W E F P R E S S ' For the Water Quality Professional

Water Envi ronment Federation

Preserving c- Enhancing

O p e r a t i o n o f

T r e a t m e n t P l a n t s

V o l u m e I I : L i q u i d P r o c e s s e s

SIXTH EDITION

W a t e r E n v i r o n m e n t Fede ra t i on ( W E F * )

M A N U A L O F P R A C T I C E N o . 1 1

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O P E R A T I O N O F

M U N I C I P A L W A S T E W A T E R

T R E A T M E N T P L A N T S

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V o l u m e s i n M a n u a l o f Practice N o . 11

Volume I Management and Support Systems Chapters 1-16

Volume II Liquid Processes Chapters 17-26

Volume III Solids Processes Chapters 27-33 Symbols and Acronyms Glossary Conversion Factors Index

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O P E R A T I O N O F

M U N I C I P A L W A S T E W A T E R

T R E A T M E N T P L A N T S

M a n u a l o f P r a c t i c e N o . 1 1

S i x t h E d i t i o n

Volume II Liquid Processes

Prepared by Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force

of the Water Environment Federation

^TIQCTmrNGUYEN

TRUNGTAM HOC LIEU

WEF Press

Mc Graw

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The McGraw-Hill Companies

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Perm Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume II Copyright ©2008 by the Water Environment Federation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, with­out the prior written permission of the publisher. Water Environment Research, WEF, and WEFTEC are registered trademarks of the Water Environment Federation. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 0 1 2 1 0 9 8 7 ISBN: P/N 978-0-07-154369-9 of set

978-0-07-154367-5 MHID: P/N 0-07-154369-4 of set

0-07-154367-8 This book is printed on acid-free paper.

IMPORTANT NOTICE The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognized engineering principles and practices and is for general information only. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or spe­cific application.

The contents of this publication are not intended to be a standard of the Water Environment Federation (WEF) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.

No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WEF.

WEF makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, concern­ing the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability.

Anyone using this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not lim­ited to infringement of any patent or patents.

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Task Force

Prepared by the Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force of the Water Environment Federation

Michael D. Nelson, Chair

Douglas R. Abbott Gene Emanuel George Abbott Zeynep K. Erdal, Ph.D., P.E. Mohammad Abu-Orf Charles A. Fagan, II, P.E. Howard Analla Joanne Fagan Thomas E. Am Dean D. Falkner Richard G. Atoulikian, PMP, P.E. Charles G. Farley John F. Austin, P.E. Richard E. Finger Elena Bailey, M.S., P.E. Alvin C. Firmin Frank D. Barosky Paul E. Fitzgibbons, Ph.D. Zafar I. Bhatti, Ph.D., P. Eng. David A. Flowers John Boyle John J. Fortin, P.E. William C. Boyle Donald M. Gabb John Bratby, Ph.D., P.E. Mark Gehring Lawrence H. Breimhurst, P.E. Louis R. Germanotta, P.E. C. Michael Bullard, P.E. Alicia D. Gilley, P.E. Roger J. Byrne Charlene K. Givens Joseph P. Cacciatore Fred G. Haffty, Jr. William L. Cairns Dorian Harrison Alan J. Callier John R. Harrison Lynne E. Chicoine Carl R. Hendrickson James H. Clifton Webster Hoener Paul W. Clinebell Brian Hystad G. Michael Coley, P.E. Norman Jadczak Kathleen M. Cook Jain S. Jain, Ph.D., P.E. James L. Daugherty Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Viraj de Silva, P.E., DEE, Ph.D. Bruce M. Johnston Lewis Debevec John C. Kabouris Richard A. DiMenna Sandeep Karkal John Donnellon Gregory M. Kemp, P.E.

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Justyna Kempa-Teper Salil M. Kharkar, P.E. Farzin Kiani, P.E., DEE Thomas P. Krueger, P.E. Peter L. LaMontagne, P.E. Wayne Laraway Jong Soull Lee Kurt V. Leininger, P.E. Anmin Liu Chung-Lyu Liu Jorj A. Long Thomas Mangione James J. Marx Volker Masemann, P. Eng. David M. Mason Russell E. Mau, Ph.D., P.E. Debra McCarty William R. McKeon, P.E. John L. Meader, P.E. Amanda Meitz Roger A. Migchelbrink Darrell Milligan Robert Moser, P.E. Alie Muneer B. Narayanan Vincent L. Nazareth, P. Eng. Keavin L. Nelson, P.E. Gary Neun Daniel A. Nolasco, M. Eng., M. Sc., P. Charles Norkis Robert L. Oerther Jesse Pagliaro Philip Pantaleo Barbara Paxton William J. Perley

Under the direction of the MOP 11 Subcommittee

Beth Petrillo Jim Poff John R. Porter, P.E. Keith A. Radick John C Rafter, Jr., P.E., DEE Greg Ramon Ed Ratledge Melanie Rettie Kim R. Riddell Joel C Rife Jim Rowan Hari Santha Fernando Sarmiento, P.E. Patricia Scanlan George R. Schillinger, P.E., DEE Kenneth Schnaars Ralph B. (Rusty) Schroedel, Jr., P.E., BCEE Pam Schweitzer Reza Shamskhorzani, Ph.D. Carole A. Shanahan Andrew Shaw Timothy H. Sullivan, P.E. Michael W. Sweeney, Ph.D., P.E. Chi-Chung Tang, P.E., DEE, Ph.D. Prakasam Tata, Ph.D., QEP Gordon Thompson, P. Eng. Holly Tryon Steve Walker

Eng. Cindy L. Wallis-Lage Martin Weiss Gregory B. White, P.E. George Wilson Willis J. Wilson Usama E. Zaher, Ph.D. Peter D. Zanoni

)f the Technical Practice Committee

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Water Environment Federation Improving Water Quality for 75 Years Founded in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization with members from varied disciplines who work toward the WEF vision of preservation and enhancement of the global water environment. The WEF network includes water quality professionals from 79 Member Associations in more than 30 countries.

For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact

Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA (703) 684-2400 http: / / www.wef.org

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