TAP CHI KHQA HOC - SO 33 /Zn ia

CAM THUC 1H0I GIAN IRONG SANG TAG

NGHE THUAT CUA NGUYEN DU VA A.S. PUSHKIN

Le Nguyen Can

Truong Bai hoc Supham Ha Noi

Tom tat: Bai viel, dtra trin sdng tdc cita Nguyen Du vaA.S. Pushldn, tap trung lam ro cdc

goc do cdm thirc thai gian cUng nhir cdch thirc xir ly thai gian trong cdc tdc phdm ciia ho.

Tir do, giiip ngirai doc hieu them vdn di thai gian Irong sdng tao nghe thuat, chi ra cdc

gid tri nhdn vdn vd thdm my md hai thien Idi cita hai nen vdn hoa mang lai. Bdy cUng la

nhtmg gid Iri vdn hoa ciia moi cong ddng trong thdi dai todn cdu hoa hien nay.

Tic khoa: Cdm thicc thai gian, Nguyen Du, Pushkin

Nhan bai ngay 14.7.2019; gu'i phan bien, chinh sti'a va duyet dang ngay 10.8.2019

Li8n he tac gia: Le Nguyen Cdn; Email: Ienguyencan@yahoo.com.vn

1. BAT VAN DJ;

Trong thuc tk, moi su so sanh dSu khap khieng, nhit la viec dat Nguyln Du (1765-

1820) trong quan he vcri A.S. Pushkin (1799-1837), khi mgt tai nang dang it do chin con tai

nang kia thi mcri cit tilng khoe chao doi, khi mot tai nang da ket thiic cupc doi con tii nang

kia thi moi bat diu toa sang, va dac biet hon la hai thien tai nay thuoc ve hai nin van hoa

khac nhau, thuoc hai phong each sang tao nghe thuat khac nhau. Tuy nhien, mot viec so

sanh nhu vay cOng cho phep nhin manh dac tnmg nghe thuat cua mSi ngoi but sang tao,

cho du each thicc tu su - tiic la nghe thugt ki chuyen theo true thai gian va each thitc trii

tinh - tiic la each thicc phdt lo, hoc lo tdm tu tinh cam cita chii the sang tao - la khac nhau,

cho thiy stf khac biet (I 'alterite) giila cac nSn van hoa ik qua do tao ra su thau hieu sau sac

tii cac dong gop vS phuong dien trf tue nhan van trong giai doan hpi nhap toan cau. Viec so

sanh cin thi& phai co diim chung hay dilm d6ng quy, vi vay, chung toi lua chpn goc dp

cam thuc thai gian trong sang tgo nghe thugt ctia hai thien lai ndy nhu la diem chung de

dang chip nhan, khong chi cho hai tac gia nay ma con co thi cho nhieu tnrong hpp khac

nua ma khong di vao so sanh chti dl , c i t truyen, kilu nhan vat, each thiic to chiic su kien

hen quan toi nhan vat hay nhirng vin d l khac... von theo chung toi khong d l ly giai khi so

sanh va cting d l sa vao khien cuong kho tranh.

TRLTCJNE SAI HOC T H D B D HA N^ j

2. NOI DUNG

Truac hit, cam thuc thai gian trong sang tao nghS thuat la diu hieu co ban de nhan biet phim chit va nang lire nghe si cua moi nha tho nha van, thi hien qua kha nang tn giac vl thai gian, din toi viec sir dung trucmg thM gian v6n quy dinh each kl va each ta cung nhu each thiic dua ra cac buih luan ngoai dl hay cho phep tac gia thi hien trO tinh ngoai de trong moi tac pham van chuang. Vkn dl thai gian da ttmg la diem chii y dac biet cua rmieu nha khoa hoc phuang Tay. Nha toan hoc nguai Phap Henri Poincare ngay cuoi the ky XiX da phan chia thoi gian thanh thanh gian tam ly va thoi gian vat ly va quan diem nay dugrc tilp nii va triln khai rpng hon ttong trilt hpc true giac ciia Henri Bergson hay trong cuon Luac su thai gian (tic vu nd Idn din cdc 16 den) ciia Stephen W.Hawldng. Van de thai gian Cling la mli quan tam cua G.Bachelard trong Thi phdp khong gian (PUF,1957); Thi phdp gidc ma (PUF, 1960); Ngon lira ciia cdy nin (PUF, 1961), hay cua Ferdmand Gonseth trong Hinh hoc va quan niem vi khong gian (1945-1955), Quan niem vi thai gian (1964). Cac nha trilt hpc nay [xem 1, tr.344] ciing da chi ra sau phucmg dien ciia hai kieu thai gian: thai gian chit quan hien hinh trong thai gian hien sinh (chang han: toi co it thai gian Idm), thoi gian y thirc (ching han: thai gian gay nhieu dp luc cho loi), thoi gian tam thiic (ching han: toi nha lgi thai gian truac day...) va kieu thui gian khdch qugn gom thai gian nien bilu (tiic la thai gian lich dgi - thai cdnh), thai gian tuang dii (ching han: toi phdi kit hirp thai gian vai anh) vathai gian do duoc (chang han: chgy 100 met trong 9,9 gidy).

Van hpc nghe thuat deu co hai kieu thai gian nay ca va mirc dp dam nhat nong sau tuy theo timg tac pham va duac dien dat theo cac each quy uoc tiiy thupc timg nha nghien ciru. Chang han, each the hien cae dang thiie thai gian dpc dao trong bai tho Me 6m ciia Tran Dang Khoa. Trucrc het, me dm la mpt sir kien ma de bieu dat sir kien nay, nha tha sir dung dang thiic thoi gian: 6m la mot su kien, nghia la mot viec dien ra trong chieu thai gian tgi mot khong gian nhdt dinh. Tiep do la dang thiic so sanh: "Moi hdm (me thich vui chcri)/ Horn nay, (me chang noi cuoi dugc dau)", de di toi sir cam nhan rat tinh te ve thai gian: "La trau kh6 giira coi trau" - dgng tir "kho " da lot ta dugc tinh chat dac biet ciia thai gian, tao ra dang thuc thoi gian troi rat sinh dgng. Ciing tuang tu, nha tho nhan manh tinh chit thai gian troi bing tir "lan " trong cau tho: "Nang mua tir nhirng ngay xua,/ Lan trong dai me din gicr chua tan", hay "Idn giuong" trong cau: "Ca doi di gio di suong,/ Bay gio me lai Idn giuong tap di...". Cac tit hay cum tir chi then gian dugc sir dung vcri tin suit cao 6 day da tao nen net dpc dao va cai hay rieng cua bai tho... Nghe thuat tu tit trong tac phim van chuang khong tach rod nghe thuat sir dung each thuc diln ta thai gian va each thuc phan anh thcri gian ciing nhu quan niem ve thai gian mang trong no pham chit dac tnmg ciia cac nin van hoa khac nhau.

Xet vl mat ban chit, cam thiie thoi gian chinh la each thiic tri nhan dong chay lich sir la sir bpc 16 cam xiic rieng tu, la noi phat 16 nhiing diem dimg budc ngoat dan din sir dii

TAP CHI KHQA HOC - SD 33 /Za i3 || 7

din hay kk thiic cuoc dai... Trung bay Men thirc duoi sir soi chiiu cua anh mat troi dk mpi nguoi ai cung co thk rihan ra va khfing thi phu nhan hay ch6ng che, M.de S.Cervantes da cho nhan vat Don Quijote xuat dau 16 dien vao buoi binh minh bang tran chi6n giiia nguoi anh himg nay vol bgn kh6ng 16 trong hinh hai nhung chi^c coi xay gio. W.Shakespeare thucmg dat nhan vat cua minh trong khong - thoi gian ban dem: dem em a, thanh binh tran ngap mong mo va khao khat yeu duong gan vdi vang trang dat vang tren rimg cay bai co trong thien tinh sii Romeo and Juliet; ddm den khung khiep gan vai tham vong vo cimg, due vong vo han, nci nhiJng bong ma hien hinh vira ham doa, vira cam do trong Macbeth; dem hai hung kinh khiep vi lac buoc lam duong, khi cai thien bi lira doi va niem tin bi tuoc doat, d6i voi Othello khi phai tu minh giet di nguoi minh yeu quy... Nhan vat Rafael de Valentin cua H.de Balzac trong Mieng da lua buac vao song bac de danh not dong bac c4u may cuoi ciing ciing "vao buoi chieu cua thang muoi nam ngoai"... Nhan vat Jean VaJjean cua V.Hugo trong Nhirng ngudi khdn khd, sau khi man ban 19 nam tii kho sai, lac buoc vao xu Digne luc chieu mugn, khi hoang hon dang buong xuong, man dem dang keo ve, de phai lac buoc lang thang trong coi nguoi vo cam, gia diec gia cam, ngoanh mat lam ngo truoc noi dau cua dong loai, noi co tien khong mua dugc thuc an, khong tim ra cho ngii, de cuoi ciing, liic be tac nhat thi radi dugc anh sang tinh thucmg cila giam muc Myriel chi ra con duong de tu minh vugt thoat khoi bong dem tam toi noi tinh nguoi vi ky lan at tinh ngudi vi tha, de lot xac hoa than tir mgt ga tu kho sai tron trai thanh vi thanh cuu ngudi giiip ddi, tao ra cuoc hanh trinh di tic bong toi ra anh sang...

Cam thuc thdi gian dugc the hien da dang va ngap tran trong sang tac nghe thuat cua cac nha lang man. Th6i Hieu trong Hodng Hoc Idu da timg nhan manh vai tro dac biet ciia hoang hon: "Nhdt mP huang quan hd xu thi/ Yen ba giang thuong sit nhdn sdu". Trong Trdng giang, Huy Can ciing chi ra diSu tuong tu bang so sanh: "Long que dan dm vdi con nudc/Khdng khdi hodng hdn ciing nhd nhd". Con Xuan Dieu nhin chieu hom vai con mat la ludt thudt tha tinh tii: "Chiiu mudn hda tho tren nhanh duyen/ Cdy me riu rit cap chim chuyen", khi do nha tho nhan ra: "Mdy trang vi ddu hay gdp gap/ Con cd tren rupng cdnh phdn vdn". Nhimg dan chung tuong tu con rk nhi^u, cho thay dac trung cua khong - thdi gian chieu mugn, chiiu hom, cua thdi dilm hoang hon cimg man dem den, cua thdi khac khi ngay hk dem v i Vi thS, viec nhan dien kidu kh6ng - thdi gian nay cho th4y phdm chat va nang luc tri giac nghe thuat cua cac van nhan nghe sT, cho thay ve dep vo song cua kieu khong - thdi gian dac biet trong dong chay thdi gian ciia m6i con ngudi.

Cam thiic thdi gian trong sang tao nghe thuat dugc the bang nhiiu ve, nhieu dang, nhiiu hinh hay biing nhiiu thudc do thdi gian tity theo tung tac gia. D6i vdi trudng hgp cua Nguyln Du va A.S. Pushkin, cam thiic thdi gian dugc thi hien qua sir hoa dong giii'a canh va tinh, giira tinh va canh, giira trang thai ngi tam va smh canh xa hgi. Canh la canh cua tinh ngudi, la canh ciia tim long hay ciia con tim dang thon thiic, tinh hien hinh qua canh,

^ II TRacfNB OAI HQC T H C I BO HAj^jSi

canh dugc tai hien trong tinh. Phuang Dong da quen thugc vdi each diln dat "tiic canh sinh tinh" hay mugn canh di noi tinh, nhung phai din Nguydn Du, vdi tai nang khai quat dac biet, each diln dat do mdi trd thanh cong thiic, mdi mang tinh chdt dinh danh, dinh tinh, dinh lugng: "Ngudi budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid". Canh la canh ciia ngudi, canh dugc tn nhan bang tam tu tinh cam cua chu thi trii tinh. Trong bai tho dugc viit vao khoang 1826-1830, khong co tieu di, in trong ^..S. Pushkin: Tho trir tinh [xem 2, tr.61, tir day, cac trich din trong phSn viit vi A.S. Pushkin diu liy tir tap tho nay va chii thich theo so trang cua ban dich], nha tho A.S. Pushkin cung cho thdy kiiu cam thiic thdi gian giao hoa trong quan he tinh va canh tuang tu: "Biit Idm sao, vdn thi cdc nhd tha/ Thucmg da cdm tin vdo dieu tu nghi/ Cdc tinh cdm ludn ddi thay, bao gid/ Cung dem gdn vdo cdnh ngodi tiiy f-

Bdi cam thirc thdi gian dugc the hien qua nhieu thudc do thdi gian khac nhau, nen chiing toi chi de cap tdi each thiic cam nhan chieu hdm - hodng hdn - mdn dem, nhu nhimg ddu hieu tugng trung n6i bat nhdt, ma khong khao sat het cac kieu thudc do ay. Sd di, chgn khong - thdi gian chieu hdm - hodng hdn - mdn dem la bdi vi day la kieu khong - thdi gian dac thii ciia chii nghia lang man, ma the ky XIX d phuang Tay la the ky cua chu nghia lang man, con d Viet Nara, thien tai Nguyen Du ciing la dai dien tieu bieu cho nghe thuat iSng man phuong D6ng. Noi ddn nghd thuit lang man, bao gid ciing phai nhan raanh tinh chat phi thudng trong hoan canh phi thudng, khong phi thudng thi khong thanh lang man, ciing nhu V.Hugo chi ra cai tam thudng la coi chdt cua nghe thuat. Cuoc ddi chim ndi trong lira dang nhieu cay va su n6 lire vugt len hoan canh cua Thiiy Kidu la phi thudng, thd hidn ban ITnh va nghi luc ciia con ngudi trong van hoa Viet, thd hien each sing vi tha, chdp nhan vi rainh ragi bat hanh, de lai cho ddi mgi su binh an. Hay: "Tdi yeu em din nay chdng cd thi/ Ngpn lua tinh chua han da tdn phai;/ Nhimg khdng di em ban long them nica,/ Hay hdn em phdi gpn bdng u hoai" cua A.S. Pushkin, bai tha vin ciing khong co tieu dd nhung thudng dugc dat dudi cai ten "Tdi yiu em" (tr.66) lay tir cau md ddu bai tho, ciing la cai phi thudng, la cai vugt Idn chinh minh, de the hidn ban than minh mgt each tich cue, chii ddng va CO tinh ngudi han, bdi day la kidu tinh yeu vi tha yeu minh ydu ngudi, va vi bidt yeu minh ndn ciing dd dang se chia vdi su yeu ngudi ciia ngudi minh yeu, day la each ydu c6 van hoa vira ton trpng minh vira ton trpng ngudi minh yeu. Cam thdc thdi gian mang trons no tinh khong gian, bdi le khong co khong gian nao nam ngoai thdi gian, ciing nhir thdi gian chinh la thdi gian cua mgt khong gian cu thd. Vi thi, sir tri nhan thdi gian chinh la each thiic sang tao cac kidu khong-thdi gian dd chuydn tai cac thong diep nhan van.

A.S. Pushkin, budc vao ddi tho cua minh bSng nhirng bai tha viit khi dang ng6i tren ghi nha trudng ma tieu bidu nhdt la bai Nhimg ky niim hodng hdn (trong 3, tr. 1466, bai tha nay dugc dich la Hdi ice hodng hdn), sang tac vao nara 1815. Trudc hit, cum tir "hoane hon" trong tidu di bai tha cho thdy tfnh chdt hoai niem gan vdi ngi dung ca nggi tinh thdn ydu nudc, ca nggi cac chiin cong qua cam cua ngudi dan Nga trong cuoc chiin ddu chdne

TAP CHI KHOA HQC - SQ 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 9

lai dgi quan xam luge cua Napoleon Bonapart. Nhimg ky niem hodng hdn trd thanh ddu mic nhan dien con dudng can phai di cua cua A.S. Pushkin dd trd thanh "mat trdi thi ca Nga" sau nay. Hoang hon bao gid ciing la diem dimg cua ngay, la thdi diim anh sang mdt ddn di, bong t6i bat ddu lan toa, la liic ta nghi tdi ngoi nha noi sum vay sura hgp, la liic vdng trang toa sang vm bau trdi sao lap lanh... dua ta vao coi mgng ma, hay di vao trudng ciia cac suy tu trilt hgc..., hoang hon ciing chinh la liic cac anh himg hao han lang man mgt minh mgt ngira Idn dudng ciiu nhan do the, diet ac tru gian... nhu ta thay trong nhidu tac phdm lang man. Hoang hon trd thanh didm hoi quy hay dong quy {le point referenciel) mang trong no quy luat van dgng cua tu nhidn nhan tinh nhu trong bai Mp cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh: "Quyen dieu quy lam tdm tuc thu/ Cd vdn mgn man dp thiSn khdng".

Trong bai Thien tinh su, A.S. Pushkin kd lai cara xiic dau thuang, day dan vat uu tu sau tinh yeu don phuang cua ngudi thidu phu phai diit ruot bo lai diia con trudc mgt ngdi nha xa la: "Bdng bdt ehpt sau rimg thua trang he/ Sdng leu tranh cdch thieu phu khdng xa./ Ndng nhdn chdn nhe tiin din thim nhd/ Tay 6m chat dua hdi nhi vd tpi./ Nghiing minh xudng, nhe tay ndng dat vdi/Bua con tho ben nguong cua lanh liing./Rdi quay di, sp hai gigt minh run/Ndng biin mdt trong dem ddy tdm tdi". Ta gap d day nhieu ky hieu chi thdi gian nhu "mpt budi toi mua thu" (tr.7), "trdng he" (tr.l2), "dim ddy tdm tdi" (tr.l2), nhirng ky hieu thdi gian lot ta hanh dpng cua nhan vat dong thdi ciing cho thay tam trang kho dau cua ngudi thidu phu bat hanh bi tinh nhan bo roi ay.

Trong Ndng tien cd (tr.l6), ta co "dim mit mu" cimg "mat hd lang ddng mdn suong phil" noi do "trdng vdng ldp Ida trong ddm mdy", noi do "lang le vdm trdi trdng di dgo/ Thdy tu ngdi ngdm nudc voi ddy", ma cac ky hieu ngon tir chi thdi gian ciing lot ta dugc tam trang ciia thdy tu giiia ddm khuya vang lang, xuat hidn tinh huong tiic canh sinh tinh, thdy tu khong tin vao chinh mdt minh khi nhin thdy "mat hd xao sdng/ Thoat ddu thieu nit bdng hien hinh". Tien nir hidn Idn ddy tran siic song, vdi tinh cam chan thanh khien "Ba ngdy thdy tu long ddm dudi/Bin bd cue Igc dd ki ben/Ndng tiin trong mo thdy ngdi dpi/ Bem phu rimg sdi, trdng lgi len...", di cu6i cimg kit tinic la rapt cuoc tinh day ao mgng trong tien canh klii ma: "Binh minh bimg tinh xua dem tdi/ Chdng ai cdn thdy thdy tu ddu/ LU tre chi thdy rdu nhu cudc/An hien trong lan nudc hd sdu".

Bai Chiic khdn san mdu den (tr.23) la ky niem dau thuang di kem sir ti^g phat voi vang, tra thii cho tinh yeu bi phan boi, noi ngudi tra thii cung dau xe ruot gan khi: "bdng chiiu mit mil nang ni hudng,/ Sai ddy td ra Dunai vut xdc...", dd tir do chu the trii tinh: ''khdng cdn chd nhimg budi tdi hdn hoan" va "Idng dau xe, tudng nhu dien nhu dai,/Mdi lan tdi nhin lai chiic khdn san". Bai Chiic xe ddi (tr.29) dien ta cac cung bac thdi gian trong cam thuc vi thdi gian troi vim vut, ddi nguM ngdn ngui kiep tha huong, khi: "Sdng ra len xe ngdi;/Ddi xong pha buon hd", di: "Din trua chi nhut rdi..." va den: "Chiiu da

^^ II TRLfdNG BAI HQC T H D B Q HAj^jSi

ddn ddn quen;/ Td td din qudn trp,/ Mac cho banh xe lan,/ Thdi gian xua vo ngud"- MP^

cam thirc tuong tu ciing gap trong: "Hit roi - tinh da va tan" (ti-.31), hay: "Hdi niem vui

chua xdt cua ddi ta,/ Cupc ddi budn, di thdn thiit tdn tro" (bai La thu bi ddt chay, tr.32);

hay cai tha thidt didt da tran ddy mgng ao, vua thuc vira hu, that ddy nhu raa ciing la ao day

ma day v in la mgt khia canh ciia tmh yeu nam nii dugc cac nha lang man noi chung dd cap

tdi va dugc A.S. Pushkm nhdn manh: "Anh nhd mdi phut gidy huyin diiu:/ Trudc mat anh

em bdng hien len./ Nhu hu dnh mong manh vut bien,/Nhu thiin than sdc dep trdng trong

(bai Gici ***, tr.34). Ddy ciing la hinh tinic tam su dugc nhdc tdi trong bai tha vo dd d

ti'ang 70, khi chu the trii tinh chi ra: "Ndo co nghia gi cdi lin anh...", de nhac tdi mot kha

nang co the xay ra doi vdi ngudi minh ydu sau nay; "Nhung niu mai ndy em dau khd/ Hay

gpi tin xua trong Idng im/ Rdi nhu: em vdn la ndi nhd/ Em mdi sdng trong mpt trdi tim".

Day la kidu tinh yeu don phuang, kidu tinh ydu khong trpn ven, nhung rat cao thugng qua

hanh dpng tu nhan ve nhirng cai thiet thoi de md dudng cho ngudi rainh yeu di tdi noi

ngudi ta lira chgn, cho dii co chpn nham hay khong. Cai tdn ciia anh em co the qudn di, co

the chang can nhd tdi neu hanh phiic den vdi em trgn be, nhung ndu say chan lac budc thi

cai ten cii cua anh, cai tdn raa em da vui di trong tri nhd se hoi sinh va tra lai cho em nu

cudi nhan ai bao la. Bdi le, em trong toi bao gid ciing la "Due Me Bdng trinh" (tr.72)

thanh thugng, khidn: "Diiu udc nguyen gid day thdnh su that:/ Tgo hda ban em gidng tu

tren trdi,/ Tuyet tdc hinh ngudi dep xinh thanh khiet,/ Em - Dire Me Ddng Trinh cua long

tdi". Viec my hoa ngudi minh yeu la mpt pham chat vi tha rat dac tnmg ciia cac thidn tai

lang man. Ndu so sanh kho tho nay vdi ldi noi thot ra tir tam can Thily Kidu khi gap lai

Kim Trpng: "Ngudi yeu ta xdu voi ngudi/ Yeu thi lgi bdng mudi phu nhau.'" thi ta se thdy

dugc tdm long vi tha nhan ban ciia nhiing ngudi yeu nhau bdng trai tim nhan hau, cua

nhimg moi tinh chan thanh dam tham, thiiy chung son sdt.

Mgi hy vgng hay niim tin ciia chu Xhk Uu tinh ngay ca khi tuyet vgng nhdt ciing mang

mgt sac thai lac quan, khong he bi luy nhu bai tho khong d i d trang 74: "Nai trin nudc d

liu ngd bdng/Em dd nguyen gidc ngdn nam.../Em dem di dudi ndp do quan,/Bem di cd

chiic hdn hpi ngp... Nhung anh chd; con np do, hoi em!". Bdi cuoc ddi la dien bidn vo

thudng raa trong bai hat ciia bac xa ich dudi ddm tiang tren c6 xe tam ma dang phone trdn

ding hoang da ggi ra ragt cara thiic khong - thdi gian dac biet: "Hdt di: "Trans trans

dep,/Sao trdng lgi cu nhda?". Trang nhoa hay long ngudi dau khi? Co le ca hai. CJ day co

su hoa cam giiia con ngudi vdi dat trdi, giiia chii the trii tinh vdi thien nhien mgng ma noi

song tuyit nhdp nho trong anh trang ludi liem lai lang. Noi budn do hoa than trone s"

vang cua miia "Thu vdng" (tr.78) khi chii thd trii tinh chg phat hien ra diiu k̂ - diSu cu

ngudi minh yeu khi ma tinh ydu dang tugt khoi hai ngudi: "Thu budn - cap mdt ddm sav /

Tdi yeu sdc dep em ngdy chia phdi,/ Thiin nhien tdn ua hdng tuai,/ Rimg thay do m&i r '

trdi vdng au". Nhung tai sao chu thi trii tinh lai rai vao tmh trang: "7am hon xao dpn

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ngdn ngo,/ To Idng run rdy, mdng chd dpi ai" khi thu vd, khi la vang phu ddy cac tan cay rimg bao hieu thdi tidt thay d6i. Cai mau vang tran ngap ca ddt trdi khiin chii thi trii tinh nhan ra thdi diim minh mdt di tinh ydu ciing chi'nh la liic rainh nhan ra vd dep cua ngudi ydu, nhung khong phai de giii lai hay co lai ma la de mat di mai mai. Bdi vi: "Hai ta dang sdng day md... Nhung nhu dd chet, thdn ra bui rdi." (tr.79), bdi "em oi da din luc rSf\ din thdi didm chia tay diit khoat, bdi tinh ydu do la tinh yeu don phuang vo vgng, nhu thi la rung dong loat "vdng au" mgt lugt d& roi roi rung ta toi trong thdi khde khong xa niia.

Bai Chieu ddng la mpt bai dac bidt trong tap tho nay, dac bidt bdi tidu de cua bai tho la cum tir chi thdi gian, vira dac trung theo mua, vua dac trung theo cam hiing lang man, noi do va liic do: "Ndi budn tdm tdi bao la/Phu kin gian nhd dot nat/ Ugid ai, sao heo hdt,/ Sao u chang ndi nen ldi?", khi bdn ngoai: "Ddy trdi bdo ndi sa mii/Sdu xody timg con loc tuyet/ Luc nhu thd rimg gdm thet/ Luc da tieng khde tre tha/ Luc tren mdi nhd cd so/ Lay lat tdng tranh than thd/Liic dap gdp vdo cua so/Nhu ngudi khdch chgm dudng xa". Diing la, "ngudi budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid", hai le ngoai canh d day chinh la tam canh vua ciia chu thd trir tinh vira cua dii tugng trii tinh.

Nhip thdi gian ciing hien ra theo tam thiic cua chii the trii tinh trong bai Con dudng miia ddng (tr.43) khi: "Tren con dudng miia ddng vdng ve/ Cd xe tam md bdng di/ Nhgc ngua diu diu budn te/ Diu diu khde khodi long que", khi chu thd trir tmh nhd vd Nhina, vdi noi dau thdn thiic: "Sau lim, Nhina, dudng xa vang,/ Ngu quen bdc xd ich lang im/ Nhgc ngua diu diu budng xa thdm,/ Suong md che lap dnh trdng nghieng". Va ciing vao thdi didm do, chii the trii tinh dugc trao tang mgt "Ld bua hp menh" (tr.48), nhung: "Bua em khdng thi chdp cdnh bay/ Dua anh thodt chdn sdu di day", ma chi la la biia thuc hien chiic nang an iii, bao ve tinh yeu, "cihi anh thodt khdi tinh ddi gian/ Khdi phut dam say cimg tpi ldi, /Khdi vit thuong long, khoi Idng quen". Day la la biia ciiu roi tinh ydu, la biia can cho nhiing tam hin co dan trong dong chay dii dan ciia cupc song, va day ciing la kidu thdi gian sir kien danh ddu nhirng trdc trd tren dudng ddi ciia chii the trii tinh, dong thdi cung cho thdy ngoai tu each la con ngudi xa hgi ma chu thd trir tmh tiiam gia di din miic phai chiu sir day ai, con co con ngudi thii hai, con ngudi cua cam xiic yeu thuong, con ngudi cua tinh ydu raa la bua ggi nhdc tinh chdt thieng lidng ciia moi tinh do.

Bai Bdng hoa nhd (tr.59) la hoai niem nhd nhtmg tii mgt sir kien bat ngd ngoai y mu6n: "Tdi bdng thdy mpt bdng hoa khd ua/ Quin trong trang sdch, dd bay huong?/ Tu do long tdi bao chan chica,/ Trdn ngap niim mo udc Ig thudng" dd lidn sau do, qua cac kho tha la su giai bay mgt cam xiic rdt lang man cua chii thi trii tinh, qua each thiic suy tijdng mgng rao thudng gap trong cac mii tmh lang man: didm gap ga bat ngd d day chi la mgt bong hoa dugc ep vao ttong cu6n sach ma chu thi trQ tinh co dugc ngoai y mudn. Tir do, hang loat cac suy tu mgng tudng, rdi hang loat cau hoi dugc dat ra: Ngudi dep nao da ep

12 II TRLfdNG BAI HOC T H U BQ H A j j P l

bdng hoa ay? Bong hoa dy la hoa ciia sum hgp hay ciia chia phdi? Hoa da tan nhung chu nhan ciia no the nao?... Su khd iia ciia bong hoa ciing la ky hieu thdi gian su kien de tu do danh thiic su lidn tuong mdng lung nhung rdt nhan tinh va ciing rat nhan tinh. Tam sU va noi long dd ciing dugc tiii hien khi: "Trin doi Gruzi dem xudng;", khi chii the trii tmh khdng dinh: "Chi cd em! Khdng cd gi lay ddng", ttong khi: "Trdi tim tdi Ida chay nhu khiu/ Vi khdng co thi khdng yiu ngudi ndo" (Vd di - tr.62). Su hoai niem mang tinh mgng rao ciing hien ro trong Budi sdng miia ddng (tr.62) khi nha tho giai bay tam su vdi nguoi minh ydu vdi mgt de xuat manh liet: "Nhung ndy em, em thdy cd nin chdng/Ra lenh dong ngua hdng vdo xe trucrtl dh. "ta thdm Igi nhimg cdnh ddng hoang vdng/ Nhimg thua rung mdi ddy cdn xanh thdm,/ Vd ddi bd thdn thiit vdi long anh.", ma qua su bpc bach do la mdt con tim ddy dp yeu thuong nhung ciing rdt doi cd don, ttong tuyet lanh bang tran cua "budi sdng miia ddng^' nudc Nga.

Ba muoi tam bai tho, vdi mdc gidi thdi gian sang tac tir 1814 den 1836, ttong do nhidu bai khong co tidu dd, cho thdy mdt chang ddi dac bidt ciia A.S. Pushkin, noi bat mgt tmh yeu dan phuong nhung chan thanh da didt va nhan hau, biet yeu thuang va biet chia se, ciing gan vdi thdi khac dac bidt ttong cuoc ddi tac gia ma nhu thd ciing la dieu kidn ngoai canh dk lam phat Id cam xiic trii' tinh. Day la thdi diem ma tac gia bpc Id rat ro quan diem: ydu tiic la tdn trpng ngudi minh yeu. Didn bidn cac cimg bac tinh cam trai dai theo true thdi gian raa do tha dich nen chiing toi chi dimg d miic do khai thac be ndi, dira ttdn nhung ky hieu thdi gian da co ma khdng di vao kham pha chieu thdi gian theo mo thiic dgng tCr, hay nhirng each thiic md ta thdi gian khac ttong nguyen ban. Qua cac ky hieu thdi gian da chi ra, chiing tdi nhan thay thdi gian ma nha tho su dung d day tnrdc hit la kiiu thdi gian nien bidu, co thd do dem dugc nhu mua, dem tdi, budi sdng... va tidp do la thdi gian cam thiic cua nha tho, gan vdi cac tti nhan hay hoai niem, udc mong, gan vdi noi long, hay tara tiang. Tdt ca ddu rat nhan hau, khong oan ban, chdng thu hdn, tu tin va ban linh, qua do thi hidn quan niem tinh yeu mang tinh van hoa cao.

Ddi vdi Nguyen Du va Truyen Kiiu raa xet theo each da thuc hien dii vdi A S Pushkin thi khdng the. Bdi theo Tic diin Truyen Kieu ciia Dao Duy Anh [xem 4 cac tir ndra d cac ttang tuang iing] thi ridng tir "dem" co 25 lan xudt hien, tir "miia" 3 idn tir "khuya" 9 idn, chii "bong" 40 lan, chua ke nhiing txx khac ciing co chiic nang chi thdi ^ian nhu "he" (1 idn), "xuan" (41 idn), "thu" (13 lan), "ddng" (2 idn)... Chiing tdi chi chpn mdt canh chidu dac biet, hy vgng soi sang dugc nghe thuat mieu ta tam thuc thdi gian ciia Nguyln Du. Do la canh chidu khi chi em Thuy Kidu di tao rap va chuan bi vd. Xet vi m"t nghe thuat day la diem dimg khdng - thdi gian cd tinh chat budc ngoat thuc hidn chiic na ' ti chiic cdt truyen hay md ra cac tiem nang tu sir.

Ta se bdt ddu vdi cau tiio: "Td td bdng ngd vi Tdy / Chi em tho thdn dan toy ra v|" Cai ddc dao ma nghe tiiuat tho luc bat - radt san phdm tinh thdn thuan Viet co dugc ch'

TAP CHf KHQA HOC - SQ 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 13

la each thiic td chiic bd tri cau tha theo luat bdng ttdc. Ta cd tir cau tha nay: bdng bdng / trdc trdc / bdng bang 11 trac / bdng bdng / trac/ bdng bdng bdng bdng. Hai thanh bdng dugc tao ra tir cura tir "td td" cho thdy bong chidu hay anh ducmg dang chiiu xien, nghia la mat ttdi da xudng thap, va each thirc chieu xien do dang tinh tidn theo thai gian chii khdng phai dang dimg, bdi vi "td" nay thuc day "td" kia, ddc thuc lan nhau, nhung theo mgt hudng, do la "vi Tdy", "td td" dugc kich hoat bang dgng tir "ngd" diln ta each thiic van ddng cua bong chidu, ciia anh sang hay vang duong. Su van dgng cua "bong" la khdng vgi va, la tuan tu nhung khdng the dao ngugc ma dieu nay ciing cho thdy tinh chdt van ddng ciia thdi gian. "Bdng" a day la mpt ddi tugng thugc ngoai canh nhung ciing tiiam gia vao hoat dgng ciia nhiing nhan vat ttong canh nay, nghia la co su hoa ddng trong chuyen ddi theo thdi gian. Cai "td td" dugc gia ttgng bang "tho thdn", mpt tir lay rdt ddc dia, va ciing phai ndi them, nghe thuat sd dung tir lay trong Truyin Kiiu ciia Nguydn Du dat tdi miic tinh didu ma vi the tieng Viet trd ndn ttong sang va hoan my hon, nhu cu Pham Quynh da nhan xet "Truyen Kieu cdn, tieng ta cdn...". "Tho thdn" ciing la van dgng, khdng vdi va, chang thiic bach, nhung ciing thd hidn rapt t^ra trang rao hd, mdt tara thiic radng lung nao do. Tinh chat cua "Tho thdn" dugc qui dinh bdi cum tir "budc ddn" a cau tha tiep theo. O hai cum tir nay co su dao chieu cua thanh bang va thanh ttac: "tho thdn = bdng - trdc" con "budc dan" thi la "trdc - bdng'\ Sir dao ngugc nay dien ta each thiic chuyen ddi cua cac nhan vat, va duong nhien ciing cho thay su van ddng cua thdi gian ttong cai khdng gian cu the do. "Budc ddn" khdng chi la su dich chuyen ma cdn gan vdi hoat ddng chiem ngudng, ngam nghia, thudng thiic mgt each binh ttnh, cham chu: "lan xem" vdi hai thanh bang dien ta su can ddi hoa didu, dd tu do nhan ra canh vat xung quanh cd net xinh xan khac la: "phong cdnh cd bi thanh thanh", ma neu so vdi khdng gian nghia ttang trudc do mdt chiit thi tinh chdt khac la nay se la cai qui dinh cai khac thudng hay phi thudng ttong dot bien cua cau chuyen dugc ke. Ta lai co them mpt tir lay "thanh thanh" vdi hai thanh bang. Cac tir lay dugc sir dung d day: "td td", "tho thdn", "thanh ihanh" vira cho thay canh sac vira cho thay sir van ddng ciia thdi gian va do ciing chinh la su tinh te cua nghe thuat sir dung ngdn tu hay each thiic sang tao ngdn tu ttong tac phara nghe thuat.

Nhung cai "phong cdnh cd bi thanh thanh" se ttd nen tiuu tugng niu khdng cd cac mieu ta tiep theo: "Nao nao ddng nudc udn quanh/ Nhip cdu nho nhd cudi ghinh bdc ngang". Mdt biic ttanh phong canh hien ra vdi nhiing nhip di rat uyen chuyen ciia cac thanh bdng va thanh ttdc: bdng bdng / bdng trdc / trdc bang; / trdc bdng / bdng trdc/ trdc bang/ trdc bdng, tao thanh nhip van dgng cua cau tha vua tao ra kha nang chuyen tai ngir nghia cua cac thanh td ttong cau, vira tao ra hinh anh an tugng. Q day ta ciing co them hai cap tir lay niia: "nao nao" va "nho nhd". Trudc het, "nao nao" thudng gan vdi cam giac cua con ngudi, d day la hinh thi linh boat, uyen chuyin, udn luon quanh co ciia dong nudc, nhung nhiing cai do dugc cam nhan va hinh dung ra dn tugng tir chinh chu the trir

U II TRUClNB BAI HOC T H C I S O H A j j E l

tinh, tao ra su hoa dieu ding cam giiia canh va tinh, giira tinh va cam. Biic tranh thuy • o day tro thanh biic tranh tam canh. Con "nho nho" la mpt kilu tii lay dac biet ma ta gap rat nhieu trong ngon ngQ Viet, chang han: do do, tim tim, vdng vdng, xinh xinn, kheo... phil hgp vod ban chit van hoa Viet, vin dugc tao dung tir cac nhan diilc cam i , nghia la cac su vat hien tugng dugc nhin theo goc do cua cai hgp ly cam tinh theo cong thiic: cdi gi kheo thi cdi do dep, cdi dep dSng nghia vdi cdi xinh, quy hS tinh bdt quy ho da... "Nho nhd" a day ducmg nhien la khong 1cm, nhung cung khong phai la nho mpt each bit thuong, no la mgt CiSi ciu nho nh6 xinh xinh ma nhin bite tranh scm thiiy nao ta ciing de nhan ra, ma hon niia cai ciu nay chi thuc hien nhiem vu nii hai ba ciia mpt "Heu khe , thi do do, "nhip cdu nho nho" se la tro thanh kit ciu duong nhien hgp ly hai hoa trong biic Uanh CO ca trai may non nuac nhu da noi. Canh vat dugc quan sat theo cac goc nhin tir xa din gin, xa la cai "Id Id" ciia bdng chiiu, gan la "nhip cdu nho nho" nam 6 vi tri "cudi ghinh", "bdc ngang". Tit ca diu tao ra mgt ve dep "thanh thgnh", cd ve binh di yen a, nhung nlu liin kit cac tit lay da neu theo trat tu dugc mieu ta: "td la", "tha thdn", "thanh thanh", "nao nao", "nho nhd" thi ngoai biic tranh phong canh huu tinh, ta se thay bile tranh tam trang cua chu thi trO tinh. Cac tir lay do diu co cac cung bac khac nhau cua tSm trang ma nhiing cung bac khac nhau do chinh la each thiic tri giac thai gian hay noi each khac la cam thirc thai gian khien biic tranh ngoai canh thanh biic tranh tam canh, tao ra cam giac bang khuang, ma hi, nhu thi dang lac buoc vao coi Idiac, nhu the chinh nhan vat trir tinh dang di tim mgt cai gi do, hay dang bi dua toi mgt cai gi do. Day chinh la thoi diem de cau chuyen chuyen huang di vao buoc ngoat tu su moi vcri nhiing cuoc gap ga khac thuong.

Cum tu "bdc ngang" tap ra sir dirt gay trong dong chay suy tu ma thuong khi dpc ta hay bo qua, boi le "bdc ngan^'l ma hien nhien la cau thi phai "bdc ngang"! se dugc dat trong so sanh ngam voi "ndm doc", "ngang" se doi sanh vai "doc", se tao ra cai bit thuong, di biet ma ra mot kha nang tu su mcri. Cai "ndm doc" dugc dac ta bang mgt tir lay toan thanh bang, do la "se se " (ndm ddt ven duang) I 6 day ta se thay vi sao lai co nim dgc, vi trong luat chon cat, nguoi ta thuong ch6n dgc theo con duang, hic la nim song song voi con duong/. Su quan sat bay gio kh6ng huong ra xa niia ciing kh6ng huong len cao niia ma la ciii xuong, nhin ra hai ben duong. Tinh chat "se se" cua nim dit (hay nim ml) dugc nhin manh, tro thanh tam diem chu y cua chu the trir tinh, tro thanh su kien dac biet dii voi chi em Kieu liic nay va dugc mieu ta rit ky: "Rdu rdu ngon co niea vang nica xanh". Cai khac thuong mang dac tnmg lang man da he 16 ra tren true thai gian vdi kha nang tang din ciia cam thuc thoi gian. Citm tit lay "rdu rdu" ciing toat len tinh chit cua tam trang va dugc nhin manh bing nica (vdng) - nua (xanh). Nlu "td td" da co tinh chit tao hinh kh6ng gian thi "se se" ciing mang tinh chit tao hinh tao dang, tao ra cai khac thuong, tao ra cai tac dgng true tilp tiic thi din chit the trii tinh. Cai y niem dugc ttio ra ngoai hinh khii bit thucmg cua nim mg con co ca mau sic ciing bit thuang nQa: ngoi mo

TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 [ 15

do khdng co ai cham soc hay quan tam tdi nen cay co mgc tten do ciing khac la so vdi nhiing ngdi md khac vdi ve hoang tan, u uat, noi each khac la cac cum tir nay ciing lot ta dugc tinh chdt van dgng cua thdi gian. Cai "se se" kdt hgp vdi cai "rdu rdu" da he Id cau chuyen thuong tara ve mdt kiep tai hoa nhung bac menh dan tdi cudc gap gd vdi ngudi am idn thii nhat, theo quy luat van ddng xa hgi: "ddng thanh tuong ung ddng khi tuong cdu". Cudc gap bat ngd nay co dang ve nhu mgt diem ttieu bao trudc nhirng gi se xay ra trong cudc ddi Kieu sau nay ma ttong toan cau chuyen ta se thay hinh anh ciia Dam Tien, ddng tai hoa chii nhan cua nam dat "se se" ay se song hanh ddi anh vdi Kieu ttong hanh ttinh mudi lam nam bat hanh.

Nhung ngoai cudc hdi ngd am - dirong bat ngd, ngoai vide lot ta tinh chat nhan hau vi tha thuong ngudi cua Kieu, con co mgt cudc gap gd theo md tip "trai tai gai sdc" thudn duong niia ma cudc gap gd nay da lam thay ddi dien mao ciia chfnh cai noi vdn day mau sac am dam u tdi trudc do, tao ra: "Mpt vung nhu the cdy quynh cdnh dao". Dd la cudc gap go giiia Kim Trpng va chi em Thiiy Kieu. Cuoc gap go do ket thuc bang mgt canh dep khdn ta, dac bidt sau sac khi ma "khdch dd lin ngua ngudi cdn nghe theo..."

Cudc gap gd cua hg nhung ddng thdi ciing la ciia Kim - Kieu ttong budi chieu hoang hdn ay, cai hoang hdn mudn thud ciia thi nhan lang man, dien ra ttong khung canh tinh tii, hpp canh thuan tinh, vira dep nhu ttanh ve, vua phang phat ao giac mdng mo, bdi nghe thuat ta canh ta tmh het sue tinh te bang nhiing net tao hinh phac ta nhiing tao an tugng chidu sau qua khdng gian co tten co dudi co phai co ttai (dudi cdu, ben cdu), trong thdi gian cd chieu djch chuyen (nudc chay, bdng chieu thudt tha): Dudi cdu nudc chay trong veo,/ Ben cdu to lieu bdng chiiu thudt tha. Day la mdt biic tranh thuy mac dugc ve bang mdt net biit tirih ti. Trung tam cua biic ttanh la chide "cau" ma ttr tam diem nay cai nhin ttue quan se dugc md rgng. Chiic "cdu" thuc hien chuc nang ket ndi giiia hai bd mdt ddng chay, hay ciia mgt khoang tting ngan each. (3 day, ddng chay nay chi la mdt "ngpn lieu Idle", la mgt con sudi hay mpt lach nudc nho. Chiec "cdu" tao ra diem tua dd so sanh: tten dudi, ttong ngoai, gan xa... Nhd chiec "cdu" va qua cai nhin true tiep theo chieu tren dudi ma ta nhan ra tinh chdt "trong veo" cua ddng nudc, ta thay dugc bau ttdi hien hinh ttong day nudc, ma diiu nay ciing la duong nhien, bdi dong nudc da ttd thanh tdm guang phan chieu bau ttdi, mang lai cho ta cam thiic vd mgt the gidi tten cao nhung lai nam ngay dudi chan ta, ngay trudc mat ta, ta khdng phai nguoc nhin ma ta chi can ciii xudng. Nhiing gi dugc phan chiiu ttong cai lan nudc "trong veo" dy la thuc, nhung la cai thuc cua sir cam nhSn, ciia cai nhin thdy nhung khdng thi ndm bdt dugc. Chdng ai cd thi bat dugc vang trang ttong day nudc ca. Cho ndn cai thuc dy mang ttong nd tinh chat ao giac, huyen hoac vd thudng.

Xet theo bmh dien gdn -xata.c6 tiiem mdt su tiiuc niia do la "ben cdu" vdi nhihig nhanh liiu ni xudng mugt ma la ludt. Q do, xudt hien mdt hmh anh tti giac cam tinic:

Ifi II T P g d N G BAI HQC T H C I BQ H A N g i

"bdng chiiu". "Chiiu" vdn tu nd la mdt khung thdi gian qui udc, co thi nhan ra nhd sU van ddng cua mat ttdi hay ciia chim rimg bay vi niii, nhung d day "chiiu" hien ra dudi dang nhdn hinh nhdn dnh qua "bdng". Day la hinh thiic tao hda giao hda, mmh chiing cho tmn chat ao giac, huyen hoac cua biic ttanh ao dieu. "Bdng chiiu" hien hinh ttong tinh chat ngudi, dd la "thudt tha", gidng nhu dang di cua mdt my nhan dang thdp tiioang gan xa, nhu mpt "bdng ma" ky bi, ttdn con dudng nhd "ben cdu", ma khi ket ndi vdi cac cm tiet khac da ndi d tten, thi day la nghe thuat tao diim nhdn, khiin cho su xuat hien cita Dam Tien, ma cai ten da cho thay tinh chat dac biet ma ta co the hieu la ngudi dep md ao, huyen hoac, mpt my nhan ciia the gidi ben kia, cang ttd thanh tam diem cua mgi su chii y, tao ra su kit ndi lien tudng theo chiiu thdi gian. Su tuong phan giiia dong nudc "trong veo", ttong sudt tan day vdi "bdng chieu thudt tha" nhung cai"bdng chieu thudt tha" lai khdng hien ra ttong dong nudc ay, ma chi dugc cam nhan qua each vira kd vira ta ciia ngudi dan chuyen, ciing la radt sir ki bi, tao ra mdt khdng gian ky ao sinh ddng nhung rat huyen bi. Dong nudc thi van dgng the hien qua cum tir "nudc chdy", con "bdng chieu" thi cd ve nhu diing yen mdt chd vdi dgng tac "thudt tha" nhu my nii dang miia. Mieu ta khdng gian thi ttdi ma thdi gian thi dimg, chinh la su than ky ciia ngoi but Nguyen Du. Chiec "cdu" vach ra mdt net ngang, con cay liiu vdi nhiing nhanh mem mai cua nd tao thanh net dgc, tao ra kieu ket ndi ciing mem bieu ly am duong, tao ra ket cau theo md hinh vu (= ngang) tru (= dgc). Cho nen, ttong viec tao hinh tao canh, ttong each thiic mieu ta, nguyen tdc van hoa dan tgc ciing hien hinh rat ro d day.

Ta khdng biet ben kia cau, hieu theo nghia chiec cau la mgt bieu tugng van hda the hien cuoc ddi, la gi hay cd nhihig cai gi, nhung bdn nay cdu la cap tinh nhan Kun - Kiiu, nhung chiec cau lai lien ke ndu khdng noi la gdn Hen vdi khdng gian nghia dia. Cai gi dang dgi hg ben kia cau? Chiec cau do cd phai la chiec cau ndi nhiing bd vui hay chi dua tdi nhiing ndi budn? Thi gidi ben kia cdu la thi gidi ciia nhirng cai chua biit, la thi gidi ciia dinh menh dang chd dgi nhiing so phan, nhiing than phan con ngudi. Khdng gian nghia dia ben nay tu no bieu dat su sing va cai chit, xung dot giiia tai va mdnh, giao ttanh giiia tinh va tidn, giiia nhan phdm va ddng tien, giiia luong tam va vd liem si, giiia cai thien va cai ac, giu-a tai nang va sd phan, gitra hien thuc va ly tudng... Khdng gian nghTa dia tu nd la thi gidi ciia cac gia tri khac nhau. Nhung sao Nguydn Du lai cho cac nhan vat Kim - Kiiu yeu quy ciia minh gap nhau d day? Mia mai chang? Khdng phai. Khdng gian nghia dia con la khdng gian ciia tri vd tu tri, la khong gian cua van hda tti an va la khdng gian cua su t? li thiic, nai mang lai cho con ngudi dang sdng nhirng dieu hon le thiet, mang lai dao ly l' ngudi va ren ngudi, mang lai cho con ngudi dieu phai biet va ndn biit, dieu phai ttanh ' khong dugc mdc phai. Tren tdt ca, do la khdng gian cua nhiing kiip ngudi hay ciia nhf than phan con ngudi ttong le thudng hang cua vu tru, trong sir xoay vdn luan chuygn c' nhiing kiep sdng nhan gian...

TAP CHf KHQA HOC - SO 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 17

3. KET LUAN

Mdt sir phan tich nhu vay kha di cho phep hiiu them nhiiu mat cua vdn di thdi gian

ttong sang tao nghe thuat, gop phan lam sang td them cac gia tti nhan van va thdm ray ma

hai thien tai ciia hai nin van hoa mang lai. Su khac biet la duong nhien, nhung su tuang

ddng ciing la diiu khdng thd gat bd, bdi le ca hai thien tai ay deu rat yeu ngudi, rdt yeu

nhan loai, yeu con ngudi viet hoa. Ca tuong ddng va khac bidt deu la nhiing gia tri ddng

gdp ciia timg nen van hda, ca hai deu tao ra ban sac chung ve tinh cgng ddng nhan loai tten

bmh dien nhan van, tten nhiing suy nghi ve chinh con ngudi ttong mdi con ngudi, hien

hmh ttong each cam thiic ve thdi gian.

TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O

1. Cao Chi (2011), Vat ly hien dgi - Nhung vdn de ihdi su tir Bigbounce den vu tru loan dnh, -Nxb Tri thu'c, HaNgi.

2. A.S. Pushkin (1999), Tha trii- tinh, (nhieu ngudi dich), - Nxb Van hgc - Trung tam Van hda Ngdn ngii Ddng Tay, Ha Ndi.

3. Tic diin Vdn hpc - Bp m&i, - Nxb The gidi, Ha Ndi, 2004.

4. Dao Duy Anh (1974), Ticdiin Truyen Kiiu, - Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hpi, HaNgi.

TIME ENJOYMENT AND RECOGNITION ON ART CREATION

FROM NGUYEN DU AND A.S. PUSHKIN

Abstract: The article, based on the compositions of Nguyen Du and A.S. Puskin, focuses on clarifying the sensory angles of time as well as how to handle time in their works. From there, help readers understand more time issues in art creation, showing the human and aesthetic values that the two geniuses of the two cultures bring. This is also the cultural value of each community in the era of globalization today.

Keywords: Time enjoyment and recognition, Nguyen Du. Pushkin