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310 Other Mechanisms

三 = @ 十 z" ・ be 川 トー。 b ， (2) homogenizes concentration and te ences by breaking down any layeri where Zv.>, = the vibrational canonical partition Unlike other terrestrial structures and climal function; e = the root of all natural logarithms; ponents, the land plants literally grow into zi

卜 = l 低 T@ 叫 = chemlcaIpotentlal; 。 b 二 blndlngen- turbulence, creating dramatic potentials fo ergy. In basic terms, this equation is important to

discussions that surfacial of global partitioning regulation is functionally because it related indicates to and their momentum growth and exchange, development which while further making the chemical potential and binding energy of the , croclimate more suitable for

surrounding fluid phase(s). By such ongoing func- The Geometry of Water Con tional relationships between the elaboration of

biological namic of regulation interfaces and is inherent chemical in potentia1, processes the of dy de- ﾂ The The Hagen-Poiseuille Hagen-Poiseuille Equati equati relations between flow rate and scale velopment. This leads to the hypothesis that, where organisms elaborate Langmuir type checkerboard surfaces, where ". . . non-interacting particles ad- Q-^ 8p,l sorb onto a checkerboard substrate" (Zang- will), the pattern of regulation of chemical potential where Q is flow rate,

is constrained by the functional relations of the of the capillary, / its grand partition function. While there are many of water. Following this relationship, for ea

larger-scale implications of these relations, the fold increase in the radius of capillary con(

point here is that interfaces regulate in fundamental spaces, the conductive capacities of volume terms at the scale of macromolecules through pr0- increase 10,000 times. Res

verse of this relation, indi cesses of chemisorption symmetries of relative resis Physisorption may be discussed in similar terms conductance around the capi Following the classic equilibrium approach we may write tens of microns in figure 34

AG ， 二 AH ，― TAS ， (3) where Gg = surface Gibbs potential; H, = surface enthalpy; and Sg = surface entropy. Since the sur ﾂ

faces of organisms are continually elaborated in re ﾂ sponse to conditions of surface entropy and Gibbs potentia1, here to0, surface properties regulate the relationship of available energy, modifying temper- ature and concentration in the process. The contin ﾂ ually elaborating surfaces of organisms move these relations into an irreversible field where membranes and biological polymers are continually elaborated in response to concentration of components and temperature,3 as well as charge and mechanical stress.

The Physics of Turbulent Flow and Surface Boundary Layers Air moves slowly along surfaces (such as a smooth, flat water surface) in lamina, layers that do not mix with one another. When air velocity is rapid enough that we sense air motion as wind, eddies shear off from the flow, mixing air at different heights. Lam ﾂ

inar flow thus creates thick boundary layers where exchange occurs only through diffusion between layers, while the more rapid flow of turbulent air

Resistances and Plant Structures

Membrane 。， pm 。 " 川 Capillary Radii of Various Plant Structures

Figure 34.1 Capillary radii of various plant structure ductivity and resistance to flow form the functional b; water regulation in plants. Relative values are derived the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, where flow rate and re tance to flow depend on the fourth power of the radiu conducting elements. On the far left, resistance to flo maximum through cell membrane systems, and condu is at a minimum. The point on the far right marks the resistance to flow and maximal conductivities of a sm ternal capillary conducting space in a bryophyte coloi sistance and conductivity extend across some twelve of magnitude, setting very broad bounds on water-reg capacity of plant structures. Conductivities and resist are approximately equal at around the scale of the tra cells of land plants. This would roughly minimize the getic costs of regulating the movement of water throu structures.

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312 0ther Mechanisms

necessarily approximate, and the Earth's surface is not smooth and regular, the figures given are prob ﾂ

ably very low because plants continually grow into steep gradients of flow and concentration.

Magnitude alone would suggest that the land plants have regulatory roles vis-a-vis the surface conditions on the planet. Different states, such as liquid-solid, solid-gaseous, liquid-gaseous, ". . . partition their free energy between the internal en ﾂ

ergy U(T) and the entropy S(T) in different ways" (Zangwil1, 1988). The scale of the partitioning ef ﾂ

fected by the structure of the land plants, together with their anabolic and catalytic capacities and di ﾂ

rect connections with the powerful surfacial cata ﾂ lytic engines of the microbial world on their leaves (Corpe and Rheem, 1989) and in soils, assures them a prominent position among the regulators of the Earth's surface conditions.

Modes of Regulation by Terrestrial Plant Interfaces Thus far, this paper has described interfacial regu ﾂ lation in terms of classical physical chemistry and thermodynamics, underscoring that interfaces are regulators, and that the land plant cell wall matrix is arguably the largest interface on the planet. How specifically might this interface modify and regulate global climatic parameters, affecting Gaian reg- ulation? The following is a description of how, 1ogically, this immense interface affects such pa ﾂ rameters as water and mineral availability, temper ﾂ ature, and air flow patterns. According to the argument presented, interfacial regulation is ef ﾂ

fected by such processes as evaporation, chemi- sorption, physisorption, and control of resistance to the flow of water. The principles and equations de- scribed here will here be used to explicate the work ﾂ

ings of this land plant interfacial surface.

Evaporative Surface: A Regulated Free Energy-Lowering Interface Evaporation rates are regulated by plant structures. Although there is a great deal of variation in evap ﾂ

orative rates, comparing a free water surface to a bryophyte (moss) colony and to a forest or agri ﾂ cultural field, plant communities commonly have water losses lower than the free water surface. However, from the early models of water relations of plants it became clear that these organisms are not passive with regard to evaporation. Specifically, surface properties, roughness in fluid dynamic terms, modifies evaporative rates and mass and m0-

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