STATISTICAL ANNEX

Sources and definitions

The main source for the statistics in most of the tables is Part I1 of Labour Force Statistics, 1971-1991, OECD. Changes between 1991 and 1992 are estimated from several other sources: recent historical movements for the fifteen countries covered in Quarterly Labour Force Statistics, No. 2, 1993, OECD; projections published in OECD Economic Outlook, No. 53; and data specially supplied by national authorities (see the sources and notes of the tables).

The data on employment, unemployment and the labour force are not always the same as the series used for policy analysis and forecasting by the OECD Economics Department, shown in Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

Conventional signs

.. Data not available . Decimal point I Break in series

185

Men

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe1 Total OECDf

Women

I 1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1983-90 1991 1992 1 1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1983-90 1991 1992

2.0 1.7 2.0 4.6d -0.5 0.3 ~ -1.2 1.0 0.8 2.0 2.4 3.6

0.8 0.9 0.2 2.1 0.9 4.7 4.5 2.6 3.3 -0.6 -0.4

-0.5 3.6' 0.9 1.7 -0.2 2.0 -0.0' 1.9 0.5 -3.8 4:4 0.8 1.6 0.7 1 .o 1.4

1.6 1.1 4.1 1.8 -1.0 0.9 -0.0 1.7e 3.5 1:9

-0.3 0.6 -0.1 2.3d -3.0 -1.1 -1.1 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.8 1 .o -0.4 -0.4 -1.8 0.1 -0.4

Dependent employment France Germany Netherlands Spain United States

1.9 1.8 -0.6 1.6 -2.8 -1.2

0.7 -0.6' 0.9 0.3 -5.9 -7.6 -1.8 0.7' -1.7 1.2 -1.4

1821 1771 1720 1 667 I558 1539 1 540 1 542 1885 1804 1737 1699 1670 1573 1557

1591 1530 1433 1 423 2 032 1 946 1858 1847 1828

1836 1831 1791 1767 1754 1749 1737 1736

-0.4 -0.2 -0.7 -0.1 -0.3 -2.5 0.3 -0.5 0.9e 0.5 -0% -0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 -0.2 1.5 -1.4 -0.4 -0.9

0.6 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 -1.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 .o 1.7 1.1 1.0 -0.7 -0.7 2.3

2.1 0.2 -0.3 1.8d -1.8 -1.5 0.3 -0.8 2.2 1:3

0.9 1.1 -0.2 -0.2 -1.8 -0.4 -1.3" 0.3 0.4' 0.4 1.4 -0.2 -1.76 -1.8 1.0 -0.6 -3.3

1.0 -0.3 -0.6 0.5' -2.0 4 . 7 -2.8 -0.5 0.8 1.0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.2 -2.3 1.2 4 . 3 -3.3 -0.6 2.5 -0.3 1.7 -2.1 0.3 -0.4 2.4 -0.4 1.7 -2.2 0.2 -0.8 -0.2 -0.8 0.6 -3.4 -0.4 0.9 -0.3 1.1 -2.0

1.6 2.0 1.9 1 .o 1.6 2.4 2.7 1.3 1.6 1.5 013

-1.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.2 1 .o 4.6 1.5 1.8 3.3 2.9 2.7 4.0 5.4 411 5.2 2.7 0.8 1.5d -0.8 2.9 4.4 1.8 1.6

-1.5' 0.9 1.1' 2.2 -1.5 -1.3' -1.7 3.2

-1.9 0.6 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 -1.0 2.9 2.0 5.0 1.7 2.8 2.2 4.9 1.8 2.9 1.2 1.4 0.5 2.0 1.0 2.8 1.2 2.3

4.2 2.0 1.3 1.4'

0.0 -0.2 5.1 1.9 0:2

-1.4 -3.3 0.6

-2.2 -1.0 -0.5 0.9 -0.5 0.8 -1.1 -0.3

at Break in series between 1973 and 1974. bJ Break in series between 1975 and 1976. cJ Break in series between 1983 and 1983. dJ Break in series between 1985 and 1986. e j Break in series between 1986 and 1987. f, Above countries only.

Sources: OECD Labour Force Sratistics; Quarterly Labour Force Staristics

Table B. Average hours actually worked per person per yeara 1970 1973 I975 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

Total employment Canada Finland France Italy Japan Norway Spain Sweden United States

1890 1865 1837 1794 1730 1733 1713 1709 1982 1915 1885 1859 1798 1756 1758 1728 1 962 1904 1 865 1813 1711 1669 1 667 1 666 1 969 1885 1841 1788 1764

1766 1 694 1653 1501 1471 1415 1 408 1417 2 148 2 052 1941 1931 1911

1641 1557 1516 1451 1453 1480 1 468 1 485 1886 1875 1833 1808 1788 1782 1771 1769

2 185 2 I 0 0 2 110 2 081 2 023

a) Includes pan-time work. Sources: Canada: Finland: France: Germany: Italy: Japan: Netherlands: Norway: Spain: Sweden: United States:

Data supplied by Statistics Canada. Data estimated from National Accounts data. Data supplied by INSEE on a National Accounts basis. Data supplied by the German Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Data supplied by the Italian authorities (ISTAT). Secretariat estimates based on data from the Monthly Labour Survey of Establishments and the Labour Force Survey. Data are annual contractual hours on the basis of Labour Accounts data and were supplied by the national authorities (CBS). Data supplied by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Data estimated from the quarterly Labour Force Survey. Data estimated from National Accounts data. Data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

186

Table C. Civilian employment by sector Average annual growth rates in percentages

Agriculture Industry

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland

Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe Total OECD

Italy

2.1 2.1 1.9 4.2' -0.2 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.7 2.0 0.6 1.7 0.7 4.4 3.2 2.0 2.8 -0.3 0.7 3.1' 1.1 2.0 -1.3 3.3 1.4b 2.7 2.1 -2.6

1~73.75 1975-79 1979-83 1~83.90

-3.3 0.1 0.8 0.5d -13.1 -3.1 -1.0 -2.1 -2.8 -3.2 -2.3 -1.5

North America OECD Europe. Total OECD

-0.8 1.1 0.0 -1.5 0.2 -2.1' 0.1 -2.6

-5.6 -5.6' -0.6 -5.3 -4.1 -3.0 -3.2 -3.5 -5.2 -5.2 -2.4 -3.4e -2.0 -2.5 1.0 -2.5

2.8 3.5 1.8 2.8 0.3 1.8 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.2 2.7 1.7 2.6 0.9

0.0 -1.2 -0.2 -0.9 -3.4 -1.8 -3.8 -1.8 -3.2 -2.2 -4.1 -4.0 -3.2 -1.9 -3.5 -2.3 -5.6 -3.7 -5.0 -2.5 -1.7 -0.6 -1.0 2.3

0.8 1.9 0.4 -0.1' -8.3 0.3 -2.1 -1.9 -1.9' -1.8 -5.0" -2.6 -5.4 -4.8' -3.5 -4.6 -2.8 -1.9 -1.4 -6.0e -2.0 -1.6 -1.6 -0.7 -0.1 -3.1 0.6 1.3 -3.4 -0.8 -1.7 -1.5 -0.9 0.0 0.2 -0.8 -0.9 0.2 0.2 -0.9 -1.9 -2.9 -1.5 -1.3 -2.0 -2.3 -1.6 -1.4

1991

-4.2 -4.8 -2.0 4.3 1.4

-4.3 -3 '7 -3.4

0.0 -7.8 -2.1 -5.3

1:i 0 .o

-10.1 0.5

-9.5 -4.0 -0.5 -1.7

1.1 1 .o 1.5

-2.9 -2.4

1992 - -3.6 -2.3

-3.9

-5.6

-43

-4.1 -3.7

-5.2

-6.9 -4.2

-1.6 -0.3 -0.8

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland

Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe Total OECD

Italy

1973-75 1975.79 1979-83 1~n3-90 IWI 1992

-2.3 -0.8 -2.0 1.8' -8.5 -1.6

-1.9 -2.7 -4.1 -0.6 -0.5 .. -0.7 0.6 -0.1 0.4 1.9 -1.6

0.6 2.5 -2.5 1.8 -7.3 -3.3 -4.5 0.9' -3.8 1.0 -0.3

1.9 -0.5' 0.3 -0.5 -10.4 -11:k -1.1 -1.0 -1.9 -1.4 -1.0 .. -4.2 -0.2 -1.9 0.7' 0.5 -0.8

0.7 2.7 0.5 0.3 .. 2.8 1.9 2.2 -0.6 0.0 ..

1.2 -0.2 -0.8 -1.0 -0.3 -1.0 0.3 2.0 -2.5 -0.5 0.9 ..

-2.2 0.5 1.0 0.9 3.0 1.6

-2.6 -0.8 -3.0 2.4 -0.1 .. 1.1 -3.1 -2.0 0.5 ..

2.8 -0.6 -1.0 -2.5' -5.8 2.4 -1.0 -1.9 -0.8 -5.7 -0:9 1.00 1.7 2.0= 1.0 2.1 .. 1.5 1.9

-5.4

-1.9' -4.0 1.8 -0.8 -3.9 -2.1 -1.8 0.6' -4.9 -9.6 -1.7 -1.2 0.9 -1.6 ..

3.8 4.7 1.8 4.5 -4.1 .. -2.3 -0.7 -5.4 -0.2 -6.8 -5.7 -3.5 4.1 -2.2 1.3 -4.4 -2.1 -3.1 4.0 -2.2 1.3 -4.6 -2.2 -1.2 -0.4 -2.2 0.3 -1.8 .. -1.9 1.0 -1.6 0.8 -2.5 ..

France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

1.8 2.3 1.4 1.7 1.6 0.7 1.9 1.2 2.0" 3.3 1.8 2.4 3.1 3.0 .. 3.2 3.0 4.1 3.3 0.0 2.0 2.8 2.1 0.9 1.4 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.2 4.0 2.9 2.0 4.2 1.2 2.1 2.5 3.9 4:0 3.7 1.9 0.6 1.1' -0.1 3.0 4.5 2.2 1.5 1.3 3.7a 2.6 6.6c 3.0 4.6 0.3 0.4' 0.5 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.7 1.5 1.6< -0.3 0.1 1.3 3.3 1.7 1.2 5.5 5.2 2.4 6.6 -3.3 1.9 1.2 0.3 2.4 -1.8 2.6 3.5 1.8 2.8 0.3

0.1 5.2

0.2

-5.2

0:O 1.3

0:5

0.1 -1.8

-1 .o 1.6 1.5

187

Table D. Size and composition of part-time employment, 1973-1992 Percentages

Australia 11.9 15.9 17.5 21.3 22.5 24.4 Austria 6.4 7.6 8.4 9.0 8.9 .. Belgium 3.8 6.0 8.1 10.9 11.8 Canada 9.7 12.5 15.4 15.4 16.4 16:8 Denmark .. 22.7 23.8 23.3 23.1 Finland 6.7 8.3 7.2 7.6 719 France 5:9 8.2 9.7 12.0 12.0 12.7 Germany 10.1 11.4 12.6 15.2 15.5 .. Greece 6.5 4.1 3.9 Ireland 5:i 6.6 8.1 8.4

614 5.3 4.6 4.9 5.5 514 13.9 15.4 16.2 19.2 20.0 20.5

I d Y Japan Luxembourg 5.8 5.8 6.3 7.0 7.5 .. Netherlands 16.6 21.4 I 33.2 34.3 New Zealand 1112 13.9 15.3 20.0 21.1 2116 Norway 20.8 25.3 29.0 I 26.6 26.7 26.9 Portugal 7.8 6.4 6.8 7.2 Spain 4.8 4.6 5.9 Sweden‘ 23:k 24:8 1 23.3 23.7 24.3 United Kingdom 16:O 16.4 19.4 21.7 22.2 23.2 United States 15.6 16.4 18.4 16.9 17.4 17.5

Part-time employment as a proportion of employment

79.4 78.7 78.0 78.1 76.3 75.1 85.8 87.8 88.4 89.1 89.7 82.4 88.9 84.0 88.6 89.3 68.4 72.1 71.3 71.0 70.5 7010

.. 86.9 84.7 75.7 75.5 74.7 71.7 67.8 65.2 64:3

8213 82.2 84.4 83.6 83.7 83.7 89.0 91.6 91.9 89.7 89.6

61.2 64.9 62.9 71:2 71.6 71.7 71.6

5813 61.4 64.8 67.2 65.4 67:9 70.0 70.1 72.9 70.7 69.9 69.3 87.5 87.5 88.9 81.8 83.3

76.4 77.3 I 70.4 70.1 7213 77.7 79.8 76.4 74.2 73:3 82.3 83.0 83.7 I 81.8 81.4 80.1

.. 80.4 .. 66.9 66.7 67.4 78.0 78.0 76.8

8715 86:k I 83.6 83.4 82.3 90:9 92.8 89.8 86.2 86.1 85.4 66.0 68.0 66.8 67.6 67.2 66.4

Men I Women

1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992 I 1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands a

New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Swedenc United Kingdom United States

3.7 5.2 6.2 8.0 9.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 4.7 5.7 7.6 8.1 8.8

5.2 6.6 10.4 10.5 3.2 4.5 4.4 5.1

1:; 2.4 2.6 3.4 3.4 1.8 1.5 1.7 2.6 2.7

3.7 2.2 2.2 2:i 2.7 3.4 3.6

3:; 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.9 6.8 7.5 7.3 9.5 10.1 1 .o 1 .o 1 .o 1.9 1.9 ~.

5.5 7.2 I 15.8 16.7 4:k 4.9 5.0 8.4 9.7 5.9 7.3 7.7 I 8.8 9.1

2.5 3.6 4.0 1.6 1.5

5:4 613 1 7.3 7.6 2:3 1.9 3.3 5.3 5.5 8.6 9.0 10.8 10.0 10.5

10.5

9:3

5:5 3.6

2:;

10:3

10.6

9.8 4.2 2.0 8.4 6.1

10.8

28.2 15.6 10.2 19.4

12.9 24.4

1410 25.1 18.4

2416 46.5

39.1 26.8

35.2 36.4 40.1 40.9 43.3 18.0 20.0 20.2 20.1 16.5 19.7 25.8 27.4 23.3 26.1 24.4 25.5 25:9 46.3 44.7 38.4 37.8 10.6 12.5 10.2 10.2 1014 16.9 20.0 23.6 23.5 24.5 27.6 30.0 33.8 34.3

12.1 7.6 7.2

10.6 9.4 9.6 10.4 10.5 27.8 29.8 33.4 34.3 34.8

i i i 15.5 17.6 17.8

. .

17.1 17.0 16.7 17.9 44.0 50.1 1 61.7 62.2 29.1 31.4 35.0 35.7 3519 50.9 63.3 I 48.2 47.6 47.1 16.5 .. 10.1 10.5 11.0

11.8 11.2 13.7 46:O 45:9 1 40.9 41.0 41.3 39.0 42.4 43.2 43.7 44.6 26.7 28.1 25.2 25.6 25.4

Part-time employment as a proportion of total employment I Women’s share in part-time employment

1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992 I 1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

188

Table D. Size and composition of part-time employment, 1973-1992 (Cont.) Percentages

Austria: Data are based on averages of quarterly estimates from the Mikrozensus, Central Statistical Office of Austria, based on a usual hours criterion with a35 hour cut-off. They are salaried workers and persons in private households only. Persons working less than 13 hours per week are not considered employed in the Mikrozensus.

Canuda: Data are based on averages of monthly estimates from the Labour Force Survey published in The Labour Force, Statistics Canada, catalogue No. 71-001. Part- time is defined on the basis of total usual hours for all jobs, less than 35 for the years prior to 1975, less than 30 thereafter. Estimates were available for both definitions for 1975, and estimates for years prior to then have been adjusted using a ratio of new-to-old estimates calculated for 1975.

Data are based on averages of monthly estimates from the Labour Force Survey. Part-timers are persons who usually work less than 30 hours at their main job. Persons who did not indicate their working time (approximately 1-295 of the employed sample) have been grouped with fulldmers. Unpaid family workers who worked less than one-third of their normal working time are not considered employed.

Data are from the annual EnquPte sur l’emploi conducted in March of each year. Prior to 1975, unpaid family workers working less than 15 hours per week were not considered employed. Up to and including 1981, persons working less than 30 hours during the reference week were classified as part-timers, with the exception of persons without regubr employment and persons working short-time. From 1982 on, part-time work is defined on the basis of the respondent’s perception. No adjustments have been made for these breaks. Full-time employmen1 for men does not include conscripts.

Data are based on averages of monthly estimates from the Labour Force Survey and published in the Annual Report on the Labour Force Survey, Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency. Part-timers are persons who were at work and who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week. Original data show a series break in 1966-1967 as a result of changes in the survey. Estimates prior to 1967 have been chain-linked to those for later years using estimates available for 1967 on both the old- and new-series basis.

Data are from the annual Labour Force Survey (Arbeitskrachtentelling, conducted in odd-numbered years) up to 1985, replaced by the continuous Labour Force Survey (Enqutte Beroepsbevolking) from 1987 on. Interviews up to 1985 were conducted by local civil servants, and thereafter by a permanent trained interviewing staff. Part-timers are persons in the working population (i.e. persons at work, including self-employed and unpaid family workers) with less than 35 usual hours in the main job. The proportion of part-timers recorded by the Labour Force Survey increased substantially in 1987 relative to the 1985 survey. Estimates from the new and old surveys are not considered comparable.

Up to 1985, estimates are from the Quarterly Employment Survey (of establishments) and refer to the month of April up to 1979 and May thereafter. Figures were obtained from the Labour and Employment Gazette and from national authorities. The survey covers business establishments employing two or more persons in all industries except agriculture, hunting, fishing, waterfront work, seagoing work, and domestic service in private households. Working proprietors of businesses are considered full-timers. Work schedules of less than 30 hours per week are considered to be part-time. Coverage of total employment is estimated to be about 75 per cent (1988). Estimates of the proportion of part-time workers from this source were approximately 3 per cent lower for men and 6 per cent lower for women in 1988 than estimates from the Labour Force Survey (for which data are available only from 1986 on). From 1986 on, data are based on annual averages of quarterly estimates from the New Zealand Labour Force Survey. Part-time workers are persons who actually worked less than 30 hours in the reference week, except for persons who usually work 30 hours or more but did not work during the reference week, who are classified as full-timers. From April 1990 on, full-time and part- time status is based on usual hours worked. Persons who usually work 30 hours or more in the survey reference week are classified as full-timers, those who usually work less than 30 hours in the survey reference week are classified as part-timers. The definition was changed in April 1990 to reduce the seasonality that was occurring whith usual hours worked. National authorities provided figures from 1986 onwards using the new definition. Estimates prior to 1986 have been chain- linked to those for later years using a ratio of new-to-old estimates calculated for 1986.

Figures are averages of quarterly estimates from the Labour Force Survey and were obtained from Arbeidsmurked Statistikk, Central Bureau of Statistics, and from national authorities. Up to 1988, only data on actual hours were available, and part-time work was defined as work of less than 35 actual hours per week. From the second quarter 1988, data on usual hours are collected. On this basis, part-time work is defined as work of less than 37 usual hours, except for persons working 30 to 36 usual hours who state that their work is full-time. Data prior to 1987 exclude unpaid family workers working less than 10 hours per week, There is a break in series after 1987. Estimates prior to 1989 have been chain-linked to those for later years using a ratio of new-to-old estimates calculated for 1989.

Data are based on averages of monthly estimates from the Labour Force Survey and were obtained from Arbetskrafis Undersokningen (AKU), Central Bureau of Statistics. Part-timers are persons 16-64 who usually work less than 35 hours per week. Prior to 1975. persons usually working less than 35 hours for economic reasons were classified as full-time. The upper age limit for the survey’s working-age population changed from 74 to 64 in 1986. Accordingly, to ensure historical comparability, part-timers in the 65-74 age group have been excluded from the data for years prior to 1986. Due to a revision in the Labour Force Survey in 1987, there is a break in series after 1986.

Data are based on averages of monthly estimates from the Current Population Survey and were obtained from Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, 1948-1987, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988. Persons whose usual working hours for all jobs total less than 35 hours per week are classified as part-time workers. Unpaid family workers working less than 15 hours per week are not considered employed.

Finland:

France:

Japan:

Netherlands:

New Zealand:

Nonvay:

Sweden:

United States:

189

Table E. Population of working age (15-64) Average annual growth rates in percentages

1991 Population

of working age (thousands)

1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1983-90 1991 1992'

Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe Total OECD

Australia Austria Belgium

2.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.3 I .3 1.3 0.2 2.1 1.5 1.6 0.8 1.3 0.4 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.2 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.3 -0.9 -0.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.8 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.6

2.6 0.9 1.4 1.0b 1 .o 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 3.3a 1 .o 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.4 1 .o 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.5

-0 .1 0.2 0.4 0.7' 0.4 0.1 4 . 4 0.2 1.2 0.8 1 .o 0.2

3.0 2.7 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 -0.2 1.7 1.7 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.6

1.4 1.4 1.3 0.6 0.6 o:i

1.8 I :::

1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1983-90 1991 19928

1.6 0.6 0.7

199 I Labour force (thousands)

I .8 1.1 0.5

2.6 1.9 3.1 1.4 11.5 0.5 1.1 1.6 I .5 0.0 2.2 1.6 0.8 I .2 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 I .9 1.1 2.1 0.1 0.3 2.6 2. I 1.2 1 .o 2.4 2.6 2:o 1.2

1.86 1.2 0.0

143 I 334

24 598 65 050

165 7011

1.1 1.3 0.0

North America OECD Europe Total OECD

1 .o 0.1 0.0

2.4 2.8 1.6 1.6 0.0 I .2 140 702 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.2 0.3 184 871 1.2 1.4 I .2 1.3 0.4 0.8 400 800

11 560 5 272 6 675

18 206 3 477 3 379

37 499 44 109 6 797

166 2 178

39 381 86 500

268 10 371 2 232 2 758 6 580

26 250 5 525 4 638

34 751 37 514

165 804 I84 010 277 589 561 891

Table F. Total labour forcea Average annual growth rates in percentages

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland

1.9 1.3 1.8 2.6' 0.9 0.9 8 559 1 4 . 8 1 .o 1.4 1 .o 2.3 2.2 I 3 607 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.7 4210 3.7 1 0.8 I .3

3.0 1.8' 0.4' 1 .o 0.3 0.8

1.9 0.9 1.3

1.8 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.9' 0.6

0.5 0.0

-0.7

13 835 ::? 1 2912 -1.3 2 559

0.5 1 .o 3.3

0.8 1 .o

-1.2

0.7

0.3

24 619 30 678

3.7 3 951

3. I I ?:$ 1.4 2.3 1.5

1 .o 1 .o 0.4d

0.4 0.9 0.6

1.4 -0.7

2.4

0.6 0.2

1618 2 126 4 869

0.4 1.9 1 -2.3

- 0.1' 0.8

-0.2

0.7 0.6 1.4 2.0 0.0 1.5

1.5 0.61 I .2

0.3 -0.5

0.5

0.3 15 382 -1.9 1 4552 -0.6 3 602

-0.8 0.7 2.8

2.7 1 .o 1.6

-1.8 -0.8 -0.1

Turkey 2.0 United Kingdom United States

20 289 28 264

1.3 126 867

190

1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1~83.90 1991 1992

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece

1991 Labour force (thousands)

0.8 -0.7 0.4

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan

Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe/ Total OECDf

Luxembourg

1 .o 0.9

-0.1 1.9 0.1b O.Ob

1991 1973-75 1975-79 1979-83 1983.90 1991 1992 Labour force

(thousands)

4.0 2.0 2.6 4.0d 1.7 1.3 3 559 -0.9 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.5 3.7 1481

2.6 2.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 1763 5.6 4.7 3.4 2.8 1.1 0.4 6 197 1.6 4.1 2.1 1.1 0.9 1353 2.0 0.8 1.8 0.1 -0.8 -1.4 1 203 1.6 ' 2.3 I .4 1.1 1.6 I0 667 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.5* 2.3 2:i 12 608 2.0 1.1 6.5 1.8 2.6 2.2 3.2 0.8 4.1 429 1.9 3.4 1.9 2.0 0.5 0:9 9 075

-1.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.1 26 510 4.7 I .7 2.1 3.2 59 4.5 3.3 6.2 4.8 313 2 782 5.2 3.2 1.9 1.6d 1.7 703 3.2 4.3 2.1 1.8 0.2 0.0 963 1.5" 3.0 0.8' 1.3 4.3 2 128

-0.6 0.06 1.5 3.9 1.4 2:6 5 408 3.8 2. I 1.6 1 . 1 e -0.5 -1.8 2 183

-1.8 0.6 2.1 1.7 1.2 1 380 1.8 1.7 0.2 2.2 -1 .o -0:3 12 073 3.8 4.3 2.4 2.2 0.5 1.6 57 057 4.0 4.3 2.5 2.3 0.5 1.5 63 254 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 -1.2 65 555 2.1 2.8 2.0 2.0 0.1 159581

1.3 1.5

-0.3 0.9 0.1 0.8

-0.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.9

-0.5 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.2c 0.3

-0.2 1 .o

-0.2 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.7

1.86 0.4

-0.6

0.3 2.2 0.3 0.1

-0.8 -0.5

0.3 0.1

0.7 1.1

0.1

-1.1

-0:i

4 999 2 126 2 447 7 638 1 559 1 356

2.6 0.3

1 .o 0.7 0.1 0.6

0.2 -1.1 -0.4

0.2 0.0 0.6

-0.1

-0.1 0.5'

13 952 18 070

Ireland Italy

0.6 0.4 0.9

1.4 0.2 0.7

-0.4 0.3 0.9

1.2 0.2 1.7

904 15 523 38 540

-0:s 1.2 Japan

Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe/ Total OECDf

1.1 0.0 2.1

-0.6 0.1 0.6

2.3 1.4

-0.46

106 4 230

915 1:i 1.1

0.3

-0:s -2.0

1.4 1.5" 0.8

1 .o 0.5

-0.16

0.2 0.1 0.3

-1.5 1 .o

-0.2

1163 2 741 9 974

0.5 -2.5 -0.3

1.3 1.4

-0.1 0.6

-0.1 -0.6 0.1 1.8 1.8 0.0 0.8

0.3' 1 .o 0.2 1.1

-0.5 2 369 0.1

-0.6 -0.5

-0:s 1.1 1 .o 1.1

0.3 0.7

-0.5 -2.5 -1 .o

77 448 94 933

216 835 a) Break in series between 1973 and 1974. b) Break in series between 1975 and 1976. c ) Break in series between 1982 and 1983. d) Break in series between I985 and 1986. e) Break in series between 1986 and 1987. fi Above countries only.

Sources: OECD Labour Force Sraristics; Quarterly Labour Force Srutistics.

Table H. Total labour force - women Average annual growth rates in percentages

(I) Break in xnes between 1973 and 1974 b, Brcdk I n sencr berwren 1975 dnd 1976 (1 Break in serics between 1982 and IY83 di Brcdk in sene\ between 1985 and IY86 e , Hrrak ,n \rrtes between 19x6 m d 19x7 ., ~ ~~. ..... ~ ~ . . .. ~ .. ~ ~ . . fl Above countries only.

Sources: OECD Labour Force Sratistics; Quarterly Labour Force Statistics

191

Table I. Labour force participation rates" Percentages

1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 19926

%B Kingdom United States North America OECD Europe Total OECD

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland I d Y Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland

75.8 64.7 61.7 61.0 58.4 57.9 73.0 74.3 72.4 75.9 75.3 75.1 68.4 72.1 73.1 77.1 76.5 76.9 68.2 72.0 73.0 77.1 76.5 76.8 67.3 66.4 65.5 66.8 66.6 68.3 69.1 69.2 71.5 71.3

69.8 69.2 65.1 64.9 62.2 62.8

86.1 86.3 84.7 84.9 83.9 83.4 89.6 89.6 87.6 89.6 88.5 80.0 1 82.2 82.0 80.6 79.6 78:5 85.2 82.6 78.4 74.6 74.5 89.6 84.9 82.6 I 80.8 80.6 80rl 83.2 79.0 80.0 82.1 ..

69.3 I 74.1 74.0 74.0 65.6 67.7 68.4 69.8 62.8 62.6 63.1 63.5 72.3 76.5 76.0 75.6 80.9 84.1 83.8 84.2 77.4 76.8 75.7 74.6

47.2 55.5 60.0 61.9 69.9 74.2 63.6 I 68.9 72.7 50.1 54.2 54.4 50.3 52.2 52.5 I 32.1 32.8 40.4

66.7 70.9 75.9 79.8 71.7 I 75.5

93.1 88.9 85.1 77.7 .. 85.6 79.0 77.3 7919 80.3 .. 89.2 87.3 84.7 I 82.2 82.3 .. 86.5 89.2 87.2 84.5 82.9 83.0

92.9 I 83.1 80.2 76.8 76.0 74:9 88.1 87.9 85.9 I 85.3 84.5 82.7

93.0 90.5 87.5 86.5 86.1 8516

100.8 90.9 I 87.6 86.1 85.9

100.6 94.6 93.5 96.2 95.3

67.8 68.4 69.4 68.3 57.1 55.4

35.9 39.8 41.7 29.2 33.4 40.3 39.2 45.0 45.7 I 50.6 61.7 65.5 32.1 57.3 I 57.2 33.4 I 32.6 33.2 62.6 72.8 76.6 I 54.1 53.0 55.2 53.2 58.0 57.2

66.4 65.3 67.5 I 69.1 59.9 59.0

North America OECD Europed

Total OECDd

65.7 69.5 58.1 86.0 61.2 62.5

86.2 85.8 84.6 85.7 84.6 84.8 50.7 58.6 61.6 88.7 84.8 82.3 80.6 78.3 .. 44.7 48.6 49.8 88.2 85.9 84.3 83.7 82.4 .. 48.3 53.1 55.1

65.7 69.8

71.3 I 56:::: 73.1 62.4 60.2

77.3 62.7 60.1

78.2 60.8 61.7

86.0 62.1 62.7 75.5

68.4 72.6 77.1

71.7 71.8 73.0 74.1 75.2 64.4 63.3 72.6 61.5 56.5 59.0 I 66.7 67.6

64.5 66.3 65.3 I 72.2 72.5 68.7 75.6 76.5 78.0 77.1 64.0 I 73.6 I 71.9 72.8 74.0 62.7 I 57.7 56.6 58.8 58.6 75.5 80.5 81.3 I 83.2 82.4 77.7 73.8 74.5 78.0 77.7

58.5 80.7 77.0

Table J. Labour force participation rates by sex Percentages

I Women Men 1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992' 1 1973 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992'

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland I d Y Jauan

87.6 85.9 I 85.9 47.7 50.3 52.1 I 62.1 62.2 62.4 1 %A 81.6 82.2 80.1 k?: :::: 1 48.5 49.1 49.7 55.4 56.3 58.3 83.2 79.3 76.8 72.7 72.8 .. 41.3 46.3 48.7 52.4 53.2

68.1 78.4 72.9

68.1 67.9 78.9 71.8 70:6

56.1 57 .O 39.9

56.8 58.1 59%

92.3 88.7 87.1 82.2 81.9 34.1 35.2 37.8 1 85.1 82.6 80.7 78.9 79.4 792 1 33.7 38.7 40.3 90.1 89.2 89.1 87.8 88.9 89.3 54.0 54.7 57.2

38.9 44.9 60.4

53:o 62.4

39.9 45.8 46:3 61.5 61.7

Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal0 Spain Sweden Switzerlandb

United Kingdom United States

44.8 54.5 62.8

71.2 60.4 40.9

71.1 70.9 62.8 41.2 4 i i

81.1 59.6 65.3

80.3 78.7 59.8

68.4 68.9 64.5 64:s

I 86.2 85.7 84.6 85.8 84.7 85.0 I 51.1 58.9 61.8 68.6 68.5 54.8 60.7

68.4 68.8 54.0 60.5

192

Table K. Standardued unemployment rates in seventeen OECD countries Per cent of total labour force

1982 1987 1988 I989 1990 1991 1992

North America OECD Europe Total OECD

North America Canada United States

Japan Central and Western Europe

Belgium France GeIlllany Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom

Southern Europe Italy Portugal Spain

Finland Noway Sweden

Australia New Zealand

Nordic countries

orraniti

4 880 8 619 6 973 12 151 7 983 9 843 10 941 5 661 7 902 9 361 16618 14 506 15 401 17 135

1 1 329 I7 803 I7 907 31 092 24 540 27 592 30 604

9.7 I 10.9 9.5

6.4 8.8 6.1

5.7 7.7 5.4

5.4 7.5 5.2

5.7 7.0 7.7 8.1 10.2 11.2 5.4 6.6 7.3

I 2.4 2.8 2.5 2 3 2.1 2.1 2.2 7 5 8.0 9.4 5.5

14.7 8.3 7.2

6.9 7.2 8.9 4.9

13.4 7.5 6.8

7.4 7.1 9.4 4 4 .. .

14.9 7.0 8.7

8.1 7.8

10.2 4.8

16.1 6.8 9.9

8.4 I i0.9 11.0 7.0 5.7

15.6 20.1 19.1

13.6 13.2 12.4 11.6 11.4 I 12.5 in 9 101 5.0

16.9

. _._ 9.9 I 10.5 4.6 4.1 4.1

15.9 16.0 18.1 3.6 I 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.7 7 3 5.3 5.0 4.5 3.4 3.4 7.5 13.0 2.6 2.1 3.2 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.9 3.2 I 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.7 4.8

7.: 7.4 8.0 4.1

6.9 7.2 5.6

6 3 6.1 7.1

7.0 9.7 10.7 6.9 9.5 10.7 7.8 10.3 10.3

Total of above countries 8.2' I 7 3 I 6.7 6.2 6.1 6.8 I 7.5 I Note: In so far as it was possible the data have been adjusted to ensure comparability over time and to conform to the guidelines of the International Labour Office, All series in this table are

benchmarked to labour-force-survey-based estimates. In countries with annual surveys monthly estimates are obtained by interpolation/exmpolation and incorporating trends in administrative data series where available. The annual figures are then calculated by averaging the monthly estimates (for both unemployed and the labour force). For countries with monthly or quarterly surveys the annual estimates are obtained by averaging the monthly or quarterly estimates respectively. For several countries the adjustment procedure used is similar to that of the Bureau of Labor Statistics US Department of Labor. For EC countries the procedures are similar to those used in deriving the Comparable Unemployment Rates (CURS) of the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Minor differences may appear mainly because of different methods of calculating and applying adjustement factors and because EC estimates are based on the civilian labour force. Series adjusted or calculated by the OECD are marked by an asterisk(*). A break in a series is indicated by (I). See OECD Quarierly OIbour Force Sratisrics, No. 2. 1993. Sources:

Table L. Total unemployment Thousands

1973 1975 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland

kingdom United States

106 279 378 687 I 587 821 940 33 53 65 135 1 I4 125 132 92 175 304 545 365 391 436

515 21 51

690 836 1 434 1109 1417 1557 121 157 312 242 265 285 51 I 143 138 88 193 328

593 901 I361 1 974 2 181 2 297 2 488

64 75 64 302 28 1 279 348 0 1 0 1 26 36 6 64 84 88 183 179 209 231

1 303 1 226 1 686 2 140 2 751 2 653 I 2799 680 loo0 1170 1 560 1 340 1 360 1 420

0 0 1 3 2 2 3 110 260 280 674 516 490 480

2 3 25 76 I 124 1 67 168 26 40 38 69 112 1 I6 126 90 I 178 344 I 355 220 199 187

273 1 074 876 2 258 I 1883 1 689 1 808

363 625 I 1129 2 351 2 443 2466 2 791 122 214 42 98

67 88 151 I 69 13 10 29 20

1923 2 120 1 492 2 014 1 482 1618 1 697 838 1 234 1 2984 I 1556 2 241 2 678

7 929 6 137 10717 6 874 8 426 9 384

193

Table M. Unemployed men Thousands

North America

Total OECDO OECD Europe"

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland

Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States

Italy

2 570 4 833 3 569 7 109 4 412 5 634 6 289 2 105 3 413 4 119 8 277 6 450 7 049 5 167 9 047 8 641 16 812 12 044 14 057

1973 1975 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

51 139 198 430 I 338 495 578 13 26 28 70 63 71 74 48 84 113 253 143 159

North America OECD Europeu Total OECD"

295 391 449 849 613 817 909 159 121 129

29 29 76 54 124 203 10

2 309 3 785 3 405 5 042 3 571 4 208 4 652 1633 2 370 3 748 6 325 6 570 6 450 4 238 6 636 7 773 12 264 11 011 11 641

224 392 581 889 930 1 003 150 623 417 1273 I 968 898 983

603 556 724 938 1177 1 142 I 1226 440 660 740 950 770 780 820

39 41 31 148 107 53 66 66 140 138 156

0 0 1 1 1 1 88 197 178 403 228 226

1 2 15 46 I 74 99 11 21 18 37 66 68 76

267 471 1 759 1521 1167 1193 1385 52 32 44 79 I 36 71 133 0 10 5 18 11 25 53

698 888 I 2 145 I 1155 1 708 2 061 4 442 3 120 6 260 3 799 4 817 5 380

42 I 98 122 I 127 85 75 88

Table N. Unemployed women Thousands

Australia Austria Be 1 g i u m Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States

I 1973 1975 1979 1983 1990 1991 1992

55 140 180 257 1 250 326 363 20 27 37 65 51 54 58 43 91 191 292 222 232

220 299 387 585 496 599 647 52 153 120 135 11

22 22 I :; 62 34 69 125 369 509 780 1 085 1251 1294 1 124 452 459 985 I 915 792 825 25 34 33 154 174 11 18 22 43 41 52

700 670 962 1 202 1574 1511 I 1572 1 240 340 430 610 570 590 600 0

22 1

0 63

1 15 19 19 32 46 48 50

96 154 I 370 830 1276 1273 1 405 48 I 80 222 I 228 135 124 99

46 36 44 72 I 33 51 82 0 3 4 11 9 17 45

81 140 346 I 839 I 400 533 617 2 089 3 486 3 018 4 457 3 075 3 609 4 005

194

Table 0. Youth unemployment rates in sixteen OECD countries

Australia Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Canada Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Finland

France

Germany

Ireland

Italy Age 14-24 Age 14-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Japan

Netherlands Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

New Zealand Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 16-24 Age 16-19 Age 20-24

Age 15-24 Age 15-19 Age 20-24

Age 16-24 Age 16-19 Age 20-24

Age 16-24 Age 16-19 Age 20-24

United Kingdom Age 16-24 Age 16-19 Age 20-24

United States Age 16-24 Age 16-19 Age 20-24

Norway

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

1973 1975 1979 1983 1989 1990 1991 1992

3.3 9.0 12.2 17.9 10.4 13.3 17.2 19.5 4.7 12.9 17.3 22.6 13.7 16.5 21.0 25.0 2.3 5.9 8.2 14.7 8.0 11.0 14.7 16.2

10.1 12.0 12.9 19.8 11.3 12.8 16.2 17.8 12.5 14.9 16.0 22.1 13.1 14.2 16.8 19.7 8.4 9.9 10.7 18.4 10.1 11.8 15.9 16.6

4.5 5.1 10.8 10.5 6.1 6.4 13.5 23.5 6.0 7.0 I 16.5 15.3 7.6 8.5 15.9 25.8 3.5 4.0 7.8 8.3 5.5 5.4 12.5 22.5

4.0 7.9 13.3 19.7 19.1 19.3 19.5 5.8 12.2 21.8 28.8 18.4 19.2 23.4 3.4 6.4 10.7 17.4 19.2 19.3 18.9

1.1 5.6 4.0 1.1 5.3 3.5 1.2 5.8 4.3 11.7

6.4 5.6 5.4 4.9 6.8 5.9

14.2 9.2 20.1 22.2 19.5 19.9 12.5 26.9 31.0 27.8 10.0 6.9 16.3 18.5 15.8

12.6 12.8 25.6 30.5 33.6 31.5 30.8 32.7 15.8 16.8 32.5 39.5 40.7 39.0 37.7 40.8 10.4 10.3 20.8 25.2 30.6 28.6 28.3 29.8

2.3 3.0 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 2.8 3.6 4.1 6.2 7.0 6.6 6.6 6.7 2.2 2.9 3.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.8

":9 I 17.1 2.8 6.3 8.1

9.8

12.2 11.1 10.5 15.1 15.3 9.3 8.2

5.6 7.8 6.6 8.9 11.5 11.8 12.8 13.9 9.3 13.3 10.3 12.3 15.8 16.1 17.3 16.7 3.5 4.5 4.6 7.0 9.4 9.8 11.0 12.8

9.8 17.8 18.3 11.4 10.2 8.7 9.4 1: I 10.9 21.4 I 18.6 11.4 10.5 9.4 10.5

8.9 15.1 18.1 11.3 9.9 8.3 8.8

19.4 37.6 32.0 32.3 31.1 34.4 1;:: 1 25.2 47.7 33.1 36.5 34.7 38.9

4.8 6.6 3.4 7.5 15.2 31.9 31.4 30.6 29.7 32.7

3.2 3.8 6.5 11.5 5.1 7.4 11.7 3.2 6.1 11.5

5.2 3.7 5.0 6.8 5.5 7.4 4.4 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.1

3.1 8.7 10.3 23.4 9.8 10.0 13.5 15.4 10.3 11.5 14.9 16.4 I :;:':I 9.5 9.1 12.7 14.9

3.5 11.4 14.4 2.8 6.8 6.9

9.9 15.2 11.3 16.4 10.5 10.7 12.9 13.7 13.9 19.1 15.6 21.7 14.7 15.1 18.2 19.6 7.3 12.8 8.7 13.8 8.2 8.4 10.3 10.8

I

Notes and source: See OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 1971-1991, Part III, Paris, 1993.

195

1983

6 months 12 months and over and over

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over

196

Australia 52.7 27.5 Belgium 84.7 66.3 Canada 28.8 9.9 Denmark 60.6 33.0 Finland 30.6 19.8 France 67.0 42.2 Germany 64.8 39.3 Greece 60.7 35.0 Ireland 64.7 36.9

83.0 57.7 31.5 12.9 Japan

Luxembourg' (57.0) (33.9) Netherlands 75.1 50.5 New Zealand .. Norway 20.3 6.3 Portugal .. Spain 72.8 52.4 Sweden 24.9 10.3 United Kingdom 68.0 47.0 United States 23.9 13.3

Italy

47.4 28.4 40.6 23.0 41.0 21.6 49.7 24.9 58.7 34.6 90.0 77.5 87.5 76.3 81.6 69.9 76.4 61.6 20.7 7.4 20.8 6.8 18.9 5.7 23.6 7.2 33.4 13.1 51.7 28.7 50.8 25.9 59.9 33.7 53.3 31.2

.. 23.6 6.9 .. 32.3 9.1 64.6 44.8 63.7 43.9 55.5 38.0 58.0 37.2 58.1 36.1 65.0 46.7 66.7 49.0 64.5 46.3 62.5 45.5 71.3 48.1 73.5 52.4 74.3 51.7 71.1 47.0 82.2 66.0 82.4 67.3 82.2 67.2 76.1 60.3 85.9 69.0 58.7 70.4 87.0 71.1 83.7 67.1 40.5 20.2 37.3 18.7 39.0 19.1 38.1 17.9 35.0 15.3 (57.7) (42.3) (57.1) (38.1) .. (52.2) (30.4) 65.6 50.0 66.1 49.9 63.4 48.4 57.7 43.0 29.4 11.3 34.5 14.7 38.0 18.7 39.1 21.3 15.9 6.3 29.5 11.6 40.4 19.2 39.1 20.2 41.1 23.6 67.0 51.2 66.6 48.3 64.6 48.1 58.4 38.3 75.0 61.5 72.7 58.5 70.2 54.0 68.4 51.1 66.1 47.4 21.2 8.2 18.4 6.5 16.4 4.8 17.6 4.6 25.8 8.1 61.5 44.7 57.2 40.8 52.2 36.0 46.3 28.1 12.1 7.4 9.9 5.7 10.2 5.6 13.0 6.3 20.6 11.2

1983

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over I and over and over I and over and over and over and over I and over and over

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg1 Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States

56.1 28.8 81.7 60.3 31.1 11.2 54.3 27.8 32.0 20.7 62.4 39.0 65.8 40.7 51.6 24.7 69.3 42.8 79.8 54.7 35.3 16.5

(60.6) (36.8) 73.8 50.3

18.2 6.1

69.9 48.9 25.9 10.8 72.4 52.9 28.2 16.0

50.4 32.4 88.8 75.3 22.3 9.0 48.2 28.2

62.1 42.2 65.5 48.2 62.0 38.4 85.2 70.6 84.5 68.3 45.2 24.0

(66.7) (50.0) 67.6 56.0 34.4 13.6 18.2 9.1 62.4 45.1 70.0 55.5 22.7 8.3 69.9 54.8 14.6 9.4

44.9 28.0 84.8 74.7 22.2 8.0 46.0 22.6 23.7 7.9 59.9 41.6 68.1 52.3 63.1 42.2 85.1 71.9 84.2 68.2 44.2 23.3

(70.0) (50.0) 69.3 56.3 38.7 17.3 29.6 13.0 62.2 43.0 66.9 51.3 20.6 7.6 64.3 49.3 12.5 7.4

42.5 24.4 79.2 66.3 19.1 6.7 55.7 30.9

53.0 35.4 65.0 49.0 66.7 43.4 87.2 72.5 85.7 69.3 47.6 26.2

64.0 55.5 44.0 22.8 39.7 19.0 57.5 40.2 63.3 45.8 16.6 5.6 59.5 44.6 12.4 7.1

51.2 25.9 71.5 57.5 24.4 7.8 49.1 27.9 36.6 9.7 53.9 34.8 64.6 48.9 62.9 37.0 79.6 64.8 83.1 65.4 43.9 22.0

(66.7) (41.7) 62.3 50.2 13.0 24.2 37.6 18.8 53.8 33.3 61.7 42.7 18.4 3.9 50.8 32.2 15.1 7.6

61.4 37.7

30.1 12.5

54.8 33.7

40.0 20.0

38.9 22.6

59.0 38.3 26.8 8.4

23.0 12.8

Sources and notes See Table P.

Table R. Incidence of long-term unemployment from survey-based data among womena. b, c, d,

As a percentage of female unemployment

1983 I 1988 I 1989 I 1990 I 1991 I 1992

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over I and over and over and over and over I and over and over and over and over

Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg1 Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States

47.0 25.3 87.0 70.9 25.4 7.9 67.5 38.6 29.1 19.0 70.5 44.8 63.7 37.7 69.4 44.7 55.4 25.0 85.4 59.9 23.1 5.1

(53.6) (31.1) 77.0 50.7

20.7 6.9

77.7 58.5 23.8 9.7 59.8 36.3 17.9 9.6

43.6 23.2 90.9 79.1 19.0 5.5 54.9 29.2

66.6 46.8 64.5 45.2 77.4 54.4 76.2 57.1 86.9 69.6 32.8 14.1

(50.0) (35.7) 63.7 44.6 23.0 8.4 18.2 6.1 70.3 55.3 80.2 67.7 19.7 8.1 49.1 29.5 9.0 5.1

35.2 16.9 89.3 77.2 19.2 5.3 55.5 29.0 23.5 5.9 66.5 45.6 65.5 45.9 80.0 58.8 77.1 58.2 86.7 71.9 28.1 12.5

(45.5) (18.2) 63.1 44.0 28.4 10.9 27.5 10.0 69.4 51.7 78.4 65.5 16.1 5.4 46.8 28.5 6.9 3.7

38.9 17.9 84.1 72.6 18.5 4.6 64.4 37.6

57.4 40.0 63.5 43.4 79.6 57.5 78.9 59.6 87.6 72.4 26.3 8.8

61.1 42.4 29.5 12.8 42.5 20.0 69.6 52.8 76.5 61.5 15.6 4.0 41.7 23.4 8.4 3.7

47.1 23.4 79.6 64.3 22.5 6.5 57.3 34.3 26.2 8.3 61.1 39.0 60.2 42.0 76.5 53.7 69.8 52.1 84.2 68.2 23.8 11.5

(36.4) (18.2) 53.7 36.7 33.5 17.2 41.3 22.1 61.1 41.3 74.6 58.8 16.7 3.7 38.7 21.1 10.2 4.7

54.2 29.4

26.3 9.4

60.8 38.1

28.1 8.8

43.0 24.2

73.1 56.2 24.1 7.6

17.3 9.1

Sources and notes: See Table P.

197

Austria"

a ) Data refer to averages of end-of-month figures and are based on persons aged 15 and over. h) Data refer to the wholly unemployed drawing benefits at end-June and are based on men aged 14-64 and women 14-59. c ) Data rerer to end-September and are based on persons aged 15-64. d) Data refer to April and are based on persons aged I5 and over. el Data refer to end-May and are based on persons aged 15-64 f ) Data refer to July and are based on men aged 16 and over, and women 16-64.

Sources: Austria: Bundesministeriuni fur Arbeit und Soziales, Arheitsmarkldulen. Belgium: Finland: Germany Ireland: Nethurlands: CBS, Socioal Maundstatistiek. United Kingdom:

Ministi-re de I'Emploi et du Travail. Kecensement annuel des chdmeurs complets indemnisks. Data were provided by the Ministry of Labour.

Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit, Amtliche Nachrichren der Bundesanstidt fur Arbeir. Central Statistics Office. Live Register - Half Yearly Age BJ Duration Anaiyis.

Department of Employment, Employmenr Ga;utle,

6 months 12 months and over and over

Table T. As a percentage of total registered male unemployment

6 months I2 months 1 6 months 12 nionthr 6 mmths 12 months 6 months 12 month\ 6 months 12 months and over and over 1 and over and over and over and over 1 and o+er and o%er 1 and over and over

1983 I 1988 I 19x9 1 1990 I 1991 I 1992

6 months and over

Austria" Belgium 73.9 Finland (' 30.0 Germany 55.5 Irelandd 53.5 Netherlands 69.4 United Kingdomi 61.5

6 months I2 months and over and over

12 months and over

23.2 13.0 78.3 62.6

6 months 12 months and over and over

23.3 13.4 75.4 61 7 22.5 7.3 49.4 32.5 66.3 49.1

58.9 41.5

6 months 12 months and over and over i 6 month\ 12 months

and over and oLer I

6 months 12 month? and over and over

23.5 13.1 74.1 59.0 17.0 3.1

65.3 49.7

51.5 34.1

26.0 14.6

20.0 2.7

27.0 15.4

35.1 9.6

63.8 46.6

Soirrces and notes: See Table S

Austria" Belgium * 81.4 68.7 Finlandn 31.7 13.6 Germany' 52.5 27.0 Irelandd 42.9 20.6 Netherlands 70.2 42.4 United Kingdom' 49.7 25.9

Sources and nores: See Table S

24.7 12.4 83.9 69.5 24.5 8.0 52.1 32.2 54.1 33.6 68.5 47.3 52.0 30.4

25.2 12.9 j 81.0 67.4

47.8 30.4 22.0

54 6 34.3

49.3 29.5

27.0 13.2 79.8 65.1 17.1 3.6

53.1 34.8

424 24.8

31.0 15.9

17.2 2.4

33.3 18.9

30. I 6.2

53.0 33.7

I

S

No. 1 AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF C ILD CARE POLICY (1990 - Donald Verry) Also available in French

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