdn phdng v) m6t vtidn tidm cAy cho mucdich nghiOn ciiu tai tru sd ctla VQG, m6tvddn ucjm cOng d6ng, cdc didm thdc dia taiBan Mae Sa Mai vd mQt don vi gi6o duc,ddt tai tda nhA Thuc vAt cira 86 m6n sinhhoc, trddng CMU.

FORRU-CMU nghi6n c(fu nhifng gi?

C6c ky thuAt vd khuydn nghi trongcudn cdm nang nd;r ddoc idy td 10 ndmnghi€n ctlu do c6n b6 cia FORRU vdnghiOn ciiu sinh ciia BO mdn sinh hoc,

trtldng CMU ihr.ic hi6n.

NhiAm vu dA,-r tiOn ciia FORRU langhiOn cfu m6t sd lodi trong hon 660 io)ibAn dia tai Vudn qudc gia (Maxwell v)Elliott, 2001) vd kh6 ndng tao khung rtlngctia chdng.. Phuc h6i rtng bdt dAu bAngviOc chon hat, do vdy c6c chuyOn gia nghiOnctllu ctla FORRU dd d.lnh ddu cho hon 100

loii ciy rtlng xung quanh tram nghiOn cttuvd cr,'i 3 tuAn m6t lAn quan s6t chr1ng trongsudt 4 nim dd xem sd ra hoa vd kdt quA.

Nghi6n ctltr nay di6n t6 m6 hinh theo mtiactia sti ra qui, giirp xAy dttng lich trinh thuh6i hat.

Sti thinh c6ng ctia m5i du 6n phuc hdirtYng ddu phr.l thuOc vio vi6c sAn xudtnguy6n ii6u trdng cAy gid tri cao hing dAu.

Do vdy, tai vtidn udm, c6c thii nghiOm dddudc thidt kd dd ph6t tridn nhfrng thr.ic tiSnlim vudn c6 thd tdi tiu h6a tyi 10 ndy mAm

vi cho cAy con kh6e manh (Blakesley vdc6ng sri, 2000).Thfi nghiOm vd sti n6y mAm

dt{o-c thdc hidn tron hon 400 lodi cAy rt}ngbdn dia (Blakersiev vi c6ng sd, 2002). M6t sd

lo)i d6 ding niy mAm, trong khi cdc lodikhhc lai gep kh6 khdn. Do vAy, nhidu biOn

phdp xti ly dd phA l,d trang th6i ngir dddtio-c thii ;-Lghi6m, bao g6m rach hat, xrt 11i.

bing nhi6t, ngAm trong ntldc vir axit.(Kopachon, 7995; Singpetch, 2001;Vongkam- jan, 2003). Ddi vdi c6c loii kh6

ph6t tridn tr} hat,nhAn giong tt} giAmcdnh (Vongkamjan,2003)

vi nu6i cdy con ddott} rtng vd (Kuarak,2002) cting dtidcnghiOn cfu.

Thit nghi(n tai tttti'n ttu'm

ciLn FORRU dt1 xLic dinh

tirth htdng ciut inh sting

ad b6ng rdm d6i odi trang

thrii ngi ctin hat zti stt niiy

mim ct)a hon 400 loai ciariilLg.

TRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAo }-&r/

PHUC HdI RLING

CltuyAn gia nghiAn ciht

cia FORRU theo doi

hoat d6ng cin ciy con.

tir khi nriy mim tlAit

kht dcnt tl'ong

Sau d6 tiSn hdnh cac tht? nghiOm dd

x6c dinh loai bAu dd cAy thich hop nhdt viddt cho cay con sdng rr) tdng trudng(Zangkrrn, 7998; ]itlam, 2001). Nhi6uphtiong ph6p b5n phAn vi cit tia khdc

nhau ciing duoc tlitl nghi6m.C6c lodi cAy cho hat rrio c6c thdi didm

kh.1c nhau trong ndm vn ty i6 tdng trridngcfa cAy con cting kh6c nhau giita c5c lodi,

do vAy, tit cA c6c cAy phdi dti ldn dd dddc

dem tr6ng vdo dAu mia mtla. Vi thd m6ttrong nhtng muc dich nghiAn cfu chinh ldx6c dinh su kdt hop giila c6c biOn phdp xt?

l1i dd s6n xudt cdy ddn kich cd vd ch{th.iong c5 thd tr6ng dddc vio mtia tr6ng cdy

th/i nht't hodc thtl hai sau khi thu hdi hat(xem phAn 6).

Di6u n)y dAn ddn vi6c hinh thinh 1lch

trinh sdn xut't nhi6u lodi cAy c6 thd duocngtidi quin 11/ vtidn ddm srl dung dd xA1'

dring c6ng thfc cho c6c chuong trinh sdn

xu{t vudn tiom hiOu qui ddi v6i id hop c.1c

loii cAy tao khung ri'ng (Kuarak vi c6ng

su, 2000; Ellioit vd c6ng stt, 2002; Blakeslel-

vi c6ng sti, 2000). CAy dtioc tr6ng tr6n cdc

6 thf nghiOm tai hi6n trtt'dng di! d6nh gi6

hoat d6ng tuong ddi cria c6c lohi cAv tao

khung rdng "tidm ndng" (Elliott vh cQng su,

2003). Sd sinh tdn vi phdt tridn ciing dr,io-c

gi6m sdt, cung nhrt khi ndng tao b6ng rAm

cho c6 vi khi ndng chiu ltta. Cdc biOn phdplAm sinh kh6c nhau dd thrlc ddy 661, 16lt,ph6t tridn ciing ddoc tht? nghi0m, bao g5n-r

c6c phuong phdp lim c6 kh6c nhau, co chd

che phri gdc vA b6n phAn (E11iott r-) c6ng

sti,2000) (xem phAn 7).

M6t ddc didm quan trong cira cdc loiicAy tao khung rtng ld silc thu hitt cdc loiidong vat ph;it t;in hat. Do do, cac civ tr6ngdtioc kidrn tra m6t c6ch thudng xr-n'6n c16

sAn xudt c6c ngu6n thu hrit chim har- d6ngvAt c6 vti (nhtt hoa, qui...). Di6u tra d0

d6nh gi6 mtlc d0 gidu c6 iheo 1oii, thinhphAn ct'ra quAn thtic vAt trong ddt (Khopai

2000) vd c6ng d6ng chim vA d6ng vAt c6 r-ir

ciing dttoc tidn hinh (Chantong 1999;

Toktang 2005; Thaiying 2003).

Mdt trong sd c6c kdt qui quan trongnhdt vd nghiOn cfu cr-'ra FORRU li x6c dlnhduoc c6c ioii c6 ihd phuc h6i ct'u trirc r-ir

chfc ndng cria rtYng mdt c6ch nhanh ch6ng

:r::t:::. :i r:.,:t- liiti;:{':,..r.1, r..1.r'i.: -. .,ii::tt1:::.rrir: , i .lrlr

I . .1 "'i:riiiill*# i

Ky thtLit trdng ciy do chrnng

trinh nghi€n cittL cia FORRU

ltttil Iriett dtloc ltti n5ttiem.ti khri

nnng dp dung trong nfit otldrt

fitrn c6ng d6ng do ngttli din din

phmng th4 hiQn.,'- ,"F,. ;,I ." r{'.

<, j l-"'{'j '';'/., f -'11.1 '-r[:.-16;r;*,

\.-<,81P


PHUC HdI RU'NC

(Elliott vi cOng sti, 2003), d6ng thoi ddymanh t6i sinh rdng vd phuc h6i da dangsinh hoc. PhAn 9 m6 td vd c6c loii cAy taokhung rdng niy vd lj. gini cdch tr6ngchting.

FORRU-CMU c6 lim vi6c vdi cQngd6ng dia phdong kh6ng?

Tht? nghiOm ctidi cting ctia FORRU liliOu ngtidi dAn dia phtidng c6 thd chap

nhAn vd sr? dung k! thuAt mdi do dti 6n

ph6t tridn kh6ng. Cirng nhti c6c ky thuAt c6

co sd khoa hoc kh6c, dtia tr6n nghl0n ciiukhoa hoc, phuc hdi rtYng ddi h6i cam kdtb6n vtrng tticrng ddi vO mdt thdi gian, nhAn

1dc vi ngu6n itic tdi chinh ttY cdc bOn thamgia. C6c chtiong trinh phuc h6i rrlng chi c6

thd th)nh c6ng ndu c6c cd quan rrA c6ng

d6ng dia phridng hidu dtroc lcri ich ctia phuchdi he sinh th6i vi dtioc thLic ddy dd duytri cam ket cua mrnh tronq nhieu ndm.

Dd nghiOn cfu nhrlng khia canh ndytrong phuc hdi rting, FORRU-CMU dd xAy

dtrng mdi quan hO ddi tac chet chc v6i m6tcdng d6ng dia phtlo'ng 1) Ban Mae Sa Mai,

c6ng d6ng t6c ngddi Hmong ldn nhdt sdng

trOn ddi d phia Biic Th6i Lan. FORRU-CMUd5 ldm vi6c vdi dAn ling dd xAy dting c6c

6 thf nghiOm tai hi0n trddng trong ldng.CAu chuyQn r,6 c6ch FORRU-CMU v) c6ng

d6ng Ban Mae Sa Mai kdt hop c6c nhu cAu

crja khoa hoc vdi nhu cAu ct'ra ngtidi dAn diaphttdng dddc dA cAp trong phAn 8.

FORRU-CMU da girip dAn l)ng xAy

ddng vi quin 1i, vddn dcJm cAy cda ho.

Ddng thdi v6i viOc sAn xudt tdt cA c6c cdy

cAn cho phuc h6i tdng trong thung lirngMae Sa, vddn tldm ndy crlng hoat d6ng nhtim6t dia didm tht? nghi6m, ndi dAn lAng

kh6ng c5 kidn thtlc khoa hoc ddn thtlnghiOm bi6n ph6p nhAn gidng do FORRU

xAy dting. HAu hdt cdc kidn thfc d6 dtitlctrinh biy trong phAn 8.

Hon thd nfra, vtldn tidm vir 6 tr6ng taiBan Mae Sa Mai dang lA mo hinh trinh di€ncho gido duc r.d dio tao. Do tin vd stl thinhc6ng crla dti 6n ian rOng khdp noi, lrrongkhdch tham quan vd hoc h6i ngAy cdng gia

tdng. Cdn bO nghiOn cfu ctia FORRU trdn6n rdt bAn r6n vi phii cung cdp dich vugi6o duc vi ddo tao, m6t nh6nh mdi cria dtr6n di ddoc xAy dung dd thuc hiOn mOt

chuong trinh cldo tao todn di6n.

Ndnt 2001, FORRU-CMU, din liing Ban

Mne Sn Mai ztd cdn b0 RFD dia plntong dA

dtOc Sd Lim nghiQp Hoing gia

tdng thtdng ai. thinh tfch chtlnL

sdc cdy.

9TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

PHUC HdI RUNG

MUC 4 - GIAo Dvc vA DAo rAo vE pHUc ndrDA DANG sINH rHar nUNc NurEr odI

10

Ndm 2002, FORRU-CMU vd ddi t6c

Anh cria tram ld East Malling Research

(EMR, tni6c 1) Vi6n nghiOn ctlu lirm vridnqudc td) dd drloc S6ng kiSn Darwin cira Anhkhen thtidng do thdnh tich hoat d6ng m6tdti 6n 3 ndm c6 t6n 1i "gi6o duc ",i dio tao

vA phuc tL6i da dang sinh th6i rdng nhiOt

d6i". Dri 6n niy tuydrr dung nh6m c6c giingvi€n ldm vi6c todn thdi gian dd phd bi6n cdc

kdt quA nghi€n crlu ctia FORRU th6ng qua

c6c chtiong trinh tnidng hoc, hOi thAo vd

dich vu khuydn n6ng. Cudn cdm nang niyli m6t trong nhfing k6t qui cira du 6n.

tdt ci nht1ng bOn quan tAm ddn phuch6i hC sinh th6i nlng d6u c6 thd ti6p cAn

c6c kf thuAt chir ydu dtioc FORRU-CMUxdy ddng vi thtt nghiOm vA tinh fng dungtrong c6ng d6ng dia phtiong. Bdn sao ctia

bdn dti ihAo dd dtidd tht? nghiOm vi dtiocc6c td chfc phi chinh phti, c6c co- quanchinh phti, gi6o vi0n trfdng hoc r.ir cdc

nh6m cOng d6ng hoan thi0n tai m6t sd hOi

ih6o do du 6n td cht1c.

Muc dich cria cudn cdm nang niy?

Cdm nang ndy thd hiOn cdc nguyOn t6c vdkf thuat phuc h6i rrlng co- bin theo c;ich c5

thd tidp cAn dtioc cho tt't cA cdc td chiictham gia phuc h6i hO sinh th6i rtlng nhiOt

doi. D)c biet, no khim phj sd phat iricn

ctia c6c lodi cAy tao khung rtYng tai ThdiLan vd m6 ti c6c lodi dd dddc khu vric ndyx5,c nhAn (xem phAn 9). Tuy nhi6n, cAm

nang niy kh6ng chi dinh cho c6c td chiicctia Th6i Lan. Phtiong phdp tidp cAn miFORRU-CMU dd xAy dttng c6 thd ddoc 6p

dung rld di6u chinh 6 c6c ving kh6c..

Trong khi nhi6u t'n b6n vA kinh td 1Am

nghiOp dd dtioc ra mdt dtrdi c6c hinh thiickh6c nhau, chting thfdng b6 qua vai trd cda

rtlng trong phuc h6i sti da dang sinh hoc r'i.cung ct'p c6c dich vu sinh thdi. Cdm nang

ndy khfc phuc sti thidu hut d6. Chd d6

chinh li phuc h6i hO sinh th6i rtYng, ddc b10t

Id bao t6n da dang sinh hoc vi bio r.6 m6itrtidng. Tuy nhi€n, n6 kh6ng b6 qua gid trikinh td ctia c6c ngu6n luc ctia rtlng. PhAn

lcln nOi dung cfia n6 c6 thd dp dung cho

kinh td lAm nghiOp nhu lAm nghiOp c6ng

d6ng, n6ng lAm nghi0p...C6c phuong phapm6 td trong PhAn 6 vd 7 khtiydn khich tr6ngcdy hiOu quA cho cdc loai rtYng. Nhi6u ioiic.1y tao khung rtYng, nhti m6 ti trong phArL

9, cring c6 gid tri stl dung trong n6ng iAm

nghiOp vi lim nghiOp c6ng d6ng. M6t s6

lodi c6 tjr 16 tdng trddng ddc biOt cao v) c6

thd dtioc nghiOn ctlu sau hdn nlia r-A tiemndng c6 thd dem trdng cda chfrng. Ngar. ca

khi cdc muc dich thrrong mai ld cao nhit tl-Li

c6c kh6i ni6m r,ir phtiong ph6p dtlclc nOr,r o'

dAy ciing dtioc coi li biOn ph5,p dd thdngnht't cdc kd hoach quAn ly c6rig tdc biotdn sti da dang sinh hoc rting, ddc bi6tid da dang h6a vi6c tr6ng rdng.

MQt quan didm chung ld nan mt'trtlng ld hAu qui 16 rdng cira sti giating dAn sd vd su phdt tridn kinh td.

Chting t6i vd co b6n kh6ng tdn thdnhvdi c6i nhin bi quan niy. Nan ph6rilng c6 thd dddc ngdn chin bhng kythuAt tiOn tidn, stl hidu bidt r6ng rlihon vA gi6 tri cira rdng vd nhi6u d6ngco'thtic ddy phuc h6i rdng hdn ntla.

Do vAy, chiing t6i hy vong rAng

cudn cdm nang ndy sE dtia ddn m6t c6i

nhin 1ac quan hdn vO nlng nhiOt dclitr6n thd gi6i.

Vr.tdn iom cila FORRLI tqi Vttdn Qudc gin

DoiStLthelt-Ptti hoqt dbng nhx m6t l6p hqc

d6ng thdi cin lit m|t dia didm nghi€n cirtL

-\.-'z=>iP

. :ilt,l

. ..J


{>

. t*+l:B'." . "-

,a\

PHAN 2

NHAN DANG CAC rOAr RUNG

* $ ** * x * * * * * * * * * * * + f * f * * * * f, t f, * * * t

Tif- r{-

,J$i,P-.t^fc". ,1t,3i:

Lo4.I nUNc rstJdllc xANH v.q. nLINc NrJa ngNc rANHAN pANc nUNc rHUdNc xANH

NnAru n[Nc bai io+iouNCNtla nvNg raLoAr nUuc vn cHtEN rUdc puuc HOI

L{J ,tE Ju*i,#,.;rtthlfo h&#,.

RUNG THIJdNG XANH

Cny bai ting dttdi, gidng

nht loiii Phlogacanthrc

curztiflorus Gnh dt6i) cd

thd sdng trong bbng rdm

dZ t6n t4i drrdi tin rirng.

e'.i# -

Lodi Sapria himalayana (ban

trdi) kh6ng cin dnh sfing. N6

chi?t xtnt chii dinh dmng tir richc diy leo (Tetrastigma spp).

Rhododendron vietchianum(b€n phdi) Id mQt loii cky b4i,.soleu slnk.

Th1tc efit bidu sinh nlnt lodi

AeschynnnthtLs hosseusii

(inh tr€n) -otton ra tinlt

sing bing crich phit tridn

trong tin ritug.

6 dO ,oo tr€n 1.000m, cdc khu ritt'rg thidng

xanh rdt phong phi a€ da dang sinh hoc ztd

brto o€ cdc htu ztttc s6ng. Thidu dnh sing sE

lim cdn trl ut tdng tnring ci.La ciy dtdi tdn

ritng rQm.

Ddn cii od ldy nhlra th6ng dang thn

phd ritug th1ng tx nhi|n cila Thdi Lan

(dnh tr€n). CAy tu6 nAn y€u di z:h dd

diing bi thdi tung bdi nhmg 9on gi6

mqnh.

Hoa m1c lan Ii didn hinh

cila loai ritng thtdng xanh.

Qurt 0 trAn Li Manglietia

garrettii.

Hoa cita loii lmpatiens oiolaeflora (dnh

tuAd fit thdng B ddn thdng 11 & gina quinthd th{c oLt cia rimg th6ng xanh qtnnh

ndm GG-PINE).

Rirng th6ng EG-PINE, Dor

1.200m.

nUuc rHrJdNG XANH vA roar rHONG

Doc theo nhilng tridn ddt ddc, & dO cao tr€n 1.000m, th6ng c6 thd thdng tri cd khu

ritng thttdng xanh. Dttdi diy ld mQt odi loiii, chuy€n phit tridn cing odi th|ng.

Nhi6u lodi s6i hodc dd (Fagaceae) phdt

tuidn bAn cqnh thdng. TrAn dky lh lodi

C as t anop sis ar gyr ophylln.

\] ,J

€Chiang Dhao, dO cao

CAC LOAI RIJNG

V

NHAN DANG cAc LoAI nUruc

rct A.r BO dAn dAn s6t lai v6i c6c midc ChAu A cdn lai khoing 50 ndm trttdc ddy, vi6c d6

kh6ng chi thdi bay ddy nrii Himalay hing vi md cdn cudn m6t loat nhrtng nggn mii nh6

hon 6 ddng sau sang phia Ddng vd phia Nam. Sti bidn ddi d6t ngQt vd dia chdt niy d6

mang lai cho midn Bfc Th6i Lan nhrlng dac tlidm chinh vd dia hinh: nhfrng thung hlng r6ngIdn, bi ngdn cdch bdi nhfrng sfdn mii ddc dfng theo htidng gAn nhU tr} B5c sang Nam, vdid6 cao tr) 300m I phla chAn thung ltlng 16n ddn 2.565m tinh tr6n dinh nggn ntii cao nhdt

cria Thdi Lan, ngon Doi Inthanon. Dia hinh da dang nhrr vAy dd tao nOn c6c didu kiOn vdtchdt v6 cing da dang. Vi vAy, khu vrlc phia B5c da dang hon vd c5c loai rrlng, nHm rdt gAn

nhau, so vdi c6c ving kh6c ctia ddt nudc. Srl da dang v6 loai rdng ndy mang lai nhrlng m6itntdng sdng hoang dd v6 cting phong phr1. Do d6, khu vrlc niry c6 mtlc dd da dang sinh

hoc kh6 ld cao. Cdc vting mii phia Bdc li noi sinh sdng cfia it nhdt 150 lodi d6ng vdt c6 vdvi 383 loii chim. C5c phdng tiOu bin cda Dai hoc Chiang Mai ltiu gifr trOn 3.500 loii thtJc

vAt c6 mach d phiaBic, trong sd d.6 c61..1.201oii cAy. Mac dn c6c loai rrlng gAn kd c6 thd

c6 nhidu lodi chung, nhting m6i loai crlng c6 nhrlng ddc didm riOng cAn ph6i xem x6t khildp kd hoach t6i tao rrlng.

Tai sao cAn phii nhAn dang c6c t6itao rrlng. N6 quydt dinh lodi cAy nAo cAn

1o4i rtlng? tr6ng trong vtidn tictn-r vd nhrTng lodi cAy

nlLo s6 tr6ng trong nhfrng khu riOng biOt dd

T6i tao rtlng tdp trung vdo ddy phuc h6i. \ thd, bdt ct 6 dAu da dang sinh

nhanh qu6 trinh ndi tiSp nhau cria rrlng td hoc trd thlnh vdn dd uu ti6n quan trong

nhi€n dd t6i tao nhrlng hO sinh thdi rtlng trong qu6n ly, thi th)nh phAn cda rrlng

nguy€n sinh cdng gidng cdng tdt. Vi vay, nguy6n sinh cring ld didm mdc dtta vdo d6

rrlng nguyen sinh chinh ld muc dich hinh tld do mfc tidn tridn v) thdnh c6ng cudi

dOng. Do d6, vi6c xdc dinh loai rtlng cing cria viOc tiii tao rdng.

nguyOn sinh ld rdt quan trong khi lflp drr 6n

Bidu thi dtii dqng bidu d6 ad su phdn bd cdc toai ring chit y{u tr€n mQt nggn nii ddc trmg 6 BicThdi Lan. Ring tfutdng xanh = Rirng tfu.ttng xanh; Ritng hdn giao = Ritlxg h6n giao girta ritngthiitng xanh ai rimg nila r4ng li; Ritng nfia r4ng la h6n giao ztoi tre ntn = Ritug nfta r4ng li -

Tre (trtic dny th Ring fdch); Ritng n*tr rung li = Ritn1 nrta rlrng M - sdi (theo MaxTDell oh

Elliott (2001)).

Rilng thridng xanh-,l\-.l g

Rilng h5n giao \1u

Rdng nifa rung 16

Rifng nifa rung 16 h6n giao 'j: Tvdi tre n(fa

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO 13

CAC ],OAI RLJNG

Rtng 6 mi6n Bdc Thdi Lan n6i chungc6 thd dttoc chia ldm rtlng thtidng xanh virtlng nfa rung 16, trong d6 rrlng thridngxanh ph6t tridn d d6 cao khodng tr6n1.000m vd rtlng ntla rung 15 phdt tridn d dO

cao thdp hc,n. DO dm trong dt't la m6t ydutd quan trong quydt dinh sti phAn bd ctiahai loai rrlng n)y.

Trong m6i tnidng nhi6t ddi kh6 theo

mia, cAy rung 16 dd sdng s6t qua dtioc c6i

han h6n ctia mtia kh6. Nhtrng khu rdngthddng xanh ph5t tridn noi d6 dm ciia dAlt

dd ald d6p iing nhu cAu thodt hoi nr"idc cfacAy trong sudt cA ndm, trong khi d6 nhfrngkhu rtng nt?a rung l5 lai ph6t tridn noi dO

dm cr.ia dt't xudng thdp dddi mtlc cAn thiStdd duy tri viOc thodt hoi ntldc cria ld trongmia kh6.

BOn trong tt't ce c6c thtlc vdt, lu6n c6

m6t ddng ntidc chiy liOn tuc ttY dti6i lOn

tr6n vAn chuydn chdt'dinh dtidng td gdc 16n

16 cdy. DAy ld su tho6t hoi ntl6c cua cAy vin6 duoc thdc hi0n nhd stI bdc hoi ctia nti6ctr.i c6c td bao trong 16 vi srr khudch tdn ctia

hoi nti6c vdo khdng khi th6ng qua nhrlng 16

chAn 16ng trOn bd mdt 16 cAy, dtloc goi ld 16

khi. Khi d6 dm trong ddt gi6m xudng dri6imfc cAn thidt dd gidp cho qud trinh tho6t

puAN 1 _ CAC LOAI RIJNG THTJdNG XANH VA NTTNG KHOP

hoi nridc trong thdi gian d)i, cAy c5 thdrung 16.

Di6u ndy dd ngdn chdn vi6c mt't nu6cvi dd gifl lai dri nti6c d 16 cAy, thAn r-icdnh cAy gitip duy tri stt' trao ddi chat co

bain, cho tdi khi mria lai cung cap do an'

cho ddt.Vi vAy, d6 dm gid duoc trong ddt vio

dAu mia kh6 la m6t ydu td quan trongquydt dinh rrlng thu6c loai rtYng thridngxanh hay rrYng nrla rung 16 - vi ngddc 1ai

y6u td d6 trtidc hdt duoc quydt dmh bdi d6

cao. CAy c6 thd kh6ng phAn tlng trric tiSp

r,6i dQ cao, nhdng chirng phin t?ng iai vdit6c dQng ctia d6 cao ddn d6 dm cira ddt.

Ltiong mu'a tdng cing vdi d6 cao tdr-rg.

Khi kh6ng khi dm (c6 thd gifr r61t nhi6u hointi6c) di qua nfi, n6 sE bi git1 lai trongkh6ng khi m6t hdn. Bdi vi kh6ng khi mdt c6

thd gifr it hoi nti6c hotr so vdi kh6ng kludm, m6t sd hoi nridc sE phii tu 1ai th)nhmtia (mtia tr6n ntii). Ngtidc lai, nhiOt ddr

giAm xu6ng khi c)ng 10n cao (kho6ng -0,6

do C khi len cao doi voi m6i I00 met) ra r,vay, sli malt nti6c td ddt vi th6ng qua civtr6ng do bdc hoi cfing gidm. Vi vAy, d tr6ncao, ntldc mtia ngdm vdo ddt nhi6u hon vd

luong ntldc bay hoi it hdn.

l4 TRdNG RI./NG NHI, TH6 NAO

CAC LOAI RUNG

Ngoii ra, d.dl d rdng thudng xanh rt'tgidu chdt hilu cd (do 16 ctia nhfing cAy c6

ndng sut't cao 1i6n tuc rung xudng). Hdmlttong ch6lt hf,u co cao lam tdng dang kdkhd ndng git1 dm ctia ddt. Trong nhdng khurtng thr-ldng xanh, hdm ltiong mtdc (lUong

ntldc tdi da c6 thd gitl dtioc trong 19 ddtkh6) trung binh thtidng vdo khoAng 0,359

nd6c trOn 19 ddt kh6; dti dd d6p tlng nhucAu bdc hoi ntidc cfia cdy trong sudt mtiakh6. Vi vAy, hAu hdt c6c lodi cAy d nhfrngndi cao hon c6 thd giil t6n ld dly quanhndm md kh6ng bi kh6.

d nhtlng vr)ng ddt thdp, moi chuyQn

ngudc lai. Ntidc ngt'm vdo rldt it hon (do

hiong mria it hon); d6 bay hoi cao hon (do

nhiOt d6 cao hotr) vi hdm ltiong nddc trongddt thdp horr (trung binh chi vdo khoAng

0,209 nddc trOn 19 ddt kh6), ddc biQt ndunhtt c6 h6a hoan thi6u rui c6c chdt hilu cd.

Vi vAy, ngay ci khi ddt dat hdm ldong nri6c

chudn vio cudi mia mtia, n6 cung kh6nggitr dtioc d6 dm dn dd duy tri stf bdc hoictla cdy trong sudt mtia kh6. CAy rung 15,

han chd hdt mrlc sti bdc hoi l'd girl ntr6c dd

tdn tai.BOn canh nhfng t6c d6ng ctia d6 cao,

sti t6c ddng cria con ngtldi c6 6nh htidng

ldm thay ddi su phdn bd ciia c6c loai rdng.Stt' t6c d6ng d6 cring mang lai 6nh httdngchi ydu li gi6m d6 dm ctia ddt. ViQc chdtcdy vd dd gia stic dn cAy rtYng vd c6c hoatd6ng n6ng nghiOp lim md r6ng t6n nlngkhiSn cho ddt bi khd cin, d5n ddn sd x6imdn ctia ddt vi gi6m sri tdng trddng ctiacAy. H6a hoan IAm ddt ch6y nhfrng chdthrfu cd trong ddt, trong khi sin phdm co

bin giim ldm gidm ngu6n hrlu cd cho ddt.

Hdm ltrong chdt huu cd trong ddt giAm

kh6ng thd kh6ng dAn tdi sti gi6m khA ndnggiil dm ciia ddt, tao didu kiOn cho c6c loaicAy nt?a rung ld lan xAm chidm c6c khu vdcc6 d6 cao trOn 1.000m, ndi trtidc d5 ld rtngthtidng xanh. Ngtldc lai, c6c khu rtlngthtldng xanh d6i khi c6 thd lan xudngnht1ng khu r.r.ic thdp hon, doc c6c con sudihay nhfrng ndi dO dm trong ddt cao. Tuynhi6n, do bi chat ddn trong qu5 khf, nhrlngkhu rtlng thtt'dng xanh d nhfrng ving ddttht'p da biSn mdt hodn todn kh6i mi6n Bdc

Thdi Lan.Nhrlng nhdn td kh6c nhti n6n d6 me,

htidng vd d6 ddc c6 thd cing inh hti6ngddn sti phAn bd ctia c6c loai rdng, nhtingkh6ng nhAn td niro trong s6 ndy lai c6 6nhhudng ldn nhu d6 dm trong ddt.

)4-1ITRdNG RIJNG NHTJ TH6 NAO 15

CAC LoAI RTJNG

pnAN z - NuAN DANG nrINc mrUdNc XANH

Trong khi c6c khu rtlng thtidng xanh 6 mi6n BXc Th6i Lan kh6 le triong d6ng, rrlng nt?a

rung 16 c6 thd dddc chia 1im it nhdt 3 loai kh6c bi6t. Trong phAn 2 vd phAn 3, chdng t6i s6 drlara t6m tdt c6c d4c didm ndl bat nhdt ctia cdc loai rrlng chd ydu d mi6n Bdc Th6i Lan, theo phAntich vd thim thttc vat d Vddn Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui ctia Maxwell vd Elliot (2001) (d6ng thditham kh6o Maxwell, 2004)

Nhfrng d4c didm khic bi6t cria rdngthrfdng xanh (EGF) ln gi?

d midn BEc Th5,i Lary rilng xanh 16 quanhnim ph6t hidn 6 d6 cao tr6n 1.000m hoic 6 d6cao thdp hon m6t chiit doc theo c6c ddng sudi.

Va hO thdc vAt, rdng thdiing xanh kh6 lir tLiong

ddng vi khdng thd ph6n chia thhnh c6c loai nh6cho d6n tAn ndi cao nht't trong khu vrlc (Dinh DoiInthanon cao 2.565m).

RtYng thtidng xanh hodn todn kh6c so vdic6c loai rdng nrla rung 16. TAng t6n chinh, c6

c6c ngon cAy nhd 16n, thddng cao hdn nhi6u vicflng diy horr so v6i t6n cria rrlng nrla rung 16,

thridng cao hdn 30m. Di6u niy tao ra b6ng rAmm6t hcnr 6 tAng mit ddt. Phia dtidi tAng t6nchinh, tAng thAlp hcrn gdm c6c cAy non, cAy convd cAy bui. C6c loai cAy leo tren 96 r'a cay sungciing rt't phd bidn.

Sd luong ldn c6c loAi thtic vAt bidu sinhld m6t ddc didm 16 r6t cira rr,Yng thtidng xanh.Ngodi c6c loii cAy c6 mach, t6o, r6u vA dia ycfing thlidng moc thdnh m6t ldp v6 cr-1ng

quanh thAn vd cdnh cAy.

Thim thdc vAt dtl6i mdt ddt thddng ddydac vi gdm c6c cAy con vi th6o m6c, kd ci m6tvai loai co kieu s6ng hoai sinh hay kj. sinh. Coc6 thd xu{t hi6n d nhf,ng khu vric bi x6o trdn,nhung kh6ng c6 c6c cdy tre cao.

Ch6y it x6y ra d nlng thrldng xanh honso vdi trong c6c khu rtng nr?a rung ld, nhungkhi chdy x6y ra s6 nguy hidm hon nhi6u bEi vicAy cdi trong nlng thddng xanh kh5 phuc hdihon cdy trong rtlng nt?a rung ld. Sau m6t trAnch6y, cAy bui, thAm thtic vAt dddi mdt ddt viciic loii d6ng vAt c6 vri nh6 sdng dridi mdt dt'tcting chim ch6c c6 thd phii mdt nhidu nemmdi phuc h6i duoc.Mttc d6 da dang sinh hoc cao 1A mdt dac didmcria rtlng thr.tdng xanh. O dAy c6 nhi6u loiicAy sinh trttdng hdn so vdi cdc loai rtYng khdc(it nht't tdi nay da ghi nhAn ddo-c 250 lodi).Mac dti kh6ng c6 loii hay gidng cAy nAo

chidm du thd, nhting c6 m6t sd ho cAy c6 xuhudng xudt hi6n nhi6u hon d rrlng thLidngxanh so vdi cdc loai rtlng nr?a rung 16, chinghan nhrt lohi Lauraceae, Fag aceae, Theaceae,

Moraceae, Magnoliaceae, v.v... HAu hdt c6c cdythu6c t6n rr.Yng ddu ld loai xanh quanh ndm.Cdc cAy ti6u bidu li Lindera caudata (Nees)

TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAo

Bth. vA Phoebe laceolata (Wa11. ex Nees) Nees(cA Lauraceae), Artocar pus lanceolata Trec.

vd m6t vii loai cAy s6i "b6p c6" khdng ld nhtiFicus altissima Bl. vi F. benjamina L.(Moraceae). Trong sd s6i (Fagaceae), Quercusvestita Rehd. & Wils., Q. glabricupula Barn., Q.incana Roxb. vi Q. lineata 81. ld didn hinhnht't. Cdc loai cAy xanh quanh ndm ti6u bidukhdc 96m c6 Pyrenaria garrettiana Craib(Thea- ceae), Carcinia mckeaniana Craib(Cuttiferae), Casearia grewiifolia Vent.(Flacourtiaceae), Chion- anthus sutepensis(Kerr) Kiew (Oleaceae), Elaeo- car pusprunifolius Wall. ex C. Muell. (Elaeocarp-aceae), Dysoxylum excelsum B1. (Meliaceae),

Ostodes paniculata Bt. (Euphorbiaceae) r-a

Diosppos marlabarica Cl. (Ebenaceae).

Mac dri loai rtlng niy c6 tdn nhri r-Ar',

nhtrng khoing 27"/,7odi cAy trong rting 1i cdvnrla rung 16, cho di nhi6u loai trong sd nivcring xuAlt hi6n 6 rtlng h5n giao. M6t vii loii16n hon thu6c t6n rrlng nr?a rgng 16 gdm c6

Manglietia garrettii Craib vd Magnoliabaillonii Pierre (.4 Magnoliaceae), Meliatoosendan Sieb. & Zucc. (Meliaceae) vA Morusmacroura Miq. (Moraceae). M6t sd loii cAv

ntta rung 16 chi c6 d nlng thr-idng xanh liAcrocar pus fraxinifolius Wight ex. Arn.(Legum-inosae, Caesalpinioideae), Litseazeylanica (Nees) Nees (Lauraceae) vd m6t lodikhd hidm in Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(Rhamnaceae).

TAng phia dddi cda rtrng thudng xanhrAm rap hdn so vdi rtlng nrla rung ld vd rdtkhric 6 cdc lrtu vric ven sudi. Cdc cdy thu6ctAng phia dtldi gdm c6: Phoebe lanceolata(Nees) Nees (Lauraceae), Acronychiapedunculata (L.) Miq. (Rutaceae), Sarcospermaarboreum Bth. (Sapotaceae) vA Diospyrosglandulosa Lace (Ebenaceae). Dai di6n cirac6c lodi cAy nfa rung 16 c6 Engelhardiaspicata Lechen. (Juglandaceae) vA Spondiasaxillaris Roxb. (Anacardiaceae).

Sd loii cAy con vd cdy bui rt't nhi6u (daghi nhAn 91 lodi cAy con vd 22 loii cAy bui).Cdy con ti6u bidu g6- c6 Vernoniavolkameriifolia DC. (Compositae), Glochidionkerrii Craib (Euphor- biaceae), Debregeasialongifolia (Burm. f .) Wedd. (Urticaceae),Archidendron glomeriflorum (Kurz) Niels.

-\e-1

It6

CA.C LOAI RLINC

(Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) vd Litsea cubeba

(Lour.) Pers. (Lauraceae). CAy bui xanh quanhnim ti6u bidu li Psychotria ophioxyloidesWall. (Rubiaceae) vi Phlogacanthuscurviflorus (Wall.) Nees (Acanthaceae). Cdc

loai cAy pandan r.A cAy chudi (nhtr Pandanus

penetrans St. John (Pandan- aceae) vA Musaitinerans Cheesm. (Musaceae)) li didn hinhcda vr.ing ltlu r.r-ic ven sudi c6 b6ng mdt.

Srr da dang phong phir cua c6c lohi cAy leo

tron thAn g5 (78 loiii duoc ghi nhin) th mOt dicdidm d6ng chir y cira rtlng thtidng xanh. M6t viilodi cAy xanh quanh nim tiOu bidu ld: Toddaliaasiatica (L.) Lmk (Rutaceae), Ficus parietalis

81. (Moraceae), Combretum punctatum B1.

(Combretaceae) r,i Uncaria macrophylla WalI.(Rubiaceae). M6t sd lodi Tetrastigma cing phdbi6n (vi dr-r loii T. laoticum Cagnep. r,i T.

obovatum (Lar.r,s.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae)) r.iMucuna macrocarpa WalI. (Leguminosae,

Papilionoideae), chng xudt hiOn d rrlng h6n giao.

Co mAy li loAi ti6u bidu nhling khi hiSm d rdngthtidng xanh. Ching han lodi Calamus palustrisGriff. var. cochinchinensis Bdcc. vir Plectocomia

kerrana Becc.

Thtlc vAt bi6u sinh c6 rdt nhi6u d rr.ing

thudng xanh. 82 loii dtfrvc ghi nhin c} dAy gdmc6,c loai cAy, cAy bui, ciy leo vi th6o m6c.

Trong sd ctic cAy c6 loai dtlo-c goi li sung "b6pcd", mdi dAu chi Ii cdc thtic vQt bidu sinh nhdFicus superba (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae) vi lodirdt hiSm 1i Sorbus ver rucosa (Decne.) Rehd.

(Rosaceae). C6c cAy bui bidu sinh tieu bidu lilodi rhododendron(RhododendronvietchianumHk. (Ericaceae)) \'r mot r ai loai tam grii kisinh (nhti Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.)Tiegh., Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC. viV. orientale Willd. (Loranthaceae)). Thiom6c bidu sinh hAu hdt t6n tai quanh nimvd cring c6 nhi6u loii rung 16. NhtTng

lodi ddc bi6t ti6u bidu cho rdng thtidngxanh g6m c6 ddong xi (nhd Lepisorus

nudus (Hk.) Ching (Polypodiaceae) viDavallodes membranulosum (Hk.)Copel. (Davalliaceae)); gdng (nhtiHedychium ellipticum Ham. ex J. S*.);phong lan (vi du Bulbophyllumbittnerianum Schltr., Coelog yne

schultesii Jain & Das. vhTrichotosia dasyphylla (Par. & Rchb. f.)Krz1. vi gesnerids (vi du Didymocar pllswattianus

Ci.t1 zti ciy bui ho Mngn.oliacene lit tiAu bidu cila ritng thtdng xnnh

(Ritng tlnrtng xnnh) (mdc diL m6t sd toii thi thodng cung phdt tridn 6

ritng h|n giao). Diu li mdt tto rit ldtL ddi oh thd hiAn tinh hting cia

Himnlya dAi thrim thic oit cin midn Biic Thtii Lan.

Craib vA Aeschynanthus hosseusii Pel1.

(Cesner- iaceae)).

ThAm thtic vAt thio m6c dtidi mit ddt ritda dang (321 lodi drioc ghi nhdn). I.,odi duc,rrg

xi ti6u bidu sdng trong khu vdc it bi x6o tr6ntrong b6ng r6m g6m c6 Arachnoides henrJri

(Chtisfl Ching vh Tectaria her petocaulosHoltt. (.ii Dryopteridaceae), Thelypterissr,rbelata (Bak.) K. Iw. (Thelypteridaceae) vA

Diplazium dilatatum B1. (Athyriaceae). C6c

loii thio m6c ra hoa thtldng thdy trong nlngthridng xanh g6m: Impatiens violaeflora Hk. f.(Balsaminaceae), Opiorrhiza trichocarpon 81.

r,,d Geophila repens (L ) I.M. John. (.dRubiaceae) r,d Pilea trinervia Wight(Utricaceae). CAy ho gting nhr.i Globba kerriiCraib, C. villosula Gagnep. vi Zingibersmilesianum Craib (Zingiberaceae) cfrng khdphd bidn.

M6t vAi loai thric vAt sdng i1 tAng mdtddt ctia rtlng thr.idng xanh thidu nhu cAu v6

6nh sdng dd quang hop bdi chting di phdttridn 1di sdng klf sinh hodc hoai sinh. Chinghan nhti cdc lodi Balanophora tr6ng b6 ngoiigidng nhti nt'm (r,i du loiri B. abbreviata B1. r,iB. {ungosa J.R. & G. Forst.) nhtlng chting sdng

kli sinh tr6n c6c 16 cAy. Sapria himalayanaGriff. (Rafflesiaceae) li lodi sdng kf sinh depnht't, n6 c6 hoa miu d6 s6ng, cd bing chidc

dia con, didm nhtTng chdm mdu vdng. N6song ky sinh tren re c.rc loai diy leo tren 96thu6c loai Tetrastigma (Vitaceae).

Monglietia gnrrettii Craib (Magnoliacene) lii m6t loiii ciytao klnmg ritng, dttoc tchuy?n nghi dtl nio tr6ng phuc hiiring d nhttng oing ring thtlo'ng xanh. d dd cao tr€.n

1.000m.

L

i

iI

iIi

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TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO t7

\

:

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'ungh. et de

ld kim moc

I

CAC LOAI RIJNC

Nhfrng thich th(fc trong vi6c phuc h6irrlng thtfdng xanh vi rdng thddng xanh -thdng li gi?

Do nlng thudng xanh nu6i drrdng drlocnhiAu lodi cAy hon so vdi c6c loai rtlng kh6c(xem FDnh 2.5), vi6c tr6ng cAy cAn hr.rdng tdicdng nhidu lodi cdng tdt trong gidi han thtlctd cho ph6p dd kich thich srr phuc tr6i dadang sinh hoc. PhAn ldn cAy trong rdngthtidng xanh c6 hat ldn, duoc phdt tiin bdi cdc

loii d6ng vAt ldn nhd tA giitc, voi, sric vdthoang dd... PhAn ldn c6c lodi d6ng vAt ldnn)y dd gAn bi tuyQt chring & midn BXc ThdiLan vd chi cdn vdi sd lrrong rdt nh6 v) dond6c. Vi vAy, dtla th6m nhf,ng lodi cAy c6 quA

ldn c6 crii vdo sd nhttng cAy drtoc tr6ng c6

thd girip b6o t6n nhrTng gidng cAy d5, nhrrnggidng cAy md gid dAy c6 rdt it co h6i tri nhi6ndd phdt t6n hat.

Nhring cAy nta rung76 ph6t tridn E nlngthddng xanh thrldng ld nhtrng loli cAy taokhung rrlng tdt nht't dd ddy nhanh vi6c phuch6i da dang sinh hoc sau khl tr6ng (vi du loiiAcrocar pus fraxinifolius, Erythrina subumbrans,Gmelina arborea, Hovenia dulcis, Meliatoosendan, Spondias axillaris). ViQc rung 16

theo mtia ctia nhrlng lodi ndy girip chting c6

thd chdng lai drroc su khdc nghiQt ctia han h6ntrong sudt mia kh6 n6ng dAu ti6n kd tr] sau

khi tr6ng. \t vay, chting thtidng c6 tS, 10 sdngs6t cao. Ddt 6 rtng thtrdng xanh thrrdng giduchdt dinh drrdng hdn so vdi dt't 6 rrlng nt?a

rung 16, vi vAy sau khi cAy dtioc tr6ng c6 thdcAn it phAn b6n hon. NgrlQc lai, srl ph6t tridncfia c6 dai c6 v6 nhanh hol:r. Vi thd, vi6c r6y c6

cAn drtoc thdc hien thddng xuy6n hol so vdinhtlng vring rrlng mla rung 16 vd t{t nhi6n ldchi phi lao d6ng cflng cao hon. Rrlng thddngxarlh nlm d d6 cao cao hdn c6 thd 6 c6ch rdtxa ddng su6i. Didu ndy lim cho viOc tr.i6i m16c

cho cAy sau khi trdng tr6 n6n kh6 kha thi b6ivi dtta c6c xe thring chrla midc d6n nhting khutrdng rrlng dudng nhrt cring rdt kh6 khhn. Dod6 viQc tr6ng cAy ph6i hodn lai cho ddn khi c6

dri mrla. Dd phuc hdi nhrTng khu rrlng thlldngxanh - th6ng, c6c lodi th6ng, s6i, d6 phn ho. pv6i d6 cao cria khu ddt trdng cAn drloc dda v)otrong sd c5c lodi cAy tao khung rrlng drtoctrdng, vi chring ld nhrlng lodi ti6u bidu cria loairtYng niy. Vi rrlng thrrdng xanh - thdng xudthi6n & nhrTng khu vtic d6 c6 nguy co ch6y, cAn

phii quan tAm dic biet dd phdng chdng ch6ysau khi fr6ng rtlng.

HQp 2.1 - Nghi6n cfu hai loii th6ng bin dia cria Th6i Lan

C6 thd d6 dAng phan biQt hai lo)i th6ngbAn dia cria Th6i Lan qua 15 cria chting. Nhtrngchidc 16 hinh kim cria loii th6ng Pinus merkusiiJungh. de Vriese moc thanh d6i, trong khi ld crialodi P. kesiya Roy. ex Gord. lai moc thinh cum(chim) ba.

O m6n Bdc Thrii Lan, P. merkusii c6 xuhrrdng ph5t tridn d nhrtng ving thdp hon (300-

1.200m) so vdi lodi P. kesiya, vdn thrtdng xudthiQn 6 rtlng nrla rung 16-s6i (Rrlng ntta rqng 16)

nhrrng d6i khi cring xudt hien 6 nhrtng vingthdp hotr ctia nlng thridng xanh - th6ng. 6 r,n,fr,gkhu vric ddt th{p, loAi ndy rdt hidm do bi khaithSc quei mLlc dO l6y nhua vA 96. Loai P. kesiyaphd bidn hdn va h tieu bi6u cria rdng th6ngxanh quanh ndm; nhrlng n6 cring ph6t tridn dnhfng vring cao horr cria nlng ntla rung 16,- sdi,tt] d6 cao 950 ddn 1.800m.

CA hai loAi th6ng niy d6u cAn 6nh s6ng vitrrong ddi chiu hla. CA hai ddu bi khai th6c lt'ynhua, nhr.rng loiLi P. merkusii cho ndng sudt caohon (nhfing cAy ldn cho tdi 40kg nhrta nguy6nchdt m6i ndm). Tdn thdong cho cAy th6ng doc5ch ch4t d6o thAn cey ddldy di nhfing mi6ng v6cAy thdm dAy nhtia thdng ding dd nh6m lta lerdt phd bi5n. N6 lim cAy ydu di vi cudi cring sE

gi6t ch6t cAy. ViQc niy gid day da tr6 thdnh mdide doa ddi vdi th6ng d khdp midn Bdc Th6i Lan.

Hat th6ng drrgc gi6 plnfi 6n.6 nhtng noihiOn v6n cdn cAy ph6t tridn, cAy con de dingb6m tru trdn phAn dt't bi xiio trdn, nhring chringkh6ng chiu drtoc c6 dai moc dny dac vi bi thi6uch6y. d nhfrng noi th6ng dd ttng ph6t tridnnhrrng di bl tiCu diQt hoin todn, hay cAn nhdcviOc trdng th6ng cing v6i nhtrng loii cAy taokhung rtlng. Kh6ng trdng nhtTng vddn ddmth6ng thuAn tdy. Chring tao thinh nhrTng sinhcAnh ngh6o nAn cho c6c lodi dQng vAt hoang d5.Liy cey con td vddn udm, nhdng phAi d6m b6ochring cluoc tr6ng tr} hat d rrlng dia phudng (chfkh6ng phAi trong vddn ttom). Kh6ng bao gidchon cAy con ld lodi th6ng ngoai lai nhu loii P.

carribea. Dd tu tr6ng th6ng, ban plnli c{t nhringqu6 th6ng mlLu xadr hodc mdu ndu tl} nhfrng cAytrong rtng dia phrrong that cdn thAn ngay tni6ckhi chring md ra md kh6ng ldm h6ng c6c cinhcon. Girl nhtng qu6 xalh cdn non trong b6ngm6t cho tdi khi chfng chuydn thinh miu nAu.

Sau d6 phoi ndng cho ddn khi chring md ra. Rfrliy hat, b6 phAn c6nh vi gieo hat vio c6t trongc5c khay rrom. Chuydn nhrlng cAy non cao tr] 3-5cm vio h6p vi tidp tuc trdng hi 1-1,5 ndm.Ngodi ra crlng c6 thd tt'y nhtTng cAy non cao tr]5-10cm 6 rdng trong mia mda vi tidp tuc trdngchring trong c6c h6p (Hinh 6.1). C6c hat gidngkh6 vAn c6 thd ph6t tridn th6m vii nim.

-\<-IP

rndNc nrjNc NHrJ rHfi NAo t9

CAC LOAI RIJNC

pnAN s - NHAN DANG cAc LoAI ntlNc NrJn nuNc rARa:t de nhAn dang ba loai rdng mla rung 16. Rdng h5n giao gitTa rtlng thtidng xanh vd rttng nda

rung 16 (Rrlng h5n giao) 1A mdt ving kh6c bi6t d6 nhan thdy c} gir,Ta rdng thudng xanh thu6c

ving ddt cao vi rrlng nr-la rung 16 d vtlng ddt tht'p. Rdng nr.?a rung 16 h6n giao tre ntla (BB-DF)

dd thay thd phAn ldn nhfing khu rdng tdch trudc dAy do bi chdt ph6, trong khi d6 rtlng nt?a rung1e-s6i (DOF) lai ph6t tridn 6 nhtTng vring ddt thdp bi x6o tr6n nhi6u nhdt hodc kh6 cin nhdt.

Nhiing d{c didm cria rirhg h6n giao (ND{F) h gi?

O nht1ng dai ddt hep 6 d6 cao 800 ddn1000m (hay ttl 600m d nhr.Tng h.Iu vtic b6nsudi), c6 m6t ving kh6c bi6t xut't hi6n gitlaving nlng thddng xanh vh nlng nr.la rung lai -tre ntla. RrIng h6n giao g6m h6n ho-p c6c lodicAy rdt da dang ctia cA hai ioai rtlng ndy,nhting rr,Ing h6n giao cdn nu6i dudng nhi6uloii cAy vdn chi ph6t tridn d loai rtlng ndy.ChiAu cao cria t6n rtlng vAo khodng tt} 20 ddn30m, nhting nhfrng cay vddn cao tr6n 30mctng rt't nhi6u. D6 che phii cia t6n rrlngthtrdng kh6 li kin nhung m6ng hon so vdi t6ncira rtlng thtidng xanh. Nhilng cAy leo thAn g5xudt hi6n rdt nhiAu. Thrlc vAt bidu sinh ctingphd bidn. C6 sqi hi0n di6n cria tre nhtlng it honso vdi trong rdng nrla rung 16 - tre nrfa.Thtidng c6 m6t ldp thAo mOc vd cdy non diyddc dddi mat ddt. C6 rt't hidm, ngoai trd 6nhr.lng noi dd c6 ch6y xAy ra. Trong sd 217 lodicAy dr.ioc ghi nhAn d rtlng h6n giao 6 DoiSuthep, chi c6 43% loii ld rung 1d theo mria.

QuAn thd cAy cdi ciia rting h6n giao r-a rungnta rung 16 - tre ntla ctic kj' gidng nhau.Trong sd 38 lodi phd biSn ho4c ddi dAo d rr.)ng

h5n giao, 21 loii (55%) cung tim thdy d rrlngnrla rung 16 - tre ntla. NhtTng lodi cAy tao tdnrtlng thrldng xanh vir d6ng thdi ti6u bidu ciraloai rtlng niry li nhtTng lodi cAy nt-?a rung ldthAn cao, moc vddn 10n, miu xanh: loiiDipterocarpus costatus Gaertn. f. vi D.turbinatus Caertn. {.(Dipterocarpaceae). VdithAn cAy to ldn, 16 ttiorrg ddi nh6 ngon hinhchidc 6 xde rdng, nhtTng lodi cdy niy c5 v6 rt'tkh5,c so vdi nhtTng lodi cAy ntta rung ld 16 tocfia rdng ntla rung 16 - s6i.

Cdc loii cAy thtidng gap kh6c d rr.lng h5ngiao g6m c6 Irvingia malayana Olir,. ex Benn.

(Irvingiaceae), Mangifera caloneura Kurz(Anacardiaceae), Eugenia albiflora Duth. ex

Kurz (Myrtaceae), Lagerstroernia cochinchinensisPierre (Lythraceae), Spondias pinnata (L. f.)Kurz (Anacardiaceae), Terminalia mucronataCraib & Hutch. (Combreta- ceae) vir Engelhardiaserrata B1. (Juglandaceae). Nhdng cAy thudctAng dridi cria rtlng thtidng xanh thtidng g4pla Garcinia speciosa Wal1. (Guttiferae) vdScleropyrum pentandrum (Denn.) Mabb.(Santalaceae).

fren o0 lo.ri cay leo than 96 dtioc ghinhAn tai rtlng h6n giao. Nhrlng loai cAy tiOu

TRONG RUNG NHU THE NAO

bidu c6 Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk.(Polygalaceae), Tetrastigma aff. har mandijPlanch. (Vitaceae) vA Parameria laevigata

[uss.) Mold. (Apocynaceae). Nhfrng loai thdcvAt bidu sinh didn hinh gdm phong 1an (r,i dulodi Bulbophyllum congestum Rol. vi B.

propinquum Krzl.), cdc loai tAm gtli sdng kfsinh (chdng han Helixanthera pulchra (DC.)

Dans. vi Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.(Loranthaceae) vi dtiong xi (loii Polypodiumsubauriculatum 81. vd Pyrrosiaporosa (Wa11. ex

Presl) Hoven. (Polypodiaceae)).

QuAn thd thrtc vAt dudi mdt ddt g6m itnhit 2'lB loii th6o m6c, cung nhti c6c ciy conv) cAy non cr.ia c6c loai cAy vA cAy bui. HAr"r

hdt cdc loAi nAy cung gidng nhti E rtlngthtidng xanh hay rdng nt?a rung 16 - tre niia.Mot sd it c6c lodi d4c trting duy nhdt c6 drtng h5n giao g6m hai loii phong lan mocdridi met ddt (Tainia hookeriana King & Pantl.vd Tropidia pedunculata B1.), m6i r.di ioaidr.iong xi (r,i du Microlepia puberula v. A. r'.

Ros. (Dennstaedtiaceae)), Aspienium excisumPresl (Aspleniaceae) and Tectaria impressa(Fee) Holtt. (Dryopteridaceae) r,i thtJc r-At

sdng kf sinh tr6n 16 cAlr Balnnophora laxifloraHemsl (Balanophoraceae).

Nhfrng th6ch thifc dic bi6t khi phuc hdirfing h6n giao li gi?

Nhfrng khu rti'ng h6n giao thriong ndmtr6n nht1ng sr.idn ddc dtlng, vi viy ddn dr-ioc

d6 c6 thd khd kh6 khin. Cilng nhri vdi rdngnt?a rung 16 - tre nr1a, nhrlng cAy tre 1dn c6 th6han chd sd tdng trtfdng vd tdn tai ciia nhfingloAi cAy duoc tr6ng, vi vAy cAn ph6i kidm so6tchiing dd cing cd c6c cAy kh6c. HAu hdt c6c

vting rtlng h5n giao d6u d gAn nhtng con sudithr.idng xuy6n c6 nddc, vi vAy vi6c ttidi cho

cAy sau khi trdng thtidng khA de d)ng. Nhr1ngloii cAy nfa rung 16 1t1n, dic trdng cirh loairtlng nhy c6 hat dr.io-c ph6t tdn nhd gi6. OnhrTng noi c6,c cAy trr,idng thinh cdn s6t laivAn tdn tai, thddng kh6ng cAn phAi trdngth6m. Tuy nhi6n d nhtlng ndi nao kh6ng c6

c6c loAi cAy niy, cAn xem x6t viOc bd sungnhrtng loii cAy n*a rung 16 bAn dia vio t4phop cdc ioai cAy tao khung rdng, nhim duy trico cdu ddc biet cua nlng h6n giao. C;ic cAy

nrla rung 16 con phdt tridn rt't chAm trong c6c

vlldn ddm, vi vAy cAn b6t dAu thu lttom hattrddc it nhdt 2 nam.

\.v=,'20 o1

q/

CAC LOAI RUNG

RLING n6N GIAo c(Ia Lo4.I nUNc rHrJdNc xANH vAnUNc NOa RUNG rA (rraxr)

Anh phdi - ciy thu\c ting drdi,

Bauhinia variegata L

(Legminosae, Cnesalpin- ioidene)

hoa tir thdng 1 ddn th,ing 3 khi

ciy rung li.

Anh dtrii - Kh6ng c6 ld xanh

dd qwng /zgp, Aeginetia indica

Roxb. (Orobanchaceae) sdng ky

sinh dta ztdo cic 16 cdy.

Anh tr€n - MQt ciy nila rung ld'costatus Gaertn. f.(Dipterocarpaceae) to l6n, cao ullot lAn khdi tdn rihgchinh: m6t dttc didm ilAu bidu cia ritng h6n giao.

Anh futdi - Tdch dttoc trdng 6 khuin ai€n

trtdng CMU siip rung ld aio thdng 2.

nUNc NrJa RVNG LA - TRE NOA (BB-DoF)

Anh drdi - Afzelia xylocarpa

(Kurz) Crqib (Leguminosae,

Caesalpinioideae), m6t loiii ciyldy 96 c6 gih tri 6 rihg trilcdiy ld ring tdch.

Anh ctttoi - Thrio moc s6'ng dtoc trong bong

rdm, Gornplno - stemrna strobilinum Wall

ex Bth.(Labiatae). Li cd mhu sdc sdc sd ntlm

rqp dltdi mqt ddt.

Anh tr€n - Ritng nln rung ld - tre nita

6 thung lfing thdp Mae Soi Valley

Chom Thong. Tiiu bidu cia ritng

trrtdc diy gid da bi chqt ddn hdt.

Anh nh6 bAn phdi - Boesenbergia

longi|ora tWall.) O. K. (Zingi

beraceae) tO th1m mhu cho thdm

thttc ofu dttti mttt ddt cia ritng

nta nlng ld - tre nta, thdng B.

Anh tudi - Noi nhrtng ciy tdch

mdt di, nhfaq cfry tre thA'ch6.

MAt adi lohi n6 hon thinh chim

tda xu6ng toim bO nhi*tg rdng tre.

mQc

gan

tdch

-VC.

1P

TRdNG RiJNG NHTJ THE NAO 21,

CAC LOAI RIJNC

nUNc uffa RUNG rA - sdl (Rrlng nfra rqng 16)

';gt'

tr€n 6 gilta - m|t ciy nila rung li DiTtterocarpus tuberatlotLts cittnon (Dipterocarpaceae), d6 ld oao thin.g 3; ilAu bidtL clto tthifigaing khd hodc aing bi thoii h6a nghi€m trong. Arth h'itt b€rt fltii- Hoa cia ciy D. obttLsit'olitts bi rung.

Anh phii - Quti diiu

dgt cila cfry Quera.skerrii Craib (Fag-

aceae) m|t lodi siiti€u bidu cia ritngnla rung Id .

tlc oAt biA'u sinh cfin ritug nitn rtLng li(DOF: Anh trdi ngoii cting - Citl Dtscltilianmjor (Vahl) Merr. (Asclepindacene) c6

qtutn hA c6ng sinh odi loii ki1h. T6' kiAiltrottg ciic hdc dtqc tno tltdnlr b1i li hirtlt bougb6ng ctia ciy. Cdc rd cfft1 tttoc tt nhi1u flttittridn ztdo trong nh{hg hdc niy dA' clti€'t rtrfr'tchii dm aii chi)i dinl.L dttdng tit cic td ki?il(rinh bAn tu,ii 6 giita). Kidn ctittg tlrtbttg tlrto'c

tim thdy gifta nhun;4 cii drQc gqi Ii li cirl D.

nwnmularia R. Br. (tinh trdi).

Cdc loiii thulc thtim thtc ztAt dffii mdt di'tcin ritng nita rung ld - sdi: Anh fftii ttgoiicing - Lodi Arundino graminifolia (D. Don)Hochr. (Orchidaceae), Thdng 9; Atfu giiraLoii Platostoma colorutum (D. Don) A.l.Platon (Labiatne), Thdng 5; Anh tr€n- Loiisdng ky sinh Aeginetia pendunculota WalL(Oroban- chaceae), n6 hoa sau khi bi thi€LL

chiy ztio thdng 3.

\.€-22 '1

P

.,]===.: *=,::<

Anh trdi - Tdn rimg nta rung ld - sii ddi miru oio tltdttg

rndNc RUNG NHU THfi NAo

CAC LOAI RIJNG

Dic didm cria rfing nila rung 16-tre(BB-DOF) li gi?

Trtidc nhr.Tng thap kli cudi ciia thd ki 19,

nhidu ving ddt thdp cr.ia miAn Bdc Th6i Landrtoc bao phri bdi nhilng khu rtlng r6ng ldn,hAu hdt li c6c cAy g5 t6ch (Tectona grandis L.

f. (Verbenaceae)) ttl chAn thung lung tdi d6 cao

900m. Tuy nhi6n, vi6c khai th6c 1i0n tuc vhvi6c bu6n b6n qudc td ddi vdi loii cAy lt'y g5

c6 gi6 tri cao niry, trudc hdt li do cdc c6ng tynr.idc ngodi vd sau d6 ld c6c c6ng ty khai th6c

96 ctia Thdi Lan da liim thay ddi dic tinh ctia

n}rrlng khrr rLfng nay. Mac du vin con tinr thiydAlu vdt cira rtng tSch trong m6t vAi Vr,idn

Qudc gia, gio dAy tdch moc hoang da trd nOn

kh6 li hidm vi dd duo-c thay thd phAn 1dn bdinhfng loii cAy kh6c mi trddc ddy da c6 mattrong rtfng t6ch. Ngodi ra tre cing dd trd n6ntr6i hoh nhi6u. Vi vAy rtlng nta rung 16-tre

ntla li m6t dang cira rdng tdch da bi suy tho6i.Dd nhAn ra rdng t6ch hay rtlng ntla rung

16 - tre nila trridc dAy, hay tim nhtTng cAy cao

tao ra t6n rtYng chip r.6 r,d ph6t tridn 6 nhilngvting dt't miu md thu6c d6 cao 300-900m. Vdomtlia kh6, vdm tdn rtYng rdt 1d thd bdi vi phAn

ldn cAy da trirt ld. Nhting cAy tdch cdn s6t laithd hien cli6u nA;. (xem B6ng 2.2). Mdt tAng

rtlng d phia dddi drioc thdng tri bcli nhr,lng buitre diy ddc ciing li dac trdng. Vi thddngthudng cr.ing xut't hi6n tAng cAy bui rt't ddy.Ta thtldng gap nhang cAv leo thAn 96 r,A

nhrlng ca1 phong lan r a driong r,i bieu -inhthtidng ph6t tridn tr6n cdc thdn cAy hay c6c

cAnh chinh ctia nhilng cAy 1dn hon. TAng dtidimat da't hAu hdt g6m nhrlng calr thao m6c viL

c6, ddc bi6i chring ta thtldng tht'y c6 moc 6

nhung no'i da ti'ng x6y ra ch6y. Chdy rtlngcflng li hi6n tr,iong binh thudng.

6 rtng niia rung 16 - tre ntla, nhtlng cAy

thu6c tAng t;in chinh c6 thd ph6t tridn cao tdi20-30m. it nt-rdt 180 loii cay da dtioc ghi nhand rrlng nAy trong sd d6 trOn 70% ld loii rung16 theo mtia, nhting kh6ng c6 loAi nio dat ddnsti thdng tri trtidc dAy cda loii tdch. MOt veiloii didn hinh hon bao g6m nhtlng lodi cAy c6

gi6 tri thtiong mai nhti Xytria xylocarpa(Roxb.) Taub. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.)Niels. (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), Dalbergiacultrata Grah ex Bth., Pterocar pus macrocar

pus Kurz (ci Legr-minosae vii Papilionoideae),Lagerstroemia coct,inchinensis Pierre (Ll,thraceae),

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. (Meliaceae) vi.A.fzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib (Leguminosae,

Caesalpinioideae). Hi6n nay ci nhfing loli c6

it gi6 tri hdn cfrng da bi chdt ddn. Dic biOt

ti6u bidu ld c6c loii Colona {lagrocar pa (C1).

Craib (Tiliaceae), Schleichera oleosa (Lour.)

Oken (Sapindaceae), Terminalia chebula Retz.

var. chebula, T. mucronata Craib & Hutch.(Combretaceae) rri Sterculia pexa Pierre (Ster-

culiaceae). Cdc cAy tnu6c tAng dtidi thddng c6

Vitex canescens Kurz vir V. limoniifolia Wall.ex Kurz (cA Verbenaceae), Cassia fistula L.

(Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae), Antidesmaacidum Retz., Phyllanthus emblica L. (.6Euphor- biaceae), Stereospermum neuranthumKurz viL Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (ciBignoniaceae). Nhtlng cay Ieo than 96 tdAyleo), thtid'ng rt't ldn, li ddc didm ndi bAt ctialoai rtlng niy. Tdng sd 55 toei da ddoc ghinhAn trong sd d6 65% sd loAi li rung 16 theo

mtia. MOt sd loii didn hinh gdm c6 Millettiacinerea Bth. vA M. extensa (Bth.) Bth. ex Bak.

(Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), Combretumlatifolium Bl. (Combretaceae) vd Congea

tomentosa Roxb. rrar. tomentosa (Verbenaceae).

Ba mtldi lodi cAy bui dA dr.idc ghi nhAn 11

rrlng nta rung 16 - tre nfa d Doi Suthep, trongsd d6 63% li todi rung 16 theo mtia. M6t sd

loii ti6u bidu c6 Helicteres elongata Wall. ex

Boi. r.i H. hirsuta Lour. (Sterculiaceae),

Desmodium gangeticum (L ) DC. r,i D.

velutinum (Willd.) DC. ssp. velutinum(Legum- inosae, Papilionoideae), Sericocaiyx

quadrafarius (Wa11. ex Nees) Brem.

(Acanthaceae), Phyllanthus sootepensis Craibvi Sauropus hirsutus Beil1e (both

Euphorbiaceae). Tre (Cramineae, Bambusoideae),

c6 rdt nhiou, ddc biAi cl nhi.lng ving bi x6o

tr6n nhidu hon. NhtTng loAi ti6u bidu hon g6mc6 Dendro- calamus membranaceus Munro, D.

nudus Pilg vi Bambusa tuida Roxb.

it "tr;t 38 lodi thttc v4t bidu sinh da dtiocghi nhAn tai rrlng nt'Ia rung 16 - tre nrla d DoiSuthep. Chting chr,i ydu thu6c 3 nh6m:Moraceae (sung, phAn ldn sd niy b5t dAu tt]cu6c sdng cira nhtrng lo)i thtic vAt bidu sinh),

Orchidaceae (phong lan) r.d Pteridophytes(dtiong xi). Nhtrng loAi ddc bi6t ti6u bidu g6mFicus microcar pa L.f. (Moraceae), m6t loaicAy xanh quanh ndm; Cymbidium aloifolium(L.) Sr,r,. (Orchidaceae), m6t loai cAy bui xanh

quanh ndm thAn nhidu nr-idc vA dtiorrg xi,Platr 6s1ium wallichii Hk. vd Drynaria boniiC. Chr. (dOu Id Polypodiaceae rung i6 theo

mia). Thuc vAt bidu sinh sdng ky sinh xanh

quanh ndm Scurrula atropur purea (Bl.)

Dans. (Loranthaceae) chi xudt hiOn d rr-lng nttarung 16 - tre nr.1a.

Mdt dit gAn nhti trd trui viro mia kh6(thdng 11 ddn th6ng 4). Nhfrng cAy th6o m6cdAu ti6n xudt hi6n li gdng (vi du Globba nudaK. Lar. vh Kaempferia rotr-rnda L. (Zingiberaceae)),

phong lan

TR6NG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO 23

CAC LOAI RU'NC

H6p 2.2 - Xem x6t loii tdch

Tdch c6 le 1i loii cAy ndi ti6ng nh{t cr:ia

Thdi Lan. C6 thd dE ding nhAn ra qua l6p v6 cAy

miu nAu cdt cria n6 vdi nhfng r.5t ntlt doc vin6ng vcli nhilng chidc ld to trOn tdn cAy, loii cAy

nila rung 16 niy trr.ldc day da tr,ing thdng tri trOnr{t nhidu khu tr"lng thu6c vr.ing d{t thdp d miOnBic Th.1i Lan, gid dAy kh6ng cdn nhri \ray nfla.

Sti kiet qu6 cia tdch li do g5 cira n6. Bdnden kh5 tin, d6 ding cham duc vi nhin rdt depmdt, 95 tdch r{t tuyQt viri dd lam ri nhi, s;innhn, dd dac n6i tht't, d6 thd cring, thr.ry6n vi cAu.

edt dAu irl thd kli 19, nhilng c6ng ty khai th.lc 96clAr.r tiOn ctia ntidc ngoiri r.'ir sau d6 Id cr-ia Th6iLan da khai th6c 1i6n tuc cac rr,Ing go tech o mienBaic Thdi l.an dd gid dAy nhfing cdy 96 tdch 16n

tt.f nhien rii kho tim tha'y, ngoai trui d mt,[ raiVddn Qudc gia nhr-t Mae Wong r.ir Mae Yom.

Tdch c6 khd ning phuc h6i tu nhi6n d6ngkd vi d nhilng ndi thAm chi chi c6 m6t vii cAv

tdch trr.i6ng thirnh cdn s6t lai, nhr,Tng cAy gidngcon c6 thd tdng tnitlng nhanh ch6ng m6t cech tlinhi6n, ddc bi6t trOn nhfing n6n ddt dm. Tdchkh6ng iluoc xem li m6t lodi tao khr.rng rdng bdivi nci kh6ng thu hirt duo-c c6c loii d6ng vAtphAn tdn hat, nhdng ndi nio kh6ng c6 tdch, thivi6c tr6ng tdl tao rrYng dd phuc h6i rrlng rrta

rung 16 - tre nr,1a sE trd n€n chua -lAy du n6r-r

kh6ng c6 tdch trong danh sdch nhfng loii cAv

dr-idc tr6ng. Tdch cirr-rg c5 thd duo-c tr6ng ir-

nhrlng noi cin kh6i phuc lai rr-lng c6 gi6 tri kinhtd cao trong tr.idng lai, nhting cd giing cldng tacr

ra nhilng khu rr-lng don d6c m6t loii tech.Do tdch c6 gi6 tri, nhi6u vr-idn tidm c6r, di

tr6ng tdch nhuhg vi6c gay gidng c6 chon loc dib,it diu "thuin ho.r" loii nav, ri r;y carr.t.rnt [,ao

moi cAy con idy trY c6c vddn uom phai dtidc tr6ngtr-l cdc ngu6n hat gidng hoang clai 6 dia phr,ioirg.

Ngoii ra, phzii 1dy hat gldng tal dddi nhiingciy rir'ng o dia phtiong co tren 20 ninr trr,ii(kh6ng phii cAv trong vr.tdn). DC kh6 qui tr.r

nhi6n khoing 2-3 ng)y vi b6 cdi cliri mcing cli.

NgAm qui trong nrldc qua dOm; sau d6 phoiniing cho kh6 vio ban ngiy. L.ip lai chr-r trir-rh

ni,v kho.lng 1-2 tuAn. Gieo hat that mong trongnhilng kha,v dorn mAm dd d noi c6 dA,v cfui .inhs.1ng mit trdi, dlm bio ring nhriing cAy con dliocr,idm kh6ng che tdi c6c hat tiom. ViOc r.ion.L bjidAu sar-r 10 ngdy vi tiep tuc trong kho.ing 90

ng.iy. Tdng sd phAn trdm hat ntiy mAm thr-io'ng

tren 50"o. ('ie cir con tiep ir.rc i,i ng IruLing. Ir,\nqciic h6p d noi hoi m6t. Cdc cAy con thrto'ng sa-n

sing cld gico tr6ng trong vdng m6t nim sau khi1ua hat gidng.

Tdn lri otl qud T€'clt (Tectona grandisL. f . (Verbenaceae)).

(vi du Geodorum siamense Rol. ex Dor\'.,Nerr.ilia aragoana Gaud. vA N. plicata(Andr.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae)) vd cd1. ho rdr-nhtl Amor phophallus macrorhizlls Craib(Araceae), thudng nd hoa r.do thdng 4, trr-i(r'ckhi 16 xudt hiCn. Sau nhtrng coh mlia clAll

ti6n vlo th6ng 5, c6 th6m nhidu loii nd hoanhti Curcuma par r.iflora Wa1l. (Zingrberaceae),

Geodorum r ecur vum (Roxb.) AIst.,Habenaria thailandica Seid. vi Peristvlusconstrictus (Lindl.) Lindl. (tdt c;1 loiiOrchidaceae) vd lodi cAy leo Stemonaburkillii Prain (Stemonaceae). Tcll gitiath6ng7, nhi6u lo)i thio m6c kh6c da chin,kd ci nhi6u lodi ddng minh cria dtiohg xinhu e.g. Selaginella ostenfeldii Hier.(Selaginellaceae) \ a duong rr chSng han loaiAnisco- campium cumingianum Pres1,

Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pichi-Ser.(cd Athyriaceae) vi Dryopteris cochleata (D.

Don) C. Chr. (Dryopteridaceae), vdi nhtlngchidc 16 hinh ltioc c6 hai hinh thdi. Tdithing 8, mit ddt dtioc bao phir bdi thimthtic vAt th6o m6c da dang ddv dic, thdmthuc vAt niy sE lai chdt vi bi thiOu chdyngay khi bdt dAu mrja kh6.

{: ti.ElqJ -! 1, ,.

r 1'\ -|/'\\ "-l!**l 1+r#. iq.? I ) -r'A:-'/' &r{

- I a -"ara

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TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo

CAC LOAI RLTNG

Nhfrng th6ch thiic dic biQt khi phqc hdirrlng nffa rgng 16 - tre nifa ln gi?

Vdn dd ldn nht't ddi vdi viQc phuc h6irtlng ntta rung 16 - tre niia ld tre. Tre l)nhrlng cAy thdn c6 khdng 16 vi crlng nhtic5c lo)i c6 khdc ching canh tranh ctt'c kymanh m6. HO thdng 16 ddy d4c ctia chringkhai th6c ddt mOt cAch triet dd; chting taora b6ng m6t ddy ddc v) vdo mda kh6 chringlim nghet thd nhfng cAy con gAn d6 bXng

nhrlng l6p rAc th6i dly ddc do 16 rungxudng. Do d6, bdt ky cAy n)o drtoc trdngcanh c6c kh6m tre ldn ddu kh6ng thd canh

tranh vi dAn dAn sE mdt di. Vi vAy, viOc

kidm so6t (chrf kh6ng phAi loai b6) srr ph6ttridn ctia tre ld cAn thidt dd c6 thd tr6ng cAy

drloc th)nh c6ng trong rdng ntla rung 16 -

tre ntla (Xem hinh 2.3). May mdn thay c)nhtre v) mdng tre ld nhfrng s6n phdm rt't hrluich, vi thd ngridi dAn dia phttong thudngkh6ng cAn khuydn khich cfrng khai th6cchfng, mang lai cho nhrlng cAy tr6ng cd h6isdng s6t cao hdn.

Nhr1ng cAy c6 nh6 hon tiOu bidu ctiardng nt?a rung 16 - tre ntla c6 Oryzameyeriana (Zoll. & Mor.) Baill. var.

granulata (Watt) Duist. (Cramineae),

Microstegium vagans (Nees ex Steud.) A.Camus viL Panicum notatum Retz. (cd

Gramineae). Cing vdi tre, chting dn chtlanhidu nguy c6 ch6y rdt nguy hidm. Vi vAy,

viOc rAy c6, xAy dring vinh dai tr5ng r.d

m6t chtiong trinh chdng ch6y rtlng c5 hiOu

quA li ddc biOt quan trong trong viOc phuch6i loai rtlng ndy.

H6p 2.3 - Xem x6t loiri tre

Tre ld nhtTng c6y c6 "thdn g6" khdng 16

thudc ho Gramineae, nhenh Bambusoideae.

Tr6n L.400 lohi tre ph6t tridn chir ydu 6 khuvtlc nhi6t ddi vi cAn nhi6t ddi vdi tr6n 25 loiidtioc tim thdy d mi6n Bdc Th6i Lan. M6t vailoii khdng 16 cao tdi 15m vi c6 dtidng kinh30cm. Chr-ing ld loAi thlic vat thAn g6 ph6ttridn nhanh nht't tren thd gidi vi thu6c mQt

trong nhfing lodi hrfu dung nhdt. CAy tre c6

m6t h6 thdng thAn 16 dridi mdt dt't (thAn cAy),

ttl d6 nhitng ch6i mdng (cong) ph6t tridn.Nhrlng c6i cong d6 c6 mt'u hinh vdng khuy6nvd c6c gi6ng r6ng. ViOc dAm cinh xut't hi6n &

c6c mdu, vi ld ph6t tridn td c6c cdnh d6. Kdtcdu bing g6 r6n chfc vA rSng bOn trong ct'ra

nhtrng cAy tre ldn hon khidn chring rt't kh6etrong khi nhttng cAy trdc m6ng hrrn lai c6 sri

mdm d6o ctic ky: thudc tinh khiSn cho tre trdthinh vflt liOu ldm ngh6 thir c6ng viL vAt 1i6u

xAy drrng vdi nhi6u t6c dung. CAy trdc drroc

stl dung cho c6c loai xAy dting lim d6 dnngtam thdi vi chting duoc ch6 ra vir v5t dd limchiSu vh rd 16. NhrTng ch6i non (mdng tre) lhm6t loai rau rt't dtidc tia thich trong m6n dncria phriong D6ng.

MQt vii lodi tre ndi tidng vi thtidng ndhoa tdp thd, tfc ti c6 thd sau hing thflp kiph6t tridn ctra cdy, tdt ce clc cAy ctia mQt loiicing nd hoa vd sau d6 c6c cirnh hoa tr6n toirnb6 rang tre ddng thdi cing chdt, tao ra vd sd

hat. C6c loii dn hat kh6ng thd en hdt hat trevi vAy m6t sd hat cdn sdng s6t dd ph6t tridnthanh thd h0 tre tiSp theo.

Tre drloc chia thinh hai loai: monopodial(hay moc thdnh bui); vd sympodial (hay mocdon 16).

Nhr"Tng cAy tre moc thinh bui moc ra mdtloai c6c cinh 6' gAn nhau tr6n cting m6t bui.Nhtrng cAy nAy c6 xu hridng sinh ra nhfrngcdnh kh6e hdn so vdi tre moc dctrr 16 vi vi vAydrroc st? dung r6ng rdi hon cho xAy dting nhe.

Ngr-idc lai, loai tre moc dc,rr 16 c6 16 rdt dii c6

thd t6a ra rft sAu dlidi ldng ddt. M5i ddt cfia16 c6 thd sinh ra mdt cAy mdng mdi, tri d6 mQt

hO thdng 16 mdi c6 thd ph6t tridn. Trong khiddc didm ndy d6i khi rdt c6 loi ching han nhrtkidm so6t sd x6i mdn ciia ddt, nhrtng n6 cflngcho ph6p nhrlng cAy niy trd nOn ctic ky bdnhtrtidng vir cin tr& sti b6m 16 vi tdng tnldngcria cAy.

Ndu vi6c phuc h6i rtYng bi de doa bdinhf,ng cAy tre bdnh trti6ng, cAn phii kidm so6t

tre. Cdt mdng tre c6 thd ld vi6c lim c6 hi6uqu6, nhring ndu vi6c d6 kh6ng dtioc gi6m s6t

chdt ch6, n6 s6 thric su kich thich su lan t6actla 16 tre. Vi vfly, loai thudc diOt c6 c6 hd

thdng nhri glyphosate (khoanh vring) c6 th6dr-roc 6p dung dd cit cec gdc mdng gidt ch6t

thAn 16 cria cAy. Tre li tiOu bidu ciia rtlng nt?a

rung 16 - tre nfa n6n cAn cdn thAn kh6ng duocloai bo chting hoan toan.


CAC LoAI RL]NG

Nhfrng ddc didm phAn bi6t cria ring nifarung l6-sdi (DoF) ln gi ?

Rilrrg nr,?a rung 16 - s6i thridng ph6ttridn 6' nhtlng ving kh6 cdn nhdt hodc bitho6i hrla nht't, ttl chAn thung lflng 16n tdi d6cao 800-900m, thddng ph6t tridn doc theonhfing rdng ntii c6 it hodc kh6ng c6 ddt tr6ndinh, moc xen k0 v6i rdng nt?a rung 16 - treniia 6 nhfing rinh dm. DAy ld rrlng thr.1 sinhthtidng xiy ra chdy rtng, dt't bi x6i mdn vinhrlng ydu td gAy x6o tr6n kh6c han chd suph5t tridn cira rrlng thinh rtlng nt?a rung 16

- tre ntla vi cudi cing thinh nlng Tdch.

Dd nhAn ra loai rdng ndy, h6y tim kidmnhtrng cAy thdp ltin (hi5m khi cao qud 20m)

tao thdnh mOt t6n rtng md hodc kh6ng ddu.Didn hinh ld tAng dridi met ddt bi thdng tribdi cdc loai c6 vi 16ch. Nhfrng cAy leo thAn

96 rdt hidm vd tAng cAy bui gdm chfi ydu 1inhflng cAy con ctia c6c lodi cAy phd bidn.Kh6ng c6 nhilng cAy tre ldn.

d rdng nta rung 16 - sOi, trOn 80% loiicAy hoin todn li cAy ntla rung 16, rung 16

vio mia khd vd xanh trd lai thddng ld trddckhi vio mt]a mtia. Vdi khoing 100 iodi cAy,

trong sd d6 24 lodi la phd bidn vi rdt nhieu,rtng nt?a rung 16 - s6i tr.iong ddi k6m phongphir v6 c6c lodi cdy so vdi c6c loai rrlng kh6c.

Vdi 16 to vd quA ldn c6 c6nh moc ra tdddi hoa, c6c lodi cAy nt?a rung 16 ro rdng ldd6 nhAn ra nhdt vd ld loii cAy ti6u bidu trongioai rtYng ndy. O nhi6u trong sd cdc vring bitho6i h6a nhi6u nhdt, ddc bi6t ld doc theoc6c ngon nfi, Dipterocar pustubercuiatusRoxb. rr.ar. tuberculatus (Diptero- carpaceae)

gAn nhu dd thdng tri, nhdng d nhfng sddnddc thoai thoai hay d nhtlng vting d6 dmthdp, lodi niy c6 xu hr"idng b1 thay thd bEilodi D. obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. var.obtusifolius. C6c lodi cdy moc 6p dio khdctrong ho cAy nt?a rung 16 c6 Shorea obtusaWall. ex 81. vd S. siamensis Miq. var.siamensis.

Sdi va d6, nhfing thinh vi6n ctia hoFagaceae, li nh6m lodi c6y d6 nhAn rath(i hai, ddc bi6t nhfrng khi chting c6

qud, mdc dti nhidu cAy cfrng xudt hiqn6 nhfng loai rdng kh6c. C6c lodiQuercus kerrii Craib var. kerrii, aaliena Bl., Q. brandisiana Kurz, Lithocarpuselegans (81 ) Hatus. ex Soep.,

ddc biot rdt phd bidn. O nhfrng noi chdyrr.Yng thridng xAy ra, s6i va d6 c6 thd rt'thidm ho.1c kh6ng xudt hiOn, nhtlng ndunhrtng ving d6 duoc b6o v0 kh6i ch6y trong30 ndm hodc hdn, chring s6 dAn tti phuc h6ilni, voi dieu kien vin cdn ciy trdclng thinhcho ra hat d gAn d6 (Kafle, 1.997 vir Meng,7997). Loiti co nh6 Phoenix loureiri Kunthvar. loureiri (Palmae), dtitlc goi nhri vAy b6in6 thr,idng nhir 16 mdi ttY m6t thAn 96 sau

khi bi ch6y, id m6t lodi chi thi rat d6 nhan racr.ia ioai rdng ndy. Nhr1ng lodi cAy ddc trtlngkhric cci Gluta usitata (Wall.) Hou t'dBuchananialanzan Spreng. (c6 Anacardiaceae),

Craibio- dendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W. Sm.

(Ericaceae), Strychnos nuxvomica L.(Loganiaceae), Tristaniopsis burmanica (Criff.)Wils. & Wat. (Myrtaceae) r.A Anneslea{ragrans Wall. (Theaceae).

Rilng ntla rung ld - sOi chi nu6i ddo-ng

14 lodi cAy leo thAn 96, trong sd d6 cdc loiirung 16 theo mia Spatholobus pan'iflorus(Roxb.) O.K. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae),Aganosma mar ginata(Roxb.) G. Don(Apocynaceae) vd Celastrus paniculatus Wilid.(Celastraceae) la phd bidn nh6lt.

CAy bui (29 loni) r,ir c6c cAy nhd (48

lodi) rAlt d6i ddo. M6t Vii vi du phd bidn ld:Heiicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae), Grer'r'ia

abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. (Tiliaceae);Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. r.d

Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex DC. (ciLeguminosae, Papilionoideae); Card- eniaobtusifolia Roxb. ex Kurz vir Pavetta fruticosaL. ("d Rubiaceae), Strobiianthes apricus(Hance) T. And. (Acanthaceae), Premnaherbacea Roxb. (Verbenaceae) vir Breyniafruticosa (L.) Hk. f., (Euphorbiaceae).

Lai dint ch6i tit nhlrng dditg tro sntL chdy

rimg, loii co Phllollg Hoittg (Phoenix

lou'ei.ri Kttt.tlt ear, lorLreiri (Pnlmne)) liru6t loiii chi thi ciln Rimg ntn rtLng ld.

.,1:/

Castanopsis diversi tolia King ex Hk. f. r irC. argyrophylla King er Hk. t. (lo;i cuoicing li m6t trong sd rdt it nhtlng ioAixanh quanh ndm 6 rtng nrla rung 16 - s6i)

]:.€;tr26 TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAO

CAC LOAI RTJNG

Nhr.Tng cAy leo thtidng thdy d nhtTng khuvtic bi ch6y g6m c6 Dunbaria bella Prain(Leguminosae, Papili- onoideae), Solenaheterophylla Lour. ssp. heterophylla(Cucurbitaceae) vA Streptocauion juventas(Lour.) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae).

Trong sd 47 loiti thr-ic vAt bidu sinh dtrocghi nhAn d rting nita rung 1A - s6i d DoiSuthep, c6 Ie ti6u bidu nhdt li loii Dischidiamajor (Vahl) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae), do hinhthdi la thtidng ctia nd vi sd 1i6n k6t cira n6 v6iIodi kidn. Loii cAy nhy moc ra nhtTng chidc 15

hinh nhri qui b6ng, 6 b6n trong ki6n lim td.Nhr,Tng minh vun chdt htTu cct do kidn du'avAo cung ct'p cho cAy ddt, d6 dm vd cht't dinhdtidng. M6t vii ioii phong lan bidu sinh cringmoc tr-i nhien trong ru'ng nria nrng la - soi.nhrJng m6t vdi lodi da bidn mt't do bi khaith6c qu6 mt?c dd lim trang tri. C6c loii phonglan bidu sinh ti6u bidu li: Cleisomeria lanata(Lindl.) Lindl., Cleisostoma arietinum (Rchb.

f.) Caray, Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw.,Dendrobium lindlevi Steud., D. porphyrophyllum Guill., D. secundum (Bi.) Lindl.,Eria acervata Lindl., E.' pannea Lindl.,Rhynchogyna saccata Seid. & Caray vA Vandabrunnea Rchb. f. Hai lodi dtldng xi bidu sinhcung thridng g?p trong rttng nr-ta rung i6 - s6i1i: Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. vh Platy-cerium wallichii Hk. (Polypodiaceae).

TAng mdt dt't bi thdng tri bdi c6(Gramineae) vi 16ch (Cyperaceae), chring bikh6 di vdo mrla n6ng, cung cdp cht't ddt cho

nhtlng ngon 1da. M6t sd iodi c6 th6ng thtidngbao g6m Apluda mutica L., Arundinella setosaTrin., Eulalia siamensis Bor, Heteropogoncontortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. viSchizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) AIst. C6ciodi l6ch gdm Carex continua Ci., Cyperuscuspidatus Kunth, Rhynchospora rubra(Lour.) Mak. vd Scleria levis Retz. Ph6ttridn girta cdc loii c6 c6 m6t sd loii gtng(Zing- iberaceae) phd bidn nhri Curcumazedoaria (Berg.) Rosc., Clobba nuda K. Lar. viKaempferia rotunda L. Cdc lodi th6o m6c mocdtldi mAt ddt c6 Barleria cristata L.(Acanthaceae), Platostoma coloratum (D. Don)A.J. Platon (Labiatae), Striga masuria (B.-H. exBth.) Bth. (Scrophulariaceae) vi Aeginetiaindica Roxb. (Orobanchaceae); hai loii sau cr.ing

Id sdng k;f sinh tr6n c6c 16 cAy. D6ng minh cira

dtiorrg xi, loii Selaginella ostenfeldii Hiern.(Selaginellaceae) viL c6c loii drrong xi Adiantumphilippense L., A. zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn viCheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. (tdt ci d6uli Parkeriaceae) th tiOu bidu cira thim thtlc vAtdtidi mdt dt't cr-ia rdng ntta rgng 16 - s6i.

O "h,fng

khu vtic bi ch6y,6' nhtTng noicao hoYr cria rtlng nt?a rung 16 - s6i, thOng(xem Hilh 2.1) cung ph6t tridn gitTa cdc lodicAy nrla rung id v) s6i. Kidu rtlng kh6 hidm

thdy niy dttoc gOi ld rrlng nr?a rung 16+Th6ng(Rrlng nt?a rung 16+PINE).

Nhifng th6ch thfc d4c bi6t khi phuc hdi ritngnr?a rung le - s6i le gi?

HAu hdt c6c khu nlng nr.la rung 16 - s6ivdn di trtidc dAy dd bi x6o tr6n do chat phevi vi vAy dd bi xudng cdp sau hdng thap kfbi. chit d6n dd IAm cdi, bi stic vflt gam phd vich.ly rr.)ng thtrdng xuy6n. C6c khu rrlng nrlartrng ld - soi hien dang dudc phuc hoi hiu hetd6u c5 dt't qu6 nghdo dd c6 thd ph6t quang virtr6ng lai hoAn toin. Ngridi ta thtidng giti laim6t sd cAy cdi coc hay c6c gdc cAy cfia m6t sdloii ctic kj. nhanh phl.rc h6i (thridng li nhiinglohi dtio-c phAn t6n nhd gi6). Di6u niy c6nghia 1A sd cAy duoc tr6ng c6 thd bi gi6mtlidng fng (thridng ld chi khoing 200-300

cl.y/rai = 7.250-1.875 cAy /ha) dd brl lai matd6 ctia c6c cAy hay gdc cAy cdn lai. Vi6c phuchdi thr,tiing tQp trung vio tr6ng dd lnm phongphri th6m nhhm i) ting sti da dang ctia cdc

lodi cAy hiOn c6; ii) dria vdLo c6c iodi cAy c6

qu6 nhi6u cni ht'p dAn c6c d6ng vAt hoang davd iii) c6i thi6n didu ki6n ddt (ching han blngc6ch tr6ng cAy dAu).

O nhtng ving ddt thdp, mAt dQ dAn ctrli cao nhdt, vi r.AI mAu thuAn gitTa muc ti6uphuc h6i rtng vd nhu cAu cfia con ngridi td r61t

1dn. Vi6c cam kdt E mtlc d6 cao cda cdc c6ngd6ng 6 dia phrrong c6 vai trd quan trongnhlm ngdn chdn nhtrng sd xdo tr6n c6 thd gAynguy hai cho cAy tr6ng. Vi vAy, viOc gi6o ducviL quan h6 c6ng ddng li rdt quan trong chosd thdnh c6ng cr.ia viOc phuc h6i rtYng. C6 khovd r6c 16 cay cung cdp nhi6n 1i6u l1i tr.i6ng choch6y. Vi vAy, nhtlng bi6n ph6p phdng ch6y ldddc biOt quan trong d nhflng khu rtYng ntarung 16 - s6i. Di6u ki€n ddt rdt nghdo nhn, vdid* de ong, bi x6i mdn nghiOm trong, h0

thdng tridi ti6u b1 han chd, mfc dd dinhdudng ciia dt't tht'p. Vi€c ddo hd ir6ng cdy 6nhtTng vting ddt nhti vAy rt't kh6 khdn, vi vdychi phi lao dQng dd trdng cAy c6 thd cao. Vlomtia kh6, nhtrng ting ddt phia tr6n dc bi khotrong khi vio mia mtta dAlt lai bi no ntidc dothodt ntidc k6m. Didu nAy lim ngat 16 cAy,gidt ch6t cAy trdng. Phdt tdp phrl vio 16 vi sr.?

dung cht't gen polymer khi tr6ng cAy c6 thdgir-'rp gi6m hiOn tddng cAy chdt ngay sau khitr6ng. Tridi cAy ngay sau khi tr6ng cflng c6 thdgitip tdng khi ndng sdng s6t cda cAy trdng.ThuO xe chd nddc ndu c6 thd tiSp cAn khu d6bXng dddng b6. B6n phAn thudng xuyOn ldviOc lim b5t bu6c vA c6c bi6n ph6p cii thi6ndt't tnrdc khi tr6ng nhtt b6n phAn xanh cringn6n dridc xem x6t. C6 dai moc kh6 chAm d c6cving rtlng nr?a rung ld - sdi, vi vf,y vi6c phdtc6 c6 thd kh6ng cAn thtidng xuyOn nhr.t vdi c6ckhu rting thdong ranh.

TR6NG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAo\.F^l 27

P

CAC LoAI RUNC

IJ6p 2.4 - Xem xdt cic loii cAy nifa rung 16

Ho cAy r-rila rung 1d g6m gAn 600 loii thu6c16 gidng. HAu hct c6c loAi ddu Ii_cAy bir-r dia dving Nam hodc Ddng Nam chAu A. Dudi 50 loiiph6t tridn d ChAu Phi i.i chAu Mi nhi6t ddi.Trong ph6o dii \.rlng chic d D6r'rg Nam A ciraminh, cdc loli cAy nrta rung 16 chiSm uu thetrong m6t sd loai rdng vi dr.lcrc bidt ddn nhd tinhda dang vi phong phir cr,ia minh. Nhrlng loi\i cao

hon li ctic k!' ndi bat trOn c6c t1'ri trddng g5 nhi6tddi qudc td cung nhu d6p r-1ng ddo-c nhu cAu vdg6 trong ndclc.

Nhda, dAu vi tanin cr-rng li nhfrng sinphdm c6 gi6 tri 1t'v tr,i cAy nua rr.rng 16. Nhr-ia

duoc chidn xudt bing cdch kho6t m6t vdt I6mhinh chi5c b.1t trong thAn cAy vd roi dd kh6 phAng5 d tron n6 dd kich thich tiSt nhua. Nhda dadr-toc c6 dic dr-ioc goi liL "dammar", trdn khi d6dAu loing drioc goi lir "gr-rr jr.rn". Nhua 16ng

trong d6 c6 rrhtr'ng chdt dAu thidt ydu (n1'rua dAr-r)

duoc sr-i clung nhu'mot tlrirrlr phin trong c.rc

phrittng thudc chr,la bQnh tru,v6n th6ng, dr-toc

dring lim nhi6n li6u l6trg r.i dting trong nginhc6ng nghiOp nddc hoa. Gurjun dlidc sii clungthay thd cho dAu lanh trong son dAu vi d6 ddnhv6cni. Gurjun, 1a'y td loii Dipierocar pusturbinatus, cung duoc srl dung dd Iin-L dudc, mticvir duoc tr6n vcli dammar dd tr6t thuydn vichdng tht'm nr-Idc cho tre. Tanin It'y tr-l ld vi vocua cAy Dipterocar pus tubcrculatus dtfclc sr,l

dung dd thr-r6c da.

Ngay 6fr 6 nhrlng khu ri'ng ntra rrng 16 -

s6i bi xr-rdng cip ning nd r-rhit, caic loii cAt, nr-ia

rurrg l.i thrfdng drfoc dtroc thc hicn ri, r,tnS qtr.t

nhr-Tng gdc cAy clang dAm chdi trd lai vi nhtlngciy cdn s6t 1ai. Ngoiri ra, do hat cda cAy duo'c

phin tjn nhd gio cho nen thLidng tlri khung cinphai tr6ng cAy lai. Hiu hdt cdc loiri cAy nila nu-rg

td d6u kh6ng dat c6c ti6u chi cira cdc loii iacr

khung rr.Yng (PhAn 5). Chirng tdng trddng chAmclrap v) kh6ng thu hr-it cic loiLi hoarrg di phAnt.1n hat, nhung chirng; lir mdt phAn quar-r irongcr.ia ci rdng nrla rr-rng la - sdi vi rrlng h6n giao.Vi vAy, c1 nhr,Tng noi chirng di bi tuyOt chring,vi6c trdng ciLng r'6i cic loii tao khung rr-)r-rg c6

thd ddy nhanh sd phuc hdi k6t cdu cic 1oi\i bandAu cria toai rdng cao nh{t niy.

CAy nr.ta rrng 16 kh6 c6 th6 nh.li-r gidng tr-Y

1'rat, bdi vi chrlng nd hoa kh6ng cld bio trti6cdricrc vi hat cr,ia rit cdng. Cdc nhi ngl'LiOn cfuvAn chua ph6t tridn duoc c6ng nghO cldng iir-i c.irdd ct't trrt hat sdng ddcic lau hon r.)i tuAn. \'i r ar'viOc ldy nhflng cAy dai thtidng 1t\ ciich thr.ic te

nhit c1'ro vi6c tr6ng cAv con de' trdng rr-ing (rem

Hinh 6.1). Vi6c nhAn gidng civ li m6t lua cl-Lon

khdc nhu'ng d6 1i c;ich tudng ddi tdn k6n.r r-) ctl

nguy cd lim gi.1m khri ning tlray d6i gen trL)ng

c,ic lo.ri. Cic ni,r rrghit'rr ctitr d,i ph;t trierr r,hLl "-c6ng ngh6 cit do-n giin cldl vdi m6t so loai, r iviy hiy tdi td vdn chuyOn nrdn d6' tir.r-L c.ich ioinhdt cho cdc loii cAy mi ban mudn trdng

Li'y nluta tit ciy nita rung

li costntus ttttng d6'i cinnon. n.ir1 d ritng lrdn gitto

da gdn giAi ch€i n6.

Hni loii citl nin rung ld chi{m tu th{ oi li ilAu bidu ciln ritng nita rtutg li- sii d eic Thii Lan ri't ndi tiAl1g bdi nlirt'tg chi1'c Li diit1, to rii ldii,q L,r)

nh.ttng qtui lmch rtii l6n oin cdn dinh r:di cdtrh moc rn tit dii hon. Lodi D.

tuberctLlottrs (rinh trii) c6 ld oi quri to nhi't. Mic dn quri ciln n6 c6 critlt

nhmg chtirt;4 rdi ndng aii hhdng hay dtoc xo tril khi c6 rfiitng con giti ntottlr

ril1|i. Ching dtoc sinh ro t;io thing 4 thing 5 khi tdc dd gi6 dnt tdn t6'c

cao nhdt trong cdc con bio trtdc khi cd gi6 min. Loili D. obtusit'olius c6 lLi

ai quri nho hon m6t ch.it.

28-\.r-----1

qI RONC RUNC NHU THE NAO

CAC LoAI RilNG

PHAN 4 - LoAr ntlNc vALirm sao c6 thd x6c dinh dtictc loai rtngban dAu?

Hidu duoc minh dang ph6i giAi quydt vdiloai rrYng niLo sE c6 thd gifp ban quydt dinhduoc nhfng loii cAy cAn tr6ng vd chidn luocquAn l]ir cAn 6p dung sau khi trdng. Tuy nhi6n,trong nhfng khu vric mh nan ph6 rtlng dA t6ntai trong vii thAp kj,, vi6c x6c dinh duoc loairtlng ban dAu td rt't kh6 khan, d4c bi6t 6nhfing noi ching cdn mdy cAy ban dAu ciianlng cdn t6n tai. Trong hoin c6nh d6, kidnthr.lc cria ngtidi ddn dia phtiong trd n6n v6 gid.

Hay h6i nhrrng ngddi c6 tudi 6 diaphriong xem ho c6 nhd trtidc dAy nhfing loiicAy nAo da phdt tridn tr€n m6nh ddt sE drlocphuc h6i kh6ng. Hdy y6u cAu ho httdng dAnban di xem quanh nhrTng khu d6 vi timnhilng lodi cAy cdn s6t lai hay nhfing gdc cAy

dang dAm ch6i, rAlt c6 thd chting dd sdng s6tkd ttf khi vi6c phd rtng dien ra. Hdy 1da chonnhfng mAu 16 vd hoa (ndu c6) td nhtTng cAy

d6 vi nhd m6t nhi thlic vat hoc nhAn dangchr.ing. TrOn b6n dd, hay x6c dinh khu vdcrtlng gAn nhdt, d cting d6 cao vdi khu vtic sE

dttoc phuc hdi. DiALI tra cdc cAy d d6, thu thApcAy mAu vi nhAn dang chdng.

MOt khi ban dA chdc chrin dtioc t6n chinhx6c ciia nhfrng cAy di quan sdt, hdy tra nhfngt6n d6 trong c6c cudn s6ch thdc vAt hoc (quAn

thd thlic vAt qudc gia hay quAn thd thtic vAt diaphriorlg hay c6c ngu6n tren mang Internet) ddph6t hiQn xem chdng thridng ph6t tridn d loairrlng nio. Chdc hin ngu6n tdt nha:t dd khdpc6c lodi cAy vdi loai rtng dtioc tia thich ctiachr.ing d BXc Th6i Lan li co sd dt1 1i6u c6c lodithttc vAt vh c6c m6i trtidng rtlng 6 Vudn Qudcgia Doi Suthep-Pui da duoc Maxweli xu6lt bin.Cudn s6ch ndy drta ra nhfrng m6 tai chi ti6t cec

loai rr.lng ti6u bidu cda c6c ving niii phia BXc

(16n tdi d6 cao 1.685m) vd mdt danh s6ch tdngthd c6c lodi trong m6i loai rtYng (Maxwell vd

EIIiott, 2001). Nhttng t'n phdm ttiolrg td cfngrt't cAn thiSt cho c6c khu vric kh6c.

M6t khi dd c6 drioc m6t danh s5ch cdc

iodi cAy bin dia d6'i vdi loai rtlng sE drtocphuc h6i, hdy tim ra xem nhtTng loii nio drtocx6c dinh ld c6c lodi tao khung rtlng (xem PhAn9). N6u kh6ng, phdi ldm theo cdc btidc trongPhAn 5 dd x6c dinh c6c loAi thich hop cho viOc

thf nghiOm ldm c6c lodi tao khung rrlng. Timnhilng vi du dang t6n tai d rtlng gAn d6 vdbit dAu nghi6n cr.1u vAt hAu hoc vd lda chonhat (PhAn 6). Hay tr6ng chting trorrg c6c vrrdnridm va kidm tra ch(ng trong c6c khu trdngthr? nghiOm (PhAn 7).

CHI6N LUOC PHUC HdIM6i loai rdng lai c6 nhtrng didu ki6n

nhdt dinh, ddi h6i cAn di6u chinh ddi vdi c6c

hoat d6ng qu6n lf nhd sd ltiong vd c6c loiicAy tr6ng, phtiohg ph6p tr6ng, tAn sudt lim c6

vd b6n phAn... Nhtrng vt'n dA nAy dA dtiocph6c thAo trong c6c PhAn 3 vd 4. M6t khi dax6c dinh duoc loai rdng ban dang phuc h6i,hiy doc PhAn 7 vi di6u chinh chidn luoc tr6ngvh nu6i drrdng ttiy theo loai rrYng.

C6 phii c6 mQt sd loai rtng dddc rluti6n phuc trdi trdn cic loai rfrng kh6c?

Do vi6c phuc h6i rtng trddc hdt 1) m6tc6ng cu dd bio tdn da dang sinh hoc, cdc loairtng c6 d6 da dang sinh hoc cao vd nu6idrrdng nhrlng lodi qulf hidm hay dang bi dedoa cAn nhAn duoc stl tiu ti6n cao nht't v6phuc h6i. PhAn tich drtoc dtta ra trong Hinh2.5 cho thdy loai Rrlng thudng xanh c6 gid tribio t6n cao nhdt, cA vA d6 phong phti vd loii,c6c loiri khan hidm vh c6c loii bi han chd vO

mdi trtidng sdng vi cAn nhAn dtioc sri r-iu ti6ncao nhdt trong phuc hdi rrlng. Ngodi ra, ri?ngthrrdng xanh ld loai rdng trrong ddi hidm, bdivi ddt d nhrTng vdng cao it hdn so vdi ddt &

nhtlng vring tht'p. Do d6, dd c6 6nh htidngtich cdc nhdt ddn da dang sinh hoc, vi6c phuc

:;j..U. rtng thudng xanh cAn drtoc ttu ti6n

Tuy nhi6n, cung kh6ng dddc b6 qua c6c

loai rtYng kh6c. RtYng h5n giao cfrng 1A m6tm6i tnidng rdt hidm vi n6 ph6t tridn d m6tdei dO cao hep vA tia nhtTng ving ddt dm,thtidng d gAn nhtlng ndi ntidc chiy. RtYng h5ngiao cung c6 dQ da dang sinh hoc rt't cao. Xuhtidng ph6t tridn ciia n6 trong nht1ng hinhlang hep, doc theo nht1ng ddng ntidc, khiSncho n6 dac biQt dC bi tdn thrrong trddc sti ph6ttridn v6 co sd ha tAng d nhr1ng d6 cao trungbinh. Nhring dAp ngdn ntidc, nhd ctla, nhilngkhu nghi viL c6c sAn g6n, tdt ca dAu cAn ntidcvA dudng b6 c6 xu htidng chay theo c6c chAn

thung lirng, r.,i vAy ttng Rtng h6n giao thtidngtA loai rdng dAu ti6n c6 thd bi bidn mit.

Mdc dti rtYng ntla rung 16 - s6i c6 dO dadang sinh hoc thdp hdn so vdi c6c loai rrlngkhdc, nhring n6 c6 mfc d6 "dQc d.6o" riit cao,

vdi 28% lodi thtic vAt trong rtYng niy kh6ngthd ph6t tridn d c6c loai rtYng kh6c. Phdt tridn6 nhrTng vting ddt thdp noi con ngtldi cingsinh sdng, loai rdng niy ddc bi6t bi de doa bdigia sric gam ph6,, ch6y rting, do't 96 lam thanvd nhdt crii. Vi vAy, ngay c6 loai nlng tddngd61i nghEo nin v6 lodi ndy cring d6ng dd phuch6i n6u nhd n6 dang dAn bi bidn mdt.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo-\..:A

1

[q29

CAC.LOAI RIJNG

H6p 2.5 - C6c loai rtng vi da d4ng sinh hgc

Doi Suthep-Pui 6 midn Bdc Th6i Lan dd

drloc chon lim Vrrdn Qudc gia vio nim 1981

vdi diOn tich 25t km2. Th6ng tin vA m5i cAy

trong sd trdn 2.220 cAy c6 mach drioc tim tht'yd c6ng vi6n ndy (ching han vd sinh cdnh, m6itrr.idng sdng, dAi dd cao...) dd dtioc dda viro

m6t cd s& dfr li6u tren mdy tinh. PhAn tich crl

sd dtr li6u nAy dd cho ph6p xdc dinh duoc gi5

tri b6o tdn cira m5i loai nlng dtioc m6 t6 trongphAn niy (Maxwell aird Elliott, 2001).

Vdi 930 loii, rrlng thddng xanh c6 dO

phong phti vd loli cAy c6 mach cao nh6lt so vditdt ce cac loai rtng kh6c. Rdng nt?a rung 16 - trenrla vh rdng h5n giao cting rdt da dang vdi sd

luong c6c loAi trJorrg drtong nhau (740 vir 755).

Mdi trddng sdng didn hinh cira c6c ving bi x6o

trdn hay bi xudng cdp thdong nudi dddng ddoc

it lodi cAy nhdt, trong d6 rtlng nt?a rung 16 - sdi

chi c6 533 lodi v) rdng thddng xanh-th6ng chi

c6 540 lohi.1

Sd ltqng lodi ciy c6 mqch bi

han ch|'od m6i trtdng sdng tticdc loiii quy hidm hodc bi de

doa & m6i loqi rintg.

{&*&

4&$ |.

&s-srFlits

Rdng thrrdng xanh crlng c6 sd lrrong ldnnhdt c5c loAi cAy c6 mach bi "han chd vd sinhcinh". Vi vAy, su mdt th6m rttng thr.idng xanhse dAn ddn sd tuyQt chring nhidu loAi cAy vdnkh6ng ph6t tridn d nhiing loai rrlng kh6c.

NgtiQc 14i, rtYng h5n giao c6 sd luong it nht'tc6c lodi bi han chd v6 m6i trtidng sdng so vdic6c ioai rtlng kh6c. Sd lieu cring chi ra ringrr.Ing nfa rung 16 ld m6t trong nhrlng loairrlng d4c biot nhdt vdi 28 % s6 lodi thric vfltkh6ng xudt hiOn 6 cdc loai nlng khdc.

RtYng thddng xanh cflng c6 nhi6u lodi qullhidm hodc dang bi de doa hcm so vdi bdt kyloai nlng ndo kh6c. Phuc h6i rrlng thridng xanh

vi vAy s6 md r6ng mdi trddng sdng cho sd

lrrong rdt ldn c6c lodi quli hiSm hodc dang bide doa vd c6 thd giip c:,;lr dddc nhidu loeitrong sd d6 kh6i tuyQt chfing.

l-n in?o M6t*& cAv reo

CAY LEo THAN G6

CAY BUI

i_:]

x

otftg

Lo4i rrlng sd loei chi c6 d m6ilo4i rilng (% clQ

phong phir vd loeisinh sdng)

Sd loei quj' hidm hoic bi de

dqa (% c16 phong ph( vd loiisinh sdng)

EEF 230 Q5"/.\ 314 (34%\

EGF-PINE t2o (22%) 141 (26%)

MXF 58 (8%) 1,47 (79%)

BB.DF 147 (7e%) 1,35 (27%)

DOF 1s0 (28%) 1,27 (23%)

!cAv-

Sd ltqng cdc loiii ciy c6 mach

cia mdi loai ritng 6 Vtdn Qudt

gia Doi Suthep-PtLi, dtloc chia

nhd theo sinh cdnh cia ciy.

30 TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

'ffi itr+d

t'r'

.A\

PHAN 3

J"tu,.:';Fd.,i,

*7 \,

RA\HIEU vE TAI TAo nUNc -

rAr Hec rU rU NHrEN

f * +* * * * + * * * * * * * * * f * f, x * * * * * * t * * * * * + * *

I

rY rnuyer vE srj prEN ru6 nUNccAc NcudN rAr srNn nUNc

at?TAM QUAN TRQNG CUA PHAT TAN HAToQNc vAr Ary u4r

SU NAY MAM.^,.^?^

SU THIET LAP CUA CAY CONLY THUYET srNn rsAr ve cHAy nUNc

NufINc roAr sdNc s6r

'M1t trong "hyg

hinh phat crta, gido fu1c sinh thdi d6 ld con ngrdisong trong m6t thd gi6i diy thtdng tich"

- Aldo Leopold

r$f,{ '{fffi

l$*4,+;,''t,a{'u i,

-1cd cuE rAr rao nUNc

Trong cdc khodng trdng do ciy bi dd trong khu rimg cdn nguyAn zten, sx di6n thd aian ra nhanh chong. Nhttng cky cd qui (A) cho

mQt h.rqng hat roi xudng ddi rAi dhy ddc (B). Ritng ciy xung quanh tao ra m6i trtlng sdng cho nhrtng dQng oQt phit tdn hqt (C).

Nhrtng ciy bi phn htiy (D) oh cic gdc cfry (E) phil tridn trd lai. Cic ciy non (F) zth cky con (G) tntic ddy bi kim hnm b&i tin ritngddy dic gid dny phdt tridn nhanh ch6ng. Chc hat trong ngudn hat gidng roi tr€n mdt ddt ndy mim (H). Trong nhftng khu zttc rlnglon bi litn pha do ron ngtbi, hriu hit cric co chi'tn nhiin trong tdi tao rin1 nhy diu khdng sfr dung daoc.

TAI T4O RL]NG

.?A\'HIEU vE raI TAo nUNc -

sAr Hec rrr rp NHIEN

M6t vii ngtidi c6 quan didm li n6n dd nhrrng khu vtic da kh6ng cdn rrlng dtloc h6i ph+c m6tcdch tu nhi6n vA vi6c kh6i phuc lai rtYng li sri can thi6p kh6ng cAn thidt vdo trl nhi6n. Quandidm niy d6 kh6ng nhAn ra rXng tinh hinh di6n ra 6 hAu hdt c6c khu rtlng trdng r6ng ldn khdcxa vdi "tri nhi6n".

Con ngrtdi kh1ng chi phd ring; ching ta cdn phd cdc co chd ttii tqo nlng t{ nhiAn.

Vi6c loai b6 hAu hdt c6c loii ddng vAt ldn phat ten hat blng c6ch sdn bXn gid dAy da khidn chortlng phdt tridn tdi da hAu nhrr kh6ng thd tti phuc h6i theo c6ch trt nhi6n. Con ngrldi cflng gdyra hAu nhd tft c6 c6c chdt ch6y lim ddt ch6y nhfing cAy non c6 thd thiSt 1Ap duoc. Ndu khdngc6 n6 lrtc nhim phuc h6i nhfing co chd t6i tao rtlng trtidc dAy, hAu hdt tdt ci c6c khu rdng trdngtrong ving nhi6t ddi vAn sE bi thdng tri bdi c6c loii c6 th6o m6c vA chdy ning vin thdong xuyOnxAy ra. ViQc phuc h6i rtlng chi li m6t n5 ltic cira con ngtidi nhim didu chinh vi6c tao ra qu6

nhiOu khu nlng trdng rdng ldn m6t c6ch "phi tr,i nhi6n". Sd thanh c6ng ctia n6 phu thuQc viovi6c hidu bidt thdu d6o c6c co chd t6i tao rdng ttl nhi6n. Vd tidp d6 ld ph6t tridn nhfrng biQnph6p nhlm phuc h6i chring (xem PhAn 4 vd 5). Vi vAy, trong phAn n)y chting t6i s6 dr.ia ra m6tc6ch nhin tdng thd vd sti t6i tao tr.I nhi6n cria cdc hO sinh thdi rr.lng nhiOt ddi khd theo mia, chtiydu dtia trOn nghiOn ct?u cria FORRU vd c6c rtlng trong khu Vddn Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui 6miAn BXc Thdi Lan.

UVBT VE PTBN THE RUNG

Cdc nhd sinh th6i hoc coi vi6c t6i taortlng ld m6t vi du cu thd v6 di6n thd - m6tloat cdc thay ddi c6 thd dri b6o drroc trong cdutrfc vi ct'u phAn cria hO sinh thdi theo thdigian md ndu dd cho di6n bidn theo qu6 trinhd6, cudi cing s6 dAn tdi m6t hO sinh th6i cudicing vd dn dinh goi 1A h€ sinh thdi "phdt tridnt6i da". HO sinh thdi ph6t tridn tdi da, ddi vdimoi khu vttc, ddu phuc thu6c vAo loai ddt vdc6c di6u kiQn khi hAu.

d ootlg Nam A, d nhtng ndi neo lddngmda hdng ndm vridt qu6 1.000mm, hO sinh thdiph6t tridn tdi da cflng 1i m6t dang rdngnguyOn sinh nio d6. Vi6c x6o trdn rtngnguyOn sinh bXng c6ch chat ph6 rtYng, ddtrrlng, v.r,... khiSn cho n6 trd lai hO sinh th6itam thdi trtidc d6 trong mdt di6n thd kd tiSpnhau dttoc goi li "giai doan thuoc chu5i". Motkhi vi6c x6o tr6n chdm dr?t, nhfng thay ddi v6kdt cdu lodi sau d6 dien ra do sd triol-rg tdcgitTa thric vAt vi d6ng vAt vdi m6i tnidng sdngxung quanh cira chting. CAy bui che b6ng cho

c6; cAy che b6ng cho cAy bui vi cdc loii cAy

ti6n phong cAn dnh sdng cudi cing 1ai bi che

b6ng bdi nhr1ng loii ph6t tridn tdi da chiudrioc b6ng rAm.

Vi vAy, bai c6 bi xudng cdp lai tr& thanhrdng, rr,ing niy ngdy cirng rAm rap hon, phfctap hon vd co cdu vA phong phti hon vd loai,bdi vi c6c qu6 trinh kd tidp nhau ddy n5 tditinh trang ph6t tridn tdi da.

Stf kh6c nhau gi(fa c6c loii cAy ti6nphong vi c6c loii cAy ph6t tridn tdi daln gi?

C6c loii cAy c6 thd ddoc chia ldm hai loai,phu thuQc vAo thdi didm chting xudt hi6n trongdi6n thd rtng. Nhtng loiri cAy tiOn phong idnhtng loii dAu ti6n xAm chidm ving kh6ngcdn rrlng. Qua nhiAu ndm, khi chu6i d6 tidntridn, chting dAn drroc thay th6 bdi c6c lodi cAy

ti6u bidu cr.ia rr.Ing trr-fdng thdnh; vi vfly chdngdlt'da goi 1d c6c lodi cAy ph6t tridn tdi da.

Stl kh6c bi6t chinh giila c6c cAy ti6nphong v) cAy ph6t tridn tdi da 1) hat ctia cAy

ti€n phong n6y mAm chi khi c6 dir 6nh s6ng vdcAy non ctia chting khdng thd ph6t tridn trongb6ng rAm do sri che phfr ciia t6n rdng, trongkhi d6 hat cria cAy phdt tridn tdi da c6 thd nAymAm trong b6ng rAm vi cAy non cira chting c6

thd ph6t tridn khdng cAn 6nh s6ng.

C6c cAy ti6n phong ph6t tridn nhanhch6ng vd khi cdn tr6 cAy thddng cho rdt nhiOuqu6 nh6 vi hat cira chring dtioc phdt t6n nhdgi6 vi nhfrng chir chim nh6. Hat ciia cAy ti6nphong drioc phdt tdn de dang vdi khoang cach

rdt xa vA c6 thd nXm ngd trong ddt tnldc khin6y mAm khi c5 kho6ng trdng vi ctidng d66nh sdng tdng 16n. Tuy nhi6n, mdt khi tanrr.Ing da dcing, kh6ng c6 cAy non nio cda cdc

loAi ti6n phong c6 thd ph6t tridn ddn ltictrtidng thir-rh dtioc.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAo-\;:.433q

TAI TAo RLING

C6c lodi cAy ph6t tridn tdi da ph6t tridntrong nhi6u ndm, chring cirng cd vi tri ciiaminh trong hO sinh th6i rtlng trddc khi nd hoa

vi kdt qui. Chting c6 xu hddng cho hat 1dn,

dtio-c ph6t tdn bdi d6ng v4t v) kh6ng ngtid6ng, c6 ngu6n dti trtl thr-1c dn 1dn c6 thd nu6idddc cAy non, trong khi d6 chting phdt tridnrdt ch4m chap trong diAu ki6n rAm mdt.

Vi vA1,, c6c loii cAy ph6t tridn tdi da c6

thd phuc h6i dlidi b6ng rAm cfra chinh minh.Di6u niy lim tang kdt ct'u loii ttrong ddi dndinh ctia rr.ing phdt tridn tdi da.

Trdn thric td, sti kh6c bi6t giila c6c loAicAy ti6n phong vd cAy ph6t tridn tdi da kh6ngdr-idc x6c dinh 16 ring. M6t sd loii cAy c6 thdkdt hop dic didm cia loii cAy ti6n phong vicAy phdt tridn tdi da. Ching han Schima

wallichii (Theaceae) Id cAy xanh quanh nim c6

hat nh6 dttoc ph6t t6n nho' gi6. Loii niynhanh ch6ng xAm chidm nhr.Tng d6ng 1da bi b6

di 6 dO cao 950-1.400 m, thd nhung ngtidi ta

thtidng thdy n5 phdt tridn rdt ldn trong rdngxanh 16 quanh ndm kh6ng bi x6o tr6n. Ngoiira, nhiOu loii cAy ph6t tridn tdi da c6 thd ph6ttridn cltioc nhu' c6c loii cAy ti6n phong khidr-toc trdng trong nhf,ng khu rtlng trdng.Nhrlng loii cAy niy kh6ng bi han chd bdi cac

di6u kiOn kh6, n6ng, ning cda khu rtlngtrdng, nhting lai bi han chd do thiSu su ph6ttdn hat b6'i vi hat cr-ia chring thudng ldn viduoc ph6t t6n bdi d6ng VAt.

DiAu nhy c6 nghia li chtiong trinh trOng

cAy kh6ng cAn ph6i gidi han chi 6 c6c loii cAy

tiOn phong. N6u duo-c hia chon cdn thfln, c6c

loii cAy ph6t tridn tdi da cfrng c6 thd duoc tr6ngd6ng thdi vdi ioii cAy tiOn phong dd b6 qua

chu6i vd t6i tao rr.Yng nguyOn shh nhanh ho:r

ndu dd n6 ph6t tridn tr-i nhi6n. Vl vAy, chu6i c6

thd dtioc ndn cA 16n trddc 15n vd sau. Vi6c chdt

ph6 cAy kim hdm n6 trong khi d6 c6c hoat d6ngphuc h6i rtlng 1ai ddy nhanh n6 vd phia trti6c.

VAy tai sao rfing kh6ng phit tridn trd laimQt c6ch trf nhi6n?

Ndu tri nhi6n c6 khi ndng ttr phuc hdiddng cht'r i nhd vay, tai sao 14i cAn ph6i phuch6i rdng? Khi m6t cAy bi chdt dd xudng ddt dtrong rtYng, m6t 16 hdng dttoc tao ra trong t6nrrlng. LAn dAu tiOn trong nhidu thAp kjr, mitdt't ctia rtYng dttoc tXm trong 5nh s6ng, di6undy kich thich s{ tranh dt'u manh m6 gitra v6sd c6c cAy non vi cAy con dd ph6t tridn vd lAlp

ch6 trdng. Chi c6 chy ndo ph6t tridn nhanhnhdt mdi chiSn th5ng. TAlt ci c6c cAy kh6c se

tin 1ui trong b6ng m6t cda k6 chidn thdng.Trong vdng vdi ndm, cAy bi chdt sE dr.ioc c6c

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAO

lodi nt'm vi mdi stl dung, gi6i ph6ng cht'tdinh dtidng cria chdng viLo trong ddt. Tai vi tricira n5, m6t cAy kh6c se dtlng vao, co the 100

nim hodc horr cho tdi m6t ngiy, mdt trAn bdo

cu6ng phong c6 thd 1ai ddy n6 ngd xudng dt't,lai drioc taii sinh nhr-i c6c cAy tftidc d6.

Trong nhfng khoAng trdng nh6 trongrr-)ng nhi6t dc1i, cdc qu5 trinh tti phuc h6i trinhi6n di6n ra m6t c6ch c5 hi6u qui dd manglai sd phuc h6i nhanh ch6ng cira rtng. Ngtldc1ai, d nhrlng khu vdc r6ng ldn kh6ng cdn

rtlng, sti phuc h6i cira rrlng hodc li rdt ch4mhodc li kh6ng hA xiy ra.

Nhiing khu rtlng trdng r6ng ldn c6 thd bitao ra bdi nhilng thdm hoa tri nhi6n nhr-i nirilda hay ldc, nhung nhtlng chuyQn d6 rt't hidmxAy ra. Ngiy nay, su tirn ph6 rrlng r6ng 1dn

hAu hdt ld do c6c hoat dQng cia con ngddinhtt ddn rting, ddt phd rting iam nlidng riy viph6t tridn cd sd ha tAng. O nhrlng noi stl xdo

tr6n thlidng xuy6n di6n ra, chu6i tr{ nhiOn bic6n trd tao ra m6t h6 sinh tfuii tidn ph6t tridnt6i da t6n tai dai ding (ddoc goi 1i "plagio-climax"). Trong nhilng hoin cinh nhti rrAt, c6c

cd chd di6n thd tu' nhi6n kh6ng dr"i khi ningdd phuc h6i he thdng sinh thdi rtlng ban dAu.

Chu ky tho6i h6a phii bi ph6 vd bing cdch

1dm mdt tdc dung nhiing y6u td ngdn c6n stlthiSt 1Ap cria cAy vd 6 nhrlng ndi mA ngu6nhat li c6 han thi cAn ph6i trdng cAy.

Nhfrng ydu t6'nio h4n chd sti t6i tao criarrlng 6 nhrfng khu rdng trdng rQng ldn?

d ,.rt-r.l.,g khu rtng trdng r6ng 1dn vi rt'tthodng do bi ddn 95 ho4c canh t6c, viOc thidtlAp cha cdc cAy rtlng phu thudc vdo c6c hatddoc phAn t6n viro khu vdc d6. Hat phii roixudng mdt ddt noi di6u ki6n phti hop cho sd

niy mAm ciia chting vA chting ph6i tho6t kh6isti chd 'i cia c6c d6ng vAt dn hat. Sau khi nAy

mAm, c6c cAy non phii canh tranh dr,idc vdic6c loii c6 dd giinh It'y enh s6ng, d6 dm virchdt dudng chdt. Nhfng cay dang phdt trienphii tr6nh kh6ng bi chdy hodc kh6ng bi c6c

gia stic dn. V) v4y, nhrlng ydu td han chd sd

t6i tao rtng ii:

& rniSu ngu6n hat& fnid, t6c nhAn phdn t6n hat&* OOr.g vAt dn hat& pdt vd cdc di6u kien tidu khi hAu khong.

pht\ hop cho sri n6y mAm vd sti ph6ttridn ban dAu cria cAy non

& Su thdng tri cfia c6 thio m6c& ct-ray'& OOtlg vAt nuOi phd

-\-6:,l

234

TAI TAO RIJNG

MUC z - cfuc NGU6N rAI r4o nUNc

Tdt ci c6c cly ddu b6t dAu trI hat, vi vAy di6n th6 rrlng phg thuQc chri ydu vio srf xudthi€n cria cdc lodi cdy c6 qu6 gAn d6. d mdt khu vtlc rOng ldn kh6ng cdn rdng, mOt sd lodicAy c6 thd drroc dai di6n bdi m6t v)i c6 thd r6i r6c, ddn d6c bing c6ch nio al6 dd tho6tkh6i bi ch4t ph6, hodc c6 thd c6 nhrlng khoAnh nlng cdn s6t lai s6n sinh ra hat ctia nhidulo)i cAy hcrn. KhoAng c6ch tr) ngudn hat c6 6nh htfdng rdt l6n d6n tdc d0 tAi tao rrlng vd

d6 da dang vA lodi cAy ph6t tridn lai 6 bdt ct dia didm ndo. Nhr1ng cdy cho qu6 kh6ng chi

cung cdp hat dd t6i tao rdng md n6 cdn thu hrit nhrlng d6ng vAt dn qu6 phdt tdn hat. Vivdy, viQc b6o vO nhrlng cAy cho quA 6 khu rtYng trdng sE thric ddy manh m6 qu6 trinh t6itao rtYng td nhiOn.

Khi nio ciy rilng cho h4t?

Trong mQt khu rrlng nhiet ddi, viOc ra

qr| rdt kh6c nhau gitTa cdc 1odi, girla c6c

khu vrlc v) gifra c6c ndm. HAu hdt c6c lodicAy ddu ra qu6 m6i ndm m6t lAn, nhttngm6t sd lai ra qu6 m5i nem 2 lAn vd m6t sd

loii nhri co talipot (Corypha umbraculifera)lai chi c6 mdt sd kiOn 16n ld ra qu6 trudc khichdt. (kidu ra qu6 drioc goi, li "monocarpy").MOt kidu ra qu6 nrla thtldng thdy 6 c6c lodiFagaceae (s6i va d6) vd c6c loii cAy nr?a

rung lii Dipterocarpaceae ddoc gSi la"rrrasting", khi todn bO loli ctng ra q.uA rdtnhidu vi cring m6t hic vdi ndm m6t lAn.

C6c lodi khdc nhau ra hoa vd kdt qu6 dnhfrng thdi didm kh6c nhau trong ndm,

nhtt g I cdp c6ng d6ng, c6c chu ky kdt qu6

vA phdt t6n hat theo mria ld 16 rdng, d{c bi6t6 nhrlng khu rdng nhiet ddi kh6 theo mr)a.

Nghi€n cr.1u nhfrng chu kj' theo mr)a niydtroc goi 1) vQt hAu hoc vd rrlng.

T4i Vrrdn Qudc gia In Doi Suthep-

Pui, cdc lodi cAy c6 hat drroc ph6t t6n nhdgi6 c6 xu hudng ph6t tridn quA v) hat trongmia kh6. Rft it loai ph6t t6n nhd gi6 ra qu6

vlro mia mria. Stt ph6t t6n hat cAy nhd gi6dat dinh didm vdo cudi mia kh6 v)o th6ngtd, khi 43"/, c6c lodi drloc phat t6n nhd gi6trdt hat. Kh6ng c6 gi ngac nhiOn khi cli6u

nly cring xAy ra khi nhfrng ccrn gi6 manhnhdt xudt hiOn trong c6c cdr-r bdo tnldc gi6mtia (Elliott vd cOng sn, 1,994). Ngtldc lai, sd

ltto. ng c6c loii cAy drroc ph6t t6n nhd d6ngvQt ra qu6 kh6 nhi6u quanh ndm, nhtlngtdng dAn vlo mia mrla, dat dinh didm vdocudi mtia mtia vdo thdng 9 (k}iii 37'/" cdc loiicAy dtioc phAn t6n nhd c16ng vQt c6 qu6)(xem Flinh 3.1).

Ifinh 3.1 - Chu k! ra qui theo mia & cdc lohi ciy dqc phit tdn nhd dQng r:Qt ((283 lodi) od phit tdn nhd gi6 (136

loiii) , Vttn Qu6'c gia Doi Suthep-Pui , Bic Thdi Lan (nguin: Co s6 dl liQu zt) thdo mQc cia CMU , I. F. Maxwell)

144

pa

100

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60

40

2A

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THf NAO 35

TAI TAO ltU'NG

Hinh 3.2 Sou khi khdng cin ritng, qua

thdi ginn sd ltqng cdc lodi cfrt1 ritng ban

diu dqc dqi di?n b&i cLic hnt c6 tltd sding

dtoc trong cic n.gudn h.tlt gi6:ng roi tuAn

mit dit giim theo hint mil. (sd hAu fi cic

thi nghiQm tai atdn Ltdm cill FORRU).

Ngudn h4t gidng rdi tr6n mAt ddt li gi?

Ngu6n hat gidng rcri tren mat dft la s6luong cdc hat c6 thd sdng drroc hi6n c6 trongm6t ltiong ddt nio d6. N6 thlidng dtio-c dobing cdch ldy nht1ng mAu ddt d trung tAm(thtid'ng duoc chia nh6 theo d0 sAu), rdi sd dt'td6 vio c6c khay iidm, tlidi ntt'dc cho nd r.iL sau

d6 d6m sd ltiong hat n6y mAm. N6 thr-idngdrioc thd hiOn bing sd hat tr6n Ln3 ddt. DdnghiOn cr-?u vd stl t6i tao cria nlng, ngudn haigidng roi trOn rndt dt't c6 thd dtloc chia thlnhc6c hat cdn 1ai ttI rtng ban dAu rri c6c hatdtio-c phdt t6n ddn khu vtic d6 kd tLY khi sr.i tinph6 rtYng x6y ra.

0 nhfng ndi sti ph6 rrlng trai dtt'o.'c tidpndi b8i nh,Jng stl x6o tr6n k6o dii vi ldp dilep lai, rdt c6 khA nang 1i c6c hat cdn lai trirrlng ban dAu kh6ng thd ti6ng vai trd quantrong trong vi6c tdi tao rtlng. Mdc dr-i m6t sdloii cAy vAn tao ra hat c6 thd sdng trong ddttrong 2-3 nim, nhring hat cria da sd cAy nhiOtddi ddu mt't kha ndng phdt tridn trong vdngvhi tuAn hay vii thdng sau khi dtioc ph6t t6n.

Trong s6 262 Todi hat cAy d midn BXc

Th6i Lan duoc thrX nghiOm trong vudn r.totn

nghiOn cfu ctia FORRU, chi c6 5,3% hat duoctao ra c6 thdi gian sdng tdi da trOn 1 ndm(xem Flinh 3.2 d tr6n).

Vi vAy, d hAu hdt c6c khu rrlng trdng viindm hodc horr, ngu6n hat gidng rdi trOn mitddt g6m cdc hat dtioc ph6t t6n ddn khu vticd6 tt nhlTng cAy dn qu6 gAn d6. Sd phet tenhat c6 hi6u qu6 ttl c6c cAy trong rtling gAn d6sang khu rtlng trdng vi vAy cr.lc ky quan tronggirip sti t6i tao rrlng tri nhi6n c6 thd di6n ra.

180 270 360 ,150 5,10 630 720 810 900

THdI GIAN (NGAY)

Ngoii hat ra c6 cdn c6c ngudn t6itao rrYng kh6c kh6ng?

M6t sd loii cAy c6 thd ph6t tridn tid laitr) cdc gdc cAy gii hay c6c b6 phAn cira renhidu ndm sau khi cAy gdc bi ddn (Hardu.ickvi c6ng sri, 2000). Nhting ch6i nhm ngu xungquanh 16 cria m6t gdc cAy c6 thd tu nhi6n mocnhri 16n, thr.idng s6 tao ra m6t viri cAy mangrndi. HiOn tridng niy duoc goi 1i dAm chdi 1ai.

C6 c6c lodi cAy phdt tridn tdi da va cAy tiOn

phong d6u c6 thd phdt tridn trd lai theo c6chnAv (de [i.ouw, 1993). C6c gdc ciy dAm ch6i laithridng ki6n ctidng hoh tnldc ch6y vi sri ph6h.oai cr-ia c6c loii d6ng vAt so vdi c6,c cAy nonniy mAm ttl hat. Dda vio ngu6n dd trfi thlicdn trong 16 cAy, chr-irng cci thd nhanh ch6ngphdt tridn vlidt nhr-Ing d6m c6 xr-rng quanh. \/ithd, sti h6i phuc nhu vAy cd thd ddy nhanhding ke sr.i [hiet l.rp lai do che phu cua ning.Do d6 bio r.6 nhfrng gdc cAy gir-ip cho r.i6c t5itao rdng c5 thd bit dAu trong khi ndu phd htiychting s6 thm qu6 trinh d6 chQm Iai.

Sti kh6c nhau gitTa c6c lodi cAy vd khinang dAm chdi lai Ii rt't ldn vi kh6ng c6 m6tvAt mAu phi hdp ndo dd c5 thd du do6n loiindo c6 thd dAm ch6i lai, loai nao khong.NhrTng gdc cAy ldn c6 xu hrtdng c6 nhr-Tng

chidc ch6i kh6e manh hoh vi nhidu hon so vdicdc gdc cAy nh6. Ngoii ra, nhilng gdc cAy cao

hon cd khA ndng chiu drloc ch6y, ph6 hoai ciac6c loii ddng vAt vA sri canh tranh ctia c6 tdthon nhtTng gdc tht'p, bdi vi nhrlng gdc cAy d6thlidng cao hdn chi6u cao ctia nhtTng thii phahoai kia.

O Uft .rf khu rtlng trdng nio, cdc lodi cAlz

phuc hdi ttY gdc cdy cr.Ing chiSm m6t phAn nh6trong toin b6 c6ng d6ng cAy ban dAu cia hO

sinh th6i rtYng hic trddc. Mic di nhfrng cAy d6c6 thd ddy nhanh stl phuc h6i cd ct'u rtng, vdnrdt cAn phii c5 srl ph6t t6n hat dd phuc h6i stiphong phti vA c6c loii cAy cda rdng ban dAu.

150

100

36 TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAo

TAI TAo RIJNG

A\?.MUC 3 _ TAM QUAN TRSNG CUA SU PHAT TAN HAT

Hat rdi xu6'ng dt't le gi?

Hat roi xudng ddt bao gdm todn b6nhrlng hat roi xudng m6t khu ddt nhit dinhnio d6. N6 thrrdng ddoc do bing c6ch sr?

dung c6c bAy hat dd gitT hat roi xudng cdc 6mAu nh6 trong khu ddt da bidt vi duoc thohi6n blng s6'hat tr6n 1mz trong mdi thdng, v)thrldng dttoc chia nh6 theo loii cAy, th6i quenctia cAy (cAy, thAo m6c, v.v...) hay cd chd ph6tt6n. MAt dd vi thinh phAn c{c loAi cria nhrfnghat rdi xudng dt't tron mot khu ddt da bi m51t

rrlng phu thuQc vdo d6 gAn cfia nhrlng cAy c6

quA vi hi6u qu6 ctla c6c co chd ph6t tdn. dkhu vric gAn vdi rtlng cdn nguyOn ven, lddnghat rdi xudng ddt dly ddc nht't vi g6m nhiduioii cAy nhdt cdn d trung tdm nhtTng khu rtingtrdng r6ng ldn chdng rdt thrra th6t.HAu hdt cdc cAy non n6y mAm ttY hat thiSt lAptrOn nhdng khu rrlng trdng r6ng ldn dAu nAymAm tt} c6c hat bay ddn inhd gi6 hodc dochim, doi hay c6c lodi vAt kh6c mang ddn. C6c

hat roi xudng ddt bi ydu ld m6t trong nhrTng

nguyAn nhdn chfnh dAn den kJr6ng c6 stf phuch6i cria rrlng hoic sd phong phri vd lodi trongsd c6c c6ng d6ng cAy xAm chidm trong c6c

khu vrlc d5 rdt k6m. Vi vAy, vi6c khuy6nkhich ph6t tdn hat ld m6t y6r t6 sdng cdntrong qu6 trinh t6i tao rtYng.

Phit t6n hat nhd gi6 quan trong thd nio?

d ,tntng khu rrlng thu6c midn BXc Th6iLan, viOc phdt t6n hat cAy nhd d6ng vflt phdbidn hon ph6t t5n nhd gi6. Trong sd 475 lodicAy drtoc ghi nhAn d Vtrdn Qudc gia DoiSuthep-Pui, clni c6 29ok ld dtioc ph6t t6n nhdgi6. Trong c6c khu rtng nr?a ntngl6-sdi,44okc6c lodi cAy (xdp xi 62% sd cAy) nhd vdo gi6 ddph6t t6n hat. Ngrroc lai, trong nhfng khu rdngxanh 16 quanh ndm, chi c6 21"h sd lodi cAy (gAn

11% s6 cAy) ld duoc ph6t t6n nhd gi6.

Nhffng d6ng vAt nio phit t6n hat?

HAu h6t ciic loii cAy d6u nhd c6c con vdtdd ph6t t6n hat. M6t sd hat dffi vdo 16ng vddr.roc chuydn di tr6n cd thd phia ngodi cria convAt (goi ld ph6t tdn "bOn ngodi co thd dQngvAt"). Thddng thi c6c d6ng vdt dn qu6 vd vrltdi ho4c nudt hat (duoc phdt t6n trong khi 6trong ru6t) vd r6i duoc th6i qua phAn 6 cdchxa cAy bd me (goi l) phdt t6n "b6n trong cdthd d6ng vAt"). Nhtlng qu6 d6 thrldng c6 mdus5c sdc sd dd thu hrit c6c con vAt vd c6 nhi6ucni dd ldm phAn thrldng thfc dn cho nhrlngcon vAt ph6t tdn chring.

Vi vfly, ph6t t6n hat tt nlng tdi c6c khurtlng trdng phu thuQc vio nhring con vAtthrrdng di chuydn gifa hai m6i trtldng sdngd6. Tuy nhiOru rdt hidm d6ng vAt lai d6m maohidm tdi nhrlng khu vrlc th6ng tho6ng do sobi cdc lodi kh6c dn thit. So vdi gi6 thi c6c lodiv4t ld nhrtng lohi ph6t t6n hat khd IA k6m hiOuqu6. Ngoai tn} chim vd doi, hAu nhrr kh6ng c6

lohi nlo dn qud rdi di that xa mdi th6i hat.Ngodi ra nhidu toai hat lai b! rdng nghidn haybi dich vi ph6 hriy.

Kich cd ldn nhdt ctia hat drroc ph6t t6nnhd bdt ky lohi d6ng vAt ndo crlng d6u phuthu6c vdo kich cd miOng cria dQng vdt d6.Trong khi nhtlng lodi d6ng vAt nh6 vAn kh6 Idphd bidn, nhfrng loii ldn hon c6 kh6 ndngnu6t hdt nhfng hat 16n lai dang bi x6a sd rdtnhi6u do sin bdn. Vi vAy,nhttng hat nh6thlidng dtioc ph6t t6nd6 dhng hctn ddnnhring khu nlngtrdng nhd nhfngcon vdt nh6 b6hon la nhr1ngd6ng vAt ldn.

C6c hat dtroc phdt tiin nhd gi6 thrfdngnh6, nhe vd thrrdng c6 c6nh dd ldm chAm qudtrinh rung xudng dt't cho ph6p chting bay ditr.rdng ddi xa. Vi vAy, nhfrng lodi cAy drrocphrit t6n nhd gi6 thddng c6 thd x6m chidm c6c

khu vdc bi mdt rtng khd ld d6 dAng. Ndu diduki6n hi6n tai cho ph6p nht1ng loAi nhy dtioc Voi c6 thd phdt tin nhilngthiSt lAp m6t c6ch trl nhi6n thi kh6ng cAn phai httt rdt l6n tit rihtg sangdrra chring vdo c6c chrlong trinh tr6ng rdng. nhtrng khu ritng trdng.

TRdNG RIJNG NrrU 1116 ivAO 37

TAI TAO RIJNG

Trong qu6 khtl, nhr.Tng d6ng vAt dn c6 ldn16 rAng li nhtTng lodi ph6t t6n hat quan trongnhft ttl trong rrlng ra nhtlng khu rtlng trdng.Voi, t6 gi6c vi stic vAt hoang dd thddng an

qu6 trong rtlng vd xudt hi6n nhtrng khu vticth6ng thodng viio ban d6m dd gim c6. Vdichidc miOng r6ng vi di rdt xa, nhtTng con vatd6 c6 thd nudt rdt nhiAu hat vir vAn chuydn dirdt xa. ViQc loai b6 nhfng d6ng v4t c5 vr'l toldn ndy trong nhiAu khu vlic sinh sdng trtldcdAy ctia chting trong mdy thAp kf gAn day giddang lim han chd vi6c ph6t t6n hat cira nhiOu

lohi cAy c5 hat r{t ldn. (Corlett vi Hau, 2000).

Do bidt bay, chim vi doi cung cd thd ph6t t6nhat di rdt xa. Trong sd c6c loii chim, lodibulbul dac bi6t quan trong. Chring rdt phdbi6n trong rrYng vi ld nhrtng vi khdch thddngxuy6n cria nht1ng khu rr.lng trdng, ctich rtlngtd nhi6n vdi km (Scott vi cdng sd, 2000).

Chting phat t6n hat cia rdt nhiou loii cAy

(Sanitjan, 2001), dridng kinh 16n tdi 14 mm qua

kho6ng cdch rt't dai bdi vi chfng gitT hat trongbQ m6y ti6u h6a dddc t6i 41 phft (Whittaker

r.iL Jones, 1994). CiLc'loii chim thddng gAp

khdc cfrng c6 thd g6p phAn vio lttong hat roixudng ddt E nhfng khu rtlng trdng, trong d6c6 mynahs, chim d6 cii, chim 6c Id, chim h6t,

chim cd d6, chats, chim mdt tr2ing, chim h6t

ctidi vd chim 96 hoa (flowerpeckers) (Cor- lettvA Hau, 2000). Nhi6u lodi trong sd niy li loiidn sAu bo d6ng thdi ciing in qu6 nhu kiduthfc dn chay ctia chfng. GAn rr.ing nguy6nven, nhrTng chti chim cu miru xanh, chim m6

stng phridng D6ng nhidu miu s5c vd d cao

hon ld chim cu 96 ch5c hdn cring d6ng vai trdtrong vi6c ph6t t6n hat.

Chu|t lii loiii dn hat chil y|:t trong cdc khu ritng trdng d miin

Biic Thii Lan. Anh hr.ting ciia ching d€n sil sdng cila hat dtgc

do bdng cdc thi nghiAm b€n ngodi l6ng. (Ifinh 3.1).

Loii doi 5n qud ld nht1ng loii ph6t t6n hat rdtquan trong bdi vi chting bay rAit xa vd thA hat

xudng trong khi bay. Tuy nhi6n, kh6ng nhtihAu hdt c6c loiii chim, loii doi hoat d6ng v6

d6m vi kh6ng thd x6c dinh drloc chfng blngdng nhdm. Vi vay, hAu nhrr kh6ng c6 nghidnct?u niro v6 r.ai trd ctia doi trong vi6c t6i tao

rr,ing. NghiOn crlu v6 dol cAn dtioc r.lu ti6nnhdm cd,i thiOn nhilng ky thu6t tii tao rtlngl.Nhfing loii d6ng vAt c5 vd khdng bidt bay

cdn t6n tai phd bidn vi c6 khA ndng ph6t t6n

hat gitTa rrYng vA c5c khu vtlc bi tho6i h6a

gdm c6 lon rdng, huou, lon it?ng, vd c6c loiicAy htiorrg nhttng mdt lAn ntTa hAu hdt do th6iquen hoat d6ng v6 d6m ctia chting md hi6nnay c6 rdt it th6ng tin v6 khi ndng phdt tdn

hat ctia nhfng loiri vAt niy.

Hat ddoc ph6t tin bao xa?

HAu hdt hat cAy roi xudng c6ch cAr'

me trong khoAng vii m6t. Mat dd "che phirctia hat" ctia mdt cAy giAm manh khi khodngc6ch d6 tdng 16n. Tuy nhi6n, theo Clark (1998),

khoing 10% hat cAy dtioc phet tan rdt xa td 1-

LOkm. HAu nhr.i ngrrdi ta kh6ng bidt duoc r-6

thdnh phAn cira hat roi xudng ddt trong

kho6ng c6ch xa nhu vfly bEi vi rdt kh6 c6 thd

tinh todn dr.ioc. Tuy nhi6n, dAy cflng li r-dn d6

quan trong cAn cAn nhdc khi thidt kd c6c dti6n phuc h6i rtlng dic bi6t li v6 mat khodng

c6ch ddn c6c 6 phuc h6i rtYng ttl rr-lng cdn

nguy6n ven va vd dnh htidng cfia n6 ddn khinang phuc hdi dO phong phti crla c6c loii cAr'.

lchrrong trinh nghion crlu Chiang Mai r.,d phuc h6i dit rrlng bi tho6i h6a nhim b6o t6n cldi s6ng hoang di6 D6ng Nam A, PhAn 7 cria Elliott, S., J. Kerby, D. Blakesley, K. Hardwick, K. Woods vA V.

Anusarnsunthorn (eds.), Phuc h6i nlng d6 bAo vQ ddi sdng hoang dd. orest. Dai hoc Chiang Mai (2000)

TR6NG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO38

TAI TAO RUNG

Ndu c6c hat dr,ioc nim s6u trong nhrTngkhu nlng hoang nAy mAm, chring pnii trannkh6ng bi ciic lodi vAt gidt chdt. M6t cay tao rart't nhidu hat trong cu6c ddi cria n6 ad tfruythd chinh minh, nhung n6 cung cAn sinh ram6t hat duy nhdt dd cudi cting ph6t tridnthinh cAy ldn tnidng thinh c6 khA ndng sinhs6i niy n6. CAy cAn c6 nhi6u hat ld vi hAu hdthat d6u rdi xudng trong cdc didu ki6n bdt ldicho str ndy mAm hodc chring bi cdc loii vAtph6 hriy. Do nhi6u hat c6 ngu6n dLt tnl dAuvi c6cbon hydrat phong phti, chting thddngtrd thanh nhring brta dn dAy dinh dtiOng chocdc lodi vAt. Trong khi m6t vAi hat c6 thd diqua drrdng ti6u h6a cr-ia d6ng vAt mA vinnguyOn ven, nhidu hat kh6c lai bi rang nghidnhodc bi ti6u h6a mft.

An hat ln gi ?

An hat ld vi6c phai huy khd nAng nAymAm cda hat khi d6ng vat'nghien hoal ti6uh6a phdi mAm ctia n6. DiAu nAy c6 thd x6y rakhi hat cdn dinh vdi c6y bo me (an hat tnidckhi ph6,t tdn). Tuy nhi6n nhting loii dn hat laic6 dnh hudng ldn hon ddn su phuc h6i criardng khi chting tt'n c6ng nhfng hat da drrocphdt ten ddn nhfng khu rrlng trdng (dn hatsau ph6t t6n).

Nhfrng loii vQt nio in hat trong rrlngdang phuc hdi ?

Nhfng lodi gdm nht'm vd c6n tring nh6,ddc bi6t ld kidn, li nhtTng lodi dn hat chir ydu.Trong nhrlng khu rrlng trdng d midn BXc Th6iLan, nhfing loii chu6t nhu Mus pahari, M.cookie, Rattus bukit, R. koratensis, R.surifer vd R. rattus ld nhr1ng loii dn hat thu6cb0 gam nhdm phd bidn nhA.t. Nhtrng lodi nAythrfdng thely d nhfng khu nlng trdng hon nhitrong rrlng c6y (Sharp, 1995). Ndu quil trinhphuc h6i rdng tidn tridn tdi mtlc t6n rtlng{Ong kin, sd d6ng vAr gdm nht'm s6 gi6md6ng kd (Thaiying, 2003). \a vAy, vi6c tidngcAy se iim gi6m sd dn hat cr,la d6ng vAt.

Kidn ddoc c6ng nhAn ld loii dn hat chtiydu 6 Trung vi Nam M/ (Nep- stad vi congsn, 1996), nhtrng khi ndng dnh hr-i6ng cr-iachting ddn sr-r phqc h6i rtng 6 ChAu A chi mdibdt dAu trd n6n 16 rdng (Woods vd Elliott,200a). CAn c6 th6m nhi6u nghiAn crlu vd th6iquen dn hat cr-ia kidn d nht?ng khu rrlng trdng6 Chau A.

PHAN4_ANHAT

Mq. aO in hat d c6c khu rrlng trdng c6thd la bao nhi6u?

d ttl, vric nhiOt ddi, trOn 90% loii cAy c6tr6n 50% hat bi c6c lodi vAt hodc ndm gidtchdt. Vi6c dn hat c6 6nh htrdng quan trong c6ddn viOc phAn bd cting nhti sd ddl dio cria cdcloii c6.y. N6 cting lA m6t ir.rc lrrong tidn h6a c6uy ltic halp d6n dd c6c loAi cAy ph6t huynhr.Tng co chd h6a hoc vd hinh th6i hoc kh6cnhau nhlm b6o v6 hat cua chdng ch6hg lai sdtdn c6ng ctla c6c loii vAt, vi du chdt JO., ,rdhat ctlng, v.v...

Mfc d6 dn hat li cfic ky khd do6n trtidc,dao d6ng tLY 0-100% tiy vdo trlng loAi cAy,th6m th{c vAt, dia didm, mria, v.v... TuynhiOn, nhin chung sri dn hat 6 nhr?ng khu rtyngtrdng thrrdng r61t nghiOm trong dti dd ldmgidm d6ng kd sr-i sdng s6t ctia hAu hdt c6c lodicAy. (xem Hinh 3.1 & Hau, 1999).

Ei6u gi quydt dinh tinh nhay cim criahat ddi v6i stf dn hat cria c6c ioii vAt?

Lf thuydt vd sinh th6i hoc cho ring tinhnhay c6m cfia moi loAi cdy trd6c su an hat cdacdc lodi vAt phu thu6c vdo gi6 tri thrlc dn cr,iahat. Cdc loAi vAt c6 thd dn nhfng hat mi cungct'p cho chdng nhidu dudng cha.t nhdt trongkhi chfng lai ph6i n6 luc it nhai de tim dtiocnhtlng hat d6.

Ngudi ta tAp trung hAu hdt vdo 6nhhrldng cda kich cd ctia hat ddi vdi kh6 ndngd6 bi tdn.c6ng cda c6c loii dn hat. Nhtlng hatldn li phAn thtrdng thtlc dn ldn cho ntrtnjtoai5n hat c6 khd ning xdi duoc hat aO. Cac ioaivAt c6 thd dinh vi nhflng hat to m6t c6ch deddng bdi vi chring d6 nhin tht'y hon vd c6 mriithdm hoh so vdi hat nh6, nhting nhring IoAigdm nht'm nh6 thrrdng kh6 xr-? lf cac hat ldn.Ngugc iai, nhring hat nh6 lai c6 gi6, tri thrlc dnthdp vi d6 bi b6 qua.

Vongkamjan (2003) khdng dinh 6nhh:tuS vd kich cd ndy ddi vdi khi ndng bi 6nciia hat cAy 6 nhfing khu bi ph6t quang trongrtYng xanh quanh ndm d midn Bfc Th6i Lan.BA dd quan sdt dtrdc tf iO dn hat 1A 0 ddi vdinhtTng loii cAy cd hat nh6 duoc thrl nghiOm(h4t ndng dudi 0,01g); so_sl% ddi vdi 41rongsd 10 loai hat c6 kich cd trung binh (0,01_0,2g)nhtrng loAi khdc c6 tli 16 bi x6a sd ta auOt iZvd 63-100% ddi v6i 6 trong sd 10 lodi c6 hatldn (0,2 - 6,2 g;4 loai cdn lai co ty le bi xoasd dn6i 2%\

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO 39

TAI TAo RUNG

Hinh 3.1 - Tinh trang in hat cAy rrlng 6 Bdc Th6i Lan

A"l n.ia.,g ciia vi6c c6c lodi gam nhdm malayana vir Elaeocar pus prunifolius, 91% ddi

dn hat c6 thd dtioc tinh bing c6ch ddt cdc hat vdi Reevesia pubescens, 88% ddi vdiviro trong nhflng chi6c 16ng c6 ltidi kim loai Terminaiia chebula, 77% ddi vdi Shorea

dd tr6nh c6c lodi gdm nhdm. ViQc n6y mAm obtusa, 73% d6r vdi Terminalia mucronata,

cira hat bon trong 16ng sau d6 duoc dem so 69% d6i vdi Terminalia bellirica, 65% ddi r.dis6nh vdi sti n6y mAm ctia hat duoc dd b6n Macropanax dispermus, 63% ddi vdi Elaeocar

ngo)i 16ng ngay gAn d6 vd d6 b| an. pus lanceifolius vd 50% ddi vdi Acrocar pus

St dung ki thuAt ndy trong m6t khoeng fraxinifolius. Ngohi ra, nhilng iodi c6 tf 16 en

dt't dttoc phdt quang c6 kich cd trung binh hat bXng 0 li nhrlng loii c6 hat nh6 hoac

(chidu ngang khoing 50m), dtioc bao quanh trung binh, vi du tt't cA cdc loAi Ficus spp,

bdi rtlng xanh quanh ndm d Vudn Qudc gia Morus macroura, Betula ainoides, Debregeasia

Doi Suthep-Pui, Hardwick (1999) ph6t hi6n ra longifolia, Saurauia roxburghii, Eur ya

rdng tj, 10 n6y mAm khi6m tdn cda 8 trong sd acuminata, Vaccinium spr engelii, Trema

12 loAi cAy dd 6 ngodi d6 bi an dd gi6m 50% orientalis, Tetraditrm glabrifoiium, Lagerstroemia

hodc horr so vdi hat duoc bAo vO trong ldng speciosa v.v...(tfc la Castanopsis acuminatissima, Ngridc 1ai, d nhilng khu vtlc ddt n6ng

Engelhardia spicata, Eurya acuminata, Helicia nghiOp bi b6 hoang ldn hon nhiAu 6 cring dQ

nilagirica, Hovenia dulcis, Prunus cerasoides, cao tr6n cing ngon nr.ii, Woods vi ElliottSchima wallichii vd Styrax benzoides). Chi (2004) da kh6ng thdy c6 sti dn hat d6ng kd

nhfing hat Morus macrolrra nh6 b6 mdi tho6t niLo ctia cdc lodi gam nhdm ddi vdi s6u loiikh6i sd dn hat d6ng k{, c6 tE bdi cdc loAi g4m cAy (d6 id Sapindus rarak, Lithocar pus

nhdm kh6ng tim th6ly chring. elegals, Spondias axillaris, Erythrina suburnbrans,

Tdong tri, d nhtrng kho6ng rtng trdng Gmelina arborea vA Prunus cerasoides) micnh6 do cAy bi dd, Vongkamjan (2003) ghi nhAn dn tinh trang dn hat cria kiSn vAn cdn nghi6m

tf 10 dn hat ld 100% ddi vdi lodi Irvingia trong ddi vdi bdn loli sau cring cdn Iai.

40

Hat nim trdn mdt dt't cdng lAu trudc khin6y mAm thi khe ndng bi c6c loii dn hat ph6thi6n cdng cao. Sri nAy mAm nhanh ch6ng sE

lim gi6m thdi gian khA ndng hat bi dn co thdxAy ra. Hardwick (1999) b6,o c6o c6 quan hO tli10 thufln gifla dQ dii ctia thdi gian ngti cia hatvd tf 16 bi hat dn trong nhrlng khu bi ph6tquang trong rtYng xanh quanh ndm d mi6n Bdc

Th6i Lan.Bin chdt ciia v6 hat cfrng quan trong

trong vi6c bAo vQ hat kh6i bi dn. V6 hat ddyvi nh5n khiSn cho c6c lodi gdm nhdm kh6 idydr.rgc phAn ru6t bd drrdng cria hat. Tj. 16 inhat tht'p trong sd c6c loii c6 v6 hat diy hodc

ctlng ctla nhi6u loii cAy rrlng E Chau A da

drtoc nghi6n crlu (vi du Hau, 1999; Yong-kamjan, 2003). Tuy nhi6n, c6 thd c6 sti d6nhddi girta dO diy cria v6 hat vdi dd dai cria thdigian ngri ctia hat vd 6nh htidng cria chring ddivdi kh6 ndng bi dn hat. V6 hat dAy thridngkhidn cho thdi gian ngri bi k6o ddi vd lim k6odai thdi gian hat c6 thd bi tdn c6ng bdi nhtTng

lodi 6n hat. Thd nhrrng, cho dd v6 hat c6 crlngnht't thi crlng phAi mdm ra khi hat nAy mAm,

tao cd h6i cho nhtTng lodi dn hat. Vongkamjan(2003) da quan s6t dddc m6t viri lodi hat cdy

v6 cdng da bi tdn c6ng trong thdi ki' d6 bl tdnthtlong ndy.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAO

Kidu ph6t t6n hat ciing c6 thd anh hudngtdi kha ndng bi dn hat. Nhtrng hat rdi thda thdttr6n m6t ving r6ng ldn (mQt ki6u phdi tdnthlrdng li ph6t t6n nhd gi6) thi c6c loii dn hatkh6 c6 thd tim duoc trong khi kidu phAn t6nthdnh cum (ti6u bidu ciia kidu phdn t6n nhdd6ng vAt) 1ai c6 nghia ld mdt khi mdt hat da

bi ph6t hiOn thi toin bd cum d6 chXc hin cungsE bi an. NhLing loai qud lon thr-ra thdt, chinghan nhti nhrrng quA dtioc sinh ra bdi loii s6ihay lodi cAy ntta rung 16 ra qud m6t IAn (Muc2 PhAn ndy) c6 thd khiSn cho c6c loii dn hat non0. Nhr7ng loAi dn hat kh6ng thd an todn b6

hat d5 vi thd nhi6u hat s6 tho6t kh6i bi en.

Chrla c6 m6 hinh ndo c6 thd Li6c tinhtoin b6 6nh hudng ctia vi6c dn hat ddi vdi sd

phuc h6i cfia rtYng. Ly thuydt thi dAy tl'trt-tgph6t bidu vA quan didm tr6i ngtioc nhau. Anhhridng ctia vi6c in hat ro rirng ld phq thuQc

viro sri t6c dQng qua lai rt't phtlc tap gitTa c6c

bidn kh6c nhau, kd c6 bin chdt ctia m6itrtldng, sti s5n c6 c6c ngu6n thfc dn c6 thdthay thd nhau vA sd thich c6 nhAn vd khA ndngxt? l1i hat cda nhtTng lodi 5n hat nhdt dinh. D6ld m6t ydu td chiic chdn ph6i xem x6t trongc6c dtt 6n phuc h6i nlng 1i6n quan ddn gieo

hat trtic tidp, nhung Anh hrrdng cfia n6 phiidddc denh gi6 ddi vdi tdng khu vttc.

-\,<.,l

P

TAI TAo RUNG

Nhfrng loii ph6t t6n hat & nhifng loii in h4t

Nhrntg loii phdt tin hat nhd ai trung

binh nhx lodi lon lrtng (Arctonyx

collaris) (dnh dttdi), ciy htttng:::: An DQ l6n (Vizterra zibeths)

Gnh tuAn) ztd Flaoescent Bulbul

(Pycnonotus flaaescens) (dnh b€n

phiii) c6 thd ztin phd bi|n ngay cd trong nhttng m6i trtrdng rimg bi phAn doan

rdt nhiiu. Ching c6 thd phdt tdn hat di rdt xa tir ritng ddn nhtrng khu kh6ng

c6 ritng rdng l6n. Ngdn chfin sdn biin cdc loii thri niy ld mQt hqp phin quan

trong trong cdc dt 6n phac hdi ritng.

Chubt hat dd (Rattus bukit) (dnh dttiil hidm khi

phdn tdn hqt md thltdng phd hoqi ching. Chingthttdng sdng 6 nhttng khu ztttc kh6ng c6 ritng hon

lii trong nhttng cdnh riaq khdp kin.

Nhtkg bni phit tdn h{tt kltic nhx li own tay tring (Hylobates lar) (dnh tr€n bAn tudi) od chim md simg An EQ mitL siic

sdc sd (Anthracoceros albirostris) (inh tuAn 6 gittil hiAtn khi rdi cdnh rlng rtm rap aii r:i thd it c6 khii ndng g6p phin tich

cttc ztio ltong hat roi xudng ddt trong nhttng khtL zttlc thing thodng kh6ng cd rilng.

Tlntdng dn quti rung trong ritug r:do ban

ngoy ui xtttit hien uho bon icm di gam

ciy cd trong nhrtng khu da phdt quang,

t€ gidc Suma- tran li loiii phit tdn hat

hoiin hio ddi odi si phuc hdi ring.Ding bu6n lii gid day bhi niy dd b!

tuyAt ching khing cdn 6 mi6n Bic Thdi

Lan aii m|t sd loiii dQng akt I6n khdc

nht uoi ztd gin sic hoang di b! gitim

xu|ng cdn it ddn n6i chilng khbng cdn

ddng ztai trd ddng kd trong qui trinh

phdt tdn hat.

4t

fft

TRdNG RIJNG xrru ruE Nao

TAI TAo RTJNG

SIJ CANH TRANH

Nhitng khu rimg trdng 6 miin Bic Tltdi

Lan thrlng bi thdng tri bdi nhlng lodi cd

ai thdo m6c c6 thd phuc hdi nhanh

ch6ng ztd manh md snu khi bi chdy,

chitng thttdng phdt tridn cao tuAn diungfii Gnh trdi). Nhidu lodi ld cd ngoai

lai ai ching da cttc ky thiinh c1ng trong

oiAc xdm chidm oit tin tqi dai ding 6

nhilng khu atrc bi thodi h6a. Nhlhrg loiiciy phdt tridn nhanh niiy ngdn cdn stthidt lQp cia cdy cdi bdng cdch lim ng|p

th& cdc ciy non mdi niiy mim; biing cich

hfi hAi phin l6n chdt dm ztd dtfrng chiltrong ddt nhe ra ld diinh cho st tdTtg

tntdng cila cdy ztd bing cdch utng cdp

nhiAn h€u cho cdc ddm chdy.

Nhrtng bdi c6 thdo m|c thtdng gqp trong cic khu altc bi thodi h6a g6m m|t sd loii ngoai lai nht (A) Eupatorium odoratum,

(B)Eupatorium adenophorum, (C) Crassocephalum crepidioides and (E) Tithonia diversifolia (Hoa hudng dtong MAhic6)

ciing nhx nh{tng loiii cd n|i dia chidm Lht thA'nhlt (D) Saccharum nrundinnceum, (F) Pennisetum polystachyon ari (I) Phragmites

vallatoria. Nhttng c|y ko nht (G) Dioscorea bulbifera lhm ngQp thd ctic ciy non trong khi cdy b4i (H) Clerodendrum fragrans

che b6ng cho ching tit phia tuAn. Dtang xi diiu hiu (,1) Pteridium aquilinum dtqc tim thdy tr€n khip thd gi6i.

42 TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

7a\

MUC5_NAYMAM

Chuydn ddi hl hat sang cay non 1A m6tthdi didm nguy hidm trong cu6c ddi criacAy. Trang th5i ngti ctia hat phdi chdm drltvd phii c6 tf l0 chdt dm vd s6nh s6ng phihop dd chudn bi cho sd nAy mAm. Do kichthudc ctia hat nh6, dtt trrl ndng hlong it vdkh6 ndng quang hop k6m, m6t cdy mAmcdn non rdt d6 bi tdn thrrong trd6c nhfingthay ddi ciia di6u kiOn m6i trtidng, srl canhtranh ctia c6c cAy kh6c vd sd tdn c6ng crianhtrng d6ng v6t 5n c6. M6t con sAu btidmcting ho)n todn c6 thd ph6, hriy m6t cAy

ch6i non trong vdi phrit trong khi d6 nhfingcAy ldn hon c6 khA ndng chdng lai sti tdnc6ng nhidu hon.

Trang th6i ngri cria hat ln gi?

Sau khi drioc gieo vio m6t khu rtlngtrdng, m6t hat c6 thd kh6ng niy mAm ngaylAp trfc, ngay cd khi c6c diQu kiOn nAy mAmlA tdi ttu. Tinh trang ngti ld thoi ky gitrathdi gian phdt t6n cria hat vi thdi gian n6ymAm. Trong khi ngti, mOt sd hat tr6i quagiai doan chin hodc nhfrng thay ddi vd h6ahoc dd chudn bi cho hat niy mAm. Tinhtrang ngri cho ph6p hat chiu dtloc sd khXcnghiOt cira giai doan ph6t t6n vd nAy mAmkhi c6 nhfrng diOu ki6n thuAn loi nhdt chosrJ thiSt lAp ctia cAy non.

Hat nim ngri bao lAu?

Trong bdt ky' m6 hat n)o, thdi gian ngricria m6i hat ddu c6 thd khdc nhau. Cdch dothdi gian ngti thudn tiOn nhdt d6 ld sd ngdygifra thdi didm gieo hat vd thdi didm n6ymAm cria m6t mla trong tdng sd hat m)cudi cing ciing ndy mAm. DAy 1) "thdi gianngf trung binh" (MLD). Vi du ndu c6 t hatn6y mAm trong sd 100 hat drroc gieo xudng,MLD sE li sd ngdy git1a ngdy gieo hat vdngdy hat thrl 5 niy mAm.

Hat cria hAu hdt c6c cAy nhi6t ddi dduc6 thdi gian ngti ng5n. Trong mQt mAu g6m262 lodi cAy rtYng dtroc kidm tra 6 VddnQudc gia Doi Suthep- Pui, 43% c6 MLDdudi 30 ngdy, trong khi chi c6 21."h c6 MLDtrOn 100 ngiy. Nhfrng lodi cAy c6 MLDngSn nht't ld c6c lodi ,\lbizia odoratissima,Erythrina subumbrans vdL Quercus lanata(tdt ci ddu ta 7 ngdy). Elaeocarpusbracteanus c5 MLD ghi dtioc dei nhdt le 787

ng)y (FORRU-CMU, sd heu gdc, 2003).

Khi nio lA thdi didm t6't nhdt cho hatniy mdm?

NhiAu nhdn td quydt dinh thdi didmtdi uu cho sri n6y mAm (nhli nhiCt d6, khandng chdng lai d6ng vdt dn cdy non, v.v...).Tuy nhiOn, trong nhfrng khu vtic nhiOt d6ikh6 theo mria, d0 dm cria ddt co v6 ld ydutd quan trong horn c6. Thdi didm tdi du chosti n6y mAm ctia hat cAy la khi bit dAu mtlamtta. Sd thiSt lAp cAy non khi d6 c6 toin bO

cA mia mtia dd ph6t triein re siru vao trongddt vd xAy dting nhfrng ngudn dd trtl ndngldong trtldc khi b5t dAu vdo mria kh6. HO

thdng 16 cdm sAu cho ph6p cAy non htit dmtrong ddt dd cho ph6p chfng chdng lai cdin6ng kh6 cfia mia kh6 dAu tiOn trong ddi.M6t nguydn nhAn nrla dd su n6y mAm di6nra vlo dAu mia mtia d6 li stt' gi6i ph6ngchdt dinh driong cria r5c. Chdt dm kich thichsri phAn hriy vd khi chring xly ra, chdycflng gi6i ph5ng chdt dinh drrdng.

Thdi didm phSt t6n hat tdi du ciia c6c

lodi rdt kh6c nhau. Thdi gian cAn thidt cld

ph5t tridn thinh qui chin tt hic hoa driocthu phdn v) su' c6 mdt cria c6c t6c nhAnph6t t6n chinh ld hai ddc didm vA loAi quydtdinh thdi didm ph6t t6n tdi tiu. Thdi gianngti kh6c nhau ciia hat cho ph6p c6c lodi c6

thd phdt t6n hat v)o nhtrng thdi didm kh6cnhau trong ndm trong khi vAn giti cho dinhdidm ctia sri n6y mAm x6y ra viLo kho6ngthdi gian bdt dAu ctia mtia mtla. Bdo c5o

ctia FORRU vA chti dd ndy dudc trinh baytrong Hinh 3.2

rRdNG RrJNG NHu rHfi NAo )'*q

:rAr reo RUNc

43

TAI TAO RLINC

Hinh 3.2 - Tinh trang ngri ctia hat li6n kdt thdi didm phat tan tdi rruvi thdi didm nriy mAm tdi rru

Nhtlng lodi cdy nlng kh6c nhau sin sinhra hat vdo c6c thdi didm khdc nhau trong ndm,rlh.tng thdi gian ngii cria hat khdc nhau gitlac6c loii lai chdc chdn m6t di6u ring bdt ctl khinAo hat dtioc sinh ra, hAu hdt c6c loii ddu n6ymAm vdo dAu mtia mtfa.

M6t nghiOn cfu vd ph6t t6n hat vd nAy

mAm cria 2621odi cAy thu dddc d c6c khu rdngthudc Vtidn Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui (FORRU-

CMU, sd liOu gdc, 2003) tim ra rXng hAu hdtcdc hat lddm dddc vdo cudi mria kh6 vi dAu

mta mtla d6u n6y mAm nhanh ch6ng (>90%

c6 MLD dndi 7l ngiy). Ngtioc lai, ddi vdinhrlng hat lttom ddoc vio cudi mria n6m vA

dAu mia mlia, tddng fng chi c6 48,5"/o vit54,8% lodi n6y mAm nhanh (MLD <71 ngay) .

C6c hat kh6c vAn ngri trong thdi gian dai. VivAy, trung bilh hat cia 75,8ok sd loii drtoc

nghiOn ctlu dd n6y mAm vio cudi mtla kh6hodc dAu mia mda. I

Thdi gian thd nly cho ph6p srr ph6t tridntdi da cfia cAy non drroc di6n ra tnidc khi b5tdAu mrla khd vi gi6m thidu thdi gian hat nXm

ngii tr€n m4t ddt trong rtlng, ti6u hao ndng

hiong bing cdch h6 ht'p vd c6 nguy co bi c5c

Ioii dn hat.C6c lodi c5 thd drrgc nh6m theo cdc ddc

trting phdt t6n vi ngd. Nh6m "ndy mAmnhanh ch6ng vdo mtia mtla" gdm c6 171 loiiph6t trin hat vdo cudi mtia kh6 vi trong mtiamtia. Nhr1ng lodi ndy nAy mAm nhanh ch6ngtrong mria mria. Ngddc lai, nh6m "ndy mAmmtia mda sau" gdm c6 62 ).oiti phat t6n hatvdo cudi mtia mtla vd dAu mria kh6. Chdngk6o dii tinh trang ngti dd n6y mAm vio mtiamtia kd ti6p. MQt nh6m khiic bi6t nt1a 1A

nh6m "mtia kh6 niy mAm nhanh". Nh6m c6

34 lodi phet t6n hat vio dAu mtia kh6 r,i niymAm nhanh ch6ng ngay trong mria d6. Cdc

chidn h-loc t6n tai cria nhdm nAy cAn nghi6nctlu th6m. MQt kidu phiit tdn hat vd nAymAm tddng tli cung da duoc NancyGarwood quan s6t drroc (1983) cho thdy c6c

nlng nhi6t ddi kh6 theo mria d tr6n it nhdthai luc dia kh6c bi6t nhau d6u c6 nhtlngchidn luoc nhtl nhau dd vr-idt qua nhttng cintrE thddng Bip do c6c chu ky mda mr-la, miakh6 hdng ndm

67THANG

Hinh 3.3 - M6'i quan hQ ginn thdi gian ngi trung binh (MLD) tti thrirtg phtit tin hnt cio nhiary loiti cky rirng trong

Vttdn Qu6'c gia Doi Suthep-Pui. Mdi h\p thd hien 50% sd loii dlqc phdt tdn trong m6i thing. Truc ndm ngang trcng

mdi n6p thd hi€fl giii tri tnrng binh cis t|i cd cdc MLD, dttoc tinh trung bit'Lh trong sd td't ci clic loii dttqc phrit tdn

trong mdi thing, trong khi dd gid tri t6i dn drqc thd hiQn bnng nhrtng dudng mtinh thing dxng.

\\-<>44 o1

2TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO

Nhfrng tlidu ki6n cAn thidt dd nat niiymAm li gi?

Sti ndy mAm cria hat phu thu6c vdonhidu ydu td trong d6 quan trong nhdt 1i d6dm trong ddt vi didu ki6n 6nh sSng vrla dri,kh6ng chi toin bd mrlc d0 6nh s6ng md cdn

ci chdt luong 6nh s6ng. Trong nhtTng khurtYng cdn nguy6n ven, c6c loii cAy non thidtlAp 6 c6c khoAng trdng nh6 do cdy bi dd phuthu6c tnidc hdt vho th)nh phAn loii ctia cdc

hat rdi xudng ddt vd sau d6 li c6c di6u kiOn

tidu khi hAu trong khoAng trdng d6. C6c didukiOn tidu khi hAu phu thu6c vdo kich thudc,hinh d6ng vi hrr6ng cda khoAng trdng d6 vdmAt d6 cting nhd chidu cao cria c6c cAy xungquanh n6. Nhrlng loai hat nAo roi vdo khoingtrdng d6 phu thu6c vAo nhrTng loAi cAy ndo

dang kdt hat gAn d5 vi nhrTng sti vi6c tinh cd

cd inh hddng ddn co chd phdt t6n hat. Do d6,nhr1ng di6u ki6n phu thu6c vdo kho6ng trdngs6 tao c1i6u kiOn hodc loai b6 m6t c6ch c6 lttachon c6c loAi hi6n ':6 tiy theo nhrlng y6u cAu

vd di6u kiOn tidu khi hAu cfa m5i lohi.Nhrlng khu rrlng trdng r6ng ldn bi thdng

tr! bdi c6 ddy ddc li m6i trddng bdt loi honnhiAu cho c6c hat cdy. NhiQt dQ thay ddi rdt16n gitla ban ngdy vd ban dOm. Dd dm tht'phon, vAn tdc gi6 ldn hotr vd di6u ki6n dt't khdc

nghiOt horr.

Nhi6u hat bi rdi viLo t6n c6 noi chting bikho di vi chdt mi kh6ng bao gid ddn driocddt. Ngay c6 vdi nhfrng hat dd rdi qua tdn c6,

c6 ctng lai li m6t vt'n dd nfia. T;fr 16 6nh s6ng

d6 ddn qu6 d6 (far red light) trong quang phdkich thich s1i niy mAm 6 hat cria nhidu todicAy ti6n phong, dac bi6t nhrlng lodi c6 hat nh6(Pearson vd c6ng stt, 2003). BXng viOc hdp thum6t c6ch cdn ddi nhiAu 6nh s6ng d6 hotr 6nhs6ng qu6 d6, tAng c6 xanh diy ddc dd lt'y mt'tt6c nhAn gAy kich thich quan trong ndy.

Yi vdl, sti n6y mAm cria hat d hAu hdtcdc io)i cAy rdng d6u phu thu6c vio srl hiOn

... oit cung cdp cho

ching m6t brong phin

b6n rdt dii dio.

rAi rno RiINc

Voi kh6ng chi phdt tdn hat, chilng c6 thd

cdn kich t\'tich s1t niy mdm ciia m|t sd loiii

di0n ctia c6i goi ld "tidu ving nAy mAm", noim) c6c diAu ki6n trd n6n thuAn toi horr.

Nhfng tidu vting niy h nhilng khu nh6 b6

vdi d6 bao phri cria c6 gi6m di vd dQ dm cfiaddt dli dd dem 1ai sti n6y mAm cda hat. Chringg6m nhrlng q mdi muc rt1a, nhrlng tlng d.6

phri r6u vh ddc biAt le nhfng khric 96 mucn6t. G6 muc cung cdp chdt dm vd dtidng chdtphong phri cho hat n6y mAm vd thtidng kh6ngc6 c6.

C6c loiLi vAt c6 kich thich srf niiy mdmkh6ng?

Hat di qua ru6t cfia d6ng vAt c6 thd Anh

hudng cA ddn tdng sd hat nAy mAm 15n tf 16

niy mAm. Nhfrng tinh cht't ndy c6 thd duoctdng ctidng, han chd ho4c kh6ng bi anhhridng. Ddi vdi hAu h6t c6c lodi cdy nhi6t ddi,viOc di qua ru6t d6ng vAt n6i chung kh6ng c5

t6c dQng I6n sri n6y mAm ctia hat, nhdng ddivdi nhtTng loii c6 phAn rlng lai, srl niy mAm

thddng dttoc ting crldng hon ld bi han chd.

B6o cito cfa Travaset (1998) cho thdy khi dQngvAt dn hat vAo bung dd lim tdng tf 16 n6ymAm cria 36% loiti cAy drtoc kidm tra, trongkhi d6 n6 chi l)m gi6m ty 10 ndy mim ctla 7%

sd lodi. Hat cria 35% lodi cAy drroc kidm tra d5n;iy mAm nhanh horr sau kJli di qua ruQt dQngvAt so v6i chi c6 L3'/" loAi niy mAm bi chAm

horr. PhAn rlng cria hat rdt da dang. Hat ctianhrlng lodi trong cring m6t gidng hay thAm chihat cria nhrTng cAy kh6c nhau trong cting m6tlodi ddu c6 thd c6 nhrlng ph6n rlng kh6c nhau.

\€b

TRdNG RLING t,rrrU rHE xeo 45

MUC 6 - sr.I rHrfiT rAp cav coN

Sau khi hat da nriy mAm, mdi de doa ldnnht't ddi r.di sd t6n tai cr,ia cAy con trong khur.r-ic rtng trdng d6 ld chdy rrlng vi sti canhtranh ctia c6. Nhflng khu rrlng trdng ihtidng bixAm chidm bcli nhfing loii c6 v) thAo m6cphuc h6i rdt nhanh sau ch6y. Vdi viOc hdp thuhAu hdt 6nh s6ng mit trdi vi hdt can ch{t dmvi dr"i6ng chdt trong ddt, nhtng loii c6 phdttridn nhanh ch6ng niy hAu nhti ching dd laingudn ldc ndo cho nhtTng cAy con dang ph6ttridn chAm chap. Tuy nhi6n, c6c cAy con c6 thdtranh thti sg h6 tro cira nhtTng lodi nAlm hoac6 ich trong trAn chiSn ddu dd t6n tai vA ph6ttridn vr-idt l6n t6n c6 dai.

Nhfrng loii c6 pnd Uidn nhdt trongnhfrng khu rrYng trdng li gi?

O ving ndi phia B6c Th6i Lan, c6 trongcdc bui c6 khci tri cao tdi 4-5m thtldng chidmdu th6 trong c6c khu vr-Jc rtng trdng (r,i dulodr lruperatn a/indriia, Microstegium algnt1s,

Panicum notatLLm, PhrLrgmites aallutorin, Setttria

p almfol i a, T hy s an ol a en a I nttfu li tt zt. o ( G r amin e ae ) ) .

Do nhrTng dinh sinh trudng (gror,ving points)dddc bao r.6 kh6i ch6y bdi nhtTng ldp mdngcda 1d rdt dai, c6 c6 thd ph6t tridn manh dnhrlng khu vu'c c6 khi ning ch6v. Tr6nggidng nhri c6 (nhr,ing thAn hinh tam gi6c) 16ch

cung 1) mdt thinh phAn quarn trong trongc6ng ddng c6 d nirilng khu rr)'ng tr6ng (ol tlu

V/rr)1r1 i/rnrr ciy nt1r, ln nlt,Tttl tt,ti lv ttltt'ttR.,li ttnl nit,nim. Tiong ddi La thodi mii kht)ng bi cd canh trnrth, gd

nrLc rfin gix dttoc chii dm uii c6 cfiu h'ic ttLytt odi nlttl

n.6t m6i trLlittg ndy mim.

't- '

. r:i'

cic loiii Cyperus cyperoides, Rhynchospora rtLbrt,

Sclerin leois, o.a (Ctyperaceae)).

Cd nhi6u loii c6 ngoai 1ai nhu c6 buiEupatoriunt odoratum ua E. adertoplrcrrurt

(Compositae). Cdc loii trong ho niy (ho circ)

dac bi6t thirnh cdng trong viOc xAm chidmnhfng khr-r rdng trdng. Chhng sinh ra nhrt-rg

quA nh6 (qun bd) d trOn dAu c6 chr.)m 16ng

mtlo-t tao thinh chiSc 6 dd bay theo gi5, hoicc6 m6c cAu b6m vdo 16ng cria nhtTng con vAt

di qua (vi du ktdi Artemisin indica, Ageraturn

conyzoides, Bidcns pilosn, Contlza suntotrensts,

a.o ). Loii ductng xi diOu hAu diy dan(Pteriditun nqtLilintrm (DerLnstaedtin- cene)) co

mdt khip noi trOn thd gidi vd cfrng thdng tritr6n nhrlng vting d6i troc r6ng 1dn. N6 tao

th.rnh mol i om ridng ram r.rp khong thi;xuy6n qua dddc ddi vdi cdc hat ba-v ddn r-inhilng chidc 1d lddc kh6 cria n6 c6 thd 1i ngur-

cd ch6y rdt cao.

Nhting cAy leo xanh ld quanh nin.r nhuc6c loii Shuteria inuoltLcrata, Clitorin tttttrinttn,

Dioscorea spp etc. r.a cdc loii cdy 1eo thAn gO

nht Millettia pachycarpn (tdt cd dOu li ho diu)c6 thd han chd sti phuc hdi cira rr-lng bir-rg

cdch b6p ch6t nhttng cAy con trong khi nhr,Tng

cAy bui ril:ltl Boehnrcria chiangnaiensis (Urticaceae),

Cleroden- drtLm frogrnns (Verbenaceae) r'iiTriunfetta pih-sa (Tiliaceae) iai mang iai sr,i

phuc h6i tdt hon.

'\,;:'1

[qTRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

TAI TAo RUNG

C6 cin trd sd phuc h6'i cria rrlng nhrlthd nio?

L) Iodi cAn 6nh s6ng, c6c cAy th6o m6c nhanhch6ng khai th6c ddt vA ph6t tridn mdt t6n ddyddc nhlm hdp thu hAu hdt 6nh siing c6 drrocdd quang hop. Sdng gitTa nhtTng lodi cAy phdttridn nhanh nhu vAy, nhtTng cAy con rdt d6i5nh 6ng, chdt dm vi cht't dinh dudng. Do cAy

dd ph6t tridn cao, chdng phii dnng hdt kh6nhi6u ndng hidng vi cdcbon dd sAn xu{t rachdt g6, linhin, dd c6 thd girip kich cd to 1dn

trong tdong lai ctia chring chdng lai dUoc lrtchdp d6n. Kh6ng cAn phAi sAn xu6lt linhin, c6c

thAo m6c c6 thd ph6t tridn nhanh horr cAy r61t

nhi6u. Chi khi t6n cAy dd cao hcfir c6 vi hdthdng rO cda n6 dd dn vAo ddt sau hon 16 c6

thi m6t cAy m6i c6 loi thd hoin todn trr-idc c6c

cAy th6o m6c. Tuy nhi6n, hAu hdt cAy con dAudAn bidn mt't trong b6ng tdi cda c6 ttl rt't 1Au

trddc khi c6 thd tdi drroc giai doan d6.C6 cfrng han chd sd phuc hdi ctia rrYng

blng cdch cung cdp nhi6n 1i6u cho nhr.Tng vuch6y nlng vAo rnria kh6. HAu hdt c6c cAy c6

th6o m6c ddu qua ddoc cdc trAn chdy bdi vihat, thAn hoic cri dttoc ch6n vtii trong d61t

hodc do chring c6 nhrTng dinh sinh trtidng(growing points ) dlidc bao v0 rt't tdt (nhd c6,

cAy mE, c6 phrlong hoing) c6 thd dem ch6i laisau khi ch6y. O cAy, nhtTng dinh sinh trtldngdr-toc xudt hi6n d dAu c6c cinh cAy. Vi vAy khichdy, nhrTng cAy con hoac cAy non thUdng bithi6u chdy hoin todn bdi nhilng cAy c6 kh6n6ng rdc d xung quanh chting.

Cdu trric cria c6ng tl6'ng c6 c6 6nh htidngddn srJ thidt lAp cria cAy hay kh6ng?

M6t sd loii c6 chidm du thd c6 v6 ting h6stl phuc hdi cfia rrlng hoh nhr.Tng loii kh6c.Ching han trong nhtrng c6ng d6ng c6 donhr.lng lodi th6o m6c khdc nhau thdng tri dVddn Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui, Adhikari(i996) phdt hi6n ra ring nhilng khu vdc doloAi cAy bui Eupatorium adenophorum chi6mlinh c6 mAt dd vd mfc d6 da dang ctia cAy

con cao nhdt. Nhrlng cAy con ddoc thidt 1Ap dd6 c6 mtlc dQ tdng trtidng cao hdn vi tf 10

chdt thdp hdn so vdi nhrTng khu vr-ic do cdc

lodi c6 nhri Imperata cylindrica vd Phragmitesvallatoria huy lodi dtiong xi di6u hdu(Pteridium aquilinum) thdng tri. NhtTng c6ngd6ng c6 ndi dlt'dng xi di6u hAu chidm u'u thddudng nhti ddc biOt chdng 1ai su xAm chidmcria c6c loii cAy rrlng.

Thidu nt'm 16 cAy c6 thd han chd sriphuc hdi cria rdng kh6ng?

HAu hdt cdc loli cAy nhiOt ddi ddu c6

nhtTng mdi quan hA c6ng sinh vdi lodi ndmthtidng gAy b6nh cho gdc cAy dd tao thdnhnd'm re cay (theo nghia den lir "re cAy bindm"). NhrIng mdi quan hO nhti vAy mang lailoi ich cho cAy chti vA ddc bi6t quan trongtrong viOc cho ph6p cAy con vd cAy non c6 thdcanh tranh drioc vdi c6. Ndm b6n ngoii (EM)c6 ldp mAng boc gdm c6c m6 ndm xung quanh16 cAy trong khi lodi ndm moc tr6n cAy bui c6

bong (VAM) lai kh6ng c6 ldp mdng d6. HAuhdt c6c lodi cAy nhi6t ddi ddu c6 VAM trongkhi nt'm b6n ngoii chi c6 6 m6t vAi ho kh6ngc6 1i0n quan nhr.t loAi cAy nr?a rung 16

Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae andCaesalpinioideae. Nt'm b6n ngodi ria thichph6t tridn trong c6c di6u kiOn kh6 theo mr.la.

Loi ich quan trong nhalt cho cAy ttY ndm 16 cdyId c6 thd ht'p thu duoc nhidu kho6ng chdt horr,ddc bi6t ld cht't phdt pho m) ddt 6 ving nhiOtddi rdt thidu. Do nhilng soi ndm nh6 hon rdtnhi6u so vdi 16 cAy, ching phAn nh6nh trongddt dtioc diy dAc hon, Idy drroc nhidu drrdngchdt hon mi m6t minh 16 cAy thi khong thdlt'y ddoc. Ndm 16 cAy cii thi6n sd ting trtidngvd t6n tai cfia cdc lodi cdy nhiQt ddi. Chdngcring cho *rdy da tdng dtioc kh6 ndng chiuhan, khang bdnh va hap thu nLidc cr-ia cay chLi;

tdlt c6 nhfng loi ich gifp cAy thi6t ldp dddctrong nhrlng di€u kiOn kh5c nghiOt clra nhrlngkhu nlng trdng. Li6u kh6ng c6 c6c loii ndm rE

cAy c6 cin trd srJ xAm chidm nhflng khu vr-ic

rttng trdng cia m6t vdi lodi cAy kh6ng? Trongkhu nlng ram rap, vi6c truydn hAu hdt c6c loaindm VAM di6n ra trr-fc tiSp gitla c6c 16 cAy.

D0 tap trung cria c6c bio tt? nt'm trong dAlt

thrrdng rft tht'p. Ddi vdi cdc lodi ndm thtidngsinh ra quA phia tr6n mdt dt't, c6c md ndmdtioc ph6t t6n nhd gi6, nhting nhrTng loii qu6dr-idi mat ddt lai nhd vdo nhf,ng loii g4mnhdm nh6 b6 hoic c6c loii d6ng vAt kh6cthLfong 5n qui nam diy cic bao tr-f na'm va

ph6t t6n c6c bAo tt? d6 qua phAn. Do d6, dridngnhti kh6ng thd c6 chuyQn ngay cA nhrlng khurrlng trdng rdt r6ng ldn cfrng hodn toin kh6ngc6 tdt ca c6c biro tr? n61m 16 cAy duoc.

Tuy nhi6n, cdn co them nhring nghi6ncrlu khoa hoc vA vdn dd liOu ndm 16 cAy ctianhtng loii cAn thidt c6 xudt hi6n vdi mAt d6dti cao dd 1im nhi6m d6c nhrlng cAy con mdithidt 1Ap hay kh6ng.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAo 47

'Lt gia sic chrin thi, nhi tritr'tltntt,lte <t.l ylt,.t, ltoi;,tn.g iiAc in xi giirrt tlnp citl't1 nott

C6 nhfrng loii dn cay con kh6ng?

O l"rA.t hdt c6c khu r,'tic, nhrlng d6ng r.dt

in c6 ldn nhtf voi vA d6ng vAt hoang da,

nhr,Tng loii chi cAn ngoam m6t midng li c6 thdph6 hri,v cAy con, gid dA,v hi5m d6n n6i chringkh6ng c6 Anh hu'clng d6ng kd nho ddn sd phuch6i ctia rtng vO m.lt my quan. Trong khi d6nhtrng loii gia sirc chdn thd ltri ii trd ngai

quan trong ddi r,6i sd phuc h6i rtng td nhi0n.O nA" hdt cric nddc nhi6t d(ri, ta thddng thdrr

bd ha1, trAr-r ntldc dtioc thd tu' do tr6n khipr.ring dt't rdng bi xr.rong cip. ,\nh htiong cira

c6c gia sfc chdn thi ddn sr.l phuc hdi tu nhioncr,ia rr-ing phu thu6c vio mAt dQ nhting loiid6. M6t din nhd c6 thd kh6r-rg c6 Anh htidngd6ng kd har'' thAm chi c6 ich d m6t sd khr-r r.tlc,

nhtfng d nhr-Tng noi s6 L-iclng gia sirc nhi6unhdng inh hudng tiOr-r cr-lc ctia chring thtidngnhi6u hon nhfing 5nh hu'clng tich cuc.

,/lrit11 . itll . ' !lt. ,u i'./r i,,i',i

t tin lnt i.ti iin cd d.ai.

I

Mgt trong nhrTng rlnhhlidng c5 1oi ldn nhdt cira

gia sr-ic c6 thd 1i gidm bcltcci. Blng vi6c dn c6, gia sr-hc

dd iim giim sd canh tranhcho cdc cAy con. Ngoii ra,

gi,r:ric chin th.r co tlre l.r

nhr.lng loii ph;it tdn hatcir ng giong nhu'c.ic loJi .r.rc

vAt hoang d.1 ndu chirng dn

qud o nhrlng cAr. rtlng gAn

d6. Ngoii ra clt'u chAn gudc

cia chrJrng ciing li nhfingtidu r.yng dd hat niv mAm,ndi mir d6 dm vd chdt dinhcltrdng tich tu lai vi c6 di binghidn ndt.

DiOm bt't loi 16 ring nhft cr-ia gia sr'Lc c16

ld chr,'rng Bam c.l nhrlng cAy con. Cia stic c6

thd rdt h-Ia chon, thtidng in 1:i cira nhr,ing loiicAv ngon vA ld di nhtrng loii kh6ng r.rgor-1.

Nhtrng cAy kh6ng c5 mtlii vi hodc co g..ri vi r-Ar,

thrr'ong troi hon trong l..hi nhiing lr,.t i . e tltu .r n

dridc 1ai dAn dAn bidn mdt kh6i rr-lng clang

phuc h61. Gia sr-1c cung giAm di'rp bti;r lOr-L c.1c

cA1' r'ror-r t,.i nhilng ncJi c.ic clin gi;r sr.ic 16n

thiidng di c1ua, sr-I r"in chiic cr-ia clat c6 t1-rO trct

thdnh mdt vdn d0.

Su' cAr.r ddi gitia nhling inh l-Lriong tichcu'c viL Anh hu6'ng tiOu cr-rc r-i mdi qn.rn 1-ie vdimAt c16 cr,ia biy din vin chda .tioc hier-t nrot

c6ch dAy dd. NgoAi ra, c.lc iinh l-rLiiir-rg cti;'r gia

sdc ddn sd phuc hdi cirtr rr-Ing rat khic nhau.,'di nhr-Ing di6u ki6n khu vtrc r-i loai c;ir khdc

nhau. Vi r.A1., cin phtii nghiOn ciiu th6m vO

nhiing m6 hinh phit tridn cci thO dr,l bjio c1r-ioc

toin b6 Anh hridng cira gia sirc ddn su p1-rr-rc

h6i cira rr-lng d bit cii khu vric nio,

TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAO

IA] TAO RIJNG

MUC z - Li rHuyfir sINH rHAI vE cHAv nUNc

Trong ving nhiOt ddi kh6 theo mtia, ch6y

rr.Ing trong mr)a n6ng kh6ng ph6i ln trd ng4ichinh ddi vdi t6i sinh rtlng. Cudi mia mrta,

cAy dang cd thrrdng moc cao qud dAu vikh6ng thd vio drroc. Vdo mtia n6ng, nhrlng

cay d6 chdt di, kh6 vA rt't do chiy. M5i khichilng chdy, nhting cay con co 16 b.im trong

d6m c6 thtidng bi chdt, trong d6 c6 m6t sd cAy

s6ng vd moc 1ai td 16 ngudn hay trl hat duoc

b6o vQ dddi ldng ddt. Do vAy, cAy c6 dd tao

di6u kiOn dAn ddn ch6y rtlng vd ngin sti thidtlAp cira nhtTng cAy c6 thd tao b6ng rAm cho c6.

Ph6 vd chu tr)nh niy id chia kho6 dd phuc hdirtlng nhi6t ddi kh6 theo mia.

C6 phii dim ch6y xudt hi6n m6t c6ch t{nhi6n trong rilng nhi6t ddi kh6 theomia kh6ng?

Ch6y c6 thd b5t,dAu m6t c6ch tunhi6n do d6nh lfia, nhr.tng nhtlng d6m ch6y tdnhi6n c16 thtidng xAy ra viri ndm m6t lAn,

thAm chi li c6ch nhau v)i thap kf. N6 cho

ph6p c6c lodi cAy c6 nhi6u thdi gian dd ph6ttridn dti ldn cho c6 st?c chiu lt?a. Tuy nhiOn,

ngdy nay phAn ldn c6c ddm ch6y ph6t sinh do

con ngtidi. Ddt rdng lim rAy, ddt cAy con vh

ngin t6i sinh rtlng. Trong nhidu trtidng hop,

ch6y rrYng li do chfi tdm dd d6 tim nt'm hon

vA thtic ddy c6 ph6t tridn dd nu6i gia stic vir

thu hrit d6ng vAt dd sdn biin.

Ch6y rrlng ngdn cin t6i sinh rffng nhdthd nio?

C6c nghi6n ctlu di so s6nh nhrfng

khu vtic thridng xuy6n bi ch6y vdi nhrlng

vting dttoc phdng chdng ch6y. Meng (1997) vd

Kafle (1997) di so s6nh rr,lng nta rung 16-s6i

dttoc phdng chdng ch6y trong 27-28 ndm vdikhu vrlc lAn cAn thddng xuyOn bi ch6y, d dQ

ddc thdp hdn Doi Suthep gAn Wat Palaht(d6 cao 520 m). Ho ph6t hi6n ring ch6y

thtidng xuy6n ldm giAm c6 mAt dQ vi mrlc d0

giiu c6 ciia c6ng ddng cdc loii cdy con, cting

nhr.i nhtng con mda hat (do ti6u htiy cAy s6n

sinh hat) vd tich tfry hat sdng trong ngu6n hatgidng roi tr6n mdt dt't.

Ch6y rdng ddt c6c chdt htTu cd trongdt't, dAn ddn giAm khA ndng girT dm ciia ddt.

Ddt cing kh6, hat cing kh6 n6y mAm. Ch6yciing ldm gi6m dinh duong c:i.a d.dl. Canxi,kali vd magi6 bidn mdt dri6i dang hat nh6

bay theo kh6i, trong khi nito, ph6tpho vd

sunphua bi mdt dudi dang khi. Bing viOc ph6

hfiy cAy cdi, ch6y cdn IAm tdng x6i mdn ddttlt 3-32 IAn. N5 cr.ing gidt chdt vi sinh vAt c6

ich trong ddt, dac bi6t la ndm mycorrhizae vh

vi khudn gidp ph6 hr.iy chdt hrlu co vA t6i tao

dinh dudng.

C6 phii ch6y kh6ng thuQn loi cho hatniy mAm?

Trong m6t sd he sinh th6i, ch6y thric

ddy cAy ra hat vA nAy mAm, nhr.ing hiOu fngndy vAn chtla drtoc tht'y d nhring khu rtngnhi6t ddi kh6 theo mtia 6 miAn bdc Th6i Lan.

Hardwick da thii nghiOm t6c dQng ciia chdyddi vdi sti nAy mAm bing cdch d4t hat ciia 12

loii cAy, td rtlng nrla rung 16 6 Doi Suthep,

trong td b6o dang ddt ch6y d nhiOt d6 gidng

nhr-i khi rorn ch6y. Hat ciia 7 loAi bi chdt, trongd6 sqi niy mAm ctia c6c hat cdn lai bi gi6md6ng kd.

Chiy c6 lim chdt cAy kh6ng?

HAu hdt c6c cAy con nh6 vdL cAY non

b| ch6t trong ddm ch6y, nhting khi cdy cdng

I6n thi khA ndng sdng s5t cdLng cao. CAy ldnhon c6 v6 dny hon, v6 ndy bio vO hQ m4ch

sdng trong cAy (ldp thrtong tAng) kh6ng bichdy khi xAy ra ch6y rr.lng. Thr.1c dn dti trtT

trong gdc cAy gitip nhr.Tng cAy ldn hon c6 thdnhanh ch6ng moc lai, ngay cA khi phAn nh6 ra

kh6i mdt dt't da ch6y hodn todn. Kich thr.tdc

trung binh ciia m6t cAy dd c6 thd sdng qua

d6m ch6y tti nhi6n rdt kh6c nhau giita c6c

lodi, b6n kinh cd 16 ldn hcrn 5 cm thridng cho

ph6p hAu hdt c6c lodi cdy sdng qua d6m ch6y

d mrlc d6 vda phAi.

-\.<1

2TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO 49

TAI TAo RIJNG

pnAN s - NHUNc cAv sdNc sorT6m lai, rdt kh5 cho hAu hdt c6c lodi cAy rdng c6 thd xAm chiSm nhrlng khu vdc 16n bi chdt ph6

nlng dd bi c6 thdng tri vdi lf do chinh lir con ngtidi vAn tidp tuc x5o tr6n nhrlng khu vt{c d6.

Thidu ngu6n hat gidng, stl biSn mdt cria c6c loli d6ng vflt phdt t6n hat, sri canh tranh vdi cAy

c6 kh6e ngoai lai vd nhring d6m chdy thrldng xuy6n ngdn cAn c6c lodi thiSt lQp mAt d0 thichddng dd phuc h6i hO sinh th6i nlng nguy6n gdc. Tuy nhiOru mOt sd loai cAy c6 thd vridt qua

drtoc nhrtng tr6 ngAi d5 vd m6t sd loli phd biSn hdn da duoc ph6t hi6n xAm chidm c6c khu vtlc

bi mdt rtlng d trong Vrldn Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui, dddc liQt kC trong bAng dridi dAy. Nhi6u

lodi cAy nrla rung 16 sdng E rdt nhi6u d6 cao kh6c nhau vd hAu hdt c6 hat nh6 d6 ding dtioc

gi6 hay chim nh6 phet tan. C6c cAy trti8ng thdnh cdn lai cda nhung loiri niry vdn sdng trong khu

vdc c6nh quan, nhr.ing 6 nhrlng ndi mi chfng dd biSn mdt, chting 16 rdng rdt thich h-o. p cho c6c

drr dn tr6ng cAy 6 nhrlng khu vrtc bi xudng cdp, ddc biOt le dUoc tr6ng lAn vdi c6c loAi cAy tao

cAy rrlng nhd m6 tA trong phAn 9.

B6ng 3.1 - C6c loii cdy phd bi€in duoc quan s6t khi thi6t ldp tr€n dia bin md bi chdt ph6 rdng tai d6 cao

1.300 m & phia bfc Th6i Lan (FORRU, dfr liQu gdc,2003).

1E = xanh quanh ndm; D = nr?a rgnglA; ED = xanh quanh ndm/nrla rung 16 (mfc dQ thich nghi)25= nh6<0.01 g; M= trr.ng binh 0,01-0,2 g ve L: b > 0,2 g31,y= qu{ kh6 rla sd drroc gi6 phir 16rr; A= qu6 diy crii phAn ldn drtoc dQng vflt, dac biQt IA c6c loii chim nh6, ph5,t t6n

CAu h6i tidp theo ld: lAm thd nio dd c6 thd khf,c phuc c6c vdn d6 cAn fi6 t|i sinh rtYng? Chring t6i gi6iquydt vt'n dd quan trong niy 6 phAn 4.

Loii Ho DQ cao(m)

lrohr

xdplo4ikichcd

het2

Phett6nhat3

Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Bth. , Leguminosae, Mimosoideae 350-1525 D M W

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var.scholaris

Apocynaceae 350-1150 D M W

Antidesma acidum l{etz. Euphorbiaceae 400-1525 D M AAporosa dioica (Roxb.) M.-A. Euphorbiaceae 475-900 D M AAporosa vrllosa (Lrnctl.) t alrl. Eupfrorblaceae 5t)0-150u t) M AAporosa wallicfdr Hk. Euphorblaceae 500-1400 D M ADalbergia cultrata Grah. ex Bth. Lesuminosae, Papilionoideae 35tJ-70t) D L wDalbersia stipulacea Roxb. Leguminosae, Papilionoideae 500-1400 t) L W

Debregeasia longi{olia (Burm. f.) Wedd. Urticaceae 525-t685 E S ADillenia parviflora Griff. var. kerrii(Craib) Hoogl.

Dilleniaceae 375-1000 D M A

Eneelhardia spicata Lechen. ex BI. Juglandaceae 850-1650 D MEugenia albiflora Duth. ex Kurz Mvrtaceae 800-1525 E L AFicus hirta Vahl var. hirta Moraceae 350-1150 E S A

Ficus hispida L. f. var. hispida Moraceae 350-1525 ED S AGlochidion sphaerogynum (M.-A.) Kurz Euphorbiaceae 600-1100 D S A

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Lauraceae 1100-1685 E M AMarkhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem. ex K.

Sch.

Bignoniaceae 950-1550 D M W

Mvrica esculenta B. -H. ex D. Don Mvricaceae 1300-1500 E S A

Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex Nees) Nees Lauraceae 550-1550 E L APhyllanthus emblica L. Eur:horbiaceae 600-1620 D M A

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Leguminosae, Papilionoideae 350-900 D M W

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. Theaceae 600-1620 E M W

Sterculia villosa Roxb Sterculiaceae 600-1575 D M W

Stereospermum colais (8.-H. ex Dillw.)Mabb.

Bignoniaceae 900-1275 D S W

Stvrax benzoides Craib Styracaceae 600"1650 E L A

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Ulmaceae 1050-1500 ED M A


/\\

PHAN 4

GruP cAc cANu nUruc rrj cUu rAv uirus -R.,pAv NHANH srl rAI sINH nUNc rLI NHIEN

F * ** + * * * I f X * * * * * * * * * A I * I * * * * * * * * * a * *

rAr srNu nUNc rrJ uurEN(T6i sinh t{ nhi6n c6 s{ tr{ gifp) fA Ci Z

crfl ciN NsfINc ci pA c6rANc rnEu rUdNc HAr ndr xuduc pAr

\Pa^1

b)//

/*= .l id.. r,

UF+iti'i "+'ui' + *:

, ,.4",'.i;/. ot

tt.*F \

g+" G ''

fH {,

" :'I ii-:

i * *frfu.*+},EilLn itt*'ffi#

KHONG CAN PHAI TRONG CAY ?

Khodng trdng ndy drbc bao quanh b6i

cdc cdy ritng nhiQt ddi c6 hat da tnt&ng

thiinh, chilng cung cdp m6t ltong hat

rdi xudng ddt dny dfu.

Cdnh ritng gin d6 cung cdp

m6i trtong cho cdc loiii ztQt

phit tdn hqt.

BFwr*:=--&4.

&=*E@

€'

Ctic gdc ciy dang ntiy mim lii m6t

ngu6n tii sinh rirng rdt nhanh.

Khu atc ndy mdi bi phd ring gin ddy ztii do d6 kh|ng dLtoc tr6ng

trot gi, Vi oQy, nhrtng hqt gi6'ng cdn sdng til khu ritng trtbc dky

ain cdn ndm trong dii cdt c6 l6n hqt gidng niy.

Vi€c trdng ciy kh|ng phii Mc niio citng li cin thidt dd phtlc hdi

rirng. Khodng trdng bi phdt quang niiy, niim giita khu rirng nhiQt

ddi & mi\n Nam Thdi Lan, rdi nhd be. uqt gidng c6 thd dA dnng

dtqc phdt tdn oiio trung tLm cia n6. N{u cd dil sd lodi cdy dttoc

tdi sinh tit cdc httt gi6ng, ciy con, c|y non hay cric gdc cdy thi sE

khdng cin phdi trdng cfry nrta. Tuy nhiAn, ndu dd phong phii oicdc lodi ciy cdn thdp, oiAc tu6ng cdc ciy tao khung ritng dd liim

phong phi cho ritng lii n€n lim. (Muc 5).

Bit nhiAu ciy con ai ciy non dlfrc thi{tlQp mQt cdch tt nhien.

-\.aIP

52 TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo

TA] SINH RU.NC TTi NHIEN CO SU TRO CIUP

GruP cAc cANu nUNc rU ctlu rAv uiNu -rnI srNH nUNc rU NSIEN co sU rnd clOP

,,;r;:;,'!!,";?;,";!'ff ; jTi{,,"f1'!ol,u:o'[ul'u;,,:'uh"

Muc 3 x6c dinh nhfng ydu t6 cin trd viOc phuc h6i rtlng td nhiOn d nhrlng khu vtic bi tAn ph6

r6ng 1dn. Bridc logic tiSp theo la thidt kd nhttng kf thuAt thiSt thdc dd vddt qua nhtTng han chd

d6. O bdt ky m6t noi nht't dinh nAo d6, ngridi ta cing thrrdng kdt hop m6t vdi ky thuAt dd chong

lai m6i ydu td gdy tr& ngai. Tdng hop lai, nhfrng kf thuQt d6 drroc gsi la "t6,i sinh rtlng td nhi6n

dtioc ddy nhanh (hay c6 sri trd girip)" hay vidt t5t le Tei sinh tr-i nhi6n c6 sd trd gitip.

rrrAN 1 - TAI SINH NUNC CO SU TRd GIOP (ANR) TA CiZ

T6i sinh trl nhi6n c6 sti tro girip bao g6mmoi tAp hop cdc hoat dQng nhhm thtic ddy c6c

qu6 trinh t6i sinh td nhi6n cria rdng. C6c hoatd6ng niy bao gdm ddy manh sd thidt 14p tttnhi6n vi sau d6 ld sd tdng trtidng cfia c6c cAy

nlng 6 dia phdong, ddng thdi ngdn chdn moiydu td c6 thd ldm tdn hai ddn chring chdng

han nhti sti canh tranh ctia g6c loii c6, su gAm

ph6 ciia gia sdc, ch6y rtng, v.v...

Vi T6i sinh ttt nhi6n c6 sd tro girip phuthu6c vdo c6c qu6 trinh td nhi6n dang di6n ra,

s6 cAn it lao d6ng hcvn so vdi viOc tr6ng cAy virdo d6 dAy ld c6ch phuc h6i h0 sinh th6i rrlng16 hon. Tuy nhiOn, kh6ng n6n xem Tei sinh tdnhi6n c6 sri trd gitip vi vi6c tr6ng cAy ld haihla chon loai trtY nhau trong vi6c phuc h6inlng. Vi6c phUc h6i rtlng 1u6n phu thu6c vdosti kdt hop s6ng sudt gitTa tr6ng rtYng vdi c6c

kf thuAt T6i sinh tli nhiAn c6 sd trd gilip.Trong nhrlng hodn cinh nht't dinh, chi cAn Tdisinh tri nhi6n c6 sli trd gitip crlng c6 thd dridd phuc h6i cdc hO sinh th6i nlng, tuy nhi€ncflng c6 thd nOn trdng cAy kdt hop vdi moi kithuflt T6i sinh ttr nhi6n c6 sti tro gitip.

Khi nio 6p dung t6i sinh tr/ nhi6n c6 s{trd gi6p li phi h-o. p?

T6i sinh tri nhi6n c6 srI trd girip 1A phnhop d bdt k)' noi nio c6,c qu6 trinh t6i sinh tdnhi6n cr.ia rtng dd di6n ra 6 mrlc dQ ndo d6.

Ching han, it nhdt m6t vii lodi cAy c6 hat dd

t6n tai gAn d6 vi c6c lodi vQt phet tan hat vAn

rdt phd bidn d ving lAn cAn. Nhtrng ndi dd c6

mAt dO cao c6c cAy non hay gdc cAy dAm ch6ild ddc biQt thich hop cho T6i sinh tti nhi6n c5

sri trd girip.

CAn c6 m6t d6nh gi6 hi6n trtldng chi tiStdd quydt dinh 1i6u m6t minh T6i sinh tri nhi6nco sd trd girip co dd de phuc h6i rtlng hay

kh6ng vd ndu c6 thd thi ph6i ltia chon nhfrngki thuat phu hop nlr6't.

D6nh gid hi6n trtidng cAri:

i) x6c dinh tidm ndng t6i sinh tri nhiOn

hi6n c6 cria rtlng viii) x6c dinh nhf,ng nhAn td c6 thd han

chd sti t6i sinh tti nhi6n cfia rtYng .

Quan s6t tnic tidp c6c di6u ki6n hi6ntrddng cAn kdt hop vdi ph6ng vt'n ngddi dAn

dia phtiong dd x6c dinh dtioc nhiTng vdn dA

sau dAy:

'& ltat dQ cdy mAm, cAy non vd gdc cAy

trong khu vuc? Chting c6 dtloc phAn bdd6ng ddu hay chi tAp trung d m6t vdi noitrong khu vdc d6?

& f<nu vric bi mdt rr,Ing td khi ndo? H6ingddi dAn dia phdong vd lich sd thticti6n stl dung ddt 6 khu vtrc d6.

& fn, vric d6 cd nhring ddu hiOu chdyrrlng kh6ng, ching han nhtt: gdc cAy biden v.v...lH6i ngridi dAn dia phtiorlg xem ch6y

nlng thrldng xuy6n xAy ra trong khu vticdo nhd thO n)o.

& CO ddu hiOu chrlng t6 gia stic sri dungkhu vtt'c d6 hay kh6ng? H6i ngddi dAn

dia phtic,rrg v6 thtic td chdn nu6i gia stic

trong khu vdc d6.& Nnirrlg ngu6n hat cAy nlng gAn nhdt

'c6ch bao xa?

& finn trang chim vd thti phat tan hattrong nhflng khu vdc xung quanh nhtithd n)o?

a>.e1I

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO 53

C6 it nhdt m6t v)i khudt't noi mAt d0 thAn cAy

cao hoh 250/rai?

SAITrong vdng 1km c6 rrlngcdn nguy6n ven vi c6c loAid6ng vAt phdt tdn hat rdtDnO Drena

SAI

DUNGSA

DUNGKhu mitdQ day

Khu mAt

d6 m6ng

Mat dO thAn cAy trungbinh tr6n 250/rai r.i hAu

hdt cAy non/ cAy mdngddu cao tr6n 1m

DUNG Hi6n c6 tr6n 50

loii ciy?DUNG

C6 th6 ngdn ngrlach6y viL phd hoaicria gia stic

DUNGSAI

TAr srNH RaNC Trl NHrEN.co sIJ TRo GItp

Kh6ng chic chdn liQu ai€c tr6ng cty cd thltc stt cin thidthay khdng? So- d6 nav cung cdp m|t sd chi din khii quitc6 thd gifip xiic dinh diiu d6. Tuy nhiAn, quydt dinh cudi

cing phrii dxa uao diiu tra hiAn tutrlng m|t cdch ky funng.

Mat dO cay non vd gdc cAy xudt hi6n m6tc6ch td nhi6n (sd ltiohg thAn cAy tron t ha)

cho ph6p dtt do6n triong ddi chinh x6c 1i0u chiri6ng T6i sinh tu nhi6n c6 sti trd girip co thddr.i dd phuc h6i rtlng 6 m6t khu nio d6. TuynhiOn, cfrng cAn phAi cAn nhdc kich cd cdc cAy

non va gdc cAy. Nhtng cay non cao c6 nhi6ukh6 ndng sdng hon cac cay nh6. Co h6i dd c6c

cay non ph6t tridn thinh cAy trtidng thinhtdng d6ng kd mQt khi n6 dA cao vtidt qu6 c6c

loai c6 dNung quanh. Vi vAy, vi6c ghi ch6p

th6ng tin 1i6u cAy non cao horr hay thdp hontAng c6 cfing rt't c6 ich.

Hdy ddt nhtrng 6 ddt mAu hinh trdn m6tcdch ngAu nhi6n tr6n khdp khu dAlt. St? dungm6t chidc cot dd denh ddu trung tAm cr.ia m5i6 vA m6t doan ddy dii 5m dd ldm b6n kinh.Hey ddm, xdc dinh vd do tt't ci c6c gdc cAy vicay non cao trOn 1m, trong pham vi 5m k6 trlc6t mdc. Tinh to6n mAt d6 bXng c6ch chia

tdng sd cAy non/gdc cAy ddm duoc cho tdngdiQn tich duoc didu tra.

Dd htidng dAn so qua; ndu mAt d6 cAy

non + gdc cAy sdng vridt qu6 250 thAn cdy/rai(1.562 thAn cAylha) thi chi cAn t6i sinh tdnhiOn c6 sti trd giiip cflng c6 thd dli dd phuchbi co ct'u rdng cdn b6n trong vdng 5 ndm, vdidiOu ki6n ch6y rdng, gia sr.ic viL c6c ydu td hanchd kh6c drioc kidm sodt. d nhilng noi mdt ddcAy non + gdc cAy sdng tht'p hoh, chi m6tminh t6i sinh tti nhi6n c6 sd trd gitip c6 v6

kh6 thanh c6ng trrY phi khu d6 6 gAn nlngnguy6n ven vd cdc d6ng vflt phAn t6n hat rdtphd bidn. N6u c6c di6u ki6n ndy kh6ng dtiocd,6p rJtng, t6i sinh tti nhi€n c6 sri trd gitip cAn

dddc kdt hop vdi tr6ng cAy.

\r-- ^1 TRONG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO

I*

ThrJdlg iuong vdi ngudi dAn diaphttong vd vi6c phdng chdy vir

cdc cd chd kidm so5t gia sric

tnldc khi ti6n hdnh t6i sinh tttnhi6n ctl sri trd qj

Bd sung cho ANR bingviOc tr6ng cdc loii cAy

tao khung rrlng

M6t minh ANRcfing c6 thd dn dd

phuc h6i d6 che

phri ctia rrlng

Mat dO tr6ng cAy cAn thidt c6 thd rt'tkh6c nhau girla cdc ving, b6i vi su phAn bdcAy non td nhiOn vd gdc cAy thuo'ng kh6ngdAu hodc thinh tr.ing bui. Ddi vdi nhilng phAndang phuc hdi manh me nhd vr.Lng bia rrYng

hay xung quanh nhtrng cAy dn qud cdn s6t 1ai,

trdng cAy se thet lang phi. Tai trung tAm cria

nhtlng khu vr.lc bi tin ph6 r6ng ldn, noi mir

vi6c it'y thOm nhtTng cAy niy mAm tt hat c6

thd bi han chd do kho6ng c6ch trl nhrlngngu6n hat, cirng cAn phii tdng ctidng T6i sinhtti nhi6n c6 sti trd gitip bing cdch tr6ng cAy.

Nhffng han chd cria T6i sinh trJ nhi6n c6sri trd gifip li gi?

Tdi sinh ttl nhi6n c6 sri trd girlp c6 t6c

dung hAu hdt ddi vdi cdc cAy dA dddc thiSt iaptrong nhtrng ving bi tdn ph6. Kh6ng may lihAu hdt cdc IoAi cAy c6 khi ndng dinh cti dnhtTng ving nhu vAy ddu id nhrlng loii rdtcAn dnh s6ng (xem Muc 3, Muc 1 vi 8) vi hatcria chring duoc ph6t t6n bdi gi6 vd nhtTng con

chim nh6. Chfng chi chiSm m6t phAn rdt nh6sd lodi cdy trong rtlng. Vi vAy, trong khi tdisinh ttt nhi6n c6 str tro gi(rp cd thd dii dd phuch6i sri bao phi ctia cAy vh m6t phAn ct'u trfccfia rtlng, vi6c phuc hdi hodn toin vd da dangsinh hoc c6 thd ddi h6i ph6i c6 c6c bi6n ph6pkhdc nrla. O nhring ndi cdc loAi d6ng vAt 16n

phAn t6n hat dA bi tuyQt chiing, vi6c tr6ng c6c

loii cAy rdng c6 hat ldn c6 thd li c6ch duynhdt dd bidn ddi rting thtl sinh duoc tao ra bditdi sinh tti nhi6n c6 sd trd gitip trd lqi thAnhrtlng nguy6n sinh.

54

TAI SINH RUNG TTJ NHIEN CO SU TRO GIUP

pnAN z - crfl ciN NufINc ci oA c6

Nhfing kf thuQt t6i sinh ttl nhi6n c6 sd trdgirip dr.ioc tht? nghiOm cdn thAn nht't va drrocsf dung r6ng rdi d6 li nhtrng ky thuat limtdng stl sdng s6t vi phdt tridn ctia nhr1ng cAy

thAn g5 dd duoc thidt lAp d m6t dia didm.Nhtrng biQn ph6p khdc nhau drroc sf dung ddtAn dung nhfng didu ki6n m6i trddng d xungquanh c6c cAy mAm vd cAy non cfia c6c loiithAn 95 cung nhd nhtrng gdc cdy dang dAm

ch6i nhAm ddy nhanh stl tdng tni8ng vd b6ovO chring kh6i nht1ng di6u bdt 1oi.

Li6u c6 thd kich thich nhfrng gdc cAydAm chdi?

Nhrlng g6c c?ry ddm ch6i mang laicach tai thidt lAp sti bao phri cfia rrlng nhanhnhdt trong cdc khu rrlng nhiQt ddi thay dditheo mtia. Vi vAy, 6 nhfng ndi niLo chring tdntai, chting ph6ri la tAm didm cria c6c n5 lrrc t6isinh tu nhi6n c6 sU trd girip ban dAu. NhrTngcdy mdng dang dAm ch6i'c6 thd ph6t tri6nnhanh hon nhidu so vdi c6c cAy non bdi vichring c6 thd ldy dddc nhfing ngu6n thric dnldn th6ng qua hO thdng 16 hi6n c6 cria gdccAy. Chring it bi anh hrrdng b6i han h6n honso vdi c6c cAy mAm, vi vi thd cring it bi anhhddng do sti canh tranh ctia cdc lodi c6 hon.

Nim phia tr6n tAng c6, nhrlng 16 cAy dAmch6i it c5 khi ndng bi ch6y hotr khi c5 ch6ynlng, nhring cho di c6 bi ch6y, chring ctlng c6

thd nhanh ch6ng phuc h6i duoc.Tuy nhi6n, hAu nhtl kh6ng c6 kf

thuAt thtrc ti6n ndo drroc thrl nghiOm dd tdngctldng vai trd cfia g6c cdy trong t6i sinh trrnhi6n c6 sd tud girip ngodi nhrTng khuydn nghichung chung ld chring cAn drtoc b6o v0 kh6ichdt ph6, ddt hay gam. LiQu vi6c srl dunghoocm6n ctia cAy c6 kich thich vi0c n6y mdmkh6ng? Li6u h6a chdt c6 thd dttoc stl dung ddngdn chdn nt'm ho4c mdi tdn c6ng gdc cAy

kh6ng? Li6u b6i ldp bdi hay b6n phAn quanhgdc cAy cting sE c6 loi gidng nhtt ddi vdi cAy

mAm kh6ng? Ndu c6 nhi6u cAy mdng n6ymAm dang ph6t tridn ra td m6t gdc cAy, liQuviQc cft bdi nhrTng cAy mdng nh6 hctn vd yduhdn c6 lAm tdng str ph6t tridn ctia nhtrng cAy

cao hon vi kh6e hotr kh6ng? Nhf,ng cAu h6inly s6 tao n6n nhrlng chri dd thti vi cho nhfngnghidn crlu trong tdong lai. Nhr1ng ngrldi thrichi6n tdi sinh tti nhi6n c6 sd trd gidp ddockhuydn khich thtt nghi6m.

Lim thd nio dd c6 thd han chd sd canhtranh cia c6?

Vi6c llm c6 nhlm giAm sti canh tranhv1i cAc cAy thAo m6c vdL c6 vtia c6 loi chonhrlng cAy dd dddc thidt lAp mdt c6ch tr.i

nhi6n vda c6 loi cho nhrlng cdy tr6ng. CAynon vd cAy con cing nh6, viQc ldm c6 cdng c6

loi cho chring, dac bi€t lir trong mria mr.fa. V2ro

mria kh6, m6t tAng c6 c6 thd girip b6o vO c6c

cdy mAm nh6 kh6i bi ch6y kh6 (Hardwick,2000), nhtlng 6nh htldng c6 loi niy ph6i ddgccAn nh5c so vdi rtii ro vd ch6y do cAy bi kh6gdy ra. Ldm c6 quanh cdc gdc cdy c6 v6 kh6ngc6 lo. i 15m bdi vi gdc cdy de c5 hO thdng rO rdtsAu c5 thd d6 ddng ph6t tridn xudng dddi he

thdng 16 cria cdc lodi c6 th6o mQc.

Trddc khi ldm c6, c6c cdy con hay cAy

non cAn dlidc dAnh ddu 16 ring bing dAi bdnghay blng coc c6 mdu sic s6ng sfia cho d6nhAn ra. DiAu ndy girip tr6nh giAm dap haycXt pnil chring trong khi ldm c6. Vi0c ldm c6

tnrdc hdt cAn ph6i tflp trung xung quanhnhring cdy dd, dddc denh ddu, trttdc khi nhdc6 kh6i phAn cdn 1ai cria dia didm d6. Xungquanh nhtrng cAy mAm nh6, nhd c6 blng tays6 tdt hotL ld sf dung c6c dung cu, bdi vi dioxdi c6 thd gAy 6nh hddng ddn c6c h0 thdng 16

rt't nhay cAm cda c6c cdy mAm d6. Nhr1ng kfthuAt ldm c6 phi hop drroc m6 tA chi tidttrong PhAn 7 Muc 4.

Di bqp hay san phingcd bdng cdc odn 96 da

trd thdnh n""Qt biQn

ph|p hqn chd cd phd

bidn cila nh{tng ngtlithl{c hien Tdi sinh txnhiAn c6 sx iro giip.

TR6NG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAO 55

TAI SINH RIJNG TU- IVHGN C6 SLI TIIO CIUP

M6t phriong ph6p ldm c6 drrdng nhd rt'tphn ho.'p vdi t6i sinh tti nhi6n c6 sti trd giiip ld"db.bep" ttlc ld san phing c6 bXng m6t chidc

v6n chrl kh6ng cdt hay dio chting di. Vi0c nAy

kh6ng giSt chdt c6 ngay lAp ttlc nhung m5i khic6 ph6t tridn trd Iai, chring sE sf dung h6tnhdng dd trrl thtlc dn dd trong hO thdng 16 cria

chdng. Ndu c6 bi dd bep thtldng xuy6n,dd trtlthrlc in cudi cring sE can kiOt vd cdy s6 chdt.

Vi6c dE bep c6 kh6ng thm x6o tr6n bd mdt ctiaddt vi, bing c6ch che b6ng m6t cho ddt, nhilngcAy c6 dA bi san phing s6 han chd niy mAm

cria nhfing hat gi6ng c6 phAi phg thuQc vio6nh s6ng. Ki thuflt niy ddc bi6t c6 hi6u quiddj vdi c6 vi dtlorrg xi den.

St? dung.rn6t v6n g5 "he bAn r6ng(khoing 5 x 25 x 130 cm). Kho6t nhrlng hinhb6n nguyQt 6 cA hai dAu ctia tdm v6n dd dnngsan blng nhtTng cAy c6 rnoc gAn c6c cAy non.

GXn thAm m6t mdu ddy bdng thAt chdc vi m6tmidng ddm vai d c6 hai dAu cfia tt'm v6n, taothinh m6t chidc thdng long dr-i dAi qua vaiban. Ddt tdm v6n 10n tr6n tAng c6 vd dfng16n n5 vdi srtc ndng cria todn b6 cd thd. I-4plai hdnh d6ng ndy vd btidc t6i vii brtdc ngSn

(dd bidt them th6ng tin hdy vdo dia chihttp : / /www.fs.f e d.us / psw / publications z'

documents/ other/3.pdf). Bi6n ph6p niy dd

dtioc sr? dung vdi hi0u quA cao d Philippinesdd ph6t quang c6 Imperata vh ddy manh qu6

trinh phuc h6i rrlng 6 nhtrng khu vrlc bi ch6yv) chdt b6 8 ntldc ndy (Sajrse,1972).

LiQu rnycorrhizae c6 thd ddy nhantt stftdng trrldng crta ciy?

Sfi phU thudc ciia rting nhi6t d6i vdonhflng mdi quan hQ cQng sinh vdi c6c lodi nt'mmycorrhizae dd duoc giai thich trong PhAn 3,

Muc 6. Sti phd bidn ctia c6c mdi quan h0 nhdvAy ddt ra cAu h6i: liOu vi6c gh6p nhtTng cAy

thidt lap mQt ciich td nhi6n vdi ndmmycorrhizae c6 thd c6i thiOn hoat ddng criachting duoc kh6ng?

GAn dAy dd. c6 bi:l bdo tt? mycorrhizae.Nhtng s6n phdm nhtt vfly thrrdng bao g6mh5n hop c6c bio ttl cria m6t vdi loii ndmthtrdng gap, drrgc hrit b6,m viLo m6t chdt ndntrd. Tuy nhiOn, theo nhtt chring tdi ddoc bidt,vi6c srl dung nhrlng sAn phdm d6 dd cii thlenhoat d6ng cria nhring cAy non thidt lAp ttinhi6n d vting T6i sinh td nhi6n c6 sri tro giripchria bao gid dtioc tht? nghi6m. Ddy Ia mot ddtii dring dttoc nghiOn crlu thOm.

C6 n6n di chuydn gia sic?

Cudi cing thi quy6t dinh gi6m sd h.iong

gia stic hay di chuydn chting d6u phu thu6cvio sr.i xem x6t kf lddng vd gi6 tri kinh td cria

chring ddi vdi c6ng ddng, drroc cAn bing vdic5c 6nh hrrdng cfia chring ddi vdi cdc cAy dang

phuc h6i.d Nepal, dAn ldng kh6ng cho ph6p sric

vAt dtioc ttl do di lang thang trong c6c khurrYng cria c6ng ddng ctia ho. Dd b6o v6 cAy

cdi, dan ldng gitr gia stic 6 nha. Ho cdt c6 drtYng vi mang vd cho gia sric in. Nhd vay lagia stlc vrla c6 c6 dd dn md kh6ng ldm 6nhhridng ddn cay cdi ma cdn kich thich viQc ldmc6 c6 hi6u quA 6 c6c 6 nlng. Mdt kh6c, dTrung Mf, gia sr.ic drtoc srl d-ung nhri m6tc6ng cu quan trong trong nhfrng giai doandAu cria qu6 trinh phuc h6i rrlng. Chring cirioc

xem ldL "nhtTng ngrldi tho x6n c6 dang sdng"gi6i thoSt c6c cAy non kh6i sti canh tranh vdic6 vdL cung ct'p dich vu phAn t6n hat quantrong ddi vdi m6t sd loii cAy rdng chidm uuth5. Sr1 dung gia sric dd kidm sodt thdc vAtthio mQc cring giim nguy co'ch-dy rdng.

Ch6y c6 thd ddde phdng cFr6'ng nhrf thdnlo?

Nhd da giai thich trong PhAn 3, Mttc 7,

ch6y li trd ngai quan trong nhdt ddi vdi r.iQc

phuc h6i nlng d khu vr-fc nhiQt ddi kh6 theo

mia. Khi rfii ro do ch6y dr-toc coi 1)r quan

trong, vi6c phdng chdng ch6y 1d m6t hoatddng quan trong ddi vdtT6.i sinh iri nhiOn c6

sli trd giLip. Ph6i cXt ra nhilng vring tr5ng '

xung quanh khu vdc t6i sinh ttl nhi6n c6 sdtro girip khi v)o mtia kh6, n6ng vi h0 thdngc6nh b6o vi ngdn chin chdy ph6i dttoc duy tricho tdi khi mtia mtia bdt dAu. NhtTng k! thuAtniy diroc md tA chi tidt trong PhAn 7.

Nhffng ki thuAt kh6c c6 thd dttoc sr?

dung dd kich thich sr/ ting trddng criacAy l) gi?

C6 thd srl dung chinh nhdng phtiongph6p bdi vi b6n phAn cho cay nhrr da mo tAtrong PhAn 7 ddnh cho loai cAy tr6ng dd ddynhanh sti tdng trddng vd t6n tai cria nhrTng

lodi dtirlc thiSt lAp tr/ nhi6n. NhtTng cAy con

hay cAy non nh6 c5 xu htl6ng phAn rlng tichcdc hon so vdi cAy ldn ddi vdi nhrTng bi6nph5p ndy. Chdc chin se tdn c6ng tdn cria ndu6p dung nhtrng bi6n ph6p d6 cho cdc cAy nonldn hdn vd gdc cAy bdi vi chring de ph6t tridndrioc nhr1ng hE thdng 16 rt't sau r6i.

56 TRdNG RIJNG NHTI TH6 NAO

TAI SINH RTJNG TU'NH1EN CO 5L] TRO GIUP

puAN s - rANc rUdNc HAr ndr xudNc PAr

Sau khi bi xtio tr6n nghiOm trong trong thdi gian dii, phAn s6t Iai cira gdc cAy dang dim choi,

cdc cAy non vir dii hat pha 1An trong d{t se thr-ia thdt hoac bidn mit, vi vA;r ti6m ndng dd phr-rc

h6i trr nhiOn se phu thu6c rt't nhidr-r vdo lrto-ng hat roi xudrrg dt't

Nhitng ch.id'c hqp cht) cl'rinr tlitL cti tlrc tltrthtit loii doi tliliit qtti d{n cic 6 TLii. sinh ttl tthiAn c6 stl trtt 1;lr7p. N/rljltcon do'i t16 tlti hut ttrting trong ltlti bnt1, tno ra nfit ltlott;;

hat roi xttditg di't trii r6n11 d lrtng qLnnlt nltuhg cliA'c lt6p,

rthrtrtg khi niit'tg ttlt.llrtg chii'c ttQp tloi t16 cti tlt?'tdrLg cttdn5l

t,i?c lthtJc lfii ritn.;] tlti chila bno gid tlttttc thit n;4lt.i?ttr,

td nhiOn c6 sd trcJ giirp thu hrit dr'io-c ,i

nhieu lo.ri dong rat phat tin hat pho

biSn nht't nhu chim (c1ac bi6t 1i loiichim chdo b6o) i'd loii doi dn quA.

NghiOn cfu nhfng 6 thii nghiOm

cira FORI(U cho tht'y rang nhrlng tdchim r.rhAn tao doh giin lim td tredddc det ngAu nhi6n tr6n khdP

vr)ng rr.)ng c6 thd tlng ddng kd

ltidng hat ro'i xudng dt't (rem Hinh4.1). Thinh thoing di chuy6'n nhiingchiSc td chim d6 c6 thd gi(rp phAn bdhat trOn diOn r6ng hu-n. Cho thOm mdivio nhfing chidc td c6 thd lAm ting d6

hdp dAn cira chr,ing (nhting cAn nhi6unh.ln c6ng) r,i r.i6c ph"1t quang c6 phla dridicdc td sE lim tdng srJ sdng s6t cr-ia cdc cAY non

dang ndy mAm. Cdc h6p td chim c6 thd cfrng

c6 hiOu que tLidng td.

Li6u c6 thd l6i cudn c6c toii phAn t6nhat ddn c6c khu vric t6i sinh ttf nhi6n c6

s{ trd girip kh6ng?

C6. Luong hat roi xudng dt't c6 thd tdng

khirng khidp bhng c6ch bd sung nhiing ccl

caiu rdt do'n gi6n vho c6c khu vdc tdi sinh

Vi6c cung cdp nhtlng chiSc h6p cho chim

cd trti c5 thd thu hrit loii doi in qui phAn t6n

hat tdi nhrlng khtt vtic t6i sinh tt1 nhiOn c6 sr-i

trd gitip. Nhilng chidc h6p dr-io-c treo tr6nnhitng cAy dang nAy mAm hay nhfng cAy da

ldn stlng stTng. Loii doi c6 y6u cAu rt't dac

bi6t vi vAy nhrlng chidc hQp cAn phdi iimbhng 96 th6 r6p vi 1di vAo cira hdp phAi phth

hop vdi kich cd cria loii doi dtfoc chon lirm muc

ti6u. HLidng dAn chi tidt vd c6ch lim nhrTng

chidc h6p cho doi dr-io-c cung cdp tai dia chi

http: / /rvw.dnr.state.md.us /u'ildlife /batboxes.html. Kh6ng giSng nhti td chim, hiQu qu6 cira

c"1c h6p doi ddi vdi viOc t6i sinh rtlng d vingnhi6t ddi chrta tr,ing dlidc thii nghi6m.

C6c lodi thlic vet da dang vA kdt cdu, dac

biAt le nhfing loii cAy bui c6 qui hay nhfingcdy cdn stit 1ai, cd vai trd nhu chdt hdp dAn tdnhlOn thu htit c6c loii ddng vAt phAn i6n hat.

\ \,ay,b6o vO nhr-Ing 1or\i thdc vat d6 se gi(rp

rdt nhidu cho r.i0c tdng ltiong hat roi xudng ddt.

Trong nhr.lng ving khi hAu kh6 theo mia,nddc c6 vai trd cdc ky ht'p dAn ddi vdi d6ng

\.at hoang da, vi vAy dio nhtTng chidc ao nhAn

tao c6 thd thu hr.it nhtng loii phAn tdn hat

tidm ndng.

rndxC RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

Nhttng chii non pltit tridn tt hnt do doi dinh roi

-:" '"t 5t

fuu

TAI SINH RL]NC] TU'NHIEN CO SLI TRO CIUP

Li6u c6 thd dda nhfrng lo)i dQng vAtldn chuy6n ph6t t6n hat quay trd lai?

Nhd di giei thich trong PhAn 3 Muc 3,

nhrlng d6ng vAt 1dn chr-ry6n phAn t6n hat (nhtivoi, t6 gi6c vd sric vAt hoang da) dA bl tuyQt

chting cl hAu hdt cdc dia bhn trddc dAy cr-la

chrlng hoic chi cdn sd luong qu.1 nh6 dd c6

thd d6ng vai trd quan trong trong vi6c phAn

t6n hat. VAy c5 thd dria chfing qttay trd laidddc kh6ng? Cudi cr-ing thi con ngtidi phdidtidc tr.i ti6n mdi tr6ng cAy, trong khi d6 lodivoi kh6ng chi gieo hat cAy mir cdn cung ct'p

rdt nhidu phAn b6n cho cAy mi6n phi!Kh6ng may 1i vi6c dua nhung loii d6ng

vAt c6 vir to J.dn chuy6n phdt tan hat qu.ry trd1ai li m6t qu6 trinh kh6 khdn vi tdn k6m. N5

chi d6ng ldm khi da giAi quydt dtioc ngtiy6nnhAn khidn c6c lodi bi tuyQt chdng kh6i ch6

trr-idc dAy cr-i tn'r cria chfng. Didu niy tl-itidngc6 nghra 1i thuydt phuc ngridi dAn dia phuongkh6ng sdn bdn nhilng loAi d6 nfla.

Vi6c dr-ia nhifng.d6ng vAt bi giam cAm

quay trd 1ai m6i trtidng sdng tti nhi6n ctia

ching 1A dic bi6t kh6 khdn bdi vi nhfrng d6ngvAt dE bi giam cAm thr-io'ng mdt di nhfing k1,

nang cAn thidt dd t6n tai trong m6i trtldnghoang di. CAn c6 m6t qu6 trinh ttii dinh cr-i rdtdii. Tuy nhi6n, ngay cA khi dA di chuydnnhfng d6ng vAt hoang di tti nhr-1ng khu vdcbio t6n noi chirng thddng sdng sang nhilngkhu vtic mi chrirng dd bi tuyQt chirng kh6ngphii li de. Kha ndng chdng bi ch6t hoac bithtidng khi bi bit rt't cao vi c6ng d6ng loii c}

ndi ban dAr-r c6 thd bi x6o tr6n hay sr,ry y6u mOt

c.lch nghiOm trong. Sd chdm s6c tht'r y, duy trida dang sinh hoc vA loei trong nhiing c6ng

d6ng loii nh6, theo d6i d6ng vAt sau khi tha

Gieo hattnic tidp

Trtfic h{t,phtit qtLartg cd

kh6i nhitng 6

gieo hot

ra vi quan trong nht't 1i ngdn chin vi6c sinbin, tt't c6 ddu ld nhfrng nQi dung qr-ran trongctia moi chur;ng trinh t6i dinh cr-f d6ng vAt.

BOn canh c6c vt'n d6 r,6 ki; thuAt, ngtididAn dia phdcrng cring c6 thd phin ddi su

quay trd lai cila nhrlng d6ng vAt 1dn bdichr-'rng c6 thd ph6 hoai mtia mdng, canh tranhvdi nhtTng d6ng vAt nu6i hoic de doa dd'i

sdng ctla con ngddi.Tuy nhi6n, nhfing trd ngai d6 kh6ng phdi

1i kh6ng thd vr.lo-t qua. Ching han d mi6n Bdc

Thdi Lan, nhflng chir voi nudi da drio-c du:r trdIai td nhien thAnh c6ng. Vi vAy, bdt chdp

nhrlng kh6 khin d6, c6c chtiol-rg trinh dda ciic

d6ng vAt quay trd lai ddng nhAn dr-Iclc sd quantAm thich d6ng. Dd bidt them th6ng tin, mditham khio nhrlng hudng dAn cria Uv ban r.dsu t6n tai cira c6c loii thu6c Hi6p hdi quoc tdvd bio t6n t r-i nhi6n(http: / /iucn.orgl themes,/ ssc /pubs / policy / reinte.html).

Li6u con ngddi c6 thd ph6t t6n hat?

C6. MOt phtidng ph6p phuc h6i rdng d6

Ii hiom hat d nhr,Tng cAy rrlng gAn d6 r-)i gieo

chr1ng d nhilng khu vt{c bi tin phd. Phr,iong

ph:ip niy dr-ioc ggi li "gieo hat trdc tidp". KythuAt ndy c5 thd nhanh ch6ng tang mAt dO cdy

cirng nhti d6 phong phir vO 1oii, nhrlng n6

cflng c6 m6t s6 han chd. Nhfing didu ki0nn6ng khd cira hAu hdt c6c k1-ru vric bi tin ph6

c6 thd nhanh ch6ng 1im kh6 hat tr6n mdt ddt.

Ngoii ra, nhtTng d6ng vAt in hat cAv nhu 1o''gam nhdm vi kidn (xem PhAn 3, Muc -1) cdc

kj' phd bidn E nhfrng vting bi tdn phd r-i c6

thd lim mdt hoin toin hat cr,la mdt sd toii cay

chi trong vdng vdi ngiy sau khi gieo.

Snu d6, tno nhtltrg cltid'c lfi'nld ttii

lnp lfi Da11c: dLlI ttt113

-\r,a::

58 ^1b.,//


VW

ChOn hat c6 thd gi6m d6ng kd cA vi6c kh6hat cing nhU bi thtl 5n, nhttng n6 crlng ldmtdng dAu vio lao d6ng cAn thidt. Lr"ia chonnhtlng lohi cAy c6 dac didm vA hat sao cho

chfng c6 thd chdng lai viOc bi thr.i an (nhri kichthudc nh6, v6 hat cr.1ng, v.v... xem PhAn 3, Muca) c6 thd tdng kh6 ndng thinh c6ng ciraphtiong ph6p gieo hat trdc tidp. Xii l;i hat bhngh6a ch6lt crlng d5ng dd xem x6t, nhttng cAn

nghiOn ctlu thdm dd x6c dinh nhrlng hop chdtc6 thd ngan c6n cdc loAi dn hat md kh6ng iimhai d6n hat gidng. Tinh trang ngfi k6o dii c6

thd tang khi nang c6c loii an hat tim dtio-c hat,vi vAy viOc xt? l;i hat dd ph6 rrd giai doan ngu(vi du ngAm nlt'c1c, rach hat, ir.1,...) trtidc khigieo hat trr.ic ti6p c6 thd rdt ng6n thdi gian d6

bi tdn c6ng khi md hat c6 thd bi 5n. Tuy nhi6nddi khi cdch xt? Iy nhd vAy c6 thd iem tangnguy cd ldm kh6 hodc lim cho hat trd n6n hdpdAn hon vdi loii ki6n khi dd 16 ra 16 mAm.

Nhd ddi vdi gAn nhtr tdt ci cdc ki thuatT6i sinh td nhi6n c6 sti trd gitip, cAn phAi tiSnhinh c6c thf nghiOm dd x6c dinh nhrlng ky-

thuAt thdnh c6ng nhdt nhini sii dung cho bt'tky dia didm nAo. Tdt nhiOn, moi loii d6ng vAtsdn loAi gam nhdm (nhti chim sin m6i, mEo

hoang, v.v...) cring c6 thd dr.loc coi li nhfingtii sdn quy gid d nhrlng dia didm T6i sinh tunhi6n c6 sr,i trd giirp. Phdng ngtla r.,iOc sdn m6icdra nhtlng d6ng vAt d6 c6 thd gitip kidm so6tsd lticlng cdc loAi gam nhdm vd giim r.i6c dnhat ctia chr,ing.

Ndu quydt dinh dtla bi6n ph6p gieo hattrr,ic tidp vAo chrtong trinh Tdi sinh tu nhi6n c6

sti tro giirp, hay thrl c6c quy trinh trong so d6dlidi dey. VAo dAu mia mt{a, thu ludm hat tilc6c cAy nlng cci qui d gAn dia didm T6i sinhtti nhi6n c6 sd trd gitip. Xdi c6 trong nhfing "6gieo hat", r6ng khoing 30cm cdch nhaukho6ng 7,5-2m (khoAng c6ch c6 thd r6ng honndu dd c6 tdong d61i cAy non hay gdc cAy).

Snu dd i'rt m1t ztii hat

aiio ch6 dii x1p.

rAI SINH RiNG TLI NHIEN C6 SIJ TRO GI.IP

DAo m6t hd nh6 vA lt'p hd bing ddt rrlng(It'y tLf nhtng ndi da luom dtioc hat). Vi6c ndynhlm dAm b6o c6c r.i sinh vQt c6ng sinh c6 1oi(nhd ndm mycorrhizae ...) s5n sAng h6 trd khihat niy mAm. Cudi cing 1A m6i hd tra m6t vAihat, t'n sAu khoing gdp 2 lAn dtidng kinh cirahat vd phr.i th6m ddt rtlng 16n tr6n.

Ndu T6i sinh trf nhi6n c6 sti trd giripkh6ng c6 l6c dung thi sao?

T6i sinh tr-i nhi6n c6 sd trd gidp li m6tkhoa hoc rdt mdi vi n6 xut't hi6n trong nhidu"chir dO ddi h6i cAn nghiOn ct?u th6m" dr,toc

x6c dinh trong phAn nly. Gii sr? c6c ki thuAtT6i sinh td nhi6n c6 sd trd gitip dtioc 6p dungviLo m6t dia didm thich hop, kh6ng c6 khindng li chfng sE hoAn toin thdt bai, nhringchting crlng c6 thd kh6ng cho nhrlng kdt quimong mudn m6t c6ch nhanh ch6ng, ddc bi6t1A vd phqc h6i da dang sinh hoc.

M6t phriong phdp kh6c d6 li sr? dungm6t nh6m "cA1, 61-r" ch6" dd tei thiSt t6n rrlngd6ng thdi vAn tidn hinh c6c ki thuAt T6i sinhtr,i nhi6n c6 sll trd gitip. Phrlclng ph6p niydtidc gqi 1A "tdng cridng h6 sinh th6i" hay "c6ccAy xtic tdc". HAu hdt moi ioai cAy ddu kichthich cdc qu6 trinh ddy nhanh stl t6i sinh ctiardng bdng c6ch cAi thiOn vi khi hAu vi thu hritcdc loii chim phAn tdn hat. ThAm chi c6 thd sr.l

dung IA loAi cAy ngoai lai, ddc bi6t d nhiTngnoi cAn c6 nhtlng loi ich kinh t5. C6c cAy che

chd dAn dAn se thua dAn dd dat dddc ldi ichkinh td khi mir c6c cAy d6 da bi c6c cAy rr.lngxAm chidm. (Parrotta vi c6ng sd 7997).

Tuy nhi6n, vi6c tr6ng m6t loAi cAy duynhdt sE lim tri hoan sd phuc h6i da dang sinhhoc m6t c6ch kh6hg cAn thidt. Vi vAy, "biOnph6p sr? dung c6c loii tao khung rdng" s0

drioc giii thich vh khuydn nghi trong phAntiSp theo.

Cu6i cing liu th€m dni

ritilg dd ldp lutt

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAo 59

TAI SINEI R{JNG TLI NIilEN.C6 SU TRO GIUP

Hinh 4.1 - Vai trd cria chim trong viQc phuc hdi rilng

Tidn si George Gale vi nh6m cia minh thuQc Dai hgc C6ng ngh6 Thonburi cria Nhi vua

Mongkut de al4t nhfing chidc td chim nhAn tAo ddgc lim tr} tre d nhfrng khu v{c bi tin ph6

tr6n cao nguy6n midn Bic Th6i Lan. MQt vii 6 chgc trdng c6c loii cAy tao khung rdnp trong

khi c6c 6 khic phai trei qua qu6 trinh t6i t4o t{ nhi6n. Hq di quan s6t nhfrng loii chim srl

dung td nhAn t4o; tldm sd hat do chim lim rdi dridi td vi theo d6i nhfing cAy niy mAm thidtlAp thlgc (xem Scott vi cQng sr/, 2000).

(Lonchura striata) vd chim xanh ddp ru6i dving d6i (Cyornis banyumas).

C5c td chim rdt 16 so vdi vi6c tao ra cAy

trong vddn Lidn va trdng chring. Ngodi ra, chicAn sfc 1ao d6ng tdi thidu dd dung vi duy tric6c td chim so vdi dAu vdo lao dQng r{t l6ncAn thi6t cho vi6c tr6ng cAy. Tuy nhiOn, vi6ctr6ng cAy c6 v6 hi6u qu6 hcrn khi phuc hdi do

"CAc Ld chim nhAn tao & c6c khu vticbi tdn ph6 d6 thu hdt rft nhidu chirn ph6tt6n hat. Mac dn viQc theo d6i tnfc tidpchim trOn c6c td d6 kh6ng dugc thrldngxuy6n, oh.ing 16 rdng ld chim da srl dqngnhrlng chidc td d6 thtrdrrg xuy6n dii dd

lim tdng d6ng kd ld-o. ng hat. Phia dridinhrlng chiSc td, cA lrt-o. ng hat rdi xudng dt'tvir hat nAy mAm ddu tdng lOn d6ng kd

nhrlng 6 ddi chrlng rnic di sdlrr-o. ng hat niy mAm E cA 6 c6

t6 vd"6 ddi cirtrng ddu it, diAu %niry cho thay t1i 16 hat cdy niy HmAm sdng s6t trong td nhien l) .y)

rdt thdp. Hai loai cAy thrrdng ,*

so vdi nhtlng 6 ddi chiing ngay gAn

kd kh6ng c6 td. Srr n6y mAm tdn tqi drrocphia dri6i td cflng cao hon so vdi d

phong phti da dang sinh hoc cria nlngd nhrlng dia didm bi tin ph6 ndngnd so vdi vi6c chi stl dung td chim.Ngodi ra, viQc tuydn cdY tri nlLi6n

dddi c6c td tdn k6m hon ddi vdinhfng dia didm chi mdi bi t)n ph6 6

rrtrlc dO trung binh vi dd c6 it nhdt m6t vditrim cAy gAn d6. Sli thenh c6ng vdi td

chim drrdng .nhrr phq thu6c viokho6ng c6ch cria c6c loii cAy kdtidp trtidc dAy. Rdt it lodi cdy

thuQc chu6i kd tiSp sau dridctuydn 6 dd6i td. Yi viy, chring t6i

khuydn nghi ring td nhAn tao n6n dddcsr? dung cing vdi vi6c tr6ng cAY kh6i

phuc rtlng, ddc bi6t trong vdng 2-3

tht'y & nhring khu vtic bi tdnphd, loii cdy nh6 Melastomamala- bathricum vdL loli cAy Tremaorientalis, chiSm kho6ng tr6n 50%

sd cAy nAy mAm mdi drlgc dangph6t tridn dddi cac td nhAn tao.Ddy li nhrtng lodi kd tidp quantrong d khdp chAu A. D4c biQt,c6c que M. malabathricumthddng xuy6n bi c6c lodi chim vid6ng vAt hoang dd kh6c dn. Tuy

rnhi6n ndu cdc cAy xung quanhphdt tridn E phia trOn ctia td, chring

:

sE it hfp d5n vdi chim hon; dAy ld m6tdidu quan trgng cAn cAn nhdc ndu c6c tdchim drtoc stl dgng trong c6c drt 5n phuchdi nlng, ddc bi6t ld c6c drr 6n li6n quanddn tr6ng cdy tdng tnldng nhanh.

Trong c6c 6 phuc h6i rtng, rdngkh6p t6n sau2-3 ndm kd td khi tr6ng c6c

lodi tao khung nlng khidn cho tAng t6ndudi thoring hon, ti6u bidu hon chonhrlng khu vdc drroc rrlng h6a. Didu ndykhuydn khich srf quay trE lai cria m6t sdloii chim it gdp d nhrlng khu vuc bi tdnphii, ching han nhrt lodi Shama dit tr6ng

% nbm sau khi trong, trrldc khi cdLY

W- tr6ng phzit tri6n cao. Td chim cd

' N thO dac bi6t hieu quri khi dddc ddtd doc b6n lA cria nhring dia didm

tr6ng cdy. Ngodi ra, c6c ddy td chim c6

thd dr.igc drrng l6n dd ndi lidn c6c khu vricdrtoc tr6ng vdi c6c hinh lang cAy thuQc di6nthd trtidc d6 "do chim tao ra".

Theo George A. GaIe, Andrew J. Pierce vdPuntipa Pattanakaew:Dai hoc C6ng nghQ Thonburi cria Nhd vuaMongkut, Trddng C6c ngudn sinh hqc viC6ng ngh6, Khoa QuAn ly c6c ngu6n hI" tlnhiOn, 83 Moo. 8 Thakham, BangkhuntieryBangkok, 10150.

v+60 12

TRdNG RI-JNG NU TUfi NAO

Email: [email protected]

rHU utir NsfINc roAt pONc vAr c6 ruE ct0prAI rAo DA DANG sINH HQC crie nUNc

Cynopterus sphinx - m6t loqi doi

cd kich thr.tic trung binh. BaY sudt

dAm tuAn nhilng chdng drtdng diioii dn qud, lodi doi ndy da Phdt tdn

hat tr€n sudt chdng dtdng ddi aii

thttdng lim roi hqt xu6ng nhrtng

khu ztttc bi tan phd. Li€u c6 thd thu

hit nhitng con doi nhtth{ naY ddn

cdc khu Tdi sinh tt nhiAn c6 st ttdginp hay kh6ng?

6 fhdi ton cri rirng aii cdc khu bi tdn phn c6 5 loiLi Chio b€o

thu\c nh6m nhitng loiii phdt tdl1 hat qtun trong nhdt 6 cdc 6

Tdi sinh tqt nhiQa 6 sU trq giip 6 Bic Thni Lan (Phin 3, Muc

3); trong d6 c6 cic lodi Chdo bdo miio den (iinh tuAil, bng moi

d6, ditL md h6ng, diu den ai Flanescent

rAT STT{H RUNG TIJ NTTTEN C6 SIJ TRO GIUP

d nhtary noi chting ain cdn t6n tni, cic loii sic ttit hoang dn fuhx loii

Gaur c6 trong inh tuAd od cdc loiii sic ttkt ldn phdt tdn hat khdc c6 thd

bi tlru hit tdi nhrtng khu Tdi sinh t1t nhi|n c6 stt tro- ginp bdng cich tao

nhiary hd nttdc nhin tao hodc nhitng bai mu6i.

An ci c6n tring uii quri ciy trong ritug od nhrtrtg khu cd diiu kiin

sdng thodng, toii Scimitar Babbler l6ng miy triing bi thu hit dAit

nhilng chiA'c t(i & cric khu Tii sinh tlt nhiln cd sx tro giip.

Mat khi tdn ritng dfr

d6ng lqi, loii chim xrtnh

bit mudi d oimg d6i

Hill Blue Elycntcher

(dnh gdc bAn tuii) ad

Loat sharma duot troltg(inh b€n trdi) nimtrong s6' nhrtng loiichim ritng phdt tridn

cttc d0 ddu ti€n dAn

xim chiAm nhltng 6

rirng mdi dqc phtlc hdi.

Tdng ltqng hat roi xu6hg dhi do chim phdt tdn biing ciich drmg lan nhtrng t(i chim hay hQp doi ho(c biing cdch tao nhltng chiat ao nhdn

tqoiottc bii mudi dd thu hit cdc loiii ddng aQt phdt tdn hqt ddn cdc khu Tdi sinh fi nhiAn c6 sr.t tro ginp. ViQc di phdng nghiem ngat di

ngdn chdn aiac sdn bit nhtng loii dQng akt ndy h cin thidt dd c6 thd tidn hdnh rdi sinh tt nhi€n cd slt trd giip thiinh cdng.

Nhdng brlc inh tren drir;c chup 1im m6t phAn cia mOt nghiOn ctlu khoa hoc c6 sri kidm so;it thich d6ng do nhilng nhi nghiOn cfu dridc dio tao

thtlc hi6n. C6c chti chim sau d6 da dridc ph6ng thich.

\.4,-^l 6rP

TRdNG RI.JNG NHI.T THE NAO

I \t il\H RL'\(, lLf \Hll \ ( r ) \t ' ll((J (,lt I

Hinh 4.2 - Kidm tra tinh hi6u qui cia phriong ph6p gieo hat trtt'c tidp

Tunlai (2005) da didu tra nhfing loiri cAr'' ndo cci thd phri hcrp vcli bien phtip gico hat trdc tiip d cirilr'rg kh6p r.i rr.lr'rg thudng xanh mi6n Bic Th.1i Lan. Bir di thu lticrm hat td c.{c cA1. c6 qr"rii vi\ gicom6t nira sd hat trong m6t vtldn r"idm trong c6c di6u ki6n thdp ho'n mfc tiOu chudn vi gico sd hat cc)n

lai trr-lc tidp r.io c6c khu dA bi tin phi vio dir,r mr,ia mr-ta, sit dr.rng cic phdong phiip cla dLiclc m6 titrr,Idc div trong muc 3. Ddi v6i m6t sd 1oii, ti 10 niy mim vi ti 16 song scit vi phrit tri6'n cira c6c

cAv mim non d ngohi d6ng cao horr trong vudn dom, Sar-r m6t n.im, nhr--tng cJ\ con drioc trong r'r t'tit)ndcJn du'dc dem tr6ng canh nhilng cAV con da duoc gieo hat tnlc tidp ngoii c16ng. Cdc theo d6i sau t16

cho thdy khi ning phdt tri6n cira c6c civ con trong bing hat trr-ic tiep cr,ia m6t sd loii r,An tr-iohg ddicao. Gieo hat trr.ic tiSp 16 hdn so i,,di tr6ng trong vr-fdn r-iom cAy. \ri vA),, c.lc hQ t1'rdng phr-rc h6i rilrrgtrong tr.idng lai c6 thd kdt hcip ci gieo hat trr.ic tidp cldi vdr'i c.lc loii phr-i hop cing vdi vi6c trdng cir.theo tAp qu.1n ddi vdi nhrlng cAy kh6ng phri hcrp vcli k,v thuat niv. Dr-ta trOn nhfing thi ngl.riOm citaTunjai, phricrng ph.1p gieo hat trr-ic tiep dticlc khuydn nghi ddi vdi cdc loii Afzelia xl,locar pa,Schleichera oleosa vi Tren,ia nudiflora trong c6c loai rr,lng kh6p, r..i nOn iip dung ddi vdi cic 1o.)i

Aquilaria crassna, Balakata baccata, Eugenia fruticosa, Cmclina arborea, Me1la toosendan, Prunltscerasoides, Sarcosperma arboreum vir Spondias axillaris trong cdc khr-r rrYng thridng ranh.

#Yi*

62 i"-q TRdNG RIJNG NHU THfi NAO

..5."-:3i*;r,*i"v-H;ll

ffi#i!ff14,*

PHAN\-'l<-->4

ie/

rAo cAc LoAr qAY rAoTRONG PHUC TTdI NTINC

x f f f * f, * x I * * * * f f * * * * * * * * * * t * * * * * * * * * *

xAY orjNc xHAr NrpvrrUa cHoN cAc rciar cAy rAo kuuNc nUNc

rntl NcHiEnr cAc roAl cAy i+o KHUNG nUNc

"Phttng phdp tqo cdc loii cky tao khung rtng" dtqc phdt tridn tqiphia Bdc Queensland (Goosem ztd Tucker, 1995) sfi d4ng tQp h(p cdcloii chy dia phtong dd thlc ddy diLn thd tt nhiLn phdt tridn nhanhhon. Phtong ph,ip ndy c6 tiim ndng nhdt ndu cbn tdn tqi nhidu ddi

rilng ztd thn fut cua fing'- bdn trong sd c6c nhi phuc h6i rtlng ldn nhdt th6 gidi: David Lamb,

John Parrotta, Rod Keenan vd Nigel Tucker,7997

PHTIdNG PHAPKHUNG RUNG

fFE f;/

r

1.€

W*,n ,.t".r,t=t"'ffi"....; Ji' .l-,ta$', ,"-Lt^l tt*fu, t$,Sffi1i#{f

*

-\.-<>x; rRoNG nt]xc xsu rHE Nao

P

PHLIo\IC] PHAP TAo CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RT]NG

pHrIdNG pHAp rAo LoAI cAy rAo KHUNG nUNcTRONG PHUC HOI RUNG

"Tinh trqng phd l.LLtlf ritng mta nhiQt ddi da khoi ddy phin i.tng ciln nhi6u rrytoi rlnnr grtt gitt

nhimg gi cin lqi cia ritng ai n€7 c6 thd thi xiitl d1tug lqi rilng."- Steve Goosem vd Nigel I. J. Tucker, "Phuc hdi rrlng mtia nhi6t ddi", 1995.

PHAN 1 . xAY DIJNG KHAI NIEM

Khung rilng li gi ?

Mac dtli phuc h6i rrlng li m6t ngdnh khoa

hoc cdn non tr6 nhung dA c6 nhidu phddngph6p tidp cAn kh6c nhau xr-rdt hi6n. Cdc

phtirrng phap d6 khdc nhau vO ctid'ng d6, trl teisinh ttt nhi6n c6 t6c d6ng r.di viQc kh6ng tr6ngcAy (PhAn 4) ddn trdng tt't cA c6c loii cAy trtidcdAy da bao g6m trong rdng nhi6t ddi nguy6ngdc (nhu phr-iong phdp da dang tdi da cira

Goosem vd Tucker (1995) hay phriong ph6pMiyan aki ciia NhAt Bin (Miyawaki, 1993) .

Phtidng ph6p tao cdc loii cA'y tao khung rtlngIi dung hoi cria hai phtiong thfic d6. Phtiongph6p ndy hi6u qui hon ddi vdi phuc hdi dadang sinh hoc so vdi phtic,ng ph6p dAu, d6ngthdi ddi h6i it dAu vio ho'n phr-iong ph6p sau.

Phr-iong ph6p ndy kdt ho-p tr6ng sd ltiongvrla ph6i c6c loii cAy chti chdt, 1ua chon tidmndng cr-ia chfng dd ddy nhanh phuc h6i da

dang sinh hoc vdi cdc ky thu4t tdi sinh ttlnhi6n c6 t6c d6ng kh6c nhau (phAn 4) nhAm

thr.hc ddy tdi sinh tti nhi6n, tao n6n h6 sinhthiii rtlng td 1tic trt hoat dQng trdng cAy clon

16. DAu ti6n dddc ph6t kiSn tai phia bdc

Queensland nhim phuc h6i rt'ng mtla nhi6tddi bi phd hLiy (Goosem vi Tucker, 1995),

phddng ph6p tao c6c loii cAy tao khung rrlngda drioc di6u chinh m6t c6ch thdnh c6ngnham bAo t6n rtlng nhi6t ddi mr-ia kh6 tai c6c

dia bin rtng bi tin ph6 thu6c khu vtic bio t6nphia Nam Th6i Lan.

C6c lo)i cAy t4o khung rrlng li gi?

C;ic lodi cAy tao khung rrYng ld c6c loaicAy b6n dia, kh6ng mang muc dich thtiorrgmai, thudc loii cdv rdng md khi ddo-c trdngtrOn ddt rtlng bi tAn ph6 chr1ng gir.'rp t.ii thiStco chd rtlng td nhi6n trong tdi sinh rrlng vhthfc ddy phuc h6i da dang sinh hoc.

Phridng ph6p niy hoat dQng nhd thdnio?

Phticrr-Lg ph6p tao c6c lodl cAy tao khungrtlng bao g6m vi0c tr6ng 20-30 loii cAy dr-ioc

lu'a chon cdn thAn vi chim s6c chirng trong 2

hodc nhi6u nim (nhtr 1dm c6, b6n phAn...).C6c cAy dtioc tr6ng "chidm gitT" kh6ng giansdng th6ng qua vi6c tao b6ng rAm 16n c6.

Chdng cr,1ng tdi thidt 1Ap co cdu rr,lng bingvi6c phdt tridn nhi6u tAng t6n. Hotr ntTa,

chirng cdn phuc h6i qu6 trinh sinh thdi, nhdchu trinh dinh dtidng, vi cdi thiOn c6c diOu

ki6n ndy mAm cria hat vi thidt lAp cAy con cho

c6c loii cAy bd sung (kh6ng drioc tr6ng) (gqi

li "tuydn lda") bing c6ch tao n6n didu ki6n vikhi hAu dm r.ir mdt hdn trOn n6n rtlng, ldpthAm muc miru md, kh6ng c6 canh tranh ctia

c6, tao n6n di6u ki6n hodn h6o dd cAy con du'a

viro dddc n6y nAm vi sdng s6t.

Phuc hdi -la dang sinh hoc phu thu6cr.Ao cdc loii chim, doi vd cdc d6ng vAt nh6 c6

vir kh6c bi hip dAn bdi c6c cAy ddoc tr6ng. 20-

30 lodi cAy ducic tr6ng chi bidr-r di6n cho m6tphAn trong tdng sd c6c lodi cAy sdng trong h0

sinh th6i rr,ing nhi6t ddi. Dd phuc h6i kdt ct'uc6c loii cAy nguy6n gdc ciia rtlng, phAi t4ndung cu6c sdng hoang d6 nhr-i phdt tdn hat.

Khi cdc cAy dtioc tr6ng d5 tao n6n cdc diduki6n cho ph6p tu1,d1 lua cAy con, chitng phiis6n sinh ra cdc ngudn ldc (nhd hoa gidu mAt,

hoa qu6 vd td chim) dd thu htit dQng vAt giiipph6t t6n hat. Nhfing d6ng vAt ndy ph6t t6nhat ctia nhidu loii cAy bd sung tt c6c cdnh

ru'ng sdng s6t gAn d6 ddn dia bin tr6ng cAy.

D6 chinh ld thd h0 tidp theo cr,ia c6c loii cAy

dticvc thiSt lQp tE nhiOn, ndy mAm td hat dod6ng vAt phrit t6n mi cudi cting kh6i phucrr-Yng v0 di6u ki6n nguy6n gdc cua n6.

TRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAo 65

PHUdNG PHAP TAO C]AC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNC] I{LINC

C6c d4c didm cira c6c loii cAy tao khungrung?

Dac didm sinh thdi quan trong cira c6c loii c6v

tao khung rr-Yng nhr-l sau:

& Tjr 10 sdng sdrt cao khi dudc tr6ngtai khu rtlng bi tin phd;

& Ting trtldng nhanh;

W RAm rap, lan r6ng tao b6ng rAm cho

cd vlr

''& Sinh hoa vd qui l-roic c6c ngu6n luckhdc trong giai doan dAu dd thu htitd6ng r.At phdt t;in hat.

Hrln nr1a, c6c loii cey tao khung rtYng

ph6i de nhAn gidng trong cdc rrr,Idn dcm, stt

clung ki thuAt doh gidn. Kh6ng tr6ng cAy ndu

chir.ng kh6ng thd phrit tridn duo-c. Do vAv, cdc

dac didm ky vong trong vddn ddm ctla c6c

loii c.iy iao khtrng riing hrr, g6m srr tan c6

d6ng tin cAy cria hat gi5ng, stt niy mAm

nhanh vd d6ng loat cda hat vd quan trongnhAlt 1i sAn rudt cAy con kho6 manh tr6n quym6 trdng trot dd6i m6t nam.

Trong r.ting nhiQt ddi kh6 theo mtia no'i

cdc d6m ch6y tu nhiOn trong mtia kh6 ln hidmhoa hing ndm thi m6t dac diem quan trongnrlar ctia c6c loii cA.v tao khung rtng 1A khdning mau phuc h6i sar-r chdy ru'ng. Khi c.1c

bi6n ph6p phdng chdng chdy kh6ng ph6t huyt6c dung, sti thinh c6ng cia vi6c tr6ng cAy tdisinh rtlng c6 thd phu thudc vio kh6 nang t6inhii mAm cia cdc cAy duoc trdng ttl 16 cAy sar-r

khi da bi dtim ch6y thi0u trui phAn thAn tr6n(c6 nghra ld tdi sinh ch6i).

Macaranga denticulata cd

ttitt ciy trii r6ng c6 iltA'

nltarLlL cl'L6ng tao b6ng rincho c[j, mit tldc diem ki1

oong ciln ctic l.oii cdy tno

klnmg ritng

Nhfrng aldc alidm quan trgng kh6c d6'ivdi da d4ng sinh hoc?

C6c loii cAy quli hiSm vi dang bi tu1'Qt

chr.ing ddi h6i ph6i dtioc qr-ran tAm dac bi6t,

bao gdm nhiing loii ddoc tr6ng tdi sinh rtlngc6 thd gir,ip ngin chin tu,v6t chting ngav cti

khi chring thiSu m6t sd dac didm ciia khungrttng. Co sd diI li6u citr c.1c loii dang bi tuyQt

chting tr6n thd gidi drioc luu tai Trung tAm

Gidm sdt 86o t6n Thd gidi t+i trang:

w\,v\ r.rlnep-lvcmc. c.rrg / cgi-bin / SaCGI. cgi 1

trees. exe?FNC=database-Aindex-html.Ngodi ra, khi c6c lodi d6ng \rat Phdt tan

hat (voi, d6ng rrAt hoang da, t0 gi6c...) khdngcdn thi vi6c tr6ng cdc lodi cAy c6 hat ldn dr-io-c

dQng vAt ph6t tdn (thrio'ng ii c6c lodi cA1' rr-ing

dat ddn d6 ph.1t tridn tdi rlu) cho thdy loi ich

ro ring.

D6 la c6c loii cAy tqo khung rfrng ti6nphong hay c6c loii dat cldn c16 Ph6ttridn t6i Uu?

Td hop c6c loii cAy t;ro khr-rng rt'ing dr-io'c

tr6ng phii bao gdm cA loii ti6n phong vi loiidd dat ddn d6 ph6t tridn tdi rtu (xem phAn 3).

Goosem vi Tucker (1995) khuydn nghi rhng itnht't 309'" cArr dtidc tr6ng n6n ld c;iy ti6nphong. Bhng vi6c cing ltic tr6ng ci cay ti6nphong vi cAI dat ddn d6 phSt tridn tdi r-ir-r,

chu trinh cia chu6i ph6t tridn rtlng c6 thd

dr.ioc rirt ngdn. NhiOu loii cA1. rtlng dat tdi d6

phdt tridn tdi ur-r thtrdng ph6t tridn tdt trongcdc didu ki6n khi hAu th6ng thoting rrd c6

n5ng t'rong c6c khu rdng b1 tin ph.l, nhdng

chr,ing kh6ng thd t6n tai tai nhtlng vr-ing thiduydu td ph6t ten hat. Stl suy giim cria c;ic loiid6ng vAt ldn c6 vr.h trong nhtTng khu vtic r6ng

1dn hi6n na)r can trd c6c cAy 65 hat 1dn vd da

dat d6n dfr phdt tridn tdi du thAm nhAp r,'io

c6c khu vLlc rtlng bi tin phri. Bing cdch dan

xen c6c loii cAy rtlng da ph6t tri6'n tdi uu

trong c6c lodi cAy dtloc tr6ng c5 thd khdc phucdudc nhridc didm niy vd thdc ddy phuc hdirung phdt trien toi rfu.

Cdc cAy ti6n phong tdng trddng nhanh

sdm kh6p t6n vi tao b6ng rAm cho c6, d6ng

thdi c6c loii cAy tdi du ph6t tridn chAm hon

hinh thenh n6n tiin cay dudi tAng cAy ti6nphong, bd sung da dang cd cdu cho ri'ng viting c.1c loii hoang da sin c6. C6c cAy ti6nphong bit dAu chdt sau 15-20 nam ddo-c tr6ng.Tuv nhi6n ddn lfc d6 tAng b6n dti6i cda c.1c

cAv ph6t tridn tdi tiu ph6t tridn vd sin singthay thd chting cing vdi I6p cAy rAm rap didddc hinh thdnh m6t cdch tti nhi6n li kdt quiph.rt tin h.rt hoang di.

66 TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

C6c loii cAy t4o khung rtng phrii thuhrit cic loii clQng vAt nio?

BiLt cr,l cay rr-ing nio cung co the tao nditrti ngu cho chim trong ngdn han, nhringnhfrng cAy c5 thd cung cdp thtlc dn hodc limtd chim c6 thd thu hirt d6ng vAt ph6t ten hattrong thdi gian dii hon, trong thdi gian d6d6ng vAt c6 thd kli gti hat b5t dAu qud trinhphuc hdi cd cdu c6c loii cAy nguyOn gdc criarrJtng. Do d6, cdc loii cAy tao khung rtlng dtioctr6ng d6ng vAi trd lim "m6i" cho d6ng vAtphAt ten hat. Nhri da ljr gini 6 PhAn 3, sti ph6tt6n hat gitla rting nguy6n sinh vir 6 tr6ng thfnghiOm dttoc thdc hi6n ngang nhau bdi c6c

lodi d6ng vAt in hoa quA va tucrhg ddi mditrong rtfng vi nhtlng khu rrlng bi tAn phd.Chr-'rng bao g6m c6c loii kich cd td nh6 ddntrung binh, c6c loAi chim, ddc biAt la chEo b6o,doi in hoa quA (nhtt Cynopterus spp) vd m6t sdloii d6ng vflt c6 vd vi kich cd trung binh kh6cnhtr cAy hlt'ohg, ldn rtlng, nai, ldn lfng...

Cdc lodi cAy c6 srlc ht'p dAn nht't ddi vdinhtTng d6ng vAt d6 s6n sinl1 ra c6c loai quA cdtrung binh trong vdng 3 ndm sau khi tr6ng (vidu nhtt d bXc Thdi Lan Callicarpa arborea,

Castanopsis tribuloides, Eugenia grata, Ficus

abellii, F. hispida, F. semicordata, F. stLbincisa,

Glochidion ker rii, Heynea trijuga, Macaranga

denticulata, Machihts ktryzii, Prunus cerasoides ah

Rhus rhetsoides ) hodc c6c lodi hoa cho ltio-ng mAt

d6i dAo (nhn. Erythrinn subumbrans).

C6c lodi cAy md chim st? dung ldm tdtrong vdng 5 ndm sau khi trdng bao g6mAlseodaphne andersonii, Balakata baccata,

Bischofia jaztanica, Cinnamomum iners, Dwbanga

grandiJlora, Erythrina subumbrans, Eugeniaalbiflora, Ficr.rs glaberima, E. semicordata, F.

subincisn, Helicia nilagirica, Hoaenia dulcis,Phoebe lanceolata, Prunus cerasoides, Ptero-spermum grandiJlorum, Quercus semiserrata,

Rhus rhetsoides and Spondias axillaris.Sd gia tdng c6c lohi c6n tring trong c6c 6

tr6ng thr? nghiOm cung thu hrit cec lodi chim vdd6ng vQt c6 vti phSt t6n hat bing thtic dcrr An

udng h6n hop, nhung kh6ng m61y ai biSt dtlocc6ch nhfing cAy duoc trdng gAy 6nh htidng ddnsd Iuo. ng c6n trr)ng. CAn c6 th6m nhidu nghiOncfu nhXm kh6m ph6 loii c6n tring niro c6 1i6n

quan d6n tdng lodi cAy tao khung rrlng.Khi ndng cira cAy drtoc tr6ng trong vi6c

thu hdt ddng vAt hoang da ld mdt trong sdnhtrng khia canh dtroc bi6t ddn it nh{t trongphuong ph6p tao loii cAy tao khung rtng. CAn

c6 thOm nhidu nghiOn crlu vA sinh th6i vi thtlcdon cira c6c loii phdt tan hat nhlm tao diduki6n chon lrra tdt hotr c6c lodi cAy tao khungrdng c6 khA ning thu hdt c6c lodi d6 cao nhdt.

prilJoNG puAp rao cAc roar cAv rao KHUNG RIING

Nhffng d{c didm thidt kd quan trongcfia rtng khung?

KhoAng 20 ddn 30 loii cAy tao khungrtlng drtoc tr6ng trong m6t kh6ng gian cu thd.Nhrlng cAy ndy dddc dat 6 vi tri ngAu nhi6ntrong kh6ng gian d6, trung binh khoAng 1,Bm

gifa c6c cAy 1i6n tidp (khoing 494 cdy 1r1n L

rai hodc 3.086 tr6n m6t ha). Mat dO tr6ng ndyc6 thd giAm ndu dA c6 sti hi6n di6n cda cAy

non dtt'dc thidt lAp tr.i nhi6n. C6c cAy ldy g5dddc thidt lap tft nhi6n trong vtldn tiom vddddc beo h6, trong giai doan chudn bi kh6nggian tr6ng vd c6c hoat d6ng tr6ng cAy, li dacdidm rdt quan trong trong phtiorrg ph6p taoloii cAy tao khung rrYng.

CAn c6 biQn ph6p quin ljz gi?

it nhdt 2 ndm sau khi tr6ng, vi6c lim c6

thddng xuy6n li rdt quan trong nhim ngdnchdn vi6c c6 canh tranh vdi c6c cAy tr6ngkhdc. B6n phAn thric ddy c6,y tr6ng tdngtrr-i&ng, dAn ddn vi6c kh6p t6n nhanh vd taob6ng rAm cho c6. Trong di6u ki6n khi hAu kh6theo mia, rt't cAn m6t chtiong trinh phdngch6y c6 hi6u qu6. C6c cAy trdng dttoc thiSt lAptti nhi6n dtio-c chim s6c vd bAo vO trttdc kh6ich6y theo dr1ng c6ch dp dung ddi vdi cAy

trdng. Cting cAn ngdn chdn nan sdn bdt nhXmbio tdn sd ltiong d6ng vAt hoang dd phet tAnhat. Thidt kd vd qudn 11/ hoat d6ng trdng cAy

dttoc bin ddn d PhAn 7.

Phridng ph6p tao loii cAy tqo khungrfrng c6 nhfrng han chd gi?

Dd phuc h6i mfc d6 giiu c6 cira c6c loiicAy, phriong ph6p tao loii cAy tao khung rtYng

phu thudc vio thn dd clia rtng trl nhiOn cdn t6ntai gAn d5 dd cung cdp ngu6n hat kh6c nhau viphu thu6c v)o mdi trtidlrg sdng tAp ho. p d6ngvAt ph6t t6n hat. C6ng trinh ctia FORRU cho

thdy trong khdng gian rtYng phri xanh tr6n vingcao 6 phia B5c Th6i Lan ngdy cdng bi thu hep,cAy huorrg vd c6c lodi ddng vAt kh6c c6 thd ph6tt6n hat cfia m6t sd loai cAy rrlng trong pham vi10km. Do viy, ky thuAt ndy c6 tidm ndng hoatd6ng tdt trong gidi han L0km rrlng. C6c cAy

phAn t6n ering c6 thd crmg ct'p ngu6n hat ddphtrc hoi sr-i giau co cia cdc loai ciy. NOu khongc6 c6c ngudn hat hodc nhrlng d6ng vAt ph6t t6nhat trong khu vtic cinh quan, qu6 trinh phuchdi d0 giiu c5 cria cdc loii cAy c6 thd chAm.

N5u viOc tr6ng c6c loii cAy tao khung rilngkhdng thd thfc ddy phuc h6i da dang sinh hoctrong giai doan 4-5 ndm thi sau d6 cAn ph6itr6ng thOm nhidu lodi cAy.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO 67

T4O CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RIJNG

,l.PHAN 2 - LUA CHQN LOAI cAY TAo KHUNG nUuc

ngtdi ddn

I ginp ich

: lxa chon

'tc nghi€m

C6 danh s6ch c6c loii cAy t4o khungrrlng kh6ng?

Chtta c6 dn bin nlo vd ciic lodi cAy taokhung rrlng, tn) cudn rrlng mtia nhi6t ddi dQueensland, Uc (Goosem vi Tucker, 1995) vdnlng kh6 theo mria phia BXc Th6i Lan (PhAn 9

cfia cudn s6ch ndy). C6c lohi cAy tao khungnlng c6 thd dlidc x6c dinh trong m6t sd tli1i6u th6ng qua vi0c d6nh gi6 c6c loii cAy

mang ddc didm khung nlng. L1y' thuydt vd kiSnthrlc n6i sinh c6 thd dtioc sl? dung dd xdc dinhc6c loii cAy tht? nghiOm tao khung rtYng,

nhung kh6 ndng cld.ac6c lodi cAy d6 hoat dQngldm khung rtlng phii dttoc chtlng thdc qua cdc

thrl nghiOm hi6n tnidng.

Ltia chgn c6c loii cAy th# nghiQm t4okhung rilng nhri thd nio?

I

C6c loii cAy thrl nghiQm tao khung rtlngph6i kh6ng vi muc dich thttohg mai v) lh cdc

lodi b6n dia trong khu vr.lc tr6ng. Chi c6

nhrfng cAy phi hop vdi loai nlng nguyOn gdcvd d6 cao cia khu vdc tr6ng mdi dddc ldachon ding cho tht? nghi6m. Th6ng tin nly c6

thd thdy E c6c tdi liQu vd thrrc vflt hoc (nhri ddiv6i phia bfc Th6i Lan, Maxwell vi Elliott(2001) vn Gardener (2000). Mac dri 117 thuydt1u6n m6 t6 ddc didm cria hoa hay qu6 c6 kh6ndng thu hrit d6ng vflt hoang dd nhtlng quantrong li lphii bd sung nhrTng th6ng tin d6th6ng qua vi6c quan s6t cdc cAy trong rtlng.D6nh ddu cAy crlng dugc theo ddi hing thdng

d6i vdi quA vi hat vi d6ng vAt ph6t t6nchring. Nhr1ng nghiOn ctlu vd thtic vQt ndyhinh thanh th6ng tin vd thdi gian thu h6i hatvdL srlc hdp dAn cria m6i lodi cAy ddi vdi d6ngv4t phdt t6n hat. Nhrlng nghiOn crlu d6 cringtao cd h6i theo d6i co citt tin cAy vA nhd d6d6nh gi5 hi6u quA tao b6ng rAm cho c6 ctiac6c loAi cdy.

C6c drT 1i0u d6 dtoc ph6t hdnh vd hoatd6ng tdng trr.i6ng cria phAn ldn c6c lodi cAy

nhiAt ddi rdt khan hidm, nhdng ddi vdi nhrTng

cAy 6 D6ng Nam A, c6 th6ng tin trong nhrTng

cudn sd tay tuy6t vdi vd c6c cdy ldy g6(Soerianegara vh Lem- rnens, 1994; Lemmens

vd cQng sti, 1995 vi Sosef vd c6ng sd, 1.998,

www.prosea.nl,/prosea5.html#s(1)), doPROSEA xudt bin (C6c ngu6n cAy tr6ng criaD6ng Nam A;. f"y nhi6n, viQc gi6m s6t sri

tdng tnidng ctia cAy con dem lai chi sd tdt hdnv6 hoat riQng tidm ndng. Trong hAu hdt c6c

trddng hop, c6c lodi ph6t tridn tdt trong vridnridm ddng drroc thtt nghiOm tai hi6n tnidng.

C6c nghiOn ctlu vd tri thrlc vd thtc vAtciia ngr.fdi dAn bAn dia (ki6n thrlc thr.lc vAt hocvd d6n tQc hoc) c6 thd cho thdy c6ch hidu sAu

sdc v6 tidm ndng ctia c6c ciy c5 vai trd ld loditao khung nlng. Khi thdc hiAn nhrlng nghiOn

crlu d6, didu quan trong l) ph6i lim viQc vdic6ng d6ng c6 tidu srl lAu nim sdng gAn rrlngvi khu vtlc rdng bi tan pha, d4c biOt ld nhr1ng

c6ng ddng hoat d6ng du canh du cri (ddtndol-rg lim rAy). NhrTng ngddi n6ng dAn ttY c6c

c6ng d6ng d6 thlidng bidt loli cAy ndo c6 thds6ng tr6n dia bdn b6 hoang vd tdng tniEngnhanh. Tuy nhi6n, kdt qu6 ctia nhtrng nghiOn

ctlu d6 phdi dtioc nghiOn ctlu rdt cdn thAn.Ngtidi dAn dia phrrong d6i khi cung ct'p

c6c th6ng tin md h9 nghl li se lim hhildng ngrrdi nghiOn ctlu thay vi th6ngtin drta tr6n kinh nghiOm thdc t5. Matin vd tin ngridng truydn thdng cringc6 thd b6p m6o str d6nh gi6. c6

muc dich v6 ndng lttc cria ciic loiicAy. Do vfly, th6ng tin v6 kidnthrlc thrrc vflt hoc vir dAn t6c hocchi d6ng tin khi n6 drloc cungcdp m6t c6ch d6c lflp bdi c6c

thlnh vi6n cfia m6t sd c6ng d6ngkh6c nhau vdi n6n tAng vdn h6a

kh6c nhau. Dd thiSt kd didu tra vA

kidn thtlc thdc vat hoc viL dAn t6choc m6t c6ch hi6u qfi, c6 thd tham

khAo tdi liOu cria Martin (1995).

2

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAO

Bing 5.1. T6m tit ngudn th6ng tin vd hia chon c6c toii cAy t4okhung rrlng ban dAu cho vi6c d6nh gi6.

pHrroNC prrAp rao cAc loar cAy rAo KHLNG RUNG

\€>16eP

Cic dicdidm khung

rdngLf thuydt

Nghidn c(fuvridn tfdrn

Gi6m s6t hi6ntnidng

Kidn thr?c thticvAt hoc vi dAn

t6c hoc

B6n dia,kh6ng vimuc dichthddng mai,phi hop v6im6i trdtingsdng/d6 cao

Thlrdng dtiocchi ra trong m6t6 v6 cAy tr6ngtrong 11/ thuydtvd thtic vAt.

Denh gi6 ti 10

sdng s6t vdtdng tnidngtrong c6c vrfdnUclm.

Didu tra cdcloAi cAy trongkhu vtic rtlngnguy6n sinhgAn nhdt.

Kh6ng d6ngtin: ngtidi dAnthudng kh6ngphAn bi6t duocc6c loli b6n diavA loli du nhAptr) b6n ngodi.

Tjr 16 sdngs6t vA tdngtrddng cao

Drf 1i6u dtio-cxudt b6n cdnrli #rc, nhtingc6 thd thamkh6o cudnPROSEA

D6nh gi6L t;i 10

sdng s6t vdtdng trddng ctianhrlng cAy duocthi6t lAp mdtc6ch tu nhi6ntr0n dia bin bib6 hoang

H6i ngridi dAndia phtiong vdloli cdy c6 thdsdng s5t vdtdng trtidngnhanh trOn diabdn bi b6hoang.

Nhfrng b6ngcAy trii rdngvi ddy taob6ng rAmcho c6

it dt heu vdcdu trtic ctia t6ncAy ctla c6c lohicAy ri6ng 16.

Quan s6t cdutnic cria tiincAy trong rtlngvd dia bln bib6 hoang vd c6c6 bao phfitr6n bd mdt.

Ngtidi dAnthudng bidtlodi cAy nlLo c6thd thu hritchim mu6ng.

Thu htitd6ng vAthoang dd

Qu6 ddy cr,iihay hoa nhi6umAt nhtt m6 t6trong phAn loaithrrc vAt.

Quan s6t loiiquA vd ddngvAt dn qu6 hodchoa trong rtYng.

Ngtldi dAnthridng bi6t loiicAy ndo c6 thdc6 thd phuc h6isau d6m ch6y

Mau phuch6i sau ch6yrdng

Didu tra t1/ 10

sdng s6t criacAy d nhfrngkhu vdc bich6y ngAunhi6n

D6 nhAn

$ongThit nghiOm nAy

i\mam va glams6t cAy con.

}{at l6n/ph6ttridn tdi rru

Thtt'dng dddcn6u trong m6t6 cAy tr6ngtrong tAi li6uvd thuc vAt.

Nghi6n crluqu6 vi hat cAytrong rrlng dAdat dd ph6ttridn tdi riu.

TRdNG RIJNG xrIU ruE xao

PHIJCiING PHAP TAO CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RTJNG

pnAu s - rHO NcruEvt cAc roAI cAv rAo KHUNG nUNc

C6c loii cAy thif nghiOm t4o khung rfingtltidc thif nghiGm nhri thd nio?

Khi c6c loii cAy thtl nghiOm dA ddoc chon

lda, thr? nghiOm tai hiOn tnidng c6 thd drroc

thlic hien trong gidi han hoat d6ng hiOn trtidngphn hop ti6u chi "khung rtYng" duoc nOu trongPhAn 1. Vi0c chudn bi tht1 nghiOm tai hi0ntnidng c6 thd mdt ddn mdt nim hodc lAu hc,n

do phAi tr6ng dii sd luong cAy con (>50 cAy

m6i loiri) trong vddn Lidm tri hat dricic thu hdi

td nhidu cAy me kh6c nhau (PhAn 6). O tt-ttt

nghi6m phAi dtioc tr6ng 20-30 lodi cAy thr-?

nghiOm tao khung rr.Yng (PhAn D. O thl?

nghiOm trOn it nhdt L rai (40x40 m), nhAn r6ngit nhdt 3 lAn, li yOu cAu tdi thidu dd cho thdysr.i kh6c bi6t 16 r6t gifa tjr 10 sdng s6t vi tangtrtidng cfia c6c loii dtloc thr? nghiOm (PhAn 7,

Muc 5). Bi6n ph6p lAm sinh d6ng bO ph6i drioc6p dung cho tdt cA c6c 6 nhAn r6ng.

Melin toosendnn Sieb. & Zucc

Prunus cerasoides D. Don

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO

Vi6c th{c hi6n dtfdc tl6nh gi6 sdm nhdtkhi nio?

Vio cudi mtia mr,ia thtl hai (vi du: trongkhoing 1 nam) sau khi tr6ng, c6c phuongph6p gi6m s5t nhtt' m6 tA trong PhAn 5, Muc 5

c5 thd dtioc sd dung nhim d6nh gi6 ti le sdng

s6t vi tang trridng cria c6c loii cAy tht?

nghiOm tao khung rttng. Nguy6n nhAn cAy

chdt ldn nhdt li han h6n trong mia kh6 dAu

ti6n sau khi trdng. Cudi mtia mda th(i hai, hAu

hdt c6c cAy c6 thd dddc thiSt lAp tdt hoic sE

chdt. Do vAy, viOc sdng s6t hay tdng trddngtrong thdi gian d6 tao n6n m6t chi sd t6t dAnh

gi6 hoat d6ng cudi cting. Ngtfdc lai, vi6c c6c

cAy drroc tr6ng cung cdp c6c ngu6n hoang dA

vA vi6c phuc h6i sinh hoc di6n ra chAm hcrrr.

Do vQy, gi6m s6t c6c ddc didm khung niy c6

thd dlidc tidp tuc trong vdng it nhit li 5 ndmtidp theo.

BAng 5.2. C6c tiOu chudn tdi thidu vA hoat dQng hi6n trtidng drioc dd xudt ddi vdi c6c loii tao

khung rdng vho cudi mria mtla thrl hai sau khi trdng tr6n dia bdn nlng phti xanh taiphia b5c Th6i Lan (Elliott vi c6ng sti, 2003)

1 Vd kt thuat vi dinh nghia do 1ddng, xem PhAn 7, Muc 5

2 Drrrrc do ltidng khi cdc bi0n phip phdng ch6y kh6ng ph6t huy t6c dung vi cdy bi chiy ngiu nhiOn. Kh6ng cd 17 ddt chay

6 thri nghi6m.

Ciy non cila mdt

sd lodi tao khung

rimg hdng diu mii

EORRU di xdc

dinh dwc c6 sir

dung quy trinh

sdng loc nht m6 td

6 dny.

70

Do lttdnsl Tuy6t vdi Cht'p nhAn dttoc M(lc cAn bi6n Mfc b6c b6

Tf 10 sdng (%) >70 50-69 45-49 <45

Dd cao (m) >2,0 1.5-1,.99 L.25-1.49 <1..25

Dd r6ng t6n (m) >1.8 1..5-L.79 1.00-1.50 <1.0

Cidm sr-f phdt trien cua co >1 0.5-1.00 0.40-0.49 <0.4

Tf 16 sdng sau ch6y rttng2 (%) >70 50-69 45-49 <45

Spondias axillaris Roxb

C6 thd st? dung c6c ti6u chudn thtfc hi6ndd lrra chon c6c loii cAy t4o khung rtngdtidc kh6ng?

CAn linh hoat khi st? dung c6c tiOu chudnthric hi6n dd d6nh gi6 1i6u c6c lodi cAy dtioctr6ng c6 dat ti6u chudn tao khung rtngkh6ng. Hoat d6ng cfia cAy c6 thd rdt kh6cnhau. Kh6c nhau vd khi hAu tt ndm nAy sangndm kh6c c6 thd dAn ddn tinh trang ld m6tlodi c5 thd dat ti6u chudn trong mdt ndmnhrtng lai kh6ng dat trong c6c ndm tiSp theo.

Ndu c6c cdy drtoc ph6t tridn tr,i'hat, cdc

ti6u chudn vtidn riorrL thich hop dd d6nh gie"tinh d6 nhAn r6ng" 1A t)? le nAy mAm ctia hatcao hdn 40%;11) t]y' 16 s6'ng cao hoh 70% vi ddcbiAt la iii) s6n sinh cAy non c6 thd tr6ng dtioctrong vdng 1 ndm sau khi thu h6i hat.

C6c ti€u chudn thdc hi6n tai hi6n trtidngddoc m6 ti trong BAng 5.2. do FORRU xAydung girip d6nh gid c6c loAi cAy tao khungrdng tidm ning cho khu vtic rtlng phti xanhdang duoc phuc h6i trong kho6ng 18 th6ngsau khi tr6ng. t

Sapindus rarak la m|t loai. ciy tao

khung ritng mang loi gid tri lcinh td.

Qud ciLa n6 dmc ding dd lim xiiphdng ztii diu gdi.

PHLI]NG PHAP TAo CAC ],oAI CAY TAo KHUNG RLING

Vi6c ra hoa hay qu6 ho4c c6 td chim tr6ncAy trong vdng 4 ndm sau khi tr6ng li m6tti6u chudn htru ich dd danh gi6 vi6c cung c61p

cdc nguon lUc hoang da.LrJa chon c6c loAi tao khung nlng ddi h6i

kdt hop gifra do llt'dng dinh luong vi d6nh gi5vdn d6. SE c6 rdt it loAi cAy drroc thrl nghiOmvddt tdt cdc c6c ti6u chudn, nhr.ing ddi vdi bdtk)' m6t kdt hop cfa 20-30 loii cAy duoc tr6ngtr6n dia bin cu thd thi nhin chung tdt ce cec

ddc didm tao khung ddu dA drioc thd hiOn tdt.Vi du, mdc dr.i tdng trr.t'dng nhanh chi 1i

ky vong, mdt sd loAi cAy tdng trr-i6ng chAm c6

thd sdng dddc dd da dang co ct'u tin che vitao n6n mdt ldp d dddi cho d6ng vAt hoangd6. Trtong tr1, m6t sd loai c6 tdn hep c6 thdduoc chdp nhAn trong h6n hop cAy tr6ng nduchring phdt tridn tdt tr6n c6c khia canh kh6c.

Ficus subincisa hdp dnn cic loiti ch.im

phit tdn hat tuyAt 'odi do nd cho quii

trong obng 7 ndm sau khi tring.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAo 7L

PHIJChTG PII(P TAO CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RIJNC

Lim thd nio ndu c6 qn6 it loii cAy t4okhung rrlng dtfgc thrl nghiOm dat ti6uchudn?

C6 hai h.ia chon ndu kh6ng c6 hodc c6

qu6 it lodi cAy duoc tht? nghiOm dat dddc dAu

chudn drr ki5n. Thtl nht't, c6 thd tua chon c6c

lodi thtl nghiOm kh6c vd htla hen hctl td quAn

thdc vat dia phuong cho cdc cu6c tht? nghiOm

bd sung th6ng qua viOc d6nh gi6 lai quy trinhchon lda.

C6ch kh6c li hoat d6ng cria cdc loiikh6ng dat ti6u chudn c6 thd duoc ddy manh

bXng nhidu phr-iong phdp. Ndu lodi d6 kh6ngdat ti6u chudn ciia vddn tt'dm, c6 thd thay ddiki thuAt nhAn r6ng nhim tao ndn ngudn cung

cdp cAy tr6ng kh6e manh hon (nhri phtiongtien tdt ho'n, phrrc,ng ph6p b6n phan). Tai hi6ntrddng, bi6n ph6p lAm sinh c6 thd dtioc tdng

ctldng (nhd lim c6 thddng xuy6n horr, che phiigd....) nhim c6i thi6n tf 16 sdng vi tdng

tnidng vi ddy nhanh kh6p t6n.

C6 thd stl dung hO thdng xdp toai dd luachon loii phdt tridn tpong ddi tdt nht't td cac

lodi kh6ng d6p tlng drioc y6u cAu thrl nghiOm.

C6c lodi niy c6 thd dr.roc tiu tiOn trong vr-Idn

rioYn vd thtt nghiQm tai hiOn tnldng nhXm thticddy hoat d6ng. M6t vi du drloc n6u trongB6ng 5.3. Lodi drioc xdp loai 50% cao nhdt ddivdi tdt cA ti6u chudn do ludng (c6 nghta 1) c6c

lodi A, B vi C (c6 didm sd tdt cA ddu tt 4-6)

hodc c6c lodi c6 tdng didm xdp loai cao nht'ttheo khuydn nghi s6 dtigc dring trong c6c thr?

nghiAm sau niy.Sd bidn ddi cria kf thuAt ndy ld dd 6P

dung cho c6c t1f' trong khdc nhau (hodc c6c hO

sd nhAn kh6c nhau) ddi vdi m6i ddc didmkhung, phn ho-p vdi tAm quan trong tlidngtlng cr,ia chring. Vi du, t1i 16 sdng quan tronghon chi6u cao cAy con, do vAy didm xdp loaicho tli 16 song phii dr.ioc nhAn 1 5 ddn 2 lAn

trr.ldc khi c6ng vio tdng didm. C6 thd bao

g6m c6c ydu td tdc d6ng d6n d6 ldn cdp sd

nhAn duoc 6p dung, d6 khdc nghiQt cira khuvttc tr6ng; vi tri gAn rdng nguyOn sinh, tinhs5n c6 cira hat hay chdt h,iong hoat d6ng ciiavtidn dom...

Gi6 tri kinh td cria cic loii cAy taokhung rffng?

C6c loii cAy tao khung rtlng thich hopnhdt ddi vdi vi6c thtic ddy da dang sinh hoc

trong c6c khu phdng h6, ndi mi vi6c khai th6c

rrlng dr.loc giim thidu. Do vfly, gi6 tri thr.iong

mai ctia chring kh6ng quan trong bing gi6 trlsinh th6i. Tuy nhi6n, ngay c6 trong c6c khuvdc phdng h6, vi6c ngudi dAn dia phtiong st?

dung nlng lai li vdn dA quan trong thddngddoc x6t d5n. Trong tinh hudng d6, n6n ltiachon c6c loii cAy tao khung rtlng dem 1ai sAn

phdm kh6ng phii td g6. CAn nhd rhng, kh6ngc6 loii cAy nio 1i kh6ng c6 loi ich kinh td.

PhAn ldn c6c lo)i cAy tao khung rdng ddu sinsinh m6t sd sin phdm hf,u ich nhu dddc lieutruydn thdng, qui hay 16 an dlidc, 96 nhi6nii6u, c6 kh6 cho gia sric nu6i... Hcrn nfra, gi6

tri cria c6c dich vu m6i trtidng do khung rdngmang lai kh6ng thd b6 qua, ddc bi6t ld gi6 trib6o vQ ving dAu ngu6n. C6c muc dich sr?

dung ctia c6c Io)i cAy tao khung rtlng ddgcm6 tA trong PhAn 9.

BAng 5.3. Lr.ia chon lodi tdt nha:t td c6c ioii "kh6ng dat ti6u chudn" - vi du vd mdt

hd thdng phAn loai dtioc dp dung cho dfi 1i0u hoat d6ng tai hiOn trddng

dd lua chon c6c loii tht? nghiOm nhim cAi thiOn c6c biOn ph6p lAm sinh.

ry Ie song D6 cao D6 r6ng t6n

Lodi cAy rB (%) Xdp loai TB (m) Xdp loai TB (m) Aep loai Tdng didm

A 60 6 t,3 5 1,52 5 L6

B 42 4 1,4 6 t,6l 6 16

C 55 5 1,2 4 1,48 4 13

D 40 3 0,9 I 1,20 )a 6,5

E J5 1 T,1 ) L,20 2,5 6,5

F 39 2 1,0 2 0,89 1 5

72 TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO

. "-:"}_{'.:.i i-t{_."q.-" ."..1-.;.., . :";,.r#

5t "','. i ;.1.,.,,-.ft;,!;,ti:-!,'' j, :i::j:_:F. " : '"' -; "'!"

PHAN 6

^\s?,TRONG CAY CUA CHINH BAN

-{€qC;'-€Y

L:-+'*E r$-

- c*\J-.-B)r{.l;'-'-\..:J \

'iltl\' l

* ** * *

THIET Xr VA XAY DIJNG VT6r VUdN tJdVT CAYTHU HAI HAT

?. , ?

XU LY OUA VA HATHAT NAY MAM

i^TRONG CAY CON

CHAM SOC CAY CON TRONG VIJdN tIdVTpKIEM TRA CHAT LIJdNG

t"

,t

"uj;

r rl ]

I iL

,.i ,. /t r5;- . .1,i

*: y' !'

*-$EJ

'$.; ."1''

,, _=:i ,

' ,.'- lf'

i t'--

1.\ g:d5ittii /ti'ir {',/+r i(ta

/i.. '"t,,;. i t,, *- -.=.

#;i*+':;\,, .;:T'fffi

3:'

LAM vIEC TRoNG vtldN rjdvr - xO rY uAr

Phia tuAn bAn tuii Hat dA ding dtnc trich ra tit qui ciyCassia fistula c6 ztd c*tg bnng cdch ditng ltai dao rta det

dQp nhq ching.

Phia tuAn b€n phrti - Phtong phip niiy ip dung cho qui

crmg ddy cii cia ciy Trewia ttudiflota Tich cii qui rtgdtt

ngila nguy co bi nim thim nhQP.

Phia tr€n - Khia l6p zt6 m6ng cia hrlt cfry Ormosia

sumatrani,a biing d4ng c1r bdm m6ng tav dd thic ddy hat

nfiy mim nhanh. DAy li mdt loai rach ad n1ng.

Phia tr€n - Gieo hat trong cdc khaY

thich lqp dd gidm sdt tdc dA nliy mim

dZ ding hon.

B€n phrti Sit d4ng bit ddnh ddu mdu

triing dd theo doi ad dAm m6i hqt ndy

mim.

TITdNC CAY CI]A CHINH BAN

rndruc cAv cfra cuiNn BAN

Khi 1Ap kd hoach cho m6t dti 6n phuc h6i rtlng, diOu tdi quan trong phAi xem x6t ld ph6i tr6ngduttc cA1, cht't hlong cao. M.lc {ri c6c vddn tidm mang tinh thtirrng mai c6 thd doh tr6ng m6tsd loii cAy rnang gid tri kinh td nhung nhfrng vddn tiom d5 rdt it khi tr6ng c6c cAy tao khungrt'ing. Do vAy, dd phuc h6i rtng, vi€c tr6ng cAy trong c6ng ddng vtidn titlm c6 thd li ltta chon

duy nhdt. Mac dd vi6c xAy dting m6t vltdn dorn cAy ddi h6i rdt nhiAu n6 1uc, vi6c mua cAy ttlc5c vridn do'm hien thdi c6 nhidu loi ich nhd sau:

& C6r-tg d6ng vr,ldn tlclm quin 11i moi mdt

sAn xu{t cAy trdng, bao g6m chon lodi

cAy, chdt lr.iong v) sd lrrong cAy drloc sAn

xudt vi gi6 thinh sdn xudt.

& C6r-rg d6ng vtidn Lidm td hio vd c6c cAy

md ho s6n xut't vi do r.4y ho chim s6c

chting m6t c6ch cdn thAn.

.$ Vddn tldm trd thinh m6t ti6u didm cho

ciic hoat d6ng xA h6i vi gi6o duc khuydn

khich c6ng d6ng tham gia nhidu hdn nr1a

vi c6c dti 6n phuc h6i rtlng.$ C6c vudn ridm cAlz 116t'tt c6ng d6ng c6

thd dddc xAy dttng gAn c6c dia bin tr6ng

cAy dd gi6m thidu chi phi vAn chuydn vihti hai cAy tr6ng khi chuy6n ch6.

Khi m6i nh5m ngtidi bdt dAu xAy ddngm6t vtidn ddm cay, muc dich ctla ho phAn ldnchi dd sin xudt cAy tr6ng. Tinh thAn cr,ia c6ngd6ng dtioc nAng cao, c6c mdi quan h0 x6 h6iph6t tridn vd nhrTng ngddi tham gia hoc h6ilAn nhau nhi6u nhti nhtng vi6c ho lim cho

cAy vd rtlng.Trong phAn n;iy, ch(rng t6i trinh biy c6c

ky ning vd tri tht'ic cd bAn cAn dd sin xudt ctic

cAy tr6ng h5n hop cung ct'p circ ioAi cAy tao

khung rtYng trong cdc vddn doTn quy m6, loaicAy c6 thd dddc c6ng d6ng hay c6n b6 trongkhu vtlc phdng h6 qu6n ly d6 ddng. Mac dinhilng ki thuAt dtioc dd cAp dA dtioc thtnghidm m6t c6ch khoa hoc tai phia bdc ThdiLan, chting c6 thd thich hop cho c6c r.tfng lAn

cAn, ddc biet ddi vdi m6t sd tntl nghiem tr6ngcAy trong di6u kiOn d1a phtic,ng.

Siit diu ltinh thinh mAt attdn *tnr ciy trong clng ding clt.il

yeu li€n qturn rldn to.o din.g stt rltii tri'oi tndt xfi hAi ti6'i rdit,i€c gin git m|i trtldng cin.g nhtl sdn :cuii ciy tring.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TFi6 NAO 75

.UA CHINH BAN

MQt vtidn tidm ph6i cung cdp c6c didu kien lf tddng cho cAy con tdng trt16ng, d6ng thdi b6o vO

chfng trddc nhrlng kh6 khdn. N6 phAi ld noi an to)n v) thuAn ti6n cho nhfrng ngrldi ldm vi6ctrong vtidn ridm.

pHAN 1 - rHrfir Kfi vA xAv DIJNG ruOr vrjdx Udnr cAy

Khi nlo n6n xAy dring mQt vridn rJdm?

Eia bdn vtidn riorn ph6i dtioc b6o v6 kh6itdc dQng cria khi hdu. N6 ph6i:

& fing phSng hay thoai tho6i ddc vdi h0thdng tddi tieu tdt (bd ngAm ddi h6i ph6iddp tr6n nAn d6't cao);

& o.iq. che chdn vi m6t phAn trong b6ngrAm (lf hrdng nhdt ld dia bln ddoc cdc

cAy hi6n c6 bio vO);

& CAn noi cung cdp rridc sach trong ddihan (nhrrng kh6ng c6 nguy co lut 16i);

& p.i r6ng dd sAn xudt dti sd ldong cAy

theo y6u cAu vd cho ph6p md r6ng trong

.. trldng lai;& Xe mdy c6 thd tiep c6n dddc do thuan

tiQn cho chuy6n chd cAy non vlL hAng h6acung cdp, vdL

& CAr, ndi cung cdp ngu6n ddt thich hd. p.

CAn kh6ng gian rQng bao nhi6u?

Quy m6 vddn ddm vO co biin phu thudc v2ro

quy m6 cria khu ddt sc drroc trdng. Ngrioc l4ikhu ddt ndy quydt dinh sd ltt-o. ng cAy s6 driocs6n xudt trong m6i ndm. Cflng cAn xem x6t t1y'

16 sdng cria cAy con vA tf lQ tdng trddng(quydt .tinh d0 dai thdi gian md cay s6 dtiocgid trong vtt'dn rioTn).

Bang dddi dAy so s6nh quy m6 cria khuddt s6 tr6ng cAy trong m6i ndm vdi quy m6cria vrldn rioYn theo y6u cAu. Nhting ph6p tinhd6 ph6n 6nh s6 hat drtoc niy mAm trong khayvd drlgc chuydn vdo hdp. Vi du, trong m6tkhu vdc tr6ng cAy m5i nAm r6ng 4 rai, cAn c6

2000 cAy con, ddi h6i mdt vridn ridrn rdngkhoAng 50 m2.

Nhffng d{c didm quan trgng cria mQtvridn ddrn cAy?

Mdt vrldn ddm cay kh6ng dtroc tdn k6mqud. C5 thd st? dung moi vQt liQu s5n c6 taidia phr.idng nhti g6 tdi sf dung, tre vd 16 co

dd xdy d{ng m6t vr.ldn ddrn don gi6n vdkh6ng ddt tidn. Nhrlng y6u cAu quan trongbao g6m:

& vtot khu vric c6 b6ng rAm vdi citc ddydAnh cho hat nAy mAm vd dliqc bao vC

h6i d6ng vAt dn hat bing l:urfi sit;& VOt khu vdc c6 b6ng rAm ndi c€tc cdy

con trong chAu c6 thd tdng trddng chod6n khi s6n sdng drloc dem trdng (b6ngrAm c6 thd chuydn ddi drioc dd cho ph6pcAy con crlng c6p tnldc khi dem trdng);

& MQt noi ldm vi€c dd chudn bi hat, btlngcdy di tr6ng...

& UOt ngu6n cung cdp ntidc dSng tin cfly;

& VtOt kho c6 kh6a dring cho c5c vAt tiQuvd c6ng cu;

& fr4Ot hing rdo dd ngan gia stic bi lac, vd& UOt phdng vd nhd vQ sinh cho c6n bQ vd

kh6ch tham quan.

Vrldn ddrn dddc thidt kd nhd thd nio?

Xem x6t ki lrrdng cdch sdp ddt m6t vddn ddrnc6 thd ldm tdng hiQu qud sin xudt cdy tr6ngrdt nhi6u. CAn suy nghr vd c6c hoat d6ng kh6cnhau vd di chuydn cdc vQt li0u xung quanhvddn ddrn. Vi du, hQp tlat gAn noi ldi di chinhndi cay cudi cring dttoc chuydn 16n xe trtidckhi dem tr6ng. Trrong tti, kho c6 kh6a vd khotrung chuy6n cdn dit gAn khu vric ddt chAurlorn hat.

h6a dd git an tohn

ztii mdt kho trung

'.frng phin rdt quan

t otln ttom cky.

r€>

1

2

:l:-r:t;:3-:i

TRdNG RUNG NHII rHf NAo

TRONG CAY CUA CHINH BAN

Bing 6.1. Kh6ng gian cAn thidt cho mdt vrJdn ridm cAy phg thuQc viLo

di6n tich trdng m6i nim

Di6n tich Sd cAy theo DT hat niy(DT) trdng y6u cAu mAm(rai/yr)l (tq -)

Kho, phdng Tdng DT vridnnghi, nhd VS rrom cAn thidt

etc. (sq m) (rq -)

DT dd hopc?ry dtng2

(rq *)

24

J.f

51

195

375

15

15

15

15

15

7

14

28

140

280

2

4

8

40

80

500

1.000

2.000

10.000

20.000

1.

2

4

20

40

L 6,25 rai = 7 ha

2 M6t di6n tich phu cring di6n tich dd lim cho cdy con cfng cep c6 thd cAn thidt ndu kh6ng thd thu

bdt b6ng rAm cho ciy con di dr.roc d6ng trong bAu tr} khu vdc ndy.

Thidt kd vddn ridm

diff .s;,ifijzta "1;

ff$... q]

C6c ddc didm quan trong cfia m6t vrldn dcrrn ddn gi6n: (1) khugieo mAm dtidc bao vO kh6i dQng vdt dn hat. (2) Khu dd hdpcdy dtlng (3) Khu dit chau cay con. (a) Kho trung chuydn vikho c6 kh6a dd thidt bi. (5) Cung cdp rrldc dn dinh. (6) TidpcAn d6 ddng. (7) Hing rio ngdn d6ng vAt bi lac. (8) Ch5 trri

mria nfng. (9) Nha vO sinh.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO 77

TRdNG cAY ctlla cHir.nr eA,N

C6c dgng cg vddn ddm quan trong

CAn nhffng c6ng cu gi?

Tr6ng cAy cAn thidt bi ddn gi6n vd kh6ng tdn tidn. Nhi6u c6ng cu m6 t6 tr6n dAy s5n c6 trongc6ng d6ng n6ng nghiOp trung binh vd c6 thd mUdn cho c6ng viQc cfia vridn rictrn:

&

&a

&&

X6ng (1) vd x6 (2) dd thu hdi, di chuydnvi trQn hat gidng trdng trong chflu;X6ng brlng cey (3) vh c6i xtic bing tre (4)

dd drra cAy tr6ng trong chAu vAo h6p;MQt thing hrdi (5) vi vdi ttl6i c5 vdi sen;

Dao bay hodc thia dd btlng cAy con;

& cai rey g) dd chudn bi h6n hgp ddt uomhat gidng dda vdo trong chAu;

& UOt xe ctit kit (7) dd di chuydn cAy vh vAt1i6u quanh lddn rJdm;

& Crd" (B) dd lam c6 vi chim s6c khu vticdd hQp cdy d:rrng;

&t<Oo tia cdy (9) dd tia cAy con;

&thang v) c6ng cu xAy drtng co b6n kh6cdd dung ludi tao b6ng rAm...

:

/a\b.

qh&fF\\{'\5,\ \\&o \-*-v

)t

78 TRdNG RTING NrrU 1116 xeo

PHAN 2 _

Thd nio li qui vi hat?

CHQN

Cd cdu gieo mAm trong khay mAm kh6ngchi c6 hat gidng. D6i khi ngddi ta gieo ci quinhtt hat ctia qui s6i hay hat d6 (Fagaceae) hayd6i khi th quA c6 hat cfng. Qui c6 hat crlngbao g6m m6t hoac m6t sd hat nim trong ldpv6 ct?ng cfia qui (v6 qui trong). Vi du, c6 ddn5 hat trong m6t qui Spondias axillaris. Cieohat trong quA hat cttng c6 thd gdp kh6 khindo r,6 ctia n6 ngin nddc thAm nhAp vio hat.Do vAy, cAn hidu vd qud vi hinh th6i hoc cirahat dd quydt dlnh bion ph6p xf ly hat trddckhi gieo.

M6t hat ph6t tridn tii td bdo trdng dddc thupht'n (noin) nhm trong nhuy hoa, thrldng sau

khi thu ph61n. Li sAn phdm cia quzi trinh sinhs6n hrTu tffi trong d6 gen ctia ci hai cAy bd r,2i

me dridc k6t ho. p vdi nhau, hat th m6t ngu6nquan trong gitip da dang gien cira c6c cA1z.

Hat bao g6m 3 phAn chinh: phAn v6,phAn dr-i trr,T vi ph6i. V6 hat bdo vO hat kh6ic6c di6r-r ki6n m6i trtidng khdc nghiOt vi d6ngvai trb quan trong ddi vdi trang thdi ngti. Dtttril thr-1c dn dd duy tri sd trao ddi chdt trongvi ngay sau khi nAy mAm dddc tich tril trongn6i nhu hay 16 mAm. Ph6i bao gdm ch6i mAm,16 mAm vi 16 mAm.

Qui sinh ra trt nhuy. Chring c6 thd duocphAn loai kh6i qu6t li qui "don"' (tt nhu.ycria hoa don), "tdng hop" (ttlr nhuy hoa donnhting m6t sd qui ph.lt tridn thirnh cdu trricr6ng horr) hay 'da ngu6n' (tri nhuy cua nhi6uhoa). M6i phAn loai dai di6n cho m6t sd loaiqud.

^,HAT GIONG

Ldp 96 trong thiinh qud

(ao qtLri trong)

rn6uc cAv ctA cHiNH BAN

Tdch hot ti' qtLi Spondias axillaris likhdng thltc t€', do oQy sau khi tdch b[i ciiquri bAn ngoiii, toiin bd hot ctng si drtoc

gieo, bao g6m cii l6p ciri b€n trong (-06

quti trong) trong d6 c6 dAi 5 h(lt.

Acorns ld mlt dnug htlt ddc bi€t sdn sinh

fi gidng Quercus (Ho Fagaceae).

Ldp 96 trong thdnh quri

(od qui)

Od tring ciy ho sdi nlui Quercus semi.serrntq plfii. gi.eo cti qud

(hach) (snukhi bo ldp ad hinh chdn). Httch li quii ztdi l6p boo

boc bing 96 b|n ngoiii rnd kh6ng ti ntt rn de hi m& hnt don

b€n trong (hinh rinh phic hoa do Susan Doust thtc hi€rr).

Ld mim(cotyledons)

79),*-

h

/II

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAo

*F'H'

i;.i.3

TRONC CAY CUA CHINH BAN

Hiu hdt lmt

dttqc thu ltdi

bdng gQu hdi

cd gin daqS. e:l

m1t ddu. '

N6n thu hii hat khi nio?

Trong rdng kh6 theo mria d Th6i Lan,tLrng thjng Irong nim .lcu cti nhietr loai qu.icAy, do vAy cAn thLr h6i hat hing th6ng. Qudphdt tridn ddn dinh didm vio cudi mia kh6vi mtia mtla (xem hinh 3.1). Khi cdc loii cAy

cho qu6 gidm thi c6 thd thu hdi hat it thddngxuy6n horr.

O phia Bdc Th6i Lan, cdc thdng cho quA

cr.ia tdng IoAi cAy dddc thd hi6n trong PhAn 9

cr.ia cudn stich ndy vd cting c6 thd tim th6ytrong cudn cda Maxr,r,ell vi Elliott (2001). Oc6c vting kh5c, cAn nghiOn cfu vAt hAu hoc.

Tim cdy cho hat trong rtlng vi gi6m sdtchilng thr-iong \uycn tr"r khi ra ho.r d6 d.inh giithdi gian tdt nhdt dd thu hdi qui. Chi thu h6iquA khi chting da chin d6u nhr.rng ph6i trr-ldc

khi chling bi phtit tdn hay bi d6ng vAt dn. Thuh6i hat qu5 sdm sE kh6ng phdt tridn vi niymAm dttoc, trong khi thu h6i hat mu6n s6

kh6ng sdng dtlr;c.Ddi v6i qud ddy ctji, dd chin ctla n6 ddoc

thdy 16 trong bidn ddi miu quA, thtio'ng trlmiru xanh sang mdu sdng hon dd thu hr,-rt ddngvat phAt t6n hat (ching han nhti quA cira cAy

Prunus cerasoides bidn ddi tr] miu xanh sangd6). Ndu tht'y dQng r.At dn qui thi d6 id dduhiOu ch5c chXn rdng hat dA sin sirng cho viOc

thu hdi. Ddi vdi qui niit, chfng chin khi bitdAu ndt quA (nhtr Erythrina subr-rmbrans).

Thddng thddng, c5t qui ttl cdnh cAy tdthotr li nhat qui dddi ddt.

TrEo cAy dd htii quA chin. Sr.1 dr-rng c6ngcu lao d6ng an toirn vi kh6ng bao gid ddoctim di6u d6 m6t minh. M6t phriorrg ph6p thuhdi hat ti6n loi hon lii st? dung gil c6 mdt dAudnng dd cdt c1uri. Cr.1ng c6 thd h6i qui bingc6ch rung cAy hay cinh thdp.

Ddi vdi nhtlng cAy rt't cao, thu h6i quA ttltAng dlidi cira rtng c6 thd li hla chon duynhdt. N6u nhtt r.Ay thi phii dim bio ld hatkh6ng bi h6ng bdng c5ch cit chting ra vi timph6i c6 thd ph6t tridn tdt hodc nhu ctlng (ndu

c6). Kh6ng thu hdi quii hay hat c5 dt'u hi6u bint'm thAm nhAp, c6 ddu rdng d6ng vAt hay c6

16 nh6 do c6n tring duc hat. Thti hdi quA/hatttl tAng dd6i cda rr-Yng khi mi quA chin diuti6n bit dAu rung.

-\c=

80 1eI/

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAo

TRdNc CAY CI]A CHINH BAN

Thu h6i hat 6 dAu vi tr] bao nhi6u cAy?

Tinh da dang ciia gen IA rdt quan tronggitip c6c loii cAy sdng duoc trong m6i trtidng1u6n bidn ddi. Duy tri n6 Id m6t trong nhrTng

diAu phii dddc quan tAm nhi6u nht't trong bt'tcf chttong trinh trdng cAy nio nhim da dangsinh hoc. Do vAy, nhdt thidt li cAy dem tr6ngph6i khdng c6 quan he mat thidt vdi nhau.

C6ch tdt nht't dd ngdn ngtla tinh hudng d6 ththu h6i hat cr.ia it nht't 10 cAy bd me. Ndu chithu h6i hat td m6t hodc m6t sd it cAy thi tdtci cAy con s6 cci quan h0 rudt r) vdi nhau. Khiching trtidng thdnh trong 6 tr6ng thtl nghi6m,chrlng c6 thd thu phdn lAn nhau ldm giim tinhda dang vA gen cho cdc thd ho sau. Thu pht'nch6o cho cdc cAy kh6ng c6 ho hdng vdi nhauc6 thd phuc h6i da dang gen, n-httng chi d noimd nhtng cdy d6 gAn vdi khu vric trdng.Nhi6u td chrlc qudc td khuy6n rXng dd gin gitrda dang sinh hoc trong c6c chrtong trinh tr6ngcAy, phAi thu hdi hat td cing nhidu cAy cdng

tdt (thddng td 25-50 cAy) cing gAn khu vdctr6ng cAy cing tdt. Tr6n sd tiong hat ttl c6c

cAy cho hat nhu nhau trtidc khi gieo dd dAm

bAo sd hi6n di6n cfia tdt c6 cdc cAy cho hat.

Ndn thu h6i bao nhi6u hat?

Sd ltiong hat thu h6i phU thu6c vio sdcAy con theo yOu cAu, tj. 16 nAy mAm cta hatvii tf I0 hat sdng. Ghi ch6p chinh x6c se gifpx6c dinh sd iuong ddi h6i cho vi6c thu h6itrong tddng lai.

Phii cAn nhic tlidu gi khi thu h6i hat?

Thu h6i hat ddi h6i phAi dddc 16n kdhoach vi hop t6c vdi ngddi chiu tr6ch nhi6mxt? lf vd gieo hat, bdi vi hat d6 bi tdn thrlongkhi bi sdy kh6 hay bi nt'm tdn c6ng ndu kh6ngdrloc xrl Iy nhanh. Gieo hat sau khi thu h5i

cdng sdm cdng tdt. Kh6ng dd hat dddi anhndng vi chring c6 thd bi kh6 vA cting kh6ng dd

chdng noi dm tldt vi chting c6 thd bi th6i hodc

nay mAm sdm.

Phii ghi ch6p thdng tin gi khi thu h6ihat?

M6i khi thu h6i hat tr] m6t lodi cay mdi,ban nOn d6nh sd nht't dinh cho loii d6. Khicsd vi deo sd blng kim loai vio cdY dd ban c6

thd tim thdy sau ndy. Ldom m6t mdu 16 viqui ciia loni d6. Dqt mdu 16 d6 trong tii 1i6u

ghi ch6p v6 cAy, phoi kh6 n6 vi h6i nhi thrt'c

vAt hoc dd x6c dinh d6 ld loii nio. Ding bdtchi dd viSt tan lodi (ndu biSt), ngiy vd sd loditr6n m6t nhdn vd d6n nhdn d6 vdo b6n trong

ciia trii dr.ing hat.Trong bAng dr.T 1i6u (r,i du nhu drldi day),

ghi ch6p c6c chi tiSt quan trong v6 16 hat da

thu h6i vi nhrlng diAu xiy ra ddi vdi chting ttlkhi thu hdi ddn khi chring ddoc gieo trongkhay. Th6ng tin niy s6 gitip xdc dinh nguydnnhAn mdt s6 16 hat n6y mAm tdt, mot sdkh6ng n6y mAm vd dtia vdo d6 dd hoan thienc6c phtior'Lg ph6p thu h6i hat trong ttfdng lai

81

50 loal:

Hq:

Loii:Ngiy thu h6i:

50 cay:

Thu h6i trY mit ddt t l

Dia ttidm:

Loai rrlng:

sAr\rc GHI cHEP vE rHu HAI HAT

sd lo:

T6n th6ng thddng:

T6n ngridi thu hii:D6 cao ngang ngt/c:

hay trdn cAy I I

D6 cao:

56' lu-o. ng hat thu hii ddc tinh:

Chi tidt vd bio quin/vAn chuydn:

Xrl lf' trridc khi gieo hat:

Ngiy gieo: MAu thu thAp dri{c I I

Ghi chir trong nhin m5u cAy

TRdNG RIJNG NHI.J TH6 NAO

TR6NG CAY CUA CH1NH BAN

-\€-

puArus-xOLY

Qu6 chioc xff \j' nhri thd nio tntdc khithu h6i?

Hat cria phAn 1dn c6c loAi cAy thudng dtioc

t6ch ra kh6i quA vh iim sach trddc khi gieo'

Ching han nhtl n6u kh6ng t6ch b6 phAn cr)i thisE tao di6u kiOn cho ndm xAm nhAp. C6ch thfcxt tj, cAn thidt phu thudc viLo loai quA.

Qui diy cii

T6ch cing nhidu crlii cAng tdt bing m6tcon dao vdL rrla phAn cni cdn 1ai trong nddc.

NgAm qu6 crlng nhd Melia toosendan trongntidc tr] 2-3 ngdy dd ldm mdm phAn ctii dd

t6ch hat d6 ddng hoh. Khi ctii quA dA du'oc

t6ch ra, hat c6 thd n6y mAm kh6 nhanh, do

vAy c6 thd dem gieo chring ngay hodc xr? lfldu kho.

euA vA HA.r

Ddi vdi m6t sd loii, viQc t6ch ldp ctii lim16 hat crlng trong d6 c6 chrla m6t hodc nhi6uhat (nhtt Prunus cerasoides vd Spondias

axiliaries). Ndu tr6ng hat ngay thi ldm vd ldpr,6 96 dd girip ntidc c6 thd thAm nhAp vdo ph6ivi kich thich niy mAm. Sft dung kep, bria hoac

dao dd lim vd v6 citng mQt c6ch nhe nhingmi kh6ng 1Am tdn hai d6n hat bOn trong.

Lim kh6 qui ttr nrft

Ldm kh6 quA tq ntlt nhrJ cAY ho DAu -Leguminosae (nhd Erythrina subumbrans),

nft mQt c6ch ttt nhi6n, phoi chring d ndi kh6

vA ndng ddn khi chling nrlt m6t cdch td nhi6nvd hat hodc ld tr.l rdi ra hodc c6 thd dtioc l5c

ra m6t cdch d6 ddng.

Lim kh6 qui kh6ng td n(ft

Lim kh6 qui kh6ng td nft tri nhi6n (nhd

Cassia fistula) phii md qu6 ra hodc ding k6o

tia cAy hodc dung cu kh6c bdy ra.

Hat ctia qui kh6ng td ntlt td nhi6n nhrlqu6 c6nh ho4c qui hach thudng kh6ng drioc

tdch ra. Dat ca qua trong khay gieo mim.Trong m6t sd trudng hop, t6ch phAn phu ctia

qui dd xtt l1f d6 dAng horr nhli cAnh cria qu6

c6nh (Acer spp) vd bQ phAn hinh ch6n crla

qui hach nhti qui dAu hay hat d6 (Quercus

spp vi Castanopsis spp, hS Fagaceae).

Cdu trric hat

Vd hrtt

(testa)

827P

sAN cHI cHEP vE srJ NAv uAn

sd hat drigc gieo:

zADo nay mam:

Ngiy bfng:% niy mAm:

56 cAy con ddqc b(ing:

Ngny Sd hat niy mdm Ngiy Sd hat nAy mAm

Niy mdm Ngiv 56'ngiy kd tilngiy gieo

Hat dAu ti6nHat trung viHat cudi cing



,??^1cAc LoAr euA cuA MQr s6 roar cAy nUNcr,tI pgia rAc ruAt LAN

Phoebe lanceolata (qud hqch)

Heynea trijuga (qtu cd nang)

Arnreslea fragrans (qud cd nang)

Cratoxylum formosum ssppruniflorum (qud cd nang)

Manglietia garrettii (aggregate cap-

sules)

Ficus auriculata (dang qud sung)

Bidt loqi qud ndo md ban dang thttc hiQn c6 thd giilp b4n quydt dinh dtrqc biAn phdp xit lyqud dd tdch hqt khdi qrui dinh thitc trang thdi ngi od tdi da hda t,! lQ ndy mim.

\.€-1I 83

Sarcosperma arboreum (qud hqch)

Shorea siamensis (qud hqch)

Alstonia scholaris (qud c6 nang)

Aphanamixis polystachya (qud cd nang)

Archidendron clypearia (qui c6 o6)

Quercus semiserrata (qud hqch)

Albizia odoratissima (qud c6 od)

Castanopsis acuminatissim a ( quri hrlch)

Lithocarpus elegans (qtui hqch)

hi?.u

TRdNG RI/NG NHrJ rHE NAo

TRONC] CAY CU,\ CHINH BAN

r-*J-i::'i

n;:1ii.i.,,,:..1

Dilt ciy ctttt t,iio trttrt:l m6t lttilt rti pltti ltott ltilt tlat tt;rtlt tiu lrtt trctt

LAM VIEC TAi VUdIN dd}$4 _ TNdTT{C CAY VAO CHAU

Pltia trdn b€n trrii - Trin ld't ctii lac ti od qtfi di'tt ldtd dA'

tn.o ttitt trtit h6tt hop dti't tom crirl trong chittt c6 thinlt pltitt

tL.1't t,ii tltoit trtlic t6't.

PlLia trdn b1n ptuii - Nlti'c ctiry cott kttli klttrl gico m.tint birt2,

nttit cii tltio, hLtc nti Ltiittg ittit cltta'c tri dr klt6tt;7 l.itm t6'tr htti

t1atl tlltlll ltl1l.

Go ltip dLtttg citt lirt nin tli't ii'ttitt lt6n hoy, di't titm ciy ttitlrint tittt bCtt trCtt. niit t:rin tlti1i.

'#;t.i;1$;.jq!::

84\6-

^3I TRONG ITUNG N]HTJ THE NAOL

e.t]')

B6o quin hat nhtf thd nio?

86o qu6n hat gidng thridng ldm gi6mkhd nang sdng cira chting, do vAy trong hAuhdt c6c trr-idng hop, gieo hat ngay sau khi thuh6i ld chidn ldcrc hi6u qui nht't. Tuy nhi6n, c63 lf do cAn dd b6o qu6n hat. Thtl nhdt, bioqudn hat cho ph6p cung cdp hat cda nhrTnglodi cAy tao khung rrlng ddn nhtlng vingkh6ng sin c6 chting.

Thrl hai, bAo qudn hat c6 thd rrit ngdnthdi gian mA loiri cAy ph6t tridn nhanh cAn

git1 trong vddn do'm. Gieo hat ngay sau khithu h6i d6i khi ldm cho c6c cAy con cfianhfng loii cAy ph6t tridn nhanh sdm datdddc kich thlidc dlldc dem tr6ng nhi6u th6ngtrddc thdi gian tr6ng tdi Uu. Nhring cAy conniy phii dr-toc tia nhlm han chd srJ ph6t tridnqud nhanh trong h6p vd chdng phdi ddoc gitTtrong vddn ddm trong vii th6ng, lim tdnkh6ng gian vA ngu6n ldc. Beo qu6n hat ctlanhtTng loAi nAy trong it th6ng trtidc khi gieogitip cAy con phdt tridn ddn kich thrtdc tdi uungay trtidc mia tr6ng cAy.

Thrl ba, m6t sd loii cAy cho qud ldntrong m6t sd ndm vA nhttng 1ai kh6ng ra qu6trong m6t sd ndm khdc. R6 rAng 1i ddi vdinhrlng lodi d6 thi vi6c b6o qu6n hat trongnhr.lng ndm cho quA dd gieo trong nhtTng ndmkh6ng ra qu6 gifp cung ct'p kip thdi cAy con.Trong qu6 trinh b6o qudn hat, muc dich chinhld dd duy tri sr.i sdng ctia hat. Do vAy hat phAidtloc bio r,0 kh6i sd tdn c6ng ciia c6n trringholc sti thAm nhAp cr-ia ndm vA b6o quAntrong m6t m6i trtidng 1im gi6m sti h6 hdp visd trao ddi cht't cria hat. Hat "chinh hi6u" c6

thd dddc bdo qudn d6 ding trong didu ki6nkh6 vd m6t (hoAc thAm chi trong ttl lanh) vivAn dr-loc duy tri sti sdng trong thdi gian dii.Mdt kh6c, hat "ngoan cd" thtidng gdp phiinhi6u kh5 khen.

Sri kh6c nhau gifra hat c6 khi ning niyrnAm binh thtfdng vi hat ngoan cO?

Hat c6 khd nang nAy mAm binh thddngc6 thd dudc lam kh6 trong didu ki6n d6 dmthdp md kh6ng tim gi6m nhiAu kh6 ningsdng cria chring. Chting c6 thd duoc b6o qu6nE nhi6t dd thdp (thridng 1A tr6n nhi6t d6 d6ngbdng chi m6t vii c16).

Ngridc lai, liat ngoan cd r61t nhay cimndu dem lim kh6 hay lim Ianh. M6t sd hatkh6ng c6 trang th6i ngti vd thdi gian sdngttlong ddi ngdn. PhAn ldn kh6ng thd tdm kh6trong di6u ki6n d6 dm dudi 50 - 70% vd cflngkh6ng thd lam lanh.

Do vAy co h6i b6o quAn hat ngoan cd rdthan chd vA thrldng ddi h6i ki thuAt kh6ng d6c5 drtoc d cdc vr-Idn ddm ddn giAn trong l)ng.Vi vAy, ndu ban mu5n thtt nghiOm b6o quinhat, tnidc hdt phAi ch6c chin vd mdt If thuydtrXng loAi hat mi ban mudn gieo ph6i Ii lodichinh hi6u.

Hat c6 khi ning n6y mAm binh thridngc6 thd ddqc bao quiin nhrf thd nio?

B6o qu6n hat da duoc ldm kh6 bingnhi6t d6 c6 thd duy tri sr,i sdng ctia hat trongvdng72-24 thdng. Mudn b6o quin lau hdn ddih6i phAi b6o quAn 6 nhiOt dO thalp hon, nhtingthddng kh6ng cAn thidt ddi vdi hAu hdt c6cnhu cAu phuc h6i rttng.

Phdi kh6 hat m6t c6ch ttY ttl dridi 6nhndng, qua mdt sd ngiy vdi d6 dm it nh6lt 1i 5-10% nhrrng c6 thd th6lp hon. ')i6u niy ldmgiAm qu6 trinh trao ddi chdt ctia hat vi nginngtYa srt ph6t tridn ciia ndm. Dd d6m bio ringdd dat duo-c d6 kh6 cAn thidt, phii cAn m6tltiong mAu hat nh6 vd ddt ch.ring trong ldkhodng 120-150oC trong mdt gid. Trong ltiongcr-ia mAu hat sau khi duoc dria ra kh6i ld se

gidm tren 10oo. Bo phAn hat mdu phu sd dungdd thll d6 kh6.

Ngay sau khi ldm kh6 hat, ddt chdngtrong hdp kin hoi. Dd hat dAy h6p dd gi6mthidu hiong kh6ng khi (vA d6 dm) lot vdo.Di6u thidt ydu ld ph6Li d6ng kin 1o m6t cdchhrlu hi6u nhim ngin chdn d6 dm hodc nt'mxAm nhdp. Ndu phAi md 1o thr.idng xuy6n, n6nbio quAn hat trong nhfrng tr,ii kin nh6 trongthing I6n dd giAm thidu vi6c lim h6' c6c hatkh6c ra kh6ng khi vi dd dm bOn ngoii. Ddtm6t g6i nh6 silic vAo h6p dd duy tri d6 kh6ct'ra hat.

TRdNG CAY CTA CHiNH BAN

Cin bdo qudn hnt trong lo kin oii ddn nhiin ztdt

cing it kh6ng khi bAn tuong ciing tdi.

-\.+18sP

rndxc RUNG NHU THfi NAo

IRONC CAY CUA CHINH BAN

Lim thd nAo dd rrit ngin trang th6i ngticria h4t?

Trang th6i ngti b6o vO hat trong qu6 trinhphdt t6n vd dim b6o sti n6y mAm trong thdigian tdi du trong nim trong m6i trr.idng sdng

td nhi6n cria chting (xem phAn 3). Tuy nhi0n,

ddi vdi vi6c sin xudt cay hi6u quA trong vtidnr.idm thi ddi h6i hat nAy mAm ngay. Trong

rrlng, trang th6i ngti li m6t cd chd sinh tdn,

nhring trong vtldn ricrm, kh6ng cdn thi6t phAik6o ddi thdi gian sdn xut't cAy. Do vAy, sau khihat duoc t6ch kh6i qui, co th6 :ip dr.rng nhi6ubi6n phdp dd phe vd trang th6i ngii. Phdong

ph6p drioc sii dung cho m5i lodi cAy phuthu6c vdo hiOn trang co ch6 ngti ctla n6.

Qu6 trinh nAy mAm bdt dAu khi Ph6ib6n trong hat ht'p thu ntidc. Hat c6 v6 dAy c6

thd ngdn cin ph6i ht'p thu ntidc, do vay kithuAt doh giAn nhdt dd phe vd trang thdi ngri

ld crt b6 m6t phAn nh6 v6 hat bdng con dao

s5c hoic c6i bt'm m6ng tay. Ddi vdi hat nh6

hon, mii chting nhe nhdng bing gidy rdp cung

mang lai hi6u quA tridng tli. NhtTng k! thuitndy duoc gqi le rach hat. Trong qu6 trinhrach, phdi hdt sr,1c cdn th4n dd kh6ng 1im tdnhai ddn ph6i trong hat. Ngim hat trong nddc

n6ng hay axit sulphuric c6 thd c6 t6c dungtddng td, nhUng phr-iong ph6p niy c6 nguy co

lim tdn hai ph6i.

M6t sd loii c6 cd ch6 ngti "co- hoc",

c6 nghia ld v6 hat qud c(ing ddn n6i cAy con

kh6ng thd ch6i l6n dtioc. Ddi vdi nhtlng loiid6, bi6n phdp dnng axit dtidc khuy6n dting.

Axit c6 thd ldm chdt phOi, do vAy l"rat phdi

dtigc ngAm trong axit dir iAu dd 1dm mdm r'6

hat md kh6ng ngdm vdo phOi.

Ddi vdi m6t sd hat mi sti n6y mAm

bi h6a chdt kim him, chting nhdt thiSt phai

dridc t6c d6ng dd ph6 vd trang th6i ngti. H6a

chdt rlc chd c6 thd dlidc sr-1 dung ddi vdi ctLi

cfia qui dAy ctii, do vAy dAm bio vi6c Ioal b6

hoirn toirn phAn cr-\i quA c6 thd giii quydt dticrc

v61n dO niy. Tr-ry nhiOn, ndu h6a chdt t1c ch6

nim trong hat thi cAn phAi rt?a sach chirng.

NgAm lai vi lim kh6 le bi6n ph6p thich hop.

M6t sd c6ch thiic xr? lf dticrc khuydn nghi d6

ph6 vd trang thdi ngr.i cr-ia m6i loai ca1' tao

khung rtlng dttoc nOu trong PhAn 9. Ddi v6ic6c loii khdc c6 thd tidn hinh mQt so thr'?

nghiOm don gi6n. Ap dung cdc bi6n ph6p kh:ic

nhau dd lap di lep 1ai m6 50-100 hat (it nhdt Id

lip lai 3 lAn cho m6i biQn ph6p) vi so s6,nh ty10 n6y mAm trung binh vi thdi gian ngir trung

r.i (PhAn 3, Muc 5) v6i sti lap lai dttoc "kidm

so5t"(kh6ng 6p dung m6t biQn ph6p nio) v6i

m5i m6t bi6n ph6p thtl nghi6m. St? dung thlinghiAm theo cip dd phAn tich kdt qui.

Qud thrk - t6'n di€n tich ttii

ngudn hlc trong atln tdm.

Mat d0 gieo hat

Qui ddy diic - tao diiu kiQn ly

tttdng lan tdn tlich bAnh. Cdc citlcon. clrc ltln nhau oi canh tranh

tthau ui chii dinh dfing.

Vta phii - cho phdp lfiu thdng

kh6ng khi giltn cic ciy cott oit

gidm st cnnh tranh gi{k. ching.

\\.-6--g6 ^1

P

TRdNG RiJNG NHU TH6 NAO


pnAN 4 - HAT NAv rvrAvr

Niy 6j* bao g6m ba chu trinh dan xen nhau. Hdp thu nddc idm ph6ng hat vd t6ch v6hat. Dr-i trrT thrlc an dtlo-c hu,v d6ng (tr-l nOi nhu) vd dtloc chuydn trY 16 mAm (radicle) vd ch6i

mAm (plumule) (xem trang 82) b5t dAu ph6t tridn vd ddy ldp v6 hat 16n. Giai doan cudi cing listt ndi 16n thric stl cira rE: mim v) rE con qua v6 hat. Trong thtl nghiOm ndy mAm, hat dlidc tinhli ndy mAm khi 16 mAm hay 16 con c6 thd b5t dAu ndi 1en.

Gieo hat li giai doan rr-1 lyi hat cu6i cing vi d6nh ddu sr-i bdt dAu ctia qu6 trinh teng trddng.

Thd'i gian gieo hat duoc r6c dinh bXng thdi gian cho qu6 cria tdng loii cAy hodc ddi v6i trddnghop bAo qr-rin hat se lir thdi gian tdng tnidng dd ki6n trong vu'dn tit;m theo y6u cAu.

Ba ydu td chinh t6c d6ng ddn nAy mAm hat 1ir d6 dm, nhi6t d6 vi 6nh s6ng. DiAu quan

trong 1i phii duy tri diAu kiOn m6i trddng dd khuydn khich nAy mAm nhanh vd d6ng loat. CAy

con bl tdn thtiong nhi6u nht't ngay sau khi niy mAm. Chting ddc biOt d6 bi dich b6nh, tdn thddng

vA cdu trirc, c6 vdn dd v6 chtlc ndng sinh 11f vii bi d6ng vAt dn. Do viy, cAn ddc bi6t quan tAm

ddn chting dd trenh nhfing vt'n dd d6.

Lim thd nio tld clim b6o gieo hat chdtldd. ng cao?

Di6u rdt quan trong li chi gieo hat c6

ch{t ltrong tdt nhdt c6 thd. Chfng ph6i kh6ngc6 ddu hi6u cira nt'm, vdt rang d6ng vAt hay16 thirng nh6 do c6n trting'gim nhdm nhttmot. Ddi vdi nhrTng hat to hon, cdch nhanhhon dd loai b6 nhrlng hat chdt li cho hat viLo

thing nr.idc trong 2-3 gid. Loai b6 nhfrng hatndi vi chting c6 kh6ng khi bOn trong thay visrlc ndng ctia 16 mAm vi ch6i hoat d6ng chrlc

ning. Gieo hat chdt itio-ng thdp li tdn thdigian rri diOn tich vi c6 thd khuydn khich dichb6nh ph6t tridn trong vlldn Lidm.

Gieo h4t nhri thd nio?

Gieo hat vio khay ndy mAm vi idp dAy

bhng h5n hop ddt ddm cAy thich hop. KhaynOn sAu tt 6-10 cm vdi nhi6u 16 thotit nddc dphia d6y. H5n hop d61t tiom cAy ph6i h6 troniy mAm cAy con cho ddn khi ch(ng duocbtlng ra vi tao di6u kiOn th6ng gi6 vi tho6tntidc tdt. R6 cAy con cAn phAi thd do vAy h6nhop dt't udm cay phii xdp. Ndu c5 qu6 nhidunddc trong m6i tnldng ddt tr6ng vi lim 16 cAy

con nghet thd. N6 cring tao didu kiOn thuAn loicho dich benh. Ddt d6ng kdt c6 thd c6n tro qu6

trinh nAy mAm vh tdng trridng cria cAy con. DovAy, dt't rtng phAi dr.toc tr6n vdi c6c v4t 1i6u

hf,u cd nhrr ll'ia hay v6 cAy dda dd tao n6n m6th6n hop ddt tiom cAy c6 thAnh phAn tdt.

FORRU-CMU khuydn nghi n6n st? dungh5n hop c:.1a 2/3 ddt rrlng vi 1/3 r,6 dta.H6n hop 50% dt't rdng rrd c6t th6 thich hophrin cho hat nho, d)c bigt la nht/ng hat de bi

thdi rung thAn (nhu Ficus spp). Di0u quantrong ld phAi c6 ddt rr,Yng trong h6n hdp ddtridm cay vi chting cung cdp ngu6n nt'mmycorrhizal rAlt hr-Tu ich cho sti phdt tridn ciacAy non. Kh6ng cho phAn b6n vdo h5n hopddt riom cAy.

Gieo hat cd nhd hodc trung binh chidddi bA mdt h6n hop ddt tidm m6t chlit, vdid6 sau khoAng 2 ddn 3 lAn dtidng kinh cria

chting. Didu niy bdo v0 hat kh6i d6ng vAtan hat vA kh6ng bi kh6 vd trdnh bi riia tr6ikhi tddi nr,ldc. Ndu chu6t vd s6c li m6t vdndd thi n6n phd ltidi kim loai 16n tr6n khayddm cAy.

Ndu hat dtioc gieo qud s5t nhau thi cA1,

con c6 thd bi yd1 di vi d6 nhi6m benh. Datc6c hat c6ch nhau it nhdt 1-2cm (hodc xa honndu hat to) dd tr6nh tinh trang chen chfic. Tddikhay do'm nhe nhhng ngay sau khi gieo hat visau d6 tdcli ddu din. St? dung binh xit hodc

thting tu6i c6 vdi sen dd tr6nh sri d6ng keo

tr6n b6 mit h6n hop dt't riom. Tr,idi qu6 nhiAuse kich thich ndm r.ii vi khufin gAy b6nh. D4tkhay tiom trong b6ng rAm dd giim nhe tinhtrang bi kh6 vd lAm h6o 16.

Hat to hon vdi tjz 16 n6y mAm cao (nhtt

Quercus semiserrata ) c6 thd duoc gieo tructidp trong tdng lo riOng dtioc lalp dAy h6n hopdt't uom.

TRONG RIJNC NHU THE NAO \[[c/

87

TRdNG CAY COA CHiNH BAN

Lim thd nio tld ngin ngrla tinh tr4ngthdi rung thin?

ThuAt ngrl "thdi rung thAn" chi dichb0nh b5t ngudn td ddt gAy ra tr6n diQn rdngvd tt'n c6ng hat, ch6i mdi nhri vi cAy con. Suy

giAm trddc khi chdi 16n lim cho hat trd nOn

mdm nhun vi chuydn sang mdu nAu hodc den.

CAy con mdi nAy mAm d6 bi suy gi6m nht't E

phAn 16 mdi ch6i l6n trdn mdt ddt. CAy con

nhi6m b6nh tr6ng nhrr lh chring vtla bi ngdt liath6n, vd ng6 miu nAu.

Ndu b6nh suy gi6m li m6t vdn dA

nghiOm trong, nOn st? dung thudc di6t ndm.

Mdc di kh6ng ai mudn ding h6a chdt nhungviQc st? dung nhanh m6t lidu lttong nh6 thudcdiOt ndm ngay khi dich bQnh xudt hi6n sE taonOn sd kh6c biOt girla vi6c bio toin drtoc todnb6 cAy tr6ng v) vi6c ph6i doi ddn ndm sau ddthu hdi hat.

Hat c6 thd duoc ngAm trtidc (xrt lf bOn

ngoii) d Captan hodc Thiram nhim lim gi6mkhi ndng suy gi6m. Khi cAy con nhi6m b6nh,n6 phAi dr-toc loai b6 kh6i khay gieo mAmngay vd bi ti6u diet dd ngdn chdn dich b6nhlan tran. Cic bi6n phdp ve sinh cd ban co th6

ldm giAm d6ng kd nguy cd dich b6nh vi giAmmfc dQ cAn thidt phii sr? dung thudc diOtnt'm. NhtTng bi€n ph6p d6 bao g6m: kh6nggieo hat qu6 dAy, duy tri thdnh phAn ctia h5nho. p ddt tr6ng tdt, khdng ttldi ntidc qu6 nhiAu,dAm bio stt lrtu th6ng cda kh6ng khi xungquanh cAy con viL tdy ud dung cu lAm vtldn ddtidp xtic vdi ddt tr6ng.

Ddi vdi c6c lodi rdt d6 nhi6m bOnh suygiAm, ddc biet la Ficus spp, FORRU- CMUkhuydn nghi ndn stl dung h6n hop ddt tr6ngc6 tf 16 50:50 c6t: ddt fl)ng mi kh6ng c6 v6dtYa, vi c5 bXng chrlng li chting c6 thd tdngnguy cd suy gi6m. Rdc Captan tr6n bO mdt ddtkhi hat da dlidc gieo vi #rc lar sau mdt th6ng.

B6nh th6'i rgng thAn

BQnh th6i rung thdn do nhiiu loai ndm gdy n€n diu ti€n thtdng bidu hiQn dttdi dang thdn bi

tdn thiong oi ngfi niu ngay trt6c khi chAi l€n tuAn mttt dilt. Slt thtong tdn niy lan r6ng ztd

ld bi ri xudng. Cudi cing, thdn cdy sup dd zti cdy con chdt.

88-\F

1P

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THfi NAo

TRONC CAY CUA CFIINH BAN

PHAN 5 - cHo cAy coN vAo cHAu

I

t-

NCn tr6'ng cAy con trong h6p hay trongn6n cldt?

C6 hai c6ch tr6ng cAy con: i) trong h6pvd ii) trong n6n d{t (16 drin). Cho cAy vdo h6pdtioc cdc dti in phuc h6i rtlng ria chu6ng dor.i6c ddo cAy 16 trAn tt ldng ddt vir r.Anchuydn chhng ddn dia didm tr6ng cAy limting sd va cham trong di thr-ic. M6t thrlnghiOm do FORRU-CMU thtic hi6n cho thdycAy con 16 trAn tang tru6ng chiim hon nhi6r,rso vdi cAy moc trong h6p m6t nim sau khitrdng d ngoii.

Trong h0 thdng tr6ng bing hOp, cAy condAu tiOn dtioc niy mAm trong khay vi chuydnvho h6p dd tiSp tuc phit tridn cho ddn khi dtilon de co th6 clem trong o ngo.,ri. Ong barr rtcAy trong quzi trinh vAn chuydn ddn ciia didmirong cay. lrong hop, re c.rr rin ngtryen ren r..r

b;im ddt trong sudt thdi gian vAn chuvdn vitr6ng do vAy giim thidu nguy cd di thu'c.

Tii rtilon mhtt den

(9 x 2 inche) ri nh*tglchdng tii sit dtu.tg dttoc aic(i thd lint rodn rd ciy.

N6n sii dung loai h6p nio?

H6p phAi dd r6ng dd cAy phdt tridn trongm6t l.r0 thdng cho 16 chic vi dii. Chirng phAic6 c6c 16 thting hop lf dd cho ph6p tho6t nddctdt, nhe, 16 vd sin c6.

Tr-ii nilon mAu den (9 x 2 inches) kh6e,nhe, 16 r,i hi6u qud vi dtio-c FORRU-CMU stldung m6t cdch thinh c6ng ddi vdi nhiAu lodLi

cAy. Tr-ry nhi0n, chring c6 m6t sd didm bt't idi.Tiri c6 thd gap d6 ding ddc bi6t trong khi vAnchuydn non c6 thd lim hti tdn vAng 16 lamcho n6 vd ra trong khi trdng. R6 c6 thd bixoiin tai d61, f,ii, lim tdng nguy cd c6y bi tdnthricrng trridc gi6 sau nAy. R6 cAy c6 thd ph6ttridn xuy6n qua i5 thoilt ntidc dAm vio ldngdt't, do vAy rdt kh6ng tdt khi cAy bi di chuydn.Vdn dd n.iy c6 thd duoc giAm thidu bing cdcthtlc ti6n \rlIdn Lidm nhtl ndu trong phAn 7.

Loi ich cria chAu tao khu6n r5?

ChAr-r tao khu6n 16 IA nhtTng 6 bingnhda crlng c6 r6nh hudng 16 ph.1t tridn xudngdlidi dd ngin ngtla tinh trang xo5n d6. KhayREX dr-ioc sdn xut't 6 Th6i Lan cting dtidckhuy6n ding. Chr-ing gdm c6 24 6 nhua cttngvdi rinh thing dr?ng vA 15 r6ng dtidi d6y ddcho ph6p lu'u th6ng kh6ng khi (xem phAn 7).

Mic dri ban dAu thi chfng ddt hon tdi nhrianhung chr-'rng c6 thd dddc t6i st1 dung nhi6u1An vi d6 cr,lng clia chting bio vO vAng rO

trong sudt qud trinh vAn chuydn.

Khny ttro kltudn rd REX cri rinh siLr oii

tlLing h,"tdnlq rd phit tridn xtLditg drtii.

Ung loo klilrcn r€ cho

phdp brtt th6ng kh6ng khi.

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAo 89


Lim thd nio tld c6 h6n hdp dA't ddm t6't?

H6n hop ddt rrom g6m c6 cdc hat cr'inp;

vi c6 16 hd gitla chrhng dd luu th6ng khcing

khi vi tho6t nddc. H6n hop nay phai h6 trovd mit thd cht't cho cAy phdt trion khcie

manh vir cung cdp 6 xy, nddc vi dinh dtidngcho 16 cAy.

R6 cdy moc trong h6p chi c6 thd tieP

nhAn m6t luong ddt tr6ng han chd trong h6p.

Chi dit rtYng kh6ng th6i thi kh6ng thich hop

ldm h6n hop ddt tldm vi n6 dO bi kdt rin vicin trd sti tho6t nddc. Di6u niy dAn ddn iimidc vh lim 16 nghen thd. Quan trong li phiithodt midc tdt, nhung h6n hop ddt riom cung

cAn duy tri ltidng ntidc dri dd cung cdp cho

cAy khi kh6ng dddc tlidi.Mdc dri dt't nlng li dt't tiom chdt hiong

thdp nhttng m6t sd loai ddt rdng phAi dr-ioc

tr6n trong h6n hop ddt tiom vi chting chr.la

ndm mycorrhizal giip cAy con ph5,t tridn.

D0 ng;in ngrla tinh trang ddt kdt r5n, tr6nh6n hop clft n-lng i'di nhiAu thinh phAn hfru cd

nhe, tro triru, r'tl dtla, r,6 lac hay c6t th6 hodc

b.rn cri tl-rd tr.i che thinh phAn ddt r-tom riOng

cri.r minh ttl r:ic thiii haiu cd tai dia phuong.Trdn clat rir'ng vdi c6c thinh phAn d6 s6 ldm

cho h6n hdp Lr'oln "iho6ng hon" vi cAi thiOn sti

tho.1t ntfdc l;\ thdng khi. Cho di ban lda chon

nguyOn li6tt nlro thi chirng cung ph6i s5n c6 taiclia phu'clng trong sr-rdt ndm r.i phii 16.

RAy dt't r,:i c6c nguy6n liOu hrTu co dd

loai b6 s6i vi ct6 1dn vi ding x6ng tr6n chting

trOn n6n cirng vi phing. 86o qu6n h5n hop

ridm trong di6u kien co dq 5m.

M6t h5n hop ddt ddm da dddc FORRU-

CMU stl dung thdnh c6ng ddi vdi nhi6u loiicAy bao g6m dt't rdng, v6 lac vA v6 dda, trdnvdi tli 1Q 2:1:1.

Khong bao gio dddc sti dung lai h6n hop

ddt r-io'm. Khi Ioai b6 cAy con y5u vA bi b6nh

phii dd c6, h6n hop ddt tr6ng chting ra kh6irtidn udm dd ngan ngtla dich b6nh lan trin.

Hinh 6.1 - C6c phrt'dng ph6p chon h4t gidng: 1. CAy dai

Tr6ng m6t td hqp c6c loii cAy t4o khung rtng tif h4t phii mdt it nhdt 18 th6ng. CAn phii ki6nnhAn d{i tldn khi cAy ra qui v}r hat tld gieo mAm. Do vQy, c6 c6ch nio nhanh hoh dd sin xudt

ph6i cAy tao khung rfing kh6ng? CAy con trong rfing lir cAy con duQc tlho trong rfrng vh trdng

trong vrldn do1n. CAy rtfng sin sinh ra rdt nhidu cAy con vh hAu hdt c6c cAy con d6 ddu chdt.

Do vQy, dho m6t sd cAy con vh mang chirng vd vridn ridm mi kh6ng lhm tdn hai ddn hQ sinh

thai. Di thdc tnic tidp cAy con dai trong di6u kiQn m6t m6 vir c6 b6ng rAm ciia rfrng sang dia

bhn kh6ng trdng rdng thtidng llm chdt ciy. Do vAy, cAy con ph6i ddqc tr6ng trong chAu, chims6c trong vrfdn tfdm vi phii c(ing c6p trti6c khi mang ra tr6ng. Kuarak (2002) ciia FORRU-CMU

di x6c dinh c6ch stf dgng cAy con tff rilng dd s:in sinh cay tao khung rrlng nhrl sau:

,,Trong rtYng, x6c dinh m6t cAy me cria 50% phAn 16 cdn 1ai. Cdt tia 16 phg cho ddn

lodi cAy cAn dttoc tr6ng thich hop vd sai quA khi cAy con c6 thd dem tr6ng d6 ding trong

trong mr)a quA trtrdc. Ddo cAy con cao kh6ng trii nilon den c6 kich thtidc 9 x 2 inch, It'p dAy

qu6 20cm (cAy cao hon sE d6 ch6t hdn do va h5n hop dt't r-tom nhti m6 ti 6 tr6n mi kh6ng

cham trong khi di thtic), nim trong b6n kinh lam B4p re ciy. Dd cdy dai du'oc trdng trong

5m tinh tti cAy me (nhring cAy niy c6 thd chdt chAu trong b6ng rAm (20% eil1 s6ng thtidng)

do canh tranh vdi cAy me). Dd giAm thidu tdn trong khoAng 6 tuAn. Sau d6, thlic hien cac

hai gAy n6n cho h6 thdng 16, n6n ddo cAy ngay quy trinh nhd m6 te dddi dAy vO chim s6c vir

khi bdt dAu mtia mtia khi ddt cdn xdp. lim crfng cdp cAy con ph6t tridn ttl hat.

Tia cAy con dai ngay sau khi dio dd giAm So sdnh vdi cAy tr6ng td hat ky thuAt ndy

d6ng kd tjr 16 chdt vi ting tf lQ tdng trtidng. c6 thd rtit ngXn thdi gian tdi vii th6ng trong

Cdt bdr t/3 d6n 7/2 th?in cAy. CXt g6c 45 dQ nim cAn thiSt dd tr6ng cAy dat ddn kich thridc

tr6n nrich 16 khoing Smm vh cit bdt khoing c6 thd dem di tr6ng."



CAn bao nhi6u h5n hop tldt trom cAy?

Kh6ng ding qu5 it ddt ve c6c thinhphAn cAn thiSt kh6c. Vi du, ddi vdi khoAng2.000 tdi nilon den (9 x 2 inche), cAn 1 m3 dt'trtlng c6ng vdi 1 m3 vAt li6u htru ccJ. Eo b6nkinh va chierr cao ctia hop ma ban sLi dung d6tr6ng cAy vi 6p dung c6ng thtlc sau:

Tdng khdi luong h6n hop dt't tiilm cAn

thidt = (b6n kinh h0p)2 , chidu cao cira h6p x3,142 x sd h6p.

Lim thd nio dd cho h6n hqp ddt trdngvio h6p?

Trtidc hdt, ph6i chSc chSn ring h5n hopddt trdng phAi c6 d0 dm nhting kh6ng dtiocqu6 r-rdt. Phun ntidc cho n6 ndu cAn thidt. VA

brlng cAy con, ding x6ng brlng cAy hodc c6ixic bing tre dd h5n ho. p ddt tr6ng vdo miOngh6p. G6 ttlng h6p xudng ndn dt't vii 1An ddldm 15ng ddt tr6ng xudng. Sau d6 dd th6m ddttrdng tt phia tr6n h6p cho ddn khi dAy. H6nhop ddt trdng kh6ng drioc qud chdt vi c6 thdcAn tr6 cAy ph6t tridn vi ngan tho6t nddc,cung kh6ng dtioc qu6 16ng. Ddi vdi ttii nilon,cAn kidm tra d6 din h6i bing c6ch t'n vio trii.Dt'u tay ban vAn cdn trOn tr-ii sau khi b6 tay ra.

Thinh phAn h5n hop trdng cAy

Hat ddt

Kh6ng

Khoing cdch hay '16 h6'cung quan trong nht cdc hat citng trong h6n harp ddt tring. Ciic 16 hd kdt ndi adi nhatL odi

quy m6 kttic nhau dd akn chuydn crt rubc aii oxy d{n hQ th{ng 16. TrAn dft o6'i ctic ztdt ti€uhtru co (nhtad dita, lac

hny trfu) tao n€n m|t hdn lqp ddt xdp ly tttdng.

lwr;we''ffi,,';*Pjl

PffiI)'

-\.F::'4

i

b.9tTRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAo

rR6NG cAY cta cHiNu e'{N

Hinh 6.2 - C6c phrlon I fheP chgn h4t gidng kh6c: GiAm cinh

Do,i vdi c6c ciy hidm qu6 hoic hat kh6 n6y mAm, c6 thd tr6ng cAy tif giAm cirnh. CAy ph6t

tridnbingbiQnph6pgiAmcinhthrldngtn'i6ngthinhsdm-mQt"d{'cdidmmongmu6ncriacAyt4okhungrdng,,.T-uynhi6n,docAy.mqctu-canngiAml}hQv6tinhcfiacAymgn6nch(tngphii dri{c hinh thiLnh it "Ofa"

cAy tld gin gifi da dang sinh hoc' C6c vrJdn rldrn mang tinh

chdt thdo,'g mai srf uo;.;;;*;6 "i" iC ,t"r-,a" gi6'ng Lh6'i ldQng ldn cay til vi6c giam cinh'

nhring nhfing kdt qua -t'dt

.#g Io thd d?t ddgc th6ng qua c6c c6ch ddn giin hon. Longman

vi Wilson (19e3) de htfdng d6"n v6 nhfing chchd'6 "r"i"g phii hfu i'i"q-lailnl.:'no" "U

c6ng trinh nho vd ,tr",i,', gi?"g h^Au kdt tat toai cAy rilng t4i Th6i Lan' vi ddi vdi nhi6u bi€n

ph6p nhin gidng th{c \ral .O it d kh6 khdn, ttac bibt khi kh6ng c6 thAn cAy trrfdng th}rnh' Tuy

nhi6n, trong luAn 6n tidn si t4i FoRRU-CMU, Vongkamjan (2003) da 6p dung thinh c6ng

m6t bi6n phdp cldn giin li sr? dgng nilon d6'i v6i mQt sd lohi cAy t4o khung rdng 6 Th6i Lan:-

"Crt than cAY trtldng thinh kh6e manh

vd c6 kich thridc trung binh (c6 thd thdy thAn

cAy rAm 16 6' gdc cAy sau khi chdt hodc bi

ch6y) ctia mOt vai cAy bXng k6o tia cAy s5c vir

sach. Dat chting vio trii nilon vdi mQt it nddc

vi drla chting vd vtidn ddm ngay' Trong vddn

LioYn, c6t tia cdnh cAy cdn 20-30 cm' 86 phAn

driOi nnidu 96 va phAri nggn minh Ndu d&

cAy d6 c6 16 ho4c chdi thi c6 thd st dung m6i

d& cay d6 cho viQc giAm cdnh nhrrng ddi v6i

thAn c6 nhidu 16ng ng6n md khdng c6 chdi thi

thAn dttoc gidm phAi g6m 2-3 ddt' C't bdt 30-

50"/" 16 rrgat:rg; V6t tli d6y cdnh dtioc ngay

dddi ddt cay. Ngan cinh d6 drroc chudn bi dd

ngAm vdo dung dich chrla ndm Benlate (39/10

1) trong 5-10 phit. Tidn hinh tht? nghiOm

nhrtng bttdc niy dd kich thich tao 16'

Yi dtt, gin md PhAn sinh d ngQn cdnh v)bi6n ddi khu vrlc 16 c6 thd ld phriong ph6p hfru

hi6u. Phdong Ph6p xrl ly hooc-m6n thridng

LoiiTi lQ ndymdm (%)

chdt kichthich ndY

mAm t6't nhdt

Colonn flagrocarPa 63 IBA BOOO

B eb r e ge asia lon gif olia 6B Seradix 3

Eurua acumminata 1B Seradix 2

Ctiu Da - hq dau tim 45 Seradix 2

Cdu Si - hq dhu tdm 72 IBA 3OOO

CAy A nd" hq Thiu Diu 25 Seradix 2 I 3

Morus macroura 90 None

Saurnnia roxburghii 65 Seradix 3

Trema orientalis 48 None

Tii trong t,i.ti dd girt dA dm L00% trong khi chnh dtrgc

gidm moc 16'

drioc 6p dung dd kich thich cinh dtroc gidm

-o" ,6. fr,t5i toai cdy phAn (ing kh6c nhau ddi

vdi c6c loai hooc-m6n kh6c nhau do vfly cAn

ti6n hinh tht? nghiOm fittdc' Cdc sAn phdm

chtla chdt kich thich nhAn tao (auxin)' IBA vd

NAA vdi n6ng dQ kh6c nhau c6 thd mang lai

hiQu quA cao. Nhfing sin phdm d6 thtidng

auOi aang bQt vi drrgc ric m6ng vdo d6y cdnh

giAm. Thr-fc hien c6c chi d5n trong g6i'

Tr6n 50% c6t vd 50% tro trdu dd tao thdnh

m6t h6n hop ddt kich thich 16 cdy ph6t tri6n

vi ddt chring trong c6c trii nilon nh6 miLu den'

An phAn diY canh gidm vio h6n heP ddt

tr6ni. ftrOl ntidc vho ddt vi dn chdt dt't xrmg

quanh cdnh giAm. Crl 10 hii nh6 cho viro m6t

trii nilon to hon (20 x 30 cm)' Dd mot 1it ntidc

vio vd d6ng kin trii to' Vdi c6ch 1dm nhti thd

niy tao kh6ng khi v6i 100% dg dm cho d5n khi

16 moc 16n vd vfln chuydn ntl6c ddn thAn-cAy'

Ghi ch6p c6 bao nhi6u cdnh giAm moc. rO v)thAn. Ttfdi ntidc tr6n miOng trii hdng tuAn ndu

cAn vd loai b6 cinh vi 16 chdt' Khi cdnh giAm

xudt hiOn 16 kh6e vi thAn ph6t tridn' chuydn

chirng vio trii nilion 9 x 2 inch" "'( vd chdm

s6c chfng nhri nOu trong PhAn 6)'

92 >* rRdNG RUNG NHu rHE NAo


LAM vrEC TAr vr.IdN UdM - cHAM soc cAy coN

Phia tltdi oii bAn phdi: cin tia rd dd

ngdn ri moc siu ztiio ddt dtdi hQp.

Eicu ttitv ct'ing khrttlcn khich re dant

ttltotth ui phril tricn oing ri trong

h1p.

Phin tr€n - tld h6p ciy ding. Ditng gach hodc tre limbd khtr atc dd hQp cnq tle giit hQp dlrng thing.

Phia dttdi b€n trii ttto-i cliy ld ci nt1t ngh1 thukt. Vdi

sen sd tao tia nfiJc tthti trinh lnm kAi dil1h dit.

Phis dtr6'i bAn phdi B6n

thtic diiy ciy con 1ilttit tridn

h dil.

(Osmocote) chhm d€

10 hAt trong 3 thing

-\a>

1e32

rndNc RrJNG NHrJ rHE NAo

I RONC CAY CUA CHiNH BAN

LAM vIEC TAI vIJdN IJdM - cHAM s6c cAv coN

Phia tuAn bAn *ii: Sfrtntoctuid tr€n Bnlakota bnccato'

Loqi bd biing toy (deo gdng) hodc ding tltu6'c trit snu.

Phin tr€n bA.n tuii: Loai b6 c6 trttlc khi tr6ng

d gitta b€n phtii: rAtL oii cd tilt c|ng biu tr6ng ciy do ki't

qui cin uicc Ittti nttic qtui rtlriiu.

O gittn h,('tr Irai: Nitn rtnl lrin Moru> mocrotrrn.

Loqi bd cdv bi ndm hodc xit thu6'c di1t nfm.

Phia *An: X{p loqi cffy liL mdt hinh thitc quirt ly chdt lttong.

B€n trii: Gidm sit tii lQ tdng trtong zti ti lQ cl'Ldt cin ciy

con theo miu giip ngtdi quin ly oitn fitm xny fumg dtgc

quy trinh sin xrtt hiQu qud.

94 TR6NG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAO

TR6NC CAY COA CHINH BAN

Btng cdy

7. Tao kh6ng ginn cho rd ciy.

2. Cim c|y nhdc cdy bn nhe nhdng.

3. DQt ciy con oio hQp on dd ddt tring t:io.+. GO dcn dat LanS xuong.

5. Do doy dal. caLh micng hop 1-2 cm

"B(lng cAy" li gi?

"B:frng cAy" (tr6ng vAo h6p) li chuydncAy con ttY khay tiom mAm vio h6p. Thdc hiAntrong b6ng rAm vlL vio cudi nldy. Dd dAy h6pnhrt m6 t6 d tr6n. Tao m6t l5 hd trong dt't dfir6ng cho 16 cAy m) khdng lim gflp r0. Xrl lfcAy con m6ng manh mdt c6ch cdn thAn. Nhenhdng ndm ldy mQt chidc 16 (chrf kh6ng ph6ithAn) ctia cAy con vi ding thia nAy tr) tr) rakh6i khay tidm. Dat 16 cAy vdo 16 hd trong dt'ttr6ng v) dring th6m ddt dd ldp dAy 16 d6. G6h6p xudng ndn ddt dd lnm cho dt't tr6ng xepxudng. Dd them ddt tr6ng l6n trOn ddn khicdch mi6ng h6p 1-2cm vd cd 16 ngay trOn bd

mdt ddt tr6ng. Sau d6 dn ddt trdng dd d6mbAo cAy drlng thing vi dttoc dqt chinh girla.Ddi vdi cAy to hon chi ldp dAy mdt phAn h6p.Ddt cAy vdo trong h6p r6i mdi dd th6m ddtxung quanh 16.

b. Lo re cay con pnlt nam

ngny tr€n hoqc dttdi bi mttt

ddt trdng m6t chtit.

Thdi gian cAy difng trong vridn ddrn lA gi?

"Thdi gian cAy dtlng trong vddn Lidm" lathdi gian mA cAy con trong bAu drloc ldu girltrong vddn LIdm - td khi dAt vlo h6p ddn khichuydn ddn dia didm tr6ng. Sau khi dtia cAy

con vdo h6p, ddt h6p trong khu vric c6 b6ngrAm vA tddi cdy con bing dung dich ure lodng(1 thia cd ph6 ure pha vdi 20 lit ntrdc) 2 lAn

trong ngdy trong sudt 2 tuAn. Ndu ding ttiinilon, phAi d6m bAo rlng chting dlidc d{tthing dring vd chri f kh6ng dd chring n6nchdt nhau. DAu ti€n, c6c hQp d6 c6 thd chamviro nhau (c6 nghia ld xdp ddy) nhrrng khi cAy

con moc l6n, phAi ddt cec h6p c6ch nhau viicm dd ngdn c6c cAy canh nhau kh6ng che

khudt nhau. PhAn hdng cho c6c hOp bing quetre. M6t ldp s6i trong khu dtlng cAy gidp tho6tmidc vlL gidp tia 16 d6 ddng hon.

Vdn di ai dat ciy trong hbp

1. Ddt trdng xep xu6'ng, mdp tii nilon bi dd, t rurfic.

2. Rd cAy bi xodn liim cho ciy trtdng thinh d6 bi

tdn thrrong trtdc con gi6 manh.

3. Ciy con kh6ng dwc d{t chinh giln.4. H6n hqp ddt tring qwi xdp.

5. H6n hqp ddi tr6ng qud rin chic.

6. Thinh phnn ddt trdng tuy|t odi- -l7. Trong carl trong hqp nof ctirh hoitn hiio!

TR6NG RUNG NHIJ THfi NAo 95


pHAN o - cnAvt soc cAv coN rat vUdN Udna

Bao nhi6u b6ng rAm le di?

Sau khi btlng cAy, det cay con dri6i b6ngrAm 50% dd trenh h6o vi tin 15. C6 thd mualrrdi tao b6ng rAm dtloc gqi ld "slan" ddocphAn loai theo tf 16 phAn trdm tao b6ng rAm

tt hAu hdt c6c ct?a hdng cung cdp 1,flt tri n6ngnghi6p. Dat lddi d6 tr6n khung c6ch cAy con

0,5 - 2,5 m. Ndu hi6i d6 kh6ng s5n c6 hodc

quiL dit, thi cdc vAt 1i6u dia phuong nhu 16 co,

16 dda, dii tre m6ng hay thAm chi ld c6 kh6cflng duoc st? dung hi6u qu6. Tuy nhi6n, phAichri 1i kh6ng dd nhtTng vAt 1i0u d6 tao qu6

nhidu b6ng rAm. Kho6ng hdn 50% b6ng rAmc6 thd ldm cho cAy con y6u vd d6 nhiOm benh.

Ngay cA khi drroc ddt vdo trong bAu, c6c

cAy con vAn bi tdn thtiong trtldc nhi6t d6 cao

vA 6nh ning tron ven. Do vAy, chting thlidngduoc trdng trong b6ng rAm nhe ddn khi dircutng cdp.

Bao nhi6u lAu thi tri6i cho cAy con mQtlAn?

Ttidi nddc li m6t trong nhrlng nhiQm vuquan trong nhdt trong vlidn doTn. D6 li c6ngviOc ddi h6i ky ndng vir phii dtioc nhin nhAn

nhtt vAy. M6i h6p drrng cAy chi gitr m6t ltiongntidc tridng ddi nh6, do vay cAy con sE nhanhbi kh6 ndu kh6ng ttidi nddc trOn mQt ngdytrong mria kh6. Ngrioc lai, ttidi qu6 nhiAu thm(ng dt't trdng vd ldm 16 chdt. ttidi qu6 nhi6uho4c qu6 it dAu lAm tdn hai ddn sri ph6t tridncda c.i1 .

ddrrr c6 quy m6 r6ng vd

Tttdi. nttdc biing toy t6i hdn lit si dttng binh phtrtt ai n6 cho phdp ttic ltttng chinh xdc

hon u?, nhu ciu curtg cdp runc ciLa cdc loii cdy khdc nhatL. LtltL y riing trong khu atc

ditng cfr1t, cdc hQp phrii dttoc ngdn bdi gAy tue dd trdtth tinh trang qud chen chic.

mang tinh thdctrrg mai thtidng stl dung hO

thdng vdi phun g5n vdi dng nddc. Ttidi midckh6ng tdn sfc mh chi cAn v5,n voi. Tuy nhien,6 nhrlng vtldn rldm nh6 nhidu lodi cAy rtlngbAn dia kh6c nhau cAn luong rrtdc kh6c nhauthi n6n tddi nddc bing tay, st? dung binh tddihodc thing c6 vdi hoa sen. Di6u d5 cho ph6pc6ng nhAn vddn ddm d6nh gi6 dddc d6 kh6cira m6i 16 cAy con vi diAu chinh ldong nridcttidi cho phn hop.

Ngtidi chiu tr6ch nhi6m tridi cAy con phiid6nh gi6 duoc lrtong midc cAn hidi cho cay.

Ndu ddt trdng cdn dm thi c6 thd kh6ng tddintt'dc trong ngdy d6. Ndu bA mdt ddt bdt dAu

kh6 thi d6 Id ltic cAn phAi tddi cho cAy con.

ROu vi c6 moc tr6n bO mdt ddt tr6ng ld dt'uhi6u cira viAc tddi qu6 nhi6u. Chting cung gAy

kh6 khen trong vi6c d6nh gi6 tinh irang ntidccia ddt trong m6i hdp vd do vAy ph6i 1o4i b6chirng vA tddi it di. Trong mia mtla, d nhtTng

vddn tiorn ngoAi trdi c5 thd kh6ng ttidi cAy

con trong r.ii ngdy. NgtiQc lai, trong mtia kh6,c6 thd phii tddi ddn 2 lAn trong ngiy.

Ttidi nridc phAi dtidc thtic hi6n vdo budis6ng sdm hodc chidu mu6n. Didu quan trongIi co chd tr,idi nddc phii duoc thtlc hi6n hoinh6o. C6ng nhAn vridn tldm chiu trdch nhi6mtddi nddc phai ghi ch6p vdo lich m5i lAn tddind6c dA thdc hion.

-\.:e6 1

bi//

TR6NG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

TR6NG CAY CUA CH1NH BAN

C6 n6n sif dung phAn b6n?

Dd c6 tdc dQ ting trr.idng cao, cAy ddi h6im6t ltiong ldn Nito (N), phdtpho (P) vi kali(K). Chting cting cAn mQt ldong nh6 mage,

canxi vlL sulphur vd m6t ltlong rdt nh6 c6c

nguy6n td kh6c nhLi s6t, ddng vi bo. H6n hopdt't trdng c6 thd cung cdp dfi nhflng chdt dinhdtidng trOn, ndu kh6ng thi cAn phAi b6n phAn.Dich r.u khuydn ndng tai dia phuong cria banhay trtidng cao ding n6ng nghiOp c6 thd phAntich c6c chdt dinh drrong trong h6n hop dt'ttr6ng mA ban srl dung vir khuy6n ban ve nhuciu sLi dung bon phan.

Quydt dinh sd dung phAn b6n phu thu6cr.iro tdc d6 tdng trddng theo y6u cAu hodc viobidu hiOn bA ngoii c*a cAy con. Trong m6t sdtrtidng hop c6 thd cAn phAi ddy nhanh tdc d6ting tnlEng dd cAy con dt cao vio thdi didmdem tr6ng. Trlorrg td, nhrlng cAy con y6u hoicc6 tri6u chr.lng thiSu dinh dtidng, nhr.i 16 ving,thi c6 thd chring bi thidu dinh dtidng.

CAn ric hat phAn b6n chAm. Tai FORRU-

CMU, vi6c cho 10 hat Osmocbte NPK 14:1,4:1,4

(khoAng 0,3 g) r,io m5i h6p tr6ng 3 th6ng 1

lAn da mang lai kdt qui tdt. Sr1 dung phAnb6n hoi tan chAm trong ddt tinh theo kg 1A ditnhttng chi cAn m6t ldong nh6 trong khoAng 3-

6 thlng, do vAy chi phi nhAn c6ng ralt tfrdp.Ngoii ra, phAn b5n th6ng thddng (vi du

nhd nhan hiOu con th6 15:15:15) c6 thd duocstl dung. Hda 3-5 g phAn b6n viLo m6t lit nlidcvd cho vdo binh ttidi. Sau d6, tridi lai cAy con

bing midc sach vd rtla sach dung dich phdnb6n b6m trOn 16. Bi6n phdp niy phdi duoc 14p

lai trong 10-14 ngdy sau, do vAy ddi h6i nhi6uthdi gian vh nhAn c6ng hon nhi6u so vdiphuong ph6p rdc hat phAn b6n.

Kh6ng ding phAn b6n ddi vdi c6c cAy

ph6t tridn nhanh di dat d6n kich thudc c6 thddem di trdng trtidc thdi gian tr6ng cAy tdi uu,nhd Prunus cerasoides, vi n6 khuydn khichcAy con ph6t tridn qu6 nhanh trong hQp. Horrnfra, c6c cAy sin c6 nito thu6c ho DQr"r -

Leguminosae thtidng hidm khi ddi h6i dtiocb6n phAn nhu Erythrina subumbrans.

Kh6ng b6n phAn ngay trddc khi cAy ciingc6p vi khi d6 kh6ng khuydn khich ph6t tridnthAn mdi.

Qu6 nhidu phAn b6n c6 thd lim tdn haiddn 16 vi ndu hat phAn b5n tidp xr.ic trtic tidpvdi phAn m6ng cira c6y thi c6 thd x6y ra tinhtrang ch6y x6m do h6a chdt.

C6 n6n sif dung cht't mycorrhizal?

Nghi6n crlu tai FORRU-CMU di ph6thi6n ring cho di de c6 ddt rtYng trong h5nhop dt't tr6ng nhting tdt ca cAc lodi cAy rdngddu bi ndm mycorrhizal nhi6m mdt c6ch tdnhi6n. Cdc sin phdm dudi dang hat hoac chdt16ng chfa dlrng h5n hop ndm dang trd nOn

s5n c6 d Thdi Lan, nhdng rdt d5t. Philachanh(2003) ph6t hi6n rXng viOc stl dung chdtmycorrhizal dang hat ddi vdi 16 cAy con trongkhi biing cAy thm tdng tjr 16 chdt ciia cAy con(c6 thd do sri x6o tr6n trong h0 thdng 16 khist? dung sAn phdm niy) vA kh6ng thric ddycdc cAy con sdng s6t ph6t tridn. Do vAy, chlingt6i khuydn cilo kh6ng n6n dting chdtmycorrhizal dd s6n xudt cdy rtlng tai vudntidm trong thdi didm niy.

Trfr khii c6 nhd thd nio?

C6 muc xung quanh vtidn tidm, che gi6lu

sAu gAy hai vir c6 thd sAn sinh nhiAu hat t6ln

c6ng vio bAu trdng cAy. Do vfly, phii loai b6tdt ca c6 trtidc khi chfng ra hoa.

T61t cA c6 d6u tdn c6ng bAu tr6ng c6y vicanh tranh vd ntidc, dinh dtidng vA 6nh s6ng

vdi cAy con. Kh6 loai b6 c6 trong bAu trdngcAy md kh6ng thm tdn hai ddn 16 cAy. Do v4y,kidm tra bAu tr6ng cAy thudng xuy6n v) sd

dung dao bay crin dd loai b6 c6 khi chirng cdnnh6. Cfrng loai b6 ci r6u vd t6o muc tr6n b6

mat dt't. TrrI khf c6 bXng thudc di6t c6 kh6ngphAi ld mQt hia chon trong vtldn ucrtrL vdinhieu cay con co gid tri.

K{t qui cudi cing cin m6t aildn fitu hoat d6ng hiQu qtLi li thp

ho'p ciy con klfie ntanh. cd thd sin siing dtw^c dem trdng khi biit

diu mia min.

-\-r.=;

1e7P

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THfi NAO

TRONC CAY CUA CHINH B-1N

Nguy6n nhAn ciia dich b6nh?

C6 3 nguy6n nhAn chinh dAn ddn dich b0nh:

1* Ndm: mdc dti m6t sd loii nt'm th c6 loinhung c6c loii kh6c c6 thd gdy n6n thdirung thAn, lem thdi 16 vd duc 16 (rep).

* Vi tf,udn: hAu hdt li v6 hai, nhrrng m6t s6

c6 thd gdy suy giAm, thdi muc vd h6o rir& Virut: hAu hdt kh6ng gAy nOn vt'n dO ldn

trong vtidn Lidm, nhdng m6t sd c6 thdgAy ddm ld.

Lim thd nio dd ph6t hi6n vi giim thidudich b6nh?

Theo d6i d6u dan se gifp ngdn ngr,ifa

dich bQnh lAy lan. PhAi hoc c6ch ph6t hi6ntri6u chrlng cira nhrlng dich bOnh cho cAy

th6ng thddng vd kidm tra cAy non hing tuAn.Dd trenh dich bQnh lAy lan, phii chir ;f khongttldi nt{dc qu6 nhi6u vir r}ng h6p tr6ng duocthodt nddc vi thd dAy dti vi ring h6p phAith6ng tho6ng dd lu'u th6ng kh6ng khi vi tr6nhmAm b6nh lAy trY cAy niy sang cAy khdc. Tdyud dung cu ldm vddn hoic stl dung ging taykhi tiSp xtic r.di cAy.

Ndu dich b6nh phdt sinh, phAi loai b6 16

nhi6m bOnh ho4c trtl khtl cAy bi bOnh. Kh6ngdddc t6i sf dung b6lt cii ddt tr6ng vA ttii nilonniro c6 1i6n quan ddn cAy b6nh. N6u stl dungh6p cfng thi ph6i tdy ud h6p vd phoi kh6dddi n5ng vii ngdy trtidc khi sr.1 dung.

C6 thd kh6ng cAn xit h6a chJt ddu dan.H6a chdt d5t tiAn vd c6 thd inh htiong d6nsrlc kh6e ndu kh6ng dttoc xtl l1i ddng c6ch.

Ndu cAn phAi xit h6a chdt cho 16 cAy connhi6m bonh thi trtidc h6t phii xdc dinh loaidich b6nh (nt'm, vi khudn hay virtit) vi chonh6a ch6't thich hop. Vi du, prodione hfru hi6uddi vdi ndm ddm ld, trong khi Benomyl laidrro'c st? dung ddi vdi nt'm th6ng thrrdng.Cantap dic bi6t hfiu hiOu dd chdng triOuchitng suy giAm. Khi sri dung thudc trr,lf sAu,

phii doc kf cAnh b6o vd sr,1c kh6e tr6n v6 vA

thlic hien tdt c6c c6c biOn ph6p b6o vO theokhuydn nghi.

Loai b6 d6ng vAt gAy hai nhri thd nlo?

Trong khi hAu hdt c6n tring li v6 hai thim6t sd lim cho c6c cAy con rung 16 nhanhchiing hodc ldm tdn hai ddn 16 dir dd limch(ng chdt. Kh6ng phii tt't ci d6ng vAt gAyhai dOu Ii c6n trr.ing. SAu nematode hay dc s6n

vir ngay cA d6ng vat trong nhi ctlng gAy nOn

vt'n dd. D6ng vAt gAy hai quan trong nhdt bao

gdm sAu dn 16 nhti dd nhdy, sAu duc thAn, dicbiet le gi6n vir du tring br,idm, sAu hft dichnhd rep, r6p xanh rrir c6n trring c6 vdy vi loiidn 16 nhr,i sAu nematode. Ngoii vi6c an cAy,

nhflng d6ng vAt gAy hai niy cdn truy6n dichbQnh.

Kidm tra cAy dang phtit tridn m6t cichthtidng xuy6n nhr,i khuydn nghi d tr6n sE gitipc6nh b6o cho c6ng nhAn vr.ldn LioYn vA su xudthien cua dong vat gay hai trr-ioc khi khong the

kidm sodt ndi chting. Loai b6 nhfing d6ng vAt

gAy hai r.d triing ctia chirng bhng ray, hoac xitthudc trtl sAu loing 16n cAy con.

Ndu di6u nAy kh6ng gitip ngdn ngtladich bOnh IAy lan thi phii phun thudc trd sAu

cho cAy con vdL doc ki cAnh bdo vO stlc kh6etrOn bao bi. Chon h6a chdt thich hop nhat ddivdi m6i loai dQng vAt gAy h6i. Vi du,Pirimicarb giirp chdng r6p trong khi Pyrethrin1A thudc trr] sAu th6ng thtidng. D6i vdi c6, sAu

vA dich bOnh, phdng ngta cdn hon chila tri.Kh6ng ph6i tt't ci d6ng r.At gAy hai dOu

nh6. Ch6, Ion, gd, gia stic vi ci nht1ng d6ngvAt nu6i trong nhi c6 thd tAn phd vtidn ddmchi trong vii ph(rt. Do vAy, ndu xudt hi0nnhf,ng d6ng vAt d6 thi phdi dim bio ring cAy

tr6ng duoc bio vQ bXng hdng riLo vtng ch5c.

Btio aA otdn ton cin hnn klfii dQttg uQt giyhai cii ldn ci nhd. Lip rito chiin dlng aAt

nudi trong nhii.

-\.-a'-'

e8 1P


TRONC CAY CI]A CHTNH IJAN

Thd nio li phAn loai vi vi sao n6 laiquan trong?

PhAn loai Ii m6t phtiong ph.1p quin I1i

cht't luong hi6u quA. N6 bao g6m vi6c sip x6pc6c cAy tr6ng theo kich cd, d6ng thdi loai b6cAy ydu, cAy b6nh vd cdi coc. Bhng c6ch niy,chi nhr-Tng cAy kh6e nhdt mdi ddo-c chon ddph6t tridn ctlng c6p hon vi ddoc tr6ng bOn

ngoii. Di6u niy lim tdi da ty 16 sdng sau khitr6ng. Ngoii ra, ndu cAn nhi6u khdng gianhon mi \rlidn Lio'm lai kh6ng cung cdp dr.i thinhrTng cAy nh6 nhdt ve vdu nht't c6 thd x6c

dinh dtrcrc dO ding vi bi loai b6 dd c6 k1-r6ng

gian cho cAy con mdi ph6t tridn tdt hcln. Thu'chion phAn loai it nhdt m6i theng m6t lAn.

Tia 16 r,i kidm tra dich b6nh ccl thd dttocthLrc hien cung lilc. Khi ph,in loai ho.ic ti.r ri.phdi rr.la tay, di gting vi k6o tia dui-,-c tdy udthtidng xr.ry6n dd tr6nh lAy lan dich b6nh tt 6

niv sang 6 khic.Loai b6 cAy chdt ltiong k6m bdng c6ch

ddt chiing xa vtidn tiom. Kh6ng t6i stl dungdt't tr6ng hoac tr,1i nilon. Ddi khi c6ng nhAnvddn tio-m t6 ra ngAn ng4i khi vilt bd nhrtngcAy con chdt luo-ng thdp. Tuy nhi6n, ndu girtchr.lng lai thi kh6ng kinh td vi chirng ldm tdndiOn tich, nhAn c6ng, nr,Iilc vri nhtTng ngr,r6n

ldc khSc cci thd drroc ding m6t c6ch hi6u quihon cho nhtTng cAv kh6e manh c6 khA nangsdng khi ddoc tr6ng b6n ngodi.

Ph6n loai

Nhfrng cAy c6 vdn dd

1. Biu ciy bi dd ui ciy ttn uio tltiinh biu tdm

clto thin khdng thdng.

2. Ciy nnv bi ntng lti cd thA' tlo dich bAnh.

j, Cfrq cdi coc so o(ti cdc ci)y ciLng dO tu(ii.

1. Bi c1n tring td'n c6ng - d6i ciy d6 ui xit

thLL6'c tril sitr cho r*llng ciitl cdn sing.

5. Thin di tit inll httlng ddt sty phiit trii'nstttL ttit1.

6. Khdng tltdtrg btittl1 - tltin qui dai oinuinh ctl thd bi gi! khi xir lV. Ciit tio trtrdc

thdt ginn dem tr6ng.

TRdNG RIJNTG xuU ru6 xeo 99


pHAN z- euAN rY cuAr rrJONc

Ngr.idi quan 111i vddn doyn phii sAn xudt cAy con chdt hidng cao vi c6 cd h6i tdt nhft dd hinh

thdnh tr6n dia bin vd ph6t tridn nhanh khi dtroc trdng tai m6i trtidng kh6ng khoan nhltong tai

dia bin bi ph6 rtlng. CA hO thdng thAn vi 16 cria c6c cdy con phAi kh6e manh viL cin ddi vdi

nhau. Di6u ndy lAm gi6m nhf,ng kh6 khdn trong vAn chuydn, giAm tf lQ cAy chdt vir nguy cd

ph6i tr6ng lai vdo ndm sau. Tr6ng cAy chdt lrrong thdp li kh6ng kinh td vi tdn thdi gian.

&

H6 thdng r5 - ch(rng ta phii cd ging ddd4t cld{c ttidu gi?

H0 thdng 16 d6ng vai trd quan trong ddivdi sri sdng sau niy cda cAy hon h6 thdngthAn nhiAu. Chting crlng d6 bi tdn thttong hon.

RO phAi ph6t tridn trong dt't, d6ng thdi duy tricung cdp ntidc vd dinh dr"idng cho thAn cAy

trong sudt qu6 trhh hinh thanh. Stt phiit tridnctia 16 bi anh hridng bdi ltia chon h6p tr6ng,ltia chon h6n hop ddt tr6ng, co chd tddi midcvi dQng vit gAy hai vi dich bQnh. H0 thdng

16 cira cAy d5ng h6p s5n sing dr'loc dem ditr6ng phAi:

& fnorlg c6 d6ng vAt gAy hai vi nhi6mbQnh;

& pam nhi6u nhdnh vd c6 sti cAn ddi girla16 ddy d6ng vai trd chdng dd cAy vi 16

m6ng kh6c c6 thd hfp thu nddc vir dinhdddng;

& mtln thinh vAng 16 dd kh6ng bi vd khicAy duoc bfng ra kh6i hQp;

Kh6ng xo5n dtidi d6y hQp;

C6 thd chdng dd h6 thdng thAn viDrioc phun ndm mycorrhizal.

Lim thd nio ttd c6 drioc h6 thdng rA tdt?

Ndu 16 cAy moc xuy6n qua d6y h6p xudng ldpddt bOn dudi, chting sE gay khi h6p duoc nhdc

16n vio thdi didm tr6ng cAy. CAy non bi s6c,

h6o v) c6 thd chdt tham chi cd trddc khi ddn

dia didm trdng. Didu nAy c6 thd dtio-c ngdn

ngtla bdng c6ch:

* Nndc bAu trdng cAy 16n m6t c6ch thudngxuy6n vd st? dgng keo tia canh sach dd

tia bdt nhtlng 16 moc ngoii h6p (tht{c

hiOn vio chi6u mu6n dd gi6m thidu su

mdt do dm;;& pat h6p diing trOn nOn b6 t6ng hay ndn

s6i dd kh6ng cho 16 moc ra ngodi;& tor't kd hoach s6n xut't dd cAy c6 thd

dtioc di thtic ngay khi dii ldn.

Tia r5 bing kh6ng khi li gi?

M6t c6ch kh6c dd kh6ng cho 16 moc ra

ngoii h6p dtloc goi iA "tia 16 blng kh6ngkhi". Hdp cAy drtoc ddt trong vi sdt ndi vdi h6

thdng th6ng gi6 bdn dridi. Kh6ng khi kh6 se

ldm chdt 16 cAy tr6i ra kh6i h6p do vAy kh6ngcAn ph6i tia 16 bing tay. Tuy nhi6n, chi phitidt ki0m dddc do kh6ng phAi tia cAy bang tay

crlng bhng chi phi xAy dring vi srit. Cd vi6c tiacAy bXng tay vi bing kh6ng khi ddu kichthich 16 con dAm nhAnh trong h6p vd gitip tao

vAng 16.

RA chiit lrong kim phdt tridn trong h|p din ddn ilti)u oih di lchi cay

drtoc trdng ra b€n ngodi. RA xoin (7) tti stt phiit tti.dn kh6ng ddi xung

cua hQ thdng ri (D hm cho ciy d6 bi tdn thttary tttdc nh{trtg con gi6

manh ztd sttLL niiy.

R6 di hinh

-\<'I2



H6 th6'ng r5 - chring ta cd gdng dd tt4tttrroc didu gi?

CAy tr6ng trong bAu vi s5n sAng ddocdem tr6ng b6n ngodi phii c6 16 vi thAn cAy

doi voi rd't nhiiu re pheit tri6n tich crfc va

giAm tf 16 tdng tni&ng cfia thAn. Didu ndygirip cAy dtioc tr6ng vlidt qua duoc nhtlng vacham khi di thuc vi trd n6n vrlng chdi trongm6i trridng mdi.

CAy con ph6i cao ddn m(fc nio tao thdididm dem trdng?

Chidu cao thtlc cfia cAy con kh6ng quantrong bXng kh6 ndng c6 thd ph6t tridn kh6emanh cria chring. MQt sd lodi cAy ph6t tridnnhanh (nhrr Erythrina subumbrans, Cmelinaarborea, Prunus cerasoides, Meliatoosendan..) c6 thd dr-ioc dem tr6ng ra b6nngodi khi mdi cao 30cm nhrtng ddi vdi hAu hdtc6c lodi cdy thi tdt nhdt ld n6n dem tr6ng khichr1ng cao tr-Y 40-60cm. CAy con nh6.hoh (dddi30cm) c6 tf 10 chdt sau khi tr6ng cao honnhiAu so vdi cAy ldn hon do canh tranh vdi c6,

nhung cAy con ldn qu6 lai bi tdn thticrng nhiduhotr trttdc nhtrng va cham khi di thdc.

Ila re

Tia rA c6 cAn thidt kh6ng?

CAn tia 16 cho nhfing iodi cAy ph6t tridnnhanh m) (do thdi gian md hat gidng sin c5)

phii girl tai vridn Lidm trong thdi gian dhi.Nht1ng cAy ndy c6 thd trd n6n qu6 to dd 16 cfiachting c6 thd chdng dd hay qu6 cdng kdnh ddxtl l1i trong qud trinh vdn chuydn vd tr6ngcAy. Thdn cAy con cao d6 gay khi chring dtrocdi chuydn.

Ddi vdi m6t sd loii cAy nhrr Erythrinasubumbrans vA Prunus cerasoides, vi6c tia rO

mang th6m loi ich vA kich thich 16 dAm nhanh.DAy ld kdt quA d6ng mong ddi vi sau khi duoctrdng ra bOn ngoii, t6n cAy r6ng tao b5ng rAmcho c6 vd nhanh ch6ng kh6p t6n rtYng.

Kh6ng bao gid dttoc tia thAn cdy trongvdng 1 th6ng trddc khi dem tr6ng vi chtingthtic ddy sti ph6t tridn cfia t6 mdi do vfly cAy

con s6 gap ric rdi khi di thr.ic. Ngay sau khitr6ng, hA thdng 16 kh6ng thd hdp thu dir ntidcdd cung ct'p cho 16 rndi, do vAy cAn tr6nh moihdnh d6ng lim niy ch6i trtidc khi dem tr6ng.M6t sd loii kh6ng ph6n fng tdt khi bi tia hodctrd n6n d6 bi ndm tt'n cdng (nhtt Meliatoosendan, Magnolia baillonii, Balakatabaccata, Macaranga denticulata ...). Do vAy,trr.idc khi tia m6t sd ltiong ldn cdc cdy con, cAn

tidn hinh thr? nghi6m t6c d6ng ciia vi6c cdt tia.

Trong khi phin loai, nhfc tii nilon lAn ad cdt tia tft cird chdi rn biing k6o tin. Di€u niy thic dily rd ddm nhinh.th sn phrit triin cila uing ri litm cho no khong bi t-td khi

tr6ng. Kti thttc hiAn ila 16, rta tay oi kio trong dtLng dich

tdy ud thtrdng xuy€n dd trdnh dich bQnh lny hn girta cic

ciy. Viio cu1i ngiy, thdo doi k6o tia di. Rila sach ddt bdm

aiio c.ic khdp kdo. Lim khd cdc hfii kio trtdc khi liipchrtng oio. Lu6n lu6n dd k6o tia 6 noi kh6 thodng.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo 101

TR6NG CAY CI]A CHINH BAN

Thd nio li "lim cho cAY cr?ng c6P" vi visao n6 lai cdn thidt?

Tap cho cAy ldm quen vdi m6i trddng hay

"1dm cho cAy ctlng cdp" lii qu6 trinh chudn bi

cho cAy con trddc sr,i di chuydn kh6 khdn tr}

m6i tnidng vtldn ridm lf ttldng d6n di6u kiQn

khdc nghiOt hdn tai ndi rtlng bi ch4t ph6' Ndu

chiing chria dti ciing c6p dd driong dAu vdi

didu ki6n n6ng, kh6 vi nfng tai noi tr6ng thi

chiing s6 bl sdc khi di thdc vd sE chdt'

Hai th6ng trddc khi tro'ng, chuydn tt't cA

cAy con s6 ddoc dem tr6ng ddn m6t khu vrtc

riOng trong vddn ddm vd dAn dAn giAm b6ng

rAm viL tAn sd ttidi ntidc. Chring phAi dfngdddi 6nh ning tron ven trong th6ng cudi cingtai vtldn tidm. Gi6m viec tddi nddc dAn dAn

xudng cdn 50%. Muc dich li dd ldm chflm sri

ph6t tridn cira thAn vd kich thich 16 nh6 Do

vay cay con thtidng dddc tlidi vAo budi s6ng

sdm va chidu mu6n sE chi dtigc td6i m6t lAn

vdo chidu mu6n trong qu6 trinh ldm cho cAy

ctlng c6p. Kh6ng gi6m tddi midc khi 16 h6o vi

d6 s6 lim cAy con ydu di. Ngoii lich trinh

th6ng thtidng, cAn tddi cAy ngay khi thfy dt'u

hiOu cAy bi h6o

Fb

Cdn ghi ch6p th6ng tin gi?

Hoc h6i kinh nghiOm chi c6 thd thdc hiAn

drioc n6u c6c hoat dQng vriirn doYn va hoat d6ng

cr.ia m6i lohi ciy ducic ghi ch6p mQt c6ch chinh

x6c. Ghi ch6p th6ng tin d6ng vai trir rdt quan

trong trong viOc ngin cAn cdng nhAn lim vridn

ldp lai c6c 16i trtidc d6, cung c6 thd dtigc stl

dung dd d6nh gi6 nhng sudt vd kdt quA cira

vudn uotn (sd loii/cAy con dridc trdng) vd ddi

vdi vi6c xAy dung lich trinh sAn xudt c6c lodi cAy'

D6nh ddu khaY hat vd cAY trong vridn

nhti ten lodi, sd 16 vi ngiy thu h6i hat vd

ngiy btlng. St? dung mAu bidu nhd trong trang

81, 82 vd dddi dAy dd ghi lai thdi gian vi dia

didm 16 hat ddoc thu h6i, bi6n ph6p xri l1/ hat

dd 6p dung, tf lQ nAy mAm, dich bQnh dtidc

ph6t hi6n... Cudi cting, ghi ch6p lai thdi gian

,ra aiu didm cAy con rdi kh6i vrldn r'iom d6n

ncfi trdng.

Lich trinh sin xudt ln gi?

Tr6ng nhidu loii cAy rtlng b6n dia li m6t

chrrc,rrg trinh phfc tap. C6c loii kh6c nhau ra

qui vio c6c th6ng kh6c nhau vi c6 t1y' 10 tdng

tnidng kh6c nhau, vAy mi cAy con cria tdt cic6c loli phAi duoc tr6ng ddn mQt kich cd nhdt

dinh ddn thdi gian tr6ng cAy tdi riu. Vi du, lodi

cAy phdt tridn nhanh cho hat vdo th6ng 1 c6

tnd s5n shng dttgc dem trdng vdo th6ng 6 ndu

duoc b6n phAn sau khi bilng. Nhrrng ndu cAy

con khdng ph6t tridn nhanh nhd dd ki6n thi

chfng sO dtioc girl lai vttdn tiom ddn tAn ndm

sau, ddn hic d5 chring c6 thd ph5't tridn trong

hdp ldn qu6 vd ddi h6i Phai dddc tia.

Dtia tr6n ghi ch6p ctia vddn tldm, lich

trinh tr6ng cAy m6 tA c6ch gieo mAm v) stl

ph6t tridn cria cAy con cria m6i loai cdy dd

aa* Uao rhng cAy con ph6t tridn dd tr6ng ra

ngodi vdo mrfa mtt'a dAu ti6n hodc thrf hai sau

mi tnu h6i hat. Ghi ch6p d6 bao g6m chi tiSt

vd tnOi gian thu hdi hat tdi du, biOn ph6p xt?

lf hat cAn thi6t dd ph6 vd trang th6i ngti, thdi

gian tr} khi nAy mAm ddn khi bfng cAy, thdi

gian drlng trong vtldn ddm dd cAy con ph5t

tridn thich d6ng, b6n phAn tdi riu, xrl lf tia c6y

hodc c6c brrdc cAn thiSt kh6c cho cAn con ph6t

tridn. Lich trinh s6n xudt li m6t tii 1i0u limvi6c ddi h6i phii dtioc thay ddi thudng xuyOn

theo sti thay ddi vA sti sin c6 ciia hat, tf IQ cAy

con tdng trtt'dng vi dtldc biSt ddn.

Loii sd: L6 sd:

rAN cuI cHEP vE sAN xuAr cAY coN

Loii:

Ngiy xdp vio h6P: 56'cAY trong hdP:

B6n phAn:

cit tia;

DQng v{t gAy hai vi dich b6nh:

CHUYEN DI

Chidu caotrung binhcli.a c6-y

Ddn ndi

L02 TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAO

ffi:;'*r:'"'1"ts"

PHAN 7

^t TRONG CAY

*****+***

LTJA CHON DIA BANCHUAN BI TRONG

cAc riNH HUONG KHI TRONGCHAM s6c CAY pA rndNCGIAM sAr prruC udr RLING

"Cho nhltng ftn ngdc ztdng od dia gion adi nhrtng li hq c6,Hay dd bong b6ng ztdn may bay lOn rdl lql roi xudng.

Chi c6 ngrdi gieo hqt, ngtdi chdm hoa hay ngtdi trdng cayLdm dtoc nhidu hon tdt cfi."

- John Greenleaf Whittier (1.807-92),

Tho cria My 'Bai ca trdng trot"

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DrA BAN rndNc cAY pE 16I p,q. cIA rn1 nAo rdN

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Od tdi d0 gid tri bdo tin, cin tring cdc lodi cky tao khu:ng ritng 6) dA'k{t ndi adi cic rndnh ritng bing cdch tno ra ctic hiinh lang

cho cu6c s6ng honng dd; G) dd hinh thiinh ritug ainh ctliu tsi noi cd ngry cd x6i miin hay sqt 16 d6't cao ad (c) bio ui nguon nttoc,

dqc bi€t cho str s6ng crta bii drlc bi€t nhtrVit crtnh tuiing @), rii cd (E), Mio bifi cn G) ai chuin chuin (G).

M

Fr04 TR6NG RIJNG XHU TFIE NAO

TRONC CAY

a\a

TRONG CAY

"Ai tr6ng ciy, ngrbi do ln biy tdi cia Clnia

Ngtti d6 lam ai€c tdt cho bao nhi€u th6'h€uu:!*r-"rPi anh ta chia gqp

Cing si titr phic cho nnh."Henry van Dyke (1852-1933), tho ct'ra Mj,. "C6ty ban"

Trdng cAy rd rdng Ii m6t trong nhtrng hoat d6ng phd bidn nhdt trong phuc h6i rrlng. Sau m6tnghy lim vi6c vt't r.,6, khung cdnh m6t khu rdng bi xudng cdp dtioc didm xuydt bXng cAy conmdi tr6ng li v6 cr,ing gi6 tri vd ldm cho ngridi tr6ng rilng th6a m6n khi bidt rhng nhfrng gi hoda vA dang lim c6 thd d6o ngudc tinh trang hfry hoai tAi nguy0n thi6n nhi6n. Tuy nhi6n, trdngcAy kh6ng phii li c6ng vi6c cudi cring ctia c6ng t6c phuc hdi rr-Ing: nhrlng cam kdt ddi han 1)

rdt quan trong dd c6 ddoc srl thAnh c6ng. D6ng thdi, c6 thd dO dhng huy d6ng m6t c6ng d6ngtham gia tr6ng cAy, nhting s6 kh6 hon nhi6u dd duy tri vA huy d6ng sd chdm s6c cho cAy sau

khi tr6ng. Trrl khi c6 dttoc ti6u di6t, phAn b6n dr.ioc sr1 dung vd nguy cd ch6y drioc ngdn chdnthi mdi kh6ng cAn ddn c6ng viQc vt't v6 ciia ngtidi tr6ng rtYng vd nhfrng n5 luc to ldn trong vtidntiom dd tr6ng cAy cho phuc hdi nlng. Phuc h6i rtlng 1A m6t quy trinh chf kh6ng chi ii sti ki6ntr6ng cAy. Do vdy, phAn ndy n6i vd tdng quan ctia t{t c6 c6c hoat ddng cAn thidt dd dim biosti thinh c6ng cfia cdc du 6n phuc h6i nlng, sau khi cAy dA rdi kh6i vtldn ridm.

MVC 1 - LUA CHQN DIA BAN rndruc cAv

Khi nio n6n tr6ng cAy tao khung rfrng?

Nhd da lf gid,i 6 PhAn 5, phriong phdptao loii cAy tao khung rrlng trong phuc h6irr,lng dac bi0t thich hop ddi vdi khu vrtc biot6n - Vrrdn Qudc gia, khu bio t6n d6ng vAthoang da, bio tdn ttl nhiOn... - noi vi6c qu6nlf gin gitT da dang sinh hoc ilttoc ttu ti6n (mac

dr.i n6 c6 thd cung cdp lAm s6n vi loi ich kinhtd). Mdc dti cho hi6u qu6 chi phi trong dlihan, phuc,ng phdp ndy ddi h6i dAu td d6ng kdr.6 thdi gian, nhAn lttc vi tidn cria dd c6 thdb5t dAu (xem phAn 8). Do vAy, trddc ti6n cAn

chon dia bin tr6ng cAy duoc rlu ti6n ndi mA

vi6c tr6ng cAy se mang lai loi ich tdi da cho sdthdng nhdt v6 sinh th6i, gin git1 da dang sinhhoc vA b6o vQ m6i trtidng.

Dia bin nhti vAy bao g6m:

&* Hanh lang hoang dd dd b6o tdn c6c phAndoan nlng;

.& Diu bhn xung quanh su6i vir doc ludng rutdc;

& Dia bin c6 nguy cd x6i mdn vd sat 16 dt't;

PhAn doan rrlng li gi?

PhAn doan rrlng 1A khi di6n tich rtlngr6ng vi liOn tidp bi ngdn cdch bdi nhrlng condtidng, c6c c6ng trinh ha tAng khdc, ddt canht6c... NhtTng khu ddt nh6 vi bi ngdt quingdddc hinh thlnh, sau d6 co lai do bi x6o tr6n(nhd chat ph6 hay d6:t rrlng) vd bi an mdn tt]bOn bia rtYng trd vdo. QuAn thd ddng thrtc vAtnh6 vi cO ldp sdng trong phdn doan rtng nh6nhti vAy c6 nguy cd bi tuyet di6t do kh6ng c6

th(ic dn, dich bQnh vi bi tdn thddng do taiddng (nhd ch6y), nhring di6u thtidng khdng de

doa sri sdng ctla quAn thd ldn hon trong khurtYng ldn hoh. C6 lAp vd gen cung tdng nguyco bi tuyOt diOt.

Khi c6c loii trong phAn doan rrlng dangbi tuy6t diOt, viOc t6i xAm thdc bXng cdch dunhAp nhrlng c6 thd loAi s6ng lAp rrlng tti cdc

khu rrlng kh6c trd n6n v6 cing kh6 khdn hodckh6ng thd thtic hi6n dtioc do dia hinh michting kh6ng thd trti ngu drtoc (do sri ph6ttridn n6ng nghiOp vi n6ng th6n) girTa c6c

phAn doan. Chi c6 rdt it loai d6ng vdt nlng dicd qua c6c khu vdc khdng tr6ng rr.lng (trt m6tsd lodi doi vd chim). Do vAy, hat ph6t t6n nhdd6ng vAt hidm hon khi drroc vAn chuydn gitracdc phAn doan rting.

rRdNG RrJNG NHrJ rHE NAo )* 105I

tg/

TRdNG CAY

4 c6ng doan phAn doan rrlng

pnAxr recrtDno'ng b0, dtdng sit,dub'ng diy ndng lmng citthinh nhrtng mdnh rimg

l6n.

xtlvEN QrrAKhe hd phdt tridn trong

rilng do nhtrng ngtli di ctt

khai thdc ddt dgc tuydn giao

thO ng.

PHANDOANKhodng cdch trd n€n l6n

hon cii phin ritttg s6t lai.

MAI MONPhin cdn lai ad c6 llp cila

ritng din din bi x6i mdn do

tric L16ng bd ritng.

i"1";r1@',.".

Phfrn doan ritng nh6 chi c6 thd thich hqp cho sd ltnng rdt nhd cd thd d|ng uAt dA bi tuyQt di€t. Mlt khi da di thi chrtng

kh6ng thd quay l4i do -oiAc di at girta cdc b rnng b! ctin tr& nhiiu bdi nhrtng khu atc diinh cho ddt n6ng nghiQp hay

nhilng riio chin nguy hi6'm nfut dthng bQ. Tr6ng ciy tao hitnh lang cho dong oyt hoang da nhAm k{t ndi lqi cdc phin

doan ritng cd thd khic phuc dttoc mot so kho khnn uit giip tno ra bQ phQn dqng thltc oit hoang dn c6 thd sdng dttoc trong

cdnh qtnn bi phdn doan.

TRONC RTJNC NHU THE NAO

-;1-'rer"id&ry'.- ?- ..:..-:

i1:

',r1 ," ..1'}''$:4,/;a{:-.' .; I ,-r'-,i /- - "

106

rRdNG CAY

Hinh lang hoang di li gi?

Kdt ndi lai nhr,lng phAn cloan rtlng nh6 vdinh1lng diOn tich rrlng r6ng hon b;\ng c6ch tr6ngcdc loii cAy 1oo khung rdng dd hinh thnnh"hinh lang hoang d5", c6 thd ciAo ngrio-c t6c haicda phAn doan. Nhfrng hinh lang nhd vAv c6

thd dAm bAo an toirn cho d6ng vAt hoang dd

cAn thidt dd di cu td 16 rdng nhy sang 16 rrlngkh6c. Thinh phAn gen lai dtidc h6i phuc trcl 1ai,

vir ndu m6t loAi c6 nguy cd tuy6t di6t thi c6 thd

tim lai chirng ttl stl di cti do'n 16 tll 16 rrlng kh6c

ddn hdnh tang. Hinh iang hoang dA cung c6

thd giirp hinh thinh tuydn dudng td nhi6n cho

c6c loii di cri. Tuy nhi6n, chirng chi hi6u quikhi kh6ng san bdn hodc sdn bin dtictc nginchin. Ndu kh6ng thi hinh lang hoang dd trdthinh trr-idng bin - lim cho cu6c sdng hoang

da kh6ng an toirn trong khu vric bio t6n vi ddychirng gap nguy hidm.

Hinh lang n6n r6ng bao nhi6u?

Di6u d6 phu thr,rQc vdo c6c d6ng vAt sr-l

dung hinh lang d6. Ddi vdi c6n tring rrir m6tsd loii chim rh6, m6t hing cAy r6ng vii m6tc5 thd dd dd cho ph6p chfng di chuydn ttphAn doan rtng niy sang phAn doan rrlngkh6c. Tuy nhi6n, ddi vdi chim d tAng dlidi cliartlng vi tAng cAy tht'p (nhti chim h6t cao cing)vi m6t sd loei d6ng r,2it c5 r,r-h cd trung binh,c6 thd cAn tdi c6c hinh lang r6ng tdi 3km. Ddir.di d6ng vAt c5 r,.ti ldl hdn, henh lang ph6ir6ng tdi thidu li 10km mdi hi6u quA. Chidn

ltioc thich hop 1d b6t dAu bang vi6c hinh thinhmot hinh lang hep vi din din mo rong no,

m5i ndm trdng tl-rOm m6t it cAy, d6ng thdi ghich6p v6 cdc loii di chuydn doc hinh lang d6.

Vi6c trdng cAy c6 b6o v6 drfoc ngu6nnrfdc kh6ng?

C6. Tr6ng ciy lai ving dAu ngu6n nddcphia tr6n, dac biOt li quanh s6ng sudi c6 th6

giirp cAi thi6n ngudn nti6c cung cdp thridngxuyOn viL chdt ltiong ntidc. Mdc dti cAy r.An

chuvdn nddc tr,l d61t bang c6ch tho6t nr.lclc qua16 nhuhg chiing 1ai sin sinh chdt htlu cc; choddt th6ng qua vi6c sin sinh 16 thai nhi6u hon.

Qua thdi gian, chdt hfiu cd thm tdng khd nanggifl nddc cira ddt do vay n6 c6 thd hdp thunhi6u nr-idc hon trong mtla mtia vi cdp nddcvdo mrla kh6. Blng c6ch d6, phUc h6i rtng c6

thd chuydn nhfing con su6i kh6 theo miathinh nhtlng con sudi c6 nt1ilc chAy vrnh ciiu.

Tr6ng cAy doc bd sudi tao n6n cu6c sdngven sudi d6ng vai trd rdt quan trong ddi vdinhf,ng loii dac bi6t (ttl chu6n chudn ddn rdici) song trong huic c;nh suoi. Cuoc tong ven

sudi cung d6ng vai trd lim noi trir dn quantrong cho c.1c loii d6ng vAt kh6c kh6ng ph6ild loii qu6 ddc biOt trong mt)a kh6 khi nhtTngndi trii ngu lAn cAn cira chting bi kh6 han hodc

bi ch6y. Vi6c tr6ng cAy tao ra ndi trti ngu chod6ng vAt cfing ngdn chdn sd x6i mdn ctia bdsudi vi ngan btin bit kin ddng sr-rdi. Di6u niygi6m nguy co vd bd sudi khi c6 mr-Ia to gAy 1ut

trong choc l.it.

Hinh lang',;j

tVingtl6mH-, .- )t/4br "'

-jy.

Ving l5i " Thidt kd b6o tdn

HA th{ng khtL ottc bio tin d4tc thiet kA'hieu qud odi oirng trong

didm noi lcl'Ldng c6 hoat dOng cia con ngtdi, ai eitng dArt rrhtim

gidm xtmg d|t gitlo culc sdng con ngrfii'od cLt|c sding honng da.

Cic tiing tdn tai trtdc d6 diqtc gi6i. l'tLtrt trong "-oirn24 bi(t lQp".

Trdng ciy tao hiinh lang ring dd gin kAi hai khr.L oxc c6 thd gitip

dQng uQt di clruydn gitta hai aimg d6, tqo ra qLLy m6 din ct hiAu

qm ad ddng diLc httn ztd giim riLi ro can ki€t thitc dt'r'oi tuyAt rliAt.

:\,:::,,l

2

5uor

*bi6r Ia

fs,Qudc gia

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO 107

TRONC CAY

X6i mdn c6 thd phd hiy dn't n6ng nghiAp ttii tlin ddn

tinh trnng d6i nghio d ndng tltdn. Pltt.Lc lni rilnr gittp

ngdn ciin t;6i mdn aii snt 16 dht.

Trdng ciy c6 thd lam giiim x6i mdn vi sat Idddt?

C6. X6i mdn d61t 1im gi6m kh6 ning dAn

nridc tt nhr,Tng ndi dtl trr,i ntidc dAn den lLi Iutvao mia mrla vd han htin viLo mrfa kh6. Dt'tbi x6i mdn trong k6nh sdng 1dm tAng nguy cd

hl lut. Sat ld ddt le m6t hinh thtlc cao nh{t ctiax6i mdn dt't. Sat ld ddt c6 thd xdy ra bAlt ngdvdi sr,fc manh gh6 gdm c6 thd phd hiry toin b6ling mac, c6c c6ng trinh ha tAng, ddt n6ngnghiOp vA giSt chdt nhidu ngddi. Dia bdn vingntii vdi ddc dii, thing diing vi liOn tidp dAc

bi6t c5 nguy cd x6i mdn vd sat ld ddt.

Tr6ng cAy girip gi6m nglry cd x6i mdnd6lt vi sat ld bt't ngd bdi 16 cAy gitT d61t, ngdnc6n sr-t' di chuydn ctia cdc hat dt't. Ld runggiirp c6i thiOn cd cdu ddt vi h6 thdng tho6tntidc. N6 ting luong ntidc mda ngdm vio dt't(thdm tht'u) vi gi6m vi6c mdt bO mat ddt.

HAu hdt c6c ntidc ddu c6 h6 thdng phAn

loai rtlng clAu ngu6n qudc gia vdi bin d6 chira nglly cci c6 thd xdy ra xat 1d ddt tai nhilngdia bin cu thd. Tham vdn trung tAm khuydnn6ng tai dia phuong ctia ban v0 bin dO d6 dd

x6c dinh mlic d6 mi vi6c tr6ng cAy c6 thd giriplim giim x6i mdn tai dia phtiong cia ban.

C6 ndn tr6ng cic loiLi cAy tao khungrrlng t4i c6c dia bln kh6c?

Trong nhi6u trr-idng hop, c6 thd kh6ngc6 cdc dia bdn i) th6a mAn c6c tiOu chi d6 cAp

d tr6n vi ii) kh6ng c5 dd phuc h6i rdng. Di€unAy c5 thd do nhrlng cAn trd r,6 luat phdp vdxa h6i, bao gdm nhilng vdn dO v6 sd hr1u ddtdai, nhu cAu vd ddt n6ng nghiOp vi thiSu kh6ndng tidp cAn. Do vAy, c6 cAn tidn hhnh phuch6i rdng 6 nhtng dia bin c6 gi6 tri b6o t6ntht'p hon nhfrng dia bin dr-ioc m6 ti nhti tr6n?

CAu iri ldi 1d "c6 thd c6". Ngay cA nhrlngdia bdn xa rrtng cring c6 thd tr6ng c6c lodi cAy

tao khung rtlng cld tao hi6u qud tdt. Phuc h6ida dang sinh hoc d nhring dia ban nay co thdxiy ra chfm rri kh6ng nhi6u nhu nhr-lng dlabin gin rtng. Tuy nhi6n, nhidu loii d6ng vAtluu dQng hctn nhli chim vA doi c6 th6- sdng tainhr,Tng no'i tr6ng ciy phuc hdi rtng bi c6 lAp

mic drl c6c d6ng vAt c6 vti ldn vi nhfrng hat1dn nhdt ctia m6t sd loii cAy dA phdt tridn crtc

d6 c6 thd kh6ng bao gid tim dtldc dridng quaytrd 1ai nhrTng dia bin ndy trr-i khi chring dtiocdAn dXt c6 chri tAm.

M6t trong nhfng loi ich co'bin cr-ia vi6ctr6ng ciy phuc h6i rtlng bi cd lAp li ving d6ddng vai trd 1i "hat nhAn" ttY d6 cdc thd he

rdng tti nhi6n c6 thd lan r6ng doc theo vingcinh quan bi xudng ct'p do hat cria chdng dAn

dAn dtioc phiit t6n ddn nhfrng khu vrlc 1An

cAn. Chting cring cung ct'p ngu6n hat cho c6c

vridn tioln cAy phuc h6i rdng phu cAn.

Tuy nhi6n, vi6c trdng cAy phuc hdi rtlngb1 c6 1Ap dac biQt d6 tdn thrldng trddc t6c

d6ng cda bd rting vir c6c vt'n d6 nhtl m6 tdd tr6n ddi vdi c6c phAn doan rdng, do vAycAn qr-rin l;i chat che dd ngdn chdn nhrlngvaln dA d5.

..:,

;?

il

.*

_\lZ]:

1,inY

108 TRdNG RUNG XHTI THE UAO

TRdNc CAY

Phuc hdi c6nh quan rrYng li gi?

Khi lAp kd hoach phuc h6i rtlng, di6uquan trong ld phdi xem x6t dia bdn trdng nhtili mQt trong nhidu ho-p phAn cira khu vdcc6nh quan r6ng hon, c6 mdi li€n kdt kinh td xa

h6i vd sinh th6i vdi ddt n6ng nghi6p, rr.Yng tdnhi6n, hoat d6ng tr6ng rtlng, c6c ngu6n ntidc,

c6c ling bin, c6ng trinh ha tAng....Td chfc Thi6n nhi6n hoang da thd gidi

(WWF) v) IUCN- HiQp hoi b6o tdn thi6nnhi6n thd gidi da dd xu6lt "Phuc hdi cAnh quanrrlng" (FLR), 1) m6t khdi ni6m quin l1ir cinhquan xung quanh nhim giAnh tai sti thdng

nhdt vd sinh th6i vd ph6t tridn cu6c s6ng cfia

con ngddi tai c6c vting bi ph6 rdng hay nhtrngkhu vdc cinh quan rr.)ng bi xudng cAlp. Vdi sr-i

tham gia ctia cdc b6n 1i6n quan, FLR bao gdmm6t sd nguydn tic phzit tridn, b6o t6rr vd qudnlli tai nguy6n thi6n nhi6n hi6n thdi dd bio tdnci cht't ltiong vd sd ltiong rdng tai nhfing khuvdc cinh quan rrlng bi xudng cdp vi ldm loicho cd con ngddi vi ttl nhiOn.

MOt khu vdc "cAnh quan" dtlo-c dinhnghra li m6t vring d61t 1i6n kd ngay girla m6t"diabdn" vi m6t "vting kinh t6" vdi dac didmkinh td xi h6i vd sinh th6i ddc thti kh6c biOt

vdi khu vlic "c6nh quan" lAn cAn. M6t khuvdc cinh quan rtlng bi "xudng cdp" khi, domalt rr-lng hoic rtng xudng cdp, kh6ng thd ti6ptuc duy tri vi6c cung ct'p dAy dti lAm sAn hay

dich vu sinh thdi cho con ngridi, kh6ng hoatd6ng chfc ndng hO sinh thei vd b6o t6n da

dang sinh hoc dttgc nila.Dd b6o t6n da dang sinh hoc, FLR nhfln

tht'y cAn bAo vO vd qu6n 111' rttng cdn s6t lai.Ngdn chdn phAn doan rtng ddoc coi 1A tdiquan trong ddi v6i c6ng t6c bio t6n da dangsinh hoc. Tuy nhi6n, FLR ciing thAly rlng c6c

bi6n ph6p bAo vO nlng, ndu drlng c6 lAp, sE

kh6ng ngdn cAn hoin todn phAn doan rtng vamt't da dang sinh hoc. Do v4y, phuc h6i rdngkh6ng nhfrng dr.idc coi ld m6t hop phAn quantrong cria FLR mi cdn ph6i sinh loi cho con

ngddi cung nhr-i cu6c sdng hoang d6.

T6m 1ai, FLR dtioc thiSt kd dd k5t hop

b6o t6n da d4ng sinh hoc vdi sinh kd cira

ngtidi dAn dia phrt'orrg 6 cfp cdnh quan. CQng

d6ng d6ng vai trd quan trong trong hinhthinh c6nh quan vi cing vdi c6c lodi hoang

di, ho phii dat drtoc c6c loi ich td tdi nguyOn

Hinh 7.1 - Phgc ndi cinn quan rrlng

rdng dd tao n6n d6ng ltic cAn thidt nhimkhuydn khich ho thtic hi6n vai trd chri ddngtrong b6o t6n vi phuc h6i rtYng.

Didu niy dat tldgc c6i gi?

Bhng c6ch ldm vi6c gAn gni vdi c6ng

d6ng dia phtiong, thdng qua tham vdn, diotao vlL trao ddi th6ng tin, FLR n6n:

t& gao t6n chfc ndng m6i trt{dng - bao gdmntidc, da dang sinh hoc viL sti cdn bingvd de - bing c6ch trdng cAy, t6i sinh hayt5i tao tti nhi6n.

& Mung lai loi ich thidt thlic cho cdng d6ngdia phuong, bao gdm lAm s6n, ntldc sach

vii ngdn lu.'& Sao vO da dang sinh hoc vi thd chdt ctia

rdng lAn cAn.

& Car-t ddi sd d6nh ddi loi ich vd st? dungddt tai ct'p cinh quan.

& Ctro ph6p lrra chon st dung dt't trongttidng lai.

& thich nghldung ddt vb

thei.

vdi nhfrng thay ddi vA st1

sd ndng d6ng cria hO sinh

& Ngatr ngtla cdc mdi de doa mt't rtngtrong tridng lai.

FORRU-CMU li m6t vi du

C6ng t6c cda FORRU vdi cdc cQng d6ngdia phtidng ld vi du tuyet vdi vd thuc ti6nFLR. Trong cinh quan phgc vg nhi6u mucdich, c6c ling lAn cAn Mae Sa Mai, tai Vddn

Qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui, FORRU-CMU danglim vi6c vdi c6ng ddng d day dd b6o t6n nlngdAu ngu6n nhim:& Sao t6n hO sinh th6i rrlng tti nhi6n trong

bAo t6n cuQc sdng hoang dd.

& pidu tidt cung c61p nr.idc vi chdt hiongnd6c, do d6 g6p phAn thoi mdn nhu cAu

ciia cd c6ng d6ng Mae Sa Mai vi c6c

c6ng d6ng mi6n xu6i.& rnu htit va thtic ddy su ph6t tridn nginh

du lich sinh th6i tai Ban Mae Sa Mai vitao thu nhap.

& fhuydn khich vi h6 tro ngudi dAn tAp

trung sdn xudt n6ng nghiOp ph6t tridnvridn v6i c6 ndng sut't cao hon vir it nhaycim hdn v6 mdt sinh th6i d nhtlng diabdn it ddc hon.

-\€>a\

I

tqTRdNG RUNG NHIJ THfi NAO 109

TRdNG CAY

Ai sd hilu clia bin trdng cAy?

Khi thtic hi6n c;ic hoat d6ng bio t6n, vi6c

cudi cing miL ban cAn d6 lh tranh luAn vd ddt

dai. Khi tr6ng cAy tr6n ddt c6ng, ph6i dimbAo ring ban dddc cd quan c6 thdm quy6n cdp

ph6p tr6ng cAy bing vdn bin, bao g6m cA m6tbin d6. HAu hdt cdc cd quan c6ng quydn c6

thdm quyOn sin sdng gifp dd vi6c tr6ng cAy

ctia cdc nh6m c6ng ddng vA cdc td chrlc phichinh phti nhttng dd c6 dtioc gidy ph6p phnimft nhi6u thdi gian, do v4y phii thio luQn itnht't ld m6t nim trtioc thoi gian tr6ng cAy dtikidn. PhAi d6m b6o ring tt't cA nhtTng quan

chtlc c6 liOn quan tham gia dAy dn vio tdt cA

c6c bddc 1Ap vA thric hi0n dtl 6n. Didu quan

trong li nhfrng ngtidi liOn quan d€u hidu ringtr6ng cAy kh6ng dAn ddn tranh chdp r'6 mdtluAt ph6p ddi vdi dt't dai.

Ndu trdng tr6n dt't tti, ptrAi ch5c chinring chri ddt (va nhtTng ngtidi thrla kd cira ho)

cam kdt dAy dn vio gin gitl diOn tich rr-Yng.

ViOc tr6ng cdy lim tang d6ng l<d gie tri tdi sdn

cd nhAn, do vfly chii ddt tri phAi chiu toin bd

chi phi trdng cAY.

Bio t6n cdnh quan rifng

Chf giii:

tj_; Rtng nguyon slnh

Rilng nguy€n sinh

klbi suy thodi

ISSS& Rrhg thrl ct'p

N6ng nghiOp ring nguy€n si.nlt

6 t.d.,g cAy ndn c6 kich c6'vi hinh dangnhd thd nio?

Kich thr.idc ctia 6 tr6ng cAy m6i nam phuthu6c viro tinh sin c6 cria nhan cong iam c6

vi chdm s6c cAy drtoc trdng trong hai ndm

dAu sau khi trdng. Vi6c tinh to6n dr,ioc lf giAi

d phAn B.

Ldu ;i ddn "tdc d6ng bia rtlng", nhd da

trinh biy, hinh dang cfia 6 tr6ng cAy cAn dAm

b6o t;i 16 di6n tich bia rtlng/ dien tich dt'ttr6ng ld tdi thidu. Di6u niy tao n6n hinh dang

l;i ttidng vd m4t If thuydt ciia 6 tr6ng 1d hinhtrdn nhr.ing hinh dang 6 tr6ng hinh trdn kh6

tridn khai thric t6 tr6n quy m6 ldn. NOn m6tqr-ry t5c chung li cd gdng dat dr.toc chiOu dhivi chiOu r6ng cira 6 tr6ng ttidng ddi ngang

nhau vi kh6ng tr6ng cAy d nhtTng 6 diii vd

hep, trtl khi muc dich ctla ban li thidt 1Ap

vdnh dai ven sudi hay hdnh lang hoang da kdtndi hai 16 rtlng.

Phuc hdi da dang sinh hoc s6 xdy ra

nhanh ndu 6 trdng c6c cAy tao khung rtlngdddc ddt lidn k6 hoac gAn vdi rdng chLia biph6 hu1i.

Cdnh quan da thay ddi - miic r'li hinh thitc sldang ddt da thay ddi nhttng oin cdn girt dtqc

diA di cnc bai lim sdn aii chitc ndng snth thdi.

Crtnh qrun dmc phuc hii - FLR htdng tdi phuc

hii z,ipc cung cdp lim sdn ztii cic dich uu sinh

thdi ttti cdp cdnh quan.

l;--llSsse

I

r:, 4 :!l^ 1 " lRling trong

l*:* .; Ciy trang trai

Ngu6n: Maginnis zti

Iackson (2002).

_\F

1P

Crinh quan nguyAn gOc c6

bm phiL.

Cfiih qunn xu|hg cdp - ciy bao phil dd be-n

mdi lim girtm nguin cung cdp Lim siin -od phd

ztd chitc ndng sinh hoc cila uinh quan.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO110

rm pna qugc qla Dartrdng cAy tidm ning?

Tdt cA c6c b6n IiOn quan (PhAn 8, muc 2)

trong m6t drl 6n phuc hdi rrlng ph6i tham giaviro didu tra vd dia bln tr6ng cAy dd kidn vi cu6cdidu tra ndy thric ddy thAo luAn vd r6't nhiAu vdndd c6 thd t6c d6ng d6n viOc lAp kd hoach vir thdcthi dli eo bao g6m quydn srl dgng dt't, dAu vdonhdn c6ng... N6 cfing girip tao drlng sr,i nhdt trivd muc dich cria chuong trinh tr6ng cAy v)khuydn khich cam kdt ddi han.

CAn c6 mQt b6n d6 dia hinh c6 th6ng tinvd dO che phri rrlng, mQt la bdn vA m6t m6yanh dd thdc hien didu tra dia bdn. Cring hrluich ndu c6 thd mrlon m6t dung cq dirrh vi diaIf (GPS) tai mdt dcrn vi gi6o duc dia phtrc,ng.Bdt dAu vdi bAn dd dia hinh (trang 113, A).

Nhin vio dddng ddng mrlc dd xdc dinhdQ cao cria dia bin. Tra crlu nhrlng lodi cAytao khung nlng vdi dQ cao d6 (phAn 9) ddd6m b6o ring chring c6 thd phdt tridn tr6n d6cao d6. Tidp theo, srl dung dtidng d6ng mrlcvd tf lQ bin d6 dd xdc dinh nguy cd x6i mdnddt (B) vir mrlc dQ dC ddng khi ldm viGc trOndfa bin d6. Cring cAn xem x6t kh6 ndng tidpcAn dia bAn (C). Tim dddng hoac ldi mdn. Ddtdi didm tidp c{n, cAn ph6i di b6 bao xa ddchuy€n chd cAy vd c6c dgng cu tr6ng cAy?

Hay nhd rXng vi6c tr6ng cAy vd chim s6ccAy chri ydu di6n ra vdo mrfa mtla n6n tai diabdn phii didu tra didu ki6n ti6p cAn vdi dtidngdd x6c dinh xem cAn xe c6 dQng co 4 b6nh, voihay c6c hinh thrlc vAn chuydn cdy kh6c vh c6thd cAn ddn ngridi trdng cAy.

Tai dia bin, tim ngudn t6i sinh rrlng trinhi0n (D). LJdc tinh mdt dQ c6c cAy dddc thidtlQp ttt nhi6n, c6c cdy con hay gdc cAy dAmcndi. trlat d6 trdng cAy tao khung rtng theodd xudt Id khoAng 500 cAy trOn 1 rai (3.000

cAy /ha), nhrlng day lA mAt d6 tai dia bdnkh6ng c6 cAy. Sd cAy drroc trdng c6 thd gi6mdd bi them vdo mAt dQ cay dddc thidr lip tfrnhidn hodc g6'c cAy dAm ch6i vdi didu kiOn c6cngu6n t6i sinh nAy dttoc b6o v€ kh6i xAmpham trong giai doan chudn bi dia bAn. ThuthAp mAu 16 cAy vd ch6i cfia gdc cAy sdt lai ddnhi thr=ic vdt hoc x6c dinh. TOn cria loii bingti6ng bin dia thr/dng md h6 hodc dtioc sfdung kh6ng thdng nhdt, do vAy cAn tim ra t6n

Knoa noc oo cac nna tnuc vat noc xac olnn.C6c lodi cAy thidt ldp tr/ nhi6n th6ng thridngc6 thd kh6ng c6 trong danh muc c6c lodi cAy

tao khung nlng s6 drroc tr6ng (xem b6ng 3.1).

Tidp theo li quan tAm d€in tdp c6 (trang 113 Evi PhAn 3, Muc 6). Ndu ldp c6 m6ng thi c6 thdgi6m nhAn c6ng cho c6ng t5c chudn bi 6tr6ng. C6 thd dring thudc diQt c6 huyglyphosate (vAy c6) dd loai trrl c6 ngdn. Ddivdi c6 ddi hon phAi cdttrtdc, sau d6 vdi tuAnkhi chfng dAm ch6i lai mdi ding thudc di6tc6 (phAn 2).

Sau d5, xem x6t ddt. Ndu ddt rXn thi sE

cAn nhi6u nhAn c6ng hon dd ddo hd trdng vAquan trong li ph6i che phfi gdc dd c6i thi6n coct'u ddt. Ndu c6 thd thi gr?i m6t sd mAu dt't (F)

ddn tnldng n6ng nghiOp hodc trung tAmkhuydn n6ng noi dfa phrrong cria ban dd phdntich. Didu niy s6 gitip ban x6c dinh drlocluong phAn b5n cAn thidt dd girip cAy tr6ngkh5c phuc dddc tinh trang thiSu dinh drrdngc6 thd xAy ra.

Xem x6t ddu hiOu ch6y rrlng (gdc cAy c6

mdu den...). Di6u ndy giip x6c dinh phdongph6p phdng ch6y cAn thidt (PhAn 4). Tudngtd, xem x6t ddu hi0u cria gia sric. Ndu cAn,

th6o lufln c6ch drla gia sric ra kh6i dia bdn(PhAn 3, Muc 6 vA PhAn 4, Muc 2). Chupnhidu 6nh. Chring sE ld nhrlng tdi 1i6u mangtinh lich sl c6 gi6 tri khi drinh gi6 mrlc d6thAnh c6ng cria drt 6n sau ndy. Ndu ban c6dung cu dinh vi dia lf (trang 113, G), sr? dungn6 dd ghi lai vi tri c6c g6c cria 6 tr6ng theodr,i kidn vd diinh ddu chting blng coc bO t6nghay kim loai. Sri dung dAy dd tao n6n ranhgidi 6 tr6ng tam thdi.

Kdt thdc didu tra bXng viQc drtng I6n m6tbing hi6u (I) chi ra b6n dd vi tri vi ph4m vi6 tr6ng. M6 ti c6c chi tidt li6n hO cria ngrrditd chr.?c dtl 5n dd bdt cr1 ngddi ddn dfa phrIongnAo c6 thd chria duoc nghe vd du en c6 thdgirip hodc ph6n ddi. Cudi cing, sr? dgng b6ndd dia hinh dd dinh vi t6 rrlng trJ nhi6n gAnnht't (H) tai cring mQt d6 cao nhr.i dia bdntrdng cAy theo dtt ki5n. C6 thd dUa cdc bOntham gia drt tham quan rrlng dd c6 brlc tranh16 n6t vd muc dich phuc h6i nlng. X6c dfnhloai rtlng (phAn 2) vd loAi cdy 6 d,6 vi sau d6xem lai todn b6 danh muc c6c lodi cAy mA banc5 kd hoach tr6ng.

TRONG RUNG NHU TH6 NAo 111

TII6NC CAY

MUC 2 - CHUAN

N6n trdng cAy vio thdi gian nio?

Tao nhtTng khu vtic rtng nhi6t ddi khd

theo mia, thdi gian tdt nht't dd trdng cAy 1d

dAu mtia mr.ia khi nhtrng cdn mlt'a rho trd n6n

ddu dan l,d thtidng xuy6n. Ltic d6 cAy cci thdigian tdi da dd ph6t tridn hO 16 dri sAu trongldng dAlt dd haip thu dii ntidc trong mtlia kh6

dAu ti6n sau khi tr6ng dd chdng tinh trang bikh6. Tai phia Bic Thdi Lan, thdi gian tr6ng li-trrdng 1A gita thdng 6 ddn gitla th6ng 7.

Khi nio nOn chudn bi 6 tr6ng cAy?

Trddc khi trdng, lim sach c6 trong 6

trdng. Ndu viOc ndy di6n ra chAm, thudc diOt

c6 hO thdng nhrr glyphosate (vAy c6), hay bitdAu c6ng viQc it nhdt 6 tuAn trtidc khi tr6ng(dAu th6ng 5 d phia bdc Th6i Lan). Ndu vi6c

lAm c6 hodn toAn bdng tay, h6y liim sach c6

trong 6 tr6ng 1-2 tuAn trtidc kbi trdng.

BI TRONG CAY

Xt? li ngudn t6i sinh nlng hi6n thdi nhrithd nlo?

Trtrdc hdt, thdc hiCn cdc btidc dd bAo v0

cAy dtioc thidt lAp tr.i nhi6n hiOn thdi, cAy con,

cAy non hay nhfng gdc cAy cdn sdng. Nghi6nctlu toAn di6n v6 6 tr6ng, chti 1i kh6ng dd s6t

cAy con ctia nhrlng cAy nh6 hon c6 thd bi c6

che lt'p. D6ng coc tre, sdn bXng mAu sdng

ngay canh cdy duoc tim thdy vi sr? dung cudc

dd dno c6 b6 di tao ra m6t hinh trdn b6n kinh1,5m xung quanh m6i cAy. Vi6c niy 1dm cho

c6ng nhAn d6 nhin tht'y ngu6n tdi sinh rdngtr-i nhi6n hon dd kh6ng lim tdn hai ddn chdngkhi ho lim c6 hodc trdng cAy. ViOc d6 cr,ing

lim gi6i tho6t c6c cAy con tti nhi6n kh6i sticanh tranh vdi c6 dd chdng c6 thd ph6t tridnb6n canh nhtTng cAy dtioc tr6ng. Nht'n manhvdi nhfng ngridi lam r.iec tai o tr6ng ve tam

quan trong ctia bAo t6n ngu6n tdi sinh nlngtti nhiOn.

cit c6 Bing coc tre, diinh dil ro ring tdi cfi cic ngudn tdi sinh

itng ttt nhi€n nhu ciy cott, ciy rLorL ai ciic gdc c|y cdn

s6ng. Snu d6 ciit c6 bing adi mdt dit dd chwfn bi dnng

iltuoc dlct c0.

_t.li. ,i .,;

Ltz TRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAO

TRONC CAY

DANH GIA DIA BAN TRONG".-:'ii:rii::':::;r::r:-iisr=+r+-::q:i,l=-S-\i:.i31:::11=s:"-'

CAY

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Kti diiu tra m6t dia biin tr6ng ciy tiim ndng, phdi xem xdt dd d6'c ait khd ning x6i min Llit (b), khii ndng ti€p chn

dwc (c), cdc ngudn tdi sinh rintg ttt nhi€.n (d), c6 (e) ad ctic diitr ki?n dii dni (fl. NAu diiu trn ui 16 rimg cdn s6t laigdn nhi't (H) trong dnnh gid dia bdn cila ban zti sil dung brtn dd dia hinh (A) ai dtlng aL dinh oi dio t,i G) rld ghilai ai tri cila 6 fr6ng. Cudi cing, dtt11g bdng hiqu (D dd l! gidi ai du'dn cho tdt ci ngLtdi din dia phtottg.

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TRdNG CAY

DA fim dlfic tinh nguy€n ztiAn nhiQt tinh giip tr6ng ciy (dnh

tuAn). Ddnh ddu 6 tr6ng bing mQt dtbng bao quanh, cic coc

TRONG CAY

El: : *i

Brto o€ cia biing ltii tqo bdng

rdm trong khi chuyAn ch&

(dnh tr€n). Chuydn cdy z:ii

aAt li€u ddn dia bdn xa xOi lii

cii m6t adn di (phdi).

Diy lh nhrtng gi xdy ra ndu

ban kh6ng l|m cd @An). Tni

cd ciy dd chdt m6t ndnt sau khi

trdng.

HTMd tii nilon bilng dung cu ciit

hQp kinh tr€n). Cd ging girt

rsing rd ting dtang xi rQm rap.CAy dqc trdng m6t cdch hodn hrio, Mae Ow, Lampoon

Gnh tr€n) oi ddt tr6ng nguy€n sinh.

Lim cd xung quanh ciy trdng ad b6n phdn ndu cin trong mia mia

diu ilAn hodc thit hai sau khi tr6ng Gnh tt€n).

Sau khi tring, tttti rutdc cho ciy (dnh tr€n) - 2-3 l{t nticm6i cay. Thu€ thing phuy ndu cin.

a: Ktm loai r:h ddu (dnh trhi).

tt4 TRdNG RIJNG NHTJ THE NAO

TR6NC CAY

C6 thd ding thudc di6t c6 dd lim sach6 trdng cAy kh6ng?

C5, nhting tru6c hdt ph6i cdt c6 dridi m:itc6 chAn. Dd c6 dtroc c5t ngay tai 6 trdng ddche phir gdc khi tr6ng cAy r.d sE gi6m thidux6i mdn ddt d6ng thdi bAo v6 vi sinh vAttrong dt't. Ddi it nhdt 2-3 tuAn dd c6 bdt dAudAm chdi mdi. Sau d6 dring glyphosate (vAyco) rit vao than crj moi.

Glyphosate hoat d6ng nhti thd nio?

Glyphosate gidt chdt tdt ca c6c lodi cAyxanh. N6 nhanh ch5ng tan trong ddt, do vAyn6 kh6ng tich trfr trong m6i trtidng nhtt' c6cthudc di6t c6 khdc nhri DDT. Ho6 chdt ndydddc 16 hdp thu vi vAn chuydn ddn c6c phAnkh6c ciia cAy, trong d6 c6 c6 16 cAy. Ciy chdtm6t cdch tr) tt vd dAn dAn ngi miu nAu sau1-2 tuAn.

Khi tdt cd cAy ddu chdt, c6 sE moc lai tr]hat nAy mAm. Vi€c d6 mdt nhiOu thdj. gian hon1A moc mAm lai ttl thAn bi chdt hodc ttY 16. DovAy, cAy tr6ng c6 kho6ng 6-8 tuAn ngay saukhi tr6ng kh6ng bi c6 canh tranh. Trong thdigian n)y, 16 ciia chfng b6m chdc vio dft mitrtidc d6 16 c6 chiSm d6ng.

Phun thu6'c di6t c6

Ding thudc di6t c6 nhri thd nio?

Ding thudc diOt c6 vdo ngdy kh6 16o v)kh6ng c6 gi6 dd tr6nh thu6c bay sang cAy cont6i sinh tri nhi6n. Kh6ng xit thudc ndu c6 drib6o Ii trdi sE mda trong vdng 24 gid sau. Mdahay thAm chi ld sriong trong it gid sau khi xitthudc ldm cho thudc mdt hi6u qui.

Mdy bom ldn chd bXng xe cAn cdu vd vdinddc dli dd phun nr-idc cho cAy thrrdng c6trong c6ng d6ng sAn xudt n6ng nghiOp. Tuynhi6n, chdng t6i khuySn nghi n6n stl dungthting 15 lit deo trOn vai c6 vdi phun trdc tidpdAt tr6n dng ddi dd xit glyphosate ldm sachddt dd phuc h6i rr.Ing. Vi6c nAy d6 tr6nh duocvi6c phun thudc tinh cd vAo cAy con vA cAynon drldc thidt lAp tri nhi6n vi tr6nh st? dunghod cht't qu6 1idu.

Di ging tay vd ring cao su. Mdc 6o vdquAn kh6ng thdm nddc. Dd an todn hoh, mdcquAn 6o 1ao d6ng (Dupont Tyvek- dQt bing100% polyethylene) vdL mang che mdt nhrtngchdng kh6ng hodn todn cAn thidt. Dd 150 midung dich c6 ddc vio thting phun 15 lit deosau hing vn dd dAy nddc sach ddn vach 15 lit.Ban se ding 6-8 thnng dAy (900m1 - l, 2Lit c6d4c) cho m6i rai (hodc 37-50 thnng dAy, 5.6-7.5lit cO dAc trong t ha).

N6u ban vd tinh xit viro da hay mdtminh, n?a nhidu nddc vd chf f stl dung thudc.Kidm tra chi6u gi6. Chon vi tri drlng ldLm saohudng gi6 phia sau ldng ban dd ntldc phunbay vd phia trtidc chtl kh6ng bdn vdo mdt ban.Born 6p sudt trong binh deo tr6n h-lng blng taytr6i vd di6u khidn vdi phun bing tay ph6i. Srldung 6p sut't thdp dd c6 drroc giot 16n ddchring roi nhanh trddc khi trdi di qud xa.

Doi ddn khi cd bi ciit biit dau dim ch6i thi mdi biit diu xit thudc di€t

cd , glyphosate (aiy c6 ). Di gdng tny, ing cao su ztd quin iio ch|ng thdm

khi xit thtr6'c.

\f-b

rndNC RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAo 115

TRdNG CAY

Di b6 chAm rdi td b6n nly qua b6n kiadia bin tr6ng cAy, tia ntldc phun r6ng kho6ng

3m, tao thanh dddng cong tt phia ndy sang

phia kia trtldc mit ban. Nhd ndi ban dd dtlngdd tr6nh phun hai lAn tai cing m6t ndi. Tr6nth6m miu vdo dd d6 nhAn ra ndi ndo b4n dd

phun. Glyphosate lhm chdt hdt cdy, ci cdy con

vd cAy non, do vfly phAi xem x6t k! nhfng cAy

d6 vi dd dng phun s6t m4t ddt. Ndu chingmay ban phun vio cAy con hay cAy non/ ngay

lAp tdc phii h6i 16 cOLy noi thudc diQt c6 roivdo dd ho6 cht't kh6ng bi cAy hdp thu vichuydn xudng 16.

Ngay sau khi phun, ph6i tim vi giSt tt'tcA quAn 5,o mdc trong khi phun. Ldm sach c6c

dung cu dE srl dgng (binh deo lting, ting vA

gdng tay). Chfc chSn ring nti6c th6i kh6ngch6y vdo ngu6n nr.fdc udng. Dd cho ntidc th6ichiy tr} tr) qua hd ga hay ngdm xudng ddt noikh6ng c6 cdy cdi vd xa vdi moi ngu6n mldc.

Glyphosate c6 nguy hidm kh6ng?

Ndu kh6ng tuAn theo .fii aAn an tohn cd

bin, glyphosate c6 thd ldm tdn hai srlc kho6

con ngtt'di vi m6i tnfdng. Do vfly, tni6c khi sfdung n6, hdy doc vi tu6n theo c6c chi dAn cria

ngridi cung cdp. N6 c6 ldong nh6 dQc td ddivdi d6ng vAt c6 vri (trong d6 c6 con ngudi)nhrrng n6 rdt d6c ddi vdi c6 n6n dtYng rtla bt'tctl dgng cq gay 6 nhi6m trong sudi hay h6.

Nghi6n crlu cring dang bdt dAu chi ra rlng n6

crlng c5 thd anh htidng ddn vi sinh vAt trongddt. Tuy nhi6n, nhrlng t6c d6ng nh6 gAy tdnhai tidm ndng niy cria ho6 chdt cho m6itrtldng ph6i drroc so sdnh vdi nhrTng 6nh

htidng gAy hai nhidu hon trong ddi han ndu

khdng phqc h6i hO sinh th6i rtlng cho m6itrddng. Glyphosate chi drtoc srl dung m6t lAn

khi brt dAu quy trinh phqc hdi rrlng. Sr1 dqngho6 chdt sau khi cdy dd duoc trdng kh6ngdrroc khuydn khich.

L)m s4ch 6 tr6'ng bing tay c6 an toinhon kh6ng?

Nhidu ngddi st? dqng dao nla vd cudc c6

thd bi thddng vi ci gAy hai ddn m6i trtidng,nhring ndu ban kh6ng mudn srl dung thudc

di6t c6 thi kh6ng c6 ltla chon n)o kh6c. Trtidcti€n, cft c6 bing dao ddn dQ cao vrla phii, sau

d6 dnng cudc ddo 16 cria chring. ChSc chinring ph6i c6 dung cq cdp crlu dd xri lf chdn

thlrcing.

Vi sao phii dio 15 l6n?

Chi cit c6 th6i s6 khuydn khich chring t6imoc mAm. Ndu nhrl vfly, chting s6 tiOu thunhidu mr6c vd dinh dttdng td ddt hon li ndu

kh6ng cft chting. Didu ndy ldm tdng canh

tranh ctia 16 vdi cAy trdng chrl kh6ng ph6i limgiim sd canh tranh d6. Do vfly, dAo 16 le rdtquan trong, mdc di nhAn c6ng cAn dd ldm

CHAMLAI II! Dimg ldng phi c6ng sirc m6t ndm ldm uiac tuong ottdn ttom b6i mQt chuy€n oan chuydn cdy ddn

dia biin trdng cky. Khi aQn chuydn chy con, phdi ldi xe cdn thfrn. Brto ztA ching drrdi tdm h.rii ttlo

bdng rhm od dimg xdp ching chbng lAn nhau.

\."a'1P

tL6 TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAO

TRdNc CAY

vi6c d6 Ii d6ng kd. Kh6ng may md ddo 16 lailAm xdo tr6n ddt s6 tdng nguy cd x6i mdn dt't.Hon nrTa, c6 riri ro quan trong li ching maycdt cA cay con hay cAy non dtioc thi6t lAp ttinhi6n.

Voi nhLing ly do do. va d6 giim chi philao d6ng, chirng t6i khuydn nghi nOn dr)ngglyphosate dd 1dm sach 6 ir6ng (nhung

KHONG dnng dd lim c6 sau khi tr6ng, xem

phAn 4).

C6 thd ding lffa dd tam sach 6 trdngkh6ng?

Hoin toirn kh6ng. Lr?a giSt ch6t tt't cicAy non dtioc thidt lAp tti nhi6n trong 6 trdng,ddng thdi kich thich c6 iAu nim vdL c6c loii c6

kh6,c moc trd lai. Lr,la crlng gidt chdt vi sinhvAt c6 ich nhd n{m mycorrhizal vd 1im mdt

ngu6n che phti gdc ttl c6 dtioc c5t. Cdc chfthfiu co bi thi6u ch6y vi chdt dinh dr,16ng trongddt bi bay di cing vdi kh6i. Cung c6 nguy cd

chdy, mic dtl chi c6 chir dinh lqm sach 6

trdng, nhting lt?a c6 thd lan lAm tdn hai ddnrtYng hay cAy trdng lAn cfln mi kh6ng kidmso6t dr-irJc.

N6n chuydn bao nhi6u ciy con tt6n diaclidm trdng?

Mat d9 cudi cting kdt hop gitTa cAY

tr6ng vd cAy dtioc thidt lAp tr-i nhi6n Iikhoing 500 cAy trOn m6t rai (hay 3.725 /ha),do vAy sd luong cAy con cAn vAn chuydn ddnm6i 6 1 rai sE ld 500 trd di sd lttong cAy driocthidt 1Ap tr.i nhi6n vA sd gdc cAy cdn sdng

theo ddc tinh. MAt d6 niy dda ddn kho6ngcdch trung binh gitla c6c cAy con ddoc tr6ngvi cAy ddoc thidt lip tr.i nhi6n hay gdc cAy

cdn sdng li khoing 1,8 m.

DAy li khoAng cdch ng5n hon nhiAu so

vdi hAu h6t khoAng cdch trdng cAy rdng vimuc dich thLiohg mai, bdi vi muc dich li dd

kh6p t5Ln, che rAm cho c6 vi giim chi phi ldmc6, cirng nhanh cing tdt. Nhd le b6ng rAm lithudc di6t c6 mang lai hi6u qu6 chi phi cao

nht't vd rdt c6 ich cho m6i trrfdng. Tr6ng it cAy

hon c6 nghia li vAn phAi lAm c6 trong nhiAu

ndm r.i kdt qu6 1i tdng chi phi 1ao d6ng dd

kh6p t6n s6 cao hotr.

Ndu mAt d6 cAy lon hon 500 m6i rai, cdc

loiri moc chAm horr se kh6ng thd canh tranhvdi loAi moc nhanh dAn ddn canh tranh ydu 6ttrong 6 trdng. Di6u ndy f.im tdn thdi giantr6ng cAy mii trridc sau thi cAy d6 cflng chdt.

Hdn ntTa, mAt dO trdng cao hdn tao nOn rt't itkh6ng gian thidi iAp cAy tti nhi6n vir do vAylim chAm sd phuc h6i mtlc d6 giiu c6 vd c6c

loii mA d6 ld muc ti6u ctla phddng ph6p tao

lodi cAy tao khung rr.)ng.

Phii hott mQt thA'@, ztoi da dtoc ngdrth khai

thic gd str fumg dd hu! hoqi ndi tri ngu tllnhiAn ctia chinh chiLrtg. HiAn n.ntt, chfing Lai giipphtlc hii n6 bdng aiAc chd cdy dAi noi trittg mii

khOng thd ti{p cfin fuac bdrtg phrong ti€n khiic.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO ):o=1I tL7

TRONC CAY

N6n tr6'ng bao nhi6u loii cAy tao khungrfrng?

Cd ging tr6ng 20-30 loii trong m6i 6.

Tr6ng nhidu loii hor:r sE thtic ddy phuc h6i dadang sinh hoc, do c6c loii cAy kh6c nhau hdpdAn c6c vAt hoang dA khdc nhau. Tuy nhi6n,cd g5ng sin xudt dri sd cAy con cria hon 30

loii ldm cho viOc thu h6i hat vd qu6n l;i phtlctap hon vA thric sr.i kh6ng cAn thidt.

Lim thd nio dd vAn chuydn cAy con ddn6 trdng?

Chi chon nhrlng cAy con kh6e manh ttvddn ddm, sau khi phAn loai vi chring dA

cttng cdp (xem phAn 6, Muc 6 vd 7). D6n m6ccho cAy con md ban c6 y dinh drta vio chtiorrgtrinh gi6m s6t ciia minh (xem phAn 5). Sau d6ddt tt't c6c cAy con dfng thing trong thr,lngchic ch5n vi vAn chuydn tdi 6 tr6ng m6t nghytrddc khi tr6ng.

Ciich ciring dd vAn chuydn cAy.

Ngay cA cAy con c6 cht't hlong cao nhdtcung c6 thd bl tdn thddng do qu6 n6ng hodckh6 trong qu6 trinh vfln chuydn ddn dia didmtr6ng. Hon nrTa, vi6c vAn chuydn qu6 mfc c6

thd gay tdn hai 16 nh6 nim s6t canh ddy bAu.HO thAn cting c6 thd bi thrrohg tdn ndu bAudtioc xdp kh6ng cdn thin trong xe.

M6t sd cinh b6o co bAn c6 thd ngdn chdnvdn dd ndy. Ttidi nr,fdc cho cAy con ngay trtidckhi xdp chfng l6n xe. Chdc chSn ring cdc bAucAy duoc xdp thing dtlng dd tr6nh ldm dd ddttr6ng. Ndu sr.? dung ttii nilon, kh6ng d6ngchfng qu6 chdt lim bidn dang chting. Triohgtti, kh6ng xdp ch6ng cdc bAu cAy 16n nhau vise dE 16n 16 vi lim giy thAn.

Ndu ding xe tAi c6 thing xe md thi phaiphr.i 16n cay con m6t ldp lddi tao b6ng rAm d6b6o vd chfng kh6i bi gi6 tim tdn thrrc,ng vikh6ng bi mdt ntidc. L6i xe cdn thAn.

Tai 6 tr6ng, dit cAy con thing dfng dddib6ng rAm vi ndu c6 thd thi tddi nhe chirngm6t lAn nrTa. Ndu ban c6 dfi thing thi ct1 ddciy con trong thung ri se de dang chuyenchting quanh 6 tr6ng trong ngiy tr6ng cAy.

KHONG dd ciy con tqi dia bdn tr6ng nhtth?l niiy - bi phoi dtrdi niing. Tim b6ng rimtt nhi€n hoqc futng tam noi cho ching tridtdi ltii tao b6ng rAm.

theo kidu ndy, sd liim

tdn thtlong thdn.

118 TRdNG RUNG NrtU Tgfi xAo

TRdNG CA}

Thidt bi tr6ng cAy quan trong

3"w

1. Dao

2. Gdng tay

3. Phin b6n, x6 rsii gio do ding liiu Ltqng-: ^4. Inunq dc cau con

5. Cudc ddo h6'trdng

6. Tdn che phi g6'c bing bia cirng

7. Hdm cip citu

8. C.oc tre.

PhdLi chia vAt 1i6u nio ddn dia didmtr6ng?

Cing vdi cAy con, m6t ngdy trddc khitrdng, ph6i vAn chuydn c6c nguyOn vit 1i6utrdng cAy ddn 6 tr6ng, bao g6m coc tre vi tt'mche phii gdc ttlng cdy bhng bia cr,1ng vi nrlabao phAn b6n 50kg (25 kg) cho m5i rai dr,ioctrdng (hodc 3 bao (162 kg) mdt ha). 86o vO

nhtTng dung cu niy kh6i mUa bing cdch chevAi nhr,ta cho chdng.

Cdn phrii lim gi nfia tnidc ngiy quantrong niy?

M6t vii ngiy trtldc khi tr6ng, td chfchop vdi c6c nhi td chtlc dti 6n. Chi dinhtrr.idng nh6m nhfrng ngtidi trdng cAy. ChXcch5n rlng tdt cA trti8ng nh6m ddu th6ng taoki thuAt tr6ng cAy nhtr m6 td d phAn 3 vd hobidt chinh x6c diOn tich trdng. Ban sE cAnkho6ng B-10 ngu'di tr6ng cAy cho m5i rai dd c6

thd hodn thAnh c6ng viOc trong m6t ngAy (50-62 ngniti/ha).

YOu cAu trtidng nh6m nhXc nhd c6cthinh viOn trong nh6m mang gdng tay, dungcu c6t h6p (dd cdt md tfi nilon), x6 vd 96ob6n phAn vi cudc hay x6ng nh6 (dd lt'p dAyhd trdng). Ngodi ra, trr-idng nh6m n€n khuyOnngridi trdng cAy d6i mti dd chdng ndng vAmang theo binh nr.idc udng. Ngddi tr6ng cAycfing nOn dlidc hudng dAn di ting kh6ng thdmntidc, mdc 6o dii tay vi qudn dii (dd b6o v6ho kh6i bi dt1t tay chAn hay bi xr.tdc).

Udc tinh cudi cing vd sd ngudi tham giatr6ng cAy. Td chr,1c dfi xe dd dda moi ngr.idi ddn6 tr6ng vi bd tri dti th(ic dn vi midc udng chomoi ngridi. L€n k6 hoach cho ndu thdi tidt xiu.Cudi cting, xem x6t xem dd 6n vi c6ng ddngdia phttdng c6 loi kh6ng ndu dtta sri kiOn niy16n phrrotrg ti6n dai chirng, ndu c6 thi 1i0n hO

vdi nhi b6o hodc ngtidi cira dii truydn hinh.

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAo ttg

TRONG CAY

MUC 3 - sIJ KIEN rndxc cAY

Su ki6n tr6ng cAy kh6ng chi ld ddt cAy xudng ddt mi cdn lim nhidu hon nfia. Stt kiOn d6

tao n6n cd h6i cho ngrtdi bin xt1 tham gia trr.ic ti6p vdo cii thi6n m6i trtldng sdng cria ho. D6

crlng ld sr-i kian x6 h6i giiip xAy dring tinh thAn c6ng ddng. Hon nrTa, vdi sti gitip dd ciia c6c

phtiong ti6n truydn th6ng dai chring, sd ki6n tr6ng cAy c6 thd mi6u ti sinh d6ng hinh Anh tich

ctic ctia cdc cQng d6ng chiu tr6ch nhi6m vd m6i tnidng trJ nhi€n'

Trdng cAy cfing c6 thd c6 chtlc ndng gi6o duc. Nhr.Tng ngridi tham gia c6 thd hoc, kh6ng

chi ld c6ci tt6ng cay mh cdn vi sao phAi tr6ng. Hiy b6 thdi gian ngay khi brt dAu s1i kiOn dd

phd bidn c6c kf thuAt tr6ng sE drtoc dr.iing vd dim b6o rXng moi ngrrdi hidu v6 muc ti6u ciia dtl

en phuc h6i rrlng. Triong tri, ndm bit l{y cd h6i dd mdi moi ngridi tham gia vio c6c hoat dQng

h6 tro bd sung trong tdohg lai, nhti ldm c6, b6n phAn vi phdng chdng ch6y'

Cic cAy con phii trdng c6ch nhau bao xa?

Bridc tr6ng rrlng dAu tiOn ld d6nh ddu

noi m6i cAy s6 dr.toc trdng bing coc tre cao

50cm. Khodng c6ch gitra c6c cAy ld khoAng

1,8m hay cing khoing c6ch d6 d6i vdi cdy

dddc thidt lQp tri nhi6n hay gdc cAy cdn sdng.

Cd gdng kh6ng dit coc tre tr€n ludng thinghing. Mdt sri sdp xdp ngAu nhi6n sE tao n6n

cdu tnic tr.t' nhiOn hon cho rtlng drioc phuc h6i.

C6 thd d6ng coc vdo ngdy trdng cdy hoictrtidc d6 it ngdy.

N6n trdng cAy con nhd thd nio?

Stl dung 16 dd dria ttlng cAy d6n trlng coc

tre. Tr6n lAn c6c loii dd kh6ng tr6ng c6c cdy

con cing lodi canh nhau.

Bdn canh m6i coc tre, st? dung cudc dd

diro mdt hd rdng khoAng g{p 2 ldn di6n tichh6p cAy con. Ddng thdi, srl dung cudc dd k6o

c6 dA chdt ihdnh m6t vdng trdn b6n kinh 50-

100 cm quanh hd d6.

Ndu cAy con dddc dtlng trong tdi nilon,ding ludi dao s5c rach m6t b6n tdi, chd fkh6ng dd tdn hai ddn vAng 16 bOn trong. B6c

nhe nhing trii nilon. Cd gSng girl ddt tr6ngxung quanh vAng 16. Dat cAy con thing dfngtrong hd vd ldp dAy kho6ng trdng trong hdbing ddt xdp, ddm b6o rlng c6t 16 cAy con

cudi cing duoc d4t ngang m4t ddt. Ndu cay

con dr,idc d6nh ddu dd gi6m s6t, ph6i d6m bdo

ring m6c cria cAy kh6ng bi ch6n.

Ngrtli tr6ng cfry dmc chudn bi hodn hdo, cd mu (1) dd chdng

ndng, io dii tav Q) nhi6u ntdc (3), quin dni G), m|t hQp dao

cfu $) ad roch tii nilon, ing chic chin (6) dd bdo aa chkn, gdng

toy (/) ua 6s66 tU) d? dno no tron?.

*'.-*{l,

i**'i

l

^J

-\.r=

Ft20 TRdNG RTJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

TRdNG CAY

rf

$

IlanI

a

II:tI ili ;lii liX il

r.l1t:ti1tll:

il

1. Ddng coc tuAn dia didm trong

s, l't\t,-.\r ,

X:

Dting ldng bdn tay, An ddt xllng quanhthAn cAy con cho chdt. Viec nny gifp 1i6n kdtc6c 16 thd trong h5n hop ddt tr6ng cAy vitrong ddt tai 6 tr6ng, do d6 nhanh ch6ng t6ithiet nguon cung c6p nddc va oxy cho 16 c6y.Tidp ddn, bdn 50-100 g phAn tr6n vinh dai b0mit dt't, cdc thAn cAy con khodng 10-20 cm.

Ndu phAn b6n tidp xtic vdi thAn, c6 thd xiy rach6y thAn do h6a chdt. Sr? dung gdo nhlia dddo ding 1i6u ltiong phAn b6n.

Sau d6 ddt thAm che phd gdc cAy bhngbia cfng (kh6ng bdt buOc) dridng kinh 40-50

cm xung quanh m5i cAy tr6ng. C6t thAm che

phti gdc cho dting vi tri bhng c6ch bu6c n6 vdicoc tre. Chdt c6 chdt tr6n thdm che phri gdcbing bia cfng d6.

2. Ddo hi rQng gdp d6i kich thtdc biu cdy

Cu6i sr.i ki6n trdng cAy, ndu c6 ngudncr-rng cap nr,foc gin ka thl tddi cho m6i cAy

drioc trdng it nh{t 2-3 lit rutdc. C6 thd thuothring phuy chrla nr.idc dd dria nudc ddn diadidm c6 thd tidp cAn duo-c nhrrng xa ngu6ncdp ntidc tti nhiOn. D6'i vdi nhrlng dia binkh6ng tiSp cAn duoc mh kh6ng c6 nr.idc, phAi16n lich tr6ng cAy khi c6 dd b5o mda.

Nhi6m vu cudi cing ld vt?t b6 tdt ca hiinilon hay mAnh bia cr.lng dd ldm thim che phrigdc v) r6c thAi tran dia bdn. Ngridi trddngnh6m se c6m on tdt ca nhfng ngtidi tham giatr6ng cAy. M6t srl ki6n xd h6i dd d6nh ddu dipniy cring ld m6t c6ch tdt dd c6m dn nhfngngddi tham gia vi tao ddng sd h6 trci chotdcrhg lai.

4. Dqt cdv tring uiio h6'on ldp diy hd biing ddt xdp

tl

3. Bo rorl ting khoi biu uir gitr ,ting ri

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO t21

TRONC CAY

5. Liim chdt ddi xung quanh ciiy con

dtkJc trdng.

NOn sr? dung ioai phAn b6n ndo?

D6i vdi dia bin vting cao, phAn h6a hocth6ng thddng N:P:K 15:15:15 dho c6c kdt quA

tdt. RXc phAn h6a hoc theo hinh trdn xungquanh cAy hi6u qui hdn 1e cho phAn vdo hdtrdng, do chdt dinh dudng th6lm qua ddt noi 16

bft dAu ph6t tridn ra phAn dt't xung quanh. dnhtlng ving d6ng bing thdp c6 chdt lrrong ddtkh6ng mdu md, chting t6i da thdy kdt quA tdthon chrit it ndu st? dung phAn b6n hf,u cd

dang vi6n chd bidn ttY phAn d6ng vAt (hiauPhogaruna Brand). C6 thd li do loai phAn ndyvd ra viL ngt'm vdo dft cham hon phdn h6ahoc. Do vAy, n6 chuydn dinh dtidng ddn 16

cAy ddu hon vd lAu hon.

7. Dqt bia cttttg che phil gdc

ad ding que tre dd cO

oi tri cfia n6.

6. Ric phirL b6n tao

fiAn aing trdrL cdch

thin 10 20cm

Chttc ndng cda thim che phir g6c?

ThAm che phii gdc dddc lem td bia ct?ng

phd 1i6u c6 thd tdng tli 16 sdng vd tdng trddngcira cAy con dtidc tr6ng, ddc bi6t tai nhrlng noiddt c6 nguy cd bi khO ngay sau khi tr6ng.Th6m ndy dic bi6t n6n ding khi trdng cAy

rdng rung 16 tai vring thdp d ddt d6 ong.HAu hdt hat c6 drtoc 6nh sdng kich thich

nAy mAm. Ddt thim che phii gdc quanh cAy

con ldm che 6nh s6ng vd do vAy ngdn c6 xAmlt'n ddt tr6ng cAy con liAn kA. Hon nila, thAmche phti gdc gitip gitr ddt m6t lAm gi6m sd

bay hoi lim giAm dd dm ctia ddt.

dinh .--8. Tttdi cdy dwc trdng nAu

c6 thd. Ndu khbng, n€n

tring cdy khi c6 dt bio mta.

).4>lI122 TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 NAO

TRONC CAY

Ch6y rilng

Hdng niim t<d t;r lggS, dAn

liing Ban Mae Sa Mai ddu td

chitc m6t chmng trinh phdng

chdng chdy hiQu qud. Mdi hQ

gia dinh ct mQt thdnh z.ti€n

lhatn gta dot conq tac de dap

dim chdy xu,ng quanh dia

biin tr6ng cdy oio giila thing1 (dnh phdi).

Trong mia kh6, n6i hA cil

mot ngLliti thnm gia nhom lo

ngttdi phdng chlng chdy cit

11 ngiy mQt lin dd phdt hiQn

chdy oh ngiin klfing cho dimchiy lan sang didm trdng ciy(tinh trdi). Do ofiy, khdi ltong

c6ng oiic phdng chdng chiy

dtqc chia diu trong cdng

ding (xem phin 8).

FORRU-CMU ad Sd lim nghiQp d6ng tdi tro thirc dn cho ddi

phdng ch6'ng chiy ai nghi l€ tln gitio (phin tr€n).

Diu mia chdy, ngtdi tn ciu xin linh hin cila liing gitip bdo ztA

ciy tr6ng khlng bi chda Gnh triil. NAu chwng trinh phdng

chdng chdy thinh cdng, ho

se t(i chtrc mQt bu6'i 16 khdc

dd cim on cic linh hdn. Hq

ft'biing lon trong E h|i dd

cdm ta cfi linh hdn zti d|iphdng chdng chdy (dnh tuAn)

MAt sd lodi c|y chiu hln tdt hon cdc loii khdc.

Ciy Prunus cerosoides (ph;i) di chtiy snu 8

lhang sau Kht lronq. lkqn (0v qan dIu da

chdy nhmg 3 thdng sau khi chdy, thdn mdi

dn dim ch6i tit coc 16.

Xe citu hda nhd (dnh trdi) thno di6n tuAn con

dtlng mdi.

TR6NG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO L23

TR6NG CAY

rAlvr c6 rn euAN TR9NG

Liim c6 d6ng aai trd qrun trqng dd giit cty tu6ng sdng trong hai mia mrta diu ilAn sau khi tr6ng. MAt bia citng ldm

thdm che g6'c c6 thd giip giim thidu c6 mgc quanh thin c|y 6). Nhd cd moc gin cAy bing tay (di gdng) dd trinhlitm t6'n hqi d|n rd ctiy (B). Cd gdng girt thrtm che cd dinh. Ti6p ddn, sfr dung cub'c dd cdo cA thinh m6t odng trbn

xung quanh thiim che (C) od phi cd dA bi nhd rE bn tuAn tdm thdm (D). Cudi cing, bdn phin ((50-100 gm) tuAn

r:dng trdn xtmg qunnh thrtm che (E).

TR6NG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO\*:4I124

TRONG CAY

Giun dt't bi thu hrit ddn noi c6 di6u ki6nm6t m6 vi c6 dQ dm dr.fdi tdm th6m. Chringdio xdi ddt xung quanh cAy trdng llm ciithi6n stl tho6t ntidc vi th6ng khi.

Tdm bia cfng lim thim che gdc phAi c6

hinh trdn b6n kinh khoAng 40-50 cm vdi m6t16 5-10 cm d giria vi m6t dudng cdt ttY venhddn tAm. Md vdng trdn qua dridng cXt ve det16 cria tdm thAm ngay chinh girla thAn cAy.

Ph6i chdc chin ring tt'm bia kh6ng cham vdothAn cAy vi ndu thd n6 c6 thd ldm trAy thAncAy tao thdnh vdt thddng d6 bi ndm xAm nhAp.

Dnng gfly tre 96 quanh tt'm th6m dd girl n6dting v! tri.

Tdm bia che c6 thd tdn tai trong m6t miamtta, dAn dAn muc ra vd bd sung chdt htTu cd

cho ddt. Thay tdm thAm vdo dAu mtia mda thtthai dtrdng nhd kh6ng mang lai k6t quA c6 loihon (drI1i6u cria FORRU-CMU).

Thd ding chdt d6o polymer thi sao?

Chdt d6o polymer chdng thdm gidp gitlmidc cho 16 cdy vi giAm kh6 khan kfri di thtic.Tai dia bAn ving cao c6 nhi6u mJdc thi kh6ngnht't thidt ph6i dnng cht't d6o niy, nhrtngchring t6i dd phSt hiQn rlng chdt d6o polymerndu srl dung kdt h-o. p v6i tdm bia cttng che

phri gdc s6 ldm giAm ddng kd qi 1A chdt ngay

Thim che phri gdc

sau khi tr6ng crla nhrlng cdy rrlng rgng 16 khichring drtoc tr6ng tai khu vric khd tr6n dt'tk6m mdu m6'.

Chdt d6o polymer gel c6 sin d c6c cfahAng b6n vdt tr.i n6ng nghi6p. C6c sAn phdmtlidng td dlidc lam hi nguy6n 1i0u diaphrrong nhti b6t gao vd b6t ng6 cring drtoc srldung. Tr6n bQt d6 trong midc theo hudngd5n trOn bao bi. Sau d6 tr6n 1-2 lit chdt gidnddc vdi d{t x6p tai m6i hd tr6ng ngay trr-fdc

khi tr6ng cAy.

Didu gi xiy ru sau khi trdng cAy?

HAu hdt cdc stl kiOn tr6ng cAy ddu c6 srltham gia cria d6ng dAo c6c tinh nguyOn vi6n.Ngay cA khi da phd biSn kf thuAt trdng trtl6ckhi b6t dAu srr kiOn nhung di6u kh6ng tr6nhkh6i la mQt sd cdy vAn kh6ng duoc tr6ngdring cdch. Do vfly, khi nhfrng ngr-rdi trdng cAy

dd rdi kh6i dia bAn tr6ng, trr.i6ng nh6m phAikidm tra c6c cdy trdng vd srla l6i trdng. Phiid6m bAo rXng tdt c6c cAy dAu dt?ng th8ng, v)dt't xung quanh cAy di dtioc ndn chdt vd mdccfia cAy phuc vu c6ng t6c gi6m s6t sau niykh6ng bi ch6n trong hd. Kidm tra xem cAy conndo md chda dtioc trdng thi hoac ld tr6ngchring hodc la tre chfng vd vtldn trdrn. Vr?t v6r6c hodc vdt liOu thtla.

Thdm che phi gdc dwc ciit tir bia citng phd liQu, rd r:h

hiQu qui trong oiAc gi,im t'! lQ ciy con chdt ngay sau

tring, dic biQt & nhilng dia bin c6 thd xdy ra han hdn

ztdi db mdu md cria ddt thdp. Ching ngdn cd phdt tridn

ad do ttfry gidm chi phi lao ddng lim c6. B6n phln tu€n

odng trdn xung quanh bia tdm thfim. Thim che phi gdc

tdn 4i dltqc khodng 1 ndm ndu cdn thiin kh6ng liim hu

hai nd khi ldm c6.

40-50 cm

TRdNG RLING rumJ Tu6 NAo t2s

TRdNC CAY

MUC 4 - cHAM s6c cAv PA rnduc

Tai dia bAn bi mt't rtlng, cdc cAy tr6ng ph6Li chiu di6u kiOn n6ng, kh6 vd n6ng cfrng nhrt sr'i

canh tranh cira loii c6 ph6t tridn nhanh. Ngodi ra, trong mria kh6, nhfng cAy tr6ng ph6i ddi mat

vdi nguy cd ch6y rtng ti6u hiry chting. Sti quan tAm d4c bi6t ddn cAy tr6ng trong 18 th6ng dAu

sau khi tr6ng c6 thd gi6m nhtrng rtii ro ndy m6t c6ch ddng kd. Do vAy, mdc di chdm s6c cAy

ddi h6i chi phi vd lao dQng vdt vA, nhr.ing n6 lai c6 hiOu qu6 chi phi hdn ld phAi tr6ng lai nhtrng

cAy b1 chdt. N6u tuAn theo c6c trinh td dtrdi dAy vA ndu cdy con drroc tr6ng kh6e vd crlng c6p,

rtlng tr6ng s6 trd nen tli 1dc hdn, ddi h6i it hodc kh6ng cAn chdm s6c trong vdng 3 ndm vlL do

vAy crlng kh6ng cAn tr6ng cAy bd sung.

CAn lim c6 bao lAu m6t lAn?

Mrlc d0 thrrdng xuyOn ctla vi6c 1im c6

phg thuQc vio tdc dQ c6 moc. Tai vring cao,

c6 moc r{t nhanh trong mia mtia. Sau khitr6ng, theo khuydn nghi cAn lAm c6 xung

quanh cAy trdng it nht't 3 lAn trong mia mrla,

ctl 4-6 tuAn m6t lAn. d vring tht'p, c6 thtidngmoc chAm vi r6i r6c hon, do vAy c6 thd gi6mtAn sd lim c6. Thdm dia bdn tr6ng cAy ihtidngxuy6n dd quan s6t c6 moc. Lim c6 trr.idc khin6 moc cao hoh cAy tr6ng. Kh6ng lim c6 vdo

cu6i thAng 111. Di6u niry ldm cho c6 moc trtldcmia n6ng vi kh6, girip tao b6ng rAm cho cAy

tr6ng vi giAm khd trong mtia ndng nhdt trongn5m. Tuy nhi6n, n6 crlng ldm tdng nguy co

chdy rtYng, do vAy chi thtic hi6n viOc niy ndu

c6 c6c biQn ph6p phdng chdng chdy hiOu quA.

Ndu c6 nguy cd xAy ra ch6y, cd gdng thr.idng

xuy6n 1dm sach c6 trong 6 tr6ng. Sd ltiongnhAn c6ng ldm c6 triy thu6c viLo mAt d0 c6,

nhting dd hoin thdnh c6ng vi6c trong m6tngdy thi cAn 3-4 ngddi ldm c6 tr6n mQt rai (20-

25 ngrrdi/ha).

Phai tidp tgc lim c6 trong bao lAu nfra?

Ldm c6 thddng xuy6n trong hai mrla mr.ia

dAu ti6n sau khi tr6ng rdt quan trong. Kh6ngcAn ldm c6 thtidng xuy6n trong mtla kh6. Viomia mria tht? ba sau khi tr6ng, tAn sd ldm c6

c6 thd gi6m do cAy tr6ng bdt dAu vtt'on cao va

hinh thdnh t6n rrlng. Viro mtia mtla thir trt,b6ng rAm cria tdn rttng dri dd ngdn sri ph6ttridn ctia c6.

NOn lim c6 nhti thd ni-o?

Di geng tay vi nhe nhAng nhd c6 moc

gAn thAn cAy trdng, c6 nhtTng cAy moc xuy6n

qua tdm th6m che phii gdc. Cd glng kh6ngd6ng cham nhidu ddn t{m th6m. Xung quanh

tt'm th6m, srl dung cudc dd dio 16 c6 I6n. Phti

c6 dd nhd 16 xung quanh cAy trdng, phia tr6ncira tdm th6m. Didu ndy girip girl b6ng rAm

cho m4t ddt vd ngdn c6 moc mAm ngay ci khichting d6 mt't 16. Cd gdng d6m bAo c6 d6 binhd 16 kh6ng tidp xric vdi thAn cAy vi s6

khuydn khich ndm xAm nhdp.Kh6ng n6n st? dung dao rr.la hay cd'i riy

c6 gAn cAy trdng dd kh6ng cdt ph6i cAy, m4c

di nhfrng dung cu niy c6 thd hi1u hi6u cho

vi6c ldm c6 gitra c6c cdy trdng. B5n phAn cho

m6i cAy ngay sau khi ldm c6.

NOn b6n phAn bao lAu m6t lAn?

Ngay c6 trOn ddt mdu md, hAu hdt c6c

loii cAy ddu ph6t tridn tdt ndu drtoc b6n th6m

phAn trong hai mia mtta dAu ti6n sau khitr6ng. Vi6c ndy gitip cAy c6 thd moc cao horr

c6 m6t c6ch nhanh ch6ng vd tao b6ng rAm cho

c6, do vAy gi6m chi phi ldm c6. St? dqng 50-

100 g phAn b6n crl 4-6 tuAn m6t lAn tr6n vdngtrdn c6ch thdn cAy 20cm. Ndu dd c6 tdm th6mche phri gdc thi rdc phAn b6n xung quanh m6p

thAm. PhAn h6a hoc (N:P:K 15:15:15 hi6u con

th6) dttoc khuyOn n6n ding cho ving cao,

trong khi cdc hat phAn b6n htru co (hiQu

Phogaruna) cho kdt qu6 tdt hdn d ving thdpd* d,e ong. B6n phdn qu6 s6t thAn cAy c6 thd

lT.,i -6t sd loii cAy nOu trong phAn 9 c6 loi hY nhrlng 1An 1im c6 sau


1im tdn hai hodc 1dm chdt cdy.

L)m c6 trtidc khi b6n phAn dd dim b6o

rhng cAy tr6ng chf kh6ng ph6i c6 h61p thuddoc c6c chdt dinh drrdng.

Llm thd nio dd phdng chdng ch6y rfrng?

Ch6y li hidm hoa hAng ndm trong miakh6 vd c6 thd x6a sach kdt qu6 Idm vi6c ctia

nhi6u nim. Mac dn ch6y c6 thd x6y ra m6tc6ch ttt nhi6n, nhting hAu h6t li do con ngr-idi,

do vAy c6ch tdt nht't dd phdng chdng chdy ld

d6m b6o ring nhrlng ngridi xung quanh h6 trochttong trinh tr6ng cdlz vd hidu duoc sd cAn

thidt kh6ng tao irla d bdt cf ndi niro gAn d1a

bdn tr6ng cAy. Tuy nhi6n, kh6ng kd ddn bao

nhi6u n6 ltic trong vi6c lam tdng nhan thtlc vA

phdng chdng ch6y girla c6c c6ng d6ng, chdy

v5n ld nguy cd phd bidn nhdt lem cho c6c dti6n phuc h6i rrlng thdt bai. Mdc dti c6c don viphdng chdng ch6y cria Sd 1Am nghiOp c6 thdgitip dAp t5t dem ch6y, nhtfng ho kh6ng thdc6 mdt d moi noi, do d6 c6c d6i kidm sodt

ch6y cira c6ng d6ng thr.idng hi6u qu6 hon.

Ngodi vi6c gi6o duc quAn chring, cdc bi6nph6p phdng chdng ch6y bao g6m cA chrla

ch6y vi td chiic tuAn tra dd phdt hi6n ch6y vadflp tdt trr.idc khi ch6y c6 thd lan sang dia bdntr6ng cAy.

T4o dridng bing c6n lffa

rn6Nc cAv

XAy d{ng driirng bing cin hla nhtf thdn}ro?

Dtidng bdng cAn lta ld dii ddt kh6ng c6

cAy cdi dd ngdn sd 1an t6a cda lt?a. Chtingph5t huy tdc dung chdn d6m chey nh6 dLidi

n6n dt'i. D6m ch6y ldn hon thdi bnng nhr.Tng

ming chdy nh6 c6 thd bay qua drrdng bdngcAn lita tao n6n d6m ch6y mdi c6ch xa d6.

XAy dting dr.idng bdng c6n h?a r6ng 10-

15m xung quanh d1a bdn tr6ng cAy ngay trtidcmtja kh6 n6ng (gitta th6ng 1 6 mi6n bfc Th6iLan). Phriong phdp nhanh nhdt 1d cit sach c6,

cAy vA cAy bui (nht1ng cAy kh6ng cAn cXt) dochai bd cda dudng bdng cin hla. Chdt nhfingcAy da c5t d gifia vdnh dai. Dd chting d d6

vdi ngiry cho kh6 16l ddt. Tit nhicn, sf dungltla dd chdng hla c6 thd c6 rtii ro. Hdy chdc

chdn ring phii c6 nhi6u ngtidi, c6 g4y vd

binh phun mrdc dd ngdn lt?a ngAu nhiOn 1an

sang khu vdc xung quanh. BBng c6ch ddtdtidng bdng c6n lt?a trddc khi b6t dAu miakh6 n6ng, nguy cd lda lan t6a ddoc giimd6ng kd, do cAy cdi xung quanh vAn cdn trtmot ldong d6 dm kh6ng d6 bi chay. Dtidngb6 vd sudi c6 t6c dung li drldng bdng c6n

1fa, do vAy thddng kh6ng cAn xAy drrngdtidng bang c6n 1fa dgc chting.

Sir d4ng hto dd ch|ng lila. (A) ctit hai diii cdy cdch 10 - 75 m. (B) klo ciy

tta bi ciit aio gi[]a (C) dd ani ngiiy cho cny bikh| ah ddi, rit cdn thQn dirttg

dd lila lan ra ngoiii -oiinh dai (D).

Dia didm trOng cay .' ,

:t -1 .1r.,:.:

: ,'!-' j lrang Can lUa.'1. .'';. .- .- r\::. ". :11::.'.{,1 j,.'.-.

: _. ..-. :i: : | _.

'}.:.,.: :::"i: :,1j, il:. {j.;i:"'l_rf'r)l:.,1i i:: ::; .'

.;aii:,rl::: I'. -,

" .*..,::l

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THfi NAO I27

TRONC CAY

'C6 thd ngan lifa bing cich nio?

Td chr-ltc c6c nhcim tuAn tra ch6y dd c6nh

b6o ngtidi dAn dia phtiong khi c6 ddm ltla ddho gitip dAp ch6y. Cd gdng dd cA c6ng d6ngtham gia vdo chdohg trinh phdng chdng chd1,

dd m6i thinh vi6n trong tdng h6 gia dinh cr.li

vdi tr-rAn m6t lAn lim nhiQm vu phdng chdngch6y. D6i tuAn tra ch6y ph6i 1dm nhiOm r.u c6

ngAy r.d d6m tr.I gifa thdng 1 ddn giita th6ng4 hodc ddn khi cdn mlia dAu ti6n xudt hiOn.

Dd c6ng cu chdng ch6y rrd thtiing dAy

nudc tai nhrTng vi tri chidn ldoc xung quanhdia didm tr6ng. C6c c6ng cu chdng ch6y bao

g6m thr-ing tddi deo tr6n lting vdi dng phun,

Say dd dAp h?a, cAo dd cdo cAy ch6v kh6i d6mch6y vi m6t hdm cdp ciir.r. Cinh cAy xanh c6

thd dtroc sf dung lam gay dAp lt?a. Ndu c6

sudi lau ddi ch6y gAn d6, phia tr6n dia bdntr6ng, hdy xem x6t dat dng dAn nuclc d6n diabin tr6ng. Vi6c nAy c6 thd tdng hiQu qu6

phdng chdng chdy d6ng kd, nhung rt't dit.Chi nhttng d6m ch6y nh6, lan chdm vi d

dlidi ddt mdi c6 thd kidm so6t bdng tay.

Nht1ng d6m chdy nguy hidm hon, dac biet lenhtTng ddm ch6y b6n i6n t6n cAy tr6n, ph6i dolrtc luong cr,1u h6a chuyOn nghiOp c6 binh khikidm so6t. Hay sin sAng li6n hO vdi co- qllanciiu h6a tai dia phuong ndu kh6ng kidm so6idtioc lfa.

HAu hdt c6c doh r.i phdng chdng chdyctla Sd lAm nghiOp hoing gia rdt vui ldnghudn luyQn ngtidi dAn dia phtiong trong vi6cphdng chdng ch6y vi ki thuAt chta ch6y vicung ct'p c6c thiSt bi cfu h6a cho d6i phdngchdng chriy cfia c6ng d6ng, hiy 1i6n hQ vdidon vi kidm sodt ch6y rtYng dia phttong dd

ddoc gifp dd.

C6 thd lim gi ndu 6 trdng bi chiy?

Chdy kh6ng ldm mt't tit ce, ddc biot 1im6t sd loii cAy tao khung rdng dttoc tr6ng dd

duoc ltta chon do ddc didm ki6n cddng trridclr.ia ctia no. M;c du khong cay nao co the

chdng ch6y, nhi6u lodi cAy c6 thd moc trd iainhanh ch6ng sau khi bi chdy. Th6ng thridng,choi cay trong trang thai ngu rung quan}r 16

coc "dAm ch6i lai".C6c cA1, to holr (vi giA hor-r) c6 thd moc lai

sau khi bi ch6y hon cAy nh6. HAu h6t nhtlngcAy c6 bdn kinh cQt r0 td 5cm trd 10n c6 th6

sdng s6t sau nhrlng d6m ch6y dridi dit nh6.

Kich thtidc d6 cria cAy c6 thd dat ddoc vdocudi mia mda thr.1 ba sau khi trdng ddi vdi hAu

hdt c6c loii cAr,, tao khung rrlng dr-roc m6 titrong PhAn 9. Cdc cAy it tudi hon d6 bi tdnthuong hon, nhung m6t sd cAy c6 b6n kinh c6t

re dudi 2cm hi6m khi sdng dtidc sau d6m ch6y.

C6c loAi cAy tao khung rt'ing d4c bi6tki6n cr.idng sau d5,m chdy, thdm chi trongr.dng 1 ndm sau khi tr6ng, c6c cAy d6 1A

Acrocar pus fraxinifolius, Archidendronclypearia, Castanopsis acuminatissima, C.

tribuloides, Ficus aitissima, F. hispida, F.

racemosa, Glochidion kerrii, Gmelina arborea,

Heynea trijuga, Hovenia dulcis, Lithocar pusfenestratus, Machih-rs kr,rrzii, Melia toosendan,

Magnolia baillonii, Phyllanthus emblica,Prunus cerasoides, Rhus rhetsoides viSarcosperma arboreum.

Cdc cAnh bi thi6u chtiy vi chdt IA 1di viocda c6n tring vd mAm bOnh, do vAy phii c5t

b6 chfng c6 thd thfc ddy phuc h6i sau ch6y.

CXt tia cAnh chdt, dd 1ai gdc dii kh6ng qu6

5mm. Sau khi ch6y, mit dt't miu den ht'p thun6ng nhi6u hor-r, gAy nOn sr-I bdc hoi d6 dm

cria dt't. Di6u ndy ldm chdt cAy con, nhfrng cAy

c6 thd sdng sau d6m chdy trtidc d6. Do vAy,

dd thim che phr"i gdc (cAy da cdt hodc miSng

bia ctlng bi g4p) xung quanh cAy con, c6c cAy

bi ch6y c6 thd tdng co h6i sdng vA moc trd laicira chting.

Ngdn dim chiy bing cdch

sfr dung cio (b) dd ciio bdt

ciy da chiiy kh6i bi bitIta. Dnp l:itn bdng giy da

(C) hortc cdnh cfry xanh..

Kidm soit liia

Ddm chdy nhd cd thd dttoc ki€'m sodt

bdng cich cdng cLt tlon giin, ,lru *,binh phun nfi1c deo ltng 6). D6 '*:Y

diy rutlc ttio cdc thiLng dit tai cdc

'oi tri cltiAn hfic xung qunnh dia bin.

, ,.' 't u'

\tr->AI

N^128 TRdNG RUNG NHU THE NAO

TRONC CAY

PHAN5_GIAMSAT

Vi sao phii gi6m s6t?

Muc dich gi6m sdt li xem vi6c tr6ng cAy

c6 thuc su c6 kdt quA nhti mong mudn kh6ng.Ddi vdi cdc dr.t 6n bio t6n, gi6m sdt c6 nghiali tim xem c6 cAy ndo chda duoc tr6ng cdnsdng kh6ng hay ph6t tridn tdt, hay vi6c tr6ngcAy c6 thirc ddy t6i sinh rdng tr-I nhi6n vdphuc h6i da dang sinh hoc hay kh6ng, ddcbi€t blng cdch thr.ic ddy tdi thiSt c6c lodi cAy

bd sung (kh6ng dr-ioc tr6ng). Gi6m s6t cflnggitip x6c dinh c6c vt'n dd vd h,ia chon loii cAy,

k! thuAt tr6ng hay cdc phr-itrng ph6p drioc st?

dung trong chdm s6c c6y dA tr6ng. Vi6c niyh6 tro c6c thrt nghiOm tidp theo dd kh6ngngdng holn thi6n c6c du 6n phuc hdi rrlng.

6 t<idm soit lA gi vi vi sao ch(rng quantrong?

O tcidm so6t cflng c6 thd gidng 6 tr6ngcdy vd d6 cao, d6 ddc, hudng, sr? dung ddttrddc d6..., trt] mdt didm Ii chrlng kh6ngdtioc tr6ng cAy. Sau d6, so sdnh 6 trdng cAy

vdi 6 kidm so6t dd x6c dinh xem vi6c tr6ngcAy c6 thdc sri dem lai kdt qui cho khu rdngbi ph6 hiry vdi mrlc d6 phuc h6i da dang sinhhoc cao hdn t6i sinh trr nhi6n hor-r kh6ng. Ndukh6ng, kh6ng cAn ph6i tdn ngu6n hic dAu tuvho vddn ddm vd viQc trdng cAy. Ngtioc lai,nOn trdc tidp d6n n6 h.ic cho c6c ki thuAt t6isinh td nhi6n c6 t6c d6ng d phAn 4. Dd phdngchdng chdy vd giiim s6t da dang sinh hoc hi6uqu6, ddc biAt la da dang h6a d6ng vAt, 6 kidmso6t ph6i dddc dat c6ch 6 tr6ng vdi trdm m6t.

C6ch dor-r gi6n nht't dd thtic hi6n gi6m s6t?

Cdch dc,n gi6n nhdt dd dAnh gi6 hi6u quictia vi6c tr6ng cAy ld chup 6nh cA 6 tr6ng vi6 kidm so6t cing m6t thdi didm, vii th6ngm6t lAn. Anh gitip hidu nhanh hdn le drT 1i6u

vd t1i tC sdng vd ph6t tridn cria cAy. Tuy nhi6n,ndu ban mudn bidt lodi cAy tr6ng nio li cAy

tao khung rtlng hi6u qu6, thi ph6i d6n m6c viL

do dac m6t sd cAy thuQc m6i lodi tr6ng dAuddn sau m6t thdi gian nhdt dinh.

PHUC HOI RUNG

LAy mAu cAy dd gi6m s6t nhd thd nio?

Khi m6t sd luong ldn cAy da dddc trdng,kh6ng thd do dac ddoc tdt ca clc cdy d6. YOu

cAu tdi thidu cria viOc d6nh gi6 hiOu qui ldgi6m siit mAu g6m it nhdt 50 cAy ctia m6iloii cAy dddc trong. MAu ldn hon s€ tdt hon.Chon ngAu cdc cAy trong m6u, d6n m6c cho

chring trong vddn udm trudc khi vQn chuydnddn dia bin tr6ng. Tr6ng chring ngAu nhi6nkhdp dia bAn tr6ng, nhttng phdi chXc li c6

thd tim lai dtioc. Ddt coc tre sdn miu canhm6i cay dtioc gi6m s6t, ghi lai md sd cria

chring vio coc tre bing btit vidt kh6ng ngdmnti6c vi ve bin d6 phdc hoa dd gidp ban timdr,ioc cAy mAu sau niy.

D6n m6c cho cAy mAu nhrf thd nio?

DAy kim loai d6o, dnng dd bu6c c6p

di6n, c6 sin trong c6c cta hirng cung cdp vAtli6u xAy dung, lim nhin m6c ddnh ddu tuyQt

vdi cho cAy nh6. Chting c6 thd d6 ddng driocudn trdn xung quanh thAn cAy. Dting dii khXc

sd tr6n kim loai hay dinh sdc d€i khdc ma sd

tr6n m6i m6c ddnh dt'u vi udn n6 thinh hinhtrdn bao ldy thAn c1,y, 6 tr6n cinh cAy thdpnhdt (ndu c6). N6 s6 lAm cho m6c cAy kh6ngbi chdy khi cAy dd dtioc trdng. Ttiong tri, v6lon cting c6 thd duoc c5t ra lhm m6c cAy tuyQt

vdi cdt b6 hai dAu lon vd cdn thAn lon thinhmiSng phing. St? dung btit bi chdc dd kh5c md

sd 10n 16 kim loai (mit trong). Minh kim loainiy c6 thd dddc udn thinh vdng 16ng bao

quanh thAn cAy con.

Gifi m6c cAy dting vi tri 6 nhfing cAy

ph6t tridn nhanh la kh6. Khi cAy ph6t tridn,thAn cr.ia chting sE ddy vdng kim loai ra. Ndugidm s6t thddng xuyOn, ban c5 thd thay ddi vitri cria m6c d6 trddc khi chring bi mt't. Khidtrdng kinh ngang ngrlc thAn phdt tridn ttY

10cm trd l6n, c5 thd g5n mdc ding trong thdigian dAi hon viro thAn cAy, ghi chti thdi didmdo ngric cAy & mrlc 1.3m tr6n mat ddt (chiAu

cao ngang ngtic).


TR6NC CAY

Trrtdc khi trdng, udn mic kim loai xung ELanh

thkn cfry. Ddm btio rdng ch,ing kh1ng bi ch6n

trong khi trdng. Sd mric c6 thd bao gim cic

th|ng tin a€ loiii c|y, ndm trdng, sd 6 oh sd cdy.

Vi dtt 98-111 07-3 c6 nghTa ld cdy thit-114 cia

loiii sd 98 diqc Llttt tai 6 3 -oio ndm 2007. Ghi

chip chinh xdc trong hA thdng ddnh sd cia ban.

Khi nio n6n do cho cAy?

Do cAy 1-2 tuAn sau khi trdng dd c6 dtl1i6u cd bdn cho tinh to6n sd ph6t tridn ctia cAy

vi d6nh gie tj, le ch6t do va cham khi di thdcvi xt l1ir th6 trong qu6 trinh tr6ng. Sau d6,gi6m s5t chting hing nim viLo cudi mia mria.

Gi6m s6t bd sung sau mt)a kh6 c5 thd manglai th6ng tin chi tidt hon vd thoi didm vd

nguy€n nhAn cAy ch6t.Tuy nhi6n, hoat dQng gi6m s6t quan

trong nhdt ld vdo cudi mua mr.ia ihrt hai sau

khi tr6ng khi c6c dt1 1i0u vd hoat d6ng tai hiOn

trddng c6 thd drroc stl dung dd ddnh gi6 mfcdo m6i loii cAy d6p fng dtloc cdc ti6u chudntao khung rdng (xem PhAn 5, muc 3). Do vAy,

khi kh6ng thd thtic hi0n th6m hoat d6ng gi6ms6t nio thi it nht't cfrng ph6i gi6m sdt 2 tuAn

sau khi tr6ng vd cudi mia mtt'a thrl hai sau khitrdng. Dd gi6m s6t hoat d6ng cdra cAy, nOn

lAm vi6c theo cdp, mot ngridi tinh to6n vi m6tngddi ghi sd heu dd chudn bi bdn b6o c6o.

MQt cdp ldm vi6c c6 thd thu thAp th6ng tincria 400 cAy trong m6t ngdy. Chudn b| bAn b6o

c6o trr-idc d6, trong d6 c6 danh muc mA sd cr.ia

c6c cAy trdng. Mang theo so d6 da dtioc v6 khid6n m6c cho cAy dd dtioc trdng. So d6 ndy se

giirp ban tim dddc chr.ing. Ngoii ra, mangtheo b6n sao cria c6c dfr li€u d6 dtioc thu th4ptrong iAn gi6m s6t trr-Idc d6. N5 c6 thd giripban xdp loai dttoc c6c vt'n dA cria cAy, ddc bi6t1d cAy da bi mdt mdc.

Dnng dinh kOm 5 phAn dAu ti. Ldy bfad.6ng | / 3 dinh vAo thAn cAy dd lai ch6 cho cAy

ph6t trid.n. L6 kim loai trl lon d6 udng, c5t

thdnh nhrlng hinh vu6ng ldn dd c6 thd doc

drloc ma sd ttl xa c6 thd ding ldm m6c rdt t6tcho cAy.

Gi6m sat cey trdng

Do chiiu cno ciy !rittg til ubttg riddn didm cao nhrtl cila thin (didm

phnt ftent.

Do dQ ddy ciLa tiin tai didm rQng, ^. ,;' ,. 1 '.nhat di dinlr .qii mic do khep trin

ztd chidm gitt kh6ng ginn sdng.

\.<>130 ^1

P

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THfi NAO

TRdNG CA\

Phdi do hidng nhfrng gi?

Gi6m s6t nhanh chi 1d ddm s6 cAy cdnsdng vi sd cAy chdt. Gi6m s6t chi ti6t hon sc dochi6u cao cr-ia cAy hay nglic cAy (dd tffi tdc d6tdng trtidng), dd diy t6n vd s(ic kh6e cira cAy.

Trong m6t hay hai ndm dAu sau khitr6ng, chidu cao cfia cAy c6 thd do bXng thridcdAy 1,5m c6 916 6 m6t dAu. Do chi6u cao cAy

td cd 16 ddn didm thdn cao nhdt (16 mdi nht't).Ddi vdi nhfrng cAy cao hon, c6 thd ding thudcdo bing kinh vi6n vong dd do cAy cao hdn10m. Thddc ndy drroc sin xut't dd bdn nhungrt'J ttro kidm d Th6i Lan, do ',,Ay hiy cd gdngttl 1dm thtidc do. Ndu ban mudn tidp tuc gi6ms6t nhtrng cAy sau khi chr1ng di moc cao, dochi6u cao ngric c6 thd de hon vh c6 thd duocst? dung dd do tdc d6 ting trddng ciia cAy.

Sr.1 dung chi6u cao dd do tdc dd tangtrrldng cira cAy nhi6u khi mang lai kdt quikh6ng ding tin cAy vi canJ.r cav doi khi bi ion

thdohg hay chdt, dAn ddn tdc d6 ph6t tridnAm, ngay cd khi cAy ph5t tridn kh6e manh. DovAy, do dtidng kinh cd r0 (RCD) hay GBHthudng cho sri d6nh gi6 dn dinh hctn. Ddi vdicAy nh6, sd dung compa vdi d6 vecn6 dd doRCD tai didm r6ng nhdt. Khi cAy di dti cao ddc6 thd do GBH ddn 10 cm, do cA RCD vi GBHlAn dAu vi chi GBH cho nhfng IAn sau.

CLing co th6 do mtic do ngin ch;n co

ph6t tridn (m6t ddc didm tao khung rrlng quantrong). Do d6 diy t6n vd stl dung h0 thdngtinh didm ddi vdi ldp c6 phir c6 thd giip xdc

dhh mtlc d6 m6i lodi cAy "chidn girl kh6nggian". St? dung thrtdc day dd do d6 r6ng criat6n cAy tai didm r6ng nhdt. Hdy tddng tridngmot rong tron bdn kinh Im rung quani m6icAy. Chdm didm 3 ndu c6 phn dAy vdng trdn,2 ndu c6 vd 16 muc kh6ng nhidu, vi 1 ndu chic6 it hodc kh6ng c6 (hodc hAu nhtt khdng c5)

c6 trong vdng trdn. Thdc hi6n trddc khi limc6 li thich hop.

Do dridng kinh cd r5 (nCn)

Md ldt aOi d6 oecnA cd sin 6 hiu hdt cric cira hdng bin thidt bi. Sil dtlng chirng dd do

dtdng kinh cd rA &CO) tai dii'nr rong trltnt. Tai diim 0 6 mgt tl'Lanh trttot thdp, hay dqc

s6'bdn kinh theo mm tai thanh tr€n. Ddi adi s6' thQp phdn, xem s{ tai didm chin dQ 6

thanh thnp phdi thil khdp odi dQ chia & thanh tr€n. Sau d6, doc s6'thip phin d thnnh

dlt|i. Vi du thanh dtti tinh theo d6 -oecnA chi 19.3mm. Vi RCD ld mQt giri tri nh6, phrii

do n6 thil chitth xdc. Ed c6 kdt quti tdt nhdt, do RCD tni ldn bing cdch chuydn md Ldt

sang g6'c phdi ztii satL d6 st dtmg con sd trung binh.

TRdNc RUNG NHU TH6 NAo 131

TRONC CAY

Dinh gi6 sr?c kh6e cria cAy nhti thd nio?

D6nh gi6 srlc kh6e cda cAy m6i khi di6utra c6 thd mang lai th6ng tin hl1u ich vd stlcmanh va d6 ki6n cddng cr-ia m6i loai ciy trtfocnhf,ng ydu td g6y hai nhd chey hay sric v{tgiAm dap. Ddl vdi phAn tich dinh 1dong, hayg6n didm vd sfc kh6e cria m6i cay, nhtingcfing phdi ghi ch6p m6 tA r,6 nhflng vdn dd

s(ic kh6e mdL ban quan s6t dtidc.Thang didm don gidn ttl 0 ddn 3 le dfi dd

phAn 6nh srlc kh6e tdng thd. Didm 0 ndu cAy

tr6ng nhd sdp chdt. Mot sd loii cAy tao khungnlng li loii rung 16, kh6ng c6 16 vdo mtia kh6tr6ng nhd bi chdt. Drlng chdm dtlt gi6m s6t

nhrlng cAy d6 ngay chi vi chring bi didm 0

trong m6t thdi didm. Nhi6u cAy, phAn nh6 ra

tr6n mdt ddt tr6ng c6 v6 nhrt chdt nhr.ing vAnc6 thd 16 cdn sdng, tri d6 ching c6 thd damch6i thanh thAn mdi. Chdm didm 1 ndu cAy

gAn chdt (it 16, hAu hdt 16 mdt miLu, bi c6ntning tdn ph6 nghiOm trong...). Chdm didm 2

neu cay co di'u hieu tcin thdoirg nhung vin co

tdn kh6e. Didm 3 cho cAy c6 stlc kh6e hoinhio hodc gAn nhtt hodn h6o.

ilr1:1r:1t:i ;l1li

Khi ciy dd ldn, gidm sit hoat d6ng cia cig sau ndy c6 thd ch:J.ng vi gi6m s6t tf 10 sdng vd ph6t tridn.dtta ado mirc d6 tdng cia chiiu cao ngang nglrc (GBH). Didu tra tridng td trddc khi trdng li co sd dd

d6nh gi6 thay ddi qua thdi gian.

1Dd drro" ird gilip vd phAn tich dil 1i6u hay dd bring tinh, hay li6n hO vdi FORRU-CMU (trang 200)

TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAo

iar\M

PhAn tich sd 1i6u nhrJ thd nio? 1

So s6nh hoat d6ng cfia c6c lodi cdy dtioctr6ng dd x6c dinh loAi nAo hoat d6ng chrlc

nAng tao khung rtYng tdt, dic bi6t ld vio cudimtia mda thtl 2 sau khi trdng (PhAn 5, Muc 3).

Dd lua chon vA thdc hi0n kidm tra mang tinhthdng k6 tdt, srl dung chtiolrg trinh Excell tr6nmdy tinh (xem Dytham, 1999). Tinh tj, 10 sdng

cria m5i loii theo c6ng thtlc::

so'cAv dlicrc din mic sdne x 100

sd cAy d6n m6c dlidc tr6ng

Od thdy sri kh6c bi6t r5 ring vd tj, 1Q

sdng ciia cdc 1ohi, srl dung phticnrg ph6p ChiSquared. Tinh chi6u cao trung binh ctia cAy vd

RCD cho m6i loei. Sau d6, sr? dung ANOVAdd thdy stt' kh6c bi6t ro rdng giria c6c loiri.Ngodi ra, ban c6 thd tinh tdc d6 tdng tnidngtticing ddi cho m6i cAy duoc ddn mdc:

ln H (18 thins) - ln H (khi trons) x 36.500

Sd ngdy giila hai IAn do

...trong d6, In H = loga td nhi6n cria chidu cao

cAy (cm). RGR la phAn trim tdng vd kichthr.idc tidc tinh hing ndm. N6 chi ra sti kh6cbi6t so vdi kich thridc ban dAu do d6 n6 c6 thddrtoc srl dqng dd so s6nh cAy niro nh6 hon taiihdi didm tr6ng vdi cAy nio ldn horr. So sdnhgi6 tri RGR trung binh gifia cdc loii bdng c6ng

tht?c ANOVA. Ctng c6 thd srl dung c6ng thtlctlidng td dd do RCD vd dQ ddy tdn.

Gi6m s6t cic khia canh phuc h6i rdngkh6c nhrJ thd nio?

Khi cdy dd 16n, gidm s6t hoat dQng cria

cAy sau ndy c6 thd dria vdo mrlc do tang cuachidu cao ngang nglic (GBH).

Kidm tra 6 tr6ng thridng xuy6n vi ghi laitudi m6i lo)i cdy khi chfng ra hoa, kdt qu6hay cung cip c6c ngu6n kh6c cho cuQc sdnghoang dd (nhrr td chim). Ghi lai nhtrng d6ngvAt md ban nhin thdy (hoac ddu cia chting),dac bi6t ld nhilng loii ph6t t6n hat. Khi dakh6p t6n, di6u tra c6c cAy con hay cAy nondddc thidt lAp m6t c6ch ttt nhi6n d cA 6 tr6ngvA 6 kidm so6t. X6c dhh vd d6n mdc cho

132

o**.:'€s

\/\PHAN 8.

rAu vrEC vdl cONc pdNcA I ' .'

LAP KE HoACH vA SHUc HrEHrDU AN PHUC udr nUNc

oQNc LUc ra ruAN rArucndp rAc rA rurEr vEu

^r?LAP KE HOACH LA QUAN TRQNG

P

Y

"Di odi con ngtdi: sdng ztdi hoHgc hdi tt ho ai yAu mdn ho.

ndt Aiu tit nhrtng gi hq bidt, xdy dtlng nhftng gi ho c6Nhtng ngtdi diln tufing gi6i nhdt

Khi nhiAm ztu iIfr hodn thinhCon ngtdi sE n6i, fir chilng tbi dd lim"

- TriSt gia dn si cria Trung Qudc.

rl /; 1iq' +

;rL.. l'ri 7 ',

- ;_.. r-;e,.:

"tl3$i,eH&br&

I ' t;

e&srof{tr {ffi

PHvc ndr nUNc - vAN s6a Hdt srxnTai Ban Mae Sa Mai, phuc h6i rttng da khuydn khich hdi sinh ain hfu trong liing. Din ling

da thay ddi nhrtng nghi 16 truyin thdng aii biit diu cdc hoat dbt'Lg odn h6s od xa hdi mdi do

nhhn thitc zti m6i trtlng trong cdng dong crio lto ttgittl cittg ning cno.

St quan tim cita cdc phwng ti€n dai ,!

chilng li dQng l1.tc ph4c hii ritng ttiL tao

nAn nidm kiAu hnnh ciia cdng d6ng oidi sin odn hod. BAn tudi, m6t c6ng

nhin atdn tttm cia liing ld Nneng

Thanonworakul nhin qw dng kinh mdy

qwy Tir:i trong khi quay phim tiii h1u

cho ddi BBC tai ling.

Hoc sinh trong litrg ttt thinh lip ciu lac bO quan

sit chim (rinh tuAn on dtkti). Hg dang cd ging

ngdrt chdn ttrlu sdtr biirt chim cila din liing zti

xiu lt.fttg kltu bi,,;'i chint. tORRLI ho tro ui kg

thuiit cho nhdm mtii u.iy aii dtt in Eden cin Anh

dfi ctutg cnp tniil bi qunng hoc ztii sich zti chim.

Cu|ii mdi miLn klt6, din liing ldm 16 n6ng nhd

nhim crtm dt nhtrtg linh h6n dn ginp ho brio ztA

cdy tr6ng khdng bi chdy. Hq cing bdng lon, rfitu

whisktl oiL aing rfi.

Dfrn liing ldm l5 tting niAm tuuyin

thdng dd trd l€ bdng cd mQt ciiy (inh

trAil m|t trong sd nhltng phhn doan

cudi cing cia ritng tt! nhi?n tai

thttng lfing Mae So Vatlcy. Bang

cdch rLdtt, hq tlt nhdc nh& ntinh aO

tim quan trgng ctia ritng ai stl cin

thPt plnt phuc hot cllunt.

DAn ling, cdn bd cria FORRU aicin bA hm nghiQp d1t b[tn dn churtg

@An phii) ztii xiy dttng mdi quan hQ

c6ng tdc t6i dqp hon sau khi cfim ta

cdc linh h6n phn hO cho kh6ng xiiy rtchdy rimg trong min kh6.

tridn (xem hinh 7.1)

IrtllL. l

,a

r*'

L34 TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

^LAM_vrEC vdr c.QNc pdNc

LAP xE so4crt vA rr{Uc urENcAc ptl AN PHUC sOI nUNc

Trong khi di6u quan trong ddi vdi phqc h6i rrlng Ii phAi drroc thttc hi6n nho st? dungkidn thttc khoa hoc tdt nht't c6 thd, thi khia canh con ngrldi cflng quan trong kh6ng k6m. Didud6 bao gdm d6ng lttc vA ngu6n luc sin c6 ctia ngtidi dAn dia phrrong crlng nhd dttoc su phdihop cria cdc cd quan chinh phd. Ndu kh6ng cAn nhdc thtic td xi hdi niy thi ngay cA nhrTng kithuAt phuc h6i rdng c6 tinh khoa hoc nhdt cfrng thdt bai. Mac di FORRU-CMU ld m6t don vinghiOn crlu vir gi6o duc (kh6ng phdi li td chr.1c x6 h6i), c6n b6 ctia don vi ndy dd vd dang ldmr.i6c chdt ch6 vdi c6c c6ng d6ng dia phdcrng dd thl? nghlOm tinh kha thi ctia c6c kf thuAt phuch6i rtng do dorr vi ph6t tridn. Nam 1997, FORRU-CMU da xAy dr.ing mQt vridn tiom cAy m6hinh cOng d6ng tai Ban Mae Sa Mai, ling dAn t6c Hmong ldn nht't phia bfc Thdi Lan, vi ldmvi6c chit ch6 vdi nh6m c6c tinh nguy6n vi6n b6o tdn rtlng ctia ldng dd xAy ddng c6c 6 phuc h6irrlng thrt nghi6m. Sti phdi hop ciia FORRU vdi c6ng d6ng ndy, viL sau niy lh vdi nhi6u c6ng

d6ng kh6c, cho ph6p kh6m ph6 nhidu vdn dd mang tinh xA h6i, trong d6 c6 d6ng co, thrlc ti6nthm vi6c vA tinh nhay cim vd vdn h6a. Do vAy, trong phAn niy, chfng t6i chia s6 kinh nghiAmniy vi trinh biy mQt sd htrdng dAn vd c6c khia canh mang tinh td cht?c trong phuc h6i rtng.Dd c6 cdi nhin toin di6n hon v6 lam nghi6p, hiy tham kh6o danh muc Trung tAm tAp hudn vd

16m nghiOp trong c6ng ddng khu vtrc (RECOFT) (http:/ /www.recoftc.org).

MUC 1 - DONG LrJc LA NEN rANc

C6c toi ich kinh td 1A nhtlng ngudn d6nglttc ro rhng nhdt vd c6 thd do ludng dddc ddivdi dAn ldng trong vi6c tham gia vio phuc h6irtYng. NhtTng loi ich d6 Id viOc lAm, thu hoachlAm sAn, tao thu nhAp ttI phdt tri6n du Lich

sinh th6i... Tuy nhi6n, dAn lAng thridng kh6ngxem cdc loi ich r,6 hinh nhd cai thi6n m6itrtidng (kidm so6t x6i mdn, cung ct'p nt1dc...),

gin gitl truyAn thdng vdn h6a hay loi ich v6

chinh tri... l) nhtng Iy do quan trong hon dd

phuc h6i rtlng.

Nhifng d6ng cd kinh td cho phuc hdi rung?

Mdc di m6t sd c6ng d6ng tinh nguy6ndrra nhan c6ng tham gia phuc hdi rtlng, nhtlngtrong khi d6 nhtrng c6ng d6ng kh6c lai ddngtr0n quan didm li nhfing ngr.idi 1dm vi6c chodu 6n drtoc trA lrrong kh6 cao. Do vAy, kinhphi cria dd dn ph6i g6m cA lrrong trA cho

ngtidi lAm vi6c toin thdi gian cho dtr 6n (nhttngddi td chttc, ngridi qu6n lf vtidn ticrtr-1...) vitri tidn c6ng hdng ngiy cho nhAn c6ng thdil,u (nhti dd ldm c6, chdng ch6,y...). Ndu vi6cphuc h6i nlng ddoc xem llL m6t hoat d6ngmang tinh c6ng d6ng thi tt't c6 c6c thdnh vi0nctia c6ng d6ng phdi tham gia bXng nhau vdsau d6 sd d6ng g6p kinh phi cho dtt 6n c6ngd6ng ld thich d6ng, nhd cai thiOn tnidng hochay hO thdng ntidc... d nA" hdt c6c du 6n, cA

hai hinh thtlc thanh todn ddu dddc thdc hien

do m6t sd nhi6m vu (nhti trdng cAy) 1i6n quanddn cdng d6ng, trong khi c6c nhiOm vu kh6clai do m6t sd it ce nhAn thtic hiOn (nhd thu h6ihat, c6ng vi6c tai vddn ddrn...). Thu nhQp ndyc6 thd thric ddy ndn kinh td cQng d6ng m6tc6ch ddng kd. Do vAy, thanh to6n tnic tidp 1d

m6t ddng ldc to idn cho c6ng ddng tham giavio phuc h6i nlng. N6 truyAn th6ng di6pquan trong rlng phuc h6i rr.lng ld m6t hoatd6ng c6 gi6 tri drioc xi h6i d6nh gi6 cao tr6nquy m6 ldn.

Nhidu loii cAy tao khung rtng doFORRU-CMU xdc dinh s6n sinh nhidu sAn

phdm c6 gi6 tri kinh t6 nhrr thtlc dn, thudcchr1a b6nh truy6n thdng, 96 nhi6n li6u hay 96xAy drrng vi mdt sd c6 gi6 tri vdn h6a trongc6c 16 tr-idng ni6m truydn thdng (xem phAn 9).

C6c loli kh6ng phii cAy ldy 96 xAm nhAp vdodia bAn phuc h6i rrlng nhrt tre, ong mAt, c6c

lohi ndm kh6c nhau... cflng c6 gi6 tri. Vi drrocthu hoach m6t cdch bAn vrlng, nhfng sAn

phdm d6 c6 thd li d6ng ldc tai chinh quantrong ddi v6i phuc h6i rrlng.

Tuy nhi6n, nhi6u c6ng d6ng thu loi ttlvi6c thu hoach lAm sAn nlm d vi tri gitla c6c

khu vdc bio t6n, ndi ma hi6n tai vi6c thuhoach nhrlng sdn phdm d6 lii pham phap (6Th6i Lan). Du luAt lAm nghi€p c6ng d6ng (taithdi didm xAy drrng luAt vAn dang dr.loc Chinhphri Th6i Lan xem x6t) n6u dti luAt niy duocban hAnh, c6 thd x6a b6 nhtrng han chd vd thu

TRdNG RIJNG NTTU Tu6 NAO

r-Au vGc vor cONG D6NG

135

Ec vor cONc o6Nc

hoach ldm s6n trong khu vtlc duoc chi dinh hkhu vric rr.ing cQng d6ng. Tuy nhi€n, kh6ngthd thu hoach bdt cf lAm s6n ndo n5u kh6ngc6 rdng. Do vAy, m6t sd cQng d6ng dang phqch6i rrlng tnidc khi nhrTng c6nh rrlng d6 duocc6ng bd ld rtYng c6ng d6ng, ndu hodc khi luAtmdi c6 hi6u luc.

C6c drr 6n phuc h6i nlng cring c6 thdtao thu nhAp do thu hrit du lich sinh th6i.Nht1ng nhd ldnh dao c6ng d6ng vd c6n b6ci-a c6c td chfc phi chinh phri ddn dd hoc tQp

c6c drr 6n d6 vA cdc nhd hoc thuAt ddn ddnghiOn cfu. Chring cung cdp nhrlng dia didmtuyQt vdi cho trddng hoc di cXm trai vA diabdn nghiOn cr?u cho c6c drt 6n c:J.a sinh vi6n.Srr da dang cria d6ng thdc vAt cd ngu tai dAyhdp dAn cA chim vd ngtldi quan s6t chim. C6thd c6 thu nh{p ttI viQc cung cdp ndi nghi,thr.fc dn vd cdc phrrong tiOn kh6c cho nhi6uluot khdch du lich.

C6c loi ich vd m{t m6i tnt'dng c6 thd t4on6n dQng hic kh6ng?

HAu hdt dAn ldng ddu nhAn thtlc drtoc vdmdi li€n kdt gitla nan mt't nlng, x6i mdn dt'tvdL sri suy gi6m trong cdp ntfdc. M{c di nanmdt rtlng 6 vring midc dAu ngu6n c6 thd c6

rdt it anh hudng ddi v6i cQng ddng trongvting cAn kd, nhtrng n6 thridng gAy 15ng dongbin 6 sdng vd hi 1ut tai c6ng d6ng vnng tht'phon. Nhrtng t6c dQng d6 c6 thd dAn ddn xungdQt gitTa c6ng d6ng vring cao vdo vring thdp,nh.tng chdng cfrng tao n6n d6ng lrrc cho c6c

c6ng d6ng vdng tht'p tham gia vdo c6c dtf 6nphuc hdi rrlng di6n ra 6 xa hdng nhidu km ddAu ngu6n. Tuy nhi6n" ndu viQc b6o hQ rtngdAu ngu6n trd hdnh mQt d6ng cd manh m6

cria phuc h6i rtlng, cAn phii phdt tridn c6chhidu thdu d6o hon vd srr phu thuQc lAn nhaugi:f:a c6c nhu cAu ctia cQng d6ng ving cao vdving thdp.

Nhffng suy tinh mang tinh vin h6a c6khuydn khich phqc h6'i rilng kh6ng?

C6. Ldm sAn thrtdng d6ng vai trd sdngcdn trong truyAn thdng dia phtlong noi rrlnghodc c6c cAy thiOng trong d6 thrfdng dtidc xemli ng6i nh) cria c6c linh h6n. Do vQy, nan mt'trr}ng c6 thd tac don! ddn f thrlc ctia c6ngddng v6 tinh thdng nhdt v) ldng tri trong. H6isinh vdn h6a vi thd trd thdnh m6t d6ng lucquan trong trong phuc h6i rrlng.

Rrlng crlng c6 thd tr/ phuc h6i dd tao n6nc6c hoat d6ng vdn h6a mdi. Vi du, tai Ban

Mae Sa Mai, dAn ldng ngrldi Hmong hdi phuc16 tu6ng ni6m truy6n thdng dd cAu nhrtng linhh6n phn h6 cho hS gat h6i duoc thinh c6ngtrong cdc drt 6n phuc h6i nlng. Sau m6i miach6y rdng, thlt ldn vdL rddu whisky thudngdttoc cting td cho c6c linh h6n dd c6m on hovi da bio v6 c6y riing.

Phqc h6i rilng c6 thd dddc thric hiQn vimgc dich chinh trf kh6ng?

C6. C6c chinh tri gia c6 thd li l)i dothuydt phuc nht't ding sau sri tham gia criac6ng d6ng trong phuc h6i rrlng - ddc bi6t 15

cring cd quydn chidm hrlu ddt. Theo luAt criaTh6i Lan, bdt c(t c6ng d6ng nAo trong khu vr.ic

bio t6n c6 thd ph6i di ddi vdi 11/ do ngddi dAndia phuong hfiy hoai c6c ngu6n tii nguy6nthi6n nhiOn quan trong cria qudc gia. Su thamgia cria c6ng d6ng trong phuc h6i rtlng vi th6da grli th6ng di6p ddn c6c nhd chrlc tr6ch rlngngddi dAn dia phrrong c6 thd chlu tr6ch nhi6mquAn Iy m6i trtidng.

Phuc h6i rtlng c6 thd girlp ddy manhquydn cria cQng ddng y6u cAu drloc 6 lai trongkhu vric bAo t6n vA c6 thd girip chdng lai quanni6m rlng dAn ling ld ydu td co b6n gAy n6nnan mdt rdng.

Ngoii ra, cdc ddn tQc thidu sd mdi di ctlddn c6 thd dttgc c6ng chting ring h6 quydnc6ng dAn bing cdch d6ng g6p vlo nhdng sdngkidn h6 tro t6i tr6ng rrlng qudc gia. d cdp diaphrrong, phuc h6i nlng girip xAy drrng mdiquan hO tdt dep hon girla c6ng d6ng vd c6c

nhd chrlc tr6ch dia phttong.

Lim sao dd duy tri d6ng ltfc?

C6c dr,t dn phgc h6i rtlng ddi h6i cam kdttrong vdi ndm. DQng luc c6 thd mt't dAn tAmquan trong khi con ngrldi nhAn tht'y sd ltiongc6ng stlc ph6i b6 ra khi tham gia vdo drr 6n.

Cam kdt duy tri cdp kinh phi cria ciic don vitdi trd vd h5 tro kf thuAt kh6ng ngtlng ddu rt'tquan trong dd duy tri dQng h.rc.

Srr tham gia cfia cQng d6ng vdo tdt c6

giai doan ciia dtt 6n, tr} vi6c 1Ap kd hoachtr6ng cAy ddn vi6c gi6rns6t, rdt quan trong ddtao nOn f thtlc "quln ly cQng d6ng" ddi vdidd en. Nhf,ng mdi quan tAm ctia phdong tiOndai chring ddi vdi drt 6n ctng tao nOn !, thi/ cvd ldng tti hdo gitip duy tri dQng ldc 6 ctpc6ng ddng.

\:7P

TRdNG RTING NHT/ THfi NAo

LAM vrEc vor coNc DdNG

Hinh 8.1 - Nidm tri hio vi chinh tri: dQng co dd tham gia phuc hdi rrlng

Tai Ban Mae Sa Mai d phia bdc Th6i Lan,

t6c ngtidi Hmong sdng tr6n vring d6i da thi6tlAp mdi quan hO ddi t6,c vdi FORRU-CMU ddphuc h6i nlng dAu ngu6n d phia tr6n l)ng criaho bing c6ch tidn henh tht? nghiOm phriongph6p tao c6c loii cAy tao khrog rdng. Dr.l 6nndy chi ra cdch kdt hop girla nghiOn ctlu vdinhu cAu ctia c6ng d6ng dd tao ra m6t h0

thdng m6 hinh cho gi6o duc v6 m6i trtldng.Do Ban Mae Sa Mai nim trong Vtidn Qudc giaDoi Suthep-Pui, dAn ldng khong thd khai thaic

cAy tr6ng vi muc dich kinh td m6t cdch hopph6p - vAy dAu Id dQng h.ic cho ho?

M6t trong nhfng muc dich ctia ho ld c6ithi6n hinh inh cria lAng minh, do t6c ngrldisdng vring d6i thddng bi kdt tQi ldm mdt nlng.Ctt dAn cria Ban Mae Sa Mai cd gdng thay ddiquan ni6m niy. Ho t6 ra kh6 ki6u hdnh nhtiho cho nhrlng ngddi tham quan giia dd enthdy c6ch ho di kh6p t6n rrlng trong 3 nimnoi mA trtidc dAy ho tr6ng bfp cii. BAy gidm6t sd khu vdc d6c cao kh6ng cdn dtloc canh

t6c nua, dAn ldng d6 thAm canh 6 vtidn vAiphia drldi thung trlng dd duy tri thu nhAp. Hocting kidm thOm tidn ttY m6t s6ng kidn du lfchsinh th6i, hinh thinh m6t phAn dd phuc vunhu cAu cria sd kh6ch ddn thdm dr.r 6n ngdycing gia tdng.

Khu vric tr6ng cAy dang g6p phAn vlomdt dri 6n quy m6 tr6n todn qudc nhlm phuch6i rdng S 8;000 kmz dien tich dt't xudng ct'pdd lim 16 kli ni6m vdng vi vua Th6i LanBhumibol Adulyadej. Vi thd, drr 6h niy cfrngcho ph6p dAn t6c thidu sd chrlng t6 ldng trungthinh vdi qudc gia dd nu6i nt'ng ho. Sd thanhcdng ctia dr.t 6n cring dtioc Vu LAm nghiOp x6cnhAn viLo ndm 2000 vli gili bac dlnh cho

cdng t6c chdm s6c cAy do Hoing hAu Sirikittrao tai Trung tAm h6i nghi Qudc gia 6Bangkok.

Do sdng trong Vridn qudc gia nOn dAnldng Ban Mae Sa Mai c6 nguy cd phAi di ddich5 6 vi luAt cr,ia Th6i Lan cdm ngtidi sdngtrong c6c Vtt'dn Qudc gia. Mdc di drrdng nhttluAt ndy chrta drloc thdc thi (vi dAy ld ldngHmong ldn nh6lt tai phia bic Thdi Lan), dAnldng vAn cim thdy cAn thidt phAi cho c6c nhA

chrlc tr6ch tht'y ring ho dri ndng luc dd tdithidt vd chdm s6c rtlng tai khu vdc bAo h6. Dod6, th6ng qua phuc h6i rdng, dAn ling lai l6nti6ng ddi quydn ld c6ng ddn Th6i Lan vd ddoctiSp tuc sdng trong Vudn Qudc gia.

M6t dQng cd manh m6 ntla cria phuc h6irtlng ld bio tdn ngu6n cung cdp ntldc. 30 ndmhn6c ddy,ling phdi di ddi h) thung hlng vringcao ddn dia bdn hiQn tai b&i vi ngu6n mldcchinh crla ldng bi can ki6t do pha rtlng limrAy. Do d6, dAn ling nhAn thfc sAu sdc vd mdig6n kdt gifra nlng vir mldc vd tAm quan trongcria phuc h6i rdrrg tai vting mrdc dAu ngu6n.

DAn ldng tr6ng cAy con tao khung rtYng

tai vridn udm cOng d6ng cfia ho vi hdng ndmd6u tr6ng chfng ra ngohi. Ho ldm c6 vd b6nphAn xung quanh cAy trdng, b6o vQ cAy kh6ich6y vd gi6m sdt stl ph6t tridn ctia chring. Honnfra, c6ng d6ng ndy cring thtic hiOn nhrlngquy dinh cria ri6ng minh dd ngin chdn nansin b6n vd ddn cAy trong khu vdc vd phatngddi pham quy.

Vddn ddm vh 6 trdng cda ldng tr6 thanhphuong ti6n v6 cring quan trong cho gi6o ducvdi nhf,ng hoat d6ng vh h6i thAo cria trtidnghoc thtt'dng xuy6n ddoc td chrlc tai dia b)n.Dai di€n tt nhi6u c6ng d6ng kh6c ddn thdmldng dd tim ra c6ch ho cflng c6 thd xAy dtingthdnh c6ng dd an tr6ng cAy thdnh c6ng. Dovfly, ddn ldng Ban Mae Sa Mai dA chuydn ddiru6ng tr6ng bXp c6i trtidc dAy thdnh ldp hocve phuc h6i rr-rng.

Mqt be g(ii Hmong trdng mot ciy con uito rhau trong

ottdn fitm cdy 6 Ban Mse Sa Mai. Dinh cho con trd

twng lai tl,tdi sdng hon ld m|t dQng lltc manh m€ ciac6ng dong doi uoi plruc hoi ritng.

TR6NG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAo 137

LAM vrEC vdr CONG DdNc

MUC 2 - HdP rAc rA rHrEr vfiu

Phuc h6i nlng hidm khi dttoc thdc hien bdi mOt td chfc ri6ng 16. Cric nh6m cQng d6ng, c6c cd

quan, ban ngdnh kh6c nhau cia chinh ph:f., c6c td chtlc phi chinh phi, c6c cd quan cdp kinh phivd c6 vdn ki thudt tit ca ddu d6ng vai trd v6 cring quan trqng. Sri hop tric chat che git1a c6c

nh6m "li6n quan" niy rdt quan trong nhlm tdi da loi ich cho c6c b6n tham gia, dAm b6o tinhbdn vtTng vi tr6nh l6ng phi ngu6n hlc.

Nhfrng b6n li6n quan?

Nhrlng b6n 1i6n quan ld cd nhAn haynh6m ngrldi quan tAm ddn di6n tich ddt duocphqc h6i. Ho cring c6 thd ld nhrlng ngridi c6

inh hr.16ng ddn srl thdnh c6ng trong ddi h4ncfia dq 6n phgc hdi rrlng nhd cd vdn ki thuflt,ngrldi ct'p kinh phi hay quan chrlc chinh phri.ViCc tt't c6c c6c b6n li6n quan tham gia vdomoi c6ng do4n lAp kd hoach vd thric hi6n dti6n li rdt quan trong. Tuy nhi6n, didu kh6ngthd trAnl:r kh6i li c5c b6n li6n quan kh6c nhaus€ c6 quan didm kh6c nhau vd vi6c srl dungcudi cing ddi v6i rrYng dtlgc phuc h6i vi d5Id didu chi phdi loi ich cria ho.-Ho crlng c6 thdkh6ng nhdt tri vd phuong ph6p phuc h6i rtYng

sE g4t h6i drroc nhidu thlnh c6ng nhft. Thanhc6ng cr.ia c6c chtrong trinh phuc h6i rrlngthddng phu thu6c v)o c6c vdn dd xiy ra tnldcquy trinh lAp kd hoach.

Bdt cit xung dQt ndo giria c6c b6n li6nquan ddu dugc giAi quydt trong c6c cuQc hopthtrdng ki 6 d6 tii liQu dtigc ghi ch6p dd thamkh6o trong tlldng lai. Muc dich cria c6c cu6c

hop ld d4t drroc sr,t d6ng ldng vd kd hoach dtt6n, 6 d,6 tr6ch nhiQm cira tdt cA c6c b€n li6nquan ddu drloc x6c dinh 16 rdng dd tr6nhnhAm 15n vd thric ddy nhidu n5 luc hon nfia.

Lim thd nio dd c6 thd khuydn khich s{hd. p t6c?

Mdc di c6c b6n 1i6n quan khiic nhau cd

thd c6 loi ich kh5c nhau, nhdng c6 thd tim ramuc ti6u chung. Didu quan trong li phAi nhAn

thrlc drroc didm y6u vd didm manh ctia m6ib6n li6n quary nhd d6 c6 thd xdy dtlng chidnlrtoc chung, d6ng thdi cho ph6p m6i nh6m hAn

quan duy tri dtloc sri d6ng thuAn cria ho. Khining hlc cria m6i nh6m li6n quan dA duocdinh 16, vai trd cria ho c6 thd drrgc x6c dinh vinhiOm vu ctia m5i nh6m s6 drigc thdng nhdt.

DAy thddng ld m6t qu6 trinh ddi h6i ph6ikh6o 16o vd tdt nhdt n6n do m6t ngddi ho4c

td chrlc trung gian bidt 16 vd c6c b6n 1i6n quanthdc hien, nhrrng kh6ng phAi ld ngrt'di ddcdo6n hay dddc ldi do tham gia v)o dd en. Vaitrd cria ngtidi di6u phdi ld d6m bAo tit cA c6c

quan didm ddu phAi dddc theo luAn, moingridi nht't tri vdi muc ti6u cfia drt 6n vd tr6chnhiQm thdc hiQn c6c nhiQm vu kh6c nhau phiidtroc ngttdi c6 khi ndng dim nhAn nhdt chdp

nhQn. Su hdp tec duoc duy tli khi tit ci cdc

b6n li6n quan d6u hii ldng vd nhrrng ldi ichmd ho c6 thd gidnh dtroc trl drr dn v) tin rlngd6ng g6p cda ho gidp dri 6n thinh c6ng. Khimoi ngrldi ddu ih6a mdn ld ho dd cung cdp

dAu vAo cho viOc lap kd hoach cho il! 6n, !'thr.1c vd "quin lj, cQng d6ng" ddi vdi dtr 6ndtroc hinh thdnh (mac dn didu niy kh6ng c6

nghna ld quydn sd hriu ph|p lj'vd adt dai haycAy c6i) s6 girip duy tri mdi quan hQ ldm vi6cquan trong giita c6c bOn 1i0n quan.

Cing nhau lQp k{ hoqch - cdn b0 FORRU-

CMU, cdn bQ hm nghiip ad. din lhng Ban

Mae Sa Mai quydt dinh noi xky d4ng 6

trdng c6y tao khung ritng thi didm ttdo

ndm 1996. Sau gin mQt thSp kfi, mdi quan

he ddi tdc oi hgp thc nhy odn oitng chdc.

-\€>

138 7P

TRdNG RTJNG NTilJ TH6 NAO

LAM vrEc vdr cONG D6Nc

^^.MVC 3 - LAP KE HO4.CH LA QUAN TRONG

Kd hoach dd 6n x6c dinh muc dich cia mQt drr dn phuc hdi rdng, ndi dti 6n se di6n ra vhcdch dti dn sE ddoc thuc hien. D6 le tai h6u c6ng t6c, cho ph6p sila ddi theo y kidn d6ng g6pctia c6c b6n li6n quan khi c6 th6ng tin mdi, nhrrng m6i b6n th6o dd duoc cAp nhAt phii thd hiensti nht't tri cria c6c b6n 1i6n quan tai thdi didm d6. Hdnh d6ng ghi ch6p vd cAp nhat m6t dd angirip moi ngtrdi tAp trung chti 1i vd c6c vt'n dd quan trong nhti ai sE thric hi6n, dia didm, thdigian vi c6ch thtlc vd chi phi vO thdi gian, nhAn c6ng vd tiAn cria.

MQt kd hoqch dd 6n bao gdm nhffng gi?

MQt kd hoach drr 6n ph6i bao g6m c6c

muc dich drroc trinh biy 16 rdng, m6 tA vd diabin tr6ng cAy, c6c phriong ph6p c6 thd dtiocsr? dung dd phuc hdi rdng tr6n clia bln vd m6tquy trinh cdc hoat d6ng thtic hi6n nhrlngphr.ror:rg phdp d6. Kd hoach cring g6m c6 trt)1i6u nhu cAu nhAn ltic vd chi phi cho m5i hoatd0ng.

C6c mgc ti6u - vi sao?

T{t ci c6.c hoat dQng d6u phu thu6c viomuc ti6u cria drr 6n. Vi vAy, di6u quan trongld chfng phii dtioc x6c dinh 16 vd thd hiOn stinhdt tri cria c6c b6n 1i6n quan. PhAn mO t6muc ti6u ciia drr 6n phAi n6i 16n lf do thrichi6n phuc h6i rtng, c6c kdt qu6 dti kidn ctiadti 6n (nhtl lAm sin, ntidc, nhtt'ng loi ich vdchinh tri) vd ai s€ ld ngridi dddc 1di trY c6c kdtqu6 d6.

Md ta dfa bin - d dAu?

MQt b6o c6o chi tiSt vd didu tra dia bin(xem PhAn 7, rngc 1) ld m6t hop phAn rdt quantrong ctia kd hoach dtt 6n, do d6 vdn dd chiSmhrlu dt't da dddc gi6i quy6t holn todn vd moingtidi d6u hidu vd quy m6 khu vtic sE drioctr6ng. PhAn ndy trong kd hoach ph6i bao g6mmot ben d6 ph6c hoa vd dia bin (bing dungcu dinh vi dia ly hay bAn d6 toa d6) vi 6Lnh

vO dieu kitrn ban d6u cua dia ban.

Phdong phnp - bing c6ch nio?

Xem x6t lai cdc ki thuAt kh6c nhau driocm6 td trong cudn s6ch ndy vi ghi ch6p c6chniLo md ciic b6n li6n quan nhdt tri li thich hopnht't dd dat dtioc muc tiOu cia du 6n, c6 tinhddn c6c didu ki6n ban dAu cfia dia bin tr6ng.

Lich trinh lim vi6c - Khi nio?

M6t vi du vd lich trinh lim vi6c sE drloctrinh biy trong trang tiSp theo. Khi c6c

phtlong ph6p ddoc stl dung da dtioc nht't tri,chring phdi drroc chuydn ddi thanh m6t loatc6c nhi6m vu vdi ngdy thric hi6n c6c nhi6m vud6. Sau d6, tuech nhi6m thlic hien trlng nhiOmvu se dtloc phAn bd girta cdc bOn liOn quan.Vi6c d6nh gi6. thfp tdng thdi gian thdc hiencdc dtt dn phuc h6i rting lh l6i thuong gap.Ndu cAy duoc tr6ng tai dia phrrong ttl hatgidng, vi6c xAy dtlng vtidn rldm vi thu h6i hatphAi b5t dAu 18 th6ng ddn 2 ndm trddc ngiytr6ng cAy dAu ti6n theo dti kidn.

SE cAn bao nhi6u ngddi - li ai?

Phuc h6i rtng li c6ng vi6c ndng nhocnhung ddi v6i bdt ctt nhiOm vu kh6 khdn mdddnh gi6 thi vi6c chia s6 cdng vi6c cho nhi6ungddi kh6ng nhttng giam bdt gdnh ndng mdcdn trd thinh mdt c6ng viOc thri vi mang tinhxd h6i. Ltlgng nhAn c6ng s5n c6 1A nhAn tdthidt ydu x6c dinh di6n tich ddi da c6 thdtr6ng cdy hing ndm.

Cdc kd hoach ldn vdi cdc muc ti6u dAytham vong trong vi6c tr6ng cAy lai ngay trOndiOn tich ldn thtidng thdt bai do chring kh6ngtinh ddn ndng L-tc c6 han cria ngtidi dAn diaphddngu nhitng ngddi sE thttc hiOn lim c6 vichdng chdy. M6i ndm, tr6ng cAy d nhrlng diOntich nh6 (c6 thd dddc ldc luong nhAn c6ng s5nc6 tai dla phtiong chdm s6c m6t cdch thichd6ng) trong nhi6u ndm cdn tdt hon ld tr6ngcAy tr6n di6n tich ldn ngay mdt ldc vd c6c cAy

tr6ng bi chdt do thidu su chdm s6c.

Tr6ng vd sau d6 Id chdm s6c cAy, ddcbiet la phdng chdng chdy, thuong duoc tdchrlc drrdi hinh thrlc cdc hoat ddng cdng ddng,c6 nghra ld uf ban cia ling y6u cAu m6i giadinh trong ling ctl mot ngtidi ldn lim vidctrong ngdy mi theo lich trinh nhi6m vu phiidrroc thrrc hi0n. Do vAy, di6n tich tdi da c6 thdtrdng phu thu6c vdo sd c6c hQ tham gia. Khiquy m6 c6ng d6ng tang, 'tinh kinh td ctla quym6' ph6t huy t6c dung, c6 nghia ld ddi vdidi6n tich dt't tr6ng r6ng hon cAn it dAu vdo laod6ng tri c6c h6 gia dinh hon.

Nhu cAu lao d6ng cho hAu hdt c6c nhi6mvu (trtl vi6c phdng chdng chdy) phg thu6c vdo

TRdNG RUNG NHU THfi NAo t39

LAM VIEC VOI CONG EdNG

Bing 8.1. M6t vi du v6 lich trinh c6ng tic. Khi c6c ngiy ddhi6n c6c nhi6m vu, th6m m6t c6t ttd ghi lai ngtidichfc m6i nhi6m vu.

ddgc t'n dinh dd thtrcs6 chiu tr6ch nhi6m td

Thdi gian so vdi hoatdQng tr6ng cAy dAu ti6n

Hinh d6ng

tnidc 2 ndm Dat drioc su nhdt tri cria c6c b6n 1i6n quan. Du' th6o kd hoach dd 6n deutiOn. Bdt dAu xAy dting vtidn Lidm (PhAn 6, muc 1)

trrldc 18 th6ng gdt dAu thu h6i hat vd s6n xudt cAy con (PhAn 6, muc 2)

trrldc 12-18 th6ng Hoin tdt 6 tr6ng trong ndm dAu ti6n (PhAn 7, muc 1)

trtidc 6 th6ng Kidm tra sd cAy con s5n sdng dd tr6ng. Thay bing cdc cAy con c6 ngu6ngdc tr} dia phtiong trong cdc vridn tioTn kh6c ndu cAn thidt

trr.ldc 2 th6ng Bdt dAu qu6 trinh ldm cho cAy crlng cdp (PhAn 6, muc 7),Iidn h0 vdi ngdditinh nguyOn tr6ng cAy

tni6c 6 tuAn PhAn ranh gi6i 6 tr6ng, d6nh dt'u ngu6n tdi sinh rtng td nhi6n vi c5t c6

s6t mdt ddt lnfLAn 7, rnuc 2)

trtldc 1 th6ng D6n nhin cAy con dd gi6m s6t, chuAn bi vAt liQu tr6ng, phun thudc diQt c6

(glyphosate) d6'i vdi c6 nh( ch6i lai (phAn 7, muc 2)

tnldc 1 ngdy VAn chuydn cAy con vd tdt cA c6c thiSt bi vd nguyOn liOu tr6ng cAy khdcddn 6 trdng, chi dAn cho tnidng nh6m trdng cAy (phAn 7, muc2)

Sau 1-2 ngdy Tr6ng cAy - dAu mia mria (Th6ng 6 6 phia b5c Th6i Lan) (PhAn 7, muc 3)

Sau 1-2 tuAn Kidm tra chdt ltiong tr6ng, di6u chinh cAy con dr.idc tr6ng kh6ng dirng c6ch

vi chuydn r6c kh6i dia bdn trdn-g

Trong mtia mda dAu ti6nsau khi tr6ng

Thu thAp sd hqu theo ranh gidi vd cAy dd gi6m s6t (chidu cao...) (PhAn 7,

muc 5)

Cudi mia mr.ia dAu ti6n Ldm c6 vi b6n phAn crl 4-6 tuAn m6t lAn theo nhu cAu (PhAn 7, muc 4)

g5t dAu mria kh6 dAu ti6n Gi6m s6t tf 16 sdng vd sd ph6t tridn ciia cAy (PhAn 7, muc 5)

Cudi mia kh6 dAu ti6n DAp tdt nguy cd ch6y, td chilc tuAn tra chdng ch6y (PhAn 7, m:uc 4)

Sau 1 ndm Gi6m s6t tf 16 sdng vd sr.i ph6t tridn ctia cAy (PhAn 7, mu.c 5)

Llm c6 vA b6n phAn (PhAn 7, rrlc 4)

D6nh gi6 nhu cAu duy tri hoat d6ng tr6ng cAy

Sau mia mtia thf hai Tidp tuc tr6ng - ndu cAn

Sau khi kdt thdc mtla mtiathf hai

Gi6m s6t tf 10 sdng vd sti ph6t tridn cria cAy (gieim sat vio thoi didm niysE c6 thd du b6o tdt nhdt vd tna*r c6ng x6t vA mdt tdng thd)

C6c ndm tidp theo Tidp tuc ldm c6 trong mia mda ndu cAn, ddn khi kh6p t6n hoAn toin. Gi6ms6t sri phuc h6i da dang sinh hoc vh tiSp tuc gi6m s6t cAy tr6ng ndu cAn

(PhAn 7, muc 4-5)

di6n tich tr6ng (nhri di6n tich cAy trdng cingldn thi cAn nhiAu lao ddng tinh theo nghyhon). Dd phdng chdng ch6y, cAn cdc nh6mg6m khoing 8 ngtidi canh gdc trtic ci d6m vA

ngiy, kh6ng phu thu6c vio quy m6 6 trdng(ttt 1 ddn kho6ng 50 rai). Ddi vdi cdc diOn tich

nh6, vi6c phdng chdng ch6y stl dung nhidulao dQng hon so vdi tt't c6 c6c hoat d6ng kh6c

cOng lai. O nhdng c6ng d6ng ldn ho'n, vi6cchia s6 nhi6m vu phdng chdng chdy gir-Ta

nhi6u hd hon ii gi6m d6ng kd dAu vho lao

ddng tinh tr6n m5i h6 (Xem bAng 8.3).

>6-u

t40 TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THE NAO

LAM VIEC VdI CONG DdNG

C6ng vi6c phg thu6c vio di6n tichtr6ng

Lao d6ng theo ngiLytr6n 1 rai

Tdng lao dQng tinh theongiy cAn cho di6n tich...

Ndmtr6ng cAy

dAu ti6n

Ndm trdngcAy thld 2

tidp theo

Chudn bi dia biLn 4 ngndi/rail 4 0 4 40 200

Irong cay B cAylngudi /1htrong 6h500ctiy / rai2 10 0 10 100 500

Lim c6 viL b6n phAr 4 ngndi/ni3 lAn trong 1 ndml 12 t2 24 240 1200

Gi6m s6t 2 ngndi/rai(kh6ng bdt buoc;a 4 2 6 12 24

Chiy rrlng (2 nim) Phu thu6c viory le bd rtng: diOn ticha 4 t2 28

T6'ng c6ng vi6c phu thudcvio di6n tich trdng>> 48 404 1952

pHoNG cHdNG cHAy (DrEN ricn poc rApl NimdAu ti6n

Nim th(ihai

1 rai 10 rai 50 rai

D6i tuAn tra vichtra chiy

90 ngiy, 8 ngridi/ngdy phu tr6ch tdi cla 50 rai 720 720 t440 1440 1440

nTONG>> 1488 1844 3392

B6ng 8.2. - Lao d6ng ti6c tinh theo ngdy ddih6i cho m5i nhiem vu phuc h6i nlng trong 2

ndm. Tdt cd nhi6m vu, trrl phdng chdng ch6y,ddu phu thu6c vio di6n tich tr6ng. Rai li donvi chudn do di6n tich ddt ctia Th6i Lan, bing40 x 40 m. I ha = 6.25 rai.

1 Didu chinh theo mdt d6 c6.2 Gia- ndu c6 c6c cAy phrit sinh tri nhiOn hay gdc

cdy cdn s0'ng.3 Gia* ddi vdi di6n tich r6ng hon bing c6ch chi thr?

nghiOm tr6n vii rai4 Phu thu6c vio hinh d6ng cria 6 vi phAn 65 Y6r.Au ci ngiy vi d6m.

Khi brt dAu dti dn phuc hdi rrlng, c6cb6n 1i6n quan phii dtioc bidt vd c6c cam kdtlao d6ng trong tr6ng vi chim s6c cAy ddn khikh6p t6n, sau d6 kh6ng cAn b6o tri nt1a.

Ngtidi lap k6 hoach cho dri 6n ciing phiigi6i quydt c6c vt'n dd chinh ydu nhti vd 1ao

d6ng tinh nguyQn hay tri tidn c6ng hdng ngdycho lao d6ng. Ndu tri c6ng hing hdng, chi phiIao d6ng s6 chi phdi ngAn s6ch. Theo kinhnghiOm ciia FORRU, n6u dAn ldng thric sr.I

d6nh gi6 cao ldi ich cria phuc h6i rdng dem d6ncho ttng gia dinh cflng nhu c6ng d6ng, hothrJdng sin ldng ldm viOc tinh nguyOn. Do vi6cphdng chdng ch6y mang lai loi ich ldn ngaytntdc mXt cho cA c6ng d6ng, n6n dAy ld hoat

B6ng 8.3 - Lao d6ng theo ngiy tinh trOn m6i hO

dd thtt'c hi6n phuc h6i rdng trong diOn tich tti1-50rai (c5 c6 phdng chdng chdy) trong 2 nim.

Sd hQ trong cQng d6ng

DT trdng (rai) 10 50 100 200

1 749 30 15 7

5 165 J.) 76 8

10 l84 J/ 1B 9

25 48 24 1.2

50 339 68 34 t7

dQng thu htlt nhidu lao d6ng tinh nguyOn nh61t.

BAng 8.2 di6n tA mAu h5 trd tffi to6n nhu cAu

lao d6ng trong 2 nim dAu sau khi tr6ng. Sau

d6, nhu cAu lao d6ng gi6m d6ng kd vd thayddi, phu thudc vlo miic d6 kh6p t6n vd mAt d6c6. Do vAy, ttY ndm thtl 3 trd di, lao ddng ldmc6... phAi dddc denh gi6 lai m6t c6ch ri6ng 16

phu thuQc vdo didu ki6n ctia m5i 6 tr6ng.N6u c6ng vi6c cho ld hoat ddng c6ng

d6ng thi m5i ho gia dinh theo yOu cAu phAi cr?

m6t ngrldi thdc hiCn trlng hoat ddng, tdng khdiltlong c6ng viOc tinh theo h6 se gi6m n6u sd h6trong cdng ddng ting. Bing 8.3. cho thdy nhucAu lao ddng trong m6i h6 tinh theo ngdy choc6c di6n tich ddt trdng kh6c nhau trong 2 nim.

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAO }"-P

r4t

/\PHAN 9

&w5r"'.

\,

^1

P

cAc ro,A.r cAy rAo KHUNG nUNc pHUC vupHUC u6r nrlruc d puie rAc mrAr rau vA

cAc vilNc rAN cAN

s\'|,a

;1i ls 'l

$r{ ffi*x P& a,ti

NHIING vfiu rd cril MOr roAt cAY rAo KHUNG ntlNc nrFu QuAl

T1j k sdng ad tiing tridng cao sau khi tr6ng ra ngoii trong diAu kien khic nghi€t cia dia bhn mdt ritng od s1t phdt tridn

ctia tdn cdy rQng ztd diiy dd tqo bdng rdm cho c6. Nhttttg ciy didi dny dqc ch4p sau khi trdng 17 thdng.

AcrocarpusFraxinifolius, Melia toosendan

cao 4m sau 17 thdng. t! lQ sdng >90ok; crto

5-7 m

Gmelina arborea. Ld rQng cho tdn Spondias axillaris'

diy ztit tqo b6ng rim rQng > 3 m chac thdn c|y thdp tqo

broad. nhi6u tdn

Cdc

n€n

Cung cdp hoa giiLu mdt, qud giiu dinh drting hoqc li noi chim cd thd tiim td dd thu hit cdc d6ng aQt phdt tdn hqt trong

thdi k! diu

Hoa giiiu mQt ci c|yAcrocarpus fraxinifo-lius Gnh tr€n) nhtmOt nam chdm hilt cdc

nhd d6ng'oQt phit tinhqt. Hoa cny

Erythrinn subumbrans(dnh trdi) sdu khitrdng 4 thdng.

Hoa od qui cdq Prunus cerasoides Gnh trii phla tr€n) rtd

td chim Gnh tr€n b€n phdi) sau khi tr6ng 3 ndm.

Sung (trdi) - thitc dn quan

trong cia cdc lodi phdt tdn

hqt trong A tu6ng.

O6 trdng trong oidn idm

Cdc ky thuQt don gidn c6 thd thic ddy sq sdn xudt cfia cdy.

Vi dq, khia od cttng cia hqt Afzelia xylocarpa Gnh tr€n)lim gidm trqng thdi ngti til >1 ndm xudng cdn 19 ngdy,

giip cdy non phdt tridn ddn klch cd c6 thd dem trdng sau

khi tr6ng L4 thdng

Khi ndng tdi sinh sau hoa

hoqnCiry con Spondias axillarisc6 t! lQ sdng sau khi bi

chdy cao. CAy nny @hdi)cdn sdng sau hda hoqn chi8 thdng suu khi tr6ng. Miamllfi sau, nd moc cao hdn

2m.

CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RIJNG

cAc roAr cAv rAo KHUNG nUNc PHUC vupHUC ndr nUuc d pnia rAc rHAr raN vA

CAC VUNG LAN CAN

Trong phAn niy, chting t6i trinh bdy chi tidt vA 41 lo)i cAy rtYng xudt xt1 tr-l phia Bic ThaiLan viL hoat ddng hi6u quA trong vai trd tao khung rdng, dda tr6n c6c kdt quA cria chltdng trinhnghiOn cfu ctia FORRU ttY nim 1994 (theo ti6u chi n6u trong PhAn 5, Muc 1). Trddc khi lda chonbdt cit lodi ndo dridi day dd tr6ng, trddc ti6n phAi ch5c chdn rXng chdng ih loii bAn dia vd d6cao cria dia bdn tr6ng phi hop vdi bi6n d6 d6 cao trdng drloc loAi dr-loc chon. FORRU-CMU mdichi thf nghiOm kho6ng 400 loii cAy trong sd trCn 1.100 lodi dtidc x6c dinh tai phia BXc Th6i Lan.Do d6, c6ng viOc ciia chting t6i phAi cdn lAu nfra mdi hoirn tdt. Chting t6i vAn dang tidp tuc thuthAp cdc dtr liQu m6i vA cAp nhAt danh s6ch c6c lodi cAy tao khung rtlng dttoc khuyOn trdng. VivAy, ndu m6t loAi kh6ng duoc kd ddn 6 dAy kh6ng c6 nghia 1A kh6ng n6n tr6ng. Dd lrra chonlodi cAy, dtla vio th6ng tin mdi nhdt, hdy 1i0n lac trtic tidp vdi FORRU-CM (xem trang 200). Chdgiii v6 c6ch thrlc tidp nhAn m6i loai ddoc neu drrdi dAy.

CAy moc 6 dAu?

Thdng tin niy thu thAp ttl quAfl thd thucvQt da dang cda oia phuong vi ttl Dfi 1i6u

thttc vAt ctia CMU (dua tr6n suu tAm cria J.

F. Max- well). Xem phAn 2 vd ciic tr-) vidt tdtcria ciic loai rtlng. DBH = b6n kinh tai d6 cao

ngang ngdc.

Dic didm ndi uatz

Han chd vd kh6ng gian chi cho ph6p m6

td nhfng dac didm dac thi nhdt cfia m6i loeicAy ilrtoc trbh bAy dddi day dtra tren dAnh

916, citc loii cda CMU Herbarium. Dd c6 m6 t6dAy dii vd c6c loii, h6y tham khAo s6ch vd

quAn thd thtic vAt hay cdc s6ch thdc vAt hoc

khdc 6 nr.idc ban. Hdy xem chri giAi c6c thuAtngri thtic vAt hoc 6 tn didn thuAt ngrl cudicudn s6ch ndy.

Vi sao lai li loii cAy t4o khung rrlng?

Drt' li6u ve hoat dQng tai thdc dia dlidctrich dAn 1) ttl cdc 6 thf nghiOm cira FORRU,

hAu hdt vio cudi mtfa mda thf hai sau khitr6ng (xem PhAn 5, Muc 3). Th6ng tin v€ tinhhdp dAn cira m5i lodi cAy ddi v6i d6ng vAt

hoang di ph6Lt tdn hat thu thAp dttoc ttY quan

s6t trrlc tidp cdc 6 trong 7 ndrn sau khi trdng.RCD=b6n kinh cd 16.

CAc cAy con ph5t tridn nhd thd nlo?

Dd c6 ldi khuy6n th6ng thrldng vd c6ch

tr6ng cAy, hdy xem PhAn 6. 6 aay, chting t6itrinh biy ki thuAt cu thd cho m5i loii tr]nghiOn cit'u vridn rJoh cfra FORRU. Ddi vdi tdtcd c6c loii, thu h6i hat cira hoh 10 cAy gAn vdidia bdn tr6ng cAy dd duy tri da dang gen.

GP=t'i lC nAy mAm; MLD= d0 dai trang th6ingi trung vi (PhAn 3, muc 5); TNT=tdng thdigian d vtidn dc,rn tLY khi gieo hat ddn khi trdng6 ngodi.

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrf thdnio?

Theo ddi c6c phrlong ph6p tr6ng cAy vdchdm s6c sau d6 trong phAn 7. d dAy, chtingt6i trinh bdy mQt sd c6c y6u cAu cu thd ddi vdim6i loei hay nhilng phAn rlng ndi bat ddi vdicdc bi6n ph6p lAm sinh, drta tr6n drT 1i6u ttY 6

tr6ng tht? nghiOm ciia FORRU.

Loli cAy niy drlo. c ding vio mgc dich gi?

C6c lodi cAy tao khung nlng c6 muc dichsrl dung crlng nhtl dnng dd thric ddy phuc h6ida dang sinh hoc. Do vAy, srt ltia chon c6c

muc dich sf dung ciia m6i IoAi cdy cfrng dr.loc

trinh biy 6 dAy. Th6ng tin nAy htTu ich khi c6c

lodi cAy tao khung rtlng drtoc srl dung trongrtlng c6ng ddng. Kh6ng dr)ng thudc chfrab6nh ndu kh6ng di kh6m.

TRdNG RUNG ruTiU TTi6 NAo 145

CA( IOAI CA) I AO KHUNC RIJ\L

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight ex Arn. Sadao Chang

(LEGUMINOSAE, CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Loii cAy Mudng, thudc ho Mudng hay Vang

LA lodi cAy rung 16 theo mtia, rt't 1dn vir ddi h6i nhi6u 6nh s6ng, moc cao tdi 60m (DBH:

2,4 rn). T6n cAy gid thddng ndi len trdn tAng tdn ctia rtlng.

CAy niy moc d dAu?

O phia d6ng An DQ, nam Trung Qudc,Myanmar, Thdi Lan, Lio, ViQt Nam, Borneo,

Sumatra vd Java. Phia b5c Th6i Lan hidm c6

loii cAy ndy 6 rtYng thtidng xanh vdi c16 cao td1.000 ddn 1.200 m.

Ddc didm ndi bat cria cAy?

Ciy to hoh vdi nhidu cinh. V6 cAY: mdu

x6m vdi ddm nAu. L6: 16 d6i; phAn doan 16 4-

1.4 x 2-7 cm, hinh ova1, 16 cAynon mdu hdngvd c6 16ng. Hoa: lttdng tinh, trong cum dhyhhh triy tr6n c6c cAnh cAy kh6ng 16, c6nh hoa

d6, ra hoa td th6ng 1 ddn th6ng 3, Qu6: hinhdAu, miu den, thon ddi vi det, 8-16 x 1-2 crn;

c6 hat, 10-18 m6i qu6, hinh oval, nAu nhat 4,6-

6,8 x 3,4-4,2 mm; ra qu6 ttt th6ng 2 d6n th6ng5; ph6t t6n bdi gi6.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrrlng?

CAy A. fraxinifolius con phdt tridn nhanh(dat chiAu cao tr6n 2m vho cudi mtia mda thd2) vd ph6t tri€n tdn rong hcrn 2m, tao b6ngrAm hi6u qr-rd cho c6, nhting tjr 16 sdng chi i;

mr-lc tht'p. Lodi ndy dAm ch6i lai nhanh vd t6isinh tdt sau h6a hoan (tf 16 sdng s6t > 70ok

ddi r.di cay bi ch6y d d6 tudi 21. thdng sau khitrdng c6 RCD >20 mm). Hoa cfia n6 c6 nhiOu

mAt dd thu htit chim vd s6c lAm ndi cr.i tni.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhd thd nio?

Thu h6i qud hinh dAu, thdng 3 ddn th6ng4. Phdi kh6 chfng trong kh6ng khi ddn khichfng nrit vd nh6 hat. Ldm vd m6t phAn r'6hat b6ng c6i bdm m6ng tay hodc ngAm hat

trong axit sulphuric tt 5-10 phdt. Gieo hat

trong khay dridi n6ng; GP c.50o/o; MLD co thd

giAm xudng cdn 4 ngi1, ndu xr-l Ii nhu cech

tr6n. CAy con c6 thd dd nghiOng vi bi sAu

budm tdn c6ng, do vAy cAn thAn trong. Trdng

cAlr 66r', vAo bAu sau khi 16 d6i md vi diingtrong hdp dtidi 6nh ndng mdt trdi. CAy con

thddng moc dii cao (dat chidu cao >30 cm) dd

dem trdng ra ngoiri viLo mia tr6ng cA1, thtl hai

sau khi thu h6i hat (TNT = \5-76 thdng).Ttiong tr-i, bAo quAn hat 6 nhi6t d0 m6i trtidng,sau d6 xrl ly vd gieo vio th6ng 11.

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhtf thdnio?

Tf 16 sdng c6 thd tang m6t c:ich ddng kd

bhng c6ch d4t tt'm thdm che phfi gdc

' bAng bia ctlng tai thdi didm tr6ng vir.aia, tidp tuc lim c6 vi b6n phAn trong.- ' mia kh6.

Loii cAy niy drioc ding v)omgc dich gi?

G6 cfia cAy bAn vd c6 gi6 tri ding dd

xAy nhi vd lim d6 dac cung nhti ddocsrl dung 1dm ciri vi ldm than ctii. L6

cAy kh6 ldm thtlc dn tdt cho gia sirc.

Trdng dd 151y b6ng rAm cho cAy cd ph6,dn dinh bd s6ng vd khu dt't cao vi dd

tang nitd trong ddt.

146 TR6NG RIJNG NHU THfi NAO

cAc LoAr cAY TAo KHLnJG RiiNG

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Makah Mong

(LEGUMINOSAE, CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Loii cAy Ch te, ho Mudng

Loii cAy rung 16 theo mia, moc cao tdi 30 m (DBH ddn 1.,5 m); dddc hAt vdo loai cAy qu;i hiSmdo bi khai th6c th6i qu6 dd liy 96 quj'.

CAy niy mgc d dAu?

Khdp D6ng Nam A, trrl Nam Thdi Lan.

O phia b5c Th6i Lan, lodi cAy ndy phAn bdphd bidn d rr.ing cAy mla rung 16 h6n giao vditre nrfa, trOn d6 cao tr) 350 ddn 500 m.

Dic clidm ndi U6t cria cAy?

ThAn cdy to hdn c6 nhi6u cinh nh6. V6cAy: nAu nhat, c6 khrla sAu L6: hinh l6ng chimvdi 3-5 d6i la ch6t, phidn 16 5-9 x 4-5 cm;

thddng rung 16 vdo th6ng 1 - th6ng 2. I{oa:hinh chny, mdu d6, dai 5-15 cm long; ra hoa

tr} th6ng 3 ddn thdng 4. QuA: hinh dAu, nhu

96, n:frt, thu6n hinh elip, mdu den hodc nAu

sdrn, 2 x 1.5 cm, vdi 6o hat ldn mir ving; raqu6 vio thdng 6 tdi th6ng 3 ndm sau; nhdd6ng vflt phat tAn hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loli cAy t4o khungrrYng?

CAy con ctia A. xylocar pa drtoc trdng 6nlng kh6p bi xudng cdp, sdng tdt (ti 10 sdng>80% cudi mrla mria thr.1 hai), ph6t tridn tudngd6i chAm. Chting ph6t tridn t6n ddy vi r6ngngdn c6n c6 ph6t tridn vi li ndi ctl ngu ctiachim. Do kh6L ndng dn dinh nito, toii cAy niythich hop cho vi6c phuc h6i c6c dia bdn vtingtht'p noi dd mdu md cdra dt't tht'p.

CAy con phat tridn nhri thd nio?

Thu h6i qu6 trl mdt d61t vio th6ng 5. Phdikhd chting dddi n6ng dd chring nhA hat. Dringcon dao t6ch 6o hat ra (cdn thAn kh6ng ldmtdn hai ph6i) vA cft b6 m6t phAn v6 hat taididm cudi ddi di6n vdi didm tdch 6o hat.

NgAm hat trong midc qua d6m, sau d6 gieo

chring trtlc tiSp vdo bAu (1 hat trong 1 bAu).Hat bXt dAu n6y mAm d6ng b6 sau khi gieohat kho6ng 3 tuAn. GP = 60-70%; MLD = 19

ngdy. Lodi cAy niy d6 bi c6n tring dn 16 tdnc6ng, do vfly cAn thAn trong. CAy con c6 thd

dem tr6ng viro mrla tr6ng cAy tht? hai sau khigieo hat. (TNT = L4 thing), khi cao khoing 40-

50 cm. Hat: ra hat th6ng 5, dtioc b6o quAn tdida 1 ndm d nhiet d6 m6i trtidng.

NGn trdng vi chdm s6c cAy con nhd th6nio?

Ding m6t tt'm th6m che phri gdc bXng

bia ctlng tai thdi didm tr6ng. Lim c6 vi b6nphAn ndu cAn. Gieo hat trtic ti6p rdt thich hopvdi loai cay nay.

Loii cAy niy dridc ding vio muc dichgi?

G5 ctia cAy ctlng vd hdp dAn, c6 gi6 tricao dd thm d6 dac chdt hidng cao, dnng dd

cham khdc, xAy nhi v) 16t ndn. Nridc 6p tLY v6cAy goi ld "catechol" dugc st? dung dd thu6cda. A. xyloxar pa dn dinh nito vd do vAy thichhop trong viQc cii tao ddt vd cho n6ng lArn

nghiOp. Nhidu bd phAn cfia cAy c6 thd dingdd chd thudc.

TR6NG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO L47

CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNC RilNC]

Archidendron clypearia (jack) Niels. Mah Kham Pae

(LEGUMINOSAE, MIMOSOIDEAE)Loii cAy M6n clia, thu6c ho Trinh nf

CAy nh6, dddi ten nlng, chiu dtioc b6ng rAm, xanh 16 quanh nim, cao nhdt 1A 15 m.

CAy niy moc d dAu?

Td Sri Lanka, An dO, Myanmar qua

mi6n Nam Trung Qudc, D6ng Nam A,Malaysia, Indonesia vi Philippines. O phiabic Thrii Lan, ioii cAy niy phAn bd phd bidn6 rtlng thudng xanh, 6 dd cao ttY 1.000 ddn1.650 m. XAm chiSm ddt hoang m6t c6ch tttnhi6n sau khi canh t6c ngdng dttoc 3 ndm.

Dic atidm ndi bat cria cAy?

V6 cAy: miLu nAu d6 ndi bAt vdi gi6nghinh chit chi. L6: 16 d6i, dei 15-50 cm; 16 ch6tddi nhau, 16 phia tr6n r6ng nh{t, 4-7 x 2-3 cm;

phiSn 16 trddng thiinh mau xanh xim phiatr6n, c6 16ng phia dddi, cudng 16 ggn/c6 gd.

FIoa: cum rQng dAm nhinh; miu trdng hodc

virng nhat; ra hoa ttlf th6ng 2 tdi th6ng 3. QuA:quA dAu, viing cam khi chin, thdnh m6ng, ntlthinh xodn dc dd 1o hat hinh oval mhu den

b6ng (6-8 hat m5i qu6); ra qui tti th6ng 3 tdith6ng 6; ph6t t6n bdi gi6.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrdng?

CAy con A. clypearia sdng tdt sau khitrdng (tf 10 sdng > 70% vio cr.rdi mria mrla thtthai). DAu ti6n, chring ph6t tridn chAm, nhdngting nhanh hoh 2-3 nim sau khi tr6ng. Chringra hoa vi qui vho ndm thit 4 sau khi tr6ng ve

sin sinh ciy con thd ho thf hai, sdng tdt dddib6ng rAm cda 6 tao khung rtlng sau khi trdng6 ndm trd di. TAp doirn c6c loii cAy kh6c ph6ttridn d dtidi tdn cAy cira cAy A. clypearia di c5

thd quan s6t dttoc sau khi tr5ng 3 ndm. Khindng dn dinh nito' ctia cAy lim cho n6 thichhop cho vi6c cii thi6n ddt tai nhtlng khu vticbi xudng cAlp.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhrt' thd nio?

Thu h6i quA chin tti cAy bd me ttl thing5 ddn th6ng 6. T6ch hat td trong qu6, ngAmchlhng trong nddc qua d€m vi gieo chr1ng

trong khay dudi 6nh s6ng dAy dil. GP thridngttlr 50-70%; MLD = 14 ngiy. Biing cAy con sau

khi d6i 16 dAu ti6n md r6ng. CAy con s5n singdr,Ioc dem tr6ng vio mtia tr6ng cAy thr-1 haisau khi niy mAm, chi chting cao khoAng 30

cm (TNT = 13-14 thdng).

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c ciy con nhrlthd nio?

Loii cAy niy phdt tridn tdt ndu c6 tdmbia cdng che phii gdc xung quanh cAy

tai thdi didm tr6ng.

Lohi cAy niry dtfoc dtng vlo mucdich gi?

G6 cr.ia cAy lAm dd g6, d6 dac, hing rio,dung cu gia dinh, thring, h6p vi crii.

-\r--

148 o1

I/TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAO

CAC IOAI ( 4Y TAO KHIJ\C RLINC

; " Balakata baccata (Roxb.) Ess.

: (EUPHORBIACEAE)i ' M6t trong cdc loii cAy thu6c ho ThAu dAu: fr} ddng nghia: Sapium baccatun Roxb.

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

Td phia d6ng Himalayas rri Phia bdc AnD6 ddn Nam Trung Qudc, Myanmar, Th6i Lanvir sAu xudng phia D6ng Nam ddn b6n d6oMalaysia, Sumatra vir Borneo. O mi6n BXc

Th6i Lan, lodi cAy ndy phAn bd phd bidn drrlng h6n giao vd rrYng thddng xanh, 6 dd cao

400 ddn 1.350 m, thlidng doc sudi d d6 cao

thdp hon.

Dic didm ndi bat cria cAy?

V6 cAy: diy, xti xi, nt?t theo chidu doc,hoi den. L6 x6p hinh xodn dc,16 don; phi6n 16

6van hay etip, thtidng tr5ng nh6lt 6 phia dtidi,8-18 x 3-B cm. Hoa: nh6, don tinh, moc tr6ncdnh tr6ng nhrf cum; ra hoa trl thdLng 2 ddnth6ng B. Qu6: quA hach, diy ctii, gidng hinhcAu, mlru tim sAm khi chin, 1.4,9 x 14,3 x 1,2,1

mm; b6t miu trfng vA c5 xo; 1-2hat den trong1 qu6 (5,3 x 4,2 x 4,1 mm); ra qu6 tr} th6ng 4

ddn thdng 12; phdt t6n bdi s6c vA chim.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii ciy tao khungrrlng?

Mdc di tli 16 sdng cia cAy con B. baccatad6i khi chi 6 tht'p nhrrng nhr1ng cAy sdngthddng moc rdt nhanh, cao trung binh >3 mvdi t6n r6ng 2,5-m vio cudi mrfa mda tht? hai.DAm nhinh 0,5 -1,0 m tr6n mdt ddt, cho t6ndiy, tao b6ng rAm cho c6 rt't hiOu qui vi limndi trd ngu cfia chim ngay ndm thrl hai sau

khi trdng. Qu6 thu hlit chim vd d6ng vAt c6vti. CAy con ctia loii kh6c thidt lAp tr6n t6ncfia B. baccata vAo ndm thtl 5 sau khi tr6ng.


Thu h6i qu6 chin (mdu tim) vio Th6ng 7.

NgAm chting trong nlidc trong 48h vi ldmsach cii. Phoi hat ct?ng drr6i ndng, sau d6 gieochting trong khay dlidi 6nh s6ng dAy dii. N6ymAm d6ng ddu vd 1i6n tuc trong 16 tuAn. GP

Salee Nok

Cay phd bidn, ldn, ti€n phong, xanh quanh nim, chiAu cao tdi da 25 m (DBH ddn 60 cm)

cao nhdt 70%; MLD thtldng ld 60-70 ngiy. Cdycon thttdng d6 bi gay thAn, bi sAu brtdm tdnc6ng vd vi khudn lim lui, do vQy cAn thAntrong. Bfng cAy sau khi le d6i dAu ti6n mdr6ng. CAy con thtidng sin sing drtOc demtr6ng vdo mtia tr6ng cAy thf nhdt sau khi nAymAm (TNT = 12 theng). CXt tia sE lAm chdtcay.

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhtl thdnio?

CAy con ciia lodi ndy c6 thAn ydu, cAn

chdm s5c cdn thdn trong khi vAn chudn vh coc

d6 c5 thd lim giAm tj. 16 chdt sau khi tr6ng.Kh6ng bao gid tr6ng B. baccata vio thdng 5

khi trdi rAm. Thich hop cho gieo hat trtic ti5p.

Loii cAy niy drfoc dr)ng vio muc dichoi2

Lodi ndy c6 thAn xdp, kh6ng bdn, dringtrong xAy dttng tam thdi, ldm h6p vi gi6, Quidn drtoc. V6 cAy ldm nguy€n li6u cho m6tsd bdi thudc truydn thdng.

rndNC RIJNG NHIJ THE NAo 149

cAc LoAI cAY TAo KHLING RIING

Bischofia jaoanica Bl. Dteum

(EUPHORBIACEAE)CAy Nh6i, ho ThAu dAu

Cdy ldn, phd bi6n, cAn nhi6u 6nh s6ng, xanh quanh nam (hay trao ddi 16), chi6u cao tdi da 35

m (DBH 80 cm).

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

TtY Himalayas tdi Trung Qudc, Ddng

Nam A, D6ng A, bdc Uc vd d6o Th6i Binh

Dddng crLa Tonga vi Samoa' d mi6n bicTindiLan, loii cAy niy phAn bd 6 rrlng thddng

xanh, rrYng h5n giao vd rrlng cAy nr?a rung 16

h5n giao vdi tre nrla, doc sudi d d6 cao 525

ddn 1.250 m.

Dic .lidm ndi U6t c.6.a ciY?

V6 cAy: m6ng, x6 thing,'nau d6, d6 xAm

L6: x6p xofn, ba 16 ch6t; phiSn 16 hinh tnlnghay elip, kh6ng c6 16ng, 6,5-1.4,5 x 3,5-6,5 crr.;

thay 16 td th6ng 2 ddn th6ng 3 A dq cao thdp'

Hoa: nhiAu d chny n6ch ld, ving xanh, kh6ng

c6 cdnh hoa, dii 2 mrn; ra hoa td th6ng 2 ddn

th6ng 3. Qu6: kh6 ddy cii, qu6 hach, gAn hinh

cAu, nAu den khi chin, 5-10 x 5-10 mm; 3 ho4c

4 ngin trong m6t quA, m5i ngdn chtla 2hat; ra qui trY th6ng 6 ddn th6ng

2; nhd dQng vAt Ph6t t6nhat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loli cAy t4o khungrrlng?

Tf 10 sdng ciia cdy con thddng cao (t1i 1Q

s6ng 60-80% vdo cudi mria mtia thtl hai),

nhung ph6t tridn chQm. Td chim 6 loii cAy

ndy xudt hi6n vdo ndm tht1 5 sau khi trdng vd

c6 qu6 trong vdng 6 ndm' Tuydn lda td nhien

c6c loAi cAy di6n ra drrdi tzin nhfrng cAy 6 ndm

tudi. N6 dAm chdi lai vd sdng tdt sau h6a

hoan (>80% cAy bi ch6y 33 th6ng sau khi tr6ng

cdn sdng; RCD>20 mm).

CAy con ph6t tridn nhri thd nio?

Thu h6i qui chin viro th6ng 10 (clng sdm

cnng tdt). L)m vd chdng dd ldy hat trong m6t

c6i rAn drrdi midc ch6y. Phoi kh6 dtidi nfngvir gieo hat ndng vdi tf 16 1:1 dt't rrlng vi c6t,

dd tr6nh bi thdi rung. Niy mAm d6ng loat,

1i6n tidp trong 6 tuAn. GP cao nhdt 80%; MLD

= 26 ngdy. Btlng cAy sau khi 16 d6i dAu tiOn

md r6ng. B6n phAn rdt quan trong. Lodi cAy

ndy bi sAu btldm ph6 hoai ldm cho 16 xoan'

Ti0u hiiy cAy bi b6nh vd phun thudc cho cAy

cdn s6ng. Ndu duoc b6n phAn, cAy con sdn

sAng drrgc dem tr6ng vho mtfa tr6ng cAy thtlnhdt(TNT=9thang).

NOn trdng vh chim s6c cAy con nhtf thdnho?

B. javanica ph6t tridn tdt ndu c6 tdm bia

cfng che phii gdc vd dt{oc b6n phAn. DAm b6o

rlng cAy con kh6ng bi c6c cAy lAn cAn che

khut't.

Loii cAy n}y ddqc dtmg vho mgc dich gi?

G5 dnng trong xAY dqng, ldm xd, ldt ndn,

d6 dac, d6 96 vd than ctii, crlng dtigc dnng dd

sin xudt gidy. Y6 cAy ldm thudc nhuQm miud6 vd chtla tannin.

TRdNG RTJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

CAC LOAI CAY T4o KHLD'IG RUNG

GAGACEAE)Cay D6, m6t trong c6c lodi cAy thuQc Ho D6

CAy kich thri6c trung binh, xanh quanh ndm, chi6u cao t6i da 25 m (DBH 1 m).

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

TrI d6ng bdc Trung Qudc, Dii Loan, Th6iLan, b6r. dAo Malaysia, lava, Sabah, Sulawesivd Papua New Guinea. d midn bfc Th6i Larulodi cAy niy phAn bd nhi6u 6 rdng thttdngxanh, rtlng thrrdng xanh h6n giao vdi thong vdrtYng h6n giao 6 dO cao 760 d6n 2.100 m.

Dic didm ndi U6t c6a ciy?

V6 cdy: nAu x6m, ddy, x6 ctlng. L6: dorrxodn; phidn 16 vdm 10-15 x 3-5 cm; phiSn ldtnidng thinh c6 m)u xanh sAm 6 tr6n, mhuxanh nhat vdi r6i r6c c6 l6ng ngdn, miu trdng6 dddi. Hoa: chi.y rAm, mdu kem, dii c.5 mm;ra hoa ttl6ng 12 ddn th6ng 2. QrA: hat ct1ng, 8-

1.0 x 7-8 mm, kh6p chdt trong mdt qu6 ddu(ddi c.1 cm), nAu s6ng khi chin; ra qu6 th6ng9 ddn th6ng 10; nhd ddng vdt phet tdn hat.

Vi sao loli cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrfrng?

CAy con C. acuminatissima sdng tdt vhphdt tridn nhanh sau khi tr6ng (ndu drioc che

phri gdc. tf 16 sdng > 70o/"; dat chiAu cao >2,5

m; dO r6ng t6n >1,3 m vdo cudi mia mria thrlhai). Chfng drroc ding ldm td chim tr} 2,5

ndm sau khi tr6ng. Lodi ndy d6 ding dAmch6i tai ginp tdi sinh nhanh sau h6a hoan.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhrJ thd nio?

Thu h6i qu6 ndu vdo thiing 10. Loai b6qu6 dt'u. Th6 hat vdo nridc vd loai b6 hat chdtndi. Gieo hat trong khay dddi m6t phAn b6ngr6m. GP thr.rdng 50%; MLD = 13 ngay, nhrrngniy mAm ddng ddu vd c6 thd n6y mAm liOntidp trong 60 ngdy.

Gaw Duey

Brlng cAy con sau khi ld dOi dAu ti6n mdrQng. CAy con sin sing ddoc dem tr6ng viomia tr6ng cAy thrl hai sau khi nAy mAm (TNT

= 21thefug).

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c cAy con nhri thdnio?

Lodi niy d6p l;:ng tdt trddc tdm bia ctlngche phri gdc ddt xung quanh cAy tai thdididm tr6ng.

Loli cAy niy ddoc ding vio muc dichgi?

Hat 5n dddc. LA kh6 c6 thd lim thrlc dngia sfc. G5 thich hop cho xAy drrng vi lAm ctiitdt. O midn b5c Th6i Lan, c5t canh dd mocndm. V6 c6y chtla tannins, gitip nhuAn trdngvd d6i khi dttoc nhai nhu trAu.

TRdNG RIJNG NHI.J TH6 NAo 1s1


CAy kich thridc trung binh, chiu dlidc b6ng rAm, xanh quanh ndm, chiau cao tdi da 18 m (DBH

70 cm).

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.

(FAGACEAE)CAy Kha thu, TAt 16, thu6c ho D6

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

Td Himalayas ddn Trung Qudc,Myanmar vd D6ng Nam A. d mi6n bic Th6iLan, lodi cAy n)y phAn bd nhi6u 6 rrlng h5ngiao vA flIng thlidng xanh h6n giao vdi th6ng,

d ct6 cao 650 ddn 1.650 m.

D{c didm ndi Uat cria ciy?

V6 cdy: mdLu x6m cten haY nAu, dAi, nftdoc.. L6: x6p xodn, don; phidn 16 thu6n hay

vdm, m6p c6 rdng ctia n6ng hddng vd dinh,mdt trOn xanh sAm vA b6ng, mdt dtidi xanh

s6ng bac hay miu vAng, 10-16 x 2,5- 5,5 cm.

Hoa: ddn tinh, 6 n6ch 16; nhidu hoa duc, thom

ng6t; kh6 thdy hoa cdi; ra hoa ttY th6ng 4 tdith6ng 5. Qu6: qu6 hach, gAn hinh cAu, khi chin

mhu nAu, 7,2 x 6,4 x 5,9 mm, kh6p kin hoAn

todn trong qu6 dt'u c6 gai dai 3-5 mm; m6tqu6 hach cho mQt hat; ra qui nhi6u nhdt trith6ng 9 ddn th6ng 11, nhttrg kh6ng phii ndm

ndo cfrng ra qu6; ph6t t6n bdi cAy hticrng vd

cdc d6ng vat khec.

Gaw Bai Liam

Vi sao loAi cAy niy li loii cAy t4o khungrrlng?

CAy con C. tribuloides dat t1y' 10 sdng rt'tcao vh tf 16 tdng trddng 6 mrlc chdp nhAn

drJdc sau khi trdng (tf le sdng > 7oo/o; datchi6u cao >1,5 m vdo cudi mria mtia tht1 hai).

Mnc dtl vAy, ban dAu, t6n thddng hep, nhring

chting vAn tao b6ng rAm hi6u quA cho c6. Ra

hoa trl ndm thr.l 3 sau khi tr6ng vd ra qu6 ttindm thrl 5. N6 chlu lt?a d4c biet tdt, nhanhdAm ch6i lai. N6 crlng dtioc t6i sinh tdt h.I hat.

N6 chiu drroc b6ng r6m tdt v) lf tddng cho

vi6c thtic ddy tr6ng cAy phia dudi m6t tAng

t6n rtlng dd dtioc thidt lAp.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhtf thd nio?

Thu h5,i qud hach mdu nAu vdo th6ng 9'

Loai b6 qu6 dAlu, th6 quA hach vio nti6c vir

loai b6 nhtrng hat chdt ndi. Gieo qui hach

trong khay trong m6t phAn b6ng rAm. GP

thddng >80%; MLD = 31 ngay; n6y mAm ddng

loat, liOn tiSp trong 80 ngiy. Bttng cAy con sau

khi 16 d6i dAu ti6n md r6ng. CAy con tr6ngtrong hQp phdt tridn ch4m vd ph6i dr.loc girltrong vridn ricrrrL ddn mia tr6ng cAy thtl haisau khi nAy mAm (TNT = 22 ttrdng). Dd s6n

xudt cay con nhanh hdn, c6 gdng tr6ng cdy

non trong vridn tidm (xem hinh 6.2).

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhd thdnio?

Trdng trong b6ng rAm. Loii cAY ndY

ph6n rlng d4c biOt tdt ndu gdc dtloc che phd

bhng bia cring.

Loli cAy niy drioc ding vio muc dich gi?

G5 c6 thd ding trong xAy dting vi ldmcr.ii. Qu6 hach dn dtidc. Le khd lim thrlc dn

gia sdc. G6 muc durrc ding dd tr6ng ndm.

*.f'

152 TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO

CAC I,oA] CAY TAo KHUNG RI]NG

t..! Elaeocarpus lanceif olius Roxb.

(ELAEOCARPACEAE)Ciy c6m (m6t trong c6c lodi cAy thu6c Ho C6m)

Ciy kich thrtdc trung binh, chiu ddoc b6ng rAm,40 cm).

CAy niy moc d dAu?

Tr] Yunnan vA An D6, qua D6ng Nam Addn Indonesia. d mi6n b5c Th6i Lan, loii cAy

niy phAn bd phd bidn d nlng thddng xanh dd6 cao 900 ddn 1.550 m.

Dic tlidm ndi U4t c:i.a cdy?

V6 cAy: X6m, m6ng, hoi rdp. L6: xdpxodn, don; phidn 16 hep hinh elip hay vdmhinh trr.1ng, 8-L7 x 4-7 cm, thon d hai dAu. Hoa:htlu tinh, d n6ch 16, dei 5-72 cm; 5 ddi hoa,hinh trtlng vdm, 4-5 mm; 5 cdnh hoa, miu kemhodc miu triing, hinh trfng, dAi hdn dai hoam6t chri| ra hoa ttl th6ng 5 ddn th6ng 7. Qui:qu6 hach, hinh trtlng, mdu nAu hay miLu kemkhi chin, 3,5 x2-3 cm; ra qud tti th6ng 10 ddnth6ng 11; nhd d6ng vAt ph6t t6n hat.


CAy con E. lanceifolius dat t1y' 10 sdng rt'tcao vir tli 10 tdng tnidng cht'p nhAn dr.idc sau

khi tr6ng (tj, le sdng > 80%; dat chidu cao >1,8

m viro cudi mria mr-Ia thtl hai). Chting ph6ttridn t6n diy (>1 m), thdc ddy chidm gifikh6ng gian nhanh ch6ng. Nhi6u lodi chim vA

d6ng vAt c6 vir bi hdp dAn bdi loii niy choqui diy cii.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhti thd nio?

Thu h6i quA chin td dlidi ddt vio thdng10 hay Thdng 11. Ngdm trong mi6c qua dOm,

sau d6 chd h6t ctiri. Ding dao rach hat cfng,sau d6 lai ngAm trong ntidc qua d6m. Loai b6hat chdt ndi. Gieo hat ctlng trong khay trongb6ng rAm. GP thtidng tht'p, 25-50%; MLDthlidng fi 250-260 ngAy. Tjr 16 n6y mAm c6 thdtdng ndu thu h6i hat ctlng gid tti dtidi ddt ciia

Ma Meun, Pee Pai

xanh quanh ndm, chidu cao tdi da 20 m (DBH

cAy bd me hay bio quAn chring (trong thr.ingkh6ng nfp d nhiOt d6 m6i trtidng) trong vdithdng tnidc khi gieo. Brlng cAy con sau khi 16

d6i dAu ti6n md rdng. CAy con sin slng dttocdem tr6ng vho mtia tr6ng cAy tht? hai sau khiniy mAm (TNT = 20-21 t1n6ng). Trdng viothdng 5 vd cdt tia 16 sE girip cAy ph6t tridnnhanh hon.


Thim che phti gdc bhng bia ctlng ddtxung quanh cAy con tai thdi didm tr6ng limgi6m ddng kd ti l0 chdt sau tr6ng cr,ia lodindy. Hat rt't d6 Ui d6ng vAt gdm nhdm ph6 haido vAy kh6ng phn hop vdi gieo hat trtic tidp.

Loii cAy niy dddc ding vio mgc dichgi?

G5 x6ip vA duoc stl dung cho xAy dringquy m6 nh6, ldm h6p chE vd lAm than ctii.

QuA dn drloc.

-\."a:,."J.

kTRdNG RUNG xgU rufi xao 153


(LEGUMINOSAE, PAPILIONOIDEAE)CAy Vdng (mdt trong cdc loii thu6c Ho phu C6nh Btidm Papilionoideae

CAy khdp ti6n phong, kich thddc trung binh, chi6u cao tdi da 25 m (DBH 86 cm)

Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

TtI An D6, Myanmar vA D6ng Nam Addn Malaysia, Fiji vi Samoa. d phia bic Th6iLan, n6 moc r6i r6c d rtng ihtidng xanh vA

rdng h6n giao d d6 cao 500 ddn 1.680 m.

Dic didm ndi Uat cli,a cdy?

V6 cdy: xdp, xdm, c6 ndi sAn den. L6: xdp

xo5n, ba 16 ch6t; phidn 16 ch6t hinh trtlng, m6pnguyOn, 16 cudi 10-14 x B-12 mm. Hoa: hfrutinh, ddi 4-5 cm, cdnh hoa d6-sdng; ra hoa ttlth6ng 12 ddn th6ng 3, thrrdng kh6ng c6 16.

QuA: quA dAu, miu nAu, 15,5 x 1 cm; hat tr<Jn,

nAu sAm, hinh quA thAn, 1 x 0,9 cm; ra qu6 trith6ng 3 ddn th6ng 4; qud nhd gi6 ph6t t6n.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrdng?

CAy con E. subumbrans dat tli I0 sdng vdtf 1€ tdng tnidng rdt cao sau khi tr6ng (tjr 10

sdng > 80%; cao>2,5 m, t5,n r6ng 2,6-2,8 m vdLo

cudi mtia mua thit hai). T6n 16 r6ng vd d4cdidm rung 16 tao ldp 16 muc diy ld di6u ki6ntuy6t vdi dd hat cAy n6y mAm tr6n sin rtlng.

Tawng Lahng Bah

Chdng ra hoa, kdt quA vi hdp dAn chim limtd tt ndm thfi 4 sau khi trdng. Hoa cho mAt,

thu hi-'rt nhiOu lodi chim vd s6c. Nhrlng corr

mria hat tr) nhrlng d6ng vAt ndy g6p phAn

tuydn chon tti nhi6n tr.I nhi6u iodi xung quanhcAy E. subumbrans trong vdng 5 nAm. Li cAy

ho dAu, lodi niy bd sung nitd cho quA hach taikhu vdc c6 dt't k6m mdLu md.


Thu h6i hat tu'quA chin rung vio th6ng 3.

NgAm chring trong ntidc qua d6m. Gieo nhtlnghat bit dAu phinh ra vir loai v6 hat ch6t ndi.Gieo hat trr,ic tidp vdo bAu trong 6nh s6ng dAy

dri, vh st? dung ltldi kim loai dd bdo v0 chirngkh6i chu6t vir s6c. GP thddng trl 40-60%; MLD= 7-14 ngdy. CAn thAn trong trddc sau blidmcudn 16 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), thm rung 16

cAy con viro cudi mria. Kh6ng b6n phAn hay tiacAy. CAy con cci thd dem trdng khi cao 30 cm,

thLrring 3-4 thang :au khi nay mam.

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrJ thdnio?

CAy con E. subumbrans c6 thAn y6u, dovAy cAn cdn thAn khi xfi lj. chting. Dd bhng coc

c6 thd gi6m tjr 10 ch6t sau khi tr6ng. Chirng d6pr.1ng tdt khi drioc b6n phAn vh che phri gdc sau

khi trdng. Tuy nhi6n, cAy da trdng d6 bi c6ntrr.ing gAy hai duc 16, tham chi lim chdt cA cAy

tru'dng thinh. Kh6ng tr6ng cAy E. subumbranskhi chting c6 thd bi che khudt.

Loii cAy niy dtidc ding vio muc dichgi?

Cdt r5 cAnh cr.ia cAy E. subumbrans, khiduoc tr6ng trong dt't, dd c6 thd tao thdnh"hdng rdo sdng". G6 nhe, dttoc dting dd chamvi iim nhidu loai d6 dnng gia dinh. Le khodddc ding ldm thr.fc dn gia sr.ic.

rs4 'I"-t!/

TRONG RUNG NHIJ THfi NAO

CAC LoAI CAY TAo KHUNG RUNG

Eugenin fruticosa (DC.) Roxb. Wa Kee Cwang

(MYRTACEAE)M6t trong c6c ioii cAy thu6c Ho TrAm, hay Sim

CAy xanh quanh nim ti6n phong, kich thr.rdc nh6 trung binh, chi6u cao tdi da 12 m.

CAy niy moc d dAu?

In An D6, M).anmar, Trung Qudc vi Th6iLan. d phia b5c Th6i Lan, loAi cAy niy phAnbo pho bien o rilng thu'rlng ranh h6n giao voith6ng, rdng cAy nr.?a rung 16 vi rr.)ng cAy ntlarung 16 h6n giao vdi tre nrfa, d d6 cao 350 ddn1.525 m. N6 thtidng thiSt lAp d dia bin bi mt'tri'ng vA ld m6t trong sd c6c lodi dr,ioc sr.l dungnhi6u nht't trong sd c6c lodi tao khung rtngtai do tudi 4 ndm hoic nhidu hon.


V6 cAy: nAu sAm, bi tr6c. L5: don, xdp

ddi; phidn 16 7,5-71,5 x 3,5-6,5 cm; cudng 15 c6

c6nh nh6. Hoa: trhng hoa ving xanh; ddi hoa2-3 mm, nhi hoa b6n ngoAi vd vdi nhuy 2-4,5

mm; ra hoa th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 4. Qud: mgng,gAn hinh cAu hodc hinh tnfng, tim den khichin, B x 13 mm, v6 quA nhi6u nr,idc; m6t hattrong m6t qu6, xanh hoic nAu nhat, 8 x 6-7

mm; ra quA td thring 5 ddn th6ng 7; nhd d6ngvat ph6t t5n hat.


CAy con E. fruticosa dtioc tr6ng c6 tj. 10

sdng vi tli 16 tdng trridng cht'p nhAn drioc (tj,16 sdng td 60 - 70'%; dat chidu cao >1.,6 m; tlncAy >1 m viLo cudi mia mua thit hai). T6n 16

dAy tao b6ng rAm hiOu quA cho c6. Htidu naiin qu6 vd hoa nhi6u hat thu htit nhidu loiichim vi s6c. Tuy nhi6n, loii cAy ndy ph6i mdthdn 7 ndm mdi bit dAu dom hoa.


Thu h6i qui chin dLrdi ddt vio th6ng 5.

Loai b6 ctii qui, thi hat vAo nddc vi loai bdhat chdt ndi. Gieo hat trong khay trong 6nhsdng dAy dr,i, sau d6 chuydn khay vio b5ngrAm ngay sau khi hat niy mAm. GP thridng>90o,,; Ml D 27-35. Cay con de bi rep rilng r )

sdu bttdm phd hoai, n6n ph6i cdn thAn. BfngcAy con sau khi 16 d6i dAu ti6n md r6ng. CAy

con moc ddn kich thtldc c6 thd dem tr6ng viomia tr6ng cAy thit hai sau khi nAy mAm(TNT = 14 th6ng).

NOn trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhri thdniro?

CAy E. fruticosa dr.ioc trdng phAn tidctrtidc th6m che phr.i gdc blng bia cr1ng. Ban

dAu chiing moc chAm nhr-ing ph6t tridn nhanhhon vdLo 4-5 ndm sau khi trdng. Thich hop vdigieo hat trtic tidp.

Loii cAy niy dridc ding vio mgc dichgi?

Qui dn dtidc cho cA ngtidi vd d6ng v4thoang d5, thddng dr-loc stl dung lAm d6 udngc6 c6n truyOn thdng.

Eugenia albif loraDuth. ex Kurz li lodi giaophdi gAn, ddi h6i c6 c6ch thtlcnhAn gi6ng tddng tti, c6 c6,c dicdidm gidng nhrl cdc loii cAy tao khung rtlng.Ra qui trong vdng 4 nim sau khi tr6ng.

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo 155

CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHUNG RL]NG

Loli Ficus

(MORACEAE)CAy Da, Si, thuOc Chi (Ficus), ho Ddu Tlm

Sai, Madeua

Loii Ficus c6 thd moc nhti cAy nho, cAy g6 leo, cAy bui, hay cAy rting ldn. HAu h5t c6c loiinAy d6u c6 chtlc ndng l)m khung nlng tdt, tn] m6t sd cAy 1eo kh6ng thd tr6ng dddc it nht't trong

giai doan dAu cira phuc h6i rtng. Vi hAu hdt c6c loii cAy Ficus c6 chung ddc didm, chting c6

thd dddc xdp cting nh6m vdi nhau.

Loii Ficus moc 6 dAu?

Gidng cAy niy (>1.000 loii) dtloc phAnbd khip rdng nhiOt ddi vd cAn nhiOt d6i dMi, ChAu My, chAu Phi, Chdu A vi chAu Uc.

it r-tndt 35 loii sung khdc nhau dtloc phAn bd6 tit cA c6c loai rrlng d phia b5c Th6i Lan,mdc dtl sd lodi (22) ph6t tridn trong rdngxanh quanh ndm nhidu hdn trong rdng kh6p(13). M6t sd loAi c6 thd ph6,t tridn ddn kichrhtidc khdng 16, dac biat la lodi "cAy b6p c6"nhti F. altissima, do khi d6 m6t sd lodi nh6

hdn moc tr6n doc sudi (nhtr. f. heteroplura).MQt sd loii nh6 hotr loii Ficus ( F. hispida,F. hirta vA d6i khi le F. semicordata) xAm

chidm vting bi mt't rtlng m6t cdch tri nhi6n.Ndu c6 dii sd ltirlng, kh6ng cAn

ph6i tr6ng chr-1ng. Theokhuydn nghi, chi n6n

t tr6ng d nhrlng noikh6ng c6 sti hi6ndiOn cira chring.

COn tring cdi tha phdn

cho hoa sung. Chirng dd

tritng tuen fiLi mAt cila

hoa, sau d6 ch€l.

COn tring dqtc khOng c6

cdnh dp tritng tri6c.Ching giao phii z,6i con

cdi khi con cdi dang ilptrimg, rii chdt.

Dic didm d4c biQt cria loii Ficus?

Thu6c ho sung ld dac didm ndi bat

nh6lt ctia nhtTng cdy Ficus trti8ng thinh.Chting moc cao d6 nhin tht'y, thddng trOn

thAn cAy hay cinh cAy, trong m6t thdi gian ddi

trong ndm. Thr.idng duoc ggi ld "qrA", dd hoa

phinh ra dd chr.la nhi6u hoa nh6 hay qui trongd6. Cdu tnic tdng thd dtioc goi ld "loai qu6

sung". Hoa cfia cAy sung drroc thu phdn nhd

sung c6n tring; m6i loii Ficus kh6c nhau c6

nhrlng lodi c6n trtng thu pht'n khdc nhau.

NhtTng con c6n tring cii chui vao trong qu6

sung qua 16 nh6 6 dinh vd d6 trtlng 6 nhtlnghoa kh6ng c6 khA ndng sinh sirn vi "c6 mAt

ngot", d6ng thdi thu phdn cho hoa cdi c6 khd

ning sinh sin. C6n trting dttc dp triing trridcvi giao phdi vdi con cdi. C6n tring c6r liypht'n ttl hoa duc trong qud sung, trtidc khi bay

c15n cAy Ficus kh6c, cing loii dd d6 tr(tng. DovAy, cAy ho sung ld vtldn ddm kh6ng thd thidudddc ddi v6i nhtng lodi thu pht'n cho chring,

LoiiTiptinh

Tinhchdt 16

Sinh c6,nh* D6 cao (m)

l e/*ir$flae Bl. T (st] H BB-DF MXF 35G1ff50

'. futga*ixa L.vw. &nrj*ri*a TL (ut) E MXF ECF 35&14{,fi

. ar#pra Srilkl. t D EGF 79{j-14$0

F"fstxksa Reinqr" ex 81. TL EI} C6c khu vric bi xio trdntrong BB-DF MXF ECF

35{L14{*

F. gla$.*rixa Bl. 'r EGAn sudi trong BB-DFMXF EGF

+5{}120il

F. laka trtratri vsr, SrHs L EC6c khu vtic bi x6o tr6ntrons BB-DF MXF EGF

35rtsI15$

F. W*{B L. f. var. *r4a& ft E C6c khu vrlc bi x6o tr6ntrons BB-DF EGF

3501535

F, rauemrryr 1-. f. T {'t} ESudi trong BB-DF MXF

ECF550-1050

Fsrss rddrr#rara L. T DMXF dic biOt doc theo

c;ic ddng sudi 35{t5ffi

F" se*ti$rddta B.-lI. ex-f.E" S*r TL I}C6c khu vd. bi x6o tr6ntrong BB-DF ECFEGF-PINE

3s0,r55s

F, srkxara j.E. Sm" ts C6c khu vdc bi xeo tr6ntrong MXI ECF

fl?!140*

F"opne" iMiq.)uiq. T D MXF EGF ?5tI-1550

-\F

1s6 1P

1=65y; L=gi6ng cAy; (st)="ciy b6p cd"; E=xarLtL quarh nim; D=nrla rqng le; *\'idt tdt cria ncli cu ngr1, xem phin 2

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ THfi NAO

CAC LO\I ( AY IAO KHUNC RIJ\C

m6i cay Ficus 1) lodi c6n tring phu thu6c vdonhau dd sinh s6n. Vdng ddi cfia c6n trringngin, do d6 trong nlng phii c6 quA ciia m5ilodi cAy hi6n di6n quanh ndm. Ndu kh6ng thic6n trting se ch6t dAn ddn c6c cAy Ficus

kh6ng thd tei sinh dtioc.

MQt dac didm kh6c cr.ia c6c cAy Ficus lic6 dich mdu trdng, dinh ndu bd mdt bi cit,mdt ddc didm cing gidng nhtl ho Moraceae.

R6 to cria mdt sd cdy Ficus thtidng ndi trenmdt ddt. R6 tLi sinh nh6 hon, nhting rdt r6p vixd dddc sAn sinh tti mang ltldi 16 rdt day.V6 cdy Ficus thudng nhin, c5 mAu x6m trdnghay nAu. Sri sdp dat clia id v) hinh dang 16 rdtkh6c nhau.

Vi sao c6c cAy Ficus llm tdt chfc ndngtao khung rilng?

Hai ddc didm chinh lim cho hAu hdt c6c

cdy Ficus 1d lodi cAy tao khung rtlngJuyQt vdi.MOt le, hO thdng rO rdt dAy gitip chring sdngvi ph6t tridn tdt trong c6c di6u ki6n khSc

nghiOt nhdt v) moc nhanh trd lai sau khi biddn hay ch6y. H6 thdng 16 d6 cho ph6p hAu

hdt c6c iodi gir1 dddc 16 trong sudt mria kh6bXng cdch hdt d6 dm sAu trong ldng ddt. Didud6 ldm cho cdy Ficus d6ng vai trd tuyQt vditrong viOc chdng xat 16 ddt v) dn dinh bds6ng. Thil hai, cAy ho sung ld thfc dn thidt

ydu cria rdt nhi6u nhd d6ng vAt ph6t t6n hat,bao g6m nhidu lodi chim vi doi, cfrng nhli cAy

hlrong, s6c, gdu, nai vi lon rtlng. Mdt iodi (F.

subincisa) sin sinh qu6 sung trong ndm dAu

ti6n sau khi tr6ng trong khi hAu hdt c6c loiikh6c phAi mt't 6 nAm sau khi tr6ng. Trong hO

sinh th6i nhiQt ddi, lodi Ficus drioc bidt ddnnhr-i "lodi chii chdt", didu d6 c6 nghia ldchfng duy tri sd Ltong d6ng vQt 5n qui khic6c thrlc dn kh6c trd n6n khan hidm. Do vAy,

chring gitip duy tri sd ltiong c6c loAi ph6t t6nhat d6ng vai trd thidt ydu trong phuc h6i mtlcd6 gidu c6 cria c6c loli trong t6i sinh rtlng.CAy ho sung dtidng nhu cflng it bi tdn hai doc6n tring tt'n c6ng.

CAy con phit tridn nhtf thd nio?

Cdt qu6 cria cAy Ficus khi chting chin h8n(nghla ld khi chim hodc s6c bdt dAu dn chring).

LAm vd qud vd ldy trong m6i qu6 nh6, mdunAu m6t hat. ThA quA vio midc vdL chonn}lr-fng qua chim la qud co kJri nang sinl.r sdn.

T6ch chring trOn gidy vi dd chdng kh6 dddindng ttl l-2 ngiry; sau d6 gieo chdng thriatrong khay chtla h6n hdp ddt rrlng vd c6t(50:50). CAy sung con nh6 vd d6 bi thdi rung.Ddt rrlng cung cdp vi khudn c6 thd girip cAy

con trdnh kh6i tri0u chtlng thdi rung. Ddngthudc diet ndm (Captan) tr6n mdt ddt khi cAy

Ldt ciit cria

qui sungHo a /Qua'bdo aQ b€n

trofig

flIt

V\ Cdn tring

cii chui ado

A tt dky

Vr,;i )a, noo W(awn tlm l- IcAn ffing)

Hoa dxc

\+r:-aI

Hoa cdi

Thu hat

ri le

GP

e/"\

MLD

(ngny)

Tj 16 S6ng Sinh trddnl

Ghi ch(

Th6ng 10 - 3 50-90 25-58 E A Che phri c6. Mau phuc h61 sau khi bi

ch6y.Hdp dAn d6ng vat tri nAm thrl 2-3 sau

khi trdne

Th6ng 11 - 1 >80 49-67 E E Ra qu6 td nim thrl 6. Hdp dan d6ng vAt trl

ndm thf 2. Vdns ld div che ohri c6 tdt.

Thrine 8 >90 15 E A

Thing 12 - 3 >60 16 E Ra que td nam thf 6 sau khi tr6ng. Rdt hdp

dAn c6c loii chim in hat

Th;ine 12 - l 70 80 39 E E Di6t c6 rdt tdt, nhrrng chAm ra hat

Th6ng 9 >35 t9 A E Thddng thdng tri c6c khu vllc bi phat

quang tri nhi6n

Th6ng 5 >90 18 E A Ra quii tri nem thll 3 sau khi tr6ng. Di0t ci

rdt tdt. Nhanh phuc h6i sau chiy.

Th6ne 8 74 85 22 E E Ra qud it? ndm thrl 6 sau khi tr6ng

Th6ng 3 80-90

70-27 E E Di€t c6 tdt. Mau phuc h6i sau khi ch6y, Ra

hat sau 4 nim trdng. Hdp dAn d6ng vitsau khi trdng 2 nim.

Th6ns 12 - 3 >80 52 M E Sai qui tt-f nim tht? 3 sau khi tr6ng.

Thlng 8 >70 50-60 E E Ra qua tt ndm thf nhdt sau khi tr6ng. Rdt

halp dAn d6ng vitTh6ns 11 - 3 >80 36 M E Ra qud tu 4.5 nirm sau khi trone.

E-tuyQt vdi; A=chdp nhAn drtoc; M=8 mt?c c{n bi6n

TRdNG RUNG NHU TH6 uao t57

( AC LOAI C \\ IAO KHUNG RLI\C

con da duoc gieo vi ldp lai sau 1 th6ng. Ddtkhay mAm trong b6ng rAm nhe. GP thtidngcao (>80%); MLDs thrrdng ngdn (15-60 ngdy,phu thuQc vdo trlng loii).

CAy con cria hAu hdt c6c loii phii ph6ttridn 5-10 th6ng trddc khi chring dti khoe dd

c6 thd btlng di tr6ng. Sau khi tr6ng trongchAu, cAy con cda hAu hdt c6c lodi Ficus mocrdt nhanh, nhung hAu hdt m6i chi s5n sdng

dtt'dc dem trdng vdo mia trdng cAy thrl haisau khi nAy mAm (TNT = 18-22 thdng). DovAy, nhAn gidng bing cdch giAm cinh drroc

khuyOn ding dd s6n sinh cAy con trong vdng1 ndm. Phtlong ph6p dtroc m6 ti trong LL6p 6.2

dtioc 6p dung tdt ddi vdi F. hirta vd F.

superba (dnng IBA 3000 ppm dd thric ddy cAy

dAu ra 16 vd IBA: NAA 2:1 cho cAy sau)

(Vongkamjan, 2003). Cdc thr? nghiOm nhAn

gidng cAy cr,ia c6c lodi Ficus kh6c cfing duockhuydn khich.

Trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhd thd nlo?

M6t sd loii Ficus bdt dAu cudc sdng nhuthlic vat bidu sinh, moc tr6n cAy kh6c nhd F.

altissima, dr-ioc goi Ii cAy "b6p cd", ph6t tridnhO 16 nhu c6i thting xung quanh cAy chd md

cudi cing s6 chdt. Khi tr6ng nhfing lodi ndydd phuc hdi nlng, kh6ng trdng chfng tr6nnhilng cAy kh6c. Chring cung ph6t tridn tdtkhi drroc trdng tnic tiSp xudng dt't, ndu chringkh6ng bi che khudt. HAu hdt c6c lodi Ficus

dOu kho6 manh viL sdng tdt md kh6ng cAn

chdm s6c nhi6u.

Loii cAy Ficus c6 thd ding vio mgc dichgi?

Ciy Ficus hiem khi diioc dung lam 96.Tuy nhi6n, g5 ctla m6t sd it lodi c6 thd dnngtrong xAy dting quy m6 nh6, d6ng thring, sdn

xualt m6t sd dd dnng nhd trong gia dinh vA

idm ctii. Nhua c6 thd lam cao su do c6 chdtkdt dinh vA c6 thd thay cho cht't s6p dd b6i lAn

nhfing ch6 kh6ng cAn nhu6m. VA mdt dtioc1i0u, nhtfa chung c61t c6 thd b6i 16n v6t thudng.M6t sd lodi con ngtidi c6 thd an dLidc. LoaiFicus n6i chung vd F. religiosa n6i ri6ng libidu tticlng vin ho6 vd tin ngtidng ddc bi6t cfra

ngtidi Thdi, do vAy chdng dudng nhr"l kh6ngbao gid b1 chat ph6.

a\^-'tI

FictLs altissitLa

1s8 TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO

Ficr.Ls glaberrima

CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHLINJG RLING

Glochidion kerrii Craib

(EUPHORBIACEAE)CAy S6c, thu6c chi S6c cfa ho ThAu dAu

CAy tAng dddi, chiu dddc b6ng rAm, chiAu cao tdi d.a7 m (DBH 7 cm).

Krai


Thu heii qua chin tLr thelng q hay thdng10. T6ch kh6i quA nang. Hat thddng bi c6ntrting gAy hai tdn c6ng, do vAy phAi tht? d0ndi ad b6 nhrlng hat chdt. Gieo hat trong khaydlidi b6ng rAm b6n phAn. GP thddng 40-50'k;

MLD = 134 ngdy. Bfng cdy con sau khi la d6idAu ti6n md rQng. CAy con moc chAm trongh6p do vQy b6n phAn rdt quan trong. CAy con

phAi drroc gil.I trong vridn udm ddn mtia tr6ngcAy thr-1 hai sau khi nAy mAm (TNT = 2l-22th6ng).

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrl th6niro?

Ap dung quy trinh tr6ng cAy vi chdms6c sau tr6ng chudn (PhAn 7).

Loii ciy niy dtfdc ding viro muc dichgi?

Srl dung ldm cfri.

CAy niy mgc d dAu?

TrI Himalayas, qlla An D6, nam Trung

Qudc d6n Myanmar, Th6i Lan vd DOng NamA. O phia bdc Th6i Lan, n6 xudt hien nhi6u 6ridng thridng xani va rring cirl nda rung li h5n

giao vdi tre nr1a, d d6 cao 550 ddn 1.450 m.

Dic didm ndi uat c:0'a cAy?

V6 cAy: m6ng, nhin, bi tr6c nhe, nAu

s6ng ddn x6m. L6: xen k6, dotL; cudng 16 1-3

mrn, mdu tring, d6y hinh tam gi6c \9p; phidn16 hinh trtng 2,2-9 x \,4-4,5 cm, c6 16ng doc

gAn girTa d c6 hai mit. Hoa: chim, xanh sdng,

hoa dr.ic dai 4,5-5,5 mm; hoa c6i dii c.2,5 mm,3-4 ngdn; ra hoa ttl th6ng 2 ddn th6ng 5. Qu6:qu6 nang, trdn, c6 dinh vi d6y bing, 7-B x3,5-4 mm, ng6 ndu sAm; v6ch ngoii rdt m6ng; 3-6

hat trong m6t quA, hinh b6n cdu, 3,2-3,3 x 2,2-

2,8 x 3-3,t mm, boc trong 6o hat miru cam; raquA tht't thtidng, thddng mdt thdi gian dAi,

nhttng thddng ra quA ttY th6ng 9 ddn lhdng 2;

nhd d6ng vAt ph6t t6n hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrrYng?

Lodi ndy kh6ng c6 gi ndi tr6i tr6n thr-ic

dia, (tj, 10 sdng 40-50%; cao 75 cm viLo cudimrla mr/a thr,l hai), mdc di ting trti6'ng chdm

trong 2 nim dAu sau khi tr6ng nhung ph6ttridn nhanh d4c bi6t ttt ndm thtl 3 trd di. Mdcdn phdt tridn ban dAu kh6ng cao, G ker riid6ng trdng vi n6 rdt tao b6ng rAm rdt hieuqu6 cho c6, thu hirt d6ng vAt hoang di ngaytr} nhfrng nam dAu vd bd sung da dang c{utrtic cho tAng rtlng dddi. Ra hoa vh ra qu6 3

ndm sau khi tr6ng. Nhidu lodi cAy con t6i sinhthidt lAp trJ nhi6n xung quanh cAy G. kerriidrroc tr6ng tai d6 tudi li 5 ndm hodc cao hon.

Loii niy nhanh dAm ch6i lai, sdng tdt sau ho6

hoan (tf 16 sdng 70% d.6i vdi cAy bi ch6y c6

d6 tudi 21 th6ng sau khi trdng, RCD >15 mm).

"!&

I

-\..4-I2


CAC LoAI CAY TAO KHUNC RIJNG

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

(VERBENACEAE)CAy L6i nl"ts hS C6 Roi Ngtia hay ho Tdch)

CAy kh6p tian phong, chi6u cao tdi da 30 m (DBH 64 cm).

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

Tr.I Nepal, Pakistan, An D6, Sri Lanka viMyanmar qua D6ng Nam A ddn Nam Trung

Qudc vd Vi6t Nam. d phia Bic Th6i Lan, lodicAy niy moc rii rdc d rr.Ing cAy nr?a rung 16,

rtng cAy nta rung 16 h6n giao vdi tre nfa,nlng h6n giao vd rtYng thtidng xanh h6n giaovdi th6ng, d d6 cao 350 ddn 1.475 m. Ndcfing duoc thidt lAp tti nhi6n tr6n dia bAn bimdt nlng.


Vd cAy: mdng, nh5tt, .,ir, ngd xdm vA

tr6c v6 khi gid. Ld: xdp ddi, don; phidn 16,

hinh trfng vdi dinh nhon, 13-21 x 13-16 cm;

mit tr6n xanh dAm, mit dddi x6m bac and c6

16ng. Hoa: rdt nhi6u, thdnh cum; Hoa c6 5

thuy, hinh dng, tring hoa r.ing, 2.5-4.0 cm; ra

hoa ttl thdng 2 ddn th6ng 3 khi rung hdt 16.

QuA: qu6 hach, hinh trrlng, mhu ving khi chin,

trung binh 26 x L8 mm, m6i quA chrla m6t hatcrlng vdi 4 (hi5m khi 5) bu6ng, hidm khi c6

nhi6u hon 2 hat dii 6-9 rnm; ra quA td th6ng3 ddn th6ng 5; nhd dQng vAt phAt tdn hat.

Saw

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy t4o khungrrlng?

G. arborea li m6t loii cAy tao khung rdngtuyQt vdi. CAy con sdng tdt vi ph6t tridnnhanh sau khi tr6ng d c6 dia bdn ving thdp vh

cring cao, (tf 10 sdng > 70"k; cao 160-180 cm viocu6i mtia mtia thii hai). T6n diy tao b6ng rAm

cho c6 hi6u quA vd khuyeh khich chim lirm tdvdo ndm thf 3. B6t dAu ra hoa vh quA rzho ndm

thf 5 sau khi tr6ng. QuA thu htit nhidu loii chim

vd dQng vAt c6 vri. CAy niy vAn sdng sau khi bich6y (83% cAy bi ch6y cbn sdng n5u cAy c5 tudihdn 21 th6ng sau khi trdng, RCD >90 mm).

CAy con phit tridn nhtf thd nio?

Thu h6i qui ving vdo th6ng 4 ddn thdng6. NgAm chdng trong ntidc qua d6m, sau d6

loai b6 cii quA. Phoi hat ctlng drrdi ndng tri 1-

2 ngiy. ThA chdng vio ntidc vi loai b6 hat

chdt ndi. Cho hat crlng sdng vio bAu kin khivdi chdt silica qu6nh. BAo qu6n trong nhiQt d6

m6i trddng trong 6 th6ng. Cieo hat ctlng vdo

gitla th6ng 10 trong khay ndy mAm dtidi dnh

s6ng dAy dti. Canh kh6ng cho d6ng vAt dn hattdn c6ng. GP >60%; MLD = 15-35 ngdy. BilngcAy con sau khi 16 d6i dAu tiOn m& r6ng. CAy

con d6 bi bo c6nh citng vd sAu duc thAn. Srt

dung thudc trr,I sAu vi tia bdt phAn thAn biduc. CAy con sin sing ddoc dem tr6ng vdo

th6ng 6 (TNT, kh6ng kd thdi gian bAo quAn

hat li 8 thdng).

N6n trdng vh chf,m s6c cAy con nhtithdnho?

Khdng tr6ng lodi cAy nhy khi chrlng c6 nguyco bi che b6ng. ThAm che phti gdc bing bia cit'ng

lim t[ng dang kd t1r lQ sdng ctia cAy con dddc

trdng. Lodi cAy nhy bi bo c6nh ctlng lirm rung 14.

Loii cAy nly dridc dtng vio mgc dich gi?

G6 cAy G. arborea ding idm b6t gify, 96d6n, vi ldp 96 mat ctia 95 d5,n; d6 mQc, xAy

dting quy m6 nh6, thuy6n, c6ng cu vi trong

ngh6 thuAt cham. G6 lim than ctii vd ctii.

TRdNG RiJNG NHU TH6 NAO

CAC LoAI CAY TAO KHLNG R.'NG

Heynea trijugn Roxb. ex Sims

(MELIACEAE)CAy HAi m6c thu6c ho Xoan

Tfi tldng nghia: Trichilia connnroides (Wight & Arn') Bentv.

CAy nh6, xanh quanh ndm, chidu cao tdi da 15-20 m (DBH 45 cm).

Dta Sua Toong


Cdt qu6 chin (khi bit dAu mft) ttl cAy vioth6ng 11. Loai b6 6o hat mdu trdng vd rt?a

sach hat. Gieo hat trong khay dlidi b6ng ban

r6m. NAy mAm chAm (MLD = 96 ngnY) viddng loat, nhung GP cudi cring lai cao (d6n

B0%). Cay con ban dAu phdt tridn chQm,

nhung c6 thd dr.ioc tdng tdc bXng c6ch b6nphAn. Bttng cAy con sau khi 16 d6i dAu ti€n mdr6ng. CAy con d6 bi virut ldm nhin 16 (c6 thd

kidm so6t bhng bi6n ph6p vd tning), sAu

budm vd ru6i duc thAn. CAy con sin sirng

dtioc dem tr6ng vdo mia trdng cAy thd hai

sau khi hat n6y mAm (TNT = 20 thang).


Ap dung quy trinh chudn v€ trong caY

vd chdm s6c sau d6 (PhAn 7).

Loii cAy niy tkigc ding vio mgc dich

ci?

G5 lim ctii. V6 cAy vd 15 dting ldm thudc

truydn thdng cira Th6i. Qu6 an dr,t<lc.

CAy niy moc d dAu?

TrI An DO d6n D6ng Nam A, Nam Trung

Qudc, b6n d6o Maiaysia, Sumatra, Borneo vh

Phiiip-pines. d midn Bdc Thdi Lan, loAi cAy

nAy phAn bd rAi r6c d nlng h6n giao, rrlngthtidng xanh, vd rtlng thudng xanh h6n giao

v6i th6ng, hAu hdt d dQ cao tr6n 1.000 m.


V6 cAy: nAu sAm, c6 r6nh n6ng. L6: xdP

xo6n, hinh 16ng chim 16; 16 ch6t xdp ddi; phiSn

16 hinh trtlng hodc hinh 61ip, 72-22 x 5-9 cm;

m6p nguy6n ho4c lrton s6ng; 16 non mdu d6.

Hoa: dang cum d ndch 16; hoa nh6,nhiAu, mdu

trdng hodc kem; ra hoa tri th6ng 2 ddn ih6ng3. QuA: quA nang, gAn hinh cAu, crli m6ng, d6

sAm, 13,4 x 1.2,2 x 11,8 mm; cit v6ch thinh 2

ngan, m6i qui chr.1a m6t haU hat b6ng, den,

1,0,4 x 9,6 x 8,9 mm, boc trong 6o hat mdu

trXng, ddy ctii; ra qui tr) th6ng 8 ddn th6ng 11;

nhd d6ng vAt ph6t t6n hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrilng?

H. trijuga drroc xdp vdo loai lodi tao

khung rtlng chdp nhAn ddoc. CAy con dtloc

tr6ng dat tf 10 sdng rdt cao vi tli 10 tdng

trtidng cht'p nhAn drtoc (tf 16 sdng > 70oh;

dat chi6u cao L-2 m vdo cudi mtia mtiathf hai). Chring g6p phAn vio sr./ da

dang vd cd cdu ctia tAng drrdi vd taob6ng rAm cho c6 hi6u qu6. Bdt dAu ra

hoa vd quA v)o nim thtl 3 sau khitrdng. CAy con tuydn 1da c6c lodi cAy

nlng thiSt lAp xung quang cAY H.

trijuga 6 ndm sau khi tr6ng. Mfc dQ

chiu dqng sau ch6y trung binh (tf 16

s6ng67% ddi vdi cAy bi ch6y cd d6 tudi21 tin6ng sau khi tr6ng; RCD>50 mrn).

-\_<1P


CAC LoA] CAY TAo KHUNG RLING

Hoaenia dulcis Thunb.

(RHAMNACEAE)M6t lodi cAy thu6c ho T6o

LoAi cAy rung ld theo mia, chi6u cao tdi da 30 m (DBH 50 cm).

CAy niy moc 3 dAu?

Tti Himalayas, ddn phia b5c Th6i Lan,Trung Qudc, NhAt vd Hdn Qudc. d mi6n b5cTh6i Lan, cdy niy mdi duoc ph6t hi6n, ld loiihidm gep (Maxwell, 1994) 6 nlng thtidng xanhdoc suo'i, o do cao I.025 m deh 1325 m.

Dic tlidm ndi Uit cria cAy?

V6 cdy: ddy, rdnh ldn x6 doc miLu xdmhay xanh dAm, c6ch nhau bdi c6c rdnh hepmAu d6 gach. L6: xdp xo5n, don; phidn 16

m6ng, hinh tnfng ddn hinh Ohp, 11-14 x 5-9

cm; m6p c6 rdng ct1a. Hoa: dang sim, nhi6u,mAu xanh nhat hodc mAu kem, nh6 (2.5 mm);ra hoa tri th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 5. Qu6: cudng qu6rdt mAnh vd udn cong 2-3 mm trOn m6i quA,

phAn sau th6ng, phinh ra vA diy ctii, mAuxanh khi qu6 chtia chin, chuydn nAu d6 hayden khi chin; qui nang cdt v6ch, khi chin mdunAu hoic den vir kh6 di, 7-8,5 x 6-7,5 rnm,thudng c6 3 thu!' vdi m6t hat den b6ng vdnhin (5-6 x 5-6 mm) trong m6i ngdn. Ra qu6trl thdng B ddn thdng 2; hat ph6t t6n bdi chim,ddc bi6t ld b6 cAu (Hitchcock vd Elliott, 1999).

Mawn Hin

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrfrng?

Ld lodi cAy tao khung rr-ing tuygt voi, ciycon H. dulcis c6 tf 10 sdng cao (>80% cudi mtha

mria thtl hai) vA ph6t tridn nhanh (dat chiducao>1,5 m) sau khi trdng. Chr-ing ph6t tridn t6nr6ng, tao b6ng r6m cho c6 hi6u qui vi thu htitchim lAm td vio ndm thrl td. Loii cAy kh6pndy bAo r,6 chring trr-ldc han hdn. N6 ddc bi6tchiu dr.ing tdt sau khi chat hay ch6y (t1i 16 sdng72% d6i vdi cAy bi ch6y c6 dd tudi 21 thSrng

sau khi trdng; RCD >42 mm). QuA H. dulcisphinh ra, cum hoa rdt hdp d6n chim, nhdng rahoa chi b6t dAu ttl ndm thtl 8 sau khi trdng.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhrf thd nio?

Cit quA nAu hodc den tti cAy vdo th6ng10-th6ng 11 (ngay khi chin). Ldy hat td trongqu6 nang vd th6 chring vdo nudc. Loai b6nhdng hat ndi. Gieo hat ngay vlo khay trongb6ng rAm (khoAng 25% 6rlir. s6ng dAy dii) r.,ibio vO chfng khdi chu6t. Chring n6y mAm rdtkh6c nhau, nhtlng thddng d6ng loat. GP 50-

70%; }lLD = 45-90 ngdy. Ttidi ntidc cho cAy

con thtidng xuyOn vd brtng cht'rng khi 16 d6idAu ti6n md r6ng (1j, tudng nhdt vio th6ng 1

hodc th6ng 2). B6n phAn dAu dan, cAy con ph6ttridn nhanh trong h6p, dat drloc kich thtidc co

dd dem tr6ng ld 30 cm viro mia tr6ng cAy thtlnhdt sau khi thu h6i hat (TNT = E-9 th6ng).

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c cAy con nhd thdnio?

Lodi cAy ndy ph6t tridn manh, ngay cd

khi kh6ng dr,toc chdm s6c cdn thAn sau khitr6ng, nhrtng sE ph6t tridn ddc biOt t6t ndudddc b6n phan.

Loii cAy niy drioc ding vio muc dichgi?

G6 cfia cAy thich hop dd 1)m b6t gidy vdsdi. Truc phinh ra tt cum hoa c6 thd ding limgiii ruou theo c6ch truydn thdng.

-\.F->

L62 IP

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THE NAo

CAC ],oAI CAY TAO KHUNG RL,NG

Lithocarpus elegans (Bl.) Hatus. ex Soep. Gaw Mawn

(FAGACEAE)CAy D6 d6, thu6c ho D6

CAy kich thddc tri nh6 trung binh, chiu dddc b6ng rAm, xanh quanh ndm, chi6u cao tdi da 15

ddn 20 m tall.

CAy niy moc 6 dAui

Td bdc An D6, Nepal, Pakistan vd Myan-mar, qua Yunnan, D6ng Nam A, Thei Lut-t,

b6n dAo Malaysia, Indonesia vdL Borneo. dmidn b5c Th6i Lan, loii cAy ndy c6 phd biSn

6 rdng cAy nr?a rung 16 h5n giao vdi tre ntla,rr.Ing h6n giao vd rrlng thridng xanh vd th6ng& dQ cao 450 ddn 1.450 m. N6 thidt lap tdt 6rrlng cAy nta rung 16 bi xu6ng ct'p, chdng hla.

Dic didm ndi Uat cli.a cAy?

V6 cAy: day, c6 rdnh th8ng d,mg, *a*hoic x5rm- nAu L5r: xdp xoln, don; phi6n 16 hinh61ip hodc thu6ry 10-20 x 4-B cm; m6p nguy6n.

FIoa: moc thing, cgm m6nh d6, hoa drtc vd hoa

c6i d cdc cum kh6c nhau tr6n cing mQt cAy; hoa

nh6, mdu kem; ra hoa td th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 10.

Qui: qu6 hach, cum rAm kh6ng c6 cudng, gAn

hlnh cAu, chrlc xudng, nAu khi chtn, 1,5-2,5 crn,

qui dt'u, vdi vdng ngodi ndi trQi bao ldy honnt?a qui; ra quA th6ng 7 ddnthdng 10; nhd dQng

vAt ph6t t6n hat.


Cdy c6n L. elegans dtioc trdng c6 tf 16

sdng chdp nhAn duoc vd tlf 10 tdng trddng r61t

cao sau khi tr6ng (tjr 1Q sdng 56%; dat chiducao >2,2 m ddn cudi mtia mtia thtl hai). T6nhep nhting rAm rap vi tao b6ng rAm hi6u quA

cho c6. QuA hach (ddc bi6t li qu6 chda tntdngthdnh) hdp dAn s6c, ldn nlng, nai vd nhd c6c

d6ng vQt ph6t t6n hat khdc, nhttng lodi niykh6ng ra hoa trong vdng 4 ndm sau khi tr6ng.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhri thd nlo?

Thu h6i qu6 hach td dddi ddt vio th6ng9. Loai b6 qu6 ddu vd thi qui hach vio trongntidc. Gieo hat sdng chim trong khay gieo

mAm c6 che b6ng m6t phAn. Phri min kimloai 16n khay. dd ngdn kh6ng cho chu6t dn

qu6 hach. Niy mAm chAm, d6ng loat, 1i6n tiSptrong 270 ngdy. GP 50-70%; MLD = 140 ngdy.Bfng cAy con trlng ddt, sau khi la d6i dAu tiOn

md rQng. Ban dAu cdy con moc chAm, nhttngc6 thd tdng nhanh ndu drioc b6n phAn. CAy

con s5n sing drioc dem trdng vdo mtia trdngcAy thtl hai sau khi n6y mAm (TNT = 21

thdng).

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c cAy con nhrJ thdnio?

Ap dung quy trinh chudn v6 tr6ng vichim s6c cAy (PhAn 7), nhring kh6ng stt dungtdm bia cfng che phfi gdc vi c6 thd ldm gi6mddng kd hoat d6ng ctia cAy.

LoiLi cAy niy drfqc ding vio muc dichgi?

G5 bdn vd thich hop cho xAy dtrng, ldmctii, lim than ciri vd dd tr6ng ndm.

TRdNG RIJNG NHTJ THE NAO 163

C \c lOAl C \\ I \O (HLTNC RUNC

Macarangn denticulata (81.) M. -A.(EUPHORBIACEAE)CAy Ld Ndn hay BUp bup thuQc ho ThAu dAu

Tawng Taep

CAy kich thddc trung binh, ti6n phong, xanh quanh ndm, chi6u cao tdi da 20 m (DBH 40 cm).

CAy niy moc d'dAu?

Tri D6ng Himalayas ddn Sri Lanka vA

D6ng Nam A, Nurr-t Trung Qudc, Thdi Lan,Lio, biin d6o Malaysia, Sumatra vi java. dmidn biic Thdi Lan, loAi ndy phAn bd phdbidn d nhfing khu rtlng bi x6o tr6n vi moc 6ruing thLrdng xanh, rtlng h6n giao rir rtlngcAy nt?a rung 16 h6n giao vdi tre nfa, thridngdoc drtdng b0 vd bd s6ng 6 d6 cao 500 ddn1.400 m.

Dic didm ndi f4t c0a cdy? -

V6 cdy: m6ng, nAu s6ng, c6 r6nh. L6: xdpxodn, dc,n; cudng 16 d6; phidn 16 hinh khi6n.Hoa: dc,rL tinh; hoa dtic d chtiy nh6, gAn hinhcAu, khoAng 6 hoa trong m6t cum, hoa c6i dcirnh rAm; ra hoa tti th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 8. Qu6:qu6 nang, cXt v6ch, nh5n, nAu s6ng ddn nAu

den khi chin, 3-5 x 5-6 mm; hat trong m6tngan, gAn hinh cAu, den,3-4 x 3-4 mm; ra quA

ttY th6ng 7 d6n t]ndng 1,2; phlt t6n bdi chim vA

d6ng vAt cd vri nh6.

Vi sao loii ciy niy li loii cAy tao khungrrlng?

Ld loii cAy tao khung rtlng tuygt vdi, M.denticulata thi6t lAp tdt d ving bi xudng cdp.

Nhin chung, chting moc cao hdn 2,5 m, vhocudi mia tr6ng cAy thf 2 sau khi tr6ng vd cao

hon 4 m vio cudi mtla th(i 4. Ld tao thinh t6nrAm (r6ng>4 m viLo mia tr6ng cAy thr.l 4), taob6ng rAm cho c6 hi6u qud. N6 c6 thd nd hoa

viLo sau khi trdng 2 nim vdL qui cria chring thuhlit chim phet t6n hat.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhtl thd nio?

Thu h6i quA vdo th6ng 10 khi chting b5tdAu nt1t. Phdi kh6 dtldi ndng, loai b6 phAn v6hat dinh, sau d6 phoi ndng th6m 1-2 ngiy. Sau

d6, tha hat vio dung dlch axit sulphuric dictrong 2 phr-it, rr.1a sach axit vd gieo hat n6ngtrong khay dti6i nXng. NAy mAm nhanh vdd6ng loat; GP 90%; MLD = 19 ngdy. Bttng cAy

con khi le d6i dAu ti6n md rQng. Ndu thdyndm miru den xudt hi6n & thAn, phAi ti6u htiycAy bi mdn vi xit thudc chdng ndm cho nhtngcAy cdn kh6e. CAy con c6 thd duoc dem tr6ngkhi cao 30 cm, c6 nghia 1) vio mia trdng cAy

dAu ti6n sau khi thu h6i hat (TNT = g th6ng).


Loii ndy c6 cAy con minh, ph6i duoc xt?

l;f cdn thAn dd tr6nh tf 16 chdt sau khi tr6ngcao. N6 d6p tlng tdt trrtdc bia ctlng che phtigdc, nhung chiu h.la kh6ng tdt, do vAy chidtroc tr6ng d nhtTng noi phdng chdng ch6y tdt.

Loii cAy niy drfoc ding vio muc dichgi?

G5 c6 thd dddc ding trong xAy ali"gg"ym6 nh6 vA tam thdi vd ldm hdm dti trtT vhvAn chuydn hdng. TrOn dia bin b6 hoang,nhiOu cAy M. denticulata gitip llm gidu ddt vA

tdng s6n h.iong hia, ndu ddt b6 hoang do chdtcAy dd canh t6c hia.

't:.:..:l. !.'!:s

i ,;l

t64 TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO


Machilus kurzii King ex Hk.f.(LAURACEAE)MOt loli cAy thuQc chi Rb Hddng, ho Long N6o hay Qud)

Tong Hawm

CAy kich thttdc trung binh xanh quanh nim, ph6t tridn cao kho6ng 15 m (DBH 60 cm).

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

TrY An D6 ddn Nam Trung Qudc (Tibet,Yunnan) vd D6ng Nam A. d phia bXc ThdiLan, lodi cdy niy phAn bd phd bidn E rrlngh6n giao, rtng thtrdng xanh vi rrlng thrrdngxanh h5n giao vdi thOng, 6 dQ cao 550 ddn1.550 m.

D{c didm ndi f4t cria cAy?

V6 cdy: nAu, c6 rdnh. L6: xdp xofn, don;phidn 16 hinh tnlng ho4c hinh 6lip hep, m6ng,gidng da, nh5n, thon hai dAu; Hoa: thirnh cumdai, nh6, miu trXng - mdLu kem; ra hoa tr]thdng 2 ddn thdng 4. QuA: quA hach, hinhtr:ding,b6ng den khi chin, ddi hoa bdn; mQt h4ttrong m6t qu.6, 6 x 7 rnrn; ra qui tri thdng 6

ddn th6ng 9; nhd dQng vAt phet t6n hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy t4o khungrrYng?

CAy con M. kurzii sdng tdt vd phdt tridnnhanh sau khi tr6ng (tf le >650/0, cao trungbinh >1,8 m'vdo cudi mria mtla thtl 2). Chringphdt tridn t6n rQng chdp nhdn duoc, tao b6ngrAm cho c6 mrlc dQ vrla phAi. Bdt dAu ra hoa

vi ra qu6 vdLo ndm thrl 3 sau khi tr6ng vd quiddy crii hdp dAn nhd dQng vflt ph6t t6n hat.Chim srl dung lodi cAy ndy dd lim td td ndmthrl 5 sau khi tr6ng. CAy con M. kurzii thrrdngthidt lap tti nhi6n 6 nhrlng 6 trdng loAi cAy taokhung rdng 5-6 tudi.

CAy con phit tridn nhrJ thd nio?

Thu qu6 rdi mhu den vlLo thlng 7. 86 criiquA, th6 hat vdo mi6c vd loai b6 nhrlng hatch€it, ndi. Phdi kho hat blng kh6ng khi, sau d6gieo hat vio khay trong b6ng rAm. Nrly mAm

d6ng loat. GP ihddng thdp (c.30%), do v{ycAn thu hdi nhiAu hat dd bri lai; MLD = 1,08-

178 ngdy. Brlng cAy con theo dgt, sau khi 15

d6i dAu ti6n md rdng. CAy con ph6t tridn

chAm vd chi s6n sing drtoc dem tr6ng vAo

mia tr6ng cAy thrl hai sau khi thu h6i hat(TNT = 23 th6ng). CAn c6 nhi6u nghiOn crluhon dd thric ddy s6n xudt cAy con.


Ap dung quy trinh chudn vd trdng vA

chdm s6c cdy (PhAn 7), nhring ti6p tuc ldm c6

trong mria kh6.

Loii cAy niy drfd. c dr)ng vio mgc dichgi?

Ldm crii fuyOt vdi. d An DO, n6 ddgcbdn thuAn drrdng dd cho 16 nu6i tXm nhA to(Antherea assama), s6n xudt td miu ving.

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO )* r6sP


Magnolia b aillonii Pierue |ahmbee Bah

(MAGNOLIACEAE)MOtlonicAythu6cchiTrtlngGd,hayDaHgp(Magnolia),hoNgocLanhayMocLanTtt d6ng .rjhiur, Michelia balllonii (Pierre) Fin & Gagnep., Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu

Lodi cAy rung ld theo mia, chiAu cao tdi da 35 m (DBH to 1 m)'

CAy niy mgc d dAu?

Yunnan vd D6ng Nam A (MYanmar, Th6i

Lan, Cambodia, ViOt Nam). d midn b5c Th6i

Lan, n6 moc kh6 nhiAu d rrlng h5n giao vd

fllng thddng xanh, 6 d6 cao 650 d6n 1.50 m'

D4c didm ndi bat cria ciY?

V6 cAy: diy, nAu, bi tr6c, c6 rinh doc. L6: xdp

xofn, don; phidn 16 hinh 61ip, hinh trtlng-hinh

61ip, hay vi:m, 6-22 x 4-8 cm' Hoa: chi c6 m6t

6' ndch 16, thorn ng6t; vdng xqXn, miu kem; ra

hoa tt thdng 6 ddn th6ng 10. Qud: chim qu6

nang, 6-10 x 4-5 cm; 16 noan trtldng thdnh

rung kh6ng thddng xuy6n, dn sau khung

mach, hat den, 9 x 2 mrn, do h4t d6 cam s6ng;

ra qu6 td th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 8; ph6t t6n bdichim.

Vi sao loiLi cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrfrng?

M. baillonii li m6t loii cAy tao khung

rtlng tuyQt vdi. CAy con ddo-c trdng dat tli 16

sdng chdp nhAn ddoc vd ti lC tdng trddng r6't

cao (trung binh >65%, sdng vd cao >2 m vho

mtia mda thrl hai). Tdn r6ng (>1,5 m) ngdn c6

ph6t tridn. Hoa thom ngdt hdp d5n c6n

tring r.i chim dn hat, nhring chi ra hoa td 5

ndm sau khi tr6ng trd di. Lodi cAy niy phuc

h6i tdt sau khi bi chdy (t1i 1o sdng s6t >70o/o

ndu cAy c6 do tudi 21 th6ng sau khi tr6ng;

RCD >5 cm). M. baillonii thidt ldp tri nhiOn t]

6 tr6ng c6c loii cAy tao khung rtlng 5 ndm

tudi hodc nhi6u hon.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhrl thd nio?

CXt qu6 ttl cdy trong th6ng 7 vh th6ng 8,

khi m6t phAn qu6 bdt dAu rung NgAm quA

cho mOm trong nd6c, sau d6 nhi hat. Chi x6t

lim chAy ldp 6o hat d6 cam vd ngAm hat

trong ntldc trong 24 h. Loai b6 hat chdt, ndi'

Phdi kh6 hat dr.idi ndng trong l-2ngdy, sau d6

gieo n6ng trong khay dridi 6nh nSng mdt trdi,

i to I'f ddt rtng: c6t dd ngin ngrla bi thdi

rung. BAo r,,O khay kh6i d6ng vAt gam nhdm'

NAy mAm chAm vi d6ng loat. GP c. 30%; MLD

= 100 ngay. Btlng cAy con sall khi 16 ddi dAu

ti€n md rQng. Ndu thdy rdp rtlng tdn c6ng,

tiOu hiry cAy b1 ph6 hoai vd xit thudc di6t c6n

trr.ing cho cAy cdn sdng. CAy trong h6p ph'6t

tridn nhanh trong vridn ddm vi thtidng san

sdng dd tr6ng viLo mtia tr6ng cAy dAri ti6n sau

khi thu h6i hat (TNT = 11 th6ng).

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c cdy con nhri th6nio?

Loii niy dip fng tdt vdi tt'm bia cr-1ng

che phd gdc dai xung quanh cAy tai thdi didm

tr6ng.

Loii cAy niy dridc ding vio mgc dichgi?

G6 c6 thd dr,ioc ding trong xAy dgng vildm d6 dac. Hoa thom ng6t khi6n M. bailloniili loii cay thddng dtioc trdng trong vtidn.

t66 i'[e,/


CAC LoAI CAY TAO KHLINC RLING

Manglietia garu ettii Cr aib Monta Daeng

(MAGNOLIACEAE)Lodi cAy VAng tAm, thu6c chi Md hay Vdng tAm (Manglietia), hq Ngoc Lan

CAy kich thtidc trung bir.rh, xanh quanh ndm hodc trao ddi le, cao tdi da 20 m (DBH 41 cm).

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

TtY Nam Trung Qudc vd Th6i Lan to Vi6tNam. d phia b5c Thdi Lan, loii ndy phdn bdkh6 nhi6u 6 rrlng thddng xanh d dQ cao 1.050

ddn 1.600 m.

Dic didm ndi Uat cria cAy?

V6 cAy: m6ng, nhin, x6m. L6: xdp xo6n,

dorr; phiSn 15 gidng da, hinh 61ip to hinhtrtng,lS-34x8-12;16 kEm r6ng, c6 16ng;16 roidd lai seo tr6n cAy sao khi rgng; cudng 16 3-5

cm vdi 16ng nAu. Hoa: ra hoa theo quy, chi c6

m6t hoa, htTu tinh, dei 5,5-6,5 cm; tim hdngsAm; cudng dai 1,5-4 cm; nhidu nhi hoa v) 16

noAn; ra hoa tt} thdng 3 ddn th6ng 4. QttA:chrim nhi6u qu6 nang, vdng xanh s6ng khichrta chin, nAu sAm ddn nAu vh gidng 96 khichin, 95 x 60 mm; hat, m6t hat trong m6t ngdn,den, 10 x 4 mm, boc trong 6o hat d6, g5n vdoqu6 qua m6t sdi chi m6ng; ra quA ttl th6ng 9

ddn th6ng 11, hat ph6t t6n b&i chim.


M. garrettii ld lodi cAy tao khung rdnghi6u qu6 6 mfc cAn bien, nhung co the drroc

tr6ng 6 dia bin trddc dAy l) rtlng thridng xanhdd bd sung da dang c61u trtic cho tAng t6nrdng. CAy con dddc tr6ng c6 khA ndng sdng

k6m (c.50%), nhflng cdy sdng 14i ph6t tridnnhanh (c.1,5 m vi cao >5 m vdo cudi mtamda thtl hai vi thtl ndm), ph6t tridn t6n r6ngvd diy, tao b6ng rAm cho c6 hi6u qui. Hat M.garrettii thu htit chim vA s6c, nhting chi ra quA

sau khi tr6ng 7 nim. Tuy nhi6n, cAy nh6 hotrlai ht'p dAn nhd dQng vQt phdt t6n hat, vi cAy

con cda m6t sd lodi cAy dddc nhd d6ng vAt

ph6t t6n hat thiSt lAp xung quanh t6n M.garrettii sau khi tr6ng 6 ndm.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhtt thd nio?

Thu h6i qu6 khi chring bdt dAu nft ravdo th6ng 10 (cit ttY cAy). Phoi kh6 chling dddindng vd t6ch hat. Chd cho chdy 6o hat d6 vdth6 hat den viro ntidc. Loai b6 hat chdt, ndi.Phdi kh6 dddi ndng trong 1 ngdy, sau d6 gieo

chting trong khay dri6i b6ng rdm b6n phAn.

B6o vQ hat kh6i s6c viL chu6t. N6y mAm

thddng chAm vi ddng ioat. GP = 65-75%; MLD= 47-81 ngdy. Brlng cAy con sau khi 16 d6i dAu

ti6n md r6ng. Tr6ng cAy con trong hQp dd dtildn (50 cm) ddn khi dtioc dem tr6ng ra ngoiivAo mda tr6ng cAy thrl hai sau khi gieo hat(TNT = 20 th6ng).

N6n trdng v) chim s6c cAy con nhd thdnio?

CAy con M. garrettii d6p tlng tdt ndu ddttt'm bia cfng che phfi gdc tai thdi didm tr6ngvi b6n phAn ddu ddn. Cin nhi6u nghien ctluth6m dd tdng tli lQ sdng sau tr6ng.

Loii ciy nAy ddqc dtng vio mgc dichgi?

G6 ctlng, nhe dting trong x6y drrng, d6d.ac, l6p 96 mdt ciia 95 d6n, g5 d6n vi cham

1qTR6NG RIJNG NHU THE NAO L67

CAC LOAI CAY TAO K}IUNC RIJNG

Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc.

(MELIACEAE)Lodi Xoan, thu6c chi Xoan, ho Xoan

Cay kh6p ti6n phong kich thridc trung binh, chidu cao t6i da 25 m (DBH 47 crn)

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

Td Myanmar, qua Bdc Th6i Lan, D6ngNam A, Nam Trung Quoc va NhAt Bin. Omi6n Bic Th6i Lan, n6 1i cAy d4c thi 6 nlngthrrdng xanh vd rtng h6n giao, phAn bd d d0

cao 700 tdi 1.450 m.

Ddc tlidm ndi Uflt cria cAy?

V6 cAy: m6ng, x6m-nAu, rdnh x6 n6ng.

L6: x6p xoXn, hai ho4c ba 16 ch6t, phiSn 16

hinh trdng, 3-7 x 1,-2 cm, m6p-thr-fdng c6 rdng

cda. Hoa: cum d n6ch 16; nhiAu hoa, c6nh hoa

mdu trdng (c.10 mm); ra hoa tr.Y th6ng 1 ddn

th6ng 3. QuA: qu6 hach, ving khi chin, 25 x22mm; gidng g5 chr.la nhi6u nhdt 5 hat; hat den,

6 x 3 mm; ra quA th6ng 10 ddn th6ng 3; nhddgng r5t phdt tdn hat.

Vi sao lodi cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrtlng?

Lodi cAy tao khung nlng tuyQt vdi, M.

toosendan li lodi cAy moc nhanh nhdt theo thr?

nghiOm cfia FORRU. CAy con dddc trdng dat

tf 16 sdng >90% vd cao 5-7 m cu6i mua mria

thtl hai. Chdng ph6t tridn t6n rdt rQng (>2,5

m), g6p phAn quan trong phuc hdi

Lien

sau khi trdng vA ra qui ttY ndm thtl 5. Nai dn

quA cAy. Lodi cAy niy rAlt hdp dAn ddi v6ichim, trong d6 c6 24 lodi thtidng xuy6n ldmtd, d6ng vai trd ph6t t6n hat quan trong. Hoa

thdm thu hirt nhidu c6n tring. Lodi ndy chiu

dung rdt tdt sau khi chdy (tf lQ sdng 70-700%

ddi vdi cAy bi ch6y d d6 tudi 21- 33 th6ng sau

khi tr6ng; RCD >5 cm).

CAy con ph6t tridn nhri thd nlo?

Thu h6i quA miru ving vdo th6ng 10 vA

thdng 11. Phdi kh6 dd6i n5ng, sau d6 dringdao dd md hat ctlng gidng 95. Gieo hat n6ng

dddi naing vdi tj, 16 1:1 ddt rtng vd c6t dd

trdnh nguy cd thdi rung. N6y mAm nhanh. GP

= TOoh; MLD = 15 ngiy. Btlng cdy con sau khile d6i dAu ti6n m& r6ng (ly tddng nhdt vioth6ng 1). ThAn trong vdi sAu brrdm vd ndm vikh6ng cdt tia hay b6n phAn. CAy con moc

nhanh ddn dd cao 30 cm (s6n sdng dttoc dem

tr6ng) vAo mia tr6ng cAy th(i nht't sau khi thuhdi hat (TNT = 7-B th6ng). Lim cho chring

thich nghi 6nh n2ing vd gi6m tddi nridc sau khitr6ng 6 tuAn.

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrf thdnio?

CAy con mAnh vd cAn dttoc cham s6c dac

bi6t trong khi vfln chuydn. M. toosendan ph6ttridn tdt md kh6ng cAn chdm s6c nhidu, ddc

biOt rdt thich hop vdi th6m che phd gdc blngbia crfng. Gieo hat trtic tiSp dd mang lainhfrng kdt qui tuyOt vdi.

Loii cAy niy dri{c ding vio mgc tlich gi?

G5 drroc stt dung lhm crii. Qu6 dtioc limthudc truyOn thdng cira ngtidi Tdu' Ndu qud

lidu thi n6 lai gdy d6c. Ngtidi ldn dn 5-6 qtulc6 thd ch6t.

tAng t6n rtlng vA han chd c6

rnoc. Ra hoa vio ndm thtl 4

168 TRdNG ntIXC NHU TH6 NAO


Nyssa jaztanica (B1.) Wang.

(NYSSACEAE)CAy Ttl java, thuQc hg TrI hay 86

CAy ldn, xanh quanh ndm hodc trao ddi 16, cao 30-40 m (DBH 90 cm).

CAy niy mgc 6 dAu?

Td An D6 v) Myanmar ddn Th6i Lan,D6ng Nam A vd Nam b6n d6o Malaysia,Sumatra, Java vd Borneo. d mi6n bfc Th6iLan, loii cAy ndy phAn bd phd bidn 6 rrlngthtrdng xanh vi rdng h6n giao, ildc bi6t docsudi d dQ cao 550 tdi 1.400 m.

Dic tlidm ndi bat cld.a cdy?

V6 cAy: diy, c6 rdnh doc, thddng bi tr6c,nAu-x6m. L6: xdp xo5n, don; phiSn 14 hinh 61ip

hoic vdm, 1,3-22 x 6-12 cn.:t; c6y con c6 16ng

rAm m)u bac, 16 kdm. Hoa: cum d n6ch 16; hoa

dttc vd hrlu tffi tr6n c6c cdy khdc nhau. Hoanh6, vdng-xanh; ra hoa tr) th6ng 2 d6n l7"6ng

4. Qu6: qui hach, hinh trttng, nhidu midc, d6cam sAm khi chin, 18-20 x 12-15 rrrm; qud ctlngchrla m6t hat; hat nAu nhat, det, 15 x 8-10 mm,phLi bdi 16p 6o hat d6; ra qu6 tr} th6ng 4 ddnth6ng 8; nhd dQng vAt ph6t t6n hat.


Thu h6i qu6 rung vdo th6ng 8 hoic th6ng9. Cha qui bing c6i rdy dd loai b6 ctli hat virrfa tr6i 6o hat dddi nLidc ch6y. Gieo hat trongkhay v6i tf 16 1:1 ddt rtlng: c6t dd trdnh bithdi rung. Ndu bi thdi rung, phAi di ddi virti6u htiy cAy nhi6m bOnh. Vi xit thudc di6tndm. 86o vO hat kh6i chu6t dn hat. N6y mAmd6ng loat vd k6o ddi (ddn 100 ngny). GP

thddng c.70o/.; MLD = 40 ngiy. Brlng cAy khicAy con sau khi 16 d6i dAu ti6n md r6ng. CAy

con thridng ph6t tridn nhanh.

Kang Khak

Vi sao loli cAy niy li loli ciy t4o khungrilng?

N. javanica duoc xdp li loii cAy taokhung nlng chdp nhAn drtoc. Cdy con c6 tf 10

sdng ttiolrg ddi tht'p nhrrng tf lQ tang tnidngrdt cao sau khi trdng 6 dia bAn bi mdt rdng (c.

tf 16 sdng 50-60ok; cAy cao l,l 2-2,8 m vio cudimda mrla thtl hai). Chring ph6t tridn t6n ddyvi r6ng (r6ng>150-200 cm), tao b6ng rAm cho

c6 mdt c6ch hi6u qu6.

N6n trdng vi chdm s6c cAy con nhtf thdnio?

Lodi ndy d6p rlng tdt ndu duoc che phrigdc bXng bia crlng vd lim sach c6 kh6e dAu

mtia kh6. Chiu h?a kh6ng t6t16rn, do vAy cAn

ph6i phdng chdng ch6y hiOu qu6.

Loii cAy niy thfgc ding vio mgc dichgi?

G5 ndng vd thich hop dd xAy nhd, lim d6dac, thing chrla hAng, 16p 95 mdt cfia 96 d6nvd 1dm 96 d6n. QuA dn duoc.

\7.>

1P

*.r)

' 'ftx*";)"'.:',1'r.;&

---1"---'

TRdNG RUNG NHIJ TH6 NAO L69

CAC I-OAI CAY TAO KHUNG RIJNC

Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz Nonsi Bah or Arang

(LEGUMINOSAE, CAESALPINIOIDEAE)CAy Lim VAng, thu6c chi Lim VAng, ho Phu Vang Caesalpinioideae.

Cay khop kich thddc nh6 ddn trung binh, cAn nhi6u 6nh s6ng, chi6u cao tdi da30 m1.

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

TtY D6ng Nam A (Thdi Lan, Cambodia,Lio vi Vi6t Nam) ddn Malaysia vA

Indonesia. d phia bdc vd tAy nam Th6i Lan,loii cAy ndy phAn bd 6 nhrlng khu vtic bixuong cip o rLrng cAy nr,ia rung ld h6n giaovdi tre nfa vi rdng thddng xanh noi ddttht'p d d6 cao 80 ddn 900 m.

Dic tlidm ndi t4t cria cAy?

V6 cAy: nhin, nAu. L6.: 16 clt6t d6i, dai18-25 cm; ld kEm ldn 6 d6y cudng Id. Hoa:kh6ng dAm nhinh, cum n6ch ld dii 5-35 cm;

cdnh hoa ving s6nh, r6ng 1,5-2 cm; ra thdng3 ddn thdng 4. Qu6: qu6 ddu, hinh 61ipa1,

thu6n d hai dAu, mAu nAu xin khi chin, 10-15

x 2-3,5 cm; 4-5 hat det trong m6t qui; ra quivdo thdng 10 ddn th6ng 1; qu6 duoc phdt tenbdi gi6.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy t4o khungring?

P. dasyrhachis li loii cAy tao khung rtlngcht'p nhAn drtoc trong phuc h6i cA rti'ng xanh

quanh ndm vir rdng kh6p 6 phia bdc vi tAy

ll \,p.J),

\,hrv

nam Th6i Lan; ddc bi6t d vting bi xudng cdp

nghiom trong hodc ddt man. Mec dn tf 16

sdng c6 thd thdp, nhting cAy con dat t1i lQ tdngtrti8ng cht'p nhAn dttoc vA ph6t tridn t6n ddyc6 thd tao b6ng rAm cho c6. MAt hoa thu hirtc6n tning, chim vd s6c. Li m6t cAy ho dAu, n6c6 thd tdng ltiong nito trong ddt vd thich hopcho n6ng lAm nghi6p.


Thu h6i qui dAu nAu vdo thdng t hayth6ng 10. Phdi kh6 dddi nSng ddn khi chtingnrft ra vd nh6 hat. Ng6m hat trong ntidc qua

d€m. Gieo hat bXt dAu phinh ra vi loai b6 hatch6t, n6i. Gieo n6ng trong khay dr.idi 6nh s6ng

dAy dir. Phir tr6n khay tdm lddi bing kim loaidd trdnh d6ng vAt dn hat. Tf 16 nAy mAm thdpGP c.42"h; MLD = 84 ngiy. Biing cAy con khi16 d6i dAu tiOn md r6ng. CAy con tr6ng trongh6p ph6t tridn chAm vi chi dti ldn dd dem ditrdng vio mia mtia thtl hai sau khi thu h6ihat (TNT = 21 theng).

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhri thdnho?

Ap dung quy trinh trdng cAy chudn nhr-i

n6u trong PhAn 7. Loii cAy niy ddp iing tdtndu ding tdm bia crlng che phti gdc.

Loii cAy niy dtfgc ding vio muc tlich gi?

Lodi ndy hdu ich trong vi6c tao b6ng rdmcho canh tdc tai dit b6 hoang vi chrlng dndinh nito trong ddt. G5 c6 thd lAm ctii. V6 cAy

vi 96 ctia P. dasyrachis dtioc dting lim thudcnhu6m d6 hay vdng nAu. Hoa dting dd nu6iong mAt. Chiu duoc ddt m4n. C6 thd tr6ng xen

vdi ng6 trong hO thdng n6ng ldm nghiOp.

-\ts->

it6I

. -.1!: 1

170 TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO

( AC LOAI CAY IAO KHU]\L RLI\C

Prunus cerasoides D. Don(ROSACEAE)Cdy ddo, cAy Mo

Nang Paya Sua Krong

Cay kh6p tiOn phong kich thrldc trung binh, chi6u cao tdi da16 m (DBH 38 cm).

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

Td Himalayas d6n Nam Trung Qudc ddnMyan- mar vi D6ng Nam A. d mi6n bic Th6iLan, hiSm c6 cA1, ndy d rrYng thrrdng xanh,rdng h6n giao vir rr,Ing thtidng xanh h6n giaovdi th6ng, thddng 6 nhfing vring da bi x6o

tr6n, 6 d6 cao tLY 1.040 ddn 2.400 m.

Dic didm ndi U4t cria cAy?

V6 cAy: b6ng, d6 nAu, ldp v6 ngoAi c6

vdn ngang. L6: xdp xodn, don; phi6n16.9-12x3-5 cm; m6p c6 rdng ctla nh6. Hoa: d cumn6ch 16, dli 1-2,5 cm, 5 c6nh hoa h6ng; cAy

rung 16 td th6ng 12 ddn th6ng 1. QuA: quihach (mong), hinh trtlng, d6 khi chin, drtdngkinh 1-1,5 cm, m6i qu6 c6 m6t hat cfng; ra

quA td th6ng 3 ddn th6ng 5; ph6t tdn bdi chim,s6c vi c6c d6ng vflt c6 vti nh6 kh6c.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tqo khungrtlng?

P. cerasoides ld lodi cAy tao khung rtlngtuyQt vdi. CAy con drroc tr6ng sdng tdt viph6t tridn nhanh khi dtioc tr6ng (tf 1Q sdngs6t >80% vi dat chi6u cao >3 m vio cudimtia mtia thn 2). Chting phdt tridn tdn r6ng(>2,4 rn), tao b6ng rAm cho c6 hi6u qui, rahoa, quA vi lim td chim sau khi trdng 3 ndm.Chim nhtr chim mdt trdi, chim 5n nh6n vi.chim cd mdt trdng dn mAt hoa, trong khichim chbo beo 5n qua.


Thu h6i qu6 chin vdo gida th6ng 3. Dingdao t6ch bQt ctia hat dr-idi nr.idc chAy dd 1O hatctlng gidng g6. Phoi hat cfng dddi n5ng. Chochdng vdo bAu kin khi bit blng sdp silicatrong 2 ngdy, sau d6 thay s6p silca r.i b6oquin trong tr.i lanh d 5 dO C. Vdo th6ng 1 cfiandm sau, 161y hat cfng kh6i kho vi gieo chtingtrong khay dtr6i 6nh s6ng dAy dfi. GP thr,idng

>70"k; MLD 48-52 ngiy. Brlng cAy con khichting cao 5-7 crn, c6 4-5 16 (thtidng trY 7-10

ngdy sau khi ndy mAm). Kh6ng b6n phAn, trlkhi quA hach c6 hi6n ttidng thidu dinh dridngvi ndu cAn c6 thd tia cAy dd ngan chfngkh6ng moc chdi ra kh6i h6p. C6y con sin sdLng

dtfoc dem tr6ng, khi cao 30 cm (TNT = 5

th6ng, trti thdi gian b6o qu6n hat).

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhd thdnlo?

P. cerasoides d6p r.1ng tdt ndu ddoc che

phti gdc bhng bia crlng, ldp lai sau 2 ndm. Lodindy cflng thich ho. p vdi gieo hat trdc ti6p.Chudn bi vd bAo qu6n hat ctlng nhrr mO ta 6tr6ry sau d6 gieo chring tnlc ti6p xudng dia b)nbi mt't rtng vio dAu mria mda. (xem PhAn a).

Loii cAy niy drfoc dr)ng vio mgc dichgi?

G6 ding trong xAy dting, lim d6 dac, d6g6 my thuAt vd ciri. L6 dd ldm thdc dn gia stic.Dudc trdng t4i Nepal.

TRdNC RUNC NHU TH6 NAO a7t

.. LOAI CAY IAO KHLIT\]G RIJNC

Queru.ts semiseru at a Roxb .

(FAGACEAE)CAy S6i, thu6c chi S6i, ho D6

Tt d6ng nghia: Cyclobalanopsis semiserrata (Roxb.) Oersted

CAy Idn, xanh quanh ndm, chi6u cao tdi da 30 m (DBH 1 m).

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

Tr] An D6, Bangladesh, Myanmar virnam Trung Qudc ddn D6ng Nam A. d midnb6cTh6i Lan, lodi cAy ndy phAn bd phd bidn6 rtlng thddng xanh, rtlng h6n giao vir nlngthddng xanh h6n giao vdi th6ng, 6 d6 cao 800

den l.b/5 m.

D{c didm ndi f4t cria cAy?

V6 cAy: ddy, x6m-nAu, c6 rinh th8ng. L6:

xdp xodn, don; phiSn le hinh lr.lng, gi6ng da,

\3-25 x 3-8 cm; m6p c6 rdng ctia htidng 16n

dinh. Hoa: 6 n6ch 16, don tinh, moc thlnhcum, hoa dric mdu ving nhat, hoa c6i xanhs6ng, khi tni6ng thdnh chuydn thinh mduvdng; ra hoa trl th6ng 3 ddn thdng 4. QuA: quA

hach, oval, c6 l6ng, 3,5-4 x 2 crn; qul ddu; m6that trong m6t qu6 hach; ra qu6 tri th6.ng 12

ddn th6ng 7, ct 2-3 ndm ra qu6 mQt lAn; nhdd6ng vflt ph6t t6n hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy t4o khungrdng?

CAy con Q. semiserrata drtoc tr6ng dat tflQ sdng vd tf 10 tdng tnt'dng cao (tf 16 sdng

>70ok vd trung binh cao 115 cm cudi mtia mdatht? hai). DAm cdnh vdLo ndm dAu ti6n vi cdy

Gaw Dtah Mu Luang

ph6t tridn t6n ddy nhrrng hep, tao b6ng rAmhiQu quA cho c6 vd thu htit chim ldm td sau

khi tr6ng 2 ndrn. Ra qu6 sau 1,5 ndm sau khitr6ng, nhting rt't hidm. HAu hdt c6c cdy khdngra hoa khi chda ddn 5 tudi. S6c vd l-o. n flIng dnqu6 h4ch.


Thu h6i qu6 hach khi chring bdt dAu roitd tr6n cAy xudng (lf trrdng vdo thdng 6 hodc

th6ng 7). Loai b6 qu6 ddu vd th6 qui hach viotrong nddc. Loai b6 qu6 chdt, ndi. Gieo canhctia qu6 hactu c6ch nhau 2-3 cm, tnic tidp vdsAu trong bAu (dd tr6nh 16 bidn dang sau khin6y mAm) c6 che b6ng mQt phAn. Tf 16 n6ymAm cao vd niy mAm ddng 1oat. GP = 85-92%;

MLD = 18 ngdy. Cdt tia 16 m6t lAn trong 6

thdng dAu c6 thd lim tdng tf lQ teng tnidngcria cAy con. CAy con thrldng dti cao dd demtr6ng ngay vdo mtla tr6ng cAy thrl nhdt sau

khi thu hrii hat (TNT = 11-12 th6ng).

N6n tr6ng v) chdm s6c cAy con nhrJ thdnio?

Lodi cAy ndy ph6t tridn t6t hon trongdi6u ki6n c5 che b6ng m6t phAn. Cho ph6p c6

moc quanh cAy tr6ng ddn cudi mria mrla ddtao b6ng rAm cho cAy con trong mtia kh6.Kh6ng ding thdm che phti gdc. Q.semiserratakh6ng ph6t tridn tdt sau khi bi chdy, chi tr6ngkhi da phdng chdng ch6y.

Loii cAy niy drigc ding vio mgc dichCi?

G6 dnng trong xAy dting, ldm c6ng cu

n6ng nghiQp vd crii. Cring drroc sf dqng ddtr6ng ndm. L6 ding d6'nu6i tdm nh6 to o AnD6.

-\et72 7

P


CAC LOAI CAY TAO KHLDJG RU'NG

CAy khdp, tiOn phong, kich thtidc trung binh, chi6u cao tdi da 25 m (DBH ddn 30 cm).

Rhus rhetsoides Craib

(ANARCARDIACEAE)CAy Mudi, thuQc chi Mudi (Rhus), ho DAo L6n H6t

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

d mi6n BXc Vi6t Nam vA BXc Th6i Lan.d miAn bdc Th6i Lan, loiii cAy niy phAn bdkhd phd bidn 6 rdng thddng xanh, rtlng h6ngiao vi rdng thrrdng xanh h6n giao v6i th6ng,cJ do cao tLr 650 ddn 1.550 m.

Dic didm ndi Uat cria cAy?

V6 cAy: c6 rinh, nAu-x6m. L6: xdp xodn,4-5 16 ch6t xdp ddi thinh cdp phiSn 16 hinhvdm hodc trtlng 9-15 x 2.5-5 cm; m6p nguyOn.Hoa: thinh cum & n6ch 16, cum dii 30-45 cm;

hoa don tinh vi hfru tinh, dai 1,5 mm, miuxanh, vdng sAng; ra hoa ttY thdng 7 ddn thdng8. Qua: qua hach hinh trtfng, ndu sim khichin, B x 5 x 3 mm; v6 gifa m6ng, gAn nhtikh6; qui cfng chtla m6t, hat nAu vd det, 3 x2.5 x 0.5 mm; ra quA tr} th6ng 9 ddn th6ng 12;

qu6 ph6t t6n bdi s6c vi chim.


R. rhetsoides li m6t lodi cAy tao khungrdng tuyQt vdi. CAy con dtidc trdng dat ti 16

sdng vi tf 16 ting trttdng rdt cao (tf le sdng>80% vA dat chidu cao trung binh >3 m vdocudi mia trdng cAy thri hai). Mac dti vAy, lodiniy chi ph6t tridn t6n r6ng vtla phii, ngdnchdn hi6u quA sri ph6t tridn ciia c6. Chiu lfiad mt?c d6 khi6m tdn (tf 16 sdng >90% ddi vdicAy bi ch6y c6 do tudi 21 th6ng sau khi tr6ng;RCD >80 mm). Ra hoa vi ra qui ttl ndm thrl 2sau khi trdng, thu hrit nhiAu d6ng vAt phet tenhat vA chim ddn lim td.

CAy con ph6t tridn nhri thd n)o?

Deo gdng tay khi xr? lf qui vi chring c6

thd gAy di fng. Thu h6i qui nAu sAm tr6n cAy

ttl th6ng 9 ddn th6ng 10.

86 ldp v6 hat ctlng vd th6 chiing vionr.ldc. Sau khi loai b6 hat cfng chdt, ndi, phoi

Gawk Gun

kh6 nhrlng hat cdn lai dridi ndng vd gieo trongkhay dtidi 6nh s6ng dAy dri. GP thddng 50-

60%; MLD = 24 trgdy.NAy mAm d6ng loat.Btlng cAy theo dot khi chting md 16 d6i dAutiOn. ThAn trong vdi rdp rrlng vi n61m tdn c6ngcAy con trong mia m6t. Tddi nddc cho cAy concdn thAn. Stt dung h6n hop ddt tr6ng giiudinh dr,idng hay b6n phAn dd dAm b6o cAy conmoc dir cao vio mria tr6ng cAy thf nhdt sau

khi gieo (TNT = B-9 th6ng).

NCn trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrl thd nho?

Lodi ndy ph6t tridn manh trong di6u ki6nn6ng, kh6, c6 ndng vd ngay ci 6 tr6n khu ddtdA bi suy tho6i. Lim c6 thtidng xuy6n khi bXtdAu mia kh6. D6p tlng tdt tnidc tdm bia crlngche phfi gdc.

Loii cAy nhy dtfgc ding vio mgc dich gi?

Nhtla cAy c6 thd ding lim d6 sdn mdi.

_Y--t[6]

TRdNG RTJNG NHU THfi NAO t73

CAC LOA1 CAY TAO KHUN.G RU'NG

Cay khQp, kich thddc trung binh, cAn nhi6u dnh sdng, chiAu cao tdi da 25 m (DBH 25 cm)

Sapindus rarak DC.

(SAPINDACEAE)Lodi cAy B6 hdn, chi B6 hdn (Sapindus), ho 86 hdn'

CAy niy moc d d6u7

d An DO (Assam), MYanmar, D6ng Nam

A, vi Indonesia. d mi6n bic Th6i Lan, loiicAy niy phAn bd phd bi6n 6 rttng thridng xanh

vi rr.Yng h6n giao, thtidng d ving ddt bi xudng

ct'p ho4c doc sudi, phAn bd d d6 cao tn 625

ddn 1.620 m.

Dic didm ndi bat cia ciy?

V6 cAy: x5,m hodc nAu s6ng, nft n6 khi

gid. L6: xdp xodn, dai 38-44 -cm;8-10 16 ch6t,

hAu hdt xdp ddi; phidn 16 ch6t kh6ng ddi xrlng

hinh trtlng, 7-13 x 2,5-3,5 cm. Hoa: cum, diri

23-35 cm; hoa nd nhidu, hfru tinh, c6nh ddi 4

mm, cdnh hoa mhu tting; ta hoa ttl th6ng 3d6n thzlng 4. Qui: qu6 hach, gAn hinh cAu,

gidng da vd nhin, nAu vdng khi chin, 25 x23mm; m6t hat trong mQt quA hach mdu den 16

x 15 mm; ra qui tr} th6ng 7 ddn th6ng 1; nhd

dQng virt phit tin h4t.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrilng?

Mah Sak

sdng rdt cao vi t1i lQ tdng trridng cht'p nhan

dtldc (ti 10 sdng 80%; dat chiAu cao trung binh

L,25 rn viLo cudi mtla mda thrl hai). MAc di ten

hep, nhting lodi niy ngdn kh6ng cho c6 phdt

tridn hiOu qui. Sai qui, nhttng thtidng phAi

mdt 7 ndm mdi bit dAu ra quA. Lon nlng vinai in quA loii ndy. Lodi cAy niy chiu dting

sau d6m ch6y vtla ph6i vi t6i sinh rdt tdt (Tj'

10 t6i sinh i00% ddi vdi cAy bi chtiy c6 d6 tudi33 th6ng sau khi tr6ng sdng; RCD >10 mm).

CAy con ph6t tridn nhri thd niLo?

Cdt quA tri cAy ngay khi nhin thdy quichin dAu ti6n (lf ttidng vdo thdng 8). Loai b6

ctli hat. Cho hat ctlng vdo nddc vdL loai b6 hat

chdt, ndi. Gieo nhr1ng hat chim vio trong khay

trong 6nh s6ng dAy dt. GP thtidng >80%;

MLD = 45-52 nghy. Niy mAm d6ng loat, ii6ntidp trong >130 ngiy. Bting cAy con theo chu

kj' dAu ddn sau khi la d6i dAu tiOn md r6ng'

N6u duoc b6n phdn, cAy con duoc tr6ng sE

moc cao dr.i dd dem tr6ng vio mtia tr6ng cAy

dAu tiOn sau khi thu h6i (TNT = 10 th6ng)'

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAY con nhd th6nio?

Ap dung quy trinh chudn vd tr6ng vichdm s6c cAy (PhAn 7) vdi th6m che phtl gdc

bhng bia ctlng thddng cho kdt quA tdt. S rarak

ph6t tridn tdt nhdt d nhfrng ndi c5 d6 dm

nhting nhi6u ndng. N6 d6 bi rQp rr-Yng miru

tring t61n c6ng.

Loii cAy niy chfQc ding vlo mgc dichgi?

Qui Saponins dridc dnng dd lim xiphdng, dAu g6i clAu vd c6 chdt chdng vikhudn. Qud ciing dugc ding lim thudc trdsAu. G6 S.rarak c6 thd ding trong xAy dung co

bin vi lAm dd dac, nhtfng kh6ng bOn. Hai c6

thd thrn khuy 6o.

174 TRdNG RTJNG NHIJ TH6 NAO

CAC T oAI CAY TAo KHUNG RIJNC

Sarcosperma arboreum Bth.

(SAPOTACEAE)CAy Nhuc Tt? thu6c ho Hdng Xi6m hay Chay

Mah Yang

CAy xanh quanh ndm, chiu dttoc b6ng rAm, kich thudc trung binh, chi6u cao tdi da25 m (DBHddn 50 cm).

CAy niy moc 6 dAu?

d .,um Trung Qudc, d6ng bic An D6,Myanmar vd Thrii Lan. d midn bdc Thrii Lan,lodi cdy ndy phAn bd phd bidn 6 rtlngthudng xanh vd rtlng h5n giao, 6 d6 cao 650

ddn 1.400 m.


V6 cAy: nAu x6m, m6ng, bi tr6c vdi vdtx6 n6ng; miu tr5ng nhd nhd. L6: xdp ddi hoicd6i khi xen ke; phidn 1d hinh trr?ng, L0-26 x 4-

8 cm; cA hai mit nhin. Hoa: dang chtiy; nh62-4 mm, dii hoa mdu gi sdt, treng hoa vAng;ra hoa ttl th6ng 12 d6n th6ng 2. Qu6: quA

hach, den tim khi chin, hinh tr6ng, 1.5-25x 7-75mm; m6t hat trong m6t qu6, nAu s6ng hodcmdu kem, 18 x 12 mm; ra quei th6ng 4 ddnth6ng 8; nhd ddng vAt ph6t tdn hat.

Vi sao loii cAy niy li loii cAy tao khungrtng?

S. arboreum li m6t loAi cAy tao khungrdng tuyQt vdi. CAy con dtldc tr6ng dat t1y' 10

sdng rdt cao viL tli lQ teng trtidng cht'p nhAndlidc (qi 16 sdng >70ok; dat chi6u cao >100 cmvdo cudi mtia mrla thtl hai). C6 tdn hep n6nloii niiy kh6ng ngdn cho c6 ph6t tridn hi6uqui. Bdt dAu ra hoa vi ra quA vio ndm thf 5

sau khi tr6ng. MOt sd lohi chim vd nai 5n qu6cAy niv. Loii cAy ndy t6i sinh tdt sau nhrlngddm ch6y vda phAi (tf lQ sdng >80% ddi vdic6c cAy bi ch6y d d6 tudi 33 th6ng sau khitr6ng; RCD >22 rnllr.).

CAy con ph6t tridn nhti thd nio?

Thu hdi qui chin mdu tim den rung virothAngT. 86 cii qud vi lim sach hat. Thi hatvdo nddc vd ioai b6 hat chdt, ndi. Phdi khotrong kh6ng khi, sau d6 gleo trtic tidp trongttii nilon hay h6p udn 16, st? dung h6n hoptr6ng cdy trong h6p chudn. Ddt h6p tr6ng

dddi b6ng ram, tridi nddc thddng xuy6n vibdo vO chdng kh6i chu6t, s6c, vA nhr.lngd6ng vAt thich dn loai hat ndy. CP c.60'%;

}1.LD 60-67 ngiy. CAy con thlldng moc chAmvd chi dri ldn dd tr6ng ra ngodi vAo mriatrdng cAy thrl hai sau khi thu h6i (TNT 23

thdng) (xem h6p 6.1).

N6n trdng vi chim s6c cAy con nhrJ thdnio?

S. arboreum c5 thd duoc trdng tai dia bdnc6 b6ng mdt tudng ddi vd dm. Ap dung quytrinh chudn v6 tr6ng cAy vii chdm s6c cdy(PhAn 7). Vi n6 kh6ng ngan cAn duoc c6 ph6ttridn n6n cAn ldm c6 xung quanh cAy S.

arboreum vi viOc lim c6 c6 thd k6o dii honthddng 10. Gieo hat trdc tiep da cho ciic kdtqu6 thdnh c6ng.

Loii cAy n)y drt'dc ding vio muc dichgi?

Chria c5 th6ng tin

\,6,

)

TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAo t75

CAC LoAI CAY TAO KHUNG RUNG

Spondias axillaris Roxb.

(ANARCARDIACEAE)CAy C6c, thu6c chi C6c (Spondias) ho Ddo L6n HdtTrI ddng nghia: Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & Hill

CAy kh6p kich thddc trung binh, chi6u cao tdi d.a25 m (DBH 50 cm).

Ma Kak

cudi mia mria thtl hai). ThAn chlu xudng, tao

nhi6u t6n gidp tao b6ng rAm cho c6 rdt hiOu

qui. Ra hoa vd qui tr) ndm thrl 4 sau khitr6ng. CAy thu hrit chim lim td td nam tht1 5

sau khi. tr6ng. Nai, lon rdng vi gdu dn qu6

ciia lodi cAy nAy. Loii ndy t6i sinh sau khi bichdy rdt tdt (qi i0 sdng 1007" ddi vdi cAy bich6y d d6 tudi 33 th6ng sau khi tr6ng; RCD

>35 mm).


Thu h6i qui chin tr6n mdt dt't vio th6ng7 hodc th6ng 8. NgAm chfng trong nddc trong1 tuAn dd ldm m6m crli, sau d6 b6 cr)i di bXng

c6ch dting m6t c6i rAn ch) qu6 dudi nr'idc

ch6y. ThA hat cfng vio nr-idc vi loai b6 nhtrnghat ndi. Phoi hat chim dd6i nxng trong 2-3

ngdy. BAo quAn chdng trong h6p dd hd ddnth6ng 10, sau d6 gieo chiing vdi mAt dd tht'ptrong chAu dddi 6nh n;ing. Kh6ng c6 gingl{yhat tti quA crfng. Nhi6u nhdt ld 5 hat c5 thdn6y mAm td m6i qui ct1ng. GP trung vi = 42%;

MLD = 90 ngdy. NAy mAm ddng loat, btlngcAy theo ddt. Cay con moc dti cao (>30 cm)

vho mia tr6ng cAy th1.1 nhdt sau khi thu h6ihat (TNT B = thdng, kh6ng kd thdi gian b6o

quAn).

NGn trdng vi chdm s6c ciy con nhtf th6nio?

CAy con S. axillaris d6p tlng tdt trti6c tdmbia cfng che phti gdc, st? dung trong 2 mtlatrdng cAy. Lodi ndy thich hop vdi gieo h4t trtict1eP.

Loii cAy niy chlSc ding vio muc dich

8\?

G6 cria cAy ldm d6 n6i thdt, ding trongnghO thuAt cham, lim thung chtia hnng, 96d6n, cdi vi bOt g1{y. Ld kh6 c6 thd ldm thrlcdn gia sdc.

CAy nAy mgc 6 dAu?

TtI d6ng bdc An D6 vA Trung Qudc qua

D6ng Nam A ddn phia nam Nhat BAn. d miAn

bic Th6i Lan, lodi cAy nAy phAn bd phd bi6n6 rtlng thtidng xanh, rrlng thudng xanh h5ngiao vdi thdng vi rtlng h5n giao, tai d6 cao

td 700 ddn 1.600 m.

Ddc didm ndi uat clf.a ciy?

V6 cAy: x6m-nAu, m6ng, c6 r6nh th8ng.L6: xdp xoin, k6p, dei 25-40 cm; phiSn 16 ch6t

xdp ddi hoic nr?a xdp ddi, hinh trtlng hodc

hinh trfng-vdrn, 4-12 x 2-4,5 cm; dinh nhon.Hoa: hoa ddc thAnh cum dii 4-10 cm; trdnghoa dtlc miu tim d6 sAm, 0,4-0,5 cm; chi c6

m6t hoa c6i 6 truc 16 tr6n; ra hoa trl thdng 1

ddn thdng 3. Qu6: qui hach, hinh ovan, v6ngodi mhu vdng gidng miu da khi chin, kichttlLtlc 2,5-3 x 2 cm, m6i quA chtla mQt hat ctlngvdi 5 ngan; ra qui td th6ng 6 ddn th6ng 8; nhddong vit phdt tdn hat.


S. axillaris 1d m6t lodi cAy tao khungrr-Yng tuyQt vdi. CAy con dtidc trdng c6 tj. 16

sdng vi tf 16 ph6t tridn rft cao (tf 10 sdng

>70ok; dat chidu cao trung binh >2,5 m vho

176 TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAO

LUC

*******F**************a***

PHU

rU pIEN rsuAr NcUrRr uEu rHAM xuAo

DANH MUC ruuAr NcUrAru ruE NAo pE UEN nE vdt FoRRU-cMU

W{;

tr*a':4*,!I.:.3i1!

/fV

z a\ ? . -BAO TON DA DANG SINH HOC LA MUC TIEU NEN TANGcuA PHUC HOI RUNG _-a.-

Rtng xanh quanh ndln & d6 cao 1.300 m

trongVQG Doi Suthep-Pui, mdt phin ciaili sdn tr nhiAn phia bdc Thii Lan

Pied Hornbill ciain DA - mdt loii

phit tdn lnt ciy to

qtun trong.

Pied Hornbill ciain DQ - mOt loii

phit ttitr hat ciq to

quan trong.

Ci sdu Saln-

mander -mdt trong

sd nhiiu loiii dang

bi tuy€t chilng dtnc

@i fi ph1c h6i

rimg.

M6t trong nhiiulodi bttim ctia Thdi

Lan -c6n tring ld

hqp phin l6n hon

hin cdc hqp phinkhtic trong da dang

sinh thii.

Htou Sambar -

Nhiiu dgng aQt c6

rfi tu6 nAn hi{rm do

sdn bdn

IA6ng nhx cic dang tii tr6ng rimg khdc, phttc hdi rihg tQp trung oiio bdo tdn cdc loii da tirng sdng trong hA sinh

thdi ritng nguyAn 967 6 mitc dQ nhiiu nhdt c6 thd. Nhttng cdnh rimg d phin bic Thdi Lan lii cdi ndi ciia it nhdt 3.450

lodi cdy c6 mach (baogdm 1.116 cdy) (Dll liQtr crta CMLI Herbarium); 383 lodi chim (Round, 1988) aii 150 cdc loiii c6

ai (Lekagul ai McNeety, L988), ciing nht nhiiu loii dang bi tuyQt ching nht cd sdu Salmander (tinh dttdi bAn tuii).

Sd ltqng cdc loii c6n tring ciing cao nhx ztfry (khortng hing chuc nghin), chm bao gid d@c ddm diy dfi, nhrary itnhdt cung c6 500 lohi bttdm. N1n mdt ritng Id mdi de dqn chinh d6i odi cdc lohi ndy, phltc h6i ritng c6 thd citu sdng

ching.

TRdNG ntJNc NHU TH6 NAot78

T6i sinh tqf nhi6n c6 t6c dQng (tlrrqc h6 tr-o. )

ANR: c6c hoat ddng quin lf dd thtic d.dy c5.c

chu5i ttr nhi6n ctia rrlng.

Qui bd: qu6 nh6, kh6, kh6ng n6, mdt hat, v6m6ng.

Nhon mfii: c6 dinh nhon vir thAn l6m, thonxudng didm md r6ng.

C6ch mQt c6i: drlng m6t minh doc thAn haytruc (kh6ng ph6i d6i di6n hay xdp vdng).

CAy hat kin: m6t trong nhrlng phAn chinh ctiacAy ra hoa, bao g6m nhring cAy c6 no6n nlmtrong bAu nhuy.

ANOVA: phAn tich dO l6ch. M6t tlitl nghiOm

mang tinh thdng kO dd x6c dinh nht1ng kh6c

nhau cd b6n girTa c6c phucrng ph6p thfnghiOm hodc gifra c6c lodi...

rU prEN rHUAr NGfl

Dinh: DAu mtit ctia 16.

Ao h4t: v6 phu ctia hat c6 nhidu cii, thddngc6 mdu s6ng (moc tri rdn hat), t6ch kh6i hat.

L6 phg: nim tai g6c hinh thenh tr-l phia tr6nctia 16 vi thAn.

Qui dAu: qu6 cria cdy sdi, m6t hat vdi m6t dhinh ch6n. Truc: dddng trung tAm ddi xtlng ctia m6t cAy

hay mQt phAn ctia cAy.

V6 cAy: ldp cttng bao boc bOn ngodi thAn g6hay 16.

Quii mong: m6t qu6 don, ph6t tridn td nhuydon, thtidng nh6 vdi nhidu hat trong m6t v6quA mong ntidc.Da dang sinh hoc: nhidu loai gen, loii cAy vhhO sinh th6i dan xen nhau.

Hinh th6i d6i: c6 hai dang.

Van d6i: c6 hai van.

Phidn l6lhoa: phAn md rdng ctia m6t chidc 16

hay cdnh hoa.

Bao pht'n: mQt b0 phAn cria nhi hoa s6n xut'tphdn hoa. ThAn: thAn haY minh cAY.

Lac kreu Ia

LA hinh chdn vit ba 16 ch6t

L5 hinh

L6 hinh 16ngchim 16 kdp

(hinh 16ng chim 16)

L6 hinh l6ngchim chin k6p

(hinh 16ng chim chdn)

'liL6 hinh 16ngchim bQi k6p

..-' , ,?i:!:-'tf,!;1.;*!'(.--.' ,.. i r ""i - '4

.'.: il-iF--': iri I t'lt

', : fitr* --/

A r_3CF*.-^./.t #r- ' <,r'tff:.* -"* -#.-.r'

L6 dc,n i

L6 hinh 16ng chim

Le hinh chAn vit k6p

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO t79

Chdi: la, hoa hay 16 chrJa ph6t tridn (hay trongtrang th6i ngri), drioc b6o vO bdi 16p v6y (16

bdc).

Tru: phAn nhd ra thSng dtlng tr} d6y thAn cAy,

b6t ngu6n td 16 bOn.

Dii hoa: dhi duy nhdt cria m6t b6ng hoa.

Qu6 nang: qu6 mQt hoic nhidu hat, kh6, mltra thinh c6c van khi chin.

Noin: bAu nhuy, nrim nhuy vd vdi nhuy.

Rrlng ph6t tridn crfc cl6: rr,ing kh6ng bi x6o

tr6n, dn dinh, dat ddn d6 ph6t tridn tdi da x6tvd cdu tnic vi thinh phAn c6c loli, dtioc x6c

dinh bing c6c diAu kiOn ddt dai vi khi hAu.

Rrlng cQng ddng: m6t ciinh rtYng dtioc ngrrdidAn dia phr.rong chung srlc qu6n |f.

Gh6p: v6i hon m6t phAn gidng nhau trong 1

cd quan, nhr.f 16....

DAm ch6i lai: vdi nhidu 16 moc ra tr} gdc cAy

dd bi chdt.

Trlng hoa: c6nh hoa duy nhdt cfia m6t b6ng hoa.

L6 mAm: 16 hat, m6t phAn cda ph6i cria cAy

co ha 1.

Qui tldu: cdu tnic d6ng, bdt ngu6n tr) d6yhat, hinh thanh b6i 16 d*t kh6, md r6ng xung

quanh hat vi du loii Quercus vd Lithocarpus.

sim: m6t kidu cum hoa phAn nhanh, trong d6

hoa trung tAm vA hoa cudi nd tnldc.

Suy gi6m: nhidu b6nh do nt'm gAy n6n, tdn

c6ng cAy con, lirm cho thAn dd gllc vi chdt.

Kh6p: rung 16 hAng ndm hodc dinh k)', kh6ngxanh 16 quanh ndm.

Nrit: t6ch ra (xem qu6 nang).

CAy hai 16 mdm: m6t trong hai phAn quan

trong c/ra cAy hat kin, c6 ph6i vdi hai 16 hat

hay 16 mAm.

Trang th6i ngri: qu6 trinh gida thdi didmphAn t6n hat vd hat nAy mAm, trong d6 sd n6y

mAm bi tri hodn trd khi x|y ra c6c didu ki0nthich hop.

,/ffiwr mdc

Fnnhdridng kG

Hinhm6c ngddc

lhnh elipHinh chfr nhAt

r''iiilx{ffi-{#/t

Flinh cAuLIinh tam gi5c

1S0 4 rRdNG RrJNG NHU rHE NAo

2

Ffinh 6-van

SiGI

Chi6u dii/ rQng R6ng nhdt t4i

Dinh Giifa DAy

+l-1, Hinh cAu

L-2 Hinh trrinq neddc Hinh elip Ovan

2-3 Hinh trrlng ngrfdc-thudn Hinh thu6n Ovan-thu6n

3-5 Hinh tr(ing ngridc - vdm Vdm Ovan-vdm

5-10 Vdm th8ng

10+ Hinh giii thSng

DNP: Vu c6c vtidn qudc gia, ddng thtic vAthoang dd vd b6o tdn thrtc vAt ctia chinh phtTh6i Lan.

Qud hach: quA diy crii, trong d6 c6 mQt ho4cnhidu hat trong mdt ldp crlng phia trong(v6 qu6 trong).

Sinh th6i hoc: nghiOn ctlu khoa hoc vd c6c

ydu td xdc dfh sti phAn bd vd sri gidu c6 cria

d6ng thr.fc vAt.

H6 sinh th6i: mdt khu vtt'c hay kh6ng giantrong d6 sinh vAt sdng vd m6i tnidng kh6ngsdng tticrng t6c vdi nhau dd trao ddi vQt 1i6u

git1a cdc phAn sdng vd kh6ng sdng trong hO

thdng.

Elip: hinh dang (tht{dng Id cria 16) r6ng nhdtd giria vh thu6n vd hai dAu.

Ph6i: ch6i vh r5 so khai trong hat.

Chdi l6n: ndi len tr6n mdt d,{t, c6 thd nhinthdy dtioc, hay m6 tA m6t cAy c6 tdn ndi lentr6n tAng t6n rdng.

EMR: East Malling Research, Anh, Ddi tac dd6n Darwin cfia FORRU (trttdc li HRI).

B6n dia: n6i sinh hay han chd trong m6t khuvrrc nht't dinh.

V6 qui trong: ldp b6n trong ciia v6 qui hayvdch ngodi cria quA.

NQi nhfr: m6 hinh thanh tr] ph6i, drr trrl dinhdtrdng trong h4t.

M6ng nguy6n: cia c6c m6p 16 - khdng c6

rdng hay phdn t6ch.

C6c b6 phAn cria hoa

86 phAn sinh duc duc hodc B0 Nhi

86 phAn sinh duc duc hoac BQ Nhqy

DAu nhuy

Nhuy hoa

Nhi hoa JBao pha:

' [ct''i "ni nhl

Trir

hoa

re 1A

'c61d

Dai

chur

ung

) ,,. n*

1i ch

:I

hoa

Dd hoa

Cudrg hoa

TRdNG RIJNG NHIJ THfi NAO 181

Trg tr6n 16 mAm: phAn ciia cAy con phia tr€n16 mAm girip thAn vi 16 ph6t tridn.

Thric vQt bidu sinh: m6t cAy sdng tr6n, nhrrng

kh6ng ldy dinh dr.tdn cfa m6t cAy kh6c.

Xanh quanh ndm: mQt cdy c6 16 xanh

quanh ndm.

V6 qui ngoii: 1dp b6n ngohi cria v6 qud hay

viich ngoli cda qud.

Ngo4i lai: cria c6c lodi, dUdc dda vio, kh6ngphAi bin dia.

Tuy6t diQfi sr,r bidn mt't cria mOt lodi trongkhu vtic dia phrrong.

TuyQt chring: m6t lodi bidn mdt hoan todn

kh6i tr6i ddt, khdng cd mQt c6 thd nio cdn

t6n tai. .

Vdnh dai ch6ng lt?a: m6t

-d'ei

ddtkhdngc6 cdy dd tr6nh sd lan t6a cria drlm chriy

tr{ nhi6n.

Vdt n(ft: t6ch hay vd theo chiAu dgc.

Hoa: cdu tnic s6n sinh hrlu tinh cfia cAy hatkin, thddng bao g6m cd quan dqc (chla nhl)

vd cd quan c6i (chrla "hqy)

Phqc h6i cinh quan ring (FLR): quin'lfthdng nhdt tdt cA c6c chrlc ndng cinh quantrong khu vrlc bi mdt rrlng hay bi xudng cdp

dd ginnh lai sri thdng nhdt sinh th6i vd ciithiQn cu6c sdng con ngddi, thddng bao gdmmdt sd hoat dQng phuc h6i rdng.

Phuc hdi rdngr bdt crl hdnh d6ng ndo nhlmmuc dich tai thidt h6 sinh th6i rtYng nguyengdc dd ttlng hiOn diOn 6 khu vtt'c bi mdt rtngtnl6c nan mdt rrlng, mdt dang cria t6i tr6ngrtng.

Phddng ph6p t4o c6c loii cAy t4o khungrilng: tr6ng c6c loai cAy rrlng bAn dia, c6 thdnhanh t6i thidt tAng t6n vd thu hrit dQng vflthoang da phiit t6n h4t, dd thric ddy tdi sinhrrlng vd phqc h6i da dang sinh hoc.

Qu6: bAu nhuy chin sinh ra hat.

DAy: sri kdt nol gitra nhuy vtr noin.

GBH = vdng do tai chi6u cao ngang ngr,fc:

chu vi thAn cAy duoc do d 1.3m tr6n m4t ddt.

Kidu qui kh6

Itf1

,{fI/llrt-div

QrJ.aon

Qui c6nh

Qu6 ddu

-\.€-I2

*** Qui hach - .d Qui nang (Qui ch6 ngdn)

,".-,# Bffit{iitsr WQud dai

t82 TRdNG RUNG ugU rrrE ruAO

QuA nang (QuA cdt v6ch)

Ph6i: m6t nh6m c5c lodi c6 quan hO mAt thidt.

Nhfn: kh6ng c6 16ng.

Tuy6h: m6t b6 phAn kin, thtidng c6 dangchdm hay ddm, c6 thd tr0n bd mit hodc trongm6.

Pht'n: phdn c6 s6p mdu xanh xdm.

Hinh cAu: dang trdn, cAu.

Cum hoa: cum nhidu hoa c6 cudng ng6n.

GP = t1i 16 n6y mAm: sd hat niy mAm chia chosd hat dtioc gieo, nhAn vdi 100.

ha (Hecta): m6t di6n tich ddt blng 10,000 m6tvu6ng.

C6ch moc: ddc didm ph6t tridn ctia m6t lodithdc vAt, nhd cay, bui, c6...

C(fng c6p: qud trinh cAy con dAn -dAn thichnghi ttl khi hAu vddn tldm tdi cdc didu ki6nmd chring sC gAp khi drroc tr6ng ra ngodi.

T{p m5u cAy: mot sriu tfrp cdc m6u cAy khocho muc dich nghiOn ctlu khoa hoc.

CAy niia kj' sinh: k1i sinh m6t phAn, cAy hdpthu dinh drrdng ttl c6c cAy khdc, nhr.lng chtlam6 xanh c6 thd quang hop.

Rdn hat vdt seo trOn hat md trtldc d6 n6 gXn

vAo dAy.

HRI: Vi6n nghiOn crlu nghd vrtdn qudc td, t6ncti li EMR.

Trg dtfdi 16 mAm: truc ph6i dndi h mAm mAkhi hat niy mAm n6 s6n sinh 16 mAm.

L6 16 hinh l6ng chim: 16 hinh 16ng chim vdisd luong 16 chdt kh6ng bing nhau.

Kin: kh6ng nrlt (nhti qu6).

N6i sinh: bdt ngu6n tr} mdt vting, khong drtocdrta vdo, ngtidc vdi ngoai sinh.

Cgm hoa: sd sXp xdp c6c hoa doc truc hoa,m6t nh6m hoa.

Cic 1o4i qui diy cii

,d-" tL.$fm4'B ffih&u**ffi1Wt'ry

Hat qui hach

s.:itk

f , \.. \".r..1,i;t- !f i..1

qu6 hachQu6 phLi (ngin doc)

qu6 gQp cria qu6 hach

(hat ngdn doc)

li ,r

"ffi$H-.ffi#ffi],#;qffiWqEgl,"-

Qu6 phq

:; ;:.',,,, : rir r1.

.' ...'ii,ii ' r!.p-*i " tI r r;, l

t 'r[: rl: 1t .:

t.i.;Qu6 mong

(hat ngdn doc)

QuA g6p cria

qui hach con

QUA hach (ngin doc)

Qud mong

TRdNG RIJNG NHU THE NAo 183

Cgm qu6: mQt kh6m qud sinh ra trI cum h6a'

L6ng: chi6u d.di cria thAn girra hai ddt 1i6n kd .

Vdm: c6 dang nhu dAu gi6o haY m6c, vdiphAn r6ng nhdt 6 girla.

PhAn b6n: tr6n hodc b6n canh.

Li fiao ddi: c6c H nh6 ntlt mAm nhidu hon

hodc it hon trong cting m6t thdi gian do 16 gid

bi rung.

L6 ch6fi truc b6n cria mQt 16 k6P.

Qui clflu: quA kh6 vdi m6t 16 nodrL thridngt6ch doc m6t c6 hai mdt.

L6m: 16 trong thAn, thddng dtfoc bao boc bdibo cao dO trao d6i khi.

H6a g5: trd thinh 96, do ldp v6ch ngoii cria

td bao ddy 16n vd tich chdt 96.

Thiy: phAn hay phAn doan xodn hay cu6n

trdn cria m6t cd quan, ddc biet ld m6t phAn

cria c6nh hoa, d)o hoa haY Phidn 16'

Ngin: bu6ng nhuy, chtla nhgy hay mQt bu6ngkh6c chrla phdn.

Chidu dgc: d.oc truc dfng ctia m6t bQ phan.

M6p: bd b6n ngoii cria phidn 16 hay c6nh hoa.

Qui sdi: ra qu6 thft thddng, vdi ndm mQt lAn,

mQt m6u cAy ra quA th6ng thddng cria c6c loiiho Fagaceae.

V6 qui gifia: ldp girta v6ch ngodi cria qu6 hay

v6 qu6.

GAn giifa: gAn chinh cria Phidn 16.

MOt aldi qui: chi ra hoa vd kdt qu6 m6t lAn,

sau d6 rdi chdt.

CAy mQt 16 mAm: m6t trong hai phAn chinh

cria cAy hat kin, ph6i c6 mQt mAm'

MQt thAn: mQt thAn don chinh, ph6t tridn tr}dinh vd c6 c6c cdnh d b€n.

Hd sinh: s1i 1i6n k6t tuong h5 giria rO cdy vint'm.

Mit dung dich c6 vi dddng, c6 nhidu lohi cAy

s6n sinh ra mAt dd thu hrit d6ng v4t gitip thu

phdn.

Mdu: m6t didm tr6n m6t truc noi 16, hoa..

ddoc sinh ra.

Qu6 h4ch: mQt lodi qu6 dorr, kh6, mQt hat vdi

vo qud cr"1'ng.

Hinh thu6n: dei hdn r6ng, r6ng nht't 6 girla'

Hinh oval ngrfdc: vdi phAn r6ng nhdt hrrdng

16n tr6n.

Hinh tnlng ngrt'{c: vi du nhu quA hinh tr(ing,

phin dudi hep hon.

Xdp d6'i: str sdp xdp cia 16, 6 d6l6 moc ddinhau tr6n m6t mdu.

BAu nhgy: phAn cria hoa chtla nodn vi hat,

thudng vdi mdt ho4c nhidu vdi nhuy vir nrim

ohry.

Hinh trfng: dang hinh oval, rQng vd phia d6y

hdn la dinh vi phAn dudi trdn.

Chiy: m6t kidu cum hoa v6i truc chinh chia

thdnh c6c nh6nh, m5i nnann sinh ra vdi b6ng

MLD tl6 dii cria trang th6i ngri trung vi: sd hoa.

ngiy tr} ngdy gieo hqt ddn ngdy n6y mAm cria

mla sd hat cudi cting cfing n6y mAm' Hinh chuj': sdp xdp tr6n m6t chriy.

184 TRdNG NUUC NHIJ TH6 NAO

L5r chfn hinh l6ng chim: 16 k6p chia thdnhttYng d6i 16 ch6t, kh6ng c6 76 16, nghla la sdchin.

Hinh hfdc: c6 phAn 16i ra nhrr rdng, tr6ng nhrimdt c6i ltioc.

Cu6ng dotr: cudng ctla hoa don.

Cudng chr)m: cudng cria cum hoa.

Hinh khi6n: (n6i vA 16) hinh vdng vdi cudng16 gin vdi phAn glfia cia mdt sau.

Bao hoa: chrjm ba 16 cria phdn ngodi, kh6ngc6 chr?c nlng sinh sin cfia hoa (thtidng driocphdn biOt thinh trdng hoa vi ddi hoa).

V6 qu6: v6ch ngoAi c&a ql.:.A, phdt tridn ttlthAnh nhlly, thlidng c6 3 ldp: v6 qu6 ngoAi, v6quA gifa vd v6 qui trong.

C6nh hoa: phAn t6ch rdi cria ldp thrl hai ctiahoa.

Cu6'ng: c6 m6t cudng.

Cudng 16: phAn nh6 ra cda m6t chidc 16

Cudng nh6: phAn nh6 ra cria m6t 16 ch6t.

VAt hAu hoc: b6 mdn nghiOn cilu chu ky theonim cda ciic hiOn tridng sinh hoc, nhr.i sri rahoa vd ra qui dilrh ky clJ.a cdy.

L6 hinh l6ng chim: 16 k6p vdi c6c 16 ch6t docm6i ben cria truc chinh.

Nhgy hoa: b6 phdn c6i cfia mQt b6ng hoa, baog6m bAu nhgy, vdi nhuy vd ntim nhuy.

Quii dAu: qu6 cria cAy dAu, thtidng nft docm6t van.

Pht'n hoa: nhfing hat nh6, chfa td bAo sinhs6n drtc ctia cAy ra hoa.

Brlng cAy: nAng cAy con kh6i khay gieo mAmvd trdng vio h6p.

Rfing nguydn sinh: rtlng kh6ng bi x6o trdnkhi ph6t tridn crlc dai vd ct'u trdc vd thinhphAn c6c lodi (nhtt rtlng ph6t tridn cr.ic d6).Hach: m6t cdu trdc bao gdm v6 quA trongcrlng cria m6t qu6 hach vi ctia nhrlng hattrong do.

Cinh hoa: mdt cum hoa vdi nhtTng b6ng hoac6 cudng bXt ngudn tri truc kh6ng dAm nhdnh.

Rai: dorr vi chudn do diOn iich ddt cria Th6iLan, bing 1.600 m6t vu6ng.

Dd hoa: phAn tAn cing md r6ng ctia m6t truc,sinh ra hoa. V6ch ngodi ctia quA sung 1A ddhoa.

T6i tr6'ng rrlng: tr6ng cAy dd t6i thidt tAngcAy, bao g6m trdng rttng, n6ng lAm nghi6p,lAm nghiOp c6ng d6ng vd phuc hdi rtYng.

RCD = drldng kinh cd 16: drrdng kinh ctia cd16, thtidng dtioc do bXng cogrpa, stt dungthtidc chia d6 vecn6. Cd 16 1A didm td d6 phAntr6n mdt ddt cria m6t cAy gap 16 c6i.

RFD: Sd IAm nghidp hoing gia Th6i Lan.

RGR = tf 16 tdng tnfdng triorrg d6'i: Sd tengtrddng, tf i6 vdi kich thti6c trung binh cria cAytrong thdi gian do. Cho ph6p so s6nh sri tdngtrdEng cria c6c cAy vdi kich thddc kh6c nhau.

HQp u6'n 16: h6p c6 ludng thing dtlng ddhudng 16 moc thing vd tr6nh cho 16 kh6ng bixodn.

CAy con: cAy it tudi, ldn hcin cAy non, nhrtngchr-ra trr.rong thanh.

Saponins: nh6m h5a cht't xd phdng d6c(glucosides).


Ho4i sinh: hdp thu cacbon va ndng luong ttr Nfm nhgy: phan ti6p nhan ctia bQ phan sinh

phAn hriy chdt htlu co. san c6i, 6 dau bau nhuy, d d6 hat phdn n6y

Thit qui: phAn ddy ctii b6n ngoii v6 hqt.L6 kdm: tr6ng gidng 16 hay vAy moc chdi ra

Kh6 x6c: phAn mlng kh6 khdng c6 mdu xanh. kh6i d6y ctia cudng 16'

Hat: don vi sinh sdn ph6t tridn trl nodn drldc Ndp nhin: drrdng song song theo chidu doc

thu ph61n, chita phoi nXm trong v6 hat, tiOm hay ranh, nhtt tron v6 cAy'

tdng khA ndng n6y mAm.Vdi nhgy: phAn ngon thon ddi ctia lii noan

V6 h4t phan ngoii mang tinh b6o v6 hat hay bau nhuy, sinh ra ndm nhuy tai dinhcl'la no.

DQng vAt dn hat: d6ng vAt tri6t ph6 hat md

kh6ng ph6t t6n chting. Gdn hinh cAu: gAn gidng hinh cAu.

CAy non: c6.y dt nh6, ngay sau khi niy mAm, Gdn d6'i: gAn nhti ddi nhau'

vAn phu thu6c vho ngu6n thrlc dn tich trfrGAn hinh cdu: gAn nhu hinh cAu.trong hat. Gan hrnn cau: gal

Dhi hoa: phAn t6ch rdi phAn bao cria hoa. Gdc gh6p: m6t kidu phdi tridn, 6 d6 cinh non

moc ii6n tuc vh m6t hay nhiOu ch6i 6 b6n gAn

V6ch: thinh girla c6c ngin ctia nhuy. chdi ngOn moc chEn 16n'

Cdt v6ch: md theo chi6u doc th6ng qua vdch Qui sung: mdt loai qud diy ctii, kh6p bdi d6

dd t6ch 16 noin. hoa.

C6 ring cria: c6 rang nhu cdi cda vdi rdng ctLia Tannins: nh6m h6a chdt 1dm se v6 cAy vA 16

cua mot so lo)i c2ri..ra ngo)i.

Bao: dd ctia 16 hay cudng 6m 161y thAn. Phdn ch6t: tai dAu hay dinh ctia m6t truc.

Ddn: m6t chiSc 16 vdi m6t phiSn 16. V6 h6t: phAn do ngoii ctia hat (ph6t tridn tdv6 boc).

Llfdn s6ng: (n6i vd m6p) h-ion s6ng.Thyrse: cum hoa dAm nhdnh rAm, rdng nht't 6

D4ng b6ng: gidng cum. phia girfa trong d6 c6ch dAm cdnh li xim.

Cgm: cum hoa dcyr"r kh6ng dAm nhinh, sinh ra C6 rdng: sinh ra nhtrng phAn nh6 nh6 ra xung

t1)' hoa kh6ng cudng. quanh rn6p, nhu m6p cira m6t sd phidn 16.

Xodn: c6c phAn sdp xdp xodn oc. TNT = tdng thdi gian d vddn rfdm: sd th6ng

Cu6.ng: than cdia m6i bo phfln nhrl cudng 16, ;llill"i,*: jl:li,:f- :il :}, illi.i* f;cudng nh6, chi nhi. thdi gian bAo qu6n hat)'

Nhi hoa: bQ phAn sinh s6n cdi ctia hoa, chtla CAy nh6: m6t cAy thdp dddi 5m khi trr.idng

chl nhi vA bao pht'n, bao pht'n s6n sinh ra thdnh.

phdn hoa.CAy c6 16 k6p ba 16 ch6t ld k6p c6 3 16 ch6t'

ThAn: truc chinh ctia m6t cAy, sinh ra 15 vihoa, phAn biet vdi truc sinh re. Ndt sAn: ch5 ph6ng 16n hinh trdn.

\.*^\!,,1 :

186 { rRdNG RUNG NHLI rHE NAob./

cAc rAI uEu rHAM rsAo oA rnics PAN,rAI rtEu cAN Doc ruEvt va cAc

?R.?AN PHAM CUA FORRU

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192 TRdNG RIJNG NHU TH6 NAO

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L

tt

A

T6i sinh rrlng c6 trdng bd sung 6, 53, 65

Acer 82

Achenes 46

Xt If hat bing axit 86

Acrocar pus fraxinifolius 16, 19, 40, 128, 1.44,

1.46

Aeginetia indica 21, 27

Aeginetia pendunculata 22

Aeschynanthus hosseusii 12, 17

Afzelia xylocar pa 21 , 23, 62, 1,44, 147

Ageratum conyzoides 46

QrA 79

N6ng lAm 10

Tla thua nhd gi6 89; 100

Albizia odoratissima 43, 50, 83

Alseodaphne ahdersonii 67

Alstonia scholaris 50, 83 t

Amor phophallus macrorhizus 24

Hat ph6t tdn nhd d6ng vAt 35, 66, 705

Anneslea fragrans 18, 26, 83

T6i sinh c6 tr6ng bd sung 6, 53, 65

Antidesma acidum 50

Ants 39, 40, 58

Aphanamixis polystachya 83

aphids 98

Aporosa dioica 50

Aporosa villosa 50

Aporosa wallichii 50

Aquilaria crassna 62

Archidendron clypearia 83, 128, 1.48

Arctonyx collaris 41

Artemisia indica 46

Artocar pus lanceolata 16

Arundina graminllolia 22

Auxins 92

B

Balakata baccata 62, 67, 101, 749

Balanophora spp 17

Balanophora laxiflora 20

Mdng tre 25

Rrlng ntla rung 16 (BB-DF) 20

Tre 16, 20, 23, 25

Ban Mae Sa Mai 2,9, L09, t23, 1,34,-1.35,

L36,137,138Hddu en v6 cAy 38, 67

To cho doi d 57

Con doi 37, 38, 57, 6t 65, 105, 108

Bauhinia variegata 2L

Betula alnoides 40

Bidens pilosa 46

Da dang sinh hoc 6,13,16,19,29,60,67,66B6o t6n DDSHBiodiversity recovery 65, 67, 108, 110, 118

Ch5 chim ddu 57, 60, 6L

Xem chim L34, 1.36

Chim 37; 38, 57, 6A, 65, 105, 108

Chim sin mdi 59

Bischofia javanica 67, 150

ChEo b6o dAu den 61

Chbo b6o cd den 61

Boehmeria chiangmaiensis 46

Boesenbergia longiflora 21

Bracken fern 42, 47, 56, 11"4

Brassiopsis ficilolia 67

Breynia fruticosa 26

Cdnh non 34, 55

Buchanania lanzan 26

Con trAu 48

Vring dQm 107

Bulbophyllum bittnerianum 17

Bulbophyllum congestum 20

Bulbophyllum suavissimum 1.8

Chim chdo b6o 38, 41, 6L, 67

C

Callicar pa arborea 67

Compa do ngodi 131

Kh6p tln 67

Captan BB

T6'm vrii che phr"i 121, 124

Casearia grewiifolia 15

Cassia fistlula 23, BZ

Castanopsis acuminatissirna 40, 83, 128, 1,51

Castanopsis argyrophylla 12, L8, 26

Castanopsis diversifolia 26

Castanopsis spp 82

Castanopsis tribuloides 67, l2B, L52

NhAn c6ng bdt thddng 135

Gia stic 6,27, 18, 53, 54, 56, L11.

T,)m than c6i 29

Chestnut Rat 41

Chestnuts 26, 79

Chionanthus sutepensis 16

Chopping 55

Chukrasia tabularis 23

TRdNG RIJNG NHLI THE NAO 193

Cinnamomum iners 6i

Ngrldi ddn 136, 137

Chdn 38,4'1.,67Clerodendrum hagrans 46

Rrlng phSt tridn cdc thinh 54, 6L, 69

C6c loAi cAy ph6t tridn cdc thinh 33, 34,66,108

Clitoria mariana 46

Co sd drl liQu cAy thudc CMU 145

Collaboration 138

Colon flagrocar pa 92

Sg tham gia cria cQng ddng 23

Community participation 135, 136, 139

LAm nghiQp c6ng ddng 10, 56, 135-136 Cdc

Quy dn-*, cQng ddng vd bAo v0 rrlng 137

Quy mO cQng d6ng 140

Vddn ddrn cAy c6ng ddng 75, L37

C4nh tranh 42

PhAn ri 90, 142

Congea tomentosa 23

Xdy drrng srJ nhAn thrlc 138

Gi6 tri b6o t6n 104

Trii bAu 89, 9L, 142

Conyzasumatrensis 46

T6i sinh chdi 36, 55

Corypha umbraculifera 35

Chi phi 139

Cotyledons 79, 82

Craibiodendron stellatum 18, 26

Crassocephalum crepidioides 42

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. prunifolim 83

CA'u tr(c tan 69, 1,30

Mdi quan tAm v6 m4t vdn h6a 134-L36

Curcuma parvillora 24

cit 92

Cycads 47

Cymbidium ensifolium 27

Cynopterus spp 67

Cynopterus sphinx 61

Cyornis banyumas 60

Cyperaceae 27, 46

arP:r" cyperoides 45

D

Dalbergia cultrata 23, 50

Dalbergia stipulacea 50

Dammar 28

BBnh dich 88

Sdng kiSn Darwin 2, L0

PhAn tich sd heu tgZDBH 145, Chidu cao ngang ngdcDDT 115

RtYng s6i nfa rgng le 40, 50, 92

deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest 20, 22, 26

C6c loai nlng ntla rung ld 20

Hddu 38

Deforestation 3, 4 - Nan ph6 rdngDendrocalamus membranaceus 23

Dendrobium heterocar pum 18

Chi6u cao ngang ngrlc 145

Didymocarpus kerrii 18

Didymocarpus wattianus 17

Dillenia parviflora 50

Diospyros glandulosa 16

Diospyros marlabarica 16

Dipterocarp-oak forest 40, 49, 50, 92

Dipterocarpaceae 20, 26, 28, 35, 47

Dipterocar pus costatus 20, 2lDipterocar pus obtusifolhts 26, 28

Dipterocar pus turbinatus 28

Dipterocar pus tuberculatus 22, 26, 28

Gieo hat tntc ti6p 59-62

Dischidia major 22, 27

Dischidia nummularia 22

B0nh dich 47,98Doi Inthanon 16

Vrldn qudc gia Doi Suthep-Pui 27, 29,

30, 35, 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 1.37

Gia sric 48

Dormancy (Sg ngri cria h4t) 36,43,86,'1,02,

Chu6n chu6n t04, 107

Chdng han 47

Drynaria bonii 23

Drynaria propinqua 18

Drynaria rigidula 27

Duabanga gt andiflora 67

E

East Malling Research 10

Dich vu sinh th6i 4

Loi ich kinh td 59,72, 135, L45

Du lich sinh thei 109, L35, 136

Ecto-mycorrhizae 47

Ecto-zoochorous (hat)

Sri ph6t tLn37Drl 6n Eden 134

T6c dung phq 110

Gido dgc 27,137Elaeocar pus bracteanus 43

Elaeocar pus lanceifolius 40, 153

Elaeocar pus prunifolhts 16, 40

Yoi 37, 38, 41,, 58, tl7Vnng d61 bao quanh 107

C6c lodi bi nguy cdp 30,66Engelhardia serrata 20

Engelhardia spicata 40, 50

Trdng cAy 27, 52

NAng cao nhAn thrlc m6i trtldng 134

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Thrlc vAt bidu sinh 12, 17, 20, 27

S6i mdn 107, 135

Erythrina subumbrans 19, 40, 43, 67, 82,

101, 744, t54Ethnobotany 68, 69

Eugenia albiflora 20, 50, 67

Eugenia fruticosa 62, 155

Eugenia grata 67

Eupatorium adenophorum 42, 46, 47

Eupatorium odoratum 42, 46

Eurya acuminata 40

Rrtng thtidng xanh 12, 1.5, 16, 62, 144

C6 ngoai lai 42

O thr.l nghiOm 70

TuyQt chting 3

Sti nhd rA 1.05, 1.07

F

Fagaceae 16, 18, 26, 35, 47, 79, 82

Dtlong xi 23, 27

PhAnbdn B, 27, 65, 93, 97, 1.02, 1.L1.,

11.4, 119, 721,, 122, 126, t42Sr1 dung phAn b6n 56, 93,142Ficus spp. 87, 40, L56

Ficus altissima 16, 128

Ficus auriculata 83

Ficus glaberirna 67

Ficus hirta 50, 92

Ficus hispida 5A, 67, 128

Ficus microcarpa 23

Ficus racemosa 128

Ficus sernicordata 67

Ficus species 40, 1.56

Ficus subincisa 67, 71.

Ficus superba 17, 92

Ndng lrrc hi6n trtidng 15

QuA vA 1.44, 1.56

Ltta 6, 78, 25-26, 34, 4G47, 49,53-56,66,69-70, 1.05, 771., 117, 123, 144

Bdng c6n lira 25, 723,127,142Chdngch6yrrlng 25,27,123, 127, L28, 134,

135, 139,140,141cii 27, 29,1.35

MEo b5t cd 1.04

Chim chEo b6o 41, 61

Lrl lut 108, 136

Lri lut 4, 107

Flowerpeckers 3B

Phuc h6i cAnh quan rdngChim bdt mu6i 60

Su chia cdt rrlng 105-107

Phuc hdi c6nh quan nlng 109, 11.0, L34LAm sAn 135, 136, 1,39

T6i sinh rJng 32, 33, 35, 39, 47,

49, 53, 112, t13Phuc h6i rrlng 3, 5, L35

Di6n thd rrlng 33

Loai rrlng 13

FORRU-CMU 7, t0, 43, 44, 135, L4L, 145

Thtic ddy h0 sinh thai 59

Chia cit lo5-107Ldm nghiOp tao khung rdng 65

Ti€u chi chon cAy tao khung rrlng 70

Phricrng ph6p cAy tao khung rrlng 59, 62-72, 1,17

CAy tao khung rrlng 19, 60, 68, 104, t05,108, 118, 1.35, 1.37,1.44, 1.45

Doi dn qui 38, 57, 61, 67

Loai qu6 83

Mtia ra qu6 B0

CAy in qui 35

Ndm 88, 92

G

Carcinia mckeaniana 16

Garcinia speciosa 20

Gardenia obtusifolia 26

Bd nlng 61

Da dang gen 58, 79

C6 lAp gen 105

Bidn ddi gen 81

Ndy mAm 43, 66, 82, 86, 87

Tht? nghiOm ndy mAm 69

Ti 10 ndy mAm 145

Gesneriaceae 18

GtJng 17, 23, 27

Hi6n trldng t'm l6n toAn cAu 4

Globba kerrii 17

Globba rutda 23

Glochidion kerrii 16, 67, 128, 159

Glochidion sphaerogynum 50

Gluta usitata 26

Glyphosate 25, 1,L5, L42

Gmelina arborea 1,9, 40, 62, 10L, 128, 1,60

Gomphostemma strobilinum 21

GPS 111, 1t3Xdp hang 94, 9, 107, 118

Cramineae 25, 27, 46

c6 25, 27, 42, 46, 47, 49; 56

Grewia abfillifolia 26

Tdc d6 tdng findng 1.44

X6i mdn 108

Gurjun 2B

H

LAm cfng cAy 102, 118

Helicia nilagirica 1.8, 40, 67

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TR6NG RUNG NHIJ THE NAo 195

Thu6c trr] s?L'tt 25, 115

Heynea trijuga 67, 83, L28, 161'

Hill Blue Flycatcher 60, 61

B6 lac Hmong 9, 135 - 137,

Hog Badger 38, 41, 67

CAy thdnh 134

Chim m6 srlng 38

Hovenia dulcis 16, 19, 40, 67, 128, 162

Sdn bin 37,41,49,58, 59, 6t, 67, 107, 1.37

Hylobates lar 41

I

Impatiens violaeflora 12, 17

Imperata cylindrica 46, 47, 56

Inbreeding 105, 107

Tao thu nhQp 136

Tndian Pied Hornbill 41

Sdulc6n tring 67

Irvingia malayana 20, 40

I

]ays 38

L

D6nh ddu cdy dd tr6ng 129, 130

NhAn cAy 59, 117, 135, 139 - 142

Chi phi nhdn c6ng 117

Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis 20, 23

Lagerstroemia speciosa 40

land rights 1.1.1, 136, I39Cdcv{n d6 vA quydn sd dung ddt 1'36, 139

LE d{t 4, 104, 10s, 108

Ch6n I6n An D6 41

Chim h6t 38

Lauraceae 16

Ldp thdrm muc 108

Leguminosae 82, 97

Ph6t s6ng 49

Lignin 47

T,indera caudata 16

Lithocar pus craibianus 18

Lithocar pus elegans 26, 40, 83, 163

Lithocar pus fenestratus 128

Litsea cubeba 1.6, 50

Litsea zeylanica 16

Gia sl.j,c 49

Ngtidi ddn dia phdong 9

Khai th6c g5 ZZ, 34, 1.17

Lonchura striata 60

Loranthaceae L8, 23

Qui vdi 1.09, 1.37

M

Macaranga denticulata '67, 101, 164

Macaranga kt:rzli 92

Machilus bombycina 67

Machilus krrzli 128, L65

Magnolia baillonii 16, '1,0\, 128, 1'66

Magnoliaceae 16, 17

Magpies 38

Mangifera caloneura 20

Manglietia garrettii 12, 16, 77, 83, 167

Markhamia stipulata 50

QuA s6i 35, 40, 85

Phtiong ph6p da d4ng tdi da 65

Ddm cAy 131

Media 91, 1.42

D6 dai ngri d6ng trung binh 43, L45

Thudc 135

Melastoma malabathricum 60

Melia toosendan 16, 19, 62, 70, 82,

101,, 128, 144, 168

Hoa htt6ng ddctng Mehico 42

Michelia baillonii see Magnolia bailloniiTidu khi hAu 59

Microstegium vagans 25, 46

Di cri 107

Millettia cinerea 23

Millettia pachycar pa 46

CAy tAm grii 18

Rrlng h6n giao thddng xanh + mla rung 16

Phrrong ph6p Miyawaki 65

Gi6m s6t 118, 120, 129-131

CAy vd quA 1 lAn trong ddi 35, 40

Moraceae 16

Morus macroura 40

ROU 96

Kich thich phuc h6i ring 136 - 137

Mucuna macrocar pa 17

Tdm che phlJ 27, 56, 721-L25, L42

Nhi6u quA 79

Mus pahari 39

Ndm 49

Mycorthizae 47, 56, 87, 97

Mycorrhizal tungi 46, 59, 1.00, 117

Mynahs 38

Myrica esculenta 50

N

T6i sinh tr/ nhiOn 53, 111

Nepal 56

Dia didm l}m td 144

Td chrlc phi chinh phri 136, 138

CAy trdng vddn rlom 59

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Vddn udrn 75 - 76

Chi phi vtidn rlom 142

Thidt kd vudn ddm 76 - 77

Qu6n lf vridn ddm 100

Sd ghi ch6p vridn ddrn 102

Nghi6n c(trt 69

C6ng viOc vddn ddrn 135

Hat 79, 82

Nyssa javanica 1.69

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CAy sdi 26, 79

Phong lan 20, 23, 24, 27

PhAn trl hfiu cd 107

Oriental Pied Hornbill 38

Oroxylum indicum 23

Hat truydn thdng 85

Oryza meyeriana 25

Osmocote 93

Ostodes paniculata 16

P

Pandanus penetrans 17

Panicum notatum 25, 46

Peltophorum dasyrhachis 170

Pennisetum polystachyon 42

Perches 67

Performance standards 70, 7L

Pests 94, 98, 100

Phenology 80

Philippines 56

Phlogacanthus curviflorus 17

Phoebe lanceolata 16, 50, 67, 83

Phoenix loureiri 26

Phoenix pakns 47

Phogaruna Brand (organic fertllizer) 122

Phragmites vallatoria 42, 46, 47

Phyllanthus emblica 23, 50, 128

Ldn 38

Pinaceae 47

Th6ng 12, 18, 19, 27, 47Pinus carribea 19

Pinus kesiya 18, 19

Pinus merkusii 18, 19

CAy ti6n phong 33, 54, 66

Pirimicarb 98

Clic dai 34

LOn k6 hoach phgc h6i rrlng 135, 1.39

MAu cAy tr6ng 81

Tr6ng rrlng 5, 10, 19

Tr6ng rrlng nhli la 1 t6c nhdn xric t6c 59

Di6n tich tr6ng cdy 139

Khu vrlc tr6ng cAy vd quy m6 vridn ddrn

Mat d0 trdng 67, 117

Sd kiQn tr6ng cdy 120

Dia didm tr6ng cAy 104, 1.1.3, 139

Ttii bAu 101

Platostoma coloratum 22

Platycerium wallichii 23

Plumule 79, 82

Srl ring h6 v6 mdt chinh tri 1.35, 136, 139

Thu phdn 79

Keo cao phAn trl 27, 125

Polypodium argutum 18

Polypodium subauriculatum 20

Ao hd 57, 61.

Potting 84, 89

Potting medium 84, 90, 95

NghEo d6i 108

Pricking-out 89, 91, 95

Rifng nguy6n sinh 54

Kd hoach s6n xuft 94, 1.02

Muc ti6u dn 6n 139

Kd hoach dt 6n 110, 139

PROSEA 68, 69

Khu bio t6n 136

Tia thrra 8, 101

Prunus cerasoides 40, 62, 67, 70, 80, 82,

101., 1.23, 728, L44, L71.

Pteridium aquilinum 42, 46, 47

Pterocar pus macrocar pus 23, 50

Pterospermum grandiflorum 67

Quan h0 c1ng ch:f.ng 27

Pycnonotus flavescens 41

Pyrenariagarrettiana 16

QuA hach 79

Qu6 hach 98

a)Quercus brandisiana 18

Quercus kerrii 22, 26

Quercus lanata 43

Quercus serniserrata 67, 79, 87, 172

Quercus spp 82

Quercus vestita 16

R

R6 cAy con79, 82

LdQng mrla 14

Chu6t 38

Cdy co 17

Rattus buk;tt 39, 41,

Drrdng kinh cd 16

Hat gidng 85

Trung tAm dio tao lAm nghiOp cQng ddng

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TRdNG RTJNG NHIJ THfi NAo 197

B6ng ghi ch6p 102

Tuydn chon 65

Chdo b6o cd d6 61

Reevesia pubescens 40

Tr6ng rtlng 5

Trung tAm ddo tao lAm nghiOp c6ng d6ngRtlng 135

CAy cdn s6t lai 57

Nhtia cAy 19, 28

Khay REX 89

Rhamnaceae 16

T0 gi6c 38, 41, 58

Rhododendron vietchianurn 17

Rhus rhetsoides 67, 128, 173

Rhynchospora rrrbra 46

Sinh cinh ven s6ng 107

Robins 38

C6c lodi gam nh6lm 40, 58, 59

T6a nh6nh 16 101

Dtidng kinh cd 16 131

Root curling 89

Tdng trddng cria 16 100

Tia thua 16 93, 95, 99, t01 ,HQ thdng 16 100

Khay gitip rO ph6t tridn 89

R6 100

Thdi 16 46

Ldm trdn 25, 11.5

Cuc LAm Nghiep Hodng gia 5, 128

S

Saccharum arundinaceum 42

CAy thiOng 136

Tri luong 135

Mudi 61

Samaras 82

Sapindus rarak 40, 71., 174

Sapria himalayana 12, 17

Sarcosperma arboieum 16, 62, 83, L28, 175

Saurauia roxburghii 40

Scarification (of seeds) 86, 1.44

Schima wallichii 34, 40, 50

Schleichera oleosa 23, 62

Scleria levis 46

Scleropyrum pentandrum 20

Scrophulariaceae 27

Scurrula atropur purea 23

Rdng thr1 sinh 101

CAy ldch 54

Sedges 27, 46

NgAn hdng v6 hat gidng 36

Thu h6i hat 80, 81, 135

D6ng vAt ph6t ten hat 35, 54, 58, 67, 144

Chim ph6t t6n hat 60

Ph6t t6n hat 19, 34, 37, 38, 41., 48, 67

Hi6n tddng ngfr d6ng 6 hat 44, 59, 86

Lim kh6 hat 85

NhAn gidng hat 66, 86 - 87

L6 mAm 79, 82

Hinh th6i hat 79

SLi mdt hat gidng do chim, thri 34, 38, 39,

40, 58, 59

MLia hat g6ng 37, 52, 57, 6L

Che b6ng hat 38

Kich thttdc hat 39

Ngu6n hat gidng 34, 67

Ldu trd hat 85

C61u trric hat 79, 82

Bdyhat 37

Xt ly hat 79

Kh6 ndng sdng cria hat 85

Thidt lAp cAy gidng 46

SLi tang tnldng ctia cAy gidng 34

Gi6m s6t hat gidng 69

Tuydn ltia cAy gi6'ng 54

Selaginella ostenfeldii 24

Setaria palmifolia 46

B6ng rAm 96,117Lim td trong b6ng rdrr 96

Shoot pruning 10L

Shorea obtusa 26, 40

Shorea siamensis 26, 83

Shuteria involucrata 46

Sti 15ng brln 136

Ddnh gi6 lAp dia 53, 11.3

M6 t6 lAp dia 139

Chudn bi dia didm 67

Di6u tra lAp dia 139

Slan 96

CAi tao d{t 27

PhAn tich dit lllN6n ddt 48

Didu kiOn dft 113

S6i mdn dit 4, 704, 105, 108, t13, 11,5, 117

Vi sinh vAt trong ddt 115

D6 dm d.dt L4

Cdc cht't hr,Tu co trong ddt 15

NgAn hdng hat gidng trong ddt 52

ChEo b6o 61

Gieo hat 87

KhoAng c6ch girTa c6c cAy dddc tr6ng 117

Spatholobus parviflorus 26

T6i gidi thi6u loii 58

Tinh thAn 136

Spondias axillaris 16, 1,9, 40, 62, 67, 70,

7q, A4, 176

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Spondias pinnata 20

Phun thudc trt} sAu 115

C6c b€n li€n quan 1,1I, 1,38, 1,39

Dt1ng cAy. 93

Sterculia pexa 23

Sterculia villosa 50

Stereospermum colais 50

Striga masuria 27

Strychnos nuxvomica 26

T1l.dn c?ty 1,17

Styrax benzoides 40, 50

Di6n thd 33

TO giric Sumatran 41

Ddt rung ldm rAy 68

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Tainia hookeriana 20

Teak 20 - 24

Terminalia bellirica 40

Terminalia chebula 23, 40

Terminalia muconata 40

Con mdi 34

Testa 82

Tetradium glabrifolium 40

Tetrastigma 17

Theaceae 16

Tia thtra t17Thiram 88

Thrushes 38

Thysanolaen a latilolia 46

Tithonia diversifolia 42

Tdng thdi gian trong vddn t{om 145

Truydn thdng 136

Tho6t hoi midc d cdy t4, L07

Chi phi vfln chuydn 142

VAn chuydn cAy con 114, tt6lnltrorrq cay 4/Srlc kh6e ci.a cdy L32Vddn ddrn cOLy 75

Trdng cAy 52 - 54, 60, 67, 107, 108, 1,1,2,

7t4, t39Thidt bi trdng cAy I19Chi phi s6n xudt cdy 142ThAn cAy 36, 52, 53

Trema orientalis 40, 50, 60, 92

Trewia nudifloru 62

Tristaniopsis burmanica 26

Triumfetta pilosa 46

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V

Vaccinium sprengelii 18, 40

Vanda brunnea 27

NhAn gidng thim thdc vQ,t 28, 92

Thang Vernier 131

Vesicular-arbuscular rnycorrhizae 47

Vibumum inopinatum 18

CAy leo 46

Vitaceae 17

Vitex canescens 23

Viverra zlbelha 41

MAu h6a dd1 81

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Nridc 139

TrAu nddc 48

Cht't lttong midc 109

Cung cdp midc 135

Ldy nndc 47

Ndng lrrc girl midc c:oa ddt 107

Tddi ntldc 93, 96

Ttidi mrdc sau khi tr6ng cAy 121

Ving dAu ngu6n 107, 136 - t37Tdn che phri c6 55

Ct'u tnic cQng ddng c6 47

C6 che phri 111

Ldmc6 25,27,55,56, 65, 67, L12, lt6,L17, 124, 126, 135, 139, t42c6 34, 42, 46, 47, 53, 54, 58, 94, 97,

1.01, 113, t44White-browed Scimitar Babbler 61

Mdt tr5ng 38

Vuon c6' trdng 41

White-rumped Shama 60

Chim 96 ki6n cdnh trSng 104D6ng vAt hoang dd 38, 58, 61,

L-o. n rrlng 38, 67

86o tdn da dang sinh hoc 109

Hdnh lang hoang dA 107

Hdnh lang hoang dd 104 - 105

Wildlings 28, 90

Hat ph6t t6n nhd gi6 35 - 37

86 cAu 95 aa

K€i hoach ldm viOc 1.39 -'J.40

X

Xylia xylocarpa 23

Z

ZingTberaceae 17, 23, 24, 27Ph6t tridn dO thi 105

rndNc nUNc xmj rHfi NAo\i€-1 199

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rAu rnE NAo pE rreN up vdI FoRRU-cMU

The Forest Restoration Research Unitc/o Dr. Stephen Elliott orDr. Sutthathorn SuwannaratanaBiology Department Faculty of science Chiang Mai University Chiang MaiThailand 50200

DT: (+65) - (0\53-943346

or 943348 ext. 1134 or 1135

Fax: (+55) (0)53-892259

Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Dd c6 th6ng tin mdi nht't, hay vio trang:- www.forru.org

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Anh tr€n phuc hii ritng khdng cdn li trong tt6ng t@ng md lii muc ti€u c6 thd dat dtoc tuAn thlrc td.

Anh bia snu Trd em tt hho 6m cay con cria loit i ciy tao khung ritng md hq da ginp tu6ng trong ottdn ilom cdy clng

ding cua minh.

GiAy dang ki KHXB so: 31 77lDKKHXB-XBLD ngay 131912007200 TR6NG NTINC NHIJ THfi NAO

1997 - Cin b0 FORRU ltqcrihg tit 6ng Nigel Ttrcker &

h6i oi phtang phdp bni ciy tao khung.\ .a , ^ ,

uc\0n11 treil).1994 - EORRU-CMU thdnh lQp ,Ltdm tom nghi€n ci.tu cila minh tqi VQGDoi StLthep-Pui (inh tr?n), dfirc tdi tro bdi Riche Monde Bangkok Ltd.Nghiin cittr oi cich trdng cdc loiii cdy rittg bdn dis bit diu hoat ding.

1996 FORRU-CMLI bit diuhop tric uoi Bnn Mae Sa Mni -

m6t otdn tloln c6ng ddng dmcxiA dtlng (b€n trdi) ztd cic khuafic thi nghiAm dqc thiirth lQp

(ban phiii).

2000 - FORRU-CMU td chitc mdt cudc hopt,iing:"Pltr.Lc hii rintg clrc brio t6n dQng aQt

hoang di " (dtdi dny), dutc titi tro bdiITTO, titl dfitg xtbt lich trinh cho nghi|nctlttL Ttlttrc hii rirng & khu attc D6ng Nam

1998-2005 - Nhttng 6 dttoc tring tr6 thiinh rirttg (cdc 6 7 ndmtutii, 6 tuAd. 61 lodi ciy trdng tt nhiAn bAn canlt 30 cic loii ciytao khung ring dqc tu6r1g. Ciic lodi chim tdng tir 30 btt 81.

2000 - FORRU-CMU dqtgitii thLtdng chdm s6c ciy titRFD (d tuAn). MAt ndm sau,

tram dtoc c6ng nhAn lii mdttrong sd 15 dt dn nghiAn citukhoa hoc hdng diu b1i ThdiLan ad Quy Nghi1n citu. 2004 - BO tnttng M6i

Elliot Morley MP, thnmMae Sa Msi (& tuAn).

trttlng cia Anh, NgiiFORRU-CMU aa Ban

2005 - FORRU trinh di6ntuAn).

trong mOt bd phim thi h|u cilq BBC G

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