STATISTICAL TABLE
26
STATISTICAL TABLE NoTES Columns (1) and (2). Figures refer to trade unions with headquarters in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Sources : Committee on Industry and Trade, Survey of Industrial Relations (H.M.S.O., 1926) ; Ministry of Labour Gazette; Employment and Productivity Gazette; Department of Employment Gazette. Columns (3) and (4). Figures for 1893 and 1894 are slightly inflated owing to inclusion of affiliated trades councils. Figures for 1913 are not available owing to the cancellation of the 1914 Congress. Source: T.U.C. Annual Reports. Columns (5) and (6). Figures refer to Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Sources: As for Columns (1) and (2). 301
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Transcript of STATISTICAL TABLE
STATISTICAL TABLE NoTES
Columns (1) and (2). Figures refer to trade unions with headquarters in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Sources : Committee on Industry and Trade, Survey of Industrial Relations (H.M.S.O., 1926) ; Ministry of Labour Gazette; Employment and Productivity Gazette; Department of Employment Gazette.
Columns (3) and (4). Figures for 1893 and 1894 are slightly inflated owing to inclusion of affiliated trades councils. Figures for 1913 are not available owing to the cancellation of the 1914 Congress. Source: T.U.C. Annual Reports.
Columns (5) and (6). Figures refer to Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Sources: As for Columns (1) and (2).
301
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
I I
Tot
al N
o. o
f T
otal
No.
of
No.
of
Agg
rega
te N
o. o
f T
otal
No.
of
Tot
al N
o. o
f T
rade
Uni
ons
Tra
de-U
nion
St
oppa
ges
Wor
king
Day
s lo
st b
y Y
ear
Tra
de U
nion
s T
rade
-Uni
on
affil
iate
d to
M
embe
rs
begi
nnin
g St
oppa
ges
in p
rogr
ess
Mem
bers
T
.U.C
. af
filia
ted
in Y
ear
in Y
ear
to T
.U.C
.
1893
12
79
1,55
9,oo
o 17
9 1,
1oo,
ooo
599
30,4
40,0
00
1894
13
14
1,53
0,00
0 17
0 1,
000,
000
903
9,51
o,oo
o 18
95
1340
1,
504,
000
178
1,o7
6,oo
o 72
8 5·
700,
000
1896
1 3
58
1,6o
8,oo
o 18
o 1,
093,
191
906
3,56
o,oo
o 18
97
1 353
1,
731,
000
188
I, 18
4,24
1 84
8 10
,330
,000
18
98
1326
1,
752,
000
181
1,20
0,00
0 69
5 15
,26o
,ooo
~
1899
13
25
1,91
I,oo
o 18
4 1,
250,
000
710
2,5o
o,oo
o "'
1900
13
23
2,02
2,00
0 19
1 1,
200,
000
633
3,09
o,oo
o 19
01
1322
2,
025,
000
198
1,40
0,00
0 63
1 4·
130,
000
1902
12
97
2,01
3,00
0 20
4 1,
5oo,
ooo
432
3·44
0,00
0 19
03
1285
1,
994,
000
212
1,42
2,51
8 38
0 2,
320,
000
1 904
12
56
1,96
7,00
0 20
5 1,
541,
000
346
1,46
o,oo
o 19
05
1244
'·9
97,0
00
226
1,55
5,oo
o 34
9 2,
370,
000
1906
12
82
2,21
0,00
0 23
6 1,
700,
000
479
3,02
0,00
0 19
07
1283
2,
513,
000
214
1,77
7,00
0 58
5 2,
150,
000
1908
12
68
2,48
5,00
0 21
9 1,
705,
000
389
10,7
90,0
00
1909
12
6o
2,47
7,00
0 21
2 1,
647.
715
422
2,69
o,oo
o 19
10
126g
2,
565,
000
202
1,66
2,13
3 52
1 9.
870,
000
1911
12
90
3,13
9,00
0 20
1 2,
001,
633
872
10,1
6o,o
oo
1912
12
52
3,41
6,oo
o 20
7 2,
232,
446
834
40,8
9o,o
oo
1913
12
69
4,13
5,00
0 -
-14
59
9,8o
o,oo
o
w 0 w
1914
19
15
1916
19
17
1918
19
19
1920
19
21
1922
19
23
1924
19
25
1926
19
27
1928
19
29
1 930
1 9
31
1 932
19
33
1934
19
35
1936
19
37
1938
1 9
39
1940
1260
12
29
1225
12
41
1264
13
6o
1384
12
75
1232
11
92
1194
11
76
1164
11
59
1142
11
33
1121
11
08
1081
10
81
1063
10
49
1036
10
32
1024
10
19
1004
4·14
5,00
0 21
5 4·
359,
000
227
4.64
4,00
0 23
5 5o
499o
000
262
6,53
3,00
0 26
6 7,
926,
ooo
215
8,34
8,oo
o 21
3 6,
633,
000
206
5,62
5,00
0 19
4 5·
429,
000
203
5.54
4,00
0 20
5 5.
5o6,
ooo
207
5,21
9,00
0 20
4 4·
919,
000
196
4,8o
6,oo
o 20
2 4,
858,
ooo
210
4·84
2,00
0 21
0 4,
624,
000
209
4·44
4,00
0 20
8 4.
392,
000
210
4,59
o,oo
o 21
1 4,
867,
000
214
5·29
5,00
0 21
4 5,
8 42,
ooo
216
6,o5
3,oo
o 21
7 6,
298,
ooo
223
6,61
3,00
0 22
3
2,68
2,35
7 97
2 9,
88o,
ooo
2,85
0,54
7 67
2 2,
95o,
ooo
3,08
2,35
2 53
2 2,
450,
000
4·53
2,08
5 73
0 5.
650,
000
5,28
3,67
6 11
65
5,88
o,oo
o 6,
505,
482
1352
34
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,000
6,
417,
910
16Cl
7 26
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5,
128,
648
763
85,8
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4.36
9,26
8 57
6 19
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4·
328,
325
628
10,6
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4.35
0,98
2 71
0 8,
420,
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4,36
5,61
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3 7,
95o,
ooo
4,16
3,99
4 32
3 16
2,23
0,00
0 3.
874,
842
308
1,17
0,00
0 3.
673,
144
302
1,39
0,00
0 3o
744o
320
431
8,29
o,oo
o 3,
719,
401
422
4 040
0,00
0 3,
613,
273
420
6,98
o,oo
o 3.
367.
911
389
6,49
0,00
0 3,
294,
581
357
1,07
0,00
0 3.
388,
810
471
96o,
ooo
3,61
4,55
1 55
3 1,
96o,
ooo
4,oo
8,64
7 81
8 1,
830,
000
4·46
0,61
7 11
29
3,41
0,00
0 4,
669,
186
875
1,33
0,00
0 4,
866,
711
940
1,36
0,00
0 5,
079,
094
922
940,
000
\,1? 0 ~
Yea
r
1941
19
42
1 943
19
44
1945
19
46
1947
19
48
1949
19
50
1951
19
52
1 953
19
54
1955
19
56
1957
19
58
1 959
19
00
1961
(I)
Tot
al l'
\o.
of
Tra
de U
nion
s
996
991
987
963
781
757
734
735
726
732
735
719
717
703
704
685
685
675
668
664
646
(2)
(3)
Tot
al l'
\o.
of
Tot
al :'l
l"o. o
f T
rade
Uni
ons
Tra
de-U
nion
af
filia
ted
to
Mem
bers
T
.U.C
.
7,16
5,oo
o 23
2 7,
867,
000
230
8,17
4,00
0 19
0 8,
o87,
ooo
191
7,87
s,oo
o 19
2 8,
8o3,
ooo
187
9,14
5,00
0 18
8 9,
319,
ooo
187
9,27
4,00
0 18
6 9,
289,
000
186
9.53
5,oo
o 18
3 9,
583,
ooo
183
9,52
3,oo
o 18
4 9,
556,
ooo
183
9.74
1,00
0 18
6 g,
778,
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185
9,82
g,oo
o 18
5 9,
639,
000
186
g,62
3,oo
o 18
4 9,
835,
ooo
183
g,89
7,00
0 18
2
(4)
(5)
(6)
Tot
al l
'\o. o
f :\'
o. o
f A
ggre
gate
No.
of
Tra
de-U
nion
St
oppa
ges
Wor
king
Day
s lo
st b
y I
Mem
bers
be
ginn
ing
Stop
page
s in
pro
gres
s af
filia
ted
I
to T
.U.C
. in
Yea
r in
Yea
r !
5.43
2,64
4 12
51
1,o8
o,oo
o 6,
024,
411
1303
1,
527,
090
6,64
2,31
7 17
85
1,8o
8,oo
o 6,
575,
654
2194
3,
714,
000
6,67
1,12
0 22
93
2,83
5,00
0 7>
540,
397
2205
2,
158,
ooo
7.79
1,47
0 17
21
2,43
3,00
0 7.
937,
091
1759
1,
944,
000
7,88
3,35
5 14
26
1,80
7,00
0 7,
827,
945
1339
1,
389,
ooo
8,02
0,07
9 17
19
1,69
4,00
0 8,
o88,
450
1714
1,
792,
000
8,09
3,83
7 17
46
2,18
4,00
0 8,
1o6,
958
1989
2,
457,
000
8,26
3,74
1 24
19
3,78
1,00
0 8,
304,
709
2648
2,
083,
000
8,33
7,32
5 28
59
8,41
2,00
0 8,
176,
252
2629
3.
461,
1>00
8,
128,
251
2093
3,
270,
000
8,29
9,39
3 28
32
3,02
1,00
0 8,
312,
875
2686
3,
046,
ooo
196:
.! 62
6 q,
I387
,000
17
6 8,
315,
332
2449
I
5.79
8,00
0 I
1!)6
3 6o
7 9·
934,
0°0
173
8,32
5,79
0 20
68
1,75
5,00
0 19
b4
641
10,2
t8,o
oo
172
13,77
1 ,o
12
2524
I
2,27
7,00
0 rg
6;i
629
I 0,
325,
CXlO
17
0 8,
1367
,522
23
54
2,92
5,00
0
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)66
021
10,2
62,0
00
169
8,78
7,28
2 19
37
2,39
8,oo
o 11
)67
tio2
9, 1
96,o
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160
8,72
5,60
4 21
16
2,78
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0 1!
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155
8,87
5,38
1 23
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561
10,4
72,0
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150
1),4
02,1
70
3116
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0 53
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79,0
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142
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04
3906
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19
71
52
0
11,1
27,0
00
132
9.894
,1313
1 22
28
13,5
51,0
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1!)7
2 49
9 11
,349
.000
12
6 10
,001
,419
.• ,
I 23
,909
,000
19
73
:JoB
11,4
44·0
00
109
10,0
22,2
24
2873
7,
197,
010
1<)7
{ 49
1 11
,753
·000
Ill
10,3
63,7
24
2922
14
,750
,000
--------
---------
~
:...;·
FURTHER READING
1. GENERAL
THE most useful single-volume history of British trade unionism to a fairly recent date is G. D. H. Cole's Short History of the British Workingclass Movement (I 927; revised ed., I 948). But the classic work by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, History of Trade Unionism (I894i revised ed., 1920), remains indispensable for any detailed study of the subject. Also of great value is the Webbs' Industrial Democracy ( I898), an analytical survey of the changing character of trade unionism. H. A. Clegg, A. Fox and A. F. Thompson, History of British Trade Unions from r88g, i (Oxford, I964) covers the period up to I9IO only; but it contains much new material.
There are a few works devoted to the publication of trade-union documents, of which the most valuable for historical purposes is G. D. H. Cole and A. W. Filson, British Working Class Movements: Select Documents, r;8!}-r875 (I95I). I. MacDougall (ed.), Minutes of Edinburgh Trades Council, I85!)-I87J (Edinburgh, I968) has been skilfully edited and is of considerable interest. E. Frow and M. Katanka (ed.), r868, Tear of the Unions (I968) contains a contemporary account of the first T.U.C. There is a series of small books covering the nineteenth century from a Marxist standpoint: these are Max Morris, From Cobbett to the Chartists (I 948), J. B. Jefferys, Labour's Formative Tears (I 948), and E. J. Hobsbawm, Labour's Turning Point (I948). On the growth of combinations before the nineteenth century, see A. E. Bland, P. A. Brown, and R. H. Tawney, English Economic History: Select Documents (I9I5), and also a valuable collection of extracts from the Home Office papers in the period 1 79oI825, A. Aspinall, Early English Trade Unions (I949). W. Milne-Bailey, Trade Union Documents (1929), gives an impression of the structure and functions of trade unionism at the date of publication. For a more recent series ofreadings, see W. E.J. McCarthy, Trade Unions (1972).
The reports and evidence of Royal Commissions and Commons Select Committees form a large body of source material about unions. The most important are those of the Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery (I824), the Select Committee on the Combination Laws (I825), the Select Committee on Combinations (I838), the Royal Commission on Trade Unions (1867-9), the Royal Commission on Labour (I89I-4) and the Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations (1965-8). With these may be ranked the report prepared for the National Association for the Promotion of Social
306
Further Reading Science, Trade Unions and Strikes ( 1 86o).
The legal history of trade unionism is dealt with by R. Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, Legal History of Trade Unionism (1930). N. A. Citrine, Trade Union Law (2nd ed., 1960), C. Grunfeld, Modern Trade Union Law (1966) and K. W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (1965) are also useful for historical purposes. For the growth of conciliation and arbitration see Lord Amulree, Industrial Arbitration in Great Britain ( 1 929), and I. G. Sharp, Industrial Conciliation and Aribitration in Great Britain (1950). Wages councils are dealt with in F. J. Bayliss, British Wag<s Councils (Oxford, 1962). On industrial relations in general, the official Industrial Relations Handbook (new"ed., 1961) may be supplemented by H. A. Clegg, System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain (Oxford, 1970) and by W. E. J. McCarthy, Industrial Relations in Britain (1969). On strikes, seeK. G. J. C. Knowles, Strikes (Oxford, 1952), and R. Hyman, Strikes (1972).
On the history of the relation~hip between the trade unions and the State, the following works are of value: Vv. Milne-Bailey, Trade Union~ and the State (1934); D. F. Macdonald, The State and the Trade Uniom (2nd ed., 1976); V. L. Allen, Trade Unions and the Govemment ( 1960); and E. Wigham, Strikes and the Government 1893-1971: (1976).
B. C. Roberts, The Trades Union Congress, 1868-1.921 (1958), is an authoritative study. J. Lovell and B. C. Roberts, Short History of the T.U.C. (1968) is a slighter work covering the whole century. For the role of the unions in parliamentary politics see A. W. Humphrey, History rif Labour Represmtation (1912), and two books by G. D. H. Cole, British Working Class Politics, 1832-1914 (1941) and History of the Labour Party
from 1914 (1948). H. Pelling, Short History of the Labour Parly (new ed., 1976), concentrates on the relationship between the union leaders and the party leaders. Martin Harrison, Trade Unions and the Labour Party since 1945 ( 196o), gives a fascinating account of the manifold links, financial and otherwise, between the two sides of the labour movement. Irving Richter, Political Purpose in Trade Unions (1973), has a chapter on the Trade Union Group of M.P.s.
For women's trade unionism see Barbara Drake, Women in Trade Unions (1921), and the T.U.C. publication, Women in the Trade Union Afovement (1955).
Trade-union emblems are the subject of R. A. Leeson, United We Stand (Bath, 1<}71) and.J. Gorman, Banner Bright (1973).
2. HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL UNIONS
Many important unions have not had their history written, and many have been commemorated only by souvenir volumes of an uncritical character. The following list is of books which deserve mention because of their general interest. Those which are of particular value to the student are marked with an asterisk (* ).
Further Reading Agricultural Workers: R. Groves, Sharpen the Sickle! (1949).
E. Selley, Village Trade Unions in Two Centuries ( 1919). Bank En1ployees: *R. M. Blackburn, Union Character and Social Class ( 1967). Blacksllliths: A. Tuckett, The Blacksmith's History ( 1974). Boilern1akers: J. E. Mortimer, History of the Boilermakers' Sociery, 1834-1.906 (1973). Bookbinders and Paper Workers: E. Howe and J. Child, Sociery of London Bookbinders (1952). C. J. Bundock, National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paj1er Workers (Oxford, !969). Boot and Shoe Workers: *Alan Fox, History of the N.U. of Boot and Shoe Operatives, 1874-1957 (Oxford, 1958). Brushn1akers: *W. Kiddier, The Old Trade Unions ( 1930). Builders: *R. Postgate, The Builders' History ( 1923). W. S. Hilton, Foes to Tyranny ( 1963). Civil Servants: B. V. Humphreys, Clerical Unions in the Civil Service (Oxford, 1958). H. Parris, Staff Relations in the Civil Service (1973). Clerical and Adlllinistrative Workers: F. Hughes, By Hand and Brain ( 1953). Cotton Workers: *H. A. Turner, Trade Union Growth, Structure and Policy ( 1962). E. Hopwood, History of the Lancashire Cotton Industry and the Amalgmnated Weavers' Association (Manchester, 1969). Dockers: *J. Lovell, Stevedores and Dockers (1969). D. F. Wilson, Dockers ( 1972). Engineering Draughtsn1en: J. E. Mortimer, History of the Engineering and Shipbuilding Draughtsmen (1960). Engineers: *J. B. Jeffreys, SloT_}' of the Engineers (1945). Foundry Workers: H. J. Fyrth and H. Collins, Foundr_v workers (Manchester, 1959). General and Municipal Workers: *H. A. Clegg, General Union (Oxford, 1954); *R. Hyman, The Workers' Union (Oxford, 1971). Iron and Steel Workers: Arthur Pugh, }.;fen of Steel ( 1951). journalists: C. J. Bundock, National Union of Journalists ( 1957). Lace Makers: N. H. Cuthbert, Lace Makers' Sociery (Nottingham, 1960). Local Governn1ent Officers: *A. Spoor, White-Collar Union (1967). Miners: R. P. Arnot, The Miners, 1889-1945 (3 vols., 1949-61); *J. E. Williams, The Derbyshire Miners (1962). W. R. Garside, The Durham ,Hiners, 1919-60 (1971). R. Challinor, The Lancashire and Cheshire Afiners (Newcastle, 1972). R. Fynes, History of the Northumberland and Durham A!iners (Sunderland, 1923). E. Welbourne, .\liners' Union of Northumberland and Durham (Cambridge, 1923). A. R. Griffin, Miners of Nottinghamshire (2 vols., Nottingham, 1956? and *London, 1962). R. P. Arnot, The Scottish Miners (1955) and The South Wales ,Hiners (2 vols., London, 1967 and Cardiff, 1975). *E. \V. Evans, }.;finers of South Wales (Cardiff, 1961). F. :VIachin, The Yorkshire Miners (vol. 1, Barnsley, 19.18). Plun1bers: J. 0. French, Plumbers in Unify (1965). Policen1en: A. Judge, The First Fifty Years (19-68). Postn1en: H. G. Swift, History of Postal Agitation (1929). M. Moran, The Union of Post Ojfice Workers: a Study in Political Sociology (1974). Potters: W. H. Warburton, History of Trade Union Organization in the North Staffs. Potteries (1931). Printers: *E. Howe and H. E. Waite, London Sociery ofComfJOsitors (1948). E. Howe, The London Compositor: Documents (1947). *A. E. Musson, TypograjJ/zical A.,soriatimz (Oxford, 1954). S.C. Gillespie, Hundred Years of Progress (Glasgow, 1953). *.J. Child, Industrial Relations in the British Printing Industry (1967) . .J. Moran, NATSOPA; Sevenry-Fir·e
Further Reading gog rears. (1964). Railway~nen: G. W. Alcock, Fifty rears tif Railway Trade Unionism (1922). J. R. Raynes, Engines and A/en (Leeds, 1921). *P. S. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (1963). Road Transport Workers: .\. Tuckett, The Scottish Carter_ ( 1967). Shop Assistants: P. C. Hoffman, They Also Served ( 1949). W. B. Whitaker, Victorian and Edwardian Shopworkers (Newton Abbot, 1973). Tailors and Gar~nent Workers: F. W. Galton, Select Docs. Illustrating the Histor.Y of T.U.ism: The Tailoring Trade (1896). M. Stewart and L. Hunter. The Needle is Threaded (1964). Teachers: A. Tropp, The School Teachers (1957). W. Roy, The Teachers' Union (1968). *R. A. Manzer, Teachers in Politics (Manchester, 1970). H. Perkin, Key Prtifession: the History tif the A. U. T. ( 1969). Tin Plate Workers: A. T. Kidd, History of the Tin Plate &c Societies ( 1949). Woodworkers: T. J. Connelly, The Woodworkers ( 1960).
Good histories of trades councils are rare: K. D. Buckley, Trade Unionism in Aberdeen, 1878-1900 (Edinburgh, 1955) and J. Corbett, Birmingham Trades Council, 1866-1966 ( 1966) are the best. There is some useful information, however, in George Tate, London Trades Council 186o-1950 ( 1950); and S. Pollard, in his comprehensive History of Labour in Sheffield (Liverpool, 1959), deals fully with local trade unionism.
Much of value about the lives of individual unionists will be found in .J. Saville andj. M. Bellamy (ed.), Dictionary tif Labour Bio,graphy (3 vols. so far, 1972, 1974 and 1976).
3· ADDITIONAL SOURCES FOR PARTICULAR PERIODS AND TOPICS
Chapter II: THE ORIGINs, to 1825 For a study of a strike-prone occupation, see J. M. Fewster, 'The
Keelmen of Tyneside in the Eighteenth Cent>Jry', Durham University Journal, n.s. xix (1957-8). On the passing of the Combination Laws, there is a useful narrative in J. L. and Barbara ~ammond, The Town Labourer, 176o-r832 (1918), but their significance is more carefully assessed in M. D. George, 'The Combination Laws Reconsidered', Economic History, i ( 1927). See also J. L. Gray, 'The Law of Combination in Scotland" I:.conomica, vii ( 1928). D. C. Coleman 'Combinations of Capital and Labour in the English Paper Industry, 1789-1825 ', Economica, xxi ( 1954) is of relevant interest. N. McCord and D. E. Brewster, 'Some Labour Troubles of the 1790's in N .E. England', International Review of Social History, xiii (1g68) and N. McCord, 'The Seamen's Strike of 1815 in N.E. England', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xxi ( 1968) present new material. On the Luddites, seeJ. L. and Barbara Hammond, The Skilled Labourer, 176o-r832 (1919); F. 0. Darvall, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England (1934); E . .J. Hobsbawm, Labouring Men ( 1964), ch. 2; and R. A. Church and S. D. Chapman, 'Gravener Henson and the Making of the English Working Class', in E. L . .Jones and G. E. Mingay (ed.), Land Labour and Population in the Industrial Revolution (1967). On friendly societies in this period, see
Further Reading P. H. J. H. Gosden, Friendly Societies in England, 1815-71 (Manchester, 1961). For Francis Place, see \V. E. S. Thomas, 'Francis Place and Working-Class History', Historical Journal, v (1962). There is much of interest for this period in E. P. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class (1963), but its thesis is controversial. A. E. Masson, British Trade Unions, 18oo-1875 (1972) is a useful summary in the Economic History Society series.
Chapter III: HIGH HoPEs AND SMALL BEGINNINGs, 1825-60 For the methods and philosophy of the old trade clubs, see E. J.
Hobsbawm, 'The Tramping Artisan', Labouring Men, ch. 4; R. V. Clements, 'Trade Unions and Emigration 184o-8o ', Population Studies, ix ( 1955); and R. V. Clements, 'British Trade Unions and Popular Political Economy 1850-75', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xiv (1961). On emigration, see also H. Owen, The Staffordshire Potter ( 1901 ). On the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, W. H. Oliver, 'The Consolidated Trades Union of '34 ', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xvii (1964) is of importance; and see also W. H. Chaloner (ed.), 'Reminiscences ol" Thomas Dunning', Trans. Lanes. and Ches. Antiquarian Society, lix (1947). Of great value in revising earlier studies is G. D. H. Cole, Attempts at General Union ( 1953). The Tolpuddle case is fully documented in the T.U.C. publication, The Martyrs of Tolpuddle (1934). For union links with Chartism, see F. C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists (1959), and A. Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (1959). For the miners, see R. Challinor and B. Ripley, The Miners' Association ( 1968) and A. J. Taylor, 'The Miners' Association of Great Britain and Ireland, 1842-48', Economica, xxii (1955). K. Burgess, 'Technological Change and the 1852 Lock-out in the British Engineering Industry', International Review of Social History, xiv ( 1969) throws fresh light on the beginnings of the A.S.E. Links with Methodism are explored in several works by R. F. Wearmouth, of which the most relevant for this period is Some Working Class }Jovements of the Nineteenth Century ( 1948). An important re-assessment of the role of the 'New Model' is to be found in G. D. H. Cole, 'Some Notes on British Trade Unionism in the Third Quarter of the Nineteenth Century', in E. M. Carus-Wilson (ed.), Essays in &onomic History, iii (1962). j. Benson, 'English Coal-Miners' Trade-Union Accident Funds, 1850-1900', Economic Histor_y Review, 2 ser., xxvii (1975) draws attention to a neglected topic, as does P. Brantlinger, 'The Case against Trade Unions in Early Victorian Fiction', Victorian Studies, xiii ( 1969). W. H. Fraser, Trade Unions and Sociefv: The Struggle for Acceptance, I85o-188o (1974) is a general survey.
Chapter IV: THE FoRMATION OF A PRESSURE GROUP, 186o-8o For the trade-union leaders' entry into politics generally see F. E.
Gillespie, Labour and Politics in England, 185o-67 (Durham, N.C., 1927). On various aspects of the subject see Daphne Simon, 'Master and Servant', in J. Saville (ed.), Democracy and the Labour Movement (1954);
Further Reading 3 I I
V. L. Allen, 'The Origins of Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration', International Review of Social History, ix ( 1964) ; S. Coltham, 'The Bee-Hive Newspaper', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (ed.), Essays in Labour History (196o); and two articles by H. W. McCready, 'British Labour and the Royal Commission on Trade Unions 1867-g', University of Toronto Quarterly, xxiv (1955) and 'British Labour's Lobby, 1867-75)', Canadian Joumal of Economics and Political Science, xxii ( 1956). A different view of the evidence before the Royal Commission (see above, p. 67) is provided by C. G. Hanson, 'Craft Unions, Welfare Benefits, and the Case for Trade Union Law Reform', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xxviii (1975). R. Harrison, Before the Socialists ( 1965) contains a useful account of the role of the Positivists in the Labour movement. Also of interest is H. Collins and C. Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement (1965). The most useful biographies are A. W. Humphrey, Robert Applegarth (1913); W. H. G. Armytage, A. J. Mundella (1951); and F. M. Leventhal, Respectable Radical: George Howell and Victorian Working Class Politics ( 1971). On the foundation and early history of the T.U.C. see A. E. Musson, The Congress of 1868 (1955); W. J. Davis, British T.U.C.: History and Recollections ( vol. 1, 1910) ; and Henry Broadhurst M.P. : the Story of His Life told ~v HimJelj ( 1901 ). On the beginnings of railway trade unionism see P. W. Kingsford, 'Labour Relations on the Railways, 1835-75', Journal qf Transport History, i (1953). On unionism in agriculture, see A. Clayden, Revolt of the Field ( 1874); R. C. Russell, Revolt of the Field in Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1956); Frances, Countess of Warwick (ed.), Joseph Arclz (18g8); and.J. P. D. Dunbabin, Rural Di.rcontent in Nineteenth Century Britain (1974). J. R. Ravensdale, 'The China Clay Labourers' Union', History Studies, i ( 1968) tells the story of a short-lived union of the 187o's.
Chapter VI: NEw UNIONISM AND NEw PoLITICs, I88o-Igoo For the Knights of Labour, see H. Pelling 'The Knights of Labour in
Britain, I88o-Igoi', Economic History Review, 2 ser., ix (1956). The early stages of New Unionism may be traced in Dona Torr, Tom Mann and his Times (vol. 1, 1956); in Will Thorne, My Life's Battles (1925); in Ben Tillett, Memories and Reflexions (1931); in J. Havelock Wilson, My Stormy Voyage Through Life (1925); and in Sir James Sexton, Agitator: An Autobiography (1936). There is a valuable contemporary account of the Dock Strike of 1889 by H. L. Smith and V. Nash, The Story of the Dockers' Strike (1890). G. Pattison, 'Nineteenth-century Dock Labour in the Port of London,' Mariner's Mirror, Iii (1966) considers the problems of dock labour from the evidence of company papers. On the gasworkers and seamen and on New Unionism generally, E.J. Hobsbawm, Labouring Men, chs. 9, 10 and 11 is valuable. The railwaymen's response to New Unionism is discussed by P. S. Gupta, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c. 188o-1900', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xix (1966). L. J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in South Wales, 1889-g2', Welsh History Review, i (1963) is a brief survey of an important subject. For the growth of Socialism and of the demand for independent labour representation,
3I2 Further Reading see H. Pelling, Origins of the Labour Party (new ed., Oxford, 1965). For legal and industrial developments in the 189os, see J. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', in Briggs and Saville (ed.), Essays in Labour History; but this should be balanced by reading A. Fox, 'Industrial Relations in 19th Century Birmingham', Oxford Economic Papers, vii (1955). On the Eight-hour Day movement, see A. E. P. Duffy, 'The Eight Hours Day Movement in Britain, I886-1893 ', Manchester School, xxxvi (1968), and B. McCormick and J. E. Williams, 'The Miners and the Eight-Hour Day, I86g-19I0', Economic History Review, 2 ser., xii ( 1959). G. Alderman, 'The Railway Companies and the Growth of Trade Unionism', Historical Journal, xiv (1971) is an important article.
Chapter VII: FRoM TAFF VALE TO TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 1goo-14 For Taff Vale and its political consequenc~, see F. Bealey and
H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 19oo-o6 (1958) and H. Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1g68), ch. 4· General developments of 1906-14 are recounted in E. H. Phelps Brown, Growth of British Industrial Relations (1959). R. Gregory, Miners and British Politics, 1906-1914 (Oxford, 1968), and K. D. Brown, Labour and Unemployment, 190D-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1971) are useful monographs. For the Osborne case, see W. B. Gwyn, Democrac_y and the Cost of Politics (1962), ch. vii, and W. J. Geldart, The Ojborne Judgment and After (Manchester, 1910). The Labour unrest of 1911-14 is discussed in G. R. Askwith, Industrial Problems and Disputes ( 19~.10); David Evans, Labour Strife in the S. Wain Coalfield ( 191 1) ; Ben Tillett, History qf the Transport Strike ( 191 1) ; and A. Wright, Disturbed Dublin ( 1914). More recent treatments will be found in R. V. Sir~.;s, 'L<,bour Unrest in England, I910-1914'· Journal rif Economic Hi.lto~J', xv ( 1955}, in H. Pelling, Popular PoliticJ and SocietY, ch. 9, in S. Meacham, 'The Sense of an Impending Clash', American Historical Review, lxxvii (1972), and in G. A. Phillips, 'The Triple Industrial Alliance in 191.1·'· Economic Hi.l'tory Review, 2 ser., xxiv (1971). For syndicalism, see B. Pribicevic, Shop Stewards' Movement and Workers' Control, 1910-22 ( 1959). For Guild Socialism sec G. D. H. Cole, SelfGovernmmt in Induj/ry (1917). S. G. Hobson, National Guild1 (1919), and, more recently, S. T. Glass, The Rejjwusible Society (1966). An important autobiography is H. Gosling, UfJ and Down Stream ( 1927).
Chapter VIII: WAR AND THE GENERAL STRIKE, rg 14-26 An introductory general account of developments during the war
may be obtained from W. A. Orton, Labour in Transition ( 192 1). The works by G. R. Askwith and B. Pribicevic, mentioned above, are again of value for this period. 1\lanifestations of revolt are dealt with contrastingly inj. Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement ( 1973) and I. McLean, 'Red Clydeside, 1915-1919', in J. Stevenson and R. Quinault (eds.), l'ofmlar ProleJt and Public Order (1975). For the engineering industry, sec G. D. H. Cole, Trade Unionism and Munitions ( 1923), and Workslwj1 Or,~aniJalion (1923); for the coal industry, see thr~ s:~me author's Labour i11
Further Reading the Coalmining lndurtry ( 1923). The police strike of 1918 is dealt with in G. W. Reynolds and A. judge, The Night the Police Wmt 011 Strike ( 1968). Arthur Gleason, What the Workers Want (New York, 1920), is interesting for the quoted views of industrial unionists. On the origins of the General Council of the T.U.C., see V. L. Allen, 'The Reorganization of the T.U.C., 1918-27', British Journal rif Sociolog;•, xi (1g6o). For Labour in politics, see R. McKibbin, The Evolution 'If the Labour Party, 1.910-1924 (Oxford, 1974), .J. M. Winter, Socialism and the Challmge 'If War (1974). R. Harrison, 'The \Var Em<'rgency Workers' National Committee', in A. Briggs and.J. Saville (eds.), E.'ssays in Labour HistorJ•, 1886-1.923 (1971), and R. W. Lyman, First Labour Government, 1.924 (1957). The most interesting short account of the General Strike is Christopher Farman, The General Strike (1972); for more documentation see W. H. Crook, The General Strike (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1931). For seamen's unionism in this period see B. Mogridge, 'Militancy and Inter-Union Rivalries in British Shipping, 1911-29', international Review of Social 1/ijfo~y. vi (1961). A. Ballock, Life and Times 'If Ernest Bevin (vol. 1, 1gtio) and Lord Citrine, Men and Work (1964) are of importance for the whole of the inter-war period; also of value arc M. A. Hamilton, Arthur Hendmon ( 1938), and B. Webb, Diaries, 1912-24 ( 1952) and Diarie.> 1924-32 ( 1956). For T.U.C. attitudes to foreign affairs see H. Pelling, 'British Labour and Peace without Victory', America and the British Left ( 195b), and S. Graubard, Brifijft Labour and the Russian Revolution (Cambridge, 1\la~s .. J():jtl).
Chapter X: SLUMP AND RECOVERY, 1926-39 Relations between the Second Labour Government and the trade
unions are described in V. L. Allen's Trade Unions and the Government. mentioned above. S. Pollard, 'Trade Union Reactions to the Economic Crisis',]ournal '
Further Reading Chapter XI: PowER WITH RESPONSIBILITY, I 939-5 I
The official history of the war has much to say about trade unionism. The most pertinent volumes are W. K. Hancock and M. M. Gowing, British War Economy (1949); P. Inman, Labour in the Munitions Industries (1957); and H. M.D. Parker, Manpower (1957). The unions' part in the early stages of the war is described in John Price, Labour in the War (1940), and H. Tracy, Trade Unions Fight- for What? (1940). Lord Citrine, Two Careers ( 1967) throws light on the T.U .C.'s relations with the government and with foreign labour movements in wartime. See also A. Bullock, Life and Times of Emest Bevin (vol. ii, 1967). B. C. Roberts, National Wages Policy in War and Peace (1958), is valuable for the whole period. There are two useful surveys of trade unionism just after the war: N. Barou, British Trade Unions (1947) and the P.E.P. report, British Trade Unions, 1.948 (1949). G. B. Baldwin, 'Structural Reform in the British Miners' Union', Qjwrterly Journal of Economics, lxvii ( 1953), describes the creation of the N.U.M. The report of the British trade-union team which visited the United States under the auspices of the Anglo-American Productivity Council was published by the T.U.C. under the title Trade Unions and Productiviry ( 1950). For the international movement, see L. L. Lorwin, International Labour ,Movement (New York, 1953). V. L. Allen, Trade Union Leadership (1957), is a study of Arthur Deakin; G. G. Eastwood, George Isaacs ( 1952), may also be mentioned.
Chapter XII: ON THE PLATEAU, 195I-62 B. C. Roberts, Trade Union Government and Administration ( 1956),
provided a more complete survey of union institutions than any work since the Webbs' Industrial Democracy. This may be supplemented by H. A. Clegg, A. J. Killick, and R. Adams, Trade Union Officers (Oxford, 1961). For a general discussion of problems of the 1950's, see G. Cyriax and R. Oakeshott, The Bargainers (1g6o), E. Wigham, What's Wrong with the Unions? (Penguin Special, 1961), and B. C. Roberts, Trade Unions in a Free Society (2nd ed., 1962). Bryn Roberts, The Price of T.U.C. Leadership (1961), expressed the views of a left-wing union leader. On wages policy, there is an interesting symposium in the Scottish Journal of Political Economy, v ( 1958); see also the O.E.E.C. publication, The Problem of Rising Prices ( 1961). M. Stewart, Frank Cousins ( 1968) is a short biography of the most powerful union leader of the second post-war decade. H. A. Clegg and R. Adams, The Employers' Challenge (Oxford, I957), is an account of the engineering and shipbuilding strikes of that year. On strikes, see also W. McCarthy, 'The Reasons given for Striking', Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Statistics, xxi ( 1959), and J. Bescoby and H. A. Turner, 'An Analysis of Post-War Labour Disputes in the British Car Manufacturing Firms', Manchester School, xxix (1961). The pioneer study of apathy at branch level was J. Goldstein, Government of British Trade Unions (1952). The E.T.U. case is summarised in C. H. Rolph, All Those in Favour? ( 1962) and in Olga Cannon and J. R. L. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier ( 1973), a life of Les Cannon. A. Flanders, The
Further Reading Fawley Productivity Agreements ( 1964) discusses a novel achievement in industrial relations.
Chapter XIII: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST STATE INTERVENTION, 1962-70
The Donovan Report and its associated research papers are of especial importance for this period. The story of the Rookes case, from the point of view of the plaintiff, is convincingly told in D. Rookes, Conspiracy ( 1968). For changes in the structure of trade unionism see G. S. Bain, Growth of White-Collar Unionism (Oxford, 1970). W. E. J. McCarthy, Closed Shop in Britain (Oxford, 1964) is an important study. H. A. Turner, G. Clack and G. Roberts, Labour Relations in the Motor Industry (1967) discusses the problems of the most strike-prone of British industries. But Professor Turner is sceptical of the term 'strike-prone' as applied to British industry generally: see his Is Britain Really StrikeProne? (Cambridge, 196g). T. Lane and K. Roberts, Strike at Pilkingtons ( 1971) is a study of a seven-week unofficial strike. The views of the Oxford school of industrial relations experts will be found in a series of essays by A. Flanders, Afanagement and the Unions ( 1970); it might be said to reveal the philosophy behind the Donovan Report. P. Jenkins, Battle of Downing Street ( 1970) is an able journalist's account of the Labour Government's attempt to pass an Industrial Relations Act. W. W. Paynter, British Trade Unions and the Problem of Change (1970) is a plea for industrial unionism uttered by a very experienced trade unionist. Among biographies and memoirs of leading union officers A. Moffat, My Life with the Miners (1965) and W. W. Craik, Sydney Hill and the National Union of Public Employees ( 1968) deserve mention. J. Hughes, The T.U.C.: a Planfor the 1970's (1970) is a Fabian pamphlet discussing ways in which the T.U.C. could strengthen its organisation. For the attitude of the unions to coloured immigration see S. Patterson, Race Relations in Britain, 1.96o-rg67 ( 196g); E. J. B. Rose (ed.), Colour and Citizenship ( 1969); and B. Radin, 'Coloured Workers and British Trade Unions', Race, viii ( 1966).
Chapter XIV: THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AcT AND AFTER, I97I-6
J. E. Mortimer, Trade Unions and Technological Change ( 1971 ), discusses some of the problems of the 1970's. R. W. Rideout, Principles of Labour Law ( 1972) describes the state of the law as it was under the Act. A brief survey of its operation between late 1971 and early 1974 is provided by an article in the Economist, April 27th, 1974. But the most thorough account of its working is B. Weekes et al., Industrial Relations and the Limits of the Law (Oxford, 1975). For a study of the T.U.C. General Secretary of 1969-72, see Eric Silver, Victor Feather, T.U.C. (1973). G. S. Bain el al., Social Stratification and Trade Unionism ( 1973) contains some fresh thought on the reasons why people join unions. R. Taylor, 'How Democratic are
316 Further Reading the Trade Unions?', Political Q]wrler~v, xlvii ( 1 976) is a sensible discussion of an important topic.
CONCLUSION
For a historical discussion of the wider legal aspects of trade unionism see 0. Kahn-Freund, 'Labour Law', in M. Ginsberg (ed.), lAw and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century (1959), and R. M. Martin, • Legal Personality and the Trade Union', in L. C. Webb (ed.), Legal Personality and Political PluraliJm (Melbourne, 1958). On the role of unions in determining wages, see Barbara Wootton, Social Foundations of Wage Policy (new ed., 1962).
Bibliographies and details of current work on labour history may be found in the Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, !'opics of which may be obtained from the Treasurer at 1 1 1 King's Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. The Briti.1h .Journal of lndUJtrial Relation' also contains much of interest to the historian of trade unionism.
INDEX
Ablett, Noah, 224 Abraham, W., 134 Adamson, Campbell, 291 Adamson, W., 159 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitra
tion Service, 295 Agricultural Labourers' Union, Nat.,
75. g8, 99 Agricultural Wages Board, 160_ Agricultural Workers, Nat. Umon of,
2o8 f., 223 Aldington, Lord, 287 Allan, William, 42, 43, 44, 52 f., 56,
59, 6o f., 77 f. Allen v. Flood (18gB), 1o8 Amalgamated Engineering Union
(A.E.U.), see Engineering Union, Amal.
Amalgamated societies, 39, 41-6, 6o, 63, 70, 77 f., and see under particular trades
Amalgamation movement, 134 f., 140 f., 168 f., 206
America, see United States American Federation of Labor, 116,
147, 158, 211, 235 Anderson, John, 101 Anderson, Sir John, 175 Apple Carl, The (Shaw), 299 Applegarth, Robert, 46, 48, 52-4, 55,
59, 6o f., 63, 65, 67, 73, 77 Appleton, W. A., 158 Apprenticeship, 7, 12 f., 19, 26, 61, 70 Arbitration, 118-20, 142 f., 247 Arbitration Tribunal, Nat., 217, 229,
232, 250 Arch, Joseph, 74-6, g8 Artificers, Statute of (1563), 8, 19 Artisans and Machinery, Select Com-
mittee on (1824), 20 f., 24 Ashley, Lord, 38 Ashton, Thomas, 114 Askwith, G. R. (later Sir George), 121,
135· 143. 151, 153 Asquith, H. H., 126, 135, 136, 152,
155· 159. 170 . Asylum \Yorkers, Umon of, 175 Attlee, Clement, 198 f., 202,214,216,
226, 230, 231 f., 233. 252
Austin, Robert, 101 Australia, 32, 75, 96, 134
Baldwin, Stanley, 170, 174, q3, 179, 202 f.
Bank Employees, Nat. Union of, 228, 285
Bank Employees, Nat. Union of, 228 Barnes, George, 109 f., 112, 145, 155,
156, '57 Bass, M. T., 7fi Beasley, Ammon, 12 1 Bee-Hir;e, 53, 65 Beesly, E. S., 55 Bell, Richard, 121, 122, 132 f. Belloc, Hilaire, 116 Besant, Annie, 93 Betteshan~!'r strike (1941), 274 Bevan, An!'urin, 226, 231l, 251,252 f.,
299 1 s· \\''11. · Beveridgl', \V. H. ( ater. 1r 1 Jam,, 127, 211l
Bevin Ernest: dockers' leader, 164, 166, f.; sec. of Transport and Gen., 169, 171, 208, 229; in General Strike, 176, 178, 179 f.; leads General Council, 190-2, 195-7, 202-4, 21 1, 262; M_inistt'r of Labour, 216-22; Fore1gn Secretary, 227, 233; death, 238
Birkenhead, Lord, I 79 Birtwistl!', Thomas, 119 f. 'Black Circular' (1934), 201 'Black Friday' (1921), 166. 167, 174 'Blanketeers', 20 Boilermakers Socit"ty, 59, 10ll, c?2:J,
281 Bolton Bleachers and Dyers Amal-
gamation, 2o6 Bondfield, Margarrt, 114, I'J2 f. Bonsor v. lllusicians Union ( 1956), 259 Boot and Shoe Operatives, Nat.
Union of, 112 Bowerman, C. \V., 158, 172 Bowman, James, 228 f. Bramlev, Fred, 172 f. Breeclu~akers Benefit Society, 11 Bricklayers Socit't)', Oprral iw, 52 Bridlington Agreement, 210, 243 f.,
285
Index Brinham, George, 252 British Airline Pilots Assn., 280, 28.'i British Gazette, 176 British Socialist Party, 139, 156, 168 British Worker, 176, 179 Broadhead, William, 61 Broadhurst, Henry, 48, 70, 73, 79-81,
91 Brooklands Agreement, 119 Brown, Ernest, 215 Brown, George, 267, 268, 270, 271 Brown, W. J., 172 Brunner, John, gr Brushmakers, United Society of, 24 Builders Labourers Union, 73 Builders' strike (1859), 44 f., 46, 53,
55. 73 Builders Union, Operative, 30 Building Guild, Nat., 168 Burnett, .John, 78 Burns, John, go, 95 f., 100, 101, 104,
105 f., 110, 126 Burt, Thomas, 69 Busmen's Rank-and-File Committee,
208 Butler, R. A., 239 f. Buxton, Sydney, 143 Byrne, .John, 256-8
Cabinet-Makers Society, 26 Callaghan, .James, 266 f., 271, 276,
291, 293· 296 Campbell, Alexander, 57 Campbell, Jim, 248 Cannon, Les, 256 f. Capital (Marx), 8g, 97 Carpenters and Joiners, Amal. Society
of, 46, 49, 53, 77, 78 f., 92 Carpenters and Joiners, Gen. Union
of, 30, 78 Carr, Robert, 282, 286 Carron, Sir William, 276 Case Against Picketing (Shaxby), 111
Castle, Mrs. Barbara, 272, 275 f., 296 Catering Wages Act (1943), 221 'Caxton Hall Concordat', 124 Chamberlain, Neville, 212, 214, 215,
216 Champion, H. H., go Chapple, Frank, 256-8 Chartism, 34 f., 37, 47 Chelmsford, Lord, 170 Chemical Workers Union, 210, 237 Chesterton, G. K., 146 Chipping Norton intimidation case
( !873), 68, 75 Christian Socialists, 55
Churchill, Winston, 126 f., 128, 1 79, 214, 216, 240, 274. 299
Citrine, Waltt'r, 172 f., rgr, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 211, 220, 224, 228, 229, 235· 25 7
Civil Service Clerical Assn., 227, 234 Clay, Harold, 204 Clegg, Prof. Hugh, 273 'Closed shop', 238, 242, 244, 283 f.,
292, 296 Clothing Workers, United, 200 f. Clyde Workers Committee, 154 Coal Board, Nat., 228 Coal Mines Regulation Act., (r86o)
38; (1872), 71 Cole, G. D. H., 70, 103, 146, 2o8 f. Collison, William, 107 Combination Act, (1799) 3, 16 f.;
(r8oo) 3, r6-19, 22; (1824) r6, 20-2, 25; (1825) 23, 46 f., 48, 62, 65,66
Combination Laws, Select Committee on (1825), 22 f., 24, 27
Commission for Industrial Relations, 273 f., 275· 284 f.
Common Market, 264, 293 f.; referendum (1975). 293 f.
Common Market, 264 Communist Party of Great Britain,
r68, 188, 189, 200 f., 203, 205, 207, 208,210,219,232-5,245.249.253. 254, 255. 256-8, 269
Community Relations Commission, 279
Compositors, London Society of, 112, 146,281
Comte, Auguste, 55 Conciliation, 62, 118-20, 134, 135 Conciliation Act (1896), 120, 132, 143 Confederation of British Industry,
291 Conference of Amalgamated Trades,
59 Congress of Industrial Organisations
(C.I.O.), 211,235 Con Mech Ltd., 287 Conscription, 154, 156, 212 f. Conspiracy and Protection of Pro-
perty Act (1875), 69, 107, 109 Constructional Engineering Union,
223 Control of Engagement Order (1947),
230 Cook, A. J., 174, rgo Co-operative production, 30, 31, 34,
43, 47, r68 Co-operative societies (consumers'),
112, 113, 114, 115, 149; employees of, 208, 225
Index Coopers, Glasgow, 49 f. Cornhill Maga~ine, 63 Corn Production Act (1917), 160 Cotton Spinners, Amal. Assn. of
Operative, 39, 114 Coulson, Edwin, 52, 59, 6o, 65 'Council of Action· (1920), 164 f. 'Councils of Action' (1926), 176 Counter-Inflation Act (1973), 289,
292 Cousins, Frank, 248, 249, 250, 253,
255. 267, 270, 276, 279 Cowen, Joseph, 56 Cowey, Edward, 117 Criminal Law Amendment Act
(1871), 66 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 199, 203, 211,
229, 230, 238 Cross, R. A., 69
Daily Citi~en, 146 Daily Express, 191 Dai~v Herald, 146, 168, 191, 196, 261 Daily Mail, 175, 191 Daily News, 45 Dale, Sir David, 119 Dalton, Hugh, 196, 203, 228 Deakin, Arthur, 229, 235, 236, 240,
248, 251, 252, 255 De Leon, Daniel, 134, 139 Defence Regulation IAA (1944), 222 Defence Regulation 58A (1940), 217 Defend Democracy, 233 Demarcation disputes, 79 f., 1o8, 112,
114, 207, 209 f., 223, 243-6 Democracy and Dictatorship, 201 Derby, Lord, 56 Derby turn-out (1834), 31 Devlin Report ( 1966), 286 Devonport, Lord, 137, 145 Dialogut Between Tom and Harry, A, 23 Dickens, Charles, 47 Dilke, Sir Charles, 128 Dilution, 151, 154, 156, 215, 218 Disraeli, Benjamin, 56, 69 Distributive and Allied Workers, Nat.
Union of, 225 Dock Labourers, Nat. Union of, 97,
169 Dock strike, (1889) 94-6, 106, 135;
(1911) 135. 145i (1912) 137. 145i (1920) 164; (1924) 171; (1954) 243i (1967), 271
Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers Union (London Dockers), g6 f., 99, 164, 169
'Document', The, 33, 44 f. Doherty, John, 28 f.
Donaldson, Sir .John, 285 f. Donovan, Lord, 187; and set Trade
Unions, Royal Commission on (1 965-B)
Dorchester labourers, 32 f., 74 Dronfield, William, 64 Dukes, Charles, 205, 208 Dunning, Thomas, so Durham Miners Assn., 102, 133 Dyers and Finishers, Amal. Society
of, 2o6 Dyers, Bleachers, and Textile
Workers, Nat. Union of, 206 f.
Eastern Counties Labour Federation, 98
Eden, Sir Frederick, 11 Edwards, Ebby, 228, 232 Eight Hours movement, 89 f., 94, 102,
103, 116, 133 Elcho, Lord, 57, 62 Electrical Trades Union (E.T.U.),
207,223,232,245,255,256-6o, 281 Electricity Authority, British, 228 Elias, J. S., 191 Ellicott, Dr. C. J., 75 Emergency Powers Act (1920), 165,
171 Emergency Powers (Defence) Aci
(1940), 217,218 Emigration, 49, 75, 92 Employers and Workmen Act (1875),
69, 8o Employers Federation of Engineering
Assns., see Engineering Employers Federation
Employers Liability Act (188o), So Employers Parliamentary Council,
III, 121 Employment and Productivity, Dept.
of, 272 Employment Policy, White Paper on
(1944). !86 Employment Protection Act (1975),
295 Engels, Friedrich, 97, 116 Engine Drivers' and Firemen's United
Society, 76 Engineering Employers Federation,
109 f., 214,218 Engineering Joint Trades Movement,
Nat., 225 Engineering Shop Stewards Nat.
Council, 219 f. Engineering Union, Amal. (A.E.U.),
later Engineering Workers, Amal. Union of, 169, 207, 214, 222 f., 225 f., 232. 245· 254. 255· 272, 281' 287, 292, 295
Index Engineers, :\mal. Society of: early
growth, 42-4, 45, 40, 48 f., 77 f., 92; influenced by new unionism, 101, 109, 114; strikes of, (1852) 43 f., (1897-8) 109f., 119, 1B1; (1908) 133, 145; in First World War, 152, 156, 159; merged in A.E.U., 169
Equal Pay Act (1970), 296 Equity, 285 Essential Work Order (19.p), 219 European Recovery Programme, 231,
233. 234. 235. 236 Evans, Sir Lincoln, 251
Fabian Society, Bg, 93, 163 Factory Act (1847), 38; (1B74), 71 Factory Acts Reform Assn., 71 Fair Deal at Work (1968), 274 f. Fair Wages resolution (18gi), 103 f. Fancy Leather Workers, Amal. Trade
Society of, 1 o8 Feather, Victor, 276, 277, 282, 284,
285, 287, 296 Fenwick, Charles, 102 f. Fielden, John, 38 Finet, Paul, 23;, f. Fire Bri~ades Union, 232 Flint Glass Makers' Magazine, 49 Foot, Michael, 291 Foulkes, Frank, 258 Foundry \Vorkers, Nat. Union of,
22:) f., 232, 281 Franklin, B .. njamin, 10, 11B Fre<" Labour Assn., Nat., 107, 110, 121 Friendly Societies, Registrar of, 59,
62 f., 92, 259 Friendly Societies Act, (1793) 11, 14;
(1855) 48, 59, 64; Acts, 26, 63
Gaitskell, Hugh, 252 f., 254 f., 264 f. Gas Council, 228 Gas Stokers' Case (1872), 68, 73 Gas Stokers Union, 73 Gasworkers and General Labourers,
Nat. Union of, 94, g8 f., 100, 112, 117, 169
General Amal. Labourers Cnion, 74 General and Municipal \Yorkers, Nat.
Union of, 169,208, 223,233 f., 253, 294
General Federation of Trade Unions (G.F.T.U.), Ill, 124, 146, '47. ISO, '57 f.
General Strike (1926), 88, 175-8o, 181 f., 185, 188 f., 191, 196, 205
Genr'{e, D. Lloyd, 126 f., 130, 132, '35 f., 152, 153. 1.14. '55. '57. '59. 162, 163, 169
George V, King, 170, 195 Gilds, 7-10, 13, 142 Girdlestone, Canon E., 74 Girling Strike (1968), 275 Gladstone, W. E., 54, 56, 91 Glasgow Trades Council, 57 Goad, James, 287 Goldstein, Joseph, 255 f. Gompcrs, Samuel, 116, 158 Gorgon, 28 Gosling, Harry, 145, 158, 166 f. Gral1am, Sir James, 35 Grand National Consolidated Trades
Union, 31-4, 91 Graphical Assn., Nat., 281 Greene Award (1944), 221 Greenwood, Arthur, 216, 251 Grinders Union (Sheffield), 61 Guilds League, Nat., 168 Guild Socialism, 141 f., 168, 204 Guile, Daniel, 59 Gunter, Ray, 267, 272, 275
Haldane, Lord, 170 Hallsworth, Sir Joseph, 228 Halsbury, Lord, 129 f. Hardie, J. Keir, go f., 104, 105, 106,
II l-13, liS, 122 Hard Times (Dickens), 47 Hare, John, 259 f. Harrison,Frederic, 55, 6o, 61, 62, 63,
69 Harvey, \V. E., 114 Hatters Fair Trade Union, Journey-
men, 11B Haxell, Frank, 258 Healey, Denis, 291, 294 Health Service Employees, Confeder
ation of, 285 Heath, Edward, 283, 288, 289, 290,
291' 293 Heaton v. TGWU (1972), 285 f. Henderson, Arthur, 149, 152 f., 154,
'55. '57. 158, I6g, '95. Ig6, Ig8 Hepburn, Tommy, 36 Hird, Dennis, 139 Hobhouse, Benjamin, 16 f. Hobson, S. G., 142 Hodge, John, 123, 155, 169 Holmes, David, 105 Holmes, James, 113 Homby v. Close (1867), 58, 59 Horner, Arthur, 232, 234 Howell, George, 55, 67, 70 How to Pay for the lt'ar (Keynes), 216 Hughes, Thomas, 55, 56, 6o, 62, 6g Hume, Joseph, 20 Huntley v. Thornton (1957), 259 Huskisson, William, 20, 22
Index 321
Hyndman, H. M., 89
lnce, Sir Godfrey, 242 Independent Labour Party (I.L.P.),
105, 106, I I 1-13, 124, 138 f., 149, 156, '59. 169, 198, 201
Industrial Council, 143 Industrial Court, 160, 232, 250 Industrial Courts Act ( 1919), 16o, 164 Industrial Relations, Commission for,
273 f., 275· 284 f. Industrial Relations Act (1971), 187,
283-92, 299 Industrial Relations Bill (1969), 277,
283 Industrial Revolution, 4, 14, 41, 118 Industrial Syndicalist, 134 Industrial Syndicalist Education
League, 134 Industrial Unrest, Commissions of
Enquiry (1917), 156 Industrial Workers of the V\'orld, 134 lnPiaceofStrife (1969), 275,277,296 International, First, 56, 116; Second,
116 f., 14 7 ; Third (communist), J68
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 236
International Federation of Trade Unions, 147
International Secretariat of Trade Union Centres, 147
Ireland, 16, 22, 25, 28, 39, 137 f. Irish Transport Workers Union,
137 f. Iron and Steel Board, 241 Iron Moulders, Friendly Society of,
42 Iron, Steel and Kindred Trades Assn.,
British, 16g, 280 Ironworkers, Nat. Assn. of, 36 Isaacs, George, 226 f., 229
Jenkins, Clive, 270 Jenkins, Roy, 271, 276 Joint Advisory Council, see Labour,
Ministry of Joint Board, later Joint Council, Nat.,
later Labour, Nat. Council of, 146, 150, '57. 173. 199 f., 200, 201, 202-4
Jolly George, 164 Jones, Aubrey, 267 f. Jones, Jack, 279, 282, 287, 294 Jones, Tom, 46, 52 Joynson-Hicks, Sir W., 179 Jude, Martin, 37
'Junta', The, 59 f., 65,67
Kahn-Frt"und, Prof. 0., 273, 297 f. Kane, John, 56 . Kenney, Patrick, 73 f. Kent and Sussex Labourers Union,
75 Kerensky,A., 156, 157 Kettle, Sir Rupert, 118 Keynes,J. M., 197,216 Knights of Labor (U.S.A.), 91, 1 16 Knights of Labour, 91-3
Labour, Ministry of, 155, 214 f., 219, 240;_ courts of ~nquiry, 242, 249; Advisory Committee (later Council), Nat. Joint, 214, 217, 242; Consultative Committee of, 2 1 7; renamed Dept. of Employment and Productivity, 272
Labour, Nat. Amal. Union of, 97, 99 Labour, Nat. Council of, see Joint
Board Labour, Nat. Federation of, 93, 97 Labour, Royal Commission on (r891-
r894), 94, 118, 120 Labour College, 139, 147, r68 Labour Elector, go Labourers Chronicle, 7 5 Labour Exchange, :'liat. Equitable, 30 Labour exchanges, 127, 217 f. Labour Government, First (1924),
ll7 f., 170-3; Second ( 1929-31), rlls, 192-5; Third (1945-srJ, rBti, 226-32, 238, 299; Fourth (1964-70), 266-82; Fifth (1974- ), 187, 291-6
Labour Laws, Royal Cornmission on (r874- 5), 69
Labour Leader, r o6 Labour Party, foundation, 1 J_'j, 2!!4;
under Liberal rule, 126-:p; in First V\'orld \Yar, qg, I'jO, 152 f., 155-9; later relations with T.C.C., 163, 164 f., 171, 172, Ill<) f:, 1<)2-8, 199-205, 211-13, 226 f., 251-5, 266, 268; in Second World War, 216; electoral fortunes, 169 f., 172, r8r, 198, 202, 226, 231l, 243, 246, 254· 266, 269, 282, 283, 290 f., 292 f.; and see also Labour Government; Daily Herald; Joint Board
Labour Representation Commiltcc 115, 122 f., 124 f .• 298 '
Labour Representation Lca'jtl<', 6B f. Labour Research Department, 163 Labour Theory of Value, 29 f. Langley, Baxter, 76
322 Index Lansbury, George, 146, 198, 199, 200,
202 Larkin, Jim, 137 f. Laski, Harold, 201,211 Lawther, \\'ill, 234, 240, 250 Leaving Certificates, 153, 154, 156 Lenin, V.I., 168 'Lib-Labs', 69, 79, 103, 104, 124 f.,
126 Lichfield, Earl of, 62 Lincolnshire Labour League, 75 Link, 93 Lloyd, Selwyn, 263, 264, 265, 270 Local Government Officers, Nat.
Assn. of, 261 Locomotive Engineers and Firemen,
,\ssociated Society of, 140, 246 London Dockers, see Dock, Wharf,
etc. Union London Labour and the London Poor
(Mayhew), 45 London Trades Council, 46, 52 f., 56,
57, 6s, 70, ,,o, 112 London Transport Executive, 250 Lovett, \Villiam, 26 Low, David, 237 Loyal Standard Union, 23 Luddism, 19, 20 Ludlow, J. M., 55 l,yons v. Wilkins (1896 and 1899),
108 f., II I, 122
!\[cCarthy, Tom, g:; McCulloch, J. R., 20 McDonald, Alexander, 38, 57, 68 f.,
7' f., 79 Macdonald, James, 112 MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 124, 149,
159, 169 f., 173, 192, 194-8, 211 Macleod, lain, 250 Macmillan, Harold, 264, 265, 274 Macmillan, Maurice, 286 Macmillan Committee on Finance
and Industry ( 1929-31), 197 Manchester Trades Conference, 35 'Manchester Unity' (bricklayers'
union, 30 Manhood Suffrage i\.ssn., 55 Mann, Tom, 8g f., 94, 95, g6, 97, 101,
104, 106, 109, 127, 134 f., 140 Manning, Archbishop (later Cardinal)
75. g6 Marshall Plan, 231,233, 234,235,236 Martineau, Harriet, 45 Marx, Eleunor, 94 Marx, Karl, 8g Marxism, 8g, 115, 116, 117, 134, 139,
147. 156, 168
Mason, Roy, 291 Masons, Scottish United Operative, 49 Master and Servant Act (1867), 57 f.,
68, 71, 73 Master and Servant Law, 57 f., 67, 6g Maudling, Reginald, 264, 267 May Conumttee on Nat. Expenditure
( 193' ), 194 f. May Day, 116 Mayhew, Henry, 4.'i 1\1echanick Exercises (Moxon), 1 o Melbourne, Lord, 32 f. Mellish, Robert, 277 Methodism, 37, 74 Military Service Acts (1g16), 154 Mill, John Stuart, so, 56 Miners, Amal. Assn. of, 71 f. Miners Assn., Nat., 38 Miners i\.ssn. of Great Britain and
Ireland, 36-8 !\•liners Eight Hour Bill, 103; Act
(1go8), 133 Miners Federation of Great Britain
(later Mineworkers, Nat. Union of), foundation of, 102; membership of, 117f., 180, 18g, 205f., 207,223, 27gf., 281; policy in T.U.C., 105f., 144, 147, 157, 159, 181; relations with Labour Party, 126, 159, tgg; with Communists, 188 f., 232, 234; strikesof(1893), 119; (1912), 136f., 141; in 1914-18 War, 152; postwar strife, 162-4, 165 f., 173 f., 178, 188 f., 193; becomes N.U.M., 224 f., 226; and Coal Board, 228 f.; and national strike (1972), 288; ( 1974), 289 f.
Miners Minimum Wage Act (1912), 136, '93
Miners Nat. Union, 71 f. Miners' .Next Step, The, 139 f. Mines Regulation Act (186o), 38;
(1872), 71 l\1ineworkers, Nat. Union of, see
Miners Federation Mineworkers of Scotland, United,
200 f., 205 Iv1inority Movement, Nat., 188, 201 Molestation of Workmen Act (l8sg),
48, 52, 66 Monckton, Sir \Valter, 240, 241 f., 247 Mond..:-furner talks (1928-g), 190 Money, Sir L. C., 162 Morris, Lord Justice, 242 Morris, William, 142 Morrison, Herbert, 204, 252 f. Moxon, Joseph, 10 Mundella, A. J., 61 f., 68, 118 f.
Index Munitions of War Act (1915), 153,
154; (1916), 154, t6o Murray, Len, 296
National and Local Government Officers Assn., 279
National Assn. for the Protection of Labour, 28 f.
National Assn. of United Trades, 35, 52
National Board for Prices and Incomes, 267 f., 269, 270, 272, 289
National Economic Development Council, 263 f.
National Graphical Association, 281 National Incomes Commission, 264 National Industrial Relations Court,
283 f., 285-7· 292 National Insurance Act (191 1), 127 f.,
130 Nationalisation, 186, 204 f., 227 f.,
N 211 I J . Ad . C . ationa omt v1sory omnuttee, see Labour, Ministry of
National Joint Council, see Joint Board
New Age, 142 New Statesman, 257 Newton, George, 57 Newton, William, 42, 43, 54 New unionism, 93-101, 106 f., 114,
117 Nicholson, Sam, 64 Nine Hours League, 78, 93 Northumberland i'Vliners Assn., 71:!,
102, '33 Nottinghamshire Miners ,\ssn., 206
Oastler, K.ichard, 29 Odger, George, 52-4, 56, 59, 65 Odhams Press, 191 On Labour (Thornton), 63 Orage, A. R., q2 Order 1305 (1940), 217, 220, 229,
235. 236, 250 Organisation for the Maintenance of
Supplies, 175 Osborne Judgment ( 1909), 128-3 I,
141 Owen, Robert, 30, 33, 91
Papworth, Bert, 233, 234 Parmoor, Lord, 1 70 Pease, Edward, 93 Peel, Sir Robert, 20, 22, 23 'Penton ville five' ( 1972), 286 Perceval, Spencer, 18
'Peterloo' ( 1819), 20 Philanthropic Hercules, 27 f. Philanthropic Society, 27 f. Phoenix, or Society of Compositors, 14 Pickard, Ben, 102 Place, Fra,ncis, I 1, 20 f., 24, 28 Plebs League, 129 Plimsoll, Samuel, 8o 'Plug Plot' riots (1842), 34 f. Pointsmen and Signalmen's Society,
United, 140 Police strikes (1918-19), 161 Political levy, 123, 128-31, 189, 227 Poor Law, Royal Commission on
(1905-g), 128 Port Workers Defence Committee,
Nat., 234 Positivists, 55 Post Office Workers, Union of, 227,
288 Potter, George, 53 f., 6o, 65 Potters' Examiner, 49 Potters' unionism, 28, 49 Power Loom Weavers Assn., East
Lanes, 40 . Price Stabilisation, White Paper •m
(1941), 220 Prices and Incomes Act (1966), 270,
272, 276 Prices and Jncomes Board, see
National Hoard for Prices and Incomes
Prior, John, 78 f. Production, Ministry of, 220 Production Advisorv Committee,
Central, 220 · Production Advisory Council, 229 Programme for Action ( 1969), 277, 278 Public Employees, Nat. Union of,
22:1 Pugh, Arthur, 179, 191, 211 Put Yourself in His Place (Reade), 63
Quelch, Harry, 97 Quinn, .. Leathem (1901), 122
Race Relations Act (1968), 279 Railway Clerks Assn., 140 Railwav Executive, 228 Raihvaymen,Nat. Union of, 140,141,
, 59, 163 f., 165 f., " 74, 181,225, 246, 254 f., 279 f., 281
Railway Servants, Amal. Society of, 76f.,93.98, 113,114,121 f., 128f .. 131-3, 139. 140 f., 143
Railway \Vorkers' Union, General, g8, 140
Reade, Charles, 63
Index 'Red Friday' I1~J25), 174, 1'/5 Ref<)rm .\ct, First (IIl:rz), 54; S.-cond
(1!l67), ~. ~,4, !lG; Third (IIl!l4), 3, 75 f., !36, 103
Reform League, Nat., .'\6, 67, 69 Reform Union, !'<at., 56 Restoration of Pre-\\'ar Practices Act,
(1919) 16o; (1942) 218, 229 Restriction of output, 22, 37, 61, 123 Restriction on Engagement Order
(1940), 217 f. Roberts, B. C., 256 Roberts, Bryn, 237 Roberts, \V. P., 37 Roehuck,J. A., 61, 62,68 Rogers, Frederick, 298 Rodkes v. Barnard (1964), 265 f., 268 Rosehery, Lord, 119
Runciman, \\'alter, 152 Ruskin, John, 63, 142 Ruskin College, Oxford, 139, 146 Russell, Lord John, 33 Russia, 156 f., 164, 168, 200,219, 249
Sailors' and Firemen's L:ninn, Nat. (later Seamen, Nat. Union of), 93, 97 f., 107, '~5. '59. 206,269 f.
Samuel, Sir Herbert, 174, 178 Samuel Commission (1925-6), 174,
q8 Sankey, Sir John (later Lord), 162 f.,
'95. '97 Sankey Commission (1919), 162 f.,
'74 Scanlon, Hugh, 276, 282 Scargill, Arthur, 288 Schedule of Reserved Occupations,
212, 214 Scientific, Technical and Managerial
Staffs, Assn. of, 280, 281 'Scotch Cattle', 36 Scotland, 17, 22, 36, 38, 57, 97, 119,
200, 205 Scottish Trades Union Congress,
112 f. Scottish United Operative :\1asons, 49 Scottish \\"<•rkers Parliamentarv Elec-
tions Cnmmitt("e, 11:3 · Seamen, :'\at. Union of, see Sailors'
and Firemen's Vnion Sex Discrimination Act ( 1975), 296 Sexton, James, 97, Ion, 11 + Shaliesbury, Lord, 3B Shaw, G. Bernard, 299 Shaxby, W. J., II I Sheffi.-ld Assn. of Organisc·rl Trades,
64 'Sh.-ffield outrages', 58 f., 6 I f., 63
Shinwell, Emanuel, 228
Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions Confederation of, 225 f.
Shipping .Fed.-ration, 106 f., 135 Shipwrights Provident Union Society,
22 f. Shipwrights Society, Liverpool, 54 Shonfield, Andrew, 273 Shop Assistants, Nat. Union of, 114,
225 Shop, Distributive and Allied
Workers, Union of, 225, 254, 255 Shop stewards, 151, 154, 155, 159,
167 f., !80, 219 f., 249 Short Time Committees, 29, 38 Shrewsbury picketing case ( 1974),
296 Sidmouth, Lord, 18 Simon, Sir John, 177, 216 'Six Acts' (181g), 20 Slesser, Sir Henry, 177 Sliding scale, 72, 102, 118, 134, 231 Smillie, Robert, 141, 162 Snowden, Philip, 193, 194 f., 197 Social Contract, 290, 292, 294 Social-Democratic Federation
(S.D.F.), 8g f., 94, gg, 112, 117, 138 f.
Socialist League, 203 Social Science A.ssn., Nat., 50, 55,
63 f. Sorel, Georges, 134 South Side Labour Protection League,
97 South Wales Miners Federation,
I '7 f., 134, 139 f. Spencer, George, 189, 205 f., 210 Spinners, Grand General Union of
Operative, 28 f. Spitalfields weavers, 9 Spring, Francis, 244, 259 State of the Poor (Eden), 11 Steadman, W. C., 125, 158 Steam Engine Makers, Journeymen,
4'· 42 Steel Smelters, Amal. Assn. of British,
J6g Steels, Thomas R., 113 Stevedores and Dockers, Nat. Amal.
Union of, 243-5 Stewart, Michael, 271 Stone Masons, Operative, 70 Stove Grate \\'orkers, Nat. Union of, 93 'Strike', origin of the word, 9 n. Supervisory Staffs, Executives, and
Technicians, Assn. of, 270 Syndicalism, 134 f., 137, 139 f., 141,
!67 f., '74. 181, J8g, 204
Index TaffValecase (1901), 121-4,126,128,
130, 132, 148, 298 Tailors' unions, 12 f., 24, 31 Tawney, R. H., 144, 162 Teachers, Nat. Union of, 261,279,280 T~mperton v. Russ~ II ( 1893), 108 Tewson, Sir Vincent, 229, 236, 248,
261 Textile Factory Workers Assn.,
United, 114, 117, 122 Textile Workers, Nat. Union of, 206 Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret, 293, 299 Thomas,J. H., 166, 174, q8t, 195,
197 Thorne, Will, 93 f., 97, 99, 169, 208 Thornton, W. T., 63 Tiffin, Arthur, 248 Tillett, Ben, 94-7,99 f., 117, 135, 137,
191 Timu, The, 22, 32 f., 43,44 f., 63, 110,
123 'Tolpuddle Martyrs', 32 f. Trade boards, 128, 221 Trade Boards Act, (1909) 128, 16o;
( 1918) 160 Trade Disputes, Royal Commission
on (1903-6), 123 f., 125 Trade Disputes Act (1go6), 125 f.,
130, 266, 268; (1g6sl. 268 Trade Disputes and Trade Union
Act (1927), 189 f., 215, 227, 299 Trades councils, 52, 65, 100, 105, 112,
144· 201, 209, 211 Trades Union Congress (T.U.C.),
foundation of, 6, 63-5; founds G.F.T.U., 110 f.; founds Labour Party, 112-15; international relations of, 116 f., 147 f., 157-9, 164, 2oo-4, 224, 235 f.; racial discrimination and, 278 f.; secretaryship of, 67, 70, 79, 91, 102 f., 104, 125, 158, 172 f., 229,261,276. 296; staff of, 79, 144, 158, 172 f.. 224; Standing Orders (1895), wsf .. 112
General Council, foundation of, 166 f.; in General Strike, 173-80, 182, 188 f.; in 1931 crisis, 194-8; controls Labour Party (1932-9), 199-205; in Second World War, 215, 219; and structural reform, 224, 237. 247 f., 260, 262, 277, 281; and wages policy, 229-32, 239 f., 263; and Mrs. Castle's proposals, 275-8; and I.R. Act, 284 f.: and T.U.C. Labour Party Liaison Committee, 290 f.; other references, 18g-lg2, 193 f., 209-11, 212 f.,
'2"27, 232 f., 245· 250, 257 f., 260 f. 262, 293 f.; and s~e also Daily Herald and joint Board.
P'arliamentary Committee, 66 f., 68-70, 7g-81, 86, 103 f., 109, Ill, 123 f., 126 f., 128, 140, 147. ISO, 166, 181
Trade Union Act, (1871) 66, 107, 129, 131; (1876) 129, 168; (1913) 130 f., 2~7
Trade Union (Amalgamation) Act (1917), 168 f.; (1964), 281
Trade Union and Labour R .. Jations Act ( 1974), 292, :.196
Trade Unions, Royal Commission on (1867-9), 58-63, 6s f.; (1 965-8, or Donovan Commission), 187, 268, 272-5
Trade Unions and Strikes (Dunning), 50 'Tramping', 24 f., 48 Transport and General \\'orkers
Union, 160, 174, 176, Jl~o, 191, 207 f., 209, 222, 229, 232 f., 23f f., 243-5, 249, 250, 2j3, 25-f, 255 f., 268, 285 f., 287, 294
Transport Commission, British, 228, 245 f.
Transport V.'orkers Federation, Nat., 135, 137, 140, 141, 163, 165 f., 169, 181
Treasury Agreement (1915), 152, 153, 160
Treasury Committee on Production, 151
Tribune, 251 Triple Alliance, 141, 165-7, 181 Trotskyists, 222 Turner, Ben, 190 Typographical Assn., 281
Unemployed \\'orkers Committee Movement, Nat., 167 f., 210
Unemployment Insurance, Royal Commission on (1930-1), 193 f.
Unilateral disarmament, 253-5 United Kingdom Alliance of Organ
ised Trades, 64 United States, 10, 49, 52, 56, 8g, 91 f.,
116, 123, 134. 211, 229, 231, 233. 235. 237. 279· 284, 299
Unlawful Oaths, Act against (1797), 17
Unofficial strikes, 187, 219, 221 f., 245. 247. 254
Unto This Last (Ruskin), 63
Violence, use of, by unionists, 22, 27, 4o f., 5o, 5s f., 62, 97
Index Wage fund, theory of the, 47 Wage restraint, 186, 187, 230 f., 240,
292, 294 Wages councils, 232, 236, 240, 285 Wages Councils Act (1945), 221 War Aims, Memorandum on (1918),
158 War and Peace {1934), 201 War Emergency Workers Nation<tl
Committee, 149 f., 155 Weavers, Northern Counties Amal.
Assn. of, 105 f. \,Yebb, Sidney and Beatrice, 42, 59,
100, 103, 118, 127, 128, 148, 162, 182, 195· 297· 298
Wedderburn, Prof. K. W., 284 Wedgwood, Col. Josiah, 171 West Riding Fancy Union, 24 What a Compulsory Eight Hour Day
Means (Mann), go 'White collar' employment, 186, 26of.,
279 f. Whitley Councils, 160 f. Wilberforce. Lord, 288 Wilberforce, William, 16 Wilkinson, Ellen, 226 Williams, Robert, 166 Williams, Mrs. Shirley, 292
Williamson, Tom, 240, 24B, 252, 253 Wilson, Harold, 264 f., 266, 269, 272,
276, 277 f., 283, 284, 291, 292, 293· 296
Wilson, J. Havelock, 93, 97 f., 104, 107, 159. 200
Wilson, President Woodrow, 158 Window Glass Workers Union, 92 Winn, Mr. Justice, 258 \\'omen's Trade Union League, 128 Women's unionism, 31, 8o f., 128,
208 f., 223, 295 f. Wood, Sir Kingsley, 216 Wood, William, 64 Woodcock, George, 261, 266, 268,
273· 276, 285 Woods, Sam, 103, 105, 125 Woodworkers, Amal. Society of, 252 Workers' and Soldiers' Councils,
156f. Workers Committee Movement, Nat.,
154, 156, 168 Workers Educational Assn., 147 Workers Union, 127, 191 World Federation of Trade Unions,
235 Wyatt, Woodrow, 257 Yorkshire 'Trades' Union', 29
