NATIONAL PLANNING WORKSHOP ROMANIA - ICPDR

DANUBE POLLUTION REDUCTION PROGRAMME

NATIONAL PLANNING WORKSHOP ROMANIA

Constanta, September 30 - October 3, 1998

MINISTRY OF WATERS, FOREST AND ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

in cooperation with the

Programme Coordination UnitUNDP/GEF Assistance

DANUBE POLLUTION REDUCTION PROGRAMME

NATIONAL PLANNING WORKSHOP

ROMANIA

Constanta, September 30 – October 3, 1998

MINISTRY OF WATERS, FOREST AND ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

in cooperation with the

Programme Coordination Unit

UNDP/GEF Assistance

PrefaceThe present report is based on the results of the National Planning Workshop, held in Constanta,Romania from 30 September to 3 October 1998. The main goal of the workshop and its report is toprovide a comprehensive presentation of analysis concerning problems and solutions for reduction,as well as control of water pollution and its effects. The result is a national contribution to thedevelopment of the Danube Pollution Reduction Programme and a revision of the Strategic ActionPlan (SAP) of the ICPDR.

The workshop was prepared under supervision of the Ministry of Waters, Forest andEnvironmental Protection, by the Romanian Waters Authority and Country Project CoordinatorMr. Octavian Ceachir with help of facilitators – Mrs. Adriana Mircea, Mrs. Cerasela Stancu andinterpreters – Mrs. Camelia Serbanescu and Mrs. Christina Sofron. Organizational and technicalsupport have been given by Mrs. Camelia Dumitrache and Mr. Emanoel Stoicescu – secretaries andothers - Mrs. Cerasela Maiorean, Mrs. Elena Teican and Mr. Florian Ancuta. A team of nationalexperts, who elaborated National Review Reports, was present to guide the participants in scientificand technical matters.

The present report was prepared by the national experts Mr. Matei Codreanu (agriculture and landmanagement), Mrs. Mihaela Popovici (industry and transport), Mr. Mihail Lesnic (municipal wastemanagement) with the assistance of the national facilitators. It is based on ideas, expert opinionsand results of discussions from the workshop.

A team of international experts from UNDP/GEF, Maxime Belot and Marcela Fabianova gaveassistance, support and guidance in the methodological approach and report writing. Overallconceptual guidance and technical advice was given by Joachim Bendow, UNDP/GEF ProjectManager, to reinforce national initiatives.

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Table of contents

1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.................................................................................................1

1.2. Methodological Approach .........................................................................1

2. General Frame of Analysis............................................................................ 5

2.1. Identification and Description of River Basin AreasConsidering Physical, Demographic and EconomicSituations.....................................................................................................5

2.2. Problem Analysis......................................................................................17

2.2.1. Core Problem ...............................................................................17

2.2.2. Direct Causes of the Core Problem..............................................17

2.2.3. Effects of the core problem..........................................................18

2.3. Analysis of Objectives and Identification of Priority Sectors ..............20

2.3.1. Description of Objectives.............................................................20

2.3.2. Identification of Priority Sectors..................................................22

2.3.3. Important Assumptions for Program and Sector Objectives .......22

2.3.4. Impact Indicators for Program and Sector Objectives .................24

3. SECTOR STRATEGIES............................................................................. 27

3.1. Agriculture and Land Use.......................................................................27

3.1.1. Situation Analysis ........................................................................273.1.1.1. Importance of the Sector and Activities Leading to

Water Pollution and Environmental Degradation ..................273.1.1.2. Current Strengths/Assets........................................................333.1.1.3. Analysis of Transboundary Effects ........................................35

3.1.2. Sector Problem Analysis..............................................................363.1.2.1. Core Problem .........................................................................363.1.2.2. Causes Leading to Environmental Problems..........................363.1.2.3. Environmental Effects............................................................40

3.1.3. Objectives, Expected Results, Actions and RelatedProjects.........................................................................................43

3.1.4. Important Assumptions for the Sector .........................................49

3.1.5. Impact Indicators for Sector Results............................................51

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3.2. Industrial Waste Management................................................................52

3.2.1. Situation Analysis ........................................................................523.2.1.1. Importance of the Sector and Activities Leading to

Water Pollution and Environmental Degradation.................. 523.2.1.2. Current Strengths/Assets ....................................................... 563.2.1.3. Analysis of Transboundary Effects ....................................... 61

3.2.2. Sector Problem Analysis ..............................................................623.2.2.1. Core Problem......................................................................... 623.2.2.2. Causes Leading to Environmental Problems......................... 633.2.2.3. Environmental Effects ........................................................... 64

3.2.3. Objectives, Expected Results, Actions and RelatedProjects.........................................................................................67

3.2.4. Important Assumptions for the Sector .........................................74

3.2.5. Impact Indicators for Sector Results ............................................75

3.3. Municipal Waste Management ...............................................................76

3.3.1. Situation Analysis ........................................................................763.3.1.1. Importance of the sector and activities leading to

water pollution and environmental degradation .................... 763.3.1.2. Current Strengths/Assets ....................................................... 763.3.1.3. Analysis of transboundary effects ......................................... 77

3.3.2. Sector problem analysis ...............................................................783.3.2.1. Core problem......................................................................... 783.3.2.2. Causes leading to environmental problems ........................... 783.3.2.3. Environmental effects............................................................ 83

3.3.3. Objectives, Expected Results, Actions and Related Projects.......86

3.3.4. Important Assumption for the Sector ...........................................98

3.3.5. Impact Indicators for Sector Results ..........................................100

Annexes

1. Identification of the River Basin Areas

2. Situation Analysis

3. Problem Analysis

4. Objectives Analysis

5. Sector Planning Matrix

6. Activities, Important Elements and Projects

7. Workshop Organization

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Abbreviations

WWTP = Waste Water Treatment Plant

BAT = Best Available Technique

BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand

NTPA = Technical Norms for Water Protection

SAP = Strategic Action Plan (1993)

NEAP = National Environment Action Program

p.e. = Population Equivalent

EU = European Union

NGO = Non Governmental Organization

EPA = Environment Protection Agency

RS = Romanian Standard

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Executive SummaryIn the frame of the Environmental Danube Programme of the ICPDR and with the assistance ofUNDP/GEF, a team of Romanian experts has elaborated National Reviews, providing informationon water quality, analyzing financing mechanisms, describing social and economic frameworkconditions and developing projects and programs for pollution reduction, improvement of waterquality, sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems and protection of resources. Theseelements, as well as the results of the National Planning Workshop shall constitute a nationalcontribution to the development of the Danube Pollution Reduction Programme and shall provideelements for the revision of the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) of the ICPDR.

This present report shows the results of the National Planning Workshop, which took place inConstanta, Romania, from 30 September to 3 October 1998. It is one of 11 national workshops,which have been organized in all participating countries, signatories of the Danube RiverProtection Convention or adhering to its principles.

The total area of Romania is 237,500 km2, out of which 98% is included in the Danube RiverBasin.

The human activity in the country during the last 30 years had major influences upon theenvironmental factors. The agricultural, industrial and municipal development, which was notaccompanied by appropriate environment protection measures, resulted in a continuous degradationof environmental factors, with effects upon the general state of human health as well.

Particular causes and effects of pollution from point and diffuse sources, as well as transboundarywater pollution have been analyzed in a sector approach, considering agricultural activities,industrial activities and the municipal sector. Based on the sector analysis, it has been identified ascore problem that “human activities with negative effects upon the environment”. Direct causesof the core problem were described as “inadequate use of water and soil resources in agriculture”,from the agriculture and land use sector, “significant pollution from industry” from the industryand transport sector and “inefficient management of the waste waters and solid waste” from themunicipal waste management sector.

A specific feature for Romania is that it is generating problems for upstream (Hungary) and forother riparian countries as well (Ukraine, Republic of Moldavia, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria), but, onthe other hand, it is suffering the consequences of Danube water pollution by all the other upstreamcountries.

The existence of the Danube Delta as last filtering element before the discharge in the Black Sea iscreating supplementary negative problems for the ecosystems existing in the Delta, but withpositive effects for the Black Sea.

Thus, the water quality analysis in the inland rivers (in Romania and in the other riparian countriesas well), in the Danube, in the Danube Delta and in the Black Sea, belong to the same trophicchain.

Considering the result of the problem analysis, the program objective was defined as “pollutionreduction in the Romanian catchment of the Danube river”, which will contribute to the overallgoal of the UNDP/GEF Danube Pollution Reduction Programme: “ Achievement Sustainabledevelopment in the DRB” .

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In order to identify sector strategies, each of the priority sectors were thoroughly examined:

In the sector Agriculture and Land Use, the sector objective is to perform appropriate use ofwater and soil resources. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary to:

� introduce appropriate agricultural practices;� achieve appropriate management of the animal waste from animal farms;� perform efficient management of the forests;� implement ecological farming practices and appropriate management of the hydro-

technical works.

In the sector Industrial Waste Management, in order to achieve pollution prevention andabatement for industry, it is required to:

� implement clean technologies;� ensure discharge of standard quality treated waste waters;� adopt proper management of solid waste management;� perform adequately wastes transport.

In the sector Municipal Waste Management, to achieve the sector objective, it is necessary to:

� adopt adequate management of waste water;� perform pre-treatment of basic and specific waters;� implement proper management of solid waste.

The results of the workshop demonstrated that projects to implement the strategies for pollutionreduction in the DRB are clearly needed. Priority projects have been identified as the following:

In the Agriculture and Land Use sector:

� Afforestation of Copsa Mica area� Control soil erosion in Tazlau River Basin

In the Industrial Waste Management sector:

� Modernization of Celohart Donaris Braila waste water treatment plant� Sealing of phosphorus-gypsum pond Fertilchem Navodari� Purification of soil and groundwater in Ploiesti

In the Municipality and Waste Management sector:

� Development of environmental labs in transboundary areas: Timisoara, Resita, Craiova,Calarasi, Galati, Tulcea, Bacau, Iasi, Suceava, Satu Mare, Oradea, Arad

� Equipment for treatment plant of UPSOM Ocna Mures.

1. Introduction

1.1. BackgroundThe present Report was prepared and is including the results of the Workshop held in September 30 -October 3, 1998 in Constanta, on the subject pollution reduction in the Danube River Basin, organizedby the Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection, with the assistance ofUNDP / GEF.

Romania is a Danube riparian country, covering an area of 237,500 km2, out of which 98% belongs tothe Danube catchment; that is 28.9% of the whole basin (805,300 km2). Due to its geographicalposition, Romania is affected by the quality of water polluted already by the up-stream countries,influencing also the water quality of the river, as a result of the economic activities performed on theterritory of the country.

The Danube Pollution Reduction Programme started by the end of 1997 and is carried outsimultaneously in 11 riparian countries. The main goal is to prepare documents presenting the existingsituation at national level, as well as proposals for improving the situation in short, medium and longterm.

For improving the quality of the environmental factors in the Danube River Basin, in 1992 started theEnvironmental Programme for the Danube River Basin, having as main objective to create thenecessary infrastructure for applying the Convention on the cooperation for the protection and longsustainable use of the Danube. This Convention was ratified by most riparian countries and will comeinto force during this year. Romania was among the first countries to ratify the Sofia Convention, in1995. Nine countries, thus creating the conditions for coming into force during this year (1998) ratifiedup to now, the Convention. All the results obtained both in the Pollution Reduction Programme andDanube Environmental Programme are meant to support the activity within the Convention.

The Romanian Government, as initiator of the water management activities in the Danube hydrographicbasin, by in Bucharest Declaration that was initiated in 1985 (regarding the cooperation of the Danubestates in matters connected with the Danube waters management and especially with the river protectionagainst pollution), is constantly supporting both the Sofia Danube Convention and the PollutionReduction Programme. Romania is considering the Danube problems to be closely linked to their effectupon the Danube Delta, as well as upon the Black Sea; all these elements are seen as included in thesame trophic chain, in which the upstream changes have direct implication upon the downstream links.

The Workshop was attended by representatives of different activity sectors, such as ministries,universities, research and engineering institutes, representatives of the civil society, agencies forenvironmental protection, branches of the "Romanian Waters" National Water Authorities.

1.2. Methodological ApproachThe organization of the National Planning Workshop in Romania is part of the planning process todevelop the Danube Pollution Reduction Programme in line with the policies of the Danube RiverProtection Convention. UNDP/GEF gives its technical and financial support to organize a country-driven planning process and to ensure involvement of all stakeholders at national, as well as regionallevel.

The first step of this process consisted of the elaboration of National Reviews, with particular attentionto the collection of viable water quality data, the analysis of social and economic framework conditions,the definition of financing mechanisms and the identification of national priority projects for pollutionreduction. For this purpose, a team of national experts for water quality data, water engineering, socio-economic analysis and financing mechanisms has been established within the Ministry of Environment,

2 Danube Pollution Reduction Programme

and under the guidance of the Country Programme Coordinator. The results of these studies representthe baseline information for participants of the National Planning Workshop. Moreover, they constitutethe national contribution, in technical, economic and financial terms, for the elaboration of the DanubePollution Reduction Programme with particular attention to transboundary issues and the developmentof an investment portfolio.

To ensure wider participation in the planning process, prior initiatives have been taken to organize anNGO-Consultation Meeting, which took place in Mangalia, in June 1998. On this occasion, the Non-Governmental Organizations have discussed common strategies and priority measures for pollutionreduction and designated their participants for the National Planning Workshop, as well as for theforthcoming regional meeting of the Danube Environmental Forum (regional NGO with theparticipation of all Danube countries).

Within the frame of the National Planning Workshop a multi-disciplinary team, including participantsfrom various ministerial departments, from municipalities and regional organizations, from universitiesand scientific institutions and from the civil society (NGOs) has analyzed the causes and effects ofwater pollution and developed strategies and actions for pollution reduction and improved managementof aquatic ecosystems and resources.

The workshop has been organized in using target oriented planning methodology (TOPP) and applyinglogical framework approach. The results constitute a comprehensive and integrated presentation ofpolicies, strategies and actions in three main sectors: Soil Management (Agriculture), Industry andMunicipality. The achievements of the workshop will contribute to national planning, with particularattention to the development of sector-related strategies and actions for pollution reduction andprotection of aquatic ecosystems and resources. At the regional level, the results of the workshop willhelp to define transboundary issues and to develop regional strategies and actions for the revision ofStrategic Action Plan of the ICPDR. Identified projects will be taken into account in the elaboration ofthe Danube Pollution Reduction Programme and in particular in the Investment Portfolio.

The following chart designs the functional links of the planning process at the national level:

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Results fromTarget Oriented PlanningWorkshop

National Reviewselaborated byNational Expert Team

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National Planning Workshop – Romania 3

The main characteristics of the methodological approach for the conduct of the workshopinclude:

� Target oriented planning methodology, which allows defining problems and objectivesin a logical frame while taking constraints and limits into consideration. It promotes asystematic, step-by-step approach based on well-focused, task-oriented discussions. Thisfacilitates the description of expected results and actions, the finding of innovativesolutions, the definition of assumptions and of impact indicators to support, at later stage,monitoring of programme implementation;

� Team approach, which draws on the knowledge, ideas, experience, and judgments of theparticipants. The collective effort of decision-makers, planners, implementing agents, andbeneficiaries is likely to lead to better results than unilateral decision making. The methodbuilds on group interaction aimed at consensus building; it promotes communication andcollaboration between participants in all stages of analysis;

� Visualization of results in form of colored cards, which are integrated into formalstructures, presenting the various aspects of group discussion so that each stage of theanalysis is clearly visible to all participants. Cards also serve as the basis for thedocumentation of the deliberations and the preparation of the final report;

� Elaboration of Workshop Report, presenting in written form the results of theworkshop and strictly the charts and planning tables elaborated in consensus by theparticipants and taking into account the arguments and reasons developed during thediscussions.

The Target Oriented Programme Planning (TOPP) methodology includes the followingstages:

� Definition of River Basin Areas� Situation/Stakeholders Analysis (with identification of assets, resources and favorable

conditions)� Problem Analysis (causes and effects of pollution)� Analysis of Objectives (measures to reduce and control pollution)� Definition of Actions and Important Elements (detailed description of actions to facilitate

report writing)� Identification of Existing, Ongoing and Proposed Projects (in relation to identified

actions)� Definition of Assumptions and of Impact Indicators (to monitor programme and project

implementation)

2. General Frame of Analysis

2.1. Identification and Description of River Basin Areas Considering Physical, Demographic and Economic Situations

The total area of Romania is 237,500 km2, out of which 98% is included in the Danube RiverBasin; the remaining 2% are represented by direct discharges of a few small rivers in Dobrogeadirectly in the Black Sea.

The whole Romanian territory is divided into 15 first degree basins or basin groups; in order tomake the analysis in the present report possible, these 15 basins and basin groups were includedinto three large hydrographic areas, corresponding somehow to the three Romanian historicalregions:

a. Hydrographic area 1 – Transilvaniab. Hydrographic area 2 – Munteniac. Hydrographic area 3 – Moldova

(i) Hydrographic Area 1 (Transilvania)

Physical-Geographical Characteristics

The Hydrographic Area 1 (Transilvania) is including 2 basins (Tisa, Nera) and 4 basin groups(Somes-Crasna, Crisuri, Mures-Aranca-Ier, Bega-Timis-Caras).

The area of the Hydrographic Area 1 is representing 34.71% (82,440 km2) of the country; the riverslength is 30,254 km (38.34% of the total length); the hydrographic density is 0.36 km/km2 (higherthan the country average which is 0.33 km/km2); the water volume is 4903 million m3, and thesurface waters is amounting 592.14 km2.

The relief is various, from mountains, tablelands, hills, and decreasing to very low flat plains (suchas Somes, Ier, Crisuri and Timis Plains).

The climate is varying according to the altitude and relief, but generally is tempered, with oceanicinfluences (in Transilvania tableland) and sub-mediterranean (in Timis and Nera sub-basins - in thesouthwestern part of Romania). Rainfalls are high in the Apuseni Mountains (over 1000 mm), andonly between 500-700 mm in the tablelands and plains.

Afforestation is higher in the river sub-basins springing from or crossing mountain areas (such asSomes, Crisuri, Mures, Nera).

The Tisa River springs in the Forest Carpathians (in Ukraine). A very short part (only 61 km of theriver length) is the boundary line between Romania and Ukraine in the north; the general directionis E-W; the river is flowing into the Danube after crossing Hungary and Yugoslavia. The totalcatchment area (in Romania) is 4540 km2 (1.9% of the country area); the river network density is0.35 km/km2, with an average annual discharge of 125 m3/s (at the point where it leaves theRomanian territory). The forest area is 1709 km2, meaning 37.6% of the river catchment area, and2.7% of the total forest area in the country.

The Somes River is an important tributary for Tisa (on the Hungarian territory), and one of thelargest river in Romania (as average annual discharge - 121 m3/s); and as length - 376 km). Itsprings from the Eastern Carpathians; its general direction is NE-NW, it crosses hilly areas, thenBaia-Mare Hollow-land (an important mining area - non-ferrous minerals, such as lead, zinc etc.),and it flows in Hungary after flowing through the low Somes Plain. The river network density is


0.35 km/km2; the total catchment area is 15,740 km2 (6.6% of the country), out of which 29.8% istaken by forests (4688 km2, meaning 7.4% of the country forest area). It is flowing through 2 largecities (Baia-Mare and Satu Mare - over 125,000 inhabitants, Baia-Mare being the largestprocessing center for non-ferrous minerals and having an important chemical industry, producingsulfuric acid).

The next major basin is Crisuri . In fact, there are three almost parallel rivers, which are flowingout of Romania; on the Hungarian territory, they are merging successively in two, and then in oneriver, which is flowing into Tisa. The largest is Crisul Alb, 234 km in length. It springs from theApuseni Mountains, it flows in the western part of the country, when it leaves the mountains, itflows in the very low Crisuri Plain, with quite good quality soils, after drainage and construction ofchannels; its general direction is E-W; the catchment area is 13,443 km2 (6.3% of the country), outof which 25.3% (3759 km2) is taken by the forest (5.9% of the country forest area). The rivernetwork density is 0.39 km/km2, higher than the country average, but the average annual dischargeis not very high (21.7 m3/s). The rivers are crossing mining areas, as well as a very large city(Oradea - over 200,000 inhabitants), with important industrial activities (aluminum processing).

The fourth basin is Mures-Aranca-Ier. The most important river is Mures, the longest river inRomania (except the Danube; 761 km only on the Romanian territory), and third as average annualdischarge (157 m3/s). It springs from the Eastern Carpathians, the middle stream is crossing theTransilvanian Tableland and after crossing the mountains (between Apuseni and SouthernCarpathians), flows through the plains in Tisa in Hungary. The river network density is 0.39 km/km2. Its catchment area is 27,890 km2 (11.7% of the country) - the second largest in the country(after Siret basin), out of which 32.8% is taken by forests (9147 km2, meaning 14.4% of the totalforest area in the country). The river is crossing important agricultural areas and 4 large cities(Targu Mures, Arad - over 150,000 inhabitants, and Alba Iulia, Deva - over 60,000 inhabitants),with important industrial activities; it is collecting industrially polluted waters from its tributaries(pulp and paper industry - Petresti, fertilizers industry - Targu Mures and Arad, pesticides industry- Tarnaveni etc.).

Timis is springing from the Southern Carpathians and has a 244 km length on the Romanianterritory. Its general direction is first S-N, then E-W in the low Timis Plain (area with importantembankments and drainage works); downstream N-S in Yugoslavia and it flows directly into theDanube downstream Belgrade. Its catchment area is 7310 km2 (3.1% of the country), out of which27.5% (2009 km2) is taken by forests (3.2% of the country forest area). Its river network density is0.33 km/km2, same as the country average; the average annual discharge is 40.4 m3/s.

Nera is quite a small river; its length is 143 km, all of it on the Romanian territory, it has even thelowest average annual discharge in the Hydrographic Area 1 (14 m3/s), but the highest rivernetwork density (0.42 km/km2 as compared to 0.33 - the country average). It springs from theSouthern Carpathians, it is located in the south-western part of Romania, and its general direction isE-W; it is crossing the mountains and then a small plain, until flowing directly into the Danube(this is the reason for which it is seen as first degree basin). Its catchment area is 1380 km2 (out ofwhich more than half - 55.1% / 761 km2 is taken by forests - that is 1.2% of the country forestarea).

Socio-Demographic Characteristics

The population living in the Hydrographic Area 1 is about 6,65 million persons, 52.7% in urbanareas (less than the country average) and 47.3% in rural areas. Density is varying widely from 42.5(Caras-Severin county, general low density + large mountain area) to 108.9 inhabitants/km2 (Clujcounty, high concentration in Cluj city).

National Planning Workshop – Romania, Annexes 7

The need for water of the population is 509.6 million m3, for industry 1485.5 million m3, and foragriculture 21 million m3; the latter being about 18.8% of the need for the Hydrographic Area 3and only 1.5% of the need for the Hydrographic Area 2. A possible explanation is that rainfalls arehigher in this area and the share of agricultural land in the total area is lower.

Discharges of wasted water are: from population - 429.7 million m3 and from industry - 1155.8million m3.

Transboundary Effects as Perceived

Transboundary effects are issuing both from hot spots and diffuse sources. Hot spots are easier toidentify and locate, therefore is easier to monitor them. Main industrial hot spots (high priority)with important transboundary effects included in the Hydrographic Area 1 are: Phoenix Baia Mare(mining activities), Somes Dej (chemical factories), Clujana Cluj-Napoca (leather processing) - inSomes basin, Sinteza Oradea (chemical factories) and Petrom Suplacu de Barcau (oil extraction) -in Crisuri basin, Indagrara Arad (food processing) - Mures basin.

To the above mentioned, we should add medium priority agricultural hot spots (there are noagricultural hot spots considered to have transboundary effects in Hydrographic Area 1). It isobvious that all are located in animal husbandry complexes, mainly for pigs, such as: Moftin,Bontida and Satu Mare - in Somes basin, Beregsau - in Timis basin.

Municipalities are contributing as well to the transboundary effects of pollution; the towns Zalau -in Somes-Crasna basin, Resita and Timisoara - in Bega-Timis basin should be mentioned as highpriority municipal hot spots.

Human and Economic Activities

In the description of each first-degree basin, only a few important towns (as source of municipalpollution) and human activities resulting in very important water pollution have been mentioned. Inthe table below, all these activities are classified and listed, from the entire first-degree basins, notonly on the main river.

Table 1: Major sources of water pollution in the Hydrographic Area 1

No.First degree

hydrographic basinType of industry/activity (location)

1. Tisa - mining2. Somes - non-ferrous metallurgy (Baia Mare)

- chemical (Cluj, Dej)- animal husbandry (pigs, poultry)

3. Crisuri - oil fields- mining- cement (Alesd)

4. Mures - chemical (Copsa Mica, Turda, Targu Mures, Ocna Mures, Arad)- non-ferrous metallurgy (Copsa Mica, Zlatna)- iron and steel (Calan, Hunedoara)- mining- animal husbandry (pigs)- food (sugar - Targu Mures)- machine building (Cugir)- cement (Campia Turzii)

5. Bega-Timis - iron and steel (Resita)- animal husbandry


(ii) Hydrographic Area 2 (Muntenia)


The Hydrographic Area 2 (Muntenia) is including 6 inland river basins (Cerna, Jiu, Olt, Vedea,Arges, Ialomita), the Danube basin (not including the first degree basins, but including the DanubeDelta), as well as the Black Sea shore basin.

The area of the Hydrographic Area 2 is 101,190 km2, representing 42.6% of the total area of thecountry. The rivers length is 28,943 km (36.68% of the total length), the hydrographic density is0.28 km/km2 (lower than the country average - 0.36), the water volume is 10,284 million m3, andthe surface waters are amounting 3284.64 km2.

The relief is various, descending from very high mountains (the Southern Carpathians are thehighest in Romania), to high hills (sub-carpathians), tablelands, high plains and low plains,descending from N to S, to the Danube River and Black Sea. In this hydrographic area is locatedthe largest plain, the Romanian Plain, which has the most fertile soils in the country (highest humuscontent), mainly in the south-eastern area (Black Sea shore basin, Danube basin, Ialomita basin, aswell as the southern part of the other basins (Jiu, Olt, Vedea and Arges). This high fertility isaccompanied by a temperate - continental dry climate, with the lowest average rainfalls in thecountry (less than 500 mm yearly). The very frequent droughts led to the construction of importantirrigation systems. Unfortunately, large parts of these irrigation systems were destroyed after 1990,or cannot be used because of high operational and maintenance costs, combined with scatteredownership regime which is creating difficulties in cost recovery.

The afforestation degree is high in the long river basins (Olt), or rivers springing from highmountains (Jiu, Arges).

Cerna is a small river (the smallest in terms of length - 79 km only) considered as first degreebasin. Its catchment area is 1360 km2 (0.6% of the country area), out of which 55.6% (756 km2) istaken by forests - that is 1.2% of the country total forest area. Its general direction is N-S, and iscrossing the mountains, flowing also through a ferrous mining area. Its average annual discharge is23 m3/s.

The Jiu River is one of the important rivers flowing on Romanian territory. Its length is 339 kmand its springs are located in the Southern Carpathians. It has a river network density 0.38 km/km2,and an average annual discharge is 92 m3/s. Its catchment area is located in the southern part ofRomania, covering 10,080 km2 (4.2% of the country area), out of which 37.5% (3777 km2 - 6.0%of the country forest area) is taken by forests. It is crossing the most important and oldest coalmining area in the country (Petrosani basin). It flows then to the south through high hills, and afterreceiving its most important tributary (Motru - which is crossing the second important coal miningarea in Romania - Motru basin), and is crossing the western part of the Romanian Plain. Themiddle part of its catchment area is covering an important oil-drilling area too. There are twoimportant cities on the river: Targu Jiu (over 80,000 inhabitants) and Craiova (over 260,000inhabitants), with intense industrial activity. An important polluter is the fertilizer factory inIsalnita.

Olt is the third longest inland river in Romania (after Mures and Prut), 615 km, having the secondhighest river network density (0.41km/km2, as compared to the country average - 0.33). Itscatchment area is also the second largest (24,050 km2, that is 10.1% of the country area); it islocated in the central and southern part of Romania (its general direction is E-W, than N-S). Itsupper stream is crossing the Ciuc and Brasov hollow-lands, the middle stream is crossing thesouthern part of the Transilvanian Tableland, the Fagaras hollow-land and southern high hills, andthe lower stream is flowing through Getic Tableland and the Romanian Plain. The forests aretaking 34.9% of the catchment area (8404 km2), and 13.3% of the country forest area. It is the


second largest inland river in the country - 165 m3/s average annual discharge (after Siret River).There are three towns on the Olt river (62,000 - 87,000 inhabitants): Sfantu Gheorghe, Ramnicu-Valcea and Slatina. In these cities, as well as in smaller towns, there are important pollutingindustrial activities (coal mining, oil fields, chemical factories in Ramnicu Valcea (fertilizers,pesticides, chloro-sodic products) and Turnu Magurele (fertilizers and sulfuric acid), aluminumprocessing in Slatina etc.

The catchment of the Vedea river is located in the central southern part of the country only and iscovering 5430 km2 (2.3% of the country area), with a river network density slightly higher than thecountry average (0.37km/km2). It is springing in the sub-Carpathian area, and its length is 224 km,with a quite low average annual discharge (13 m3/s). The forests are taking a low share of thecatchment area (8.85% - 478 km2), and even lower in the country forest area (0.8%). It is flowingthrough high hills and plains and finally through low plains (Romanian Plain). There are no majorcities on the river (two towns with 33,000 - 48,000 inhabitants), but important oil and natural gasfields.

Arges is an important river flowing in the southern part of the country, its general direction is NW-SE; its length is 350 km, and its average annual discharge (65 m3/s). Its catchment is quite large,covering 12,550 km2 (5.3% of the country area), with a river network density of 0.36 km/ km2.The forests are covering 3283 km2 (26.2% of the catchment area and 5.2% of the country forestarea). The river spring is in the Southern Carpathians (Fagaras Mountains, the highest in Romania).It is crossing the southern part of the Fagaras Mountains, the Arges Platform, the high and then thelow plains. There are 2 towns with 28,000 inhabitants (Curtea de Arges and Oltenita) and the cityof Pitesti, with 150,000 inhabitants. The Arges River is receiving a very important tributary:Dambovita, the river, which is flowing through Bucharest (capital of Romania). The main pollutingactivities are oil fields in the middle stream, as well as an important refinery in Pitesti.

Last, but not least, the Ialomita River is completing the Hydrographic Area 2 (Muntenia); it isquite a long river (417 km), not a large one (41 m3/s average annual discharge). Its catchment is10,350 km2 (4.4% of the country area), with a river network density of 0.30 km/ km2, lower thanthe country average, taking into account also that it is flowing through one of the driest areas in thecountry. Its spring is in the Southern Carpathians (Bucegi Mountains). It crosses the high hills (thegeneral direction is NW-SE), and then it enters the high plains, changes its general direction to W-E and flows through the low plains, with good quality soils in Baragan Plain, but creating alsosandy soils along the riverbed. The area taken by the forests in the catchment area is 22.9% - 2365km2 (3.8% of the country forest area). The larger town on the river is Targoviste (82,000inhabitants), with important steel industry, it is crossing also (in the upper to middle stream)important areas for coal mining and oil fields. In the town of Slobozia there is an importantfertilizers factory.

The Danube River Basin. The Danube is the largest river in Central and Eastern Europe; in termsof length and catchment area it is the second largest river in Europe, after Volga. The totalcatchment area is 805,300 km2 and is collecting tributaries from 8 different states. The river isresulting from the junction of Brege and Brigach rivers, having their springs on the eastern side ofthe Black Forest Mountains in Germany, and at the opposite end is flowing into the Black Seathrough the three branches in the Danube Delta - Chilia, Sulina and Sfantul Gheorghe. The totallength of the river, from the junction of the two springs rivers to the mouth is 2850 km, out ofwhich 2588 km are navigable (from Ulm to Sulina), and 1075 km are on the Romanian territory. Inthe mouth area, the Danube is splitting into branches, thus resulting a delta (75 km in length - E-Wdirection, and 65 km in width - N-S direction.


The Romanian sector is divided into five sectors having special morphological and hydrologicalfeatures:

1. Carpathian narrow passes. It has 144 km, from Bazias (point where the Danube isentering the Romanian territory) to Gura Vaii; it is receiving the direct contribution oftwo hydrographic basins of first degree (Nera and Cerna). From Bazias onwards, theDanube is representing the border with Yugoslavia.

2. South-pontic sector. The longest sector has 566 km in length (between Gura Vaii andBratul Borcea Lowland. Four major rivers are flowing into the Danube here, creating fourimportant hydrographic first-degree basins: Jiu, Olt, Vedea, Arges. Most of its length isrepresenting the border with Bulgaria.

3. Eastern-pontic with swamps sector. It is including the Ialomita Swamp and BrailaSwamp. It has 195 km in length. This sector is crossing the Romanian territory,separating Dobrogea and Muntenia. Only one major river is flowing into the Danube inthis sector, resulting in a hydrographic first degree basin (Ialomita),

4. The northern part of Dobrogea is the next sector. It is including the part of the Danubefrom Braila to the entrance in the Delta (Ceatal Chilia - upstream Tulcea town (80 km).Water is coming from two major hydrographic first-degree basins: Siret and Prut.

5. The Danube Delta sector. Out of its total area (5,500 km2), 80% is on the Romanianterritory.

The Danube is indirectly collecting waters from 32% of the country area. It is from Hungary andYugoslavia, by means of Tisa River, in the northern part of Romania; directly from 66% of the countryarea and only on 2% of the country area the rivers are tributaries directly to the Black Sea, in thesoutheastern part of Romania. In the Danube catchment area the Razim and Sinoe lakes were included too.

The river network density is extremely low (0.14 km/km2, as compared to the country average (0.33km/km2). The Romanian catchment area is 33,250 km2 (14% of the country area); (the hydrographicfirst-degree basins were not included). At the entrance in the Delta (Ceatal-Ismail), the average annualdischarge is 7300 m3/s. The forests are taking a very small share - 3316 km 2, meaning 10% of thecatchment area and 5.2% of the total forest country area.

It was mentioned that only on 2% of the country area the rivers are tributaries directly to the Black Seaor its lakes, in the southeastern part of Romania. Together they form the Black Sea shore hydrographicbasin. There are 64 small rivers, located exclusively in Dobrogea, summing a total length of 918 km; theriver network density is half of the country average (0.17 km/km2).

The total catchment area is 5480 km 2 (2.3% of the country area). The main city is Constanta (over350,000 inhabitants), the largest Romanian harbor at the Black Sea, there are also two smaller towns,Tulcea (80,000 inhabitants) and Medgidia (almost 50,000 inhabitants). There are also several smalltowns on the Danube - Black Sea Channel. All of these produce serious pollution: oil refinery, fertilizersand sulfuric acid in Midia-Navodari, cement (Medgidia), aluminum and other non-ferrous metalsprocessing in Tulcea, nuclear plant in Cernavoda, and so on.

A very special sector of the Danube River in the Romanian sector is the Danube Delta. Due to its verypeculiar features, it deserves a special attention. The Romanian Government itself, taking into accountall the arguments, decided in 1990 to declare the Danube Delta as Biosphere Reserve. This decision wasconfirmed by the Romanian Parliament through Law 82/1993. The Man and Biosphere Programme ofUNESCO recognized the universal value of the reserve in 1990 through its inclusion in the network ofbiosphere reserves.

The Danube Delta Biosphere has a total area of some 5,800 km2 and is located between 28º10’E,28º42’W, 45º27’N and 44º20’S. The junction between the Dobrogean hills and the wetlands of the riversystem marks the terrestrial limit of the reserve. The 45th parallel that marks the mid-way line betweenthe North Pole and the Equator actually runs through the reserve.


The Danube Delta can be divided into a number of discrete geographic units based on theirmorphological and biological characteristics. These are: the Delta itself (including the three mainriver branches of the Chilia, Sulina and Sfantu Gheorghe channels), the Razim-Sinoie lagooncomplex, the Black Sea coast out to 20 m depth, the undivided River Danube east to Cotul Pisicii,the Isaccea-Tulcea floodplain, and the Murighiol-Plopul saline plains.

The Deltaic zone. The Delta of Danube is the largest component of the reserve, with a total area ofabout 4,178 km2, of which 3,446 km2 (82%) lies in Romania, and the remainder (732 km2) inUkraine, mostly comprising a secondary delta at the mouth of the Chilia branch.

The Razim-Sinoie lagoon complex is located to the south of the delta, and has a total area of some1,015 km2 of which the limans (flooded areas) and lagoons comprise 863 km2. The complexconsists mainly of basins that were originally marine bays, but which over the last 1,500 yearsbecame isolated from the sea by sand bars and dunes resulting from the deposition and eastwarddrift of sediments from the mouth of Danube, and the seaward advance of the delta itself over thepast 3000 years.

The Danube River is an element of the delta, running from the Danube bifurcation (Chatal Izmail)at Patlageanca west to Cotul Pisicii, a distance of about 55 km. The river channel runs between theDobrogean and Moldavian hills, and its bed is often well below sea level (exceeding 30 m). Thewidth of the channel is 1,000 m at Isaccea, and is slope is 5-6 mm/km. This stretch of the riverforms a link between the former inland delta (the now largely drained river island of Braila) and thecoastal delta proper.

The Isaccea-Tulcea floodplain, located upstream from Tulcea, is bounded by the Tulcea branch, themain river and the Dobrogean hills. It is formed like an elongated a basin, with its edges higher thatthe interior, and covers about 92 km2. This area is the last flood zone before the delta itself andduring the spring floods all the lakes and swamps are flooded. The levees are about 2-3 m abovesea level and are largely vegetated with trees and shrubs. Plaurs (disaggregated mats of reeds)cover an area of about 26 km2, most of which float. The open water areas are formed mainly by 16lakes, ranging in size from 10 hectares to 230 hectares, and linked by channels and smaller ponds.

The Saraturii-Murighiol zone is an area which holds Lake Saraturi and is located on a Danubianterrace between Murighiol and Plopul. The lake is 2 km long and has a maximum with of 500 m.Its water is very saline, with a high concentration of chlorides and sulfates, and supports a widevariety of phyto-and zooplankton.


The Hydrographic Area 2 (Muntenia) amounts the highest number of population (11.6 millionpersons, 59.5% living in urban areas and only 40.5% in rural areas). Here can be found areas withhigh population density, corresponding to the counties with intense industrial development degree,such as: Prahova (185.4), Dambovita (138.6), Brasov (119.9) and Constanta counties (105.9inhabitants/km2) and Bucharest, of course.

The need for water of the population is 1151.2 million m3, for industry 4230 million m3, and foragriculture 1371 million m3.

Discharges of wasted water is: from population - 750.5 million m3 and from industry - 3532.1million m3 (three times more than in Hydrographic Area 1 and 11 times more than in theHydrographic Area 3).



In the Hydrographic Area 2, all rivers are flowing directly or indirectly into the Danube; thereforeonly the Danube transmits transboundary effects. These effects have to be considered as havingtwo directions: on one hand, pollution effects produced in the Romanian catchment area of theDanube, which are transmitted to the neighboring countries (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Ukraine andRepublic of Moldova. But on the other hand we have to remember that Romania is the lastdownstream country before the Danube if flowing into the Black Sea; therefore it is a receiver forall transboundary pollution effects produced in all the countries located in the rest of the upstreamcatchment area (only one example - an important nuclear power plant - Koslodui - is located on theBulgarian side of Danube).

In terms of producing and transmitting transboundary pollution effects, worthwhile mentioning arethe industrial hot spots Doljchim Craiova (Jiu basin), Celohart Donaris Braila (pulp and paper) andSiderca Calarasi - the largest metallurgic plant in Romania - (last two located in Danube basin).

Nor in the Hydrographic Area 2 there are not first priority agricultural hot spots, but only a mediumpriority one, Braigal Braila, the largest agricultural holding in the country, located in the GreatBraila Island (Danube basin).

Important municipal hot spots from the high priority list are located in the Hydrographic Area 2:Craiova (Jiu basin), Bucharest (Arges basin) and Braila (Danube basin).


The Hydrographic Area 2 is the most important, taking into account the number of population, the shareof urban population, as well as the economic activities in the basin. Bucharest, the capital of the countryis the largest city in Romania (it has about six times more population than the second largest city), and avarious number of economic activities are developed here, with large industrial units, employing animportant number of people. Together with the capital, several large cities (350,000 - 150,000inhabitants) are included in the basin (Constanta, Brasov, Craiova, Ploiesti, Braila, Sibiu, Pitesti).


No.First degree


1. Jiu - coal mining- coke preparation plants (Lupeni)- electric power (Paroseni, Rovinari, Turceni)

2. Olt - chemical (fertilizers, pesticides, plastic, pulp, chloro-sodicproducts, paints) (Fagaras, Rasnov, Ramnicu Valcea, Zarnesti,Govora, Codlea, Feldioara)

- oil fields- non-ferrous metallurgy (aluminum) (Slatina)- animal husbandry (pigs - Izbiceni)- used waters treatment plants (Brasov, Sibiu, Ramnicu Valcea)

3. Vedea - animal husbandry (pigs - Zimnicea)4. Arges - chemical (Pitesti)

- oil fields- animal husbandry (pigs - Calarasi; poultry - Crevedia)- lead batteries (for cars, lorries, buses etc.) (Bucharest)- non-ferrous metallurgy (Bucharest)- nuclear technologies (Pitesti)- car factories (Pitesti, Campulung Muscel)- textile (Balotesti);- cities used water treatment plant (Pitesti, Bucharest)


No.First degree


5. Ialomita - petrochemical (Ploiesti, Brazi)- chemical (Ploiesti, Brazi, Valea Calugareasca, Slobozia, Floresti)- oil fields- animal husbandry (pigs)- iron and steel (Targoviste)- food (sugar - Tandarei)

6. Danube - chemical (Turnu Severin, Turnu Magurele, Giurgiu, Braila)- iron and steel (Calarasi, Tulcea)- non-ferrous metallurgy (aluminum) (Tulcea)

7. Black Sea shore - refinery (Midia, Navodari)- chemical (fertilizers)(N`vodari)- oil - extraction marine platforms (Constanta)

(iii) Hydrographic Area 3 (Moldova)


The Hydrographic Area 3 (Moldova) is including only two basins: Siret and Prut.

The area of the Hydrographic Area 3 is 53,880 km2 (22,7% of the country area), the rivers length isnot very important as compared to the other two Hydrographic Areas (1907 km - 25% of the totalriver length). The hydrographic density is equal to the country average - 0.36 km/km2, the volumeof water 4020 million m3, and the surface waters are amounting 744.76 km2.

The relief is various, descending from mountains, to high hills and tablelands, and then decreasingfrom NW to SE to the very low Siret plain. In the Prut river basin (the eastern part of the country)soils are again of very good quality, with high humus content. Except the high hills and mountains,the largest part of this Hydrographic Area has low rainfalls, varying from 450 to 600 mm yearly (soa temperate-continental dry climate). Irrigation systems, sometimes combined with drainagesystems can be found also here, pumping water from Siret river (in the central part), from Prut river(in its flooding plains) and from the Danube (in the southern part).

Siret is the largest inland river in the country, as catchment area - 42890 km2 (18.1% of the countryarea), as well as average annual discharge - 210 m3/s. The river network density is 0.35 km/km2. Itsprings from the Forest Carpathians (in Ukraine); its catchment area is located in the northeastern part ofRomania. The upper stream is in Ukraine, on the Romanian territory there are only the middle stream(flowing through Suceava Tableland, and down stream of the river, flowing through the low Siret Plain(the lowest area in the country as altitude compared to the sea level). The forests are taking 37% of thecatchment area and 25% of the country forest area. The largest city on the river is Galati, which islocated - more precisely at the junction between Siret and Danube. It is a very large city (285,000inhabitants), with important industrial activities, such as : metallurgic factories, as well as chemical,producing washing powder etc. Very important pollution influences are received through its tributaries,which are flowing through the most important and industrial activities in this part of the country (timber,wood processing, chemical (fertilizers, pesticides, sulfuric acid), pulp and paper etc.

The Prut river is springing in The Forest Carpathians in Ukraine, but there is also a second springin the very northern part of Romania. The Prut River is on all its length in Romania (742 km),border with Ukraine and Republic of Moldova. The catchment area is located entirely in the easternpart of Romania, with a general direction N-S, on the right side of the river and is amounting10,990 km2 (4.6% of the country area), with a river network density of 0.41 km/km2. It is flowingin hilly and high plains in Moldova. The average annual discharge is 80 m3/s. The forests aretaking 9.9% of the catchment area, that is 1085 km2, and 1.7% of the country forest area.



The population living in the Hydrographic Area 3 is about 4.32 million persons. It is the only areawhere rural population is far more than the urban one (61.1% rural population as opposed to 38.9%urban). Density is higher than the Hydrographic Area 1, varying from 81.0 (Vrancea county), quiteclose to the country average (95.7) to 143.5 (Galati county) and 148.2 inhabitants/km2 (Iasicounty), due to high concentration in Galati and Iasi cities). Anyway, the upper Siret valley istraditionally a rural area with high density of population; because the other areas in the countrywith such numbers are very developed from the industrial point of view.

The need for water of the population is 331.5 million m3 (lowest among the three analyzedhydrographic areas, due to presence of population mostly in rural areas), 480.2 million m3 neededfor industry (about 11% of Hydrographic Area 2), and 111.8 million m3 for agriculture.

Discharges of wasted water are: from population – 337.4 million m3 and from industry - 318million m3.


In the Hydrographic Area 3, transboundary effects are received by Romania coming from the upperstreams of the two main rivers, Siret and Prut, but mainly on the Prut river, which is - all along itsflow on the Romanian territory - border with Ukraine and Republic of Moldova. The transboundaryeffects transmitted to them are coming both from hot spots and diffuse sources. There are only fewhot spots included in the high priority list as having transboundary effects in this hydrographicarea: Antibiotice Iasi - an important industrial enterprise for chemical - pharmaceutical products,Comtom Tomesti - a huge animal pig farm, located directly in the Prut River basin, and Iasi city(over 300,000 inhabitants) as municipal hot spot.

Therefore, main water pollutants in this hydrographic area are: from metallurgic industry in theRepublic of Moldova; from Romania wasted waters from municipalities and organicsubstances/nutrients (N, P) coming from diffuse agricultural sources, but mainly wasted watercoming from animal farms.


Downstream the Siret and Prut River, the main economic activity is agriculture. Exception are herea few important cities, such as Iasi (over 305,000 inhabitants), Galati (285,000 inhabitants, Bacauand Buzau (over 125,000 inhabitants). Besides these cities with important industrial activities,mainly the tributaries of the two large rivers are submitted to pollution, due to activities such as: oilextraction and refineries; chemical plants, producing fertilizers, washing powders, pesticides,sulfuric acid, chloro-sodic products; pulp and paper mills; timber and wooden products etc.


No. Hydrographic basin Type of industry/activity (location)1. Siret - petrochemical (Borzesti, Darmanesti, Onesti)

- chemical (pulp &paper, fertilizers, synthetic yam and fibre) (Letea,Piatra Neamt, Savinesti)

- iron &steel (Galati, Buhusi, Buzau)- mining- animal husbandry (pigs)- other industries (felt, used waters treatment plants) (Buhusi, Buzau)

2. Prut - chemical (Iasi)- animal husbandry (pigs)- used waters treatment plant (Iasi)


2.2. Problem Analysis

2.2.1. Core Problem

Following of the analysis results, the core problem has been identified as:

HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH NEGATIVE EFFECTS UPON THE ENVIRONMENT

Water is one of the most important elements of the environment. Life without water or withoutproper quality of water cannot exist.

The water resources, both surface and groundwater, are directly affected by the human activitieswith negative effects generally upon the environment.

In very important to retain that the Danube River has a high contents of polluting factorsoriginating from the upstream riparian countries. Due to the serious upstream pollution, especiallywith organic matters, nitrates and phosphates, the waters of the Danube River fall, at their entrancein Romania, into the II quality category. The polluting substances have a strong negative impact allalong the Romanian sector.

The waters in Romania underwent a serious decay on certain sectors and in some areas, due to thepollution with noxious substances, resulting especially from industry, agriculture andmunicipalities. For instance, approximately 3,000 km of rivers is highly degraded, being almostlifeless and large areas of subterranean ground waters have also been polluted with nitrates.

In this context is easy to understand the hard impact of the human activities on the watercoursesand ground waters.

2.2.2. Direct Causes of the Core Problem

The following direct causes leading to the core problem were identified:

� inadequate use of water and soil resources in agriculture, due to use of inadequateagricultural practices, inappropriate management of animal waste from animal farms,improper forest management, inadequate agricultural activities and hydro-technical worksupstream the Danube Delta ;

� significant pollution from industry, due to inadequate management of solid waste,inadequate transport of solid and liquid waste, discharge of wastewaters;

� inefficient management of the wastewaters and solid waste, due to insufficient watermanagement, inefficient pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters, inadequate solidwaste management.

Scheme of Problem

Reduction of the available water and soilresources

Degradation of biodiversity andecosystems

HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH NEGATIVE EFFECTS UPON THEENVIRONMENT

Inefficient management of thewastewaters and solid waste

Inadequate use of water and soilresources in agriculture

Significant pollution fromindustry

Unsustainable socio-economic development


2.2.3. Effects of the core problem

These following direct consequences of the core problem have been identified:

� Pollution of surface and groundwaterThe surface and groundwater are affected by pollution with nitrates, heavy metals,organic matters, or are microbiologically contaminated due to the: use of inadequateagricultural practices, discharge of wastewaters coming from municipal sector, andinefficient pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters released from industry.

� Soil and subsoil pollutionThe pollution of the soil and subsoil is caused by the following activities: inappropriatemanagement of animal waste from animal farms, inadequate transport of solid and liquidwaste, produced as secondary matters in industrial sector and insufficient watermanagement within the municipal sector;

� Landscape degradationThe degradation of the landscape is one of the effects generated by the inadequate solidwaste management. In the same time, the improper forest management leads also to thelandscape degradation through erosion processes.

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2.3. Analysis of Objectives and Identification of Priority Sectors

2.3.1. Description of Objectives

The programme objective at the Romanian National Workshop was defined as:

“POLLUTION REDUCTION IN THE ROMANIAN CATCHEMENTOF THE DANUBE RIVER”

98 % from the Romanian territory belongs to the Danube River Basin. In comparison with the otherEuropean countries, Romania holds the 12th position, from the point of view of the waterresources. Because of this, the available water resources depend both by the quantity as well as thequality of waters, both surface and groundwater.

The Romania’s water resources are represented by inland rivers and lakes, ground waters andDanube River, which is the most important, especially for the southern part of the country. TheBlack Sea is not taken into account as an available water resource.

This program objective contributes to the overall objective of the UNDP/GEF Danube PollutionReduction Programme, which was defined as follows:

“ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIN THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN”

In order to ensure pollution reduction in the Romanian catchment of the Danube River, specificobjectives have been identified for the following sectors:

� Agriculture and Land Use:Performance of the appropriate use of the water and soil resources.

� Industrial Waste Management:Achievement of the pollution prevention and abatement for industry.

� Municipal Waste Management:Improvement of the management of wastewater and solid waste.

Scheme of Objectives

OVERALL OBJECTIVE

Sustainable socio-economic development in the Danuberiver basin

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE

Pollution reduction in the Romanian catchment of the DanubeRiver

Agriculture and Land Use

Performance of the appropriateuse of the water and soil resources

Industrial Waste Management

Achievement of the pollutionprevention and abatement for industry

Municipal Waste Management

Improvement of the management ofwastewater and solid waste

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nom

icd

eve

lop

me

nt a

chie

ved

Ava

ilab

le

wa

ter

and

so

ilre

sour

ces

incr

ease

d B

iod

ive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em

sre

cons

truc

ted

Land

sca

pe

de

gra

da

tion

elim

inat

ed Q

ualit

y of

sur

face

and

gro

und

wa

ters

imp

rove

ed

Po

llutio

n o

f the

so

il an

dsu

bso

il re

duc

ed

HU

MA

N A

CT

IVIT

IES

WIT

H M

INIM

AL

EF

FE

CT

S O

N T

HE

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

intr

od

uced

Ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f ani

ma

l wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s a

chie

ved

Imp

rove

d m

ana

gem

en

t of t

hew

ast

ew

ater

s a

nd s

olid

wa

ste

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

wa

ter

and

so

il re

sour

ces

pe

rfo

rme

d P

ollu

tion

pre

vent

ion

and

ab

ate

me

ntfo

r in

du

stry

ach

ieve

d

Effi

cie

nt

ma

nage

me

nt o

f fo

rest

pe

rfo

rme

d

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

pra

ctic

es

&a

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

s im

ple

me

nte

d in

the

Da

nub

e D

elta

Ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nt o

fso

lid w

ast

e ac

hie

ved

Tra

nsp

ort

for

solid

and

liq

uid

wa

ste

adeq

uate

Dis

cha

rge

of t

rea

ted

wa

ste

wat

er a

chie

ved

Ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

ntw

ast

ew

ate

r im

ple

me

nte

d

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f to

xic

and

spe

cific

wa

ters

ap

plie

d

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of

solid

wa

ste

intr

od

uced


2.3.2. Identification of Priority Sectors

The reduction of the pollution in the Romanian catchment of the Danube River is very important. Abetter quality of waters means more available water resources for drinking, agriculture andindustry. It means also a better protection of the environment and the conservation of ecosystems.

In order to achieve the program objective, measures have to be undertaken in the following prioritysectors:

(i) Agriculture and Land Use

Regarding the Agriculture and land use, the sector objective is to perform appropriate use of waterand soil resources. In order to obtain this objective is necessary to:

� introduce appropriate agricultural practices� achieve appropriate management of the animal waste from animal farms� perform efficient management of the forests� implement ecological farming practices and appropriate management of the hydro-

technical works implemented

(ii) Industrial Waste Management

With respect to the industrial waste management, the sector’s objective is to achieve pollutionprevention and abatement for industry. For reaching this objective is necessary to:

� implement clean technologies� ensure discharge of standard quality treated wastewaters� adopt proper management of solid waste� perform wastes transport adequately

(iii) Municipal Waste Management

Concerning the municipal waste management sector, the sector objective is to improve themanagement of wastewater & solid waste. To obtain this objective it is required to:

� adopt adequate management of wastewater

� perform pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters

� implement proper management of solid waste

2.3.3. Important Assumptions for Program and Sector Objectives

The objective identification was assisted by considering important assumptions. External factors,important for the success of the program, but are outside of its scope and not under direct control ofthe program. These external factors may influence the implementation and sustainability of theprogram from the long-term point of view.

The following assumption for the program objective has been identified:

� Financial international cooperation is extendedRomania has tow very important features, in the framework of the Danube River Basin: onthe hand is the largest country from Danube catchment, on the other hand is situated at theend of the lower part of the basin, making the connection with the Black Sea. Because of this,Romania is affected by and affects also the Danube water quality. If we are considering the


reasons presented above and in the same time cumulating them with the economical situationof Romania, we can understand way that the extension of the financial internationalcooperation in this field represents a very specific and important assumption. This assumptionis necessary to be realized in order to ensure the success of the planned strategy.

The following important assumptions for the sector objectives are necessary in order to achieve theprogram objective:

For Sector Agriculture and Land Use:

� The economical conditions are favorableIn the present, the bad situation from the agricultural sector is owned to the:- negative economical evolution of this sector after 1989 - due to the transition;- changing of the ownership regime of the land which leaded also to economical

perturbances.In this context is necessary to create and develop favorable economical condition at thesociety level, in order to solve, at list partially, the economical problems of this sector. Inpresent the negative economical conditions have a strong influence on the way in whichthe water and soil resources are used in agriculture.

� Financial resources are providedAt the present in Romania agriculture does not benefit by a satisfactory financial support.In order to improve the agricultural activities in profitable condition and to stimulate theadoption of the sustainable agricultural practices, is necessary to support this sector withmore financial resources.

For the sector Industrial Waste Management:

� Sustainable environmental economic policies at governmental level is supported andpromotedOne of the most pollutant sectors is represented by the industry, due to the producedwastewater and solid waste. The Governmental economical policies are influencing thedevelopment of all industrial activities that produce waste. In Romania now is necessaryto support and promote environmental economical policies, which can provide thesustainable development of industrial sector, having as result the improvement of theindustrial waste management.

For the sector Municipal Waste Management:

� Inter-regional political cooperation is developedThe political cooperation at the regional level it is a very important factor, when we arespeaking about municipal waste management. Through this cooperation can be developeda series of common programmes at regional level concerning the management ofmunicipal waste, can be realized exchanges of technologies or even common site formunicipal waste with common management procedures.

� Sustainable behavior of population achieved.Sustainable behavior of population has been agreed to be an important assumption toachieve the sector objective because the efficiency of the waste management depends alsoby the way in which is made the first step of this process, which starts in the households,public or private institution etc. The process of the waste management can be made easierwhen the population have a sustainable behavior. Public awareness, educationalprograms, as well as public participation play an important role in the decision makingprocess of all riparian countries. The ratification of Espoo Convention, regarding theimpact of activities on the environment in the transboundary context is necessary.


2.3.4. Impact Indicators for Program and Sector Objectives

Impact Indicators were developed for the program and the sector objectives. They define thecontents of the objectives in operationally measurable terms (quantity, quality, target groups,partner institutions, time period and place). They should give an adequate picture of the situation.Furthermore, they should be measurable in a consistent way at an acceptable cost.

The following impact indicators for the program objective has been determined

� The quality of watercourses in the Romanian catchment of the Danube River isimproved to the 1st class, according to EU standards, for microbiologicalparameters, by 2010.Because the main objective of the programme is focused on the reduction of the pollutionin the Danube River catchment, it is very important to achieve this indicator. It can stressthe improvement of the developed activities in the Romanian catchment of the river, fromthe point of view of the pollution. It was considered, that the microbiological pollution isone of the pollution types with serious transboundary effect.

The impact indicator for the Agriculture and Land Use sector have been identified as follows

� Ecological reconstruction of wetlands according to “RAMSAR” convention by 3%the bad agricultural land in Danube flood plains, until 2003.Due to improper agricultural practices used in the flood plains a lot of wetlands were veryaffected and also contributed to the water pollution. The reconstruction of the wetlandswith 3% will contribute at the water pollution reduction in those areas. In the mean timewill show what is the quantum of the negative influence of the agriculture practiced onthe flood plains.

The impact indicator for the Industrial Waste Management sector have been determined asfollows:

� 80% of industrial enterprises complying with the environmental requirementsachieve EU standard environmental quality by the year 2005 while maintaining thelevel of industrial production of 1998, without loosing economic competitiveness.Industry still represents for Romania one of the most important polluters, which is now indecline. This situation determined the water pollution reduction. It is very important toachieve this impact indicator which can be reached only using new technologies in theindustrial production and for wastewater treatment.

The impact indicator for the Municipal Waste Management sector have been identified asfollows:

� Increasing water quality in Romanian rivers by 15% from degraded (D) - 3rd ; by10% from 3rd - 2nd; 5% by 2nd - 1st according to Romanian standard 4706/1988between 1998-2010.The improper waste management coming from the municipal sector has a very strongimpact on the water quality. In order to measure the results foreseen to be obtained in thissector, it is necessary to construct new wastewater treatment plants and landfills and toimprove the existing ones. Only in these condition we cant achieve this indicator whichwill show the efficiency of the undertaken measures in the municipal waste managementsector.

Pro

gram

Pla

nnin

g M

atrix

Sum

mar

y of

Obj

ectiv

es a

nd R

esul

ts Im

pact

Indi

cato

rs Im

port

ant A

ssum

ptio

ns

�

Ove

rall

Obj

ectiv

e: S

ust

ain

able

dev

elop

men

t in

the

Dan

ube

Riv

er B

asin

� I

n th

e m

ain

12

riv

er b

asi

ns,

the

qua

lity

of t

hedi

scha

rged

tre

ated

wa

ters

is im

pro

ved

by

30

%, i

nco

nditi

on o

f ec

ono

mic

al d

evel

opm

ent,

by

the

end

of2

020.

(O

O)

� S

usta

inab

le p

rinc

iple

s in

reg

iona

l pol

icie

s a

reim

ple

men

ted

for

long

ter

m (

OO

)

�

Pro

gram

Obj

ectiv

e: P

ollu

tion

red

uctio

n in

the

Ro

man

ian

cat

chm

ent

of t

he

Dan

ub

e riv

er�

The

qua

lity

of w

ate

rcou

rses

in t

he R

oma

nia

nca

tchm

ent

of t

he D

anu

be

Riv

er is

imp

rove

d to

the

1st

cla

ss, a

ccor

ding

to

EU

sta

nda

rds,

for

mic

rob

iolo

gica

l pa

ram

eter

s, b

y 2

010.

(P

O)

� F

ina

ncia

l int

erna

tiona

l coo

per

atio

n is

ext

ende

d (P

O)

Sec

tor

Obj

ectiv

es:

1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lan

d U

se: A

pp

rop

riate

use

of t

he

wat

er

and

so

il re

sou

rces

per

form

ed2

. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent:

Po

llutio

n p

reve

ntio

n an

d ab

atem

ent

for

indu

stry

ach

ieve

d3

. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

em

ent: M

anag

em

ent

of

was

tew

ater

& s

olid

was

teim

pro

ved

�

The

eco

nom

ica

l con

ditio

ns a

re fa

vora

ble

(S

O-A

LU)

�

Fin

anc

ial r

esou

rces

are

pro

vid

ed (

SO

-ALU

)�

S

usta

inab

le e

nvi

ron

me

nta

l eco

nom

ic p

olic

ies

atgo

vern

me

nta

l lev

el is

sup

por

ted

and

pro

mot

ed.

(SO

-IW

M)

�

Inte

r-re

gion

al

pol

itica

l coo

per

atio

n is

dev

elop

ed (

SO

-M

WM

)�

S

usta

inab

le b

eha

vior

of

pop

ula

tion

is a

chie

ved

(SO

-M

WM

)

Res

ults

/Out

puts

:1.

A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

1.1

. A

pp

rop

riate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es –

intr

oduc

ed1

.2.

Ap

pro

pria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of t

he a

nim

al w

ast

e fr

om a

nim

al f

arm

s -

achi

eved

1.3

. E

ffic

ient

ma

nage

me

nt o

f th

e fo

rest

- p

erfo

rmed

1.4

. E

colo

gica

l far

min

g p

ract

ices

and

ap

prop

riate

ma

nage

men

t of

the

hyd

ro-

tech

nica

l wor

ks –

imp

lem

ente

d 2.

Ind

ustr

ial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

2.1

. C

lea

n te

chno

logi

es –

imp

lem

ente

d2

.2.

Dis

char

ge o

f st

and

ard

qua

lity

trea

ted

was

tew

ate

rs –

ens

ured

2.3

. P

rop

er m

ana

gem

ent

of

solid

wa

ste

ma

nage

me

nt –

ado

pte

d2

.4.

Wa

stes

tra

nsp

ort a

deq

uate

ly –

per

form

ed 3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

age

men

t3

.1.

Ade

qua

te m

ana

gem

ent

of w

ast

ewa

ter

- a

dopt

ed3

.2.

Pre

-tre

atm

ent

of t

oxic

& s

pec

ific

wat

ers

– p

erfo

rmed

3.3

. P

rop

er m

ana

gem

ent

of

solid

wa

ste

– im

ple

me

nted

� E

colo

gica

l rec

onst

ruct

ion

of w

etla

nds

acc

ordi

ng t

o“R

AM

SA

R”

conv

entio

n b

y 3

% t

he b

ad

agr

icul

tura

lla

nd in

Da

nub

e flo

od p

lain

s, u

ntil

200

3 (S

O-A

LU)

� 8

0%

of i

ndus

tria

l ent

erpr

ises

com

ply

ing

with

the

envi

ron

men

tal r

equi

rem

ents

ach

ieve

EU

sta

nda

rden

viro

nm

enta

l qua

lity

by

the

yea

r 2

005

whi

lem

ain

tain

ing

the

leve

l of

indu

stri

al p

rodu

ctio

n of

199

8 w

ithou

t lo

osin

g ec

ono

mic

com

pe

titiv

ene

ss.

(SO

-IW

M)

� I

ncre

asi

ng w

ate

r q

ualit

y in

Ro

ma

nia

n ri

vers

by

15

%fr

om d

egr

ade

d (D

) -

3rd

; by

10

% fr

om 3

rd

- 2

nd; 5

% b

y 2

nd -

1st

acc

ordi

ng t

o R

oma

nia

n st

and

ard

470

6/19

88 b

etw

een

19

98 –

201

0. (

SO

-MW

M)

�

Fur

ther

imp

lem

ent

atio

n of

cor

rect

agr

icul

tura

l pol

icie

sa

lrea

dy e

sta

blis

hed

(1.1

)�

P

rovi

de s

uffic

ient

fun

ds f

or u

pda

ting

(ree

ngin

eeri

ng)

wa

stew

ate

r tr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

(1.2

)�

A

chie

ve o

ptim

al p

rofit

/eco

logi

cal b

ala

nce

ratio

(1

.3)

�

Ach

ieve

op

tima

l pro

fit /

ecol

ogic

al b

ala

nce

ratio

inD

anu

be

Del

ta (

1.4

)�

A

ttra

ctin

g fu

nds

from

multi

ple

sou

rces

ava

ilab

le o

ntim

e (2

.1 -

2.4

)�

E

colo

gica

l aw

aren

ess

effe

ctiv

ely

incr

ease

d (2

.1 -

2.4

)�

P

rior

ity o

f en

viro

nm

enta

l pro

tect

ion

with

in t

hego

vern

me

nt p

olic

ies

(3

.1 -

,3.3

)�

C

oop

era

tion

am

ong

all

stak

ehol

ders

(3.

1 -

3.3

)�

S

upp

ortiv

e ec

ono

mic

con

ditio

n (3

.1 -

3.3

)

OO

–O

vera

ll O

bje

ctiv

eP

O –

Pro

gra

m O

bjec

tive

SO

-ALU

– S

ecto

r O

bje

ctiv

e of

Agr

icu

lture

and

La

nd

Use

S

O-I

WM

– S

ecto

r O

bje

ctiv

e of

Ind

ust

rial W

ast

e M

ana

gem

ent

SO

-MW

M –

Sec

tor

Ob

ject

ive

Mun

icip

al W

ast

e M

ana

gem

ent

3. Sector Strategies

3.1. Agriculture and Land UseAgriculture is today the most important economic branch for Romania, due to the naturalconditions providing a very special agricultural potential. Nevertheless, this region has an ancientand well-known tradition in this field.

Agriculture includes all activities related to crops (including industrial and medicinal plants) andanimal husbandry, together with technologies, equipment and the corresponding machinery.

Unfortunately, the present farming system, known as "conventional farming", produced bothprogressive social and economic results and serious environmental damages (upon its vitalresources mainly: water and soil, and, consequently, upon bio-diversity as genetic basis), and uponhuman health as well.

Moreover, if we consider the potential synergetic effects (we must note also the fact that in severalsectors, agriculture is both polluted and polluting), quite little known, it is enough for appreciatingthe present situation as unfavorable, but as very dangerous also.

3.1.1. Situation Analysis

3.1.1.1. Importance of the Sector and Activities Leading to Water Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Practically, all the agricultural area in Romania is included in the Danube river basin; anyway, 98%of the whole country area (less the Black Sea shore) is located in the same basin. Almost 36% ofthe population are working in agriculture, which is responsible for 18.5% in the GDP (1997). Thepresent trends are an increasing share in the GDP, together with a decrease in the number ofpersons working in agriculture.

Consequently to the reforms that started in 1990, mainly to the Land Law (no. 18/1991), the shareof different ownership types in agriculture and forestry shifted dramatically to private ownership(see Table 1).

Tab

le 1

: A

gric

ultu

ral a

rea

by u

se, 1

989

– 19

97

Y E

A R

No.

Item

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

'00

0 h

a %

I. T

OT

AL

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

AL

AR

EA

147

59 10

0 14

769

100

147

98 10

0 14

790

100

147

93 10

0 14

798

100

147

97 10

0 14

789

100

147

89 10

0

-

pub

lic s

ect

or

413

4 28

230

9 16

447

4 30

439

4 30

445

8 30

442

6 30

410

3 28

409

5 28

409

2 28

-

coo

pe

rativ

e s

ect

or

860

2 58

826

6 56

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

pri

vate

se

cto

r 20

23

14 41

94

28 10

324

70 10

396

70 10

335

70 10

372

70 10

694

72 10

694

72 10

697

72

II. A

RA

BLE

LA

ND

945

8 10

0 94

50

100

942

3 10

0 93

57

100

934

2 10

0 93

38

100

933

7 10

0 93

39

100

933

6 10

0

-

pub

lic s

ect

or

196

6 21

417

4 19

76

21 19

01

20 18

88

20 18

34

20 15

30

16 15

30

16 15

24

16

-

coo

pe

rativ

e s

ect

or

657

8 70

633

1 67

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

pri

vate

se

cto

r 91

4 9

270

2 29

744

7 79

745

6 80

745

4 80

750

4 80

780

7 84

780

9 84

781

2 84

III.

VIN

EY

AR

DS

278

100

277

100

286

100

299

100

304

100

299

100

292

100

289

100

287

100

-

pub

lic s

ect

or

87 31

43 15

89 31

84 28

81 27

79 26

72 25

71 25

69 24

-

coo

pe

rativ

e s

ect

or

154

55 15

2 55

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

pri

vate

se

cto

r 37

14 82

30 19

7 69

215

72 22

3 73

220

74 22

0 75

218

75 21

8 76

IV.

OR

CH

AR

DS

318

100

314

100

311

100

304

100

295

100

289

100

278

100

271

100

267

100

-

pub

lic s

ect

or

108

34 73

23 10

5 34

100

33 98

33 96

33 89

32 86

32 83

31

-

coo

pe

rativ

e s

ect

or

140

44 13

7 44

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

pri

vate

se

cto

r 70

22 10

4 33

206

66 20

4 67

197

67 19

3 67

189

68 18

5 68

184

69

V.

PA

ST

UR

ES

AN

D H

AY

FIE

LDS

470

5 10

0 47

28

100

477

8 10

0 48

30

100

485

2 10

0 48

72

100

489

0 10

0 48

90

100

489

9 10

0

-

pub

lic s

ect

or

197

3 42

177

6 38

230

4 48

232

9 48

239

1 49

241

7 50

241

2 49

240

8 50

241

6 49

-

coo

pe

rativ

e s

ect

or

173

0 37

164

6 35

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

pri

vate

se

cto

r 10

02

21 13

06

27 24

74

52 25

01

52 24

61

51 24

55

50 24

78

51 24

82

50 24

83

51 S

ourc

e: C

ha

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s an

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agr

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, 198

9-19

97 (

'000

tons

)

19

89 19

90 19

91 19

92 19

93 19

94 19

95 19

96 19

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59 11

03 46

4 23

0 42

2 21

0 53

8 30

3 47

9 29

1 47

0 30

6 43

5 28

3 32

9

Nitr

oge

n (N

) 66

6 65

6 27

5 14

3 25

8 13

8 34

6 20

4 31

3 20

0 30

6 20

8 26

8 18

1 23

5

Pho

spho

ric

(P 2O

5) 32

9 31

3 14

5 70

133

59 16

5 86

149

82 14

9 89

153

94 80

Po

tash

(K 2

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164

134

44 17

31 13

27 13

17 9

15 9

14 8

14

MA

NU

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– T

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4160

3 24

791

1691

0 13

789

1579

2 12

654

1712

5 14

502

1694

5 14

674

1742

3 15

659

1787

1 16

339

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, M

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.


This shift resulted, on one hand, in substantial positive economical changes, benefiting to the newowners, and on the other hand in stopping or even a decreasing pollution of natural resources:water and soil. This paradox is explained by the decrease of fertilizers and pesticides quantitiesused in agriculture (as a consequence of their excessive prices as compared to the financial powerof the new farmers), as well as by quite frequent subsistence farming (see Table 2). This factbecomes more obvious if we take into account also the continuously restructuring process takingplace presently in Romania. We should also add the fact that the land ownership is extremelyscattered:

- over 2,600,000 landowners; the average size of the farm is 2.5 hectares;- over 16,000 informal agricultural associations; the average size - 100 hectares;- about 4000 formal agricultural companies; the average size - 450 hectares;- over 1200 agricultural commercial companies; the average size - 1600 hectares.

In the future a consolidation of farms (increase of size) is expected, as a result of the new legalframework (some laws are already in force, other are still under debate):

- Law no. 54/1998, regarding juridical circulation of land (enabling the land market tofunction);

- Law no. 65/1998 for modifying and completing the Land Lease Law;- Law for modifying and completing the Land Law.

The latter, still under debate, will give back to the former owners a land area up to 50 hectares(forest included), creating opportunities for new potential pressures upon the environment ingeneral, and more precisely in relation to irrational forest harvesting.

A significant change occurred in the market behavior of the agro-chemicals producers: they startedproviding their products on credit (reimbursable at harvest time); this specific fact results in anincrease of agro-chemicals use by the farmers, with direct effect upon pollution.

If diffuse pollution is specific for crops technologies (including use of inadequate machinery fortillage), concentrated point pollution is specific for animal husbandry activities. Despite a sharpdecrease in head numbers (see Table 3), there still exist 95 large animal husbandry units (pigs,poultry, cattle or mixed), directly linked to the natural receivers; out of which 62 units are stillheavily pollutant, 15 units are working properly and the resting 18 ceased working.

Disposal of animal waste on platforms or drying beds with inappropriate or no treatment (mainly inthe pig farms, where also large volumes of wastewater result) lead to the impossibility ofreintroducing it in the natural energy cycle (through fertilization in field) and result in disposingbeyond the safety capacities or - more seriously - in the drainage channels, and from here to theemissary.

If we take into account also the technical state - critical quite frequently - of constructions andequipment such as ponds or waste pits, old or inefficient technologies we have a broad image of theenvironmental situation in agriculture (not to mention accidental pollution).


Table 3: Livestock number by the end of the year, 1989 - 1997 ('000 heads)

Item 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

CATTLE 6291 5380 4280 3683 3597 3481 3496 3435 3283

- private sector 5147 4409 3474 3010 3050 3056 3133 3103 3048

- state sector 1144 971 806 673 547 425 363 332 236

COWS AND

HEIFERS

2468 2122 2266 2025 1979 1963 1983 1939 1826

- private sector 2149 1848 2027 1818 1796 1804 1842 1812 1731

- state sector 319 274 239 207 183 159 141 127 95

SHEEP 16452 15067 14833 12884 12276 11642 11086 10317 9645

- private sector 13722 12801 12909 11319 11033 10561 10177 9592 9205

- state sector 2730 2266 1924 1565 1243 1081 909 725 440

EWES 9989 9747 12230 9467 9147 8591 8202 7662 6707

- private sector 8711 8547 11128 8507 8356 7940 7643 7190 6416

- state sector 1278 1200 1102 960 791 651 559 472 291

PIGS 11671 12003 10954 9851 9262 7758 7960 8235 7133

- private sector 5584 5911 5455 5381 4911 4415 4614 4766 4591

- state sector 6087 6092 5499 4470 4351 3343 3346 3469 2552

SOWS 1023 951 772 792 678 576 591 584 529

- private sector 467 440 326 395 327 290 305 305 315

- state sector 556 511 446 397 351 286 286 279 214

POULTRY 113968 121379 106032 87528 76532 70157 80524 78478 68915

- private sector 56231 58418 53223 46192 44006 46340 50869 54289 57025

- state sector 57737 62961 52809 41336 32526 23817 29655 24189 11890

LAYING HENS 49390 51475 50213 42396 37980 36233 38575 38883 30421

- private sector 34920 35225 34304 31122 29130 29192 30378 31842 27217

- state sector 14470 16250 15909 11274 8850 7041 8197 7041 3204

HORSES 663 670 749 721 751 784 806 816 818

- private sector 599 623 707 682 716 756 782 794 804

- state sector 64 47 42 39 35 28 24 22 14

BEES

('000 families)

1201 1091 1207 753 703 683 658 632 632

- private sector 1064 978 1140 695 654 645 624 605 617

- state sector 137 113 67 58 49 38 34 27 15

Source: Changes in the Romanian Agricultural and Food Sector, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1997Annual Report, Bucharest, 1998, p.127.


The stakeholders having important responsibilities and tasks regarding the inadequate agriculturalpractices are: the policy level organizations (such as: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ministry ofWaters, Forests and Environment Protection, local Environment Protection Agencies, "RomanianWaters" Regie Autonome (RWRA), Land Reclamation Regie Autonome (LRRA), Academy forAgricultural and Forestry Science (AAFS)), polluting groups, polluted groups of farmers, we taretalking in fact about the whole population living in that area.

Ministry of Agriculture and Food is the central authority elaborating agricultural strategies andpolicies. It has a branch in every county (General Directorates for Agriculture and Food (GDAF)),which are monitoring the implementation of the policies and strategies into practice all over thecountry. The Land Reclamation Regie Autonome is managing the soil quality and the quality ofhydro-salty ecological factors in order to perform an efficient farming, less influenced by majorweather and climate fluctuations (drought, flood, soil erosion).

Research transfer and implementation is the responsibility of the Academy for Agricultural andForestry Sciences, together with its subordinated research institutes (such as Research Institute forAgri-chemistry and Soil Science, Institute for Studies and Engineering for Land Reclamation,Institute for Agricultural Economics etc.) and research stations all over the country. Main resultsare new technologies, plant varieties and animal breeds, high yielding and optimally adapted toeach eco-systemic area. The Research Institute for Agro-chemistry and Soil Science has its owndatabase as well as a monitoring system for soil quality.

Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection is the central authority related toenvironmental protection and related legislation. Its main task is to control and regulate waters andforests by means of specialized departments. A network of territorial county branches(Environmental Protection Agencies and Forestry Inspectorates) covers the whole country. There isalso the "Romanian Waters" Regie Autonome (RWRA), having as well branches in each inlandimportant river basin, administering and permanently supervising the water resources.

The main polluters in agriculture are: large animal husbandry units, crop and fruit-tree farms,mechanical companies, agricultural land and forest owners, irrespectively of their ownership type.

Water producers (RWRA), down-stream units and agricultural landowners represent the affectedgroup. Finally, the whole population is experiencing the pollution shock, by means of various usesof the water resources (tourism - leisure, fishery polders, irrigation, household and industrialconsumption etc.). Last but not least, water pollution is affecting bio-diversity; in this respect, themost affected area is the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDRV) (580,000 hectares area, 955flora species, 322 birds species, 2,419 insects species, 70 mollusk and crustacean species, 160 fishspecies, 9 amphibian species, 16 reptile species and 40 mammals species), which is practicallycollecting the waters from the whole Danube river basin.

The main agricultural activities directly contributing to water pollution identified during theWorkshop are:

� Use of inadequate agricultural practices ;� Inappropriate forest management;� Inappropriate management of animal waste from animal farms;

Inappropriate agricultural practices within protected areas (Danube Delta) and improper hydro-technical works performed in the Danube flood plains and Delta.


3.1.1.2. Current Strengths/Assets

Inadequate agricultural and forestry activities, as well as the inappropriate management of animalwaste from animal farms put a permanent pressure upon the surface and ground waters network,with a final impact upon the Danube Delta. Intensive farming, as well as extensive, based uponpermanent increase of arable land, together with artificially forced increase of soil fertility areobviously resulting in time in a decrease of humus content, in dangerous chemical residues, andhence, to water resources.

Estimates show that in Danube flood plains there is a surplus of 48 kg/ha N, 56 kg/ha K and 76kg/ha P, which means that their usage efficiency is 65%, 25% and 27% respectively. Massive woodcutting and insufficient afforestation are leading to harmful weather and climatic changes, as wellas to an increase of flowing coefficients in the surface waters. All the above mentioned have directeffects upon flowing capacities, soil wash-out, leading finally to different pollution types (physical,mechanical and chemical), including by inducing accidents (catastrophic sometimes).

Insufficiency or lack of wastewater treatment plants in the animal husbandry farms is responsiblefor water pollution with different compounds of animal waste, either by direct discharge in theemissary, or by disposal in places which do not provide a proper protection of ground waters. Thepollution degree of the above mentioned, as well as different self-cleaning capacities of emissaries(generally aggressed from multiple directions), added to intensive - extensive farming in theDanube Delta, are considerably increasing the risk for severe natural disbalances both in bio-diversity structure and public health sector.

For the agriculture and land use sector the following strengths/assets are available:

� Existence of database & monitoring systemIn time, but mainly after 1990, a special attention was paid to the inventory of the existingdatabases. Several programs were carried out for identifying potential data holders(mainly research and studies institutes), but the Regies Autonomes too (RWRA, LRRA),which have generally their own water and soil monitoring system. There are specialmonitoring departments in MWFEP too, mainly for phenomena causing natural disasters.

� Existing environmental legislationThe main organic law regulating the environmental issues in Romania is the Law forEnvironmental Protection (no. 137/1995). This law is completed by different other lawsand regulations, specific for agricultural and forestry activities, such as: forestry code,grazing regime, Waters Law and Land reclamation Law. Moreover, the standardizationactivity is closely linked to the international environmental norms and regulations, inorder to facilitate compliance with engagements and obligations pursuing to internationaltreaties.The main national environmental legislation presently in force is including:- Minister’s Order1 no. 485/1995: "Regulations for organizing and functioning of the

alarm system in case of accidental water pollution in Romania";- Minister’s Order1 no. 171/1995: "Regulations for organizing, functioning and

performance of state forestry control in managing the forestry fund, the outervegetation, as well as the hunting and salmon areas";

- Minister’s Order2 no. 50/1993: "Several measures for protection of rare wild andmigrating fauna species under extinction threat, reintroduced in Romania";

1 Minister of Waters, Forest and Environmental Protection2 Minister of Agriculture and Food, Minister of Environment, Minister of Industry and Resources andMinister of Health


- Ministers’ Common Order3 no. 15/1991 regarding "Producing, trading and usingpesticides in agriculture and forestry";

- Minister’s Order3 no. 7/1988: "Measures regarding environmental protection inagricultural activities;

- Minister’s Order3 no. 20/1985: "Forbidding the use of organo-chloride insecticidesbased on DDT and technical HCH";

- Minister's Order3 no. 111/1979: "Technical norms for soil quality protection";- Government Ordinance no. 4/1995 regarding "Producing, trading and using phyto-

sanitary products for disease, pest and weed control in agriculture and forestry";- Government Decision no. 511/1994 regarding "Enforcement of measures for

preventing and control of environment pollution by commercial companies";- Government Decision no. 971/1994 regarding "Ascertaining and penalizing

infringements of fishing and fishery fund protection norms";- Government Decision no. 138/1994 regarding "Ascertaining and penalizing

infringements of water related regulations";- Law no. 107/1996, "Waters Law";- Law no. 84/1996, "Land Reclamation Law";- Law no. 26/1996, "Forestry Code";- Law no. 82/1993, regarding "Setting up the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve";- Law no. 12/1974, "Fishery and Fishing Law";- Law no. 8/1971, regarding "Organizing, administering and using the pastures and

animal husbandry plots".� On going international programmes (Phare, ERBD, UNDP…)

International environmental programmes focusing on Danube River Basin and DanubeDelta Biosphere Reserve are generally funded and monitored by Phare, ERDB andUNDP. Here are some examples: Nutrient Application in the Danube Delta, EcologicalDemonstration Farm etc.

� Existing bilateral and multilateral agreements on Danube, Prut, Tisa, etc.Romania is a significant part of the Danube River and Black Sea Protection Convention.There is a significant activity carried out in this respect both at government and non-government levels. The bilateral treaties regarding the use of boundary rivers (Danube,Prut, Tisa) concluded with Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Moldavia Republic and Hungary are asmany opportunities for protecting those rivers.The main international environmental agreements/conventions presently in force are:- Convention on the Protection and Use of the Water Courses and International Lakes

(Helsinki, 1992);- Convention on Black Sea protection against pollution (Bucharest, 1992);- Convention between the Romanian and Bulgarian Governments regarding

collaboration in environmental protection (enforced as Law 97/1992);- Convention upon biological diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992; enforced as Law

58/1994);- Convention on the conservation of wild life and of the natural habitats in Europe

(Bern, 1979; enforced as Law 13/1994);- Convention upon internationally important wet areas, mainly as habitat for aquatic

birds (enforced as Law 5/1991);- Convention regarding cooperation for sustainable protection and use of the Danube

River (Sofia, 1994; enforced as Law 14/1995). 3 Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry


� Ecological reconstruction funded by World BankThe World Bank has several on-going programmes in the Danube Delta.

3.1.1.3. Analysis of Transboundary Effects

The following transboundary effects have been considered:

� Affecting bio-diversity in the Danube and the Danube DeltaInadequate farming practices in the Danube flood plains and Delta as well as in inlandrivers flood plains, together with the inappropriate management of animal husbandry,units result in transport of important polluters into Danube River and hence, in theDanube Delta (mainly NPK compounds and pesticides residues).This transport is considerably intensified (sediments/alluvia included) by the increasedflowing coefficient in the surface waters, due to excessive woodcutting. Once arrived in theDanube River and Delta, these substances are aggressive to water quality and bio-diversityimplicitly. These effects might have transboundary character if we take into account thevicinity of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Moldavia Republic, Ukraine and Hungary. Moreover, theDanube flood plains and Delta represent also a permanent regeneration (spawning) space forseveral marine fish species (such as sturgeons and mackerels) which might be disturbed.

� Affecting the water quality parametersAffecting the water quality the way it is described above is harmful not only because it isreducing bio-diversity, but mainly because it is reducing the using potential of the water(water supplies, tourism and leisure).The Prut, Tisa and Danube rivers should be mentioned here for their transboundary effects inMoldavia Republic, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Ukraine, as described above.

� Changes in flow regimeThe changes occurring in the flowing capacities resulted from various activities as:- embankment works in Danube flood plains and Delta;- drainage works in Danube flood plains and Delta;- irrigation works in Danube flood plains and Delta;- important hydro-technical works (dams, barrages) on inland rivers and Danube;- massive deforestation.

The cumulated effect of all these activities is leading to important changes in the flowing capacityregime, having as main features:

� an increased gap between minimum and maximum flowing capacities, and hence eithernon-compliance of minimum admissible regime for down-stream users, even restrictingthe sanitary regime on inland rivers;

� extreme overflows, resulting in non-compliance with international conventions related tohigh water levels.

Mostly affected by this highly non-beneficial balance is the Danube Delta, which is a young area(still under formation), extremely sensitive to any distortions caused by hydrological and soilbalances sensibly different from the natural evolution.

As a result of the Romanian Danube River Basin and Delta position, practically the whole pollutingeffect induced by the preceding countries in the basin is a potential downstream transboundaryeffect.


3.1.2. Sector Problem Analysis

3.1.2.1. Core Problem

“INADEDQUATE USE OF WATER AND SOIL RESOURCES”

The main resources in efficient farming are water and soil. The soil quality as well as theaccessibility of water resources in the Carpathian - Danube - Black Sea area, together with severalfavorable ecological factors generated a tradition in crops growing and animal husbandry. For thesereasons it is relatively difficult to preserve the two mentioned resources, the more so as underconditions of environmental unfriendly farming practices.

3.1.2.2. Causes Leading to Environmental Problems

In identifying the causes leading to water and soil pollution, two levels of the cause-effect principlewere defined: direct and indirect causes (sub-causes). This chain including identified and analyzedcauses resulted finally in emphasizing several direct causes of the sector core problem.

The following direct causes of the sector core problem have been identified:

� Use of inadequate agricultural practices� Inappropriate management of animal waste from animal farms� Improper forest management� Inappropriate agricultural activities within protected area (Danube Delta) and improper

hydro-technical works performed in the Danube flood plains and Delta.

Obviously, a particular delimitation of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve was needed.

These problems have other direct causes. An explanation of each of these problems together withtheir cause-effect relation will be given below:

(i) Use of inadequate agricultural practices

The changes occurred in spheres of influence in the '40s, as a consequence of World War II, putmore pressures upon the Romanian economy in general, and especially in agriculture, forcing thelatter to face continuously increasing requirements. Later, in the '70s and '80s the pressure of thepublic foreign debt weighted again on agriculture mainly. Under these conditions, Romania wasforced to a very harmful use of water and soil resources from an ecological point of view, thusworsening the state of the natural environment.

The main three causes that we named indirect causes (sub-causes) of the present situation are asfollowing:

a. Improper technical means and technologiesFor a long time, Romania had to face some technical and technological needs - inagriculture mainly - achieved using its own means only and with no access to know-how,while the production requirements were continuously increasing. In this unfavorablepolitical and economical context, the specialists were obliged to confine themselves totheir own forces only, resulting in an overbidding of their skills, not always with positiveresults. This technical and technological isolation during the latest years might be chargedto insufficiency of financial resources, as well as to the lack of involvement of theRomanian industry in satisfying the needs in agriculture.The insufficiency of financial resources is directly linked to the lack of efficient subsidies,and both are a result of unfavorable economic environment and market conditions.


b. Incomplete or unobserved legislative frameworkDespite the existence of a rich legislation package enforced after 1990, it seems thatRomania is still expecting those really useful laws for the present transition period. Thisrelatively general idea on the Romanian economy is strengthened also by the non-compliance in a steady and efficient way of the presently enforced laws. This situation iscontinuing due to inadequate agricultural policies, to changes in the ownershippatterns and to insufficient staff for controlling and application of legislation.In the first case, agricultural policies are under continuous adjustment, in order to find thebest solutions to fit the Romanian circumstances.Not necessarily a sub-cause, the continuously changing legislation due to transitionand alignment to EU regulations is being delayed mainly consequently to lack ofbudgetary resources. Agricultural land market requires specific laws, including somewhich should motivate agricultural activities, but should have as well coercive provisionsto prevent irrational farming. Limited budgetary resources are representing theimmediate sub-cause of poor control of compliance with the enforced legislation.

c. Low level of qualification and information of farmersIt is generally agreed the existence of an inefficient extension system, an inadequateinformation system and the lack of an adequate training system. These facts are basedmainly upon the present impossibility of making them operational, due to lack of interestshown by the new agricultural land owners, while their average age is old enough to drawtheir attention in an organized way. Therefore, a special attention should be paid to findthe best way to train the young beginner farmers, thus reviving a good and solid traditionwhich was brutally interrupted by the massive migration to urban areas during theaccelerated industrial development in '60s and '70s, which resulted in a large scaledepopulation in rural areas.

(ii) Inappropriate management of animal waste from animal farms

For a long time, meat and meat products held an important share in the Romanian exports,therefore the production was intensified each year. The capacity of the animal husbandry farms wascontinuously increased, without increasing accordingly the capacities of the wastewater treatmentplants and of solid waste disposal platforms, nor building new ones or using modern technologies.This resulted in a severe worsening of environmental problems. In the same time, the relatively lowefficiency of these farms (5.5 kg feed/ kg liveweight), together with controlled low prices able tocompete on international markets with more efficient foreign producers, finally left no financialchance for any technological update or environmental investments.

The main two causes of the present situation are as following:

a. Improper sanity condition in from animal farmsIn addition to the above mentioned aspects, if in the past compliance with a more or lessrestrictive environmental legislation was not even taken into discussion. Presently theweaknesses in applying legislation represent a serious hindrance, caused also byinsufficient staff for monitoring and control , but by other less objective reasons aswell.Limited financial resources can be found again, at the same level; its own range of sub-causes is including poor economic development, lack of interest and political reasons ofthe moment.As a general remark, presently Romania has other priorities related to allocation offinancial resources targeted to environmental protection; therefore, environmentalinvestments - as many as they are - rely on the private sector and on international grantsand programmes, with only small contributions from the Romanian authorities.


b. Inefficient wastewater treatmentOne of the direct causes of the inefficiency is under-sizing of wastewater treatmentplants, together with an inappropriate planning in the animal husbandry technologies too.Both deficiencies lead to engineering errors, lacking the appropriate technical andscientific support as well.Outdated wastewater treatment technologies - due to a bad economic situation -,together with the impossibility to obtain or attract funds for equipment and technologiesupdating are the second direct cause of inefficient wastewater treatment plants. Theexistence - in the past - of huge export plans led to forcing by all means the animalproduction (it was applicable for crops too), under insecure sanitary and technologicalconditions, which probably accelerated the wearing out of equipment, some of it beingalready inefficient, therefore inappropriate.The last important cause to be mentioned is represented by operational weaknesses, forwhich unfavorable work conditions, low interest of staff due to payment and low level ofoperational staff skills are equally responsible. As a direct result, there is a permanentfluctuation of skilled personnel, equally due to restructuring and hence, employmentuncertainty. For these reasons, important concessions were made regarding the staffqualifications and skills, so the personnel did not respond always to the real needs ofrational operation.

(iii) Improper forest management

Together with crops and livestock production, forests, with good quality species represent animportant asset of the Romanian economy. The various essences are intensively harvested in orderto provide raw material to important consumers. Unfortunately, the forestry code is not alwayscomplied with, due to the fact that some forestry areas went into private ownership quite recently.

Excessive forest harvesting which was not accompanied by the necessary afforestation (in fact,shifting the land use from forests to pastures, hayfields and even arable land) resulted in importantsoil erosion mainly on slopes, in increasing of flowing coefficients for surface waters, even inmicro-climatic and bio-diversity changes in certain areas. All the above mentioned have anunwanted effect in time upon water and soil resources, as well as upon aquatic and edaphic eco-systems.

The main direct cause of improper forest management is:

a. Non-compliance with forest harvesting principles according to the forestry codeThe forestry patrimony was submitted lately to important stress, in complete disrespect ofthe forestry code - a wild aggression of economy upon ecology. If certain abuses of thenew owners are understandable to a certain extent, vandalism in state owned forests iscompletely unacceptable. Deliberate ignoring of forestry code is due to immediateeconomic targets.Of course, in the case of new owners, causes might be related to the unawareness orignoring the effects of such abuses, as well as to the lack of an efficient training andinformation system.In the other case (state owned forests), the situation is completely unacceptable, despitethe fact that in this case as well, contradictions are generated by certain conflicts ofinterests.


(iv) Inappropriate agricultural practices and improper hydro-technical works performed in the Danube flood plains & Delta

Both the Danube flood plains geo-system, as well as the Danube Delta biome are the mostillustrating examples of inadequate use of lands, mainly for growing cereals. If we consider: (1) thepastures forcibly shifted to arable land use, (2) those large areas with primary salty soils or withother natural deficiencies submitted to so-called "improvement works", costing enormous effortsand energy consumption, but yielding poor results, and (3) hydro-technical works in the Danubeflood plains and Delta; we have a self-evident image of the meanings for "bad land use". This is theextremely important reason for which we chose to make the specification even in the sector title.

a. Change of hydrological regime in the Danube Delta & upstream the DeltaAlong the Romanian sector of the Danube flood plains, 43 agricultural units (total area -450,000 hectares) are protected against flood. The total length of the protectingembankments is about 1,100 km. About 150 km of embankments creating compartmentsshould be added too. Performing these works supposed draining practically all themarshes in the flood plains. Consequently, the hydrological regime was submitted tosudden changes, and the natural processes related to soils were interrupted. The fauna andflora diversity decreased, and the trophic balances were affected, mainly in relation withthe fish fauna, due to the fact that the marshes and the annual floods held vital functionsin the eco-system, in microclimate also. Moreover, the hydrotechnical works performedin the Danube tributary flood plains broke the natural hydrological regime. If we add thegreat dams on the Danube, the navigation channels as well as the other channels (forindustrial and energy use), Danube Delta included, we realize once more the reality ofanthropic changes induced to the natural hydrological regime.The main sub-causes are: inadequate construction and operation of hydro-technicalworks, resulting mainly in water level fluctuation up-steam and between the two powerplants when they start working, not taking into consideration neither the sensitivebiological periods of the fish fauna, nor the dilution parameters. Another example is theirrational equipment of the Greaca marsh with roads network. The marsh bottom is at theDanube multi-annual average minimum level, therefore the roads are permanently, andthe marsh bottom is still not yet drained.Irrational extension of channels for access to natural resources in the Danube Delta(drainage channels included), as well as of dikes, resulted in stream changes, thusdistorting the natural formation and conservation regime in the Delta.

b. Inadequate use of natural resourcesThe inadequate use of natural resources is related to the setup of intensive fish farms inthe Danube Delta, favoring penetration of alien species, which shifted the normal pray -predator relationship towards the latter.Another reason of inadequate use of natural resources is the inappropriate exploitation ofreed in the Danube Delta. This activity caused the destruction of many habitats, mainlywinter habitats (the period for reed harvesting) of many birds species, not to mention themutations occurred due either to water pollution, or to exaggerated food consumption ofalien fish species artificially introduced in the Danube Delta.Last but not least, intensive farming on about 80,000 hectares artificially reintroducedin arable land category, as a result of an inadequate land policy in the past.It is worthwhile mentioning that everything was possible due to pursuance of immediateeconomic targets and unawareness of the effects in time.


c. Hydro-technical works, which produce negative effects on environment in theDanube DeltaIt is obvious that not all the hydro-technical works produced negative effects in theDanube flood plains and Delta. It is needed only their correct identification and study dueto the fact that they represent the last analyzed cause.

3.1.2.3. Environmental Effects

Beyond any doubts, sector core problem is quantifying a logical cause-effects branch. Its correctspatial distribution is easily to imagine and conceive in plane representation. At this stage of theanalysis, it is less important to import nuances, but much more important to identify theenvironmental causes of such brutal activities, as following:

The environmental consequences of inappropriate activities are the following:

� Changes in hydrological regimeIt is normal to expect such changes as a result of hydro-technical works alreadymentioned. Above these, we see an increase of the flowing coefficient as a result ofdeforestation, leading at its turn to an increase of surface flows degree, as well as, in alesser extent, micro-climatic changes, including through reduction of lake area in wetareas. These changes mean practically breaking certain already known cycles, as well asincreasing the gap between minimum and maximum, while decreasing occurrencecoefficients (given by calculations).All these aspects are sensibly aggressing the water and soil resources, both in terms ofaccessibility and quality. Practically, this consequence is closely linked to the inadequateuse of natural resources and to hydro-technical works producing negative effects(both at the same level). It is also an important point of the network, having directimplications in three out of four direct causes (except for inappropriate management ofanimal waste from animal farms). Its own sub-causes are practically all the abovementioned structural projects.

� Eutrophication of natural and artificial lakesEutrophication is considered to be one of the most important surface water pollution. It isa direct result of inadequate water and soil resources, as well as an immediate cause ofwater resources degradation. It is the consequent effect of all the four causes/problemsdefining the core problem.

� Affecting surface and underground water qualityThis effect is again a consequence of simultaneous pollution, obviously in directrelationship with water resources quality, and hence, bio-diversity degradation on onehand, and decrease of the using potential of water sources.

� Soil pollutionIn Romania there are about 150,000 hectares with important anthropic pollution.Inadequate forestry and agricultural practices represent the main cause, which sometimesaccelerate natural phenomena. This consequence is related too to the fourcauses/problems, having a severe and distinct effect in reducing soil resources.

� Pastures degradationIt is an immediate and direct effect of use of inadequate agricultural practices andimproper forest management. The next effect along the chain is degradation andlimitation of soil resources, with implications at already known higher levels (bio-diversity degradation and soil resources degradation).


� Soil erosionIt is obviously the natural cause of three causes/problems, easily identifiable. Practically,in the problem tree it has the same features as soil pollution. Unfortunately, in Romania,over 1,000,000 hectares are affected by soil erosion, as a consequence of worsening andoverlapping with natural causes (hydraulic and wind erosion). The main aggressivefactors are: vertical plowing on sloping land (from top to bottom), growing row-cropspecies and reduction of timberland.

� Land regression in the Danube DeltaOn one hand we are identifying a strong erosion in the Danube River basin, whichnaturally should be found in the deposits in the Danube Delta, and on the other hand theDanube Delta is experiencing land regression (a 7-12 hectares loss yearly). Thisphenomenon is the result of reduction of the transported alluvia quantity, due to thesilting both the reservoirs performed in the Danube River catchment and the DanubeDelta itself. For instance, the transported alluvia quantity by the Danube River wasreduced by 50% after the construction of the Iron Gates reservoirs. Even in the Deltathere is a complex process of erosion and silting, resulting in increases of the river Deltaand regression of the marine Delta, as a consequence also of erosion in the sea shore dueto the sea dikes.

All the above mentioned effects have significant consequences on each level of the problem tree,up to unsustainable social and economic development.

As a conclusion to this paragraph, we should note that both the Danube flood plains and the Deltahave limited natural possibilities for ecological regeneration and reconstruction in convenient timeperiods (an anthropic damaging/resonance coefficient over 60% is considered to be the thresholdfor natural eco-systemic irreversibility).

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3.1.3. Objectives, Expected Results, Actions and Related Projects

Analyzing the problems and the problem tree, the following sector objective has been identified:

"APPROPRIATE USE OF WATER AND SOIL RESOURCES"

Once achieved, this objective will ensure the preservation of the two resources (water and soil), aswell as of the bio-diversity, facilitating a sustainable social and economic development, takingadvantage also of the fact that presently Romania is aiming to a complete restructuring of itseconomy.

Under these conditions, and in order to achieve the sector objective, it is necessary to accomplish inthe meantime the following results:

� Introduction of appropriate agricultural practices� Achievement of appropriate management of the animal waste from animal farms� Performing of efficient management of the forest� Implementation of ecological farming practices and appropriate management of hydro-

technical works

(i) Introduction of appropriate agricultural practices

This seems to be the most important result; in order to achieve this result, several activities have tobe undertaken in the following fields:

� Technical and technological means� Favorable economic environment� Farmers qualification and information

It is necessary to:

� provide appropriate technical and technological means. In order to do this, the firststep should be a correct assessment of the existing situation, and the promotion ofrealistic agricultural policies. The promotion of coherent agricultural policies is the key orred line of the path to follow.In order to provide appropriate technical and technological means a financial supportmechanism for ecological farming has to be developed. This is a very important elementthat might extend if there is a market for such products.The use of appropriate machinery and land organization, mainly in the areas with newprivate owners is as much important as favoring associative farming, thus providingbetter conditions for the use of modern technologies.In this context, ecological reconstruction of affected areas might be considered if at leastsome facilities are provided (such as tax exemption on re-invested profit, low interestcredit lines etc.).For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Existing/On-going Projects

- Ecological reconstruction of Zlatna area (Mures river basin)- Rapid data collection by satellite for dangerous hydro-meteorological phenomena- Model farms of ecological agriculture


Planned Projects

- Reclamation technologies of agricultural soils affected by oil and salted waterpollution in river tributary basin : Crisul Alb, Crisul Repede, Olt, Arges, Ialomita,Siret

- Ecological reconstruction of agricultural soils – Baia Mare- Ecological reconstruction of poor agricultural land in Romanian Danube river basin- Development of a monitoring system for chemical soil pollution in agricultural areas

in Romanian Danube river basin- Monitoring of protected areas in Romanian Danube river basin- Development of rapid dissemination of information regarding flood propagation in

Romanian Danube river basin- Dams rehabilitation along side Danube river from Iron Gate km. 875 to Isaccea

km.103- Consolidation and rehabilitation of sliding lands in Zalau city (Somes River basin)- Inventory of areas under risk of landslides- Rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage systems in the Danube flood areas

Proposed Projects

- Study on ecological reconstruction by controlled flooding of embanked areas in Jijiariver meadow

- Study regarding sizing the protection area in relation with the use of chemicals in theriver meadows

- Identification of control eco-systemic areas and their preservation- Standard projects on ecological and land use monitoring- Setup of thin protective forests in the dam-riverside area (Danube flood plain)- Ecological reconstruction of the Greaca lake in the Danube flood plain (Giurgiu and

Calarasi counties)- Study on the size of fauna population in agriculture ecosystems.

� create favorable economic environment. In absence of a healthy economic environment(where the demand-supply principle is properly functioning), it is practically impossibleto revive the Romanian agriculture. Achieve stability of ownership patterns mightrepresent the start of a beneficial activity.It is also important to setup of market mechanisms which will enable to provide facilitiesfor less favored rural areas, while improving infrastructure will contribute, together withdevelopment of agro-tourism, to improve comfort and civilization degree in rural areas,resulting in good economic effects, beneficial to the local population.An efficient control of compliance with legislation, while providing facilities forenvironmental investments may contribute significantly to an economic revigoration inthe agricultural sector.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Legislative initiatives (exemption from taxes on profit, land, etc…)- Amendments to Land Law

Planned Project

- Specific legislation for less – favored areas.


� achieve a high level of farmers’ information and qualification. After reconsideringlocal traditions and cultural elements, ecological promotion actions to increase awarenessto young people in rural areas will be organized. It is also planned to set up ruralmanagement schools in order to educate and inform farmers about ecological agriculturalpractices. In this context it is necessary to train operational staff and attract high skilledtechnical staff to rural areas by eliminating rural-urban disparities.Resuming the practices of "clean" farming involves both a new qualification for new-comers (or those which have been working in industry for a long time), as well as forolder farmers, in order to help them adapt to the new requirements.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Existing/On-going Project

- Training and extension programmes

Proposed Projects

- General business plans for farmers- Farmers’ guides for different activities.

(ii) Achievement of appropriate management of the animal waste from animal farms

A proper management of animal waste might solve somehow the pollution problem, but that isdepending again of the financial resources. This is the reason for looking also for other solutions,less dependent of these resources (such as use of manure in the fields), reducing the pollutionintensity by splitting up the huge animal farms - the existing infrastructure from the closed unitsmight be used - etc.).

In order to achieve this result, several the activities are required in the following areas:

� Sanitary conditions in animal farms� Wastewater treatment

It is necessary to:

� ensure optimal sanitary conditions in animal farms. In our opinion, the starting pointshould be an inventory of immediate needs, then. We think also that to develop policies inline with local requirements and market considerations to split the huge animal farmsinto smaller units will considerably reduce the pressure upon the wastewater treatmentplants, thus improving their efficiency.It is required to promote construction of wastewater treatment plants, consideringcapacity optimization. In order ensure optimal sanitary conditions in animal farms, it isnecessary to provide necessary financial resources for constructing them. These areimportant elements that are able to eradicate many unwanted effects.Comply with environmental legislation and provide incentives as well as applyingcoercive regulations might contribute essentially to increase respect for ecology andenvironmental protection.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Proposed Project

- Feasibility study regarding splitting the huge pig farms into smaller units.


� perform an efficient wastewater treatment. The quality of the wastewater treatment ismostly dependent of the performances and efficiency of equipment in the plant. This isthe reason, why updating and rehabilitating of the existing wastewater treatment plantsand introducing modern technologies is a major criteria of this activity.Moreover, it is required to promote modern animal husbandry practices (with low waterconsumption). It is also necessary to really operate and manage in an appropriate way thewastewater treatment plants. This should result in an obvious success. Other importantelements in order to accomplish this result are to employ skilled operational staff andensure efficient monitoring and control.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Spreading in the fields the solid waste resulting from wastewater treatment plants(experimental)

- Irrigation with wastewater (experiments ) in Peris and Crevedia- Orientation of agriculture to a rational use of animal waste (Peris)

Planned Projects

- Capacity increase of wastewater treatment plant of COMTOM Tomesti (Prut riverbasin)

- Recycling and management of animal waste from animal farms (Romanian Danuberiver basin)

Proposed Projects

- Use of zeolytes in wastewater.

(iii) Performing of efficient management of the forest

Under the existing conditions in Romania, making this result operational involves a larger range ofpolicy makers, such as MWFEP, MAF and the Romanian Parliament. From this point of view, theimportance of this effect was correctly assessed, proving the realistic approach of the TOPPmethod, especially because in the near future we might expect changes in the balance between stateand private property, favoring the latter.

In order to achieve these results, several activities are required in the following areas:

� Forest harvesting principles;� Ownership patterns.

It is necessary to:

� observe the forest harvesting principles, according to the forestry code. As initialconditions, the wood cutting volume has to be correlated with the growth ratio and, onthe other hand, monitor forest harvesting in order to optimize the profit/ecological effectratio.Control of wood cutting on sloping land as well as afforestation of excessively degradedlands might represent a start for ecological reconstruction. Moreover, it is planned to setup an efficient training system for private owners.For this activity, the following important projects have been identified:


- Afforestation of Copsa Mica area


Planned Projects

- Development and extension of forestry ecosystem monitoring- Control soil erosion in Tazlau river basin

Proposed Project

- Identification of degraded pastures.

� achieve stability of the ownership patterns. Establishment and stability of ownershipinvolves also some responsibilities, otherwise easy to conjure away; therefore to completethe issue of ownership titles is a strong need, as well as the setup of land market.Promote fiscal facilities for landowners could be a solution for convincing them torestrain themselves from obtaining immediate economic advantages but with disastrousecological consequences.For this activity, the following important projects have been identified:

Proposed Projects

- Inventory of degraded areas resulting from irrational forest harvesting- Soil erosion control measures in Subcarpathian areas- Issuing the laws regulating the land market.

(iv) Implementation of ecological farming practices and appropriate management of the hydro-technical works

The Danube Delta, as a Biosphere Reserve, has its own legislation for guiding the local activities.Despite that, the influences from outside the biome, as well as the already existing ones andconsolidated in time, require both special non-structural and structural interventions for itsecological reconstruction.

In order to achieve these results, several activities are required in the following areas:

� Stable hydrological regime upstream and in the Danube Delta� Ecological restoration� Ecological ways of resources use.

It is necessary to:

� reach a balanced hydrological regime in the Danube Delta & upstream. It isnecessary that in a while, the embanked areas go back to their natural state. This is validalso for all the artificial channels that induced negative effects; that is practically meaningto reduce the arable land and close some artificial channels.It is necessary as well to calibrate some channels and to unsilt some lakes and channelsin the Danube Delta.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Consolidation of the sea shore line of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Improvement of ecological conditions for water circulation in the complex Matita –

Merhei in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Unsilting and calibration of Sontea, Radacinasi, Perivolovca, Litcov channels in the

Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve


Planned Projects

- Reclamation technologies of agricultural soils affected by oil and salted waterpollution in tributary basin : Black Sea

- Development of ecological database using GIS (Romanian Danube river basin)- Inventory of flooding areas

Proposed Projects

- Bathimetric and streams study in the Danube Delta- Identification and calibration of artificial channels that modified the hydrological

regime in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Ecological reconstruction through measures regulating the hydrological regime of the

Danube Delta- Impact study regarding the influence of seacoast dykes upon natural ecosystem in the

Danube Delta.

� use the resources in the Danube Delta in an ecological way. A basic element is toforbid the use of pesticides and establish limits for fertilizers.Reconstruct ecologically the areas affected by embankments in the Danube Delta andcomplete the list of species protected by the law are good enough premises for recovery.In the same time, it is advisable to perform traditional farming for satisfying local needs,and to develop agro-tourism as well.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Adequate management of reed resources in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Protection and maintenance of species populations highly valuable in the Danube

Delta Biosphere Reserve- Identification maintenance and protection of spawning areas for different fish species

in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Planned Projects

- Protected areas monitoring in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Improvement of environmental quality monitoring in the Danube Delta Biosphere

Reserve, integrated in the national system- Promotion of traditional farming in the framework of sustainable development- Identification of the sources polluting Danube waters in the Danube Delta Biosphere

Reserve

Proposed Projects

- Identification of some areas from agricultural polders for ecological reconstruction inthe Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

- Study on efficient agro-tourism performance in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Rehabilitation of traditional areas for willow species in the Danube Delta Biosphere

Reserve- Elaboration and implementation of strategies for ecological reconstruction in fishing

polders in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve- Analysis of opportunities for extending prohibition periods for endangered fish

species.


� manage in an appropriate way the hydro-technical works that produce negativeeffects. It is extremely difficult to intervene immediately with strong structural measures,because in time, some ecosystems developed as such.It is recommended to implement non-structural measures in order to reduce the presentnegative effects and improve the operation of hydro-technical works. Only the hydro-technical works producing extremely serious negative effects will be dismantled.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Management objective for bio-diversity conservation and sustainable development inthe Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

- Setup of a management system for sustainable use in the Danube Delta BiosphereReserve

- Development and improvement of monitoring systems of tourist activity in theDanube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Planned Projects

- Research on the dynamics and functioning of the natural ecosystem in the DanubeDelta Biosphere Reserve

- Identification of lake areas and undisturbed fishery basins in the Danube DeltaBiosphere Reserve

- Development of cooperation with international bodies for implementation of theobjectives in the management plan of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Proposed Projects

- Develop basic hydraulic model of the Delta which simulates observed changes inwater levels and flood areas

- Study on identification and implementation of non–structural measures in the DanubeDelta

- Study regarding the effects produced by the hydro-technical works in the DanubeDelta.

3.1.4. Important Assumptions for the Sector

Important assumptions are external factors which are important for the success of the program butlies outside its scope and not under the direct control of the program. These external factors mayaffect the implementation and long-term sustainability of the program. The important assumptionsor external factors must be taken into consideration if the objectives defined at (the next) higherlevels are to be achieved.

At the activity level, the following assumptions have been identified:

� Sufficient budgetary resources providedPractically, for the identified activities it is essential to provide the necessary financialresources. If the public national budget must bear the harshness and pressures of thetransition period, it is very unlikely to be able to face on its own such needs. Thereforedomestic and foreign investors should be counted in, because on privatization or purchaseof animal farms, some investments in the wastewater treatment plants might be expected.A second support source might be international grants and loans with governmentalparticipation and guarantees, of course.


� Actual use of modern wastewater treatment technologiesUse of modern technologies is a basic condition in achieving the proposed goal. The lowefficiency or reliability of the technologies and equipment presently in use, added to non-performant investments lead to cease and even regression of polluting phenomena, butnot at their diminishment.

� Sufficient financial resources for training providedAs an immediate non-structural measure, training is able to ensure something veryexpensive and valuable with minimum of investment. Identification and goodmanagement of these funds may become a major advantage in reconsidering the pollutionphenomenon in Romania.

� Ecological land policy in Danube Delta appliedIntroduction of an ecological land policy in the protected areas provide appropriateconditions for some activities for the benefit of the local population only, they have theobligation to comply with all the other juridical provisions. Even if the Danube Delta is aless-favored area, applying measures of a coherent land and water policy, it is very likelyto obtain favorable economic and ecological results.

� Public awareness achievedMaking public aware of the importance of resources and bio-diversity protection is a sine-qua-non condition for success in such an approach. An important role is here to play by non-governmental organizations (over 20,000 presently), which, irrespectively of their specificgoals, having - many of them - strong affiliation to environmental or related issues.

� Monitoring implementation ensuredMonitoring at such a large scale cannot be efficient any more in absence of a centralsupervision, control and intervention system. The more operative the interventions are, themore pollution is limited (in terms of quantity and quality) and the reconstruction is moreaccessible. Automatic and computerized equipment is a safe operational solution. The realpossibility to use GIS should not be neglected at all, involving the Romanian Center for Useof Teledetection in Agriculture, a recently created unit, but with wide perspectives.

For this sector at the results/output level the following assumption have been identified:

� Further implementation of correct agricultural policies already establishedImplementing already established agricultural policies might have undesirable results if itis not correctly done. Each implementation level should preserve the core and the spirit ofthe regulations without intervening and distorting them. Some solutions should be foundfor receiving rejections and interventions that are distorting the objective and theexpected result.

� Sufficient funds for updating wastewater treatment plants providedThis is a very important assumption, but it is still depending on the transition period,whose priorities are permanently changing. The comments are the same with thoseexpressed at the first assumption, but still taking into account the context not exactlyfavorable.

� Optimal profit/ecological balance ratio achievedThis assumption is ambitious enough to be not correctly assessed. In principle, it is aboutfinding the optimal economic - ecological ratio (eco-eco). This ratio is depending on thelocal environmental resources and factors, as well as on the sense and the economicpower of the phenomenon. An another important criterion is the period of time forachievement. If in other areas we might afford a 10-12 years compliance plan, in theDanube Delta this optimization has to be achieved immediately, even facing the risk ofunder-evaluation for the time being.


3.1.5. Impact Indicators for Sector Results

Impact Indicators were developed for sector objectives and sector results. They define the contentsof the objectives and results in operationally measurable terms (quantity, quality, target groups,partner institutions, time period and place). They should give an adequate picture of the situation.Furthermore, they should be measurable in a consistent way at an acceptable cost.

The following impact indicators were identified for the results/outputs:

For the result 1.1:

� Reduction of nutrients in water by efficient appliance of adequate agriculturalpractices in accordance with E.U. standards, thus increasing agricultural productionby 10% till 2003 in the Danube flood areasThe indicator is a global one ("nutrients") and is measuring the reduction of nutrientscoming from fertilizers, in 2003, as compared to 1998, while increasing the agriculturalproduction in the mentioned areas by 10%. In other words, this surplus will not resultfrom increasing the fertilizers doses per hectare, but from modern cropping technologies,including an increase of natural or synthesized fertilizers efficiency (controlledremanence or losses in the soil). This indicator is expressing in the same time theregeneration capacity of the soil ecosystem. This indicator allows to precise the objectiveand the results. Explain how this indicator facilitate the measurement of the success of theresults and objectives and how to use this indicator, how to get data and information)

For the result 1.2:

� Reduction of water eutrophication in 30% of the surface waters adjacent to farms,including the Prut river, downstream “COMTOM” discharge, until 2001This indicator is in fact a bio-indicator and is measuring the reduction of eutrophicationphenomenon caused by the organically loaded waters, while preserving the presentproduction levels. This means practically an assessment of the efficiency of interventionin the technological production and operation processes of the wastewater treatmentplants, different from those used in the reference year (1998).

For the result 1.3:

� Reduction of soil erosion in forest areas by 50%, thus extending the yearlyafforested area by 10% up to 2008 in comparison with 1998This indicator is a global physical one (wind and hydraulic erosion) and is assessing theeffect of some relevant measures in forest harvesting. A 10% increase of the yearly-afforested areas on degraded lands until 2008 as compared to 1998 is responding both toa vital need, but to stop the erosion phenomenon also.

For result 1.4:

� Extension of ecologically reconstructed area by 10000 ha while preserving thetraditional activities, up to 2001, in the Danube Delta biosphere reserveThis is an ecological physic indicator, measuring the regeneration capability of theDanube Delta biome, together with an anthropic activity in this sense (anthropicallysupported). Certain opposition is expected, both anthropic and natural as well. Thisindicative parameter, as any of the above mentioned might be developed with otherthresholds or significance.


3.2. Industry Waste Management


3.2.1.1. Importance of the Sector and Activities Leading to Water Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Introduction

The problems facing Romanian industrial sector today find their roots in the past excessively centralizedgovernment with its directed production and investments plans, allocation of inputs, and administeredand highly distorted prices. Romania had a non-competitive economy, no experience in economicreform, and insufficient regulations and institutions needed for a market economy. This situationresulted in increased rigidity in the transition process and in substantial economic and social losses.

In 1990 a strategy of transition was adopted, which combined carefully paced reform process instate enterprises with a phased approach to price liberalization, in a balanced effort to keepinflationary pressures under control and to stop the decline in production and the displacement oflabor, as well as to abate the living costs. In this respect, measures were adopted aimed at removingthe command economy, passing the privatization law, encouraging foreign investment etc.

Today, the development agenda of Romania includes systematic reform, macroeconomic structuraladjustment and macro-stabilization. The program of structural adjustment complements theGovernment' socio-economic systematic reform program in the macroeconomic areas.

Recent changes on environment and economy

The policy of self-sufficiency at any cost adopted by Romania from the early 1980s exacerbatedinefficiencies throughout the economy. The entire transition process started when the centralgovernment began promulgating several legal and institutional reforms.

First, private property was recognized (Privatization legislation passed since 1991) and theconsumer was allowed to have sovereignty on issues of residential location. The private sector'scontribution to GDP was estimated at 16% in 1990, 26% in 1992, 32% in 1993 and 39% in 1995.

Second, decentralization laws gave the local governments authority to manage their own problems.

Third, the local finance laws officially shifted the burden of financing of most local services tolocal governments. Since 1990, when the free market formally replaced the centrally plannedeconomic system, specific elements, required to restructure the whole economy, began tomaterialize especially those related to economic activities. However, the destruction of theequilibrium of the centralized planned economy led to a rapid decline in industrial output.

The changes of the last two years contributed to the end of the economic decline. These changesmainly refer to:

- The transfer of the State planning and resource allocation prerogatives to the newlyindependent commercial companies as the main managers of the economy;

- The recent legislation covering fields such as privatization and environment, and therestructuring of different economic sectors including industry;

- The new established free market relations between the commercial companies.

The new legal environmental framework facilitated the use of several policy instruments, includingenvironmental permits and licenses, user charges, pollution charges, subsidies, legal environmentalliabilities and other appropriate economic instruments.


The policies for the sector

Romania is rich in natural resources: oil (in 1938 it was the second biggest producer in Europe andthe seventh in the world), methane gas (the fifth biggest world producer in 1975), coal, nonferrousores, gold, silver, salt etc. The major industrial branches are machine building, food industry,metallurgy, chemistry, light industry, wood processing. The country's railway network totals11,374 km of which 3,866 km electrified track. The public road network totals 72,828 km of which17,248 modernized roads.

The diversity of three perspectives: economic, socio-cultural, and environmental needs andconcerns suggests that there is no universally "right" or "wrong" policy path to achieveenvironmentally sustainable development in the Romania as in any other country in the Danuberiver basin.

The policies of growth with no regard to environmental costs are of the past. In view of thesignificant damage done to the natural environment, the Romanian government is committed to adevelopment policy that integrates environmental considerations. Such a policy enables theconservation of natural resources, the avoidance of irreversible damage to the environment and theachievement of long term economic growth on a sustainable basis. Without such a developmentstrategy, the cost of restoring the natural environment in the future will be prohibitively expensive.Moreover, in the long run, economic growth will decline with the continued use of the environmentas a sink.

Sector industrial policies have been set up together with program of rationalization of theproduction system and investments in the new macroeconomic environment. The introduction ofpolicies that force producers to compete in open markets leads to restructuring away from heavyindustries and towards less polluting lighter industries and services. Favorable impacts on theenvironment come from price liberalization and removal of subsidies, privatization, competitivemarkets, reform of taxation, interest and exchange rates.

Policies and strategies in the area of water pollution

The measures taken by Romania for the sustainable improvements for human health protectioninclude the treatment of the drinking water as an essential element of the integrated water resourcesand quality management as components of the wide environmental policy. Water resources inRomania are administered according to the principles of integrated water management which linkswater quality and water quantity, ground water and surface water, together with the environmentaland economic considerations.

Policies on water quality protection take account of wider pollution control, water resourcesmanagement and health and social planning. These elements are well integrated in the Romanianwater resources management strategy. The Romanian legislation framework reflects the need tomanage all the natural resources as part of an integrated strategy, which involve cooperation of all therelevant governmental agencies.

The impacts of the policy changes can be seen in the down-sizing of operations in a number ofenterprises and outright closures for reasons of unacceptably high inefficiencies, lowcompetitiveness and pollution impacts. It is therefore imperative that prices of energy, otherindustrial inputs, water, forestry and other natural resources be maintained at economic levels.Besides the removal of subsidies, the elimination of barriers to both domestic and foreign tradeplays an important role in attaining and maintaining input prices to their economic levels.

Priority problems identified in the field of environmental protection are approached in a unifiedmanner in the Environmental Protection Strategy of Romania developed by the Ministry of Water,Forests and Environmental Protection. The Romanian government recognizes the challengesinvolved in implementing economic instruments aimed at addressing the environmental problems.


The Ministry of Waters, Forests and the Environment approved the Environmental Action Program inaccordance with the LUCERNE model. The program provides the guidelines for the targeted nationalstrategies and the policy actions of greatest benefits in the short and the long run.

Duties and responsibilities of the stakeholders

Several stakeholders can have significant impact on the design, operation of enforcement programrelated to the prevention and control of pollution provided by the industry. Enforcement inRomania involves many different groups, including government agencies, citizens groups and non-government organizations, and industry, being both the regulated body and the polluter. A keyelement in the environmental strategy of the country is defining the roles and responsibilities of thevarious groups involved or affected by the water pollution.

The role of the organizations is specific:

1. legislative organizations: the Ministry of Water, Forest and Environmental Protection,Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Industry and Trade;

2. executive organization: Environmental Protection Agency and Regia Autonoma ApeleRomane that have their own role in the internal mechanisms for enforcing administrativeorders and appealing agency actions, including also the natural resource managementagencies responsible for energy, minerals, forests, that belong to various ministries, or

3. (iii) judicial organizations responsible for interpreting both the Environmental ProtectionLaw and Water Law.

At the governmental level, the Water Department part of the Ministry of Water, Forests, and Envi-ronmental Protection (MAPPM) regulates the water sector. The Water Department supervisesApele Române (AR), a public utility with branches in each of the country's 12 river basins. AR isresponsible for the management of 70,000 kilometers of rivers and 150 multi-purpose lakes anddikes. AR supplies 95% of the raw water to municipalities, industry, and agriculture. Localgovernment is responsible for municipal water supply and wastewater treatment. For enforcement,the Water Department of MAPPM and AR can take legal action against non-complying facilitiesand levy fines and other sanctions — including closure — against violators. Compliance ismonitored in many ways. First, AR conducts routine plant sampling and inspections, including thereview of the facility’s records (enterprises are responsible for monitoring and reporting theirdischarges). While the number of inspections is planned, the timing of the visit is not known to theenterprise. Second, AR carries out unplanned plant visits, usually based on concerns raised fromother inspections. Third, when an accident is reported, AR does an immediate inspection. Finally,through its ambient program, AR also conducts periodic sampling from a series of samplingcheckpoints along water bodies, both selectively for pollution-prone water bodies and according topredefined annual programs. Local environmental protection agencies also carry out some limitedwater monitoring. The key person in all water management is the actual consumer. The presentorganization of the Romanian water sector does not reflect this fully, as the water resourcesmanagement and provision of raw water are separated from the actual provision of water andwastewater services, the latter being under the responsibility of the Municipalities and the Ministryof Public Works. The present Romanian approach is splitting the water resources managementfrom the raw water provision and the actual water services provision.

The role of non-governmental organizations has a major impact on the environmental programsuccess and efficiency. The Romanian government enforcement programs benefit by working withthese groups. Several private organizations include in Romania industrial association, professionaland technical societies, trade union and workers' councils, universities, insurance companies.


The regulator (Environmental Protection Agency, Regia Autonoma Apele Romane or Ministry ofWater, Forest and Environmental Protection) works together with the industry, the potential andexisting polluter, to create a new professional philosophy.

Finally, the citizens play a major role in shaping and implementing the environmental and waterprograms, through specific lobbying effects. The Ministry of Water, Forest and EnvironmentalProtection developed the mechanisms of having access to the water management information heldby water authorities.

The main activities, contributing to water pollution in the sector

Economic growth and human development activities have resulted in an increasing deterioration ofwater quality to the extent that they pose serious threats to health in many parts of the country.

In many localities, in the urban and especially in the rural area in Romania, contamination ofsurface and ground water used for abstraction was mainly produced by the lack of appropriatemethods for the transport, treatment and disposal of liquid and solid wastes coming from industrialactivities. The most important polluting industries are: ore mining activities; chemical andpetrochemical industries; pulp and paper; metal works and machinery; food industry; textileindustry. The tailing deposits generate particularly serious problems to the environment due to boththe risk they create as regards the stability of the settling ponds and to the direct adverse impact onthe soil (land occupation, soil degradation), water (surface and underground water pollution) andair. There are no incineration facilities for pesticides, medicine drugs or for other expired chemicalproducts. Chemical pollution coming from specific industries that still dump their wastes on landand water represents a major concern for Romania.

Some of the industries are already provided with facilities for pre-treatment of their wastewater.Generally speaking, the biodegradable pollution is not a problem for population, but so far forsome specific types of wastewater no effective treatment technologies are available. In addition aproblem with the so called "conventional clean" industrial discharges has been identified. Anumber of important industries are permitted to discharge processed water without pollutingelements (conventional clean water) directly in the open water bodies. Recent monitoring activitiesindicate the most of these wastewater streams contain substantial pollution loads. Anotherimportant activity leading to water pollution is represented by wastes generated by large-scaleindustrial activities that are disposed of in specific deposits that are inadequately operated.

In the river basins most of the pollution are coming from landfills related to the followingoperations: mining deposits of sterile and sludge from mining activities; deposits of lime sludgefrom inorganic chemical industry; organic chemical industry with their deposits of organic solidresiduals; deposits of pulp coming from paper production or deposits of fly ash and sludge from theenergy production. Important amounts of wastes have been generated by the energy productionsector (19 mil. tons), mining sector (9.5 mil. tons -excluding sterile), food industry (9.3 mil. tons),metallurgical industry (7.2 mil. tons) chemical industry (5.2 mil. tons).

Comparing with 1995 there is an increase of the industrial wastes (about 0.06 millions of tons).Significantly, the amount of sterile coming from mining industry decreased from 288.4 millions oftons in 1995 to 49.5 millions of tons in 1996, mainly because of the diminishing of miningactivities.

From the total number of the industrial waste disposal sites 30% are located inside the urbanlocalities, having and an important landscape adverse impact. At the same time, there are 56disposal sites, without any specific facilities, located on the riverbanks. Only 23% from theindustrial disposal sites have environmental license. Industrial discharges, leachate from abandonedwaste dumps and waste transport systems all contribute to the load of toxic micro-pollutantsreaching the Black Sea from the Danube and its tributaries.


The industrial disposal sites are special arranged for the certain kinds of waste as: ashes and slagfrom the power plants, chemical and petrochemical wastes, dump heaps from mining fields, etc. Inthe mixed waste disposal sites are accepted both domestic and industrial residues (excepting thosetoxic or dangerous) including, usually, sludge from the wastewater treatment plants, wastes comingfrom construction, wood waste, etc. The liquid wastes are disposed in the wastewater treatmentplants that are generally performing only physical/chemical steps. Most of the large industrial unitshave their own disposal plants, both for liquid and solids wastes. This situation facilitates theidentification of the waste source and the development of the imposed pollution preventionmeasures.

Reducing the industrial discharges and eliminating the diffuse sources of pollution during solid andliquid transport activities is a major task for all the water users. An important concern is given tothe fact that, by many presently used waste-removal and disposal methods large toxic substancessimply return to the environment. Moreover, the shortage of adequate liquid and solid wastedisposal measures in many rural areas impairs the well being and quality of life for many people inRomania.

Concluding, the most important problems coming from industrial activities affecting the health ofDanube River ecosystems and water users in Romania are considered to be:

1. inappropriate liquid and solid wastes regimes;2. inadequate industrial waste treatment procedures, and3. solid wastes from industrial activities being improperly disposed.

Therefore, the key relationship between these three activities leading to water pollution has beenconsidered to be industrial waste management.

3.2.1.2. Current Strengths/Assets

The goal of achieving prevention and control of pollution due to the industrial waste managementset the priorities for identifying necessary policy and regulations reforms. The strategic directionsto be approached are mainly influenced by the current strengths and assets. Government, industryand the public must rely on these assets and strengths to be able to cooperate for theimplementation of actions, which meets the goal.

Concerning inappropriate transport of liquid and solid wastes the following assets have beenidentified:

� Environmental legislationHaving the framework Environmental Law no. 137/1995, the Water Law 107/1996, andseveral other regulations including a recent proposal on self-financing of EPA, Romaniais at a crossroad in its efforts to create an environmental sustainable development andmarket economy. This legal framework will facilitate the use of several policyinstruments, including environmental permits and licenses, user charges for the treatmentand disposal of industrial wastewater and solid wastes, pollution charges, subsidies, legalenvironmental liabilities and other appropriate economic instruments for solid and liquidwaste.Effective waste management policy assumes development of a comprehensive medium tolong-term policies and priorities. The strategy will be based on four principles: directreduction of waste sources; optimization of environmentally sound treatment and disposalaccording to the EU standards; reduction of movement of waste; ability increased to thewaste producer.


� StandardsLargely local councils handle liquid and solid wastes generated by industry, but thegovernment also carry out certain functions, including the setting of standards fordisposal and charges to be applied. Water pollution prevention and control may bedeliberately factored into the strategies and policies of Water Department and/or enforcedthrough environmental standards imposed by local environment protection agency or bythe water authority itself.The purpose of the existing Romanian existing standards (ambient water quality) is toprotect the public health and welfare, and enhance the water quality compatible with thespecified water uses. Such standards relate to total loads and concentrations of pollutantsfor inputs entering the system (especially from industry), as well as to effluentsdischarged to the environment. There are no standards for the use, movement anddisposal of hazardous waste and no design criteria for disposal facilities.Moreover, there are also no standards for field sampling procedures, handling of samples,or analytical procedures. The management of water quality in relation to industrialwastewater treatment and disposal may thus be achieved through a combination ofenvironmental regulations and standards. Outright bans may be imposed on the dischargeof some substances, such as intractable waste, to the sewerage system.

� Unleaking and protected transport networkThe necessity to prevent water pollution and contamination through the transport systemhas been accepted by industry and there is an inducement for discharges to improve thequality of waste, reduce the quantities of waste discharged to the sewerage system,impose control measures to secure the leachate through enforcement actions. The levelsof the charges have been increased over time to create a stronger economic incentiveeffect.

� Existing monitoring systemThe water quality monitoring in Romania has been initiated since 1954, but it started tobe systematically performed beginning in the mid 70's when first methodological aspects,specific to this domain had been also elaborated. Monitoring system is an essential part ofthe water resources management in Romania. The Ministry of Water, Forest andEnvironmental Protection has a nationwide monitoring system comprising 275 slowmonthly and 65 fast daily monitoring stations for surface water; 55 seasonal monitoringfor lakes and 280 seasonal monitoring stations for ground water. To induce industries tochange their behavior, the Ministry strengthened the monitoring and enforcementcapacity of the local branches and imposed industry to self-monitor their emissions.There is shortage of equipment and staff.

� Ecological trainingThe achievement of the desired balance between development and human needs and theenvironment implies the change in a fundamental way of the attitude and policyregarding the water management and environment. The most important principle whichwere suggested to be taken into consideration related to public awareness in the makingdecision process include: the existence of public involvement and participation, a strongflow of information between all the interested implied and the need for a high degree ofpublic education.Environmental NGOs have launched education and monitoring campaigns that haveraised public awareness on environmental issues. There is a need to raise publicawareness in the field of environment and economic instruments. Pollution is sometimesunderestimated due to the inadequate reporting system. Only little information isavailable on the benefits of pollution prevention measures or on the comparativeefficiency and effectiveness for wastewater and solid waste management approaches.


Environmental groups in Romania are generally in favor of sustainable water useapproach, and the community has supported the principle of saving and protecting water.The tremendous effect of inappropriate disposal measures of the wastes on the tourismactivities in the country has been considered at the need assessment to consolidate theecological awareness of the population through group training and campaigns organizedby local environmental organizations. Moreover the industry responds to calls forpermanent environmental education and qualification of personnel involved inwastewater treatment plants, organizing training programs. Finally, all training programsrequire follow-up and monitoring of trainees and supervisors to assessment effectivenessand to supplement and redesign curriculum.

� Performant “clean” technologiesIn the first instance, reduction of wastewater and solid wastes implies also measures ofprevention. The modern dual approach to prevention is proposed: the introduction of newclean technologies and the development of appropriate products.The primary purpose of developing clean technologies in this context is to use non-polluting manufacturing processes, which generate a minimum of waste. Minimizingwaste at the product level means taking into account the environmental impact of theentire product life cycle. Consumers also need to be informed about the ecologicalcharacteristics of products and packaging by appropriate labeling.The objectives of the existing environmental protection policy are to raise awareness andshare experiences about the effectiveness of waste minimization, many elements of whichinvolve cleaner production practices. In addition to treatment alternatives, the effort should beincreased for: identifying future alternatives to conventional chemicals and more efficientprocesses to reduce water consumption and energy use; developing guidelines on wasteminimization and efficient water and energy use; preparing lists of environmental friendly andharmful dye chemicals and auxiliaries and to initiate waste minimization pilot projects.The main objective of the new liquid and solid waste legislation is to give low-wastetechnologies priorities over conventional waste disposal. The second objective is toprovide the future framework for an acceptable waste disposal. Developing low-wastetechnologies in order to find new solutions for the residues use instead of their disposal.This includes re-use of the residues as raw materials in other production process andsubstituting those substances, which create the waste problem.

In addition to ecological training and performant “clean” technologies, for inadequate industrialwastewater treatment the following strengths have been considered:

� Control equipmentControl equipment is required for ensuring proper operation and maintenance ofwastewater treatment plants. There is a considerable need for ensuring control equipmentavailable in time.

� Studies, analysis, technical assistanceThe lack of management of solid and liquid waste is due partly to the fragmentation ofresponsibility for identify, designating, and managing. Clearly there is a nee to develop aunified and structured approach through studies and analysis to the integrated wastemanagement and pollution prevention control measures. Due to the growing shortage ofavailable landfill capacity, inadequate enforcement procedures, and rising disposal costs,illegal dumping of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes is increasing (implyingpotential additional health costs from groundwater pollution). Modern management andoperation techniques are required at nearly all levels. The technical assistance providedso far was needed not only to perform a specific pre or feasibility study or environmentalaudit, but also to impart maximum of skills and know-how.


� Existence of foreign investors, willing to invest in wastewater treatment plantsThe budget deficit is to be brought under control as the money supply and thus the inflation.The favored instrument of the government has been to improve the permit system withenvironmental abatement investment co-financing to stimulate pollution sources to meetpermit requirements. If in 1994 the national treasury provided the majority of financing, in1997 the budget's share of investments fell to 45 per cent of all investments.Specific environmental investments financing is provided from: central and localgovernment budgets for public utility works, water users’ own funds, development fundsof the start-run autonomous agencies (Apele Romane); funds resulting from loans. Theworks of public utility include water treatment units, waste disposal sites, filtering station,etc. Economic agents use state budget, credits or their own funds to develop or modernizecleaner technologies or to build wastewater treatment plants or other emissionpurification units. In spite of dedicated efforts by the government through its austeritybudgets and by the donors to provide investment, the reduced allocation of the funds isobstructing the creation of environmentally sustainable development in Romania.

� Valuation opportunitiesEffluent volumes and quality may be affected by the pricing policies that are applied toinputs to the sewerage system. Pricing policies for discharges of waste can affect thevolumes and quantities of wastes carried by the sewerage system. Other prices to be takeninto account include charges for sewerage services and for reclaimed saleable productssuch as effluent and treated sludge. The effectiveness of recycling programs will dependstrongly on the pricing regimes that are implemented. Responsibility for proposing aseries of new economic instruments and valuation procedures to assist the water andwaste management has been delegated to the environmental and river basin waterauthorities. Such instruments are consistent with the provisions of the new legislation,which is based on the “polluter-pays” and "beneficiary-pays principal".

Regarding insufficient management of solid wastes, besides environmental legislation, standards,ecological training and performant “clean” technologies, the following assets have been identified:

� Monitoring the influence upon environmental factorsIn Romania, solid waste services represent a critical part of maintaining a high level ofurban and rural environmental quality. The importance of this issue is related to asuccessful transition to a market economy and democratic society. It is mainly due to the:important role of the solid waste services on the quality of life and their importance as aproduction input; significant impact of the solid waste services on the quality of theenvironment; the linkage between the health and welfare of a household in a rural orurban area and the efficient provision of these solid waste services; the tremendous effecton the tourism activities in the country.The large quantities of industrial and domestic wastes are producing serious adverseimpact on the environmental factors. Due to the reduction of the economic activities after1990, only about 268 million tons of wastes were produced in 1994, which represent with98 millions tons less than in 1992. Out of the total quantity of waste, 260 million tons areindustrial waste, while about 8 tons are domestic waste.Uncollected industrial waste threatens public health and impedes surface drainage.Supplementary, the presence of hazardous wastes has longer-term consequences for themorbidity and mortality of human as well as for the regional flora and fauna. The wastemonitoring system is lacking in many respects and needs to be improved. Emissionsmonitoring equipment should be made available to the worst polluting firms. Theequipment would enable the enterprises to improve its self-monitoring capability as partof its upgraded operation and maintenance program


� Existence of recycling centersAn important element in water pollution prevention strategy is reuse and recycling. Oncewaste has been created, the best way of preventing or reducing adverse effects on theenvironment is to reuse or recycle it. This can take a variety of forms includingregeneration, raw materials recovery, and energy conversion.The government tailors charges and regulations to reduce the bulk of material generatedand to encourage recycling. The existing system is considered to be equitable, and alsoencourage waste minimization and recycling by both private and public centers. Thesecond options of current waste disposal is represented in a small proportion byincineration, sorting and recycling of some raw materials (paper, plastics, steel, cast iron,lead, aluminum, copper and other metals), recovery of some metals (nickel, chromium,gold, silver) by using specific technologies.This process was recorded only concerning industrial wastes, municipalities were not yetconcern for waste re-use and recycling, their activities being oriented only for the wastecollection and definitive disposal. In 1994, the re-use of waste is only partially achieved,to an extent of about 22-23% of the total. The main types of waste which have beenrecovered in 1994 to a larger extent were: wooden waste - 99%, crap iron - 75%, cooperand alloy waste - 87%; lead waste - 74%; tin and alloy waste - 65 %; glass - 74%; paperand cardboard - 71%; used oils - 55,3%. Comparing with 1995, in 1997 there is anincrease in reuse of wastes with 1.47 mil. tons, meaning about 2.67%.

� Construction behavior surveyTo ensure that all wastes which cannot be recycled are disposed of without endangeringthe environment two type of actions are needed: These are first, high standards and,second, self-sufficiency. In the first place, national-wide standards of treatments anddisposal are essential. These will range from plant construction and operation proceduresto the obligation to perform post-closure caution in the case of landfill sites. Thealternative for a better infrastructure for waste disposal is one, which is self-sufficient atthe national level. Liquid and solid waste treatment capacity is, however, far from beingadequate. It is required to establish a network of disposal facilities to meet standards andto minimize movement of waste and to provide a reliable and quality service.

� Mass mediaThere are information policies to improve public acceptance for the sustainable use of waterresources and water quality protection. In the past, consultation with the public has beenvery limited in the government decision process. For the last seven years, the largest drivingforce behind public participation in Romania, which was identified by legal experts andobservers, is the media. The media is becoming increasingly attentive towards the waterquality protection measures. According to existing experiences, the environmental andwater management authorities are aware of the benefits of public participation andgenerally include public participation in their decision-making even beyond the legalrequirements. As an example, the Ministry of Water, Forest and Environmental Protection,through its Water Department developed in the Water Law and its regulation theparticipation plans conditions. These include: having an appropriate legislative framework,a local capacity to carry out the consultation, which means wide distribution of informationbefore consultation begins, public notice and comment, adequate resources to organizepublic hearing, provision of feed-back on results of consultation process and social scienceexpertise. The effectiveness of this system will be evaluated very soon, when the first RiverBasin Committees for three pilots will start operating.

� Control equipmentControl equipment is required for ensuring proper operation and maintenance of solid wastedeposits. There is a considerable need for ensuring control equipment available in time.


3.2.1.3. Analysis of Transboundary Effects

The transboundary effects play an important role, especially for the downstream countries, as it isRomania. In the European context, taking into consideration the geographical position, it might beconcluded that Romania is the main final receiver (by the Danube River Delta and the Black Seaterritorial waters) of pollutants coming from the Danube River riparian countries taking up also themain part of its own pollution impact.

Untreated or partly treated wastewater from industry pose constant risk to Romania as adownstream water user. Moreover the performance of most treatment facilities in Romania is farbelow design specification due to inadequate capacity and lack of maintenance, shortage of spareparts and equipment. For example, the quality of both Somes and Cris rivers is influenced by theexisting pollution sources located in its Romanian basin including its tributaries, and also fromsome of transboundary sources situated in Hungary.

The main loads on the Somes River Basin resulting from the Romanian activities are heavy metals.To this load other riparian countries activity impact is added and the total load is reflecteddownstream on the Danube River entering Romanian territory. Monitoring and alarming systemsare the first step in solving the problems, but these actions will not solve the problems oftransboundary pollution with its effects.

The quality of the Mures is influenced by the existing pollution sources located in its Romanian basinincluding its tributaries and also from a few numbers of transboundary sources situated in Hungary.The Prut River, which collects water from Ukraine, Moldavia and Romania, is the last major tributaryof the Danube that has a significant impact on both the Danube Delta and the Black Sea.

The quality of the Prut is influenced by the existing pollution sources located on its tributaries, Jijiaand Bahlui, and also from a number of transboundary sources, such as Iaremcha, Kolomyia andChernivtsi. The influence on the water quality of Prut is due to the presence of heavy metals fromUkrainian sources. The increases at Chemivitsi and Tarasivtsi indicate that there are heavy metalsin the effluent from Chemivitsi wastewater treatment plant and additionally from the downstreamdischarges, which may be from sewer overflows or from industries. The 13 electroplating factoriesin Chemivitsi are likely source of heavy metals and agricultural processing and canning plants are apossible source of zinc, copper and nickel. Much of the nitrate and phosphate load is probablyderived from agricultural run-off, but some may also come from wastewater treatment plants fromRomanian and Moldavia.


� Water use affected by accidentsTaking into account the large number of accidental pollution events which producedmany water supply interruptions and environmental and health effects, the prevention andcontrol of accidental pollution and hazardous phenomena represent a major priority forRomania.Industry is responsible for most of the direct and indirect discharges of hazardoussubstances into the Danube or its tributaries. By accidents or due to natural causes(earthquakes, land slides), the effluent might contain heavy metals, organic micropollutants or oil products and solvents. Shipping on Danube is the permanent chronicsource of accidental oil pollution in particular through the illegal dumping of used oil andtank washing water. Accidental pollution occurred also as a result of transport and storageof oil in old and inadequately maintained pipelines and tanks.


� Effect on biodiversityThe presence of hazardous wastes has longer-term consequences for the morbidity andmortality of human as well as for the regional flora and fauna. The tailing deposits generateparticularly serious problems to the environment due to both the risk they create as regards thestability of the settling ponds and to the direct adverse impact on the soil (land occupation,soil degradation), water (surface and ground water pollution). Due to the of growing shortageof available landfill capacity, inadequate enforcement procedures, and rising disposal costs,illegal dumping of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes is increasing (implying potentialadditional health costs from groundwater pollution). The predominant method of solid wastedisposal consists of landfills, without any technological standard imposed by those in force inEU. In spite of the broad variety of landscape and efforts to protect the habitats, the richbiodiversity of Danube river basin on the Romanian territory is suffering: many species areendangered or are already threatened, with extinction.

� Deterioration of ecological equilibriumA major problem is represented by the water pollution generated by the waste disposalsites: some are located inside the urban localities, having an important landscape adverseimpact. Many disposal sites, without any specific facilities, located on the riverbanksproduce acute pollution of receiving bodies. Industry is responsible of most of the directand indirect discharges inadequately treated that contribute to the deterioration of thewhole equilibrium of the ecosystem.

� Pollution of environmental factorsLiquid and solid waste services represent a critical part of maintaining a high level of urbanand rural environmental and water quality; the large quantities of industrial wastes areproducing serious adverse impact on the whole environmental factors. A particular spill ofpollutants into rivers and lakes can cause cumulative changes in the water quality that canproduce serious damages to ecosystems and high economic losses caused by pollution.

� Deterioration of water quality due to repeated dischargesUncollected industrial waste threatens public health and impedes surface drainage. Mostof these locations represent simply empty sites (natural or resulted from previous humanactivities), do not have specific environmental protection measures against pollution anddeposit both industrial and domestic wastes. Moreover, there is no separation or treatmentof these categories of wastes, only in few sites the wastes are dumped according to theirorigin: municipal, industrial and mixed. The consequences of untreated or partly treatedwastewater from industry pose constant risk to human and environmental health.Moreover the performance of most treatment facilities in Romania is far below designspecification due to inadequate capacity and lack of maintenance, shortage of spare parts

3.2.2. Sector Problem Analysis

3.2.2.1. Core Problem

The following core problem have been identified for this sector:

“SIGNIFFICANT POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRY”

Industry is one of the major contributors to the environmental degradation in Romania. Given thewide range of processes- particularly those related to the wastewater being inadequately dischargedor to improper solid waste disposal, the core problem of the industrial sector is represented bysignificant pollution from industry. A substantial share of environmental health hazard anddegradation of the aquatic ecosystem are due to the significant pollution from the industry.


3.2.2.2. Causes Leading to Environmental Problems

In many localities, in the urban and especially in the rural area in Romania, contamination ofsurface and ground water used for abstraction was mainly produced by the lack of appropriatemethods for the disposal of liquid and solid wastes from industrial activities. The link betweenpopulation and health hazards is related to inadequate water treatment and supply processes,including improper and ineffective operations and in many cases, total absence of treatment.

The following direct causes of the sector core problem have been identified:

� Inadequate transport of solid and liquid waste� Discharge of wastewaters� Inadequate management of solid waste

These problems have other direct causes. An explanation of each of these problems together withtheir cause-effect relation will be given below:

(i) Inadequate transport of solid and liquid waste

a. Low reliability of the transport systemA significant contribution to the industrial pollution is provided by the existinginadequately maintained network of pipelines and tanks, an old and obsoletedistribution network , having large quantities of losses, due to the lack of financingsources for ensuring maintenance and the development of the sewerage system andrehabilitation of the existing one. Moreover, the disrespect and ignorance of modernconstructing technologies contributed to an inadequate transport of solid and liquidwaste. Furthermore, the structure of the tariffs for the services needs to be revised as toinclude all costs incurred.

b. Unqualified maintenance staffMost of the personnel working as operators in the wastewater treatment plant are notable to use modern technologies or techniques due to the lack of training andspecialization. The need to permanently update the knowledge of the operators is veryimportant factor. The greatest need is for staff on the ground and priority is given towastewater treatment plants operators and solid waste deposit personnel.

c. Natural causesDuring and after producing natural causes, like landslides or earthquakes the reliability ofthe transport system is affected and an inadequate transport of the solid and liquid wastesis taking place.

(ii) Discharge of wastewaters

a. Discharge of insufficiently treated wastewatersTreatment ranges from primary treatment to secondary treatment. Although pastinvestments in industrial waste management treatment plants have been substantial, theyhave been less effective than they could have been in terms of overall pollution reduction.The deficiency of performant & clean technologies & equipment is due to theinsufficient local technical and economic expertise and lack of funds to transfer knowhow and modern clean technology. The impossibility of the economic unit, due to bothfinancial and legislative constraints, to realize pre-treatment contributes also to theincrease of insufficiently discharge of treated wastewater. At the wastewater treatment


plant, the personnel is not sufficiently qualified, the rules of operation of the plant arenot mandatory. The monitoring system does not function, the self-monitoring does notexist, the public is not adequately involved and the capacity of the plant is notcorrelated to the needs. Rehabilitation of existing plants is not possible, as the funds arenot available.

b. Discharge of untreated wastewatersFor some parts of the country the discharge into the aquatic environment is realizedwithout any waste treatment. The country' socio-economic largest population centerscontinue to discharge their wastes untreated. This is due to the missing funds and legalframework to construct wastewater treatment plants.

(iii) Inadequate management of solid waste

a. Inadequate waste treatmentInadequate waste treatment is due to inadequate treatment technologies deriving frominadequate design because of insufficient funds for ecological conservation of industrialunits. Another cause for inadequate waste treatment is disrespect of legislation originatingfrom inappropriate implementation and insufficient control.In addition to the both above mentioned causes, it is noticed the low level of staffqualification generated from insufficient training which is deriving form inappropriatemanagement of human resources.Both lack of financial resources and inadequate design project impede the proper solidwaste management. The inadequate use of landfills is influencing the solution for creatinga sound deposit. Moreover, the lack of both control equipment and modalities to surveythe construction behavior represent important causes of water pollution.

b. Inadequate disposalInadequate disposal is due to unecological landfills because of inappropriate design. Veryimportant of design weaknesses are the insufficient financial resources. Inadequatedisposal is also generated from inappropriate use of landfills, related with shortcomingsin monitoring and control system, disrespect of operational regulations and legislation.For the identification of the landfills, the financing sources and the design of correcttechniques to prevent leakage represent major causes to produce water pollution.

3.2.2.3. Environmental Effects

The environmental consequences of inappropriate activities are the following:

a. Pollution of surface and underground watersb. Soil and subsoil pollutionc. Air pollution

The environmental effects of significant pollution from industry might be quantified for each of theenvironmental media, including water, soils and subsoil and air. The deterioration of thebiodiversity and of the whole ecosystem, the reduction of available water and soil resourcesimpacts the socio-economic development of the country. The environmental effect of surface andground water pollution is reflected first on the human and environmental health, leading toproducing of ecological catastrophes. As a result, the affected population migrates to less pollutearea. According to the kind of damage, size of damage and urgency needed, costs of remedialactions and measures for cleaning-up the pollution areas will be identified and ensured. Concreterevenue instruments need to be proposed and their expected revenues need to be forecasted as well.


There is a little attention to occupational health. In hazardous environments, working conditionsare subjecting to be reviewed. These practices continue due, in part, to the lack of knowledge,incentives paid to workers for hazardous occupations, lack of instruments to measure workingexposure and lack of proper laws. The consequences are reflected into the reduction of birth rate ,reduction of life expectancy, genetic changes, etc.

Industrial units use state budget, credits or their own funds to develop or modernize cleanertechnologies or to build wastewater treatment plants or solid waste deposits. In spite of dedicatedefforts by the government through its austerity budgets and by the donors to provide investment,the reduced allocation of the funds is obstructing the creation of environmentally sustainabledevelopment in Romania. Moreover, the cost of the environmental regulatory system is too high forboth the government (for elaborating regulations, standards, and guidelines) and the economicagents (for complying with the legal requirements of the regulations) and this might affect thecountry’s international competitiveness. The Ministry of Water, Forest and EnvironmentalProtection has recently developed a proposal on a new unified vision and prioritized, low-coststrategy on how to achieve the sustainable development of the country by the year 2000.

The soil and subsoil pollution reduce the availability of usable soil and subsoil resources andresults in very high treatment costs, affect the ecosystem equilibrium. Overloading ofenvironment receiving capacities, by decreasing its bearing capacities in terms of naturalresources use represents one of the most significant environmental consequences of industrialpollution.

Industrial activities represent the main emitters of air pollution. A serious problem exists in relationto the disposal of industrial wastes into air. The landscape degradation and the establishment of aconservative framework, including species inventory, analysis of causes of decline and proposals ofstrategies to arrest biodiversity decline, design and implementation of a program to ensure recoverof the natural resources that influence finally the welfare and the tourism activities are hot issues.

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The following sector objective have been identified as a result of the TOPP methodology as being:

“ACHIEVEMENT OF POLLUTION PREVENTIONAND ABATEMENT FOR INDUSTRY”

In order to achieve the sector objective, the following results have to be accomplished

� Implementation of clean technologies� Ensuring discharge of standard quality treated wastewaters� Adoption of proper management of solid waste� Adequate performing of wastes transport

(i) Implementation of clean technologies

This result will have positive effects on both sides: regulated entity and the regulator. First, it willcontribute to the improvement of environmental performance of the enterprises for the least costsolutions; will enhance the economic competitiveness on the national and international market.Moreover, the cost of compliance will be reduced for both the local environmental or waterauthority. The working conditions will be improved, the risk to toxic exposure will be reduced andthe benefits in terms of improvement of technical knowledge of the operators are great. Byreducing the pollution, the whole aquatic ecosystem will benefit, leading to sustainabledevelopment of Romania. The government will provide the legal and economic framework for theuse of clean technologies and the use of Best Available Techniques for the pollution control at thesource.

In order to achieve this result, several the activities have to be undertaken in the following fields:

� Clean technologies� BAT� Losses in existing installations

It is necessary to:

� introduce the legal and economic framework for implementation of cleantechnologies. First, it is required to elaborate on of strategies and policies to promoteclean technologies according to the needs of the industry and in compliance toenvironmental regulations; the government should have the institutional capacity to assistthe enterprises in their efforts to identify the benefits of implementing clean technologies.It will be also important to promote legal norms according to the EU regulations as aresults of a joint proposal of the Ministry of Water, Forest and Environmental Protectionand Ministry of Trade and IndustryMechanisms to stimulate clean technologies implementation have to be identified for thecompanies as well for the government. The government should provide necessaryinformation for the enterprises to have access to the best available technologies in theworld, to facilitate their choice and guide on the implementation and cost-benefitsanalysis.Moreover, stimulation of companies through economic instruments has to be ensured.Assistance is needed for the enterprises to identify the costs and benefits of implementingclean technologies. The mechanism will include taxes, incentives charges schemes, tariffsfor recovering the costs and risk assessment for not complying with environmentalregulations.


For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Planned Projects:

- Introduction of new economic and financial instruments for three media: water, airand solid wastes. The proposals of the economic instruments will include solution forthe introduction, use and enforcement of the incentive schemes.

- Legislative harmonization Aquis Communautaire according to the stages imposed byEU. The Ministry of Water, Forest and Environmental Protection is planning updatingthe existing legislation

Proposed Projects

- Supporting economic operators for ISO 14001 Certification is one of the concern forthe government to enhance the environmental determinants performance and thecompetitiveness of enterprises in relation to trade barriers. It includes severalactivities: permanent training, ecological awareness on the advantages ofimplementing Environmental Management System; identifying ways of marketingeco-labeling products, etc.

- Development of institutional framework for implementation as a consequence of theintroduction of the legal framework.

� promote incentives for BAT and multiple financing resources identified. The creationof an institutional framework to promote and sustain clean technologies, is an urgent needfor the cleaning-up the polluted areas, for the rehabilitation and modernization of theindustrial processesIn order to promote incentives for BAT, governmental programme has to be elaboratedand funds for know-how transfer has to be set up. The success of this issue is dependingof the introduction of the new economic instruments.In this context measures have to be undertaken to provision financing sources. TheMinistry of Water, Forest and Environmental Protection is developing project proposalsto be submitted to international organization and donors for future funding.It is also required to ensure know-how transfer and control of BAT levels. Severalprojects will identify and clarify the duties and responsibilities of both the governmentand the economic units for transferring, controlling and measuring the progress and thepollution reduction resulted by implementing new technologies.The Creation of centers to promote clean technologies is a key issue. This element isvery important in the actual economic context of the country, based on theimplementation of new regulations, compliance schedules and enforcement schemes. Thecenters will collect information on the technologies, will produce a database anddisseminate information; it will also promote and advertise on those enterprises that areselling environmentally friendly technologies.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Planned Project

- Creation of “clean” technologies centers. The centers will promote BAT and low costmeasures. The development of the enterprise diagnosis analysis can be also a subjectof these centers.

- These centers will ensure not only the promotion of the clean technologies but alsowill provide possibilities for permanent training


Proposed Project

- Network for the “clean” technologies centers, to ensure the flow of information,progress and transfer and use of successful stories.

� undertake measures to minimize losses in the existing installations. To obtain thisobjective, the guidelines for wastes minimization solutions have to be elaborated. Theguidelines are needed for the industrial activities containing ways to reduce the amount ofwaste, to re-use or recycle the wastes, for specific types of industry.In this context the availability of human and financial resources is also veryimportant. Both qualified human resources and financial means are needed to ensure theappropriate implementation of the proposed measures.It is foreseen to elaborate and implement methods for effects evaluation To ensurefurther improvements or multiplication of the proposed solutions, the amount of wastebeing decreased as well as the cost saving should be permanently assessed.Database centers with updated information will be created. These centers will havethe purposes to fully disseminate information, involve public and serve as a referencesource for research or decision making process.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


For Romanian petrochemistry there are significant changes. The self-assurancedemonstrated by the present government coalition in terms of the massive restructuring ofthis strategic sector of the economy appears to be finally yielding its fruits. It is expectedto prove that the modernized petrochemical will become a serious competitor on thedomestic and international markets.Pulp and paper have been manufactured in Romania for a very long time - over 150years. The sixties and the early seventies brought in a significant development of thesector, mostly with equipment of Western manufacture. This resulted in an increase in thecapacity of paper and board production of over 70%. However, since 1980, there has beenlittle progress in keeping the pace with worldwide trends in the pulp and paper industry.The new free market environment has put pressure upon the industry and - as a result ofrestructuring and conversion actions - a large part of the out-of-date equipment has beenshut down. The company continues to improve their pulping capabilities, resources beinginjected into a number of projects aimed at improving wastepaper processing, decreasingenergy consumption and substituting elemental chlorine in bleaching. Mills with modernequipment managed to improve the quality of their bleached packaging papers, newsprintand printing and writing papers. Some of the main achievements include themodernization of specific equipment at plants such as Letea Bacau SA.- Modernizing the equipment in Letea Bacau- Modernizing the equipment in Siderca Calarasi- Modernizing the equipment in Petrobrazi- Modernizing the equipment in Arpechim

Planned Projects

- Applying more ecological processes in Manper Tg Mures- Applying more ecological processes in UPS Govora- Applying more ecological processes in the Technological flow in Sinteza Oradea


(ii) Ensuring discharge of standard quality treated wastewaters

The important elements to achieve the discharge of standard quality waters include the necessity toprovide the immediate actions to assess the existing needs for (i) pre-treatment requirements thatshould be strictly regulated; (ii) for specific treatment procedures at the existing plants: chemical,mechanical, biological; and (iii) new plants in the localities where they are missing.

In order to achieve this result, several the activities are required in the following areas:

� wastewater treatment plants construction� operation of treatment plants� wastewater discharges

It is necessary to:

� promote construction of new WWTP and rehabilitation of existing plants. Thisactivity will be carried out through technical, economical and social evaluation ofstudies, projects and prognoses of development, for the purpose to establish arealistically picture of the needs and possibilities for construction of new plants ormodernization of the existing plantsThe treatment needs for the foreseen wastewater quantity and quality have to beestimated, in terms of treatment procedures according to the effluent standards.Criteria for requirements and prioritization have to be set up. In order to ensure arealistic prioritization, the criteria should be established. The development of the list oflocalities with no wastewater treatment plants, the capacities, etc to facilitate theircomparison and technical and economic evaluation for decision.The necessary resources have to be estimated. The resources should be identified,assessed and provide in time.Furthermore, projects on specific industries will be elaborated to facilitatecomparison and multiply the effort by implementing the same solution to otherwastewater treatment plant.Projects will be also promoted in terms of technical and financial support. Bothtechnical and financial part should be made available for entrepreneurs and donors,respectively. The project proposal will be implemented and the wastewater treatmentplant realized, extended, rehabilitated or modernized.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Proposed Project

- Completion and achievement of all optimum operational parameters ofwastewater treatment plants at the economic agents. A list with the localities thatdo not have wastewater treatment plants or they are inadequately operating will bedeveloped, analyzed and a decision on the priorities is going to be taken. The projectswill be elaborated and then implemented to operate at the optimum operationalparameters and according to the legal norms.

� ensure proper operation of treatment plants. To carry out this activity, the operationnorms will be elaborated. Rules of operation of the wastewater treatment plant areneeded to ensure proper functioning at the optimum operational parametersMeasures have to be undertaken to monitor influents and effluents within thetreatment process. Monitoring is an essential part of the plant management. Monitoringis carried out to determine the water quality, the efficiency of treatment equipment,compliance with environmental regulations.


The necessary qualified personnel will be provided. There is a considerable need fortraining the operators and to ensure enough number of them.It is also planned to mane funds available for maintenance and operation of WWTP.Most of the existing operational difficulties are due to the lack of funds required forproper maintenance and operation of the plant.In parallel, emergency procedures have to be developed. For the safety reasons butalso to facilitate the compliance to the legal norms, the emergency operation proceduresshould be written for each location of the plants.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Modernizing Colorom Codlea wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)- Rehabilitation of Antibiotice Iasi WWTP- Modernization Siderca Calarasi WWTP- Rehabilitation of Arpechim WWTP- Rehabilitation of Petrobrazi WWTP

Planned Projects

- Modernization of Celohart Donaris Braila wastewater treatment plant- Modernization of Cluj-Napoca Clujana WWTP- Modernization of Vidra Orastie WWTPModernization at these plants include actions and measures aiming for improving of theoperational parameters, extension of the capacity to the desired capacity, or addinganother stage in the treatment process.

� undertake measures for discharge of properly treated wastewaters. Firstly, it isforeseen to ensure application of emergency procedures through providing ofemergency means. For emergency situations, (accidental pollution) the procedures aswell the equipment and installations needed for intervention should be ensuredIn this context it is also important to ensure implementation of inspection program bythe authorities Inspection as a main component of enforcement program is carried out bythe water and/or environmental authority, in order to determine the water quality, theefficiency of treatment equipment, compliance with environmental regulations.Furthermore, it is planned to implement control program carried out by theoperator. Control program ensure the self-monitoring of the operator and it is carried outby the plant operator in collaboration with the water and environmental authority.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Proposed Project

- Completion and achievement of all optimum operational parameters ofwastewater treatment plants at the economic agents. The projects will beelaborated and then implemented to operate at the optimum operational parametersand according to the legal norms. The rules of operation will establish obligations forthe company to monitor the effluents and influents.


(iii) Adoption of proper management of solid waste

Developing and improving wastes collection, treatment and disposal systems represent one of themost important results leading to the reduction of the industrial pollution and improvement of thewater quality.

In order to achieve this result, several activities are required in the following areas:

� solid waste treatment� solid waste disposal

It is necessary to:

� use adequate processes for solid waste treatment. Introduction of the legislativeframework is very important i n this context. The issuing of waste regulations is animmediate priority for the government and is an important element.Afterwards rules for operation have to be elaboration of. Rules of operation of thesolid waste treatment are needed to ensure proper functioning at the optimum operationalparameters.It is also required to ensure proper application of treatment through control andinspection.Furthermore, the availability financial and human resources for the operation andmaintenance of the landfills has to be supported.In addition to the above mentioned measures it is necessary to ensure monitoring oftreatment technologies in order to control the efficiency of the plants.The control and inspection will be also enforced. As part of the enforcement theregulator is in charge with the inspection and monitoring of the treatment procedures, theinfluents and effluents conditions etc.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Improvement of the toxic waste management Petrotel Lukoil- Functioning of an incinerator for toxic waste Oltchim Ramnicu Valcea Decision

on the need to adopt of incineration as a disposal method was taken only on the basisof a comprehensive analysis of the costs and benefits.

Planned Projects

- Action program in the oil sector. A compendia of different situation and solutionsto them for the emergency cases.

� ensure adequate disposal of solid wastes. The important elements are similar to thosementioned at the above results: Introduce the legislative framework; implementation ofrelated regulation according to the general urban plan; elaboration of methods for solid wastesdisposal; make available financial and human resources; ensure monitoring of landfills;ecological education and public participation and enforce control and inspection programsFor this activity, the following projects have been identified:


The existing projects contain solutions for improving the solid waste management, byimposing measures to prevent the seepage and contamination of the water quality:- Sealing of phosphorus-gypsum pond Fertilchem Navodari- Sealing of phosphorus-gypsum pond Sofert Bacau


Planned Projects

- Application of more ecological disposal of sludge and ashes Conel CET- Application of more ecological disposal of sludge and ashes Sidex Galati

Proposed Project(s)

- Rehabilitation and reintroduction in the economic circuit of the abandonedindustrial areas. The project will include the old tailing deposits from the miningactivities.

(iv) Performing adequately wastes transport

A significant contribution to the industrial pollution is provided by the existing inadequatelymaintained network of pipelines and tanks, an old and obsolete distribution network, having largequantities of losses, due to the lack of financing sources for ensuring maintenance and thedevelopment of the sewerage system and rehabilitation of the existing one. Moreover, thedisrespect and ignorance of modern constructing technologies contributed to an inadequatetransport of solid and liquid waste.


� waste transport system� staff qualification

It is necessary to:

� improve reliability of the waste transport system. To identify the needs in terms of thefinancial and human resources existing systems have to be evaluated.Afterwards, it will be processed together with the methodology of treating the wastes ofestimation of requirements and quantities.Other measures are planned to ensure the availability of financial and human resourcesand to facilitate modernization of transport system.In this context the rehabilitation costs in the price system will be internalized. Thestructure of the tariffs for the services needs to be revised as to include all costs incurred.In order to improve reliability of the waste transport system, measures have to beundertaken to ensure the monitoring, the control and inspection activities.For this activity, the following projects have been identified:


- Providing of safe transport of effluent in Verachim Giurgiu- Rehabilitation of wastewater transport network in Romplumb- Rehabilitation of wastewater transport network in Phoenix- Development of self monitoring system

Planned Projects

- Construction and modernization of wastewater treatment plant for intaking of solidand liquid wastes from river ships

- Improvement of hydraulic transport of wastes coming from CET- Purification of soil and ground water in Ploiesti

Proposed Project

- Rehabilitation of network for hazardous wastes transports.


� upgrade the qualification level of the staff. The important elements, (described forother projects as well) are: introduce optimal human resources management; elaborationand implementation of permanent training/education program and implementationof a mechanisms of incentives for the staffFor this activity, the following projects have been identified:

Proposed Projects

- Creation of instruction and qualification centers- Assistance given to the economic enterprises in order to identify the methods of risk

assessment: technical assistance is needed

The “high priority projects” are considered to be:

1. Implementation of clean technologies;2. Introduction and use of economic instruments;3. Completion and achievement of all wastewater treatment plants

3.2.4. Important Assumptions for the Sector



� Operation discipline respectedThe discipline imposed within the process of treatment, but also during transportation hasbeen identified as one of the main important assumption.Clean technology is an advantage for industry. This result will have positive effects onboth sides: regulated entity and the regulator. First, it will contribute to the improvementof environmental performance of the enterprises for the least cost solutions; will enhancethe economic competitiveness on the national and international market. The workingconditions will be improved, the risk to toxic exposure will be reduced and the benefits interms of improvement of technical knowledge of the operators are great.


� Attracting funds from multiple sources available on timeFunds earmarked for water quality protection are not sufficient to attract private capitalfor pollution abatement. Therefore, some major environmental infrastructure projectshave not been decided upon and, consequently, foreign capital cannot support them. Thefinancial support, ensured from various sources, is required to be given at the right time,when it is needed.

� Ecological awareness effectively increasedThe public should be aware of the environmental and health hazards in theirneighborhoods. The mechanism of having access to the environmental information andthe procedure for public involvement in the decision process and in permitting should bedeveloped and permanently updated. There is a need for a public awareness program andfor structured environment education in schools.



Impact Indicators were developed for sector objectives and sector results. They define the contentsof the objectives and results in operationally measurable terms (quantity, quality, target groups,partner institutions, time period and place). They should give an adequate picture of the situation.Furthermore, they should be measurable in a consistent way at an acceptable cost.

Impact Indicators for sector objectives have already been presented in chapter 2.3.4. Indicators forsector results are as follows:

For the result 2.1:

� Reduction by at least 15% of water consumption in the chemical industry whilepreserving the production level as well as the products quality of 1998, until 2005The indicator refers to the reduction of water consumption in the chemical industry. Itwill reflect (i) the sustainable water use; (ii) the increase of the re-use rate within theindustrial processes; (iii) the elimination of losses during industrial processes and thesignal that for the water user, the water price includes the total costs. Information on thisindicator can be obtained from the water management permit. The water norms can becalculated, knowing the output production and the amount of water being sold by the rawwater supplier: Apele Romane.

For the result 2.2

� Reduction of heavy metal content in the wastewaters discharged by industrial units,below 0.2 mg/l (Pb), (Zn) 0.5 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l (Cu), while preserving the productionlevel as well as the products quality as they were in 1998, in the Cris River Basin ,until 2005The reduction will show the improvement of the water quality. In the structure of thewater tariff, the water user pays for the amount of pollutant being discharged; themeasurement will give the amount of pollutant being discharged.

For the result 2.3

� Reduction of Hg impurification of ground waters below 0.01 mg/l if constructinginsulated land fills and / or incinerators for toxic waste by Oltchim Rm. Valcea (theOlt River Basin), until 2005

For the result 2.4

� Reduction of oil products content in the polluted soils down to the limits allowed bythe current enforced regulation, while recovering 30% of affected areas and puttingthem back into economic use, in the Prahova and Barcau River Basins, until 2007According to the provision of HG 1001/1991 the amount of pollutants discharged into theenvironment can be estimated.


3.3. Municipal Waste Management


3.3.1.1. Importance of the sector and activities leading to water pollution and environmental degradation

The municipal waste management has an important role while considering the causes of pollutionin the Danube River basin. Organic substances and nutrients discharged cause the increasing ofphyto-plankton concentration and consequently the increment of oxygen deficit in water.

Danube River falls into the 2nd quality category at its entrance in Romania, which means thepolluting factors, are originating from the upstream riparian countries.

About half of the population of Romania that is 11 million inhabitants are connected the sewagecollection system. The total municipal wastewater flow is estimated to be about 90 m3/s. It isestimated that about 190000 tones of BOD5, 21000 tones of N and 6000 tones of P are dischargedyearly into Danube River basin. Almost all inland rivers belong to the Danube River basin. Eventhose which cross the boundary to Hungary or former Yugoslavia are issuing their water in theRomanian part of the Danube River, finally.

The major pollution problems in the Danube River basin are caused by non-ferrous metal industry,chemical industry, pulp and paper industry and extraction (mining) activities. After 1990 due to thereduction of economic activities a downward trend of waste production has been shown. Theamount of waste from the mining sector has been decreased with about 3/4 of the quantificationestimated in 1989. The transition period of the country determined a drastically decrease of waterpollution from the industry, preserving the pollution caused by the population consumption.

The national On-going programs and projects are based on the previsions of the existingenvironmental protection strategy and the National Environmental Action Programme (NEAP)which has been approved by the Government and NEAP has been put in accordance with theEnvironmental European Action Programme.

The objectives for reducing water pollution as they are presented in NEAP are:

� Reducing nitrates, organic substances, including pesticides.� Decreasing the amounts of heavy metals and organic compounds located in the sediments.� Reducing BOD5, N and P emission from WWTPs.� Controlling the “diffuse pollution”.

Regarding surface water pollution it is estimated that the quality of surface water will be improveddiminishing by 8-10 percent of the third category and degraded surface water.

3.3.1.2. Current strengths/assets

The activities leading to pollution are inappropriate discharge of wastewater (without treatment)inadequate operation of the existing WWTPs and pre-treatment plants and inadequate solid wastemanagement in the human settlement areas. The strengths/assets, which are to be taken intoconsideration while the situation analysis is undertaken, are:

� Existing technical “know-how”Actually only traditional activated sludge process is applied in wastewater treatment inRomania. Sludge is disposed of after stabilization in the digestion tanks on the dryingbeds without any other treatment before final disposed. There is no tertiary treatment ofwastewater in Romania, that is denitrification process or phosphorous removal processapplied in the existing WWTPs.


Romanian specialists are not acquainted with denitrification or phosphorous removal unitoperations. Besides the advanced wastewater treatment methods, like adsorption onactivated carbon, or membrane filtration are not familiar to the designers andconsequently they are not applied. Unit operations for eliminating microbiologicalcontamination are not applied at all in the existing WWTPs. That is why providing the“know-how” concerning the advanced treatment of municipal wastewater would benecessary.

� Available international fundsThe international funds have been made available mainly for non-structural projects (e.g.pre-feasibility studies, etc.). It must be mentioned that only a few treatment plants havebeen supported financially from external sources (e.g. Craiova, Bucharest).

� Public participationPublic attitude is quite strange in Romania, probably due to the fact that they had notbeen asked to participate in the decision making legislative measures, the public is askedto participate in the authorizing process of all economic activities. It seems that their roleis increasing. Anyhow there are some cases where public participation blocked someeconomic activities due to the significant impact on environment (e.g. Suceava, Giurgiu,Fagaras).

� Opportunities for additional trainingThe operators, especially from the specific local industrial activities are not well trained.That is why the designed efficiency of most of WWTPs (including pre-treatment plants)is not achieved. That is why the training of the operators is necessary. A proper designand a proper construction of a WWTP could not achieve the designed efficiency withouta proper operation.

� Possibilities of supplementary instructionSupplementary instructions should be make available due to the fact that the personnel ismoving out, changed, especially during the transition period of time.

3.3.1.3. Analysis of transboundary effects


� Biodiversity degradation in the Danube Delta, the Black Sea with the neighboringcountriesWater pollution might determine the decrease of aquatic life and diminish the availabilityof water resources.

� Eutrophication may cause deleterious effects in water treatment of downstream usersfrom Hungary for drinking purposes. Accidental pollution must also be taken intoconsideration.

� Jeopardizing human healthHuman health of downstream users is to be endangered in the case of accidentalpollution. For the time being there is not an established system to alarm and to take thenecessary practical measures to eliminate the danger of injuring the populationdownstream the point of accidental pollution.To alarm people is not an action to solve definitely the problem, but to take measures toeliminate the hazardous possible effect is an effective way to act.


3.3.2. Sector problem analysis

3.3.2.1. Core problem

The following core problem have been identified with focus on analysis of the water environmentalissues in the municipality sector:

“ INNEFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTEWATER AND SOLID WASTE”

This problem is to be regarded as one of the main components of human activities, whichdetermine negative effects upon the environment. The core problem identified by analyzing theimpact of municipal activities on the water environment is taken into consideration while planningprojects and policy measures for reduction of water pollution. Solving the core problem means animportant contribution for achieving, finally, sustainable social and economic development.

3.3.2.2. Causes leading to environmental problems

To solve the core problem “Inefficient management of the wastewater and solid waste” – the maincauses leading to this problem have been considered. Realizing the causes of the core problem a setof proposals has been defined at the workshop. It has been realized that some causes identified arepermanent and that is why the planning process should be regarded to be dynamic. Maintaining thesound water environmental conditions will never go to the end.

The following direct causes of the sector care problem have been identified:

� Insufficient wastewater management;� Inefficient pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters;� Inadequate solid waste management.

(i) Insufficient wastewater management

Two main aspects of insufficient wastewater management have been put into evidence:

- Lack of support programmes for developing individual collection system non existence ofcoherent programme for waste management in the individual households made thepopulation, especially in the rural area, to apply technical solutions by random, withouttaking care of health safety conditions (location, the impact on groundwater quality etc.).

- Insufficient ecological and civic education caused the indifference of decision-makers.The apathetic attitude of public caused also the missing of a coherent system of measures toimprove the sanitary conditions of individual households.

Insufficient wastewater management is related with:

a. Direct discharge of wastewater into the emissaries (outlets) to economic productionsectors and consequently to urban areas.

� Lack of wastewater treatment plants.Galati, Braila, Bucharest cities have been exemplified. Generally, the humansettlements located alongside Danube River are not provided with WWTPs. Thecauses why the WWTPs from some localities are missed is itemized below:

- Inappropriate legislation (lax allowable limits at the discharging points,considering the dilution factors, ignorance of impacts on aquatic life as alimiting issue etc.);


- Lack of appropriate financial and accounting mechanisms, caused mainlyby the centralized economic system (bureaucracy, approvals of centralauthorities necessary for investments etc.).

- Non – reliability of funding

� Overloaded of some sewerage networks and WWTPs as well.Here the main causes are:

- Inappropriate planning of needs. Initially the sewage systems (collection andtreatment) had been designed taking into consideration a certain development,which had been changed during the time; population migration from the rural tourban areas determined the existing systems to be overloaded. Craiova,Timisoara, Deva and other cities have been exemplified.

- Inappropriate distribution of funds . In most of the cases the funds weredistributed according to the economic importance of the respective county andnot according to the size of impact on environment, including the transboundaryaspect.

- Natural disasters. Earthquakes, floods and landslides occur in Romania. Dueto the fact that sewage collection systems are “hidden works”, pipes and othermeans have been deteriorated. The leakage is not properly controlled and therainwater comes into the sewage systems overloading hydraulically WWTPs.

� Inadequate individual sewage systemIt has been pointed out that about fifty percent of the populations of Romania are notconnected to the centralized sewage systems, which means that they used theindividual systems. About ten million people live in the rural area, which is notmanaged as regards wastewater disposal. It has been considered that the individualsewage systems are inadequate. These systems are made by random, putting in dangerthe human health mainly by using polluted groundwater for drinking purposes.This situation have been caused, mainly by:

- Insufficient involvement of responsible bodies, especially the former decision-makers who used to give priority to economic production sectors andconsequently to urban areas.

- Lack of support programmes for developing individual collection system nonexistence of coherent programme for waste management in the individualhouseholds made the population, especially in the rural area, to technicalsolutions by random, without taking care of health safety conditions (location,the impact on groundwater quality etc.).

- Insufficient ecological and civic education caused the indifference of decision-makers. The apathetic attitude of public caused also the missing of a coherentsystem of measures to improve the sanitary conditions of individualhouseholds.

b. Malfunction of wastewater treatment plantsThis aspect has been considered as a second sub-cause of insufficient wastewatermanagement and the following explanations have been put into evidence: the emissaries(outlets). This aspect has been considered as a sub-cause of insufficient wastewatermanagement and the following explanations have been put into evidence:

� Inadequate construction of sewerage systemsIt has been considered that there are some WWTPs, which have not reached theirplanned efficiency due to the construction errors, especially due to the fact that theconstructors disrespected the existing standards and norms. In some cases the


constructors were accepted easily to change cheaper materials and equipment butwhich did not correspond to the quality required. In some cases they made errors inplacing the constructions on wrong levels, and they were not enough verified.Caransebes, Gherla, Otelul Rosu and other municipal WWTPs have beenexemplified.

� Inadequate use of sewerage systemsThe main explanations of why sewerage systems (wastewater collection andWWTP) are not adequately used are intermixed below:

- Outdated equipment and inappropriate technologies. The existingequipment is obsolete and even the equipment, which had been provided didnot corresponded to the nowadays requirements. The local authorities,designers and the stakeholders were not allowed to import prefermentequipment, but use only that, that was produced in Romania. On the other handin some cases (e.g. Filiasi, Jidvei, a.s.o.) the treatment technologies chosen hadnot taken into consideration the fact that skilled operators were not available.Instead of using more simple unit operations for wastewater treatment (e.g.biological filtration), more complicated technologies (that required more skilledpersonnel) were provided (contact – stabilization, or other advanced chemicaltreatment).Lack of funds has been considered to is another reason to be taken into accountto explain the application of outdated equipment and inappropriatetechnologies.

- Lack of information and data for proper operation. During the time whenthe WWTPs had been designed the engineers and all the other persons involvedin the designing process had not enough information on BATs, the operationinstruction were not completed. The operators changed their working placesand the instructions for operation were last. Privatization of companies createdconfuse situations, the former companies have been restructured, the operationpersonnel has gone to pension, or removed, or dismissed some original designshave been disappeared etc. The laboratory equipment is poor, in some casesdoes not exist at all (e.g. WWTP of Filiasi), and the operators are not able tocontrol the processes within the WWTPs.

- Inexistence of control and measurement system between steps at the finaleffluent. Mainly to the lack of funds, the WWTPs are poorly equipped with themeasurement facilities. In fact, the measurements of dissolved oxygen,temperature, pH, flow and other parameters are not transmitted automatically inalmost all WWTPs in Romania. Due to the poorly skilled staff the scarilyautomatic measurements equipment is not very well used and the parametersdetermined by lab analysis are not interpreted in the right way to take decisionson the operation processes (e.g. activated sludge recirculation ratio, oxygeninput into the activated sludge tanks etc.).And finally, one can say that the staff is poorly skilled due to insufficienttraining. There is no unitary system to train all the operators to understand theunit operations involved in the treatment technology, namely chemical,biological and physical processes. They are specialized in a narrow corridor ofknowledge. A mechanical operator does not understand the language of abiologist, or a chemist or an economist or the other way round. That is whyinsufficient training has been considered one of the causes for poorly skilledstaff and further for inexistence of control and measurement system as well asfor inadequate maintenance of sewerage.


- Inadequate maintenance of sewerage systems. The main causes of pooroperation and maintenance are poorly skilled staff due to the insufficienttraining. And these issues have been discussed using examples like Campulung,Ocna Mures, Deva, Iasi WWTPs.

(ii) Inefficient pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters

This subcause which determines inefficient management of the municipal wastewater and solidwaste regards the local industries and other activities which use the municipal services to disposeoff their wastewater. The inefficient pre-treatment of toxic or other specific waters discharged inthe public sewerage make the municipal WWTP to work in improper conditions and finally topollute the emissaries (rivers and groundwater). There are three main causes identified to contributeto the inefficiency of pre-treatment of wastewater discharged upstream the municipal WWTPs:

a. Outdated equipment and inappropriate or old technologies.It has been considered that there are three main aspects, which contributed to thisdrawback:- Incorrect construction of some objects in the specific internal sewerage system. The

obligation to procure equipment produced only in Romania, and less attention given towastewater treatment before discharging into the public network gave the result ofinefficiency of pre-treatment plants.

- Lack of information regarding new performant necessary equipment determined toapproach the issue of wastewater pre-treatment in a limited way.

- Lack of funds hindered the titleholders to invest in their wastewater pre-treatmentplants. The production problems had priority in their view.

b. Unfavorable conditionsHere the following aspects have been considered:- Lack of measurement and control systems between the steps of treatment

technology applied. The same explanations given for this issue while discussing aboutmunicipal WWTPs is valid also for the pre-treatment of wastewater.

- Insufficient civic and ecological education. People have not been learned about theconsequences of bad efficiencies of wastewater pre-treatment and the apathic publicbehavior contributed to the unfavorable conditions to achieve the right efficiency ofpre-treatment plants.

- Low level of the staff knowledge caused by insufficient training of the operators havealso been considered to be a explanation of why the pre-treatment plants do not workinefficiently. For instance, in metal plating companies the operators have had noknowledge about the oxidation reduction or precipitation processes involved to get ridof cyanides, chromium, nickel or other metals. Consequently these metals going to themunicipal wastewater hindered the biological processes in the municipal WWTPs.

c. Inappropriate legislationThere were some norms regarding the quality required for the wastewater to bedischarged into the public sewage collection system. But these norms were not toospecific. For example, the maximum allowable concentration for petroleum products orspecific toxic compounds is not mentioned. Nowadays NTPA 002 provides the maximumallowable concentrations of all substances, which might create difficulties in the publicsewage systems.


(iii) Inadequate management of solid waste

Here, the inadequate legislation, inappropriate management of landfills and low level of publicparticipation has been identified as causes of inadequate management of solid waste.

a. Inadequate legal financing conditionsIn fact, the legislation within the framework of solid waste management had many gapswith missing standards and norms regarding the final disposal of solid waste. Nowadaysthere are some legal acts referring to solid waste disposal, but one can say that thedomestic legislation in this aspect is in On-going process. Insufficient funds caused byinadequate financial mechanisms has been also identified as a motive of inadequatelegislation due to the fact that this problem has not been considered as a priority in thedecision making process.

b. Inappropriate management of land fillsExcept 7 small incineration plants (5 tones of solid waste per hour), the only processapplied is land fill over the whole country. The main causes leading to inappropriatemanagement of landfills are itemized below:- Insufficient involvement of responsible bodies due to the following reasons:

Using non-trained staff. Generally one can say that this type of work is notappreciated and most of the people working in this field of activity are low leveleducated ones.Insufficient inspection. One of the reasons/why the inspectors are not insistent withtheir activity is the fact that everyone realizes that the technical solution adopted formunicipal solid waste disposal was not fully environmentally sound and the changecannot be achieved overnight. That is why the only thing, which is in undergoingprocess, is to inspect whether the so-called “Compliance Programme” is respected bythe responsible companies. On the other hand, lack of interest of the staff is also acause of insufficient inspection. The staff realizes that they cannot do anything tosolve the technical solution overnight and they are not so well paid for their job.

- Inappropriate equipment for solid waste treatment.As it is shown in the previous paragraph the landfill is the only way of treatment ofsolid waste in the country. Even this simple method is not properly provided withequipment and the existing one are not properly operated. There is no drainage systemprovided and groundwater around the solid waste deposits is seriously affected.

- Lack of spaces for garbage collection.It has been considered that in most of the cases the available access roads are notproperly designed for the tracks caring the garbage. On the other hand, increasedconsumption determines more quantities of garbage coming out from the individualhouseholds and the originally designed areas are insufficient.

- Inadequate disposal of hazardous waste.It has been agreed that hazardous solid waste (battery, mercury lamps etc.) are notadequately disposed off due to the fact that the selective collection of garbage is notpracticed in Romania. That is why the hazardous waste is often disposed off in thesome place with the domestic garbage.

c. Low level of public participationIt has been considered that public attitude is still apathic with the inadequate solid wastemanagement. There is not enough actions made to set up public awareness on specificproblem raised by solid waste collection and disposal.Communication with mass media is also poor and seems to have insignificant effects.


3.3.2.3. Environmental effects

It has been concluded that water environment is deteriorated due to the causes mentioned above.The environment is injured at the national and transboundary context as well. This is leading to thereduction of economic potential of water resources and finally to the lowering of the livingstandard. The environmental consequences of inappropriate activities are the following:

� Microbiological contamination of surface and underground watersIt has been agreed that nowadays there is a poor control of micro-organisms inwastewater discharged into emissaries. Micro-organisms are responsible for diseases suchas typhoid or cholera, tastes and odors in water supplies, corrosion of concrete and metalstructures and prolific microbial growths, which can lead to detrimental quality in lakewaters. Inadequate wastewater management and inefficient pre-treatment may lead tomicrobiological contamination and a few examples have been given: Sebes – Alba,Alexandria and Danube River Delta where some population had been injured bydysentery and cholera. Inadequate individual wastewater disposals (sometimes latrineslocated upstream individual wells) put in danger the individual water consumers.Although there have not cases of diseases caused by microbiological contamination fromlandfills, one cannot help telling the danger does not exist.Recreation function of the lakes and rivers are drastically reduced putting in danger thepopulation (e.g. Bucharest).

� Pollution caused by toxic substancesIt has been considered that the main toxic substances, which affect water environment inRomania, are heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn) cyanides and pesticides. Heavy metals aredischarged into the river due to inadequate pre-treatment of specific waters coming fromthe local industries, which use public sewage collection. The existing/or non-existingmunicipal WWTPs do not eliminate heavy metals and cyanides by the traditional unitoperations applied. Some deleterious effects on groundwater and surface waters appear tobe around the landfills where the domestic solid waste is not disposed in a proper way(selective collection and insulation of deposits); that is why heavy metals, includingmercury coming from batteries or mercury lamps are going to natural waters.Pesticides come from diffuse pollution of agricultural sector, which is discussed inchapter 3.1.

� Nutrient pollutionNitrogen and Phosphorous as nutrients coming from population create serious problem inlakes and very slow moving waters. In many river abstraction schemes for water supply,row water is stored in reservoirs prior to treatment. Even quite low nutrient contents inthe water can result in prolific alga growths giving water much more difficult to treat thanoriginal river water.It has been realized that in Romania there is not tertiary treatment to remove phosphorousor nitrogen in any municipal WWTP.

� Landscape degradationMainly this effect is caused by solid waste landfill, from wastewater pre-treatment plantsand finally from inefficient management of the wastewater. River Jiu, river Dambovitadownstream Bucharest, river Bega, downstream Timisoara have been given as examples.


In conclusion all the effects described above determine the following effects:

� Contamination of water supplies – additional load on treatment plants;� Restriction of recreational use;� Effect on fish life;� Creation of nuisances – appearance and odor;� Hindrance to navigation by banks of deposited solids

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The objective has been established taking into consideration the Core Problem that is to be solvedby taking actions and by implementation of some projects. The following sector objective has beenidentified:

“MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER AND SOLID WASTE IMPROVED”

The objective defined is one of the main objectives to be reached in order to reduce or eliminatewater pollution and to ensure sustainable social and economic development of the region. In orderto achieve the sector objective the following results have to be accomplished:

� Adoption of adequate management of wastewater;� Performing of pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters;� Implementation of proper management of solid waster.

(i) Adoption of adequate management of wastewater

The importance of this result consists of a serious alleviation of river pollution and of makingavailable for use of lager quantities of water resources. The importance of this result should beregarded also in the transboundary context.

In order to achieve this result, several activities have to be undertaken in the following fields:

� Direct discharges;� Existing treatment plants;� Individual wastewater treatment.

The necessary activities to achieve the result are to:

� eliminate direct discharge. Firstly, it is important to:- determine through pre-feasibility studies the opportunity to invest in construction of

new WWTPs. The pre-feasibility studies will establish the best sound economicallytechnical solution as well as the costs involved comparing with the resulted benefits.

- set up the technical norms to design and operate WWTPs. In fact, it is necessary toupdate the existing norms and to put these norms in accordance with the new technicalachievements in the last years.

- develop and apply more efficient (tertiary) treatment methods for specific types ofpolluters. Here the know-how of new technologies for phosphorous removal or fordenitrification is to be provided.

Furthermore, measures have to be undertaken to:- elaborate of new laws and implementation of legislation; approximation of legislation

with EU requirements. The EU Directives should be taken into consideration (80/68EEC, 93/680 EEC, 91/22 EEC etc.).

- create and use warning system in case of accidents. This element regards effective andconcrete system to avoid injuries of water users downstream. This system does notexist at present time. This element is very important also for the transboundary riversand groundwater.

It is also necessary to:- develop and apply procedures for evaluating the risk for various discharges. There are

unexpected effects of directed discharges into rivers which are used for drinking orother purposes downstream, and the risks are still not evaluated up to now.


It is also required to:- harmonize the analysis methods used by laboratories from the treatment plants with

those of water management units. Sometimes the methods applied for analysis ofwater quality parameters are different and the allowable errors for each method mightproduce confusions in interpretation and consequently wrong decisions are possible.

- organize at national level a system of providing quality in accordance with ISO 9000 –14000 and its implementation at the units level. This element suppose to act at thenational level using reference laboratories which will make the calibration of otherterritorial labs, certifying their operation.

It is also planned to:- Improve of the information system for public to have on active participation in the

decision making process, and improvement of training and education programs. Thiselement is quite important to ensure the necessary lobby for decision-makers to payattention on water environment issues and to provide funds for investments inWWTPs.

In addition to above mentioned measures, it is foreseen to:- Elaborate new projects and provision of financial resources. The non-structural and

structural projects are taken in view. External assistance would be valuable in somecases, especially with non-structural projects.

- Provision of (financing) funds from internal and external sources for treatment plantswhere municipal discharges with transboundary impact are treated. This element isimportant to achieve in shorter time the objective proposed.

- Ensure the construction and operation of new WWTP. This element is importantavoiding the error in construction and put in value the investment made by a goodoperation of the plant in order to achieve the designed efficiency with the pollutantsremoval.

For this activity the following projects have been identified:


- WWTP of HarsovaHarsova is a small locality with a few thousand inhabitants and the wastewater isdischarged directly into the Danube River. Anyhow the project is not to become apriority due to the fact that the water environment impact is insignificant.

Planned Projects

- WWTP of Braila cityWWTP of Braila is under designing process. The technical solution consists oftraditional activated sludge process of the wastewater coming from less than 100000inhabitants. By implementing this project organic load of the Danube River will bedecreased. The project is included in SAP (1993) on the 5th place in the list of priority.

- WWTP of Cernavoda cityThe project is to solve the treatment of wastewater coming from about 50 thousandinhabitants. The effluent is discharged directly into the Danube River. The project isnot included in the short – term project in SAP or NEAP.


Proposed Projects

- WWTP of Galati cityThis project supposes to solve the treatment of wastewater coming from about 300000inhabitants wastewater is discharged in Siret. The technology of treatment consists oftraditional activated sludge process. The project is included in NEAP and SAP lists.

- WWTP of Zalau cityThis project is included in NEAP list of short-term projects. There are less than100000 inhabitants in the locality; wastewater is discharged directly into SOMEStransboundary river. Technology applied: activated sludge process.

- WWTP of Tulcea cityThe project is to solve the wastewater treatment. Now wastewater is dischargeddirectly into the Danube River just upstream the Delta. The project is not included inthe high priority list of NEAP.

- Harmonization of Romanian legislation with EU emission norms.This non-structural project is intended to limit the charge of natural water resources bypollutants.

� improve operation for existing treatment plants. It is required to set up procedures toidentify malfunctions due to erection errors as well as rehabilitation of the deterioratedparts. This element is important to have a view of what it is wrongly constructed or havebeen deteriorated during the time in order to make the necessary prepares.In this context, it is planned to extend modernization, and add unit operations fornutrients or other pollutants removal as it is required. At present, there is no advancedwater treatment for nutrients removal in the country, and some situations the nutrientsremoval is required.Furthermore, measures have to be undertaken to perform procedures for risk evaluationfor the existing treatment plants. There are unexpected effects, which might occurdownstream discharging point of WWTPs and is why risk evaluation should be requiredand to improve efficiency of plant operation by providing measurement and controlequipment. Due to the lack of measuring and control equipment the operators are not ableto take decision to handle some processes (e.g. to modify the recirculation ratio of theactivated sludge, are to provide more oxygen in the aeration tanks, etc.). Warning systemsin case of accidents have to be created and used. This issue has been discussed in theprevious paragraph.Moreover, in order to improve operation for existing treatment plants, it will benecessary to upgrade operator skills. The skill of the operator is very important elementto achieve the required efficiency of WWTP. The most cases the efficiency of the WWTPis not reached because the operators do not know how to handle the process.Measures have to be undertaken to make available financing, resources for operationusing coercive and incentive measures. It was considered that some operators do notrealize the responsibility and on the other hand there are not well paid for their work,comparing with the other workers in the economy.It is planned to make compatible methods of analysis used by the operators andinspection bodies. Often the operators applied some standards of analysis which leads toless accurate results and they are judged by the inspection bodies using standards forclean water analysis and that is very different results make confusion in interpretation.At national level the system for providing quality in accordance with ISO 9000 - 14001and its implementation at units level will be organized.




- Extension of the WWTP of Mangalia cityBy implementing this project the organic load of the Black Sea will be diminished.The project is not included in the list of hot spot-municipal high priority. Thetechnology to be applied is based on the activated sludge process.

- Modernization and reequipment of Iasi – WWTPThis project comprises the provision of new performant equipment for aeration andother devices for sludge treatment. The project is included in SAP in the 18th place.The wastewater coming from about 400000 inhabitants is discharged into the riverPrut that is the boundary river (Republic of Moldavia).

- Modernization of Craiova WWTPThe project will solve the problem of efficiency of the existing plant and is included inthe list of priority of SAP and NEAP. The wastewater is discharged into the river Jiuthat is degraded river.

Planned Projects

- Modernization and extension of Timisoara WWTPThis project comprises new equipment and constructions to cover the whole organicload of population of about half million p.e. The project regards the transboundaryaspect (wastewater is discharged into Bega channel, which crosses the boundary to theformer Yugoslavia.

- Completion of WWTP of Bucharest - Glina.The plant is under construction (60 percent achieved). The WWTP is to treatwastewater from about 2 million p.e. The technology applied: activated sludgeprocess. Wastewater is discharged in river Arges - about 30 km upstream thedischarging point to Danube River. The project is not included in the short-termproject list of NEAP or SAP.

- Setting up of objectives in water quality (identification of standards and objectives).This non- structural project comprises the indicators of quality of natural watersaccording to the provisions of EU directives.

- Pipes for discharges the treatment wastewater from the Black Sea WWTPs.This project is not included in any list of project of NEAP or SAP and comprisesrearranging of discharging points wastewater into the Black Sea in order to ensure abetter dispersion of pollutants.

- Extension of WWTP of Ploiesti city.This structural project is not included in any priority list of priority list of NEAP orSAP. The problem to be solved is to revise the existing plant, which treats wastewatercoming from about one million p.e. and discharged into Prahova river.

Proposed Projects

- Extension of WWTP of Deva city.This structural project is proposed in the new NEAP and comprises the revision ofexisting plant which has not enough capacity to treat wastewater coming from about100,000 p.e. The wastewater is discharged into river Mures that can be considered inthe transboundary context.


- Extension of Campulung Muscel WWTP.This structural project is included in the priority list of NEAP and provides wastewatertreatment based on activated sludge process. Wastewater coming from about 60,000p.e. is discharged after treatment into river Arges upstream Bucharest that used theriver water for drinking purposes.

- Extension of Resita WWTP.This structural project comprises the construction of new capacity of wastewatertreatment based on activated sludge process. Treated water is discharged into the riverTimis that is considered a transboundary river.

- Creation of a new system of reference labs.The proposal is based on the idea of making a unitary, compatible system ofmeasuring water quality parameters. The reference labs should have also the task ofcalibration the other territorial labs.

- Development of environmental labs in transboundary areas: Timisoara, Resita, Craiova,Pitesti, Calarasi, Galati, Tulcea, Bacau, Iasi, Suceava, Satu Mare, Oradea, Arad.This project was proposed to fulfill the requirements of having a good supervision ofwastewater discharged into the transboundary rivers.

- Control and intervention systems for accidental pollution.This non-structural project consists of a set of methods to be applied in case ofaccidental pollution in order to reduce or to eliminate the effects downstream.

- Development programs for local participating democracy.This non-structural project comprises a set of measures to be taken to provideincentives for the participation of public in the decision making process.

- Equipment for treatment plant of UPSOM Ocna Mures.It seems this project proposed has wrong position in this sector activity belonging toindustrial sector. That is way should be excluded from the list of proposals of themunicipal waste management sector.

� ensure proper individual wastewater treatment. In this context it is planed to developindividual treatment systems on the basis of research program. This element is important forachieving a unitary way to solve the individual wastewater treatment in sound health andeconomic conditions. Fiscal incentives for promotion of individual treatment systems have tobe developed and designed. This element has been considered taking into account the limitedeconomic possibilities of individuals to construct proper facilities to treat wastewater.It is also required to elaborate appropriate programs for introducing adequate individualsystems. This element could be described as it follows: elaborate a set of typical projects,which could be adapted easily by each individual household. This will shorten theachievement of the activity goal.Bodies and authorities will be involved for introducing individual wastewater treatment.The local authorities, especially, should be keen to have a safety, unitary system ofindividual wastewater treatment. Otherwise these individual system will be continuing tobe made by random, putting in danger the population health.Measures have to be undertaken to raise public awareness through involvement of mediaregarded of the importance of household wastes. Public awareness will determine theauthorities to have a proper attitude with the importance of household wastes.It is also foreseen to assist population concerned by introducing individual systems. Populationshould be assisted with their works in constructing the wastewater individual systems. Theindividuals have the capabilities to construct the individual systems themselves but if they will be nottechnically assisted it might happened that the systems would not reach the necessary efficiency.



Proposed Projects

- Design national programs for raising public awareness- This non-structural project of set of measures (leaflets, posters, workshops, mass-

media means etc.) which could raise public awareness to understand the necessaryconditions to ensure the sanitary conditions of individual wastewater treatment.

- National programs for wastewater treatment and disposal in rural area- This non-structural project is supposed to set up a group of measures to be undertaken

for wastewater treatment and disposal of individual households. The rural areacomprises households where about 45 percent of the Romanian population are located.

- Develop guidelines on individual means for wastewater treatment and disposal- This non-structural project comprises a set of technical solution, which could be

generalized to be applied for achieving the necessary efficiency of individualwastewater treatment in the sound health and economic conditions.

(ii) Performing of pre-treatment of toxic and specific waters

The importance of this result consists of assurance of proper conditions for municipal WWTPsefficiencies.

In order to achieve this result, several activities have to be undertaken in the following field:

� Construction of new pre-treatment plants;� Control;� Framework conditions.


� undertake measures for construction of new pre-treatment plants, upgrading(rehabilitation operation) of the existing ones. It is important to inform about existingsituation in order to establish priorities. This element focuses the problem of choosing themain economic companies, which have deleterious effects, by discharging theirwastewater into the public sewage collection, on municipal WWTPs.Information about the state of the compliance programme has to be provided. This refersto the fact that all titleholders are under the process of compliance of the negotiatedplanes (with the environmental authorities). And the state of the compliance stage shouldbe known before starting other actions.Information on best available techniques, technologies and equipment has to be availableas well. There are industrial processes, which require special technologies for wastewatertreatment (e.g. surface filtration, reverse osmosis) which are to be known.It is required to elaborate feasibility studies to determine necessary investments. Thefeasibility studies should establish the optimum economic and technical solution toconstruct the pre-treatment plant. Funds have to be available for pre-treatment wastewaterplants. The title holder should be pressed to provide funds to comply with the conditionsput by the local environment authority which had given the temporary allowance to work.This legal procedure should be controlled.It is necessary to establish solution to obtain on efficient pre-treatment. This elementrefers to the necessary studies to get the optimal technical solution to accomplish therequirements of NTPA 002 for discharging wastewater into the public sewage collectionsystem. Modern equipment and technologies have to be used for rehabilitation and


modernization of existing pre-treatment plants. This is important due to the fact that theactual technologies and devices are absolute and difficult to operate. That is why theoperators do not operate properly the processes of pre-treatment (precipitation of heavymetals, oxidation – reduction processes oil and grease separation etc.). Referring to theerection of the established WWTP after studying the optimal solution for pre-treatment ofthe specific water to reach the requirements of NTPA 002, pre-treatment plants have to beconstructed The supervision of the works to avoid construction errors is necessary.It is essential to train operational staff in order to fulfil the quality of the effluentdischarging into the public sewage collection system. An untrained operator mightcompromise all efforts made for pre-treatment of wastewater discharging into the publicsewage collection system and finally the municipal WWTP.Moreover, operational regulations have to be elaborated. The operators must have clearand comprehensive regulations of what they have to do. Otherwise they are not able tounderstand what they have to do, even when they are instructed about the process ofwaste treatment.The wastewater recycling would alleviate the efforts (economically and technically) andwill diminish the probability of accidental pollution or unexpected load of municipalWWTP. Therefore, it is important to make a study of recycling possibilities.For this activity the following projects have been identified:

Existing/On-going Projects and Planned Projects

There are not existing/On-going or planned projects for pre-treatment of wastewater. Thetitleholders are responsible for achieving the requirements of NTPA 002.

Proposed Projects

- Projects of feasibility studies for construction of pre-treatment plants in the followingtowns: Timisoara, Resita, Craiova, Ploiesti, Iasi, Galati, Braila, Mangalia, Zalau,Bucuresti, Campulung Muscel, Deva.These projects have to be considered, while preparing the projects of the respectiveWWTPs for the human settlements mentioned above. The recycling possibilities arethe major issue to be studied.

- Training programmes for operation staff.This non-structural project is intended to avoid the malfunction of pre-treatmentplants, which are to be provided for the titleholders who are to use the publicwastewater collection system. The project will comprise guidelines for operation ofspecific wastewater treatment (galvanization, showghter houses etc.).

- Design and operation instructions for specific wastewater treatment plantsThis project has been proposed to ensure the proper operation of pre – WWTPs. Theproject comprises specific instructions for the designers and operators about theparameters, which have to be taken into consideration.

� reinforce control measurement activities. It is important to define proper measurementand control equipment. This element regards the market study for the best equipmentavailable to measure the parameters required to control the process of treatment (e.g. pH,temperature, oxygen concentration, conductivity etc.). Monitoring of effluent quality isimportant for putting into evidence all the time the quality of the effluent discharged intothe public sewage collection system. In this context, it is necessary also to providewarning and intervention systems in case, that some dangerous quality indicators areexceeded. This is related to the automatic systems of warning or blocking the discharge ofwastewater when danger appears.


- Training courses for operational staff. The staff would be trained to realize theresponsibility and to pay attention to all quality parameters of wastewater to bedischarged.

For this activity the following project has been identified:

Proposed Project

- Guide of equipment consisting of the measuring and control apparatus (warning, aswell) for wastewater categories in pre-treatment plants.

� create favorable framework conditions (improvement of legislation, andenvironmental legislation)., Although there are some new norms which have been set up(e.g. NTPA 002, NTPA 001) it seems they do not cover the whole area of this issue,therefore it is important to identify gaps in the existing legislation. It is also important toundertake measures for harmonization of Romanian specific norms with those of EU.This is important to fill the gaps identified in Romanian legislation.Moreover, norms on wastewater quality have to be established for wastewaters to bedischarged, as well as norms on emission factors. Coercive measures have to be applied.There are no emission factors for specific economic activities in Romania. Theseemission factors are elements to control pollution by taking into consideration thequantity of the specific pollutant to be discharged e.g. kg BOD 5 per tone of meat resultedfrom the factory and per day, or per year. By this element the total discharge of pollutant(e.g. kg BOD per day or per year) could be evaluated by multiplying the productionquantity with the emission factor. Once the quantity of pollutant discharged exceeds theauthorized quantity the respective titleholder is to be fined. Coercive measures would beimportant element to make the operators of pre-treatment plants to be more responsible.It is planned also to establish education in school, social – economic units (manuals,folders, posters etc.). This element would have important influence for creating favorableconditions to achieve a suitable operation of pre-treatment plants.Regular information on polluters for population have to be provided and involvement ofpublic in the decision making process facilitated. Population might play an important rolefor local environment authorities to set up measures and terms for titleholders to complywith the regulations. Public participation is provided in the procedure of authorization bythe new law of environmental protection.For this activity the following projects have been identified:

Proposed Projects

- Elaboration of ecological education programmeThis project is to focus the aspects of necessity to realize the importance of pre-treatment of wastewater before discharging into the public sewage collection system.The project will comprise organized workshops, meetings, leaflets, actions of massmedia, and other educational means.

- Code of behavior for foreign investorsThe project will comprise a set of measures to be taken by foreign investors. Althoughthese measures are not yet included in the domestic legislation they have to beanticipated in order to set up their economic activities in environmentally soundconditions.


- Harmonization of legislation on wastewater pre-treatment with EU provisionsThe contact of the project has been discussed above when harmonization of domesticlegislation with EU legislation has been presented as an important element of thisactivity.

- Greening the curricula” NGOThis project comprises a set of actions with NGOs to create a “green” aspect ofeconomic activities located in urban areas. These actions will suppose to be meetings,folders, posters and mass media means.

(iii) Implementation of proper management of solid wastes

The importance of this result consists of alleviation or elimination of groundwater pollution andfinally, surfaces water pollution. There are cases where solid waste deposits location is on the bankof rivers, creating serious impacts on natural resources. Due to the fact that these deposits are notwell isolated water leakage determines the pollution of groundwater and rivers with heavy metalsand organic substances. That is why implementation of proper management of solid waste is animportant result within the framework of pollution reduction of water resources.


� Waste collection;� Solid waste management;� Solid waste disposal.


� implement the selective solid waste collection. It is important to evaluate situation. Inorder to start going with this activity it is necessary to know an inventory of the existingsituation – the composition of the solid waste the way how they are disposed off, thepublic attitude with the selective waste collection issue etc.Pre-feasibility study should be carried out to determine selective collection of waste. Thisis important for realizing the optimum solutions to achieve the selection of garbage in thepre-collection stage. In this context, it is necessary to identify alternatives. It refers to theversions, which are to be analyzed in order to choose the optimum technical solution toimplement the selective solid waste collection.Moreover, measures have to be undertaken to involve all the interested parties. It willenable the attraction of responsible bodies, as well as public to act for achieving theselective collection of solid wastes. The measures taken should regard incentives toachieve selective collection of domestic solid wastes. It is important to educatepopulation as regards selective solid waste collection. If the population do not realize theimportance of selective solid waste collection the activity will not be going on. That iswhy the education of population to apply selective solid waste collection is essential toachieve this activity. The public has to be informed also regarding solid wastemanagement about the effects of selective solid waste collection. Public informationmeans public actions to achieve selective collection of household solid wastes.Measures have to be undertaken to provide the financing sources to achieve the project. Thefinancing sources should be made available to provide three – four containers for individualsto dispose of their solid wastes: paper, textiles, metallic wastes, batteries and mercury lamps.In addition to above mentioned, it is necessary to build-up infrastructure. The pre-collectionsystem should be enlarged. To achieve the selective collection of solid waste activity, theactual system of solid waste pre-collection from the blocks should be adjusted, in order tohave special facilities for metallic, paper, or hazardous solid wastes disposal.




- Selective collection of solid wastes at Piatra NeamtThis project has been mentioned by the participants in the workshop. The projectcontains the means to achieve selection of glass, paper, metallic and vegetables in theprecollection stage. It is intended to be a demonstrative project.

Proposed Projects

- Setting-up training centersThe project comprises the means to organize centers in the main regions of Romania(Bucharest, Timisoara, Cluj, Iasi and Constanta) to train the personnel responsible forselective solid waste collection.

- Equipment for selective management of solid wastesThe project proposed comprises the necessary equipment and operation instructions toachieve solid waste as well as the costs involved for this activity.

- Campaign for raising public awarenessThe project proposed comprises a set of measures like meetings, posters, folders orother mass media means to raise public awareness for selective collection of solidwastes. It is intended to put into evidence the advantages of this activity and topropose legislative incentives for those who will respond to the requirements resultedfrom this activity.

� undertake measures to facilitate solid waste management optimization. It isnecessary to evaluate the situation of solid waste management. To know the existingsituation and to have a real inventory of the existing unit operations applied for solidwaste disposal is essential to project an optimum solid waste management. To find outthe optimum solution for solid waste management is necessary to know where are wegoing from.Appropriate measures have to be introduced in order to alleviate the environmentalimpact of solid waste management. This is important for realizing the mainenvironmental factors, which might be affected by the solid waste management and howthis impact could be alleviated by taking proper measures.The procedures and regulations for legal appliance have to be elaborated in order to applyfor authorization of some economic activities should comprise specific obligatory actionsto be taken in order to avoid environment injuries. Measures to be undertaken have to bedefined in accordance with the international legislation. The international legislation,especially EU legislation should be taken in view while taking measures for solid wastemanagement. The rules of import-export of solid waste should be set-up, especiallytaking into account the hazardous wastes. In addition the enforcement of the law of solidwaste is necessary by coercive and incentive measures. The law of solid waste is underdiscussion in the Parliament.The incentives on those who act for a proper management of solid waste should bedeveloped. Coercive measures might have less effect than encouraging measures,especially in the Romanian area. In this context, investments in solid waste managementprojects have to be promoted. This element should be taken in view while talking aboutthe solid waste management, especially when the win-win process is involved. Somevaluable waste should be put in value. In addition, financial mechanisms for solid wastemanagement have to be developed, in particular in order to reach the result of a goodmanagement of solid waste. Incentive measures, as well as coercive measures should be


taken into consideration. Both types of measures should be taken into consideration-coercive and incentive measures. It is necessary to implement some specific courses inthe education system. Some education measures should be set up in order to have apositive response from the public when the actions are to be taken to manage solid waste.The best economically sound measures to abate the environmental impact of the existingsolid waste facilities have to be provided. The existing landfills are not safety forenvironment being insulated and almost exhausted. Some technical solutions should beapplied to isolate the existing deposits and to put the exhausted ones in the naturalconditions. Moreover, it is required to facilitate experience exchange among companies.Some companies have reached good results in managing solid waste and their experienceshould be shown to the other companies dealing with this problem.For this activity the following projects have been identified:

Existing/On- going Projects

- Project “Center of Resources” for NGO.It has been found that this project is an existing one (Galati, Alba Iulia NGOsrepresentatives).

Planned Projects

- Draft project of the Law of Solid WasteThe Law of Solid Waste is under designing process.

- Training of community active membersThis non-structural project comprises a set of training courses for NGOsrepresentatives, as well as for local environmental authorities. An external assistanceseems to be necessary.

- Setting up offices for ecological advisersThe project consists of institutional building measure to set-up county offices forecological advisers, which could offer technical assistance for proper measures to betaken to get rid off solid wastes in a sound environmentally conditions.

Proposed Projects

- Setting-up of training centersThis project refers to the training of operators dealing with solid waste management.Generally these centers should be organized in Technical Universities or in NationalResearch Institutes for Environment (ICIM, UTCB etc.).

- Campaign for raising public awarenessThis project refers to a set of measures to raise the public awareness, like meetings,posters, folders, and other mass media means.

- Harmonization of solid waste management legislation with the EU legislationThis project is to set-up the legislative initiatives for approximation of EU legislationwith the domestic legislation. This process corresponds to the general policy of theGovernment for adherence to the EU.


� ensure the appliance of proper solid waste disposal. Involvement of authorities and thepublic has been considered important to achieve the result because the authorities (localand central), as well as the public should be implicated in the process of ensuring theappliance of per solid waste disposal, finding the suitable solutions for solid wastedisposal.It is necessary to find out through evaluation the field location (sites for landfillsinfrastructures).The available land for solid waste deposits are scarcely met in Romania.The new owners of land cannot afford to put their land at disposal so easily. That is whythis issue has been considered as an important element for the activity of disposal o solidwaste.Measures have to be undertaken to provide financing sources in order to achieve theresult by the activity of insurance of appliance of proper solid waste disposal.The ecological rehabilitation of the exhausted deposits is to be provided in the initialinvestment cost evaluation. The cost of rehabilitation of the land use should be taken intoconsideration by the investors. This issue has been considered to be an important elementto be taken into consideration for authorizing the new investors who are going to changethe existing land use.Efficient control of activity has to be implemented. It goes without saying that theefficient control of solid waste disposal plays an important role of a proper managementof solid waste in the country. The inspectors should play an important role to make thelocal operators to fulfil their jobs.It is necessary to improve the staff qualification level. It is justified by the fact that thisactivity should be “mobilized” by selecting the responsible people to work in this field ofactivity. These people should be better appreciated in the society, better paid and bettereducated.For this activity the following projects have been identified:


- Ecological rehabilitation of Zlatna areaThis project has been identified as an existing one. The project consists in foreseeingthe exhausted area of solid waste deposit.

Planned Project

- Creation on Environmental FundThis project had been proposed to be included in the new environmental low ofenvironmental protection but it has not been accepted by the Parliament. New actionsare required to have this fund available for environmental investments and for otherincentives in the protection of environment framework.

Proposed Projects

- Ecological reconstruction of the exhausted solid waste deposit in Ovidiu – ConstantaThis proposed project comprises the introduction in the natural conditions of theexhausted deposit of slugs resulted from the Power Plant and Cogeneration of Ovidiu(Constanta county) which uses coal for energy production.

- Lab equipment for EPAS.This project consists of providing the proper equipment for EPAs labs to check theenvironmentally sound conditions of solid waste disposal.


- Ecological deposits for domestic waste in the Danube River DeltaThe Danube River Delta is to be considered to be a special way because the sites areon water. The problem of cemetery and other solid disposals require special attention.That is why the participants insisted to solve the problem of solid waste disposal inthis area with a specific attention. For the time being there is not project focusing theissue of solid waste treatment and disposal in the Danube River Delta. It seems thatthis issue is quite neglected by the decision-makers.

- Ecological land fills in Techirghiol, Eforie, Mangalia and Mamaia.In fact the solid waste coming from the Black Sea coastal cities are not well organized.The population of Constanta use to dispose of their solid waste on the beaches ofSiutghiol Lake extracting in the some time sand for the construction purposes. Thelocal authorities cannot control this problem in spite of the fact that legislation exists.That is why the project proposed should be considered with the connection with thelaw enforcement.

- Ecological land fills in Techirghiol, Eforie, MangaliaThis project comprises the technical measures of find disposal of solid waste comingfrom the localities mentioned above.

- Requirement installation for chalk at Basarabi and the kaolin in Medgidia city.This project was not sufficiently analyzed it seams that this project needs more andmore explanations to be put in the priority list of NEAP. Anyhow, it seems that thisproject is to be analyzed by the EPAS and should be regarded to be in attention of therespective title holder, which is responsible for this specific activity.

The high priority projects might be considered the following ones:

Structural projects: Modernization and development of WWTPs in Resita, Craiova, Deva,Campulung Muscel, Mangalia.

Construction of new WWTPs: Galati, and Braila, Zalau.

Non-structural projects: Guidelines on designing and operation of solid waste land-fills, controland fights against accidental pollution; Finding out technical solution for solid waste disposal in theDanube River Delta; Introduction of new instruments for water quality protection; Harmonizationof EU regulations of emissions in water with the domestic legislation; Environment territoriallaboratories development; Quality objectives in the activity of water quality protection.

3.3.4. Important Assumption for the Sector



� Provision of funds on timeThe assurance of financial resources is a capital condition to achieve sector results. If thefunds are not available no activity could take place. That is why the short - term projectsmust be financed in order to achieve the expected results.


� Operational financial mechanismsFinancial mechanisms are supposed to be operational to make sure that activities will goon in normal way. Creation of environment fund and water fund (this fund is alreadycreated by Water Law); and using this fund for water quality protection will increase thepossibility of making the activity feasible, realistic.

� Effective and attractive taxation and tariffs policies implementedAlthough some taxes and tariffs for water exist it seems they are not effective. “Polluterspay” principle trends to be transformed in “Pay to Pollute” principle in Romania. That iswhy the taxation and tariffs should be more effective. On the other hand, the incentivesfor those who invest in water quality protection must be applied. It seems Romanians aremore sensitive when they are encouraged than when they are punished.

� Adjustment of pre-treatment technologies while the activity profile is being changedThe privatization process determines changes in the activity profile of many companies.A factory dealing with galvanizing process might become a factory for non-ferrousmetals processing and this is the reason why adjusting of pre-treatment technologies isnecessary.

� Development of fund raising policies (Assumptions for activities to achieve sectorresults)The fund raising policies are capital assumption to achieve the sector results. That is whythe decision-makers must realize that they have to locate money for this sector. Otherwisethe situation is worsened and even the existing waste treatment facilities might becomeobsolete and finally unusefull to fulfill the scope of what they have been provided for.


� Priority of environmental protection within the government policiesThis assumption has been identified to be one of the most important one to achieve thesector objective because the government policy determines the distribution of funds andthe decisions to be made for investments in public works and territorial planning. On theother hand, the government should pay attention to comply with the provisions ofinternational conventions, which have been signed and ratified, and this issue refers to thelegal acts regarding environmental protection in the context of transboundary effects.

� Cooperation among all stockholdersThis assumption has been considered to be a pre-condition to achieve the sector objectivebecause the stockholders being discharges into the public sewage collection system, theymust cooperate in order to achieve the standard quality of wastewater. There arestockholders, which shares the sewage collection systems and pre-treatment ofwastewater. The experience of some stockholders reaching the standard quality of thewastewater discharged should be extended to the other similar stockholders.

� Supportive economic conditionsThe economic conditions should be evaluated in order to achieve the sector objective.There will be not positive conditions if economic supportive condition will be notensured.



Impact indicators have been developed for the sector objective and sector results. They define thecontents of the objective and results in operationally measurable terms. For the sector objective isintended to increase water quality of the Romanian rivers.

Speaking on the base of natural water quality standards existing in Romania, the followingindicators should be taken into consideration:

� About 15 percent of the degraded rivers (by their length) will be situated in the 3rd qualitycategory according to RS 4706 - 1988.

� About 10 percent of the 3rd quality category of the natural rivers (measured by length)will go in the 2nd quality category (according to RS 4706 - 1988).

� About 5 percent of the 2nd quality category of the natural rivers will go to the 1st qualitycategory of natural rivers.

These goals are to be achieved till the year of 2010. It has been considered that these indicators arerealistic and can be achieved by taken into consideration the projects proposed with the respectiveassumptions put into evidence in the report.

Indicators for sector results are the following ones:

For the result 3.1:

� About 12 percent of the population (children from rural area) are not to be exposedto the health risks caused by nitrates concentration over 45 mg/l) of ground water bythe year of 2010.This indicator describes the objective the actions taken to reduce water pollution inRomania. Exceeding nitrate concentration in ground water is a consequence of oxidationof ammonia coming faces, which are disposed in improper conditions. This situation isoften met in the rural area where about half of the population of the country live. Thepercentage mentioned above has been estimated, presuming that a conventional family offour persons has at least one child. The four persons have at least one child. Theestimation is based on the fact that about 10 million people out of 23 million inhabitantsof Romania live in the rural area where improper individual wastewater disposal exists.This indicator could be measured easily in the ground water in rural area and in thereceiving surface area in the zones, which are affected by improper management of waste.This indicator will be measured by the laboratories of the territorial health inspectorates,of the EPAs and of the water management units located throughout the country.

� In the period 1998 - 2010 in 11 Romanian river basins, 270 WWTPs will reduceorganic and nutrients load by 20 percent pursuant to NTPA 001 and agreements inforce.This indicator is based on the idea that the existing WWTPs and the new WWTPs whichare to be constructed will reach the removal of organic substances as well as totalnitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations at the designed levels. That is BOD5 willbe reduced by more than 90 percent and N and P by 20 percent. It has been assumed thatthe existing plants remove in average 70 percent of organic substances. The indicatorcould be measured by the operators in the units, as well as water management units,EPAs and health inspectorates in every zone all over the country.


For the result 3.2:

� In 270 localities from 11 river basins, approximate 6000 economic units will reducepolluting substances discharges (heavy metals, grease, oil, petroleum, etc.) under thelimits provided by NTPA 002, until 2010.This indicator refers to the pre-treatment plants of specific wastewater coming from theeconomic activities located within the urban areas. The title holders who do not haveproper wastewater treatment facilities, discharging their waters into the public sewagecollection system are authorized to continue their activities, temporarily, on the base of acompliance program which comprises a set a measures and terms to reach the standardquality of their effluents. The quality parameters required are listed in NTPA 002, whichcorresponds to EU specific directive.The indicator can be measured by the laboratories of respective economic units (self-monitoring), sewage management units, water management units and EPAs which arespread all over the country.

For the result 3.3:

� In the 11 Romanian river basins, 256 towns with population over 20,000 inhabitantswill reduce the inadequate solid waste disposal sites by 50 percent and willreintroduce the recovered land in the social - economic cycle by the year of 2010.This indicator refers to the solid waste disposal. According the existing regulations allthese areas must be supervised by providing observation wells, which must beconstructed around the landfill areas. The deposits must be constructed with theimpervious conditions and controlled all the time - this is a condition, which is imposedby the existing regulations. Anyhow this indicator is expected to be in attention for publicauthorities forever. The indicator can be measured by means of analyzing the groundwater from the surrounding wells, which are to be provided for self-monitoring systems.The indicator will be measured by the unit itself and by the laboratories of EPAs, andhealth inspectorates located in the respective zone. All the data are available at therespective public institutions. Every year the report on the state of environment is to bepublished.It has been concluded the reduction of river pollution is inevitable an expensive operationand one which takes many years to achieve.Ideally it would be desirable for every river to be unpolluted, full of fish and aestheticallypleasing.

Annexes

1. Identification of River Basin Areas

2. Situation Analysis

3. Problem Analysis

4. Objective Analysis

5. Sector Planning Matrix

6. Activities, Important Elements and Projects

7. Workshop Organization

Annex 1. Identification of the River BasinAreas

1.1. Moldavia

1.2. Muntenia

1.3. Transilvania

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be

effe

cts

in th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta

�

Pol

lutio

n w

ith H

eavy

met

als

up

stre

am

Bou

nda

ries

�

Pol

lutio

n w

ithor

gan

ic s

ubst

anc

es

�

Zoo

tech

nic:

- P

eris

(M

unte

nia

& D

obro

gea

) - O

arja

( O

lt) - J

ilave

le (

Jiu

)�

W

et la

nds

Rec

over

y - D

anu

be

mea

dow

- Ag

ricu

lture

A

rea

s in

Dan

ube

Del

ta - P

isci

cultu

re a

rran

gem

ents

�

Fer

tiliz

ers

& p

estic

ides

inte

nsi

ve a

gric

ultu

re e

xplo

it - D

anu

be

mea

dow

( M

unte

nia

& D

obro

gea

) - B

ara

gan

( M

unte

nia

& D

obro

gea

) - A

rea

s (

Jiu

– C

ern

a –

Mot

ru ;

Olt)

�

Ch

emic

al i

ndu

stry

- Fa

ctor

ies

- P

itest

i, R

am

nic

u V

alc

ea,

Tu

rnu

Ma

gure

le ;

( O

lt)�

M

ine

Ind

ust

ry (

Jiu

– C

ern

a –

Mot

ru ;

Mun

teni

a –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Pet

roch

emic

al o

il in

du

stry

- Ph

rea

tic w

ate

r st

ratu

m (

Mu

nten

ia –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Oil

exp

loits

- Te

lea

jen

, V

edea

, P

rah

ova

(M

unt

enia

– D

obro

gea

)�

P

etro

chem

ica

l ind

ustr

y�

E

ner

getic

Ind

ust

ry (

Jiu

– C

ern

a –

Mot

ru ;

Olt

;Mun

teni

a –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Wo

od e

xplo

its�

N

ucl

ear

pow

er s

tatio

n (M

unt

enia

– D

obro

gea

)�

In

effic

ien

cy o

f pre

trea

tmen

t in

ind

ustr

ies

(Jiu

– C

ern

a –

Mot

ru ;

Olt

;Mun

teni

a –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Tra

nsp

ort

(Jiu

– C

ern

a –

Mot

ru ;

Olt

;Mun

teni

a –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Dre

dgi

ng

navi

gab

le c

han

nel

(d

epos

its);

Mun

teni

a –

Dob

roge

a�

C

omm

unity

ser

vice

s in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta (

Mu

nten

ia –

Dob

roge

a)

�

Com

mun

ity s

ervi

ces

( Ji

u –

Cer

na

– M

otru

; O

lt; M

unte

nia

– D

obro

gea

)�

W

ast

ed w

ate

r tr

eatm

ent

- Buc

ure

sti,

Plo

iest

i, T

arg

ovis

te C

am

pu

lun

g M

usc

el (M

unt

enia

– D

obro

gea

) - C

raio

va (

Jiu

– C

erna

– M

otru

)�

T

ouris

m - P

rah

ova

va

lley

(Mu

nten

ia –

Dob

roge

a)

- Olt

valle

y (O

lt)�

W

ate

rs m

an

age

men

t( J

iu –

Cer

na

– M

otru

; O

lt; M

unte

nia

– D

obro

gea

)

Iden

tific

atio

n of

the

Riv

er B

asin

Are

as

3. T

rans

ilvan

iaA

nnex

1.3

. P

hysi

cal-G

eogr

aphi

cal C

hara

cter

istic

s S

ocio

-De

mog

raph

ic C

hara

cter

istic

s Tr

ansb

ound

ary

Effe

cts

as P

erce

ived

Hum

an/E

cono

mic

Act

iviti

es in

the

Bas

in

�

Cris

(H

)

�

Som

es (

H)

�

Tim

is –

Beg

a(Y

)

�

Org

an

ic lo

ad

�

Nu

trie

nts

�

Su

spen

sion

s

�

Zoo

tech

nic

-pig

farm

s (T

isa

– S

omes

- C

risu

ri w

est

sid

e)

-pig

farm

s (M

ure

s -

Tim

is s

outh

sid

e) –

Tin

ca,

Bon

tida

, Com

tim�

A

gric

ultu

re (

Nut

rinnt

s N

,P ;

Pes

ticid

es;

Inse

ctic

ides

; P

hun

gici

des

)�

F

ore

stry

act

iviti

es (

ph

enol

s, s

usp

ensi

ons,

flood

s a

nd

eros

ion

s)

�

Som

es (

H)

�

Mu

res

(H)

�

Cris

(H

)

�

Hea

vy m

eta

ls�

N

utr

ient

s�

C

yan

ides

�

Oth

er c

hem

ica

lp

rod

ucts

�

P.H

.

�

Min

e un

ferr

ous

indu

stry

-

Sat

u m

are

, B

aia

Ma

re, B

aia

Bor

sa

N-

W s

ide

(Tis

a –

Som

es –

Cris

uri)

�

Som

es (

H)

�

Mu

res

(H)

�

Hea

vy m

eta

ls�

C

yan

ides

�

Su

spen

sion

s�

P

.H.

�

Ch

emic

al a

ctiv

ity

�

Som

es (

H)

�

orga

nic

load

�

nut

rient

s�

lig

nite

-su

lfate

s

�

Cel

lulo

se a

nd

pap

er a

ctiv

ity (

Tis

a –

Som

es –

Cris

uri)

W s

ide,

Som

es -

Dej

�

Som

es (

H)

�

Hea

vy m

eta

ls�

C

yan

ides

�

Ph

enol

s�

S

ust

entio

ns�

P

.H

�

Met

allu

rgy

- fe

rrou

s-

un

ffero

us

(Tis

a –

Som

es –

Cris

uri

N-

Wsi

de)

, P

heo

nix

– B

aia

Ma

re

�

Ba

rca

u (H

)�

oi

l pro

duc

ts�

S

alt

solu

tion

s�

O

il a

ctiv

ities

– e

xtra

ctio

n –

Sup

lacu

de

Ba

rca

u

�

Som

es (

H)

�

Mu

res

(H)

�

orga

nic

load

�

ba

cter

ium

loa

d�

S

usp

ensi

ons

�

Nu

trie

nts

�

Det

erg

ents

�

Com

mun

ity m

an

age

men

t

�

Tra

nsi

lva

nia

su

rfa

ce: 8

244

0/3

4.7

1 (k

m2

/s%

)

�

Riv

ers

len

gth

: Tra

nsi

lva

nia

302

54 k

m (

38.

34%

)

�

Vol

um

es o

f w

ate

r: T

ran

silv

an

ia 4

903

mil.

m3

�

Hyd

rogr

ap

hic

den

sity

: Tra

nsi

lva

nia

0.3

6 km

/km

2

�

Fo

rest

s: T

ran

silv

ania

24

272

km

2

�

Su

rfa

ce w

ate

r: T

ran

silv

an

ia 5

92.1

4 km

2

�

Na

tura

l la

kes:

17

Tra

nsi

lva

nia

�

Pop

ula

tion

: Tra

nsi

lva

nia

665

5th

ousa

nd

peo

ple

�

Sol

icita

tion

of w

ate

r fo

r p

opu

latio

n:

Tra

nsi

lva

nia

509

.62

7 m

il. m

3

�

Sol

icita

tion

of w

ate

r fo

r in

dust

ry:

Tra

nsi

lva

nia

148

5.5

36 m

il. m

3

�

Sol

icita

tion

of w

ate

r fo

r a

gric

ultu

re:

Tra

nsi

lva

nia

21.

027

mil.

.m

3

�

Evi

ctio

n o

f wa

sted

wa

ter

from

pop

ula

tion

: Tra

nsi

lvan

ia 4

29.6

91 m

il.m

3

�

Evi

ctio

n o

f wa

sted

wa

ter

from

ind

ustr

y: T

ran

silv

ani

a 1

155

.82

8 m

il.m

3

�

Imp

ort;

- D

anu

be:

Bel

gra

de

- U

pst

rea

m T

isa,

Sa

va,

Dra

va

Annex 2. Situation Analysis of Activities Leading to Water Pollution in Specific Areas

2.1. Agriculture and Land Use

2.2. Industrial Waste Management


Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 2

.1.

page

1/2

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� U

se o

fin

adeq

uat

eag

ricu

ltura

lp

ract

ices

� E

xist

ing

envi

ron

men

tal

legi

slat

ion

� E

xist

ing

bila

tera

l &m

ulti

late

ral a

gree

men

ts o

nD

anu

be,

Pru

t, T

isa,

etc

.

� E

xist

ing

eco

logi

cal

edu

catio

n sy

ste

m

� E

xist

ence

of s

om

e d

atab

ases

& m

on

itorin

g sy

ste

ms

� O

n-g

oin

g in

tern

atio

nal

pro

gram

mes

(P

har

e, E

RB

D,

and

UN

DP

…)

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

n

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n o

fn

atu

ral a

ndar

tific

ial l

akes

an

dp

ond

s

� P

astu

red

egra

dat

ion

� A

ffect

ing

surf

ace

& u

nd

ergr

ound

wat

er q

ual

ity

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty in

Dan

ub

e &

Dan

ub

e D

elta

� A

ffect

ing

the

wat

er q

ual

ityp

aram

eter

s

� C

han

ges

inflo

win

gre

gim

e

� L

ack

of a

pp

rop

riate

tec

hni

cal m

ean

s

� U

nfa

vora

ble

eco

no

mic

an

d m

arke

tco

nd

ition

s

� I

nad

equ

ate

agric

ultu

ral p

olic

ies

� C

han

ges

du

e to

tra

nsi

tion

� I

nco

mp

lete

or

non

-co

mp

lied

legi

slat

ion

fra

me

wo

rk

� C

han

ges

in o

wn

ersh

ip r

egim

e

� B

ud

geta

ry r

est

rictio

ns

� P

oo

r tr

ain

ing

and

info

rmat

ion

of f

arm

ers

� I

nsu

ffici

ent

sta

ff fo

r co

ntr

olli

ng

enfo

rce

men

t o

f leg

isla

tion

� A

sso

ciat

ion

farm

ing

� I

nfo

rmat

ion

reg

ard

ing

alte

rnat

ive

fert

iliza

tion

met

ho

ds

� L

and

org

aniz

atio

n o

n m

od

ern

bas

is�

Re

mo

val o

f sed

imen

ts fr

om

irri

gatio

n a

ndd

rain

age

chan

nel

s�

Est

ablis

hm

ent

of p

rote

ctio

n a

reas

(fo

rbid

din

gp

estic

ides

use

)�

Su

bsi

diz

ing

eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n u

sin

g sp

ecifi

cm

eth

od

s�

Co

mp

lian

ce w

ith t

he

graz

ing

regi

me

� P

astu

re r

ehab

ilita

tion

� U

se o

f ap

pro

pria

te m

ech

anic

al e

qui

pm

ent

� A

lign

men

t o

f leg

isla

tion

reg

ard

ing

the

use

of

chem

ical

s in

agr

icu

lture

to

EU

reg

ula

tion

s�

Pu

blic

tra

inin

g an

d in

form

atio

n a

bou

t ef

fect

s�

Tra

inin

g fa

rmer

s�

Fin

anci

al fa

cilit

ies

for

envi

ron

men

tal

inve

stm

ent

� T

rain

ing

the

oper

atio

nal

sta

ff

� I

nap

pro

pri

ate

fore

stm

anag

em

ent

� E

xist

ence

of d

atab

ases

&m

on

itorin

g sy

ste

ms

� O

n-g

oin

g in

tern

atio

nal

pro

gram

mes

(P

har

e, E

RB

D,

and

UN

DP

…)

� E

xist

ing

envi

ron

men

tal

legi

slat

ion

(fo

rest

ry c

od

e)

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

n

� C

han

ges

inh

ydro

logi

cal

regi

me

�

Ch

ange

s in

ow

ner

ship

reg

ime

� I

mm

edia

te e

con

om

ic t

arg

ets

� L

and

org

aniz

atio

n o

n m

od

ern

bas

is�

Str

ict

mo

nito

ring

of w

oo

d c

utti

ng

� A

ffore

stat

ion

of e

xces

sive

ly d

egr

aded

land

s(w

ith lo

cal s

pec

ies)

� P

ub

lic t

rain

ing

and

info

rmat

ion

abo

ut

effe

cts

� T

rain

ing

farm

ers

� F

inan

cial

faci

litie

s fo

r en

viro

nm

enta

lin

vest

men

t�

Tra

inin

g th

e op

erat

ion

al s

taff

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 2

.1.

page

2/2

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

ndA

sset

s

Env

ironm

enta

lC

onse

quen

ces

ofE

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� I

nap

pro

pri

ate

man

age

men

t o

fan

imal

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

alfa

rms

� E

xist

ence

of d

atab

ases

&m

on

itorin

g sy

ste

ms

� O

n-g

oin

g in

tern

atio

nal

pro

gram

mes

(P

har

e,E

RB

D,

UN

DP

)

� E

xist

ing

lan

d la

w a

nd

pas

ture

s re

gula

tion

s

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

n

� E

utr

ophi

catio

no

f nat

ura

l an

dar

tific

ial l

akes

and

po

nds

� P

astu

red

egra

dat

ion

�

Affe

ctin

gsu

rfac

e &

un

der

grou

ndw

ater

qu

ality

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

tyin

Dan

ube

river

an

dD

anu

be

Del

ta

� A

ffect

ing

the

wat

erq

ual

ityp

aram

eter

s

� L

ack

of

wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lant

s�

Un

der

sizi

ng

of w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts �

O

utd

ated

tec

hno

logi

es

� B

uild

ing

on fa

rm w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts

� S

ub

sid

izin

g ec

olo

gica

l far

min

g

� R

e-eq

uip

men

t an

d u

pdat

ing

the

was

tew

ater

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts�

Tra

inin

g fa

rmer

s�

Fin

anci

al fa

cilit

ies

for

envi

ron

men

tal

inve

stm

ent

� T

rain

ing

the

oper

atio

nal

sta

ff

� S

plit

ting

huge

pig

farm

s in

to s

mal

ler

un

its

� I

nap

pro

pri

ate

agric

ultu

ral

pra

ctic

es w

ithin

pro

tect

ed a

reas

(Dan

ub

e D

elta

)an

d im

pro

per

hyd

rote

chn

ical

wo

rks

per

form

ed in

th

eD

anu

be

flood

pla

ins

and

Del

ta

� E

xist

ing

envi

ron

men

tal

legi

slat

ion

� E

xist

ing

bila

tera

l an

dm

ulti

late

ral a

gree

men

ts o

nD

anu

be,

Pru

t, T

isa

etc.

� E

xist

ing

of s

om

eec

olo

gica

l ed

uca

tion

ele

men

ts

� E

xist

ence

of d

atab

ase

&m

on

itorin

g sy

ste

m

� O

n g

oin

g in

tern

atio

nal

pro

gram

me

(Ph

are,

ER

BD

,U

ND

P…

)

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

nfu

nd

ed b

y W

orld

Ban

k

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

n

� C

han

ges

inh

ydro

logi

cal

regi

me

� C

han

ges

inh

ydro

logi

cal

bal

ance

of t

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty a

nd

eco

syst

em

s in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

tyin

Dan

ube

&D

anu

be

Del

ta

� A

ffect

ing

the

wat

erq

ual

ityp

aram

eter

s

� C

han

ges

info

llow

ing

regi

me

�

Lan

d o

rgan

izat

ion

on

mo

der

n b

asis

� R

em

ova

l of s

edim

ents

fro

m ir

riga

tion

and

dra

inag

e ch

ann

els

� C

losu

re o

f art

ifici

al c

han

nel

s m

od

ifyin

g th

eh

ydro

logi

cal r

egim

e in

th

e D

anub

e D

elta

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n u

sin

g sp

ecifi

cm

eth

od

s

� P

ub

lic t

rain

ing

and

info

rmat

ion

abo

ut

effe

cts

� T

rain

ing

farm

ers

� F

inan

cial

faci

litie

s fo

r en

viro

nm

enta

lin

vest

men

t�

Tra

inin

g th

e op

erat

ion

al s

taff

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 2

.2.

page

1/3

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

Low

rel

iabi

lity

of tr

ansp

ort s

yste

m

� O

ld a

nd

obso

lete

dis

trib

utio

n n

etw

ork

- in

suffi

cien

t fu

nd

s fo

r m

ain

ten

ance

an

dd

evel

op

men

t o

f se

wer

age

syst

em

s

� D

isre

spec

t o

f co

nst

ruct

ing

tech

no

logi

es

- co

st r

eco

very

no

t re

flect

ed

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f nec

essa

ry f

un

ds

� L

egi

slat

ion

en

forc

emen

t

� U

se o

f rel

iab

le m

ater

ials

an

d t

ech

no

logi

es fo

rtr

ansp

ort

sys

tem

Mai

nten

ance

sta

ff no

t qua

lifie

d

� m

ain

ten

ance

sta

ff n

ot

trai

ned

� l

ack

of t

rain

ing

pro

gram

mes

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f qu

alifi

ed s

taff

for

exp

loita

tion

Nat

ural

cau

ses

- ear

thq

uak

es - l

and

slid

es

� M

easu

res

agai

nst

lan

d s

lides

� I

nap

pro

pri

ate

tran

spo

rt o

fliq

uid

and

sol

idw

ast

es

� E

nvi

ron

men

tal l

egis

latio

n

� S

tan

dar

ds

� U

nle

akin

g an

d p

rote

cted

tran

spo

rt n

etw

ork

� E

xist

ing

mo

nito

rin

g sy

ste

m

� E

colo

gica

l tra

inin

g

� P

erfo

rman

t “c

lean

”te

chn

olo

gies

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty

� E

colo

gica

lca

tast

rop

hes

� A

est

het

ics

of

envi

ron

men

t

� S

oil

& s

ub

soil

deg

rad

atio

n

� P

ollu

tion

of

surf

ace

and

un

der

grou

ndw

ater

s

� R

edu

ctio

n o

f th

ew

ater

use

s d

o to

qu

ality

deg

rad

atio

n

� W

ater

use

affe

cted

by

acci

den

ts

� P

ollu

tion

of

envi

ron

men

tal

fact

ors

� B

iod

iver

sity

� D

eter

iora

tion

of

eco

logi

cal

equ

ilib

riu

m

Dam

ages

occ

urrin

g w

hile

tran

spor

t and

hand

ling

� d

elib

erat

e ca

usi

ng

of d

amag

es

� d

isre

spec

t o

f tec

hn

ical

no

rms

� M

on

itorin

g tr

ansp

ort

net

wo

rk

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 2

.2.

page

2/3

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

�

Dis

cha

rge

of in

suffi

cien

tly t

rea

ted

wa

stew

ate

rs

�

lack

of p

erfo

rma

nt

& c

lea

n te

chn

olog

ies

& e

qu

ipm

ent

- in

suffi

cien

t tec

hni

cal &

eco

nom

ic e

xper

tise

- la

ck o

f fu

nds

for

effic

ient

tech

nol

ogie

s

�

Mod

ern

tech

nol

ogie

s fo

r tr

eatm

ent

�

lack

of w

aste

wat

er p

retr

eatm

ent

cha

ract

eris

tic fo

rte

chn

olog

ica

l pro

cess

- pro

ced

ure

s &

met

hod

olog

ies

for

spec

ific

pre

trea

tmen

tin

clu

din

g st

and

ard

s - i

nsu

ffici

ent f

und

s o

f eco

nom

ic a

gen

ts fo

r p

retr

eatm

ent

�

red

esig

n,

reh

abili

tate

& m

oder

niz

ew

ast

ew

ate

r tr

eatm

ent p

lant

s

�

Insu

ffici

ent

exp

loita

tion

of

wa

stew

ate

r tr

eatm

ent

inst

alla

tion

s - l

ack

of q

ua

lity

sta

ff fo

r ex

plo

itatio

n -

inad

equa

tely

q

ua

lifie

d s

taff

- la

ck o

f mon

itorin

g sy

stem

s a

lon

g th

e te

chn

olog

ica

l ch

ain

- la

ck o

f som

e la

ws

& im

pro

per

ela

bor

atio

n - l

ack

of c

ontr

ol

for

fina

l effl

uen

t qu

alit

y &

th

e n

eces

sary

feed

ba

ck - i

nsu

ffici

ent i

nfo

rma

tion

of p

ub

lic o

pin

ion

, an

aly

sis

&co

ntr

ol s

yste

ms

cha

ract

eris

tic fo

r tr

eate

d w

ate

rs an

aly

sis

and

cont

rol s

yste

m fo

r tr

eatm

ent

flux

�

Tra

inin

g

�

Com

plia

nce

�

En

forc

emen

t

�

Pro

per

va

lua

tion

of v

alu

able

wa

ster

s

�

Tec

hn

olog

ies

for

use

, re

use

, R

ecyc

ling

�

ecol

ogi

cal a

wa

ren

ess

�

Reg

ula

tion

s fo

r eq

uipp

ing

the

ship

s w

ith in

sta

llatio

n s

yste

mfo

r co

llect

ing

liqui

d an

d s

olid

wa

stes

- in

suffi

cien

t ca

paci

ty in

des

igni

ng

trea

tmen

t pla

nts

- in

suffi

cien

t fun

ds

for

reeq

uip

men

t of t

rea

tmen

t pla

nts

�

pro

ject

fina

ncin

g an

d e

lab

ora

tion

�

Dis

cha

rge o

f unt

rea

ted

wa

stew

ate

rs - l

ack

of w

ast

ewa

ter

trea

tmen

t pla

nts

- la

ck o

f fu

nds

�

cor

rect

siz

ing

of w

ast

ewa

ter

trea

tmen

tp

lant

s

�

fund

ing

pro

ject

s fo

r eq

uip

pin

g p

orts

with

wa

ste

wa

ter

trea

tmen

t pla

nts

� I

nad

equ

ate

indu

stri

alw

ast

ew

ater

trea

tmen

t

� C

on

tro

l equ

ipm

ent

� S

tudi

es,

anal

ysis

, te

chn

ical

assi

stan

ce

� E

colo

gica

l tra

inin

g

� E

xist

ence

of

fore

ign

inve

sto

rs,

will

ing

to in

vest

inw

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

� P

erfo

rman

t “c

lean

”te

chn

olo

gies

�

Val

uat

ion

op

port

uniti

es

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty

� H

um

an h

ealth

� S

oil

& s

ub

soil

deg

rad

atio

n

� A

ir p

ollu

tion

� P

ollu

tion

of

surf

ace

and

un

der

grou

ndw

ater

s

�

Red

uct

ion

of t

he

wat

er u

ses

do

toq

ual

ityd

egra

dat

ion

� P

ollu

tion

of

envi

ron

men

tal

fact

ors

� B

iod

iver

sity

�

Det

erio

ratio

no

f eco

logi

cal

equ

ilib

riu

m

�

dis

resp

ect o

f leg

isla

tion

- la

ck o

f dis

cip

line

in u

se (

exp

loita

tion

)-

lack

of l

egis

latio

n en

forc

emen

t

�

issu

e of

law

s a

nd r

egu

latio

ns

for

navi

gab

lew

ays

�

ad

equ

ate

trai

nin

g fo

r ex

plo

itatio

n s

taff

�

enfo

rcem

ent

of le

gisl

atio

n a

nd

regu

latio

ns

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 2

.2.

page

3/3

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� I

nad

equ

ate d

ispo

sal

� O

bse

rvin

g le

gisl

atio

n

� L

egi

slat

ion

en

forc

emen

t

� u

nec

olo

gica

l lan

dfil

ls

-in

adeq

uat

e d

esig

n p

roje

ct

- in

suffi

cien

t fin

anci

al r

eso

urc

es

� E

stab

lish

men

t b

uffe

r ar

eas

aro

un

d w

aste

du

mp

s

� E

colo

gica

l was

te d

um

ps

� F

und

ing

pro

ject

s fo

r sa

fe a

nd

eco

logi

cal

con

serv

atio

n o

f in

du

stria

l un

its

� c

orr

ect

use

(ex

plo

itatio

n

� Q

ual

ified

sta

ff

� i

nad

equ

ate

use

of l

and

fills

- la

ck o

f sp

ecia

lized

sta

ff

dis

resp

ect

of l

egis

latio

n

- la

ck o

f co

ntr

ol e

qu

ipm

ent

and

lack

of

con

stru

ctio

n b

ehav

ior

surv

ey

- la

ck o

f leg

isla

tion

en

forc

em

ent

� c

on

tinuo

s m

on

itorin

g o

f was

te d

um

ps

influ

ence

upo

n e

nvi

ron

men

tal f

acto

rs

� I

nsu

ffici

ent

man

age

men

t o

fso

lid w

aste

� E

nvi

ron

men

tal l

egis

latio

n

� S

tan

dar

ds

� M

on

itorin

g th

e in

fluen

ceu

pon

en

viro

nm

enta

l fac

tors

� E

xist

ence

of r

ecyc

ling

cen

ters

� C

on

stru

ctio

n b

ehav

ior

surv

ey

� M

ass

med

ia

� C

on

tro

l equ

ipm

ent

� E

colo

gica

l tra

inin

g

� P

erfo

rman

t “c

lean

”te

chn

olo

gies

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty

� E

colo

gica

lca

tast

rop

hes

� A

est

het

ics

of

envi

ron

men

t

� H

um

an h

ealth

� S

oil

& s

ub

soil

deg

rad

atio

n

� A

ir p

ollu

tion

� P

ollu

tion

of

surf

ace

and

un

der

grou

ndw

ater

s

� R

edu

ctio

n o

f th

ew

ater

use

s d

o to

qu

ality

deg

rad

atio

n

� P

ollu

tion

of

envi

ron

men

tal

fact

ors

� D

eter

iora

tion

of w

ater

qu

ality

du

e to

rep

eate

dd

isch

arge

s

� B

iod

iver

sity

� D

eter

iora

tion

of e

colo

gica

leq

uili

bri

um

� I

nad

equ

ate

was

te t

reat

men

t

- in

filtr

atio

n se

epag

e

- in

corr

ect d

epo

sitin

g (u

nse

aled

dep

osi

ts)

-lack

of

fun

ds

for

eco

logi

cal c

on

serv

atio

n o

fin

dust

rial

un

its

� U

se o

f eco

logi

cal i

nci

ner

ato

rs

� E

colo

gica

l dep

osi

ts

- pro

ject

s

- in

vest

men

t

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

2.3

.pa

ge 1

/4

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� i

nex

iste

nce

of t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts

- I

nsu

ffici

en

t ca

pa

city

of

som

ese

we

rage

ne

two

rks

and

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

- a

uth

oriz

ed b

odie

s an

d r

esp

onsi

ble

per

son

sar

e n

ot

invo

lved

and

do

no

t tak

e th

e rig

ht

dec

isio

ns

� D

esig

nin

g an

d a

pplia

nce

of d

evel

op

men

tsc

he

mes

for

wat

er m

anag

em

ent

� P

roje

cts

elab

ora

tion

& th

eir

pro

visi

on

&fin

anci

ng

sou

rces

� C

reat

ion

of n

ew s

ew

era

ge n

etw

ork

s an

dre

con

stru

ctio

n o

f th

e o

ld o

nes

� I

nad

equ

ate

legi

slat

ion

- no

ad

equ

ate

finan

cial

an

d a

cco

unta

bili

tym

ech

anis

ms

- in

con

sist

ency

of i

nve

sto

rs d

on

ors

� L

egi

slat

ion

ap

pro

xim

atio

n a

lso

for

the

acce

ssto

fin

anci

ng

sou

rces

� B

uild

ing

of t

he

new

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

� U

se o

f sep

tic ta

nks

� I

nap

pro

pri

ate

dir

ect

dis

char

geo

f was

tew

ater

(with

ou

ttr

eatm

ent)

� E

xist

ing

tech

nic

al k

no

w –

ho

w

� A

vaila

ble

inte

rnat

ion

al fu

nd

s

� P

ub

lic p

artic

ipat

ion

� O

pp

ort

uniti

es fo

r ad

diti

onal

trai

nin

g

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty

� D

ecre

ase

of

fish

ery

fun

d

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� L

and

scap

ed

egra

dat

ion

� J

eop

ard

izin

gh

um

an h

ealth

� D

egra

dat

ion

of

ph

reat

ic w

ater

(und

ergr

ou

nd)

� A

ffect

ing

the

wat

erq

ual

ity in

dic

ato

rsin

cat

chin

g riv

ers

� B

iod

iver

sity

deg

rad

atio

n in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta,

Bla

ckS

ea a

nd

nei

ghb

orin

gco

un

trie

s

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� J

eop

ard

izin

gh

um

an h

ealth

� I

nex

iste

nce

of a

sys

tem

fo

r co

llect

ing

ho

use

ho

ld w

aste

wat

er in

loca

litie

s w

itho

ut

sew

era

ge

- In

adeq

uat

e ac

tivity

of c

olle

ctin

g w

aste

ho

use

ho

ld w

ater

s in

loca

litie

s w

itho

utse

wer

age

- in

suffi

cien

t ci

vic

and

eco

logi

cal e

du

catio

n

� L

egi

slat

ion

imp

lem

enta

tion

�

Ed

uca

tion

and

tra

inin

g p

rogr

amm

e

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

2.3

.pa

ge 2

/4

Act

iviti

es le

adin

g to

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� I

nsu

ffici

ent

qu

alifi

catio

n o

f th

e o

per

atin

gst

aff

- in

adeq

uat

e m

ain

ten

ance

of t

he

ob

sole

tese

wer

age

sys

tem

- non

-co

mp

lian

ce o

f th

e ex

istin

g n

orm

s an

dst

and

ard

s

� P

rogr

amm

es f

or

trai

nin

g op

erat

ing

staf

f

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

an

d r

epla

cem

ent

of d

eter

iora

ted

par

ts o

f th

e se

wer

age

sys

tem

� C

oer

citiv

e m

easu

res

to c

om

ply

with

th

en

orm

s/st

and

ard

s

� O

bso

lete

or

imp

rop

er d

evic

es,

equ

ipm

ent

or

tech

no

logi

es

- in

corr

ect b

uild

ing

of s

om

e w

ork

s in

th

ese

wer

age

sys

tem

- lac

k o

f eq

uip

men

t fo

r la

bs

with

in t

reat

men

tp

lan

ts

- no

adeq

uat

e fin

anci

al a

nd a

cco

unt

abili

tym

ech

anis

ms

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f per

form

ant

relia

ble

dev

ices

,eq

uip

men

t &

mea

suri

ng

& c

on

tro

l sys

tem

s

� I

den

tific

atio

n a

nd im

pro

vem

ent

of e

xecu

tion

erro

rs

� S

tren

gth

enin

g o

f th

e an

alyt

ical

cap

aciti

es a

nd

of t

he

staf

f fo

r la

bs

� I

nex

iste

nce

of

mea

suri

ng

and

con

tro

lsy

ste

ms

bet

we

en s

tage

s an

d fo

r th

e fin

alef

fluen

t (e

ffici

ent

or/

and

sel

f-ac

ting)

- cal

am

ities

, ea

rth

qu

akes

, la

nd

slid

es,

floo

ds

- au

tho

rize

d b

odi

es a

nd

res

pon

sib

le p

erso

ns

are

no

t in

volv

ed a

nd d

o n

ot t

ake

the

righ

td

ecis

ion

- in

suffi

cien

t ci

vic

and

eco

logi

cal e

du

catio

n� M

od

ern

izat

ion

and

reeq

uip

men

t o

f th

e ex

istin

gtr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

� I

den

tific

atio

n a

nd r

ehab

ilita

tion

of t

he

det

erio

rate

d p

arts

� A

deq

uat

e &

stim

ula

ting

taxa

tion

sys

tem

� S

tren

gth

enin

g o

f th

e pu

blic

par

ticip

atio

n in

th

ep

roce

ss o

f dec

isio

n m

akin

g

� I

nad

equ

ate

use

of s

ew

era

gen

etw

ork

s

� E

xist

ing

tech

nic

al k

no

w –

ho

w

� A

vaila

ble

inte

rnat

ion

al fu

nd

s

� P

ub

lic p

artic

ipat

ion

� O

pp

ort

uniti

es fo

r ad

diti

onal

trai

nin

g

� A

ffect

ing

bio

div

ersi

ty

� D

ecre

ase

of

fish

ery

fun

d

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� L

and

scap

ed

egra

dat

ion

� J

eop

ard

izin

gh

um

an h

ealth

� D

egra

dat

ion

of

ph

reat

ic w

ater

(und

ergr

ou

nd)

� A

ffect

ing

the

wat

er q

ual

ityin

dic

ato

rs in

catc

hin

g riv

ers

� B

iod

iver

sity

deg

rad

atio

n in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta,

Bla

ck S

eaan

d n

eigh

bo

ring

cou

ntr

ies

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� J

eop

ard

izin

gh

um

an h

ealth

� I

nad

equ

ate

legi

slat

ion

� L

egi

slat

ion

ap

pro

xim

atio

n a

s re

gard

sen

viro

nm

ent

man

age

men

t in

the

Eu

rop

ean

con

text

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

2.3

.P

age

3/4

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

yef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� I

nad

equ

ate

legi

slat

ion

- au

tho

rize

d b

odie

s do

no

t ta

ke p

rop

erd

ecis

ion

- la

ck o

f so

me

no

rms

& s

tan

dar

ds

- la

ck o

f sp

aces

su

itab

le fo

r w

aste

sm

anag

em

ent

- la

ck o

f per

form

ant

equ

ipm

ent

for

wa

stes

trea

tmen

t

� A

deq

uat

e o

rgan

izat

ion

of w

ast

e m

anag

em

ent

at a

ll le

vels

� P

rom

otio

n o

f leg

isla

tive

pro

ject

s ad

voca

cy

� L

egi

slat

ion

imp

lem

enta

tion

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f ab

ando

ned

du

mp

s

� P

roje

cts

elab

ora

tion

an

d e

qu

ipm

ent

pu

rch

ase

� R

ecyc

ling

reco

very

� I

ntr

odu

ctio

n o

f sel

ectiv

e co

llect

ion

of

ho

use

ho

ld w

aste

s

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f th

e n

etw

ork

for

was

tes

colle

ctin

g

� I

nad

equ

ate

wa

stes

man

age

men

t

� E

xist

ing

theo

retic

al k

no

w-

ho

w

� A

vaila

ble

inte

rnat

ion

al fu

nd

s

� P

oss

ibili

ties

of

sup

ple

men

tary

inst

ruct

ion

� P

ub

lic p

artic

ipat

ion

� H

um

an h

ealth

isen

dan

gere

d

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

nd

o to

inad

equ

ate

dis

po

sal o

fw

ast

es s

lud

ges

� B

iod

iver

siry

deg

rad

atio

n

� D

eple

men

tatio

no

f pis

cicu

ltura

lfu

nd

� L

and

scap

ed

egra

dat

ion

inh

ydro

grap

hic

alb

asin

s

� B

iod

iver

sity

deg

rad

atio

n in

:-

Th

e D

anu

be

Del

ta;

- T

he

Bla

ck S

ea;

- N

eigh

bo

ring

cou

ntr

ies

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� H

um

an h

ealth

isen

dan

gere

d

� l

ack

of

finan

cial

mec

han

ism

s

� l

ack

of i

nfo

rmat

ion

reg

ard

ing

nec

essa

ryte

chn

olo

gies

& e

qu

ipm

ent

� i

nsu

ffici

ent

eco

logi

cal &

civ

ic e

du

catio

n

- la

ck o

f so

me

edu

catio

n p

rogr

amm

es fo

rth

e st

aff &

th

e co

mm

un

ities

- no

co

mm

un

icat

ion

with

mas

s-m

edia

� n

o s

timu

latin

g o

r co

erci

ve m

easu

res

� C

reat

ion

of s

om

e in

form

atio

n n

etw

ork

s

� E

lab

ora

tion

of s

om

e in

form

atio

n p

rogr

amm

es-

cam

pai

gns

- w

ork

sho

ps

�

Org

aniz

atio

n o

f so

me

inst

ruct

ion

pro

gram

mes

� O

rgan

izat

ion

of p

ress

cam

pai

gns

� A

pp

roxi

mat

ion

of t

he

legi

slat

ion

for

agre

em

ents

an

d p

enal

ties

Situ

atio

n A

naly

sis

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

2.3

.P

age

4/4

Act

iviti

es le

adin

gto

wat

er p

ollu

tion

Cur

rent

Str

engt

hs a

nd A

sset

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Con

sequ

ence

s of

Eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ities

Tran

sbou

ndar

y ef

fect

s C

ause

s le

adin

g to

inap

prop

riate

act

iviti

es M

easu

res

to b

e un

dert

aken

� I

nef

ficie

nt

pre

-tr

eatm

ent

of

toxi

c an

dsp

ecifi

c w

ater

s

� E

xist

ing

theo

retic

al k

no

w-

ho

w

� A

vaila

ble

inte

rnat

ion

al fu

nd

s

� P

oss

ibili

ties

of

sup

ple

men

tary

inst

ruct

ion

� P

ub

lic p

artic

ipat

ion

� H

um

an h

ealth

isen

dan

gere

d

� S

oil

deg

rad

atio

nd

o to

inad

equ

ate

dis

po

sal o

fw

ast

es s

lud

ges

� B

iod

iver

siry

deg

rad

atio

n

� D

eple

men

tatio

no

f pis

cicu

ltura

lfu

nd

� L

and

scap

ed

egra

dat

ion

inh

ydro

grap

hic

alb

asin

s

� D

egra

dat

ion

in:

- T

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

;

- T

he

Bla

ck S

ea;

- N

eigh

bo

ring

cou

ntr

ies

� E

utr

ophi

catio

n

� H

um

an h

ealth

isen

dan

gere

d

� O

ld

or in

adeq

uat

e d

evic

es,

equ

ipm

ent

and

tec

hno

logi

es

- In

corr

ect b

uild

ing

of s

om

e w

ork

s in

the

sew

erag

e sy

ste

m

- no

info

rmat

ion

on

the

nec

essa

rysp

ecifi

c te

chn

olo

gies

& e

qu

ipm

ent

� I

nex

iste

nce

of

mea

suri

ng

and

con

tro

lsy

ste

ms

bet

we

en s

tage

s an

d fo

r th

e fin

alef

fluen

t

� I

nad

equ

ate

legi

slat

ion

- lac

k o

f so

me

stan

dar

ds

and

no

rms

� I

nsu

ffici

ent

qu

alifi

catio

n o

f th

e o

per

atio

nst

aff

- in

suffi

cien

t ci

vic

and

eco

logi

cal

edu

catio

n �

Cal

amiti

es

� B

uild

ing

of p

re –

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

� P

rogr

amm

es f

or

staf

f tra

inin

g

� S

timu

latin

g an

d c

oer

citiv

e m

easu

res

Annex 3. Problem Analysis

3.0. General Problem Hierarchy




G

ener

al P

robl

em H

iera

rchy

Ann

ex 3

.0.

Uns

usta

ina

ble

so

cio

-eco

nom

icd

eve

lop

me

nt

Red

uctio

n o

f the

ava

ilab

lew

ate

r a

nd s

oil

reso

urce

s D

egr

ad

atio

n o

f bio

div

ers

itya

nd e

cosy

ste

ms

Land

sca

pe

de

gra

da

tion

Po

llutio

n o

f sur

face

and

gro

und

wa

ter

So

il an

d s

ubso

il p

ollu

tion

HU

MA

N A

CT

IVIT

IES

WIT

H N

EG

AT

IVE

EF

FE

CT

S U

PO

N T

HE

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

Use

of i

nad

eq

uate

agr

icul

tura

lp

ract

ice

s

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

anim

al w

ast

e fr

om

ani

mal

farm

s

Ine

ffici

ent

ma

nage

me

nt

of

the

wa

sted

wa

ter

and

so

lidw

ast

e

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f w

ate

r a

nd s

oil

reso

urce

s in

agr

icu

lture

Sig

nific

ant

po

llutio

n fr

om

ind

ust

ry

Imp

rop

er

fore

st m

ana

gem

ent

Inap

pro

pri

ate

agric

ultu

ral p

ract

ices

and

imp

rop

er

hyd

rote

chn

ica

l wo

rks

pe

rfo

rme

d in

the

Da

nub

e fl

oo

dp

lain

s a

nd D

elta

Ina

de

qua

te t

rans

po

rt o

fso

lid a

nd li

qui

d w

ast

e

Ina

de

qua

te m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

Dis

cha

rge

of

wa

ste

wat

ers

Insu

ffici

ent

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

nt

Ine

ffici

ent

pre

-tre

atm

ent

of t

oxi

c a

nd s

pe

cific

wa

ters

Inad

equa

te s

olid

wa

ste

ma

nage

me

nt

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

sA

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 3

.1.

page

1/4

Im

pro

pe

r fo

rest

ma

nage

me

nt

Insu

ffici

ent

fin

anc

ial

reso

urce

s In

dus

try

do

es

not r

esp

ond

toth

e ag

ricul

tura

l nee

ds C

han

ges

in o

wne

rshi

pp

atte

rns

Inco

mp

lete

or

uno

bse

rve

dle

gisl

ativ

e fr

am

ew

ork

Low

leve

l of q

ualif

icat

ion

&in

form

atio

n o

f fa

rmer

s Im

pro

pe

r te

chni

cal m

ea

ns a

ndte

chno

logi

es

Insu

ffici

ent

sta

ff fo

rco

ntro

llin

g ap

plic

atio

n o

fle

gisl

atio

n

Ina

de

qua

te a

gric

ultu

ral

po

licie

s In

effi

cie

ntex

ten

sio

n sy

ste

m

Ina

de

qua

tein

form

atio

n sy

ste

m

Lack

of a

de

qua

tetr

ain

ing

syst

em

Lack

of s

ubsi

die

s in

agr

icul

ture

Lim

ited

bud

geta

ry r

eso

urce

s C

ont

inuo

usly

cha

ngi

ngle

gisl

atio

n d

ue to

tran

sitio

n(a

lign

me

nt t

o E

Ure

gula

tions

)

Un

favo

rab

le e

cono

mic

env

iro

nm

ent

and

ma

rke

tco

nditi

ons

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f w

ate

r &

soil

reso

urce

s

Use

of i

nad

eq

uate

agr

icul

tura

lp

ract

ice

s

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of a

nim

al

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s In

app

rop

riat

e ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

esa

nd im

pro

pe

r h

ydro

tech

nic

al w

ork

sp

erf

orm

ed

in D

an

ube

flo

od

pla

ins

&D

elta

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 3

.1.

page

2/4

We

akn

ess

es

in a

pp

lyin

g le

gisl

atio

n

Lack

of i

nte

rest

Po

or e

cono

mic

de

velo

pm

ent

Im

pro

pe

r fo

rest

ma

nage

me

nt

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f w

ate

r &

soil

reso

urce

s

Use

of i

nad

eq

uate

agr

icul

tura

lp

ract

ice

s

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of a

nim

al

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s In

app

rop

riat

e ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

esa

nd im

pro

pe

r h

ydro

tech

nic

al w

ork

sp

erf

orm

ed

in D

an

ube

flo

od

pla

ins

&D

elta

Imp

rop

er

sani

tary

co

nditi

on

ina

nim

al f

arm

s In

effic

ient

w

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

Und

er

– s

izin

g o

f w

ast

ew

ate

rtr

ea

tme

nt p

lant

s O

utd

ate

d w

ast

ew

ate

r tr

ea

tme

ntte

chno

logi

es

Op

erat

iona

l we

akn

esse

s

Insu

ffici

ent

sta

ff fo

r m

oni

tori

nga

nd c

ont

rol

Lim

ited

fin

anc

ial r

eso

urce

s

Ove

rlo

ad

ing

pig

farm

s

Po

litic

al r

easo

ns o

f the

mo

me

nt

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te p

lann

ing

Mis

ma

tch

be

twe

en

de

sign

& n

ee

ds

Te

chni

cal &

sci

ent

ific

gap

Una

vaila

bili

ty o

ffu

nds

for

upd

atin

g

Lack

of i

nte

rest

due

to

eco

nom

icsi

tua

tion

Low

inte

rest

of s

taff

due

to p

aym

ent

Un

favo

rab

le w

ork

cond

itio

ns

Low

leve

l of k

now

led

geo

f op

era

tiona

l sta

ff

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

sA

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 3

.1.

page

3/4

No

t kno

win

g o

r ig

nori

ng

the

effe

ct

Lack

of a

n a

pp

rop

ria

te tr

ain

ing

and

info

rmat

ion

syst

em

fo

rla

ndo

wne

rs

Im

pro

pe

r fo

rest

ma

nage

me

nt

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f w

ate

r &

soil

reso

urce

s

Use

of i

nad

eq

uate

agr

icul

tura

lp

ract

ice

s

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of a

nim

al

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s In

ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

and

imp

rop

er

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

sp

erf

orm

ed

in D

an

ube

flo

od

pla

ins

&D

elta

No

n –

co

mp

lianc

e o

f exp

loita

tion

pri

ncip

les

acc

ord

ing

to t

he c

ivil

cod

e

Cha

nge

of p

rop

ert

y ty

pe

Imm

edi

ate

eco

nom

ic t

arge

ts

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 3

.1.

page

4/4

Irra

tiona

l ext

en

sio

n o

f cha

nne

lsfo

r ac

cess

to

natu

ral r

esou

rces

Co

nstr

uctin

g o

f ine

ffici

ent

artif

icia

l fis

hery

ba

sin

s In

adeq

uate

land

po

licy

in t

hep

ast

Inap

pro

pri

ate

cons

truc

tion

of

em

ba

nkm

ent

s &

dra

ina

gew

ork

s in

we

t ar

eas

Una

war

ene

ss o

f effe

cts

of

inte

nsiv

e fa

rmin

g an

d fi

shfa

rmin

g

Imm

edi

ate

eco

nom

ic t

arge

ts

Im

pro

pe

r fo

rest

ma

nage

me

nt

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f w

ate

r &

soil

reso

urce

s

Use

of i

nad

eq

uate

agr

icul

tura

lp

ract

ice

s

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of a

nim

al

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s In

ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

and

imp

rop

er

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

sp

erf

orm

ed

in D

an

ube

flo

od

pla

ins

&D

elta

Cha

nge

of h

ydro

logi

cal r

egi

me

in t

he D

an

ube

Del

ta &

upst

rea

m t

he D

elta

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f na

tura

lre

sour

ces

Ina

de

qua

te c

ons

truc

tion

&o

pe

ratio

n o

f hyd

rote

chni

cal

wo

rks

Inap

pro

pri

ate

inte

nsiv

e fis

hfa

rmin

g in

De

lta In

ap

pro

pri

ate

exp

loita

tion

of

reed

in D

anub

e D

elta

Inap

pro

pri

ate

inte

nsiv

e fa

rmin

gin

Del

ta

Hyd

rote

chn

ica

l wo

rks,

wic

h p

rod

uce

nega

tive

effe

cts

on

en

viro

nm

ent

al i

nth

e D

anub

e D

elta

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

3.2

.pa

ge 1

/3

Sig

nific

ant

po

llutio

n fr

om

ind

ust

ry

Low

rel

iab

ility

of t

he t

rans

po

rt s

yste

m U

nqua

lifie

d m

ain

tena

nce

sta

ffN

atur

al c

ause

s-

ea

rthq

uake

s-

land

slit

s-

floo

ds

Dis

cha

rge

of w

ast

ew

ater

s In

ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f so

lidw

ast

e In

adeq

uate

tra

nsp

ort

of s

olid

and

liq

uid

wa

ste

Old

and

ob

sole

te d

istr

ibut

ion

netw

ork

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

for

ma

inte

nanc

e a

ndd

eve

lop

men

t of

tran

spo

rt s

yste

m

Co

st r

eco

very

no

tre

flect

ed

Dis

resp

ect

of c

on

stru

ctin

gte

chno

logi

es

Mai

nte

nanc

e st

aff

not

qua

lifie

d (

trai

ned

)

Lack

of t

rain

ing

pro

gra

ms

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

3.2

.pa

ge 2

/3

Dis

cha

rge

of

untr

ea

ted

wa

ste

wat

ers

Dis

cha

rge

of i

nsu

ffici

ent

lytr

eate

d w

ast

ew

ate

rs

Sig

nific

ant

po

llutio

n fr

om

ind

ust

ry

Dis

cha

rge

of w

ast

ew

ater

sIn

ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f so

lidw

ast

eIn

adeq

uate

tra

nsp

ort

of s

olid

and

liq

uid

wa

ste

Insu

ffici

ent

pe

rfo

rma

nt a

ndcl

ea

n te

chno

logi

es

and

eq

uip

me

nt

Insu

ffici

ent

exp

loita

tion

of

wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

me

ntin

sta

llatio

ns

Mis

sing

wa

ste

wa

ter

pre-

trea

tme

ntch

arac

teris

tics

for

tech

nolo

gica

lp

roce

sse

s

Pro

ced

ure

s a

nd m

eth

od

olo

gie

sfo

r sp

eci

fic p

re-t

rea

tme

ntin

clud

ing

sta

nda

rds

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

of e

cono

mic

age

nts

for

pre

-tre

atm

en

t

Qua

lity

of

sta

ff fo

rex

plo

itatio

n in

suffi

cien

tM

oni

tori

ng

and

co

ntro

l sys

tem

sa

long

the

te

chno

logi

cal c

hain

ine

ffici

ent

We

akn

ess

es

in a

pp

lyin

gle

gisl

atio

n

Ina

de

qua

te c

ont

rol f

or

fina

l effl

uent

qua

lity

and

ne

cess

ary

fe

ed

-ba

ckIn

suffi

cie

nt c

ap

aci

ty in

de

sig

nin

g tr

ea

tme

nt p

lant

s

Fu

nds

for

effi

cie

ntte

chno

logi

es

not

avai

labl

e

Ina

de

qua

tely

qua

lifie

d s

tuff

Insu

ffici

ent

info

rmat

ion

on

pub

lico

pin

ion

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

for

ree

qui

pm

en

t o

ftr

ea

tme

nt p

lant

s

Inad

equa

te r

egu

latio

ns

for

eq

uip

pin

g sh

ips

with

inst

alla

tion

syst

em

fo

r co

llect

ing

liqui

d a

nd s

olid

wa

ste

Dis

resp

ect

of

legi

slat

ion

Lack

of t

hew

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Dis

resp

ect

of

op

era

tiona

lre

gula

tions

Wea

kne

sses

ina

pp

lyin

g le

gisl

atio

n

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

Insu

ffici

ent

tech

nolo

gica

l and

eco

nom

ica

l exp

ert

ise

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

3.2

.pa

ge 3

/3

Ina

de

qua

te w

ast

e t

rea

tme

nt

Ina

de

qua

te d

isp

osa

l

Sig

nific

ant

po

llutio

n fr

om

ind

ust

ry

Dis

cha

rge

of w

ast

ew

ater

sIn

ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f so

lidw

ast

eIn

adeq

uate

tra

nsp

ort

of s

olid

and

liq

uid

wa

ste

Ina

de

qua

te t

rea

tme

ntte

chno

logi

es

Low

leve

l of s

taff

qua

lific

atio

nD

isre

spec

t of

legi

sla

tion

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te u

se o

f la

ndfil

lsU

neco

logi

cal l

and

fills

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te d

esi

gn

Insu

ffici

ent

fin

anc

ial

reso

urce

s

Dis

resp

ect

of le

gisl

atio

n

Dis

resp

ect

of o

pe

ratio

nal

regu

latio

ns

Sho

rtco

min

gs in

mo

nito

ring

and

co

ntro

l sys

tem

sIn

ap

pro

pri

ate

imp

lem

enta

tion

Insu

ffici

ent

co

ntro

l

Ina

de

qua

te d

esi

gn

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

for

eco

logi

cal

cons

erv

atio

n o

fin

du

stria

l uni

ts

Insu

ffici

ent

tra

inin

g

Ina

pp

rop

ria

tem

ana

gem

ent

of

hum

an

reso

urce

s

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 3

.3.

page

1/3

Inap

pro

pri

ate

legi

slat

ion

Lack

of a

pp

rop

ria

tefin

anci

al a

nd a

cco

unt

ing

me

cha

nism

s

No

n –

rel

iab

ility

of

fund

ing

Ina

de

qua

tem

ain

tena

nce

of

sew

era

gesy

ste

ms

Insu

ffici

ent

trai

ning

Po

orly

eq

uip

pe

d la

bs

in w

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Po

orly

ski

lled

sta

ff

Ina

de

qua

te in

div

idua

l se

wa

gesy

ste

m

Dir

ect

dis

cha

rge

of

wa

ste

wa

ter

(with

ou

t tr

ea

tme

nt)

Lack

of

wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Ove

rlo

ad

ed

of s

om

e s

ew

era

gene

two

rks

and

wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

plan

ts,

as w

ell

Dis

resp

ect

for

exi

stin

g st

and

ard

sa

nd n

orm

s

Ma

lfunc

tion

of

wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Ina

de

qua

te u

se o

f se

we

rage

syst

em

Ina

de

qua

te c

ons

truc

tion

of

sew

era

ge s

yste

ms

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te p

lann

ing

of

nee

ds

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te d

istr

ibut

ion

of f

und

s

Nat

ural

dis

aste

rs-

ea

rthq

uake

s-

floo

ds

- la

nd s

lides

Insu

ffici

ent

invo

lve

me

nt

of r

esp

ons

ible

bo

die

s

Lack

of s

upp

ort

pro

gra

mm

es

for

de

velo

pin

g in

div

idua

lco

llect

ion

syst

em

Insu

ffici

ent

eco

logi

cal a

ndci

vil e

duca

tion

Out

da

ted

eq

uip

me

nt a

ndin

ap

pro

pri

ate

tech

nolo

gie

s

Lack

of

info

rmat

ion

and

da

ta fo

r p

rop

er

op

era

tion

Ine

xist

enc

e o

fco

ntro

l and

me

asu

rem

ent

syst

em

be

twe

en

step

s an

d at

the

fina

l effl

uent

INE

FF

ICIE

NT

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TH

E W

AS

TE

D W

AT

ER

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

Insu

ffici

ent

wa

ste

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

ntIn

effi

cie

nt p

re-t

rea

tme

nt o

f to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rsIn

ad

eq

uate

so

lid w

ast

e m

ana

gem

ent

Lack

of f

und

s

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 3

.3.

page

2/3

Inco

rre

ct c

ons

truc

tion

of

som

e o

bje

cts

in s

ew

era

gesy

ste

m

Lack

of i

nfo

rma

tion

rega

rdin

g ne

w p

erf

orm

ant

nece

ssa

ry e

qui

pm

en

t

Lack

of f

und

s

Inap

pro

pri

ate

legi

slat

ion

Out

da

ted

eq

uip

me

nt a

nd

ina

pp

rop

ria

te o

r o

ld te

chno

logi

es

Un

favo

rab

le c

ond

itio

ns

Lack

of s

om

e st

and

ard

s an

d n

orm

s

INE

FF

ICIE

NT

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TH

E W

AS

TE

D W

AT

ER

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

Insu

ffici

ent

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

ntIn

effi

cie

nt p

re-t

rea

tme

nt o

f to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rsIn

ad

eq

uate

so

lid w

ast

e m

ana

gem

ent

Insu

ffici

ent

civ

ic a

nde

colo

gica

l ed

uca

tion

Low

leve

l of t

he s

taff

kno

wle

dge

Ine

ffici

ent

tra

inin

g o

f the

exp

loita

tion

staf

f

Lack

of

me

asu

rem

ent

and

cont

rol s

yste

ms

be

twe

en

ste

ps

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pro

blem

s3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 3

.3.

page

3/3

Ina

de

qua

te le

gal f

ina

ncin

gco

nditi

ons

Ina

pp

rop

riate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f la

ndfil

lsLo

w le

vel o

f pub

licp

art

icip

atio

n

Lack

of s

pa

ces

for

garb

age

co

llect

ion

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te e

qui

pm

en

t fo

rtr

ea

tme

nt a

nd o

f the

wa

ste

s

Insu

ffici

ent

invo

lve

me

nt

of r

esp

ons

ible

bo

die

sIn

ad

eq

uate

dis

po

sal o

fha

zard

ous

wa

ste

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te s

tand

ard

sa

nd n

orm

s

Ina

de

qua

te fi

nanc

ial

me

cha

nism

s

Insu

ffici

ent

fu

nds

Usi

ng

non

-tra

ine

d s

taf

f

Insu

ffici

ent

insp

ectio

n

Ine

ffici

ent

co

ntro

lLa

ck o

f in

tere

sts

of s

taff

Ina

pp

rop

ria

teo

pe

ratio

n o

f the

exi

stin

g e

qui

pm

en

t

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te d

rain

age

syst

em

s

Inex

iste

nce

sele

ctiv

em

ana

gem

ent

sys

tem

fo

rw

ast

es

Pub

lic u

naw

are

ness

for

spe

cific

pro

ble

ms

Ina

pp

rop

ria

teco

mm

un

icat

ion

with

ma

ss -

me

dia

INE

FF

ICIE

NT

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TH

E W

AS

TE

D W

AT

ER

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

Insu

ffici

ent

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

ntIn

effi

cie

nt p

re-t

rea

tme

nt o

f to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rsIn

ad

eq

uate

so

lid w

ast

e m

ana

gem

ent

Annex 4. Objective Analysis

4.0. General Objective Hierarchy




Glo

bal H

iera

rchy

of O

bjec

tives

Ann

ex 4

.0.

Sus

tain

abl

e so

cio

-eco

nom

icd

eve

lop

me

nt a

chie

ved

Ava

ilab

le

wa

ter

and

so

ilre

sour

ces

incr

ease

d B

iod

ive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em

sre

cons

truc

ted

Land

sca

pe

de

gra

da

tion

elim

inat

ed Q

ualit

y of

sur

face

and

gro

und

wa

ter

imp

rove

d P

ollu

tion

of t

he s

oil

and

sub

soil

red

uce

d

HU

MA

N A

CT

IVIT

IES

WIT

H M

INIM

AL

EF

FE

CT

S O

N T

HE

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

intr

od

uced

Ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

fan

imal

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al fa

rms

achi

eve

d

Ma

nage

me

nt o

f the

wa

ste

wat

ers

and

so

lid w

ast

eim

pro

ved

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

wa

ter

and

so

ilre

sour

ces

pe

rfo

rme

d P

ollu

tion

pre

vent

ion

and

abat

em

ent

for

indu

stry

achi

eve

d

Effi

cie

nt

ma

nage

me

nt o

f fo

rest

pe

rfo

rme

d

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

pra

ctic

es

&a

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

sim

ple

me

nte

d in

the

Da

nub

e D

elta

Ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nto

f so

lid w

ast

e a

chie

ved

Tra

nsp

ort

for

solid

and

liqui

d w

ast

e a

de

qua

te

Dis

cha

rge

of t

rea

ted

wa

ste

wat

er a

chie

ved

Ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

ntw

ast

ew

ate

r im

ple

me

nte

d

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rsap

plie

d

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

intr

od

uced

Gen

eral

hie

rarc

hy o

f obj

ectiv

es1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

land

use

Ann

ex 4

.1.

page

1/5

AP

PR

OP

RIA

TE

US

E O

F W

AT

ER

AN

D S

OIL

RE

SO

UR

CE

S P

ER

FO

RM

ED

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

intr

od

uced

Inap

pro

pria

te t

echn

ical

mea

ns

and

tec

hno

logi

es p

rovi

ded

Fa

vora

ble

eco

nom

icfr

am

ew

ork

ach

ieve

d

Hig

h le

vel o

f qua

lific

atio

nan

d in

form

atio

n o

f fa

rmer

sac

hiev

ed

Ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f w

ast

efr

om

an

ima

l fa

rms

ach

ieve

d

Op

tima

l sa

nita

ry c

ond

itio

ns

inan

imal

farm

s e

nsur

ed

Effi

cien

t w

ast

ew

ater

trea

tme

nt a

chie

ved

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

pra

ctic

es

and

ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f h

ydro

tech

nica

l wo

rks

at t

heD

an

ube

D

elta

imp

lem

en

ted

Ap

pro

pri

ate

exp

loita

tion

of n

atu

ral

reso

urce

s ac

hie

ved

Hyd

rolo

gica

l re

gim

e in

the

Da

nub

eD

elta

and

up

stre

am

the

Del

ta o

ptim

ized

Ma

nage

me

nt o

f the

hyd

rote

chn

ic w

ork

sw

ith n

ega

tive

effe

ct im

pro

ved

Red

uctio

n o

f w

ate

r an

d la

nd/s

oil

ava

ilab

le r

eso

urce

s in

cre

ase

d

Wa

ter

reso

urce

s q

ualit

y im

pro

ved

De

gra

da

tion

of b

iod

ive

rsity

and

ecos

yste

ms

in w

et

area

s de

crea

sed

Land

re

gre

ssio

n in

the

Da

nub

e D

elta

sto

pp

ed

Pa

stur

es p

ollu

tion

reve

rse

dS

oil

ero

sio

nlim

ited

Affe

ctin

g su

rfac

e an

dun

de

rgro

und

wa

ter

qua

lity

Uns

iltin

g o

f cha

nne

ls a

nd la

kes

inth

e D

anub

e D

elta

sta

rted

Effi

cie

nt f

ore

st m

ana

gem

ent

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ow

ners

hip

re

gim

eco

nso

lidat

ion

fulfi

lled

Exp

loita

tion

pri

ncip

les

acc

ord

ing

to t

he c

ivil

cod

eco

mp

lied

So

il p

ollu

tion

red

uce

d

Eut

rop

hica

tion

of n

atur

al a

ndar

tific

ial l

ake

sC

han

ges

in h

ydro

logi

cal

regi

me

s

Deg

rad

atio

n o

f so

il re

sour

ces

limite

d

Sus

tain

able

soc

io-e

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t ach

ieve

d

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lan

d U

se

Ann

ex 4

.1.

page

2/5

Effi

cie

nt f

ore

sts

ma

nage

me

nt -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Su

ffici

ent f

ina

ncia

l mea

ns

-p

rovi

de

dE

cono

mic

co

nso

lidat

ion

-ac

hiev

ed

Sta

ble

of o

wne

rshi

p p

atte

rns

-ac

hiev

ed

Fa

vour

ab

le e

cono

mic

fra

me

wo

rk -

achi

eve

dH

igh

leve

l of q

ualif

icat

ion

and

info

rmat

ion

of f

arm

ers

- a

chie

ved

Ina

pp

rop

ria

te te

chni

cal m

ea

nsa

nd t

ech

nolo

gie

s -

pro

vid

ed

Effi

cie

nt

legi

sla

tive

co

ntro

l-

pe

rfo

rme

dC

orr

ect

agr

icul

tura

l po

licie

s-

achi

eve

d

Effi

cien

t ex

tens

ion

syst

em

- p

erf

orm

ed

Ad

eq

uate

info

rmat

ion

syst

em

- im

ple

me

nte

d

Ad

eq

uate

tra

inin

gsy

ste

m

-im

ple

me

nte

d

Sub

sid

ies

in a

gric

ultu

re -

pro

vid

ed

Su

ffici

en

t bud

geta

ryre

sour

ces

- p

rovi

de

dLe

gisl

atio

n in

acc

ord

anc

ew

ith t

he E

U n

orm

s -

ela

bo

rate

d

Eco

nom

ic e

nvi

ron

me

nt m

ark

et

cond

itio

ns -

pro

vid

ed

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

wa

ter

and

soil

reso

urce

s -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

-in

tro

duc

edA

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s -

ach

ieve

dE

colo

gica

l fa

rmin

g p

ract

ice

s a

nda

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

s o

f the

Da

nub

eD

elta

imp

lem

ent

ed

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lan

d U

seA

nnex

4.1

.pa

ge 3

/5

Mo

tivat

ion

and

inte

rest

s -

achi

eve

d

Eco

nom

ica

l de

velo

pm

ent

- ac

hie

ved

Op

tima

l sa

nita

ry c

ond

itio

ns

in

anim

al fa

rms

ens

ured

Effi

cien

t w

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

-ac

hiev

ed

Co

rre

ct s

izin

g o

f w

ast

ew

ate

rtr

ea

tme

nt p

lant

s -

ach

ieve

dM

od

ern

wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

tech

nolo

gies

- a

pp

lied

Co

rre

ct o

pe

ratio

n -

pe

rfo

rme

dF

ina

ncia

l re

sour

ces

- p

rovi

de

d

Ad

equa

te lo

adin

g o

f pig

farm

s -

ach

ieve

d

Rea

listic

po

litic

al r

easo

ns

Ap

pro

pri

ate

pla

nnin

g -

ela

bo

rate

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

stu

die

s a

ndpr

ojec

ts -

ach

ieve

d

Kno

w –

ho

wim

ple

men

tatio

n -

pe

rfo

rme

dA

vaila

bili

ty o

f fu

nds

for

upd

atin

g -

ach

ieve

d

Inte

rest

for

eco

nom

icsi

tua

tion

- ac

hie

ved

Hig

h in

tere

st o

f sta

ff d

ueto

pa

yme

nt

- a

chie

ved

Fav

ora

ble

wo

rk c

ond

itio

ns-

cre

ate

d

Hig

h le

vel o

f kno

wle

dge

of o

pe

ratio

nal s

taff

-ac

hiev

ed

Effi

cie

nt

ap

plic

atio

n o

fth

e le

gis

latio

n -

achi

eve

d

Su

ffici

ent s

taff

for

cont

rolle

d m

oni

torin

g -

trai

ned

Effi

cie

nt f

ore

sts

ma

nage

me

nt -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

wa

ter

and

soil

reso

urce

s -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

-in

tro

duc

edA

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

wa

ste

fro

m a

nim

al f

arm

s -

ach

ieve

dE

colo

gica

l fa

rmin

g p

ract

ice

s a

nda

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

s o

f the

Da

nub

eD

elta

imp

lem

ent

ed

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lan

d U

seA

nnex

4.1

.pa

ge 4

/5

Pub

lic in

form

atio

n co

nce

rnin

g th

e n

ega

tive

effe

cts

of i

nte

nsiv

e a

gric

ultu

re a

nd p

isci

cultu

re -

achi

eve

d

Info

rma

tion

and

tra

inin

g sy

ste

mfo

r th

e o

wne

rshi

p -

imp

lem

ent

ed

Exp

loita

tion

pri

ncip

les

acc

ord

ing

to t

he c

ivil

cod

e -

com

plie

d

Ow

ners

hip

re

gim

eco

nso

lidat

ion

- fu

lfille

d

Op

timiz

atio

n o

f the

eco

logi

cal

equi

libriu

m-p

rofit

- a

chie

ved

Effi

cie

nt f

ore

sts

ma

nage

me

nt -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

wa

ter

and

soil

reso

urce

s -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

-in

tro

duc

ed

Ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

f w

ast

efr

om

an

ima

l fa

rms

- a

chie

ved

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

pra

ctic

es

and

ap

pro

pri

ate

ma

nage

me

nt o

fh

ydro

tech

nica

l wo

rks

of t

he D

an

ube

Del

ta im

ple

me

nted

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es1.

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lan

d U

seA

nnex

4.1

.pa

ge 5

/5

Rat

iona

l ext

ens

ion

of

chan

nels

for

acce

ss t

ona

tura

l res

our

ces

-ac

hiev

ed

Reh

abili

tatio

n o

f art

ifici

al f

ishe

ryb

asi

ns in

the

Da

nub

e D

elta

-p

erf

orm

ed

Ad

equa

te e

colo

gica

l lan

dp

olic

y -

ach

ieve

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

cons

truc

tion

of e

mb

an

kme

nt a

ndd

rain

age

wo

rks

in w

et

area

s -

achi

eve

d

Pub

lic in

form

atio

n -

ach

ieve

dO

ptim

iza

tion

of e

colo

gica

lb

ala

nce/

pro

fit r

elat

ion

- ac

hiev

ed

Hyd

rolo

gica

l re

gim

e in

the

Da

nub

eD

elta

and

up

stre

am

the

Del

tao

ptim

ized

Ap

pro

pri

ate

exp

loita

tion

of t

he n

atu

ral

reso

urce

s ac

hie

ved

Ap

pro

pri

ate

exp

loita

tion

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal c

on

stru

ctio

ns -

pe

rfo

rme

d

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pro

pri

ate

inte

nsi

ve f

ish

farm

ing

in D

elta

- p

erf

orm

ed

Ra

tiona

l ma

nage

me

nt o

f re

ed

inth

e D

anub

e D

elta

- a

chie

ved

Tra

diti

ona

l agr

icul

ture

-ac

hiev

ed

Ma

nage

me

nt o

f the

hyd

rote

chn

ica

l wo

rks

with

ne

gativ

e e

ffect

s im

pro

ved

Effi

cie

nt f

ore

sts

ma

nage

me

nt -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

use

of

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ter

and

soil

reso

urce

s -

pe

rfo

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d

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pro

pri

ate

agr

icul

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l pra

ctic

es

-in

tro

duc

edA

pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

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ent

of

wa

ste

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nim

al f

arm

s -

ach

ieve

dE

colo

gica

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g p

ract

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pp

rop

ria

te m

ana

gem

ent

of

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

ork

s o

f the

Da

nub

eD

elta

imp

lem

ent

ed

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

4.2

.P

age

1/4

PO

LLU

TIO

N P

RE

VE

NT

ION

AN

D A

BA

TE

ME

NT

FO

R IN

DU

ST

RY

AC

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uate

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lific

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cha

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cha

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wa

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cha

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uate

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uate

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Land

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inta

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mb

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ida

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irth

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ase

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g th

eto

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ers

ityK

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ng t

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atu

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Sta

bili

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ansp

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imp

lem

ent

ed

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

4.2

.pa

ge 2

/4

Po

llutio

n p

reve

ntio

n a

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ba

tem

ent

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ind

ust

ry a

chie

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nsp

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rove

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ualif

icat

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ease

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nage

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vem

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inin

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uate

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Eco

logi

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duc

atio

nap

plie

d

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eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

4.2

.pa

ge 3

/4

Dis

cha

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pre

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ast

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ieve

d

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cha

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ast

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ater

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ta

re p

rop

erl

y tr

ea

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llutio

n p

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ntio

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uate

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Fu

nds

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ith th

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vey

and

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tech

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in c

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d

Tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

ap

pro

pri

ate

lysi

zed

Te

chni

cal a

nde

cono

mic

eva

luat

ion

app

lied

Sta

ff tr

ain

ing

pro

vid

ed

Pub

lic in

form

ed

Fu

nds

for

ree

qui

pm

ent

of

the

trea

tme

nt p

lant

sp

rovi

de

d

Reg

ulat

ion

for

ship

eq

uip

pin

g w

ith t

hesy

ste

ms

and

inst

alla

tion

s fo

r liq

uid

wa

ste

colle

ctio

ne

lab

ora

ted

Co

mp

lianc

e w

ithle

gisl

atio

n a

chie

ved

Tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

cons

truc

ted

Dis

cip

line

ino

pe

ratio

n co

mp

lied

Legi

slat

ion

app

lied

Fu

nds

pro

vid

ed

Fu

nds

for

effi

cie

ntte

chno

logi

es

pro

vid

ed

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es2.

Indu

stria

l Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

4.2

.pa

ge 4

/4

Ad

eq

uate

tre

ate

mn

t o

f w

ast

eA

de

qua

te d

isp

osa

l of

wa

ste

Po

llutio

n p

reve

ntio

n a

nd a

ba

tem

ent

fo

rin

dust

ry a

chie

ved

Dis

cha

rge

of t

rea

ted

wa

ste

wa

ter

achi

eve

dA

de

qua

te m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

achi

eve

dT

rans

po

rt fo

r so

lid a

nd li

qui

d w

ast

ea

de

qua

te

Ad

equa

te te

chno

logi

es o

ftr

eatm

ent

ap

plie

dS

taff

qua

lifie

dLe

gisl

atio

n co

mp

lied

Wa

ste

disp

osal

s ad

equa

tely

op

era

ted

Eco

logi

cal l

and

fills

fo

rw

ast

e p

rovi

de

d

Ad

eq

uate

d

esi

gni

ng

app

lied

Su

ffici

ent f

und

sp

rovi

de

d

Legi

slat

ion

resp

ecte

d

Ful

l sys

tem

of s

elf-

mo

nito

ring

and

stu

die

s fo

rco

nstr

uctio

n b

eha

vio

rsu

rve

y im

ple

me

nte

d

Op

erat

iona

l reg

ula

tion

com

plie

dE

ffici

en

t co

ntro

le

nsur

ed

Legi

sla

tion

effic

ient

lyim

ple

me

nte

d

Ap

pro

pri

ate

de

sig

nin

g us

ed

Su

ffici

ent f

und

se

nsur

ed

Effi

cie

nt

ma

nage

me

nt f

or

hum

an

reso

urce

s

Exi

ste

nce

of t

rain

ing

pro

gra

ms

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 4

.3.

Pag

e 1/

4

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TH

E W

AS

TE

D W

AT

ER

S A

ND

SO

LID

WA

ST

E I

MP

RO

VE

D

Ad

eq

uate

ma

nage

me

nto

f w

ast

e

wa

ter

- im

ple

me

nte

d

Elim

ina

tion

of d

ire

ct d

isch

arg

e

Imp

rove

d o

pe

ratio

n o

f tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rs -

ap

plie

d

Elim

inat

ion

of

un

favo

rab

le c

ond

itio

ns

Reh

abili

tate

d la

ndsc

ape

Mo

de

rn a

nd a

de

qua

te d

evi

ces,

eq

uip

me

nta

nd t

ech

nolo

gie

s

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

- in

tro

duc

ed

Re

duc

ed

eut

rop

hica

tion

Imp

rove

d

legi

sla

tive

fra

me

wo

rk

Incr

ea

sed

liv

ing

sta

nda

rd

Wa

ter

and

so

ilm

icro

bio

logi

cally

de

cont

am

ina

ted

Imp

rove

d fo

od

qua

lity

Imp

rove

d h

um

an

hea

lth

Incr

ea

sed

eco

nom

ic p

ote

ntia

l of r

eso

urce

s

Pro

tect

ed

hu

ma

n he

alth

Wa

ter

reso

urce

s fo

r ut

ilitie

sim

pro

ved

Red

uctio

n o

f to

xic

sub

sta

nces

po

llutio

n

Re

cove

red

b

iod

ive

rsity

Ad

eq

uate

legi

sla

tive

fra

me

wo

rk -

en

forc

ed

Low

pub

lic p

art

icip

atio

n

Ad

eq

uate

sp

ace

s fo

r w

ast

e d

isp

osa

lav

aila

ble

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 4

.3.

page

2/4

Ad

equa

te le

gisl

atio

n

Ad

eq

uate

fin

anc

ial a

nda

cco

untin

g m

ech

ani

sms

Rel

iab

ility

of

fund

ing

-ac

hiev

ed

Ad

eq

uate

ma

inte

nanc

e o

fse

we

rage

syst

em

s -

pe

rfo

rme

d

Ad

eq

uate

ly e

qui

pp

ed

lab

s in

wa

ste

wat

ertr

ea

tme

nt p

lant

s -

ach

ieve

d

Op

erat

iona

l sta

ff -

trai

ned

Su

ffici

ent F

und

sp

rovi

de

d

Ind

ivid

ual s

ew

age

sys

tem

-im

ple

me

nte

d

Dir

ect

dis

cha

rge

-

elim

ina

ted

Wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

-b

uilt

Se

we

rage

ne

two

rks

and

wa

ste

wa

ter

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

ad

eq

uate

ly s

ize

d

Pro

visi

on

of e

xist

ing

sta

nda

rds

and

norm

s

Imp

rove

d o

pe

ratio

n o

f tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

Ad

equa

te e

xplo

itatio

n o

fse

we

rage

sys

tem

pe

rfo

rme

dA

de

qua

te c

on

stru

ctio

n o

f se

we

rage

syst

em

s ac

cord

ing

to t

he n

orm

s

Ap

pro

pri

ate

pla

nnin

g o

fne

ed

s

Ap

pro

pri

ate

dis

trib

utio

no

f fun

ds

De

sig

n w

ith a

pp

rop

ria

teri

sk a

sses

sme

nt

Invo

lve

me

nt o

fre

spo

nsib

le b

od

ies

Ad

eq

uate

pro

gra

mm

es

for

de

velo

pin

g in

div

idua

lco

llect

ion

syst

em

Imp

rove

d c

ivic

and

envi

ron

me

ntal

ed

ucat

ion

Ap

pro

pri

ate

eq

uip

me

nt,

inst

alla

tion

s an

dte

chno

logi

es

acc

ord

ing

with

the

norm

s -

pro

vid

ed

Info

rma

tion

and

da

ta p

rovi

de

d fo

rp

rop

er

op

era

tion

Sys

tem

s o

fm

ea

sure

me

nts

and

co

ntro

le

qui

pm

ent

pro

vid

ed

EF

FIC

IEN

T M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T O

F T

HE

WA

ST

ED

WA

TE

RS

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

IMP

RO

VE

D

Ad

eq

uate

wa

ste

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

nt

imp

lem

ent

ed

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f the

to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rs -

a

pp

lied

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

intr

od

uced

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 4

.3.

page

3/4

Reh

abili

tatio

n o

f so

me

ob

ject

ives

in n

etw

ork

se

we

rage

sys

tem

-ac

hiev

ed

Pro

vid

ing

of i

nfo

rmat

ion

conc

ern

ing

pe

rfo

rma

ntte

chno

logi

es

and

eq

uip

me

nt -

achi

eve

d

Pro

vid

ing

fund

s

Imp

rove

legi

sla

tive

fra

me

wo

rk

Mo

de

rn o

f the

ne

w a

nd a

de

qua

ted

evi

ces,

eq

uip

me

nt a

ndte

chno

logi

es -

ach

ieve

d

Elim

inat

e o

f un

favo

rab

le c

ond

itio

ns

Spe

cific

sta

ndar

ds a

ndno

rms

- a

chie

ved

Me

asu

rem

en

t a

nd c

ont

rol

syst

em

s an

d f

or

the

final

effl

uen

t-

achi

eve

d

Inte

nsi

ve a

nd a

chie

ved

eco

logi

cal

and

civ

ic e

duc

atio

n

Hig

h le

vel o

f kno

wle

dge

of t

hest

aff

- ac

hie

ved

Effi

cie

nt

tra

inin

g o

f the

exp

loita

tion

staf

f

EF

FIC

IEN

T M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T O

F T

HE

WA

ST

ED

WA

TE

RS

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

IMP

RO

VE

D

Ad

eq

uate

wa

ste

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

nt

imp

lem

ent

ed

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f the

to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rs -

a

pp

lied

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

intr

od

uced

Gen

eral

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Obj

ectiv

es3.

Mun

icip

al W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 4

.3.

page

4/4

Ad

equa

te,

legi

slat

ive

fra

me

wo

rk e

nfo

rce

dA

de

qua

te s

pa

ces

for

wa

ste

dis

po

sal

ma

nage

me

ntH

igh

leve

l of p

ublic

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

- ac

hie

ved

Exi

stin

g sp

aces

fo

rga

rba

ge c

olle

ctio

nA

pp

rop

ria

te e

qui

pm

ent

fo

rw

ast

es t

reat

me

nt is

use

d

All

the

aut

hori

zed

bo

die

sa

re im

plic

ate

dA

deq

uate

de

po

sits

of t

heto

xic

wa

ste

sE

xist

ing

pro

pe

r st

and

ard

sa

nd n

orm

s

Exi

stin

g ad

equa

tefin

anci

al m

ech

anis

ms

Su

ffici

ent f

und

s

Exp

loita

tion

sta

ff is

very

we

ll tr

aine

d

Co

ntro

l sta

ff is

suffi

cie

nt

The

co

ntro

l is

effi

cie

ntT

he s

taff

is in

tere

sted

Exi

stin

g eq

uip

men

tco

rre

spo

nds

Dra

ina

ge s

yste

ms

corr

esp

ond

Wa

ste

s m

ana

gem

ent

ism

ade

sel

ectiv

e

Pub

lic is

aw

are

of

spe

cific

pro

ble

ms

Ad

eq

uate

com

mu

nic

atio

n w

ithm

ass

- m

ed

ia

EF

FIC

IEN

T M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T O

F T

HE

WA

ST

ED

WA

TE

RS

AN

D S

OLI

D W

AS

TE

IMP

RO

VE

D

Ad

eq

uate

wa

ste

wa

ter

ma

nage

me

nt

imp

lem

ent

ed

Pre

-tre

atm

en

t o

f the

to

xic

and

sp

eci

fic w

ate

rs -

a

pp

lied

Ad

eq

uate

ly m

ana

gem

ent

of s

olid

wa

ste

intr

od

uced

Annex 5. Sector Planning Matrix




Sec

tor

Pla

nnin

g M

atrix

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 5

.1.

Sum

mar

y of

Obj

ectiv

es a

nd A

ctiv

ities

Impa

ct In

dica

tors

Impo

rtan

t Ass

umpt

ions

�

Pro

gram

Obj

ectiv

e: P

ollu

tion

red

uctio

n in

the

Rom

ania

n c

atc

hmen

t of

the

Dan

ub

e riv

er�

(

PO

)

�

Sec

tor

Obj

ectiv

e: A

ppro

pria

te u

se o

f the

wat

er a

nd s

oil r

eso

urce

s pe

rfo

rme

d

�

) E

colo

gica

l re

con

stru

ctio

n of

wet

lan

ds

acco

rdin

gto

“R

AM

SA

R”

con

ven

tion

by

3%

th

e ba

da

gric

ultu

ral l

and

in D

anu

be

flood

pla

ins,

unt

il2

003

(S

O-A

LU)

�

Th

e ec

onom

ica

l con

ditio

ns

are

favo

rab

le (

SO

-ALU

)�

F

ina

ncia

l res

ourc

es a

re p

rovi

ded

(S

O-A

LU)

�

Res

ults

/Out

puts

: 1.

1

App

rop

riate

agr

icu

ltura

l pra

ctic

es in

trod

uced

1.2

A

pp

rop

riate

man

age

men

t of t

he

ani

ma

l wa

ste

from

ani

ma

l fa

rms

achi

eved

1.3

Effi

cien

t man

age

men

t of

the

fore

sts

per

form

ed 1.

4 E

colo

gica

l fa

rmin

g p

ract

ices

and

app

rop

riate

man

age

men

t of

the

hyd

ro-t

echn

ic w

orks

imp

lem

ente

d

�

1.1

Red

uct

ion

of n

utr

ien

ts in

wa

ter

by

effic

ien

ta

pplia

nce

of a

deq

ua

te a

gric

ultu

ral p

ract

ices

ina

ccor

danc

e w

ith E

.U. s

tand

ard

s, th

us

incr

easi

ng

agr

icu

ltura

l pro

duct

ion

by

10%

till

200

3

in th

eD

anu

be

flood

are

as

�

1.2

Red

uctio

n o

f wa

ter

eutr

oph

icat

ion

in 3

0% o

fth

e su

rfa

ce w

ate

rs a

dja

cen

t to

farm

s, in

clud

ing

the

Pru

t riv

er, d

own

stre

am

“C

OM

TO

M”

disc

ha

rge,

unt

il 2

001

�

Fu

rth

er im

ple

men

tatio

n o

f cor

rect

agr

icu

ltura

lp

olic

ies

alre

ad

y es

tab

lish

ed (

1.1

)�

S

uffi

cien

t fu

nd

s fo

r up

datin

g (r

een

gin

eerin

g)w

ast

ew

ate

r tr

eatm

ent p

lant

s p

rovi

ded

(1

.2)

�

Op

tima

l pro

fit/e

colo

gica

l ba

lanc

e ra

tio a

chie

ved

(1.3

)�

O

ptim

al p

rofit

/ eco

logi

cal b

ala

nce

ra

tio in

Da

nub

eD

elta

ach

ieve

d (

1.4

)

�

Act

iviti

es:

1.1

.1P

rovi

de

app

rop

riate

te

chn

ica

l an

d te

chn

olog

ica

l mea

ns

1.1

.2C

rea

te

favo

rab

le e

con

omic

en

viro

nm

ent

1.1

.3A

chie

ve a

hig

h le

vel o

f fa

rmer

s’ in

form

atio

n a

nd q

ua

lific

atio

n

1

.2.1

En

sure

op

tima

l sa

nita

ry c

ond

ition

s in

an

ima

l fa

rms

1.2

.2P

erfo

rm a

n e

ffici

ent w

ast

ewa

ters

tre

atm

ent

1.3

.1 O

bse

rve

the

fore

st h

arv

estin

g p

rinci

ple

s a

ccor

din

g to

the

fore

stry

cod

e

1.3

.2 A

chie

ve s

tab

ility

of t

he

own

ersh

ip p

atte

rns

1.

4.1

Rea

ch a

ba

lanc

ed h

ydro

logi

cal r

egim

e in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta &

up

stre

am

1.4

.2 U

se th

e re

sou

rces

in th

e D

anu

be

Del

ta in

an

eco

logi

cal w

ay

1.4

.3 M

ana

ge in

an

ap

pro

pria

te w

ay

the

hyd

rote

chni

cal w

orks

th

at p

rodu

ced

neg

ativ

e ef

fect

s

�

1.3

Red

uctio

n o

f soi

l ero

sion

in fo

rest

are

as

by

50%

, th

us

exte

nd

ing

the

yea

rly a

ffore

sted

are

a b

y1

0% u

p to

20

08 in

com

pa

rison

with

199

8�

1

.4 E

xten

sion

of e

colo

gica

lly r

econ

stru

cted

are

ab

y 1

0000

ha

wh

ile p

rese

rvin

g th

e tr

aditi

ona

la

ctiv

ities

, up

to 2

001

, in

the

Dan

ube

Del

tab

iosp

her

e re

serv

e

�

Su

ffici

ent b

ud

geta

ry r

esou

rces

pro

vid

ed

�

Act

ua

l use

of m

oder

n w

ast

ewa

ter

trea

tmen

tte

chn

olog

ies

�

Su

ffici

ent

fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es fo

r tr

ain

ing

pro

vid

ed

�

Eco

logi

cal l

an

d p

olic

y in

Dan

ub

e D

elta

app

lied

�

Pu

blic

aw

are

nes

s en

sure

d

�

Mon

itorin

g im

ple

men

tatio

n in

sure

d

PO -

Pro

gra

m O

bje

ctiv

eS

O-A

LU -

Sec

tor

Ob

ject

ive

of A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

an

d U

se

Sec

tor

Pla

nnin

g M

atrix

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 5

.2.

Sum

mar

y of

Obj

ectiv

es a

nd A

ctiv

ities

Indi

cato

rs Im

port

ant A

ssum

ptio

ns

�

Pro

gram

Obj

ectiv

e:

�

Sec

tor

Obj

ectiv

e: P

ollu

tion

pre

ven

tion

and

ab

atem

ent

for

ind

ust

ry a

chie

ved

�

80

% o

f ind

ust

rial e

nte

rpris

es c

omp

lyin

g w

ithth

e en

viro

nm

enta

l req

uire

men

ts a

chie

ve E

Ust

anda

rd e

nvi

ron

men

tal q

ua

lity

by

the

yea

r2

005

wh

ile m

ain

tain

ing

the

leve

l of i

ndu

stria

lp

rod

uctio

n o

f 19

98 w

ithou

t lo

osin

g ec

onom

icco

mp

etiti

ven

ess.

(S

OIW

M)

�

Su

sta

inab

le e

nvi

ron

men

tal e

con

omic

pol

icie

s at

gove

rnm

enta

l lev

el i

s su

pp

orte

d an

d p

rom

oted

(SO

IWM

)

� R

esul

ts/O

utpu

ts:

2.1

Cle

an

tec

hn

olog

ies

imp

lem

ente

d 2.

2 D

isch

arg

e of

sta

nda

rd q

ua

lity

trea

ted

wa

stew

ate

rs e

nsu

red

2.3

Pro

per

man

age

men

t of

sol

id w

ast

e m

ana

gem

ent

adop

ted

2.4

Wa

stes

tra

nsp

ort a

deq

uat

ely

per

form

ed

�

2.1

Red

uctio

n b

y a

t le

ast

15

% o

f wa

ter

con

sum

ptio

n in

the

chem

ica

l ind

ust

ry w

hile

pre

serv

ing

the

pro

duc

tion

leve

l as

wel

l as

the

pro

duc

ts q

ua

lity

of 1

998,

unt

il 2

005

�

2.2

Red

uctio

n o

f hea

vy m

eta

l con

ten

t in

the

wa

ste

wa

ters

dis

cha

rged

by

ind

ust

rial u

nits

,b

elo

w 0

.2 m

g/l (

Pb

), (

Zn

) 0

.5 m

g/l,

0.1

mg/

l(C

u),

wh

ile p

rese

rvin

g th

e p

rodu

ctio

n le

vel a

sw

ell a

s th

e p

rodu

cts

qua

lity

as

they

wer

e in

199

8, i

n th

e C

ris R

iver

Ba

sin

, un

til 2

005

�

Att

ract

ing

fund

s fr

om m

ulti

ple

sou

rces

ava

ilab

le o

ntim

e (2

.1 –

2.4

)�

E

colo

gica

l aw

are

nes

s ef

fect

ivel

y in

crea

sed

(2.1

– 2

.4)

� A

ctiv

ities

: 2.

1.1

Intr

odu

ce th

e le

gal a

nd

econ

omic

fra

mew

ork

for

imp

lem

enta

tion

of c

lea

n te

chn

olog

ies

2.1

.2 P

rom

ote

ince

ntiv

es fo

r B

AT

an

d m

ulti

ple

fina

ncin

g re

sou

rces

iden

tifie

d 2.

1.3

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s to

min

imiz

e lo

sses

in th

e ex

istin

g in

sta

llatio

ns

2.2

.1 P

rom

ote

con

stru

ctio

n o

f new

WW

TP

an

d r

ehab

ilita

tion

of e

xist

ing

pla

nts

2.2

.2 E

nsu

re p

rop

er o

per

atio

n o

f tre

atm

ent p

lan

ts 2.

2.3

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s fo

r di

sch

arg

e of

pro

per

ly t

rea

ted

wa

stew

ate

rs 2.

3.1

Use

ad

equa

te p

roce

sses

for

solid

wa

ste

trea

tmen

t 2.

3.2

Ass

ure

ad

equ

ate

disp

osa

l of s

olid

wa

stes

2.4

.1 Im

pro

ve r

elia

bili

ty o

f th

e w

ast

e tr

an

spor

t sy

stem

2.4

.2 U

pgr

ad

e th

e qu

alif

icat

ion

leve

l of t

he

sta

ff

�

2.2

Red

uctio

n o

f ph

enol

s an

d o

il p

rod

ucts

dis

cha

rged

by

the

pet

ro-c

hem

ica

l un

itsP

etro

bra

zi S

i Arp

ech

im d

own

to

0.0

5 m

g/l (

Ph

)a

nd 1

mg/

l (oi

l pro

duc

t), w

hile

pre

serv

ing

the

pro

duc

tion

leve

l as

it w

as

in 1

998

, in

the

Pra

hov

a S

i Arg

es R

iver

Ba

sin

s, u

ntil

2005

�

2.3

Red

uctio

n o

f Hg

impu

rific

atio

n

of g

rou

ndw

ate

rs b

elo

w 0

.01

mg/

l if c

onst

ruct

ing

insu

late

d la

nd fi

lls a

nd /

or in

cin

era

tors

for

toxi

c w

ast

e b

y O

ltchi

m R

m.

Va

lcea

(th

e O

ltR

iver

Ba

sin

), u

ntil

200

5�

2

.4 R

educ

tion

of o

il p

rod

ucts

con

tent

in th

ep

ollu

ted

soi

ls d

own

to

the

limits

allo

wed

by

the

curr

ent e

nfo

rced

reg

ula

tion

, w

hile

rec

over

ing

30%

of a

ffect

ed a

rea

s an

d p

uttin

g th

em b

ack

into

eco

nom

ic u

se, i

n th

e P

rah

ova

and

Ba

rcau

Riv

er B

asi

ns,

unt

il 2

007

�

Op

era

tion

disc

iplin

e re

spec

ted

(2

.1.2

, 2.1

.3, 2

.2, 2

.3.1

,2

.3.2

, 2.4

.2)

�

Cle

an

tec

hn

olog

y is

an

ad

van

tage

for

ind

ust

ry (

2.1

.1 –

21.

3)

PO -

Pro

gra

m O

bje

ctiv

eS

OIW

M -

Sec

tor

Ob

ject

ive

Ind

ust

rial W

ast

e M

ana

gem

ent

Sec

tor

Pla

nnin

g M

atrix

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

5.3

.

Sum

mar

y of

Obj

ectiv

es a

nd A

ctiv

ities

Indi

cato

rs Im

port

ant A

ssum

ptio

ns

�

Pro

gram

Obj

ectiv

e:�

…

. (P

O)

�

Fin

anc

ial i

nter

nat

iona

l c

oop

era

tion

�

Sec

tor

Obj

ectiv

e: M

anag

em

ent

of w

aste

wat

er &

so

lid w

aste

imp

rove

d�

In

crea

sin

g w

ate

r q

ualit

y in

Rom

ania

n r

iver

s b

y1

5% fr

om: d

egra

ded

(D

) –

3rd ;

by

10

% fr

om 3rd

–2n

d ; 5%

by

2nd –

1st a

ccor

din

g to

Rom

ania

nst

anda

rd 4

706

/ 19

88 b

etw

een

19

98 -

201

0

�

Inte

r –

reg

ion

al p

oliti

cal c

oop

era

tion

is d

evel

oped

(SO

-MW

M)

�

Su

sta

inab

le b

eha

vior

of p

opu

latio

n i

s ac

hie

ved

(SO

-MW

M)

�

Res

ults

/Out

puts

: 3.

1 A

deq

uate

man

age

men

t of w

ast

ew

ate

r a

dop

ted

3.2

Pre

– tr

eatm

ent

of t

oxic

& s

pec

ific

wa

ters

per

form

ed

3

.3 P

rop

er

man

age

men

t of

sol

id w

ast

e im

ple

men

ted

�

3.1

Ab

out 1

2 %

of t

he

pop

ula

tion

(ch

ildre

n fr

omru

ral a

rea

) a

re n

ot t

o b

e ex

pos

ed t

o th

e h

ealth

risks

cau

sed

by

nitr

ate

s co

nce

ntra

tion

of g

roun

dw

ate

r ov

er 4

5 m

g / l

by

yea

r of

201

0. �

3.1

In t

he

per

iod

199

8 –

201

0 in

the

11

Rom

ania

nh

ydro

logi

cal b

asi

ns,

27

0 w

ast

ewa

ter

trea

tmen

tp

lant

s w

ill r

edu

ce o

rga

nic

& n

utr

ient

s lo

ad

by

20%

pu

rsu

ant

to N

.T.P

.A.

001

& a

gree

men

ts in

forc

e

�

Prio

rity

of e

nvi

ron

men

tal p

rote

ctio

n w

ithin

the

gove

rnm

ent

pol

icie

s�

C

oop

era

tion

am

ong

all

stak

ehol

der

s�

S

upp

ortiv

e ec

onom

ic c

ondi

tion

s

� A

ctiv

ities

: 3.

1.1

Elim

ina

te d

irect

dis

cha

rge

of w

ast

ew

ate

r 3.

1.2

Imp

rove

op

era

tion

of e

xist

ing

trea

tmen

t pla

nts

3.1

.3 E

nsu

re p

rop

er in

divi

dua

l w

ast

ewa

ter

trea

tmen

t 3.

2.1 U

nder

take

mea

sure

s fo

r co

nst

ruct

ion

of n

ew p

re –

tre

atm

ent p

lant

s, u

pgr

adi

ng

(reh

ab

ilita

tion

oper

atio

n)

of th

e ex

istin

g on

es 3.

2.2

Rei

nfo

rce

cont

rol

and

mea

sure

men

t act

iviti

es 3.

2.3

Cre

ate

favo

rab

le fr

am

ew

ork

con

ditio

ns

(legi

sla

tion

and

envi

ron

men

tal e

duca

tion

) 3.

3.1 Im

ple

men

t s

elec

tive

wa

stes c

olle

ctio

n 3.

3.2

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s to

faci

litat

e so

lid w

ast

e m

ana

gem

ent

opt

imiz

atio

n 3.

3.3

En

sure

th

e u

se o

f pro

per

sol

id w

ast

e d

isp

osa

l fa

cilit

ies

�

3.2

In 2

70 lo

calit

ies

from

11

hyd

rolo

gica

l ba

sin

sa

ppro

x. 6

000

econ

omic

age

nts

w

ill r

educ

ep

ollu

ting

sub

stan

ces

disc

ha

rges

(h

eavy

met

als

,gr

ease

oil,

pet

role

um

, et

c) u

nder

the

limit

pro

vid

ed b

y N

.T.P

.A.

un

til 2

010

�

3.3

In t

he

11 R

oman

ian

hyd

rolo

gica

l ba

sin

s, 2

56to

wn

s w

ith p

opu

latio

n o

ver

200

00

inh

abita

nts

will

red

uce

th

e in

ad

equa

te w

ast

es d

isp

osa

l site

sb

y 5

0%

and

will

rei

ntr

oduc

e th

e re

cove

red

land

in th

e so

cio

– e

con

omic

circ

uit

by

201

0

�

Pro

visi

on o

f fu

nds

on ti

me

( 3.

1.1

, 3.1

.2 ,

3.2

.1 ,

3.3

.3 )

�

Op

era

tion

al f

inan

cia

l m

ech

anis

ms

(3.3

.2)

�

Effe

ctiv

e a

nd d

iffer

entia

ted

attr

act

ive

taxa

tion

and

tarif

fs p

olic

ies

imp

lem

ente

d�

A

dju

stm

ent

of p

re –

trea

tmen

t tec

hn

olog

y w

hile

th

ea

ctiv

ity p

rofil

e is

bei

ng

cha

nge

d a

vaila

ble

on

tim

e(3

.2.1

)�

D

evel

opm

ent

of fu

nd r

aisi

ng

pol

icie

s

PO -

Pro

gra

m O

bje

ctiv

eS

OM

- S

ecto

r O

bjec

tive

Mu

nici

palit

y

Annex 6. Activities, Important Elements and Projects




Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

page

1/6

RE

SU

LT 1

.1.:

App

ropr

iate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es -

intr

oduc

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 1

.1.1

Pro

vid

eap

pro

pria

te

tech

nic

alan

d t

echn

olo

gica

lm

ean

s

� P

rom

ote

co

her

ent

agric

ultu

ral p

olic

ies

� U

se o

f ap

pro

pri

ate

mac

hin

ery

� L

and

org

aniz

atio

n –

intr

odu

ced

� P

rovi

de

and

imp

lem

ent

spec

ializ

edp

roje

cts

(pas

ture

s, la

nd

recl

amat

ion

)

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f affe

cted

area

s –

faci

litat

e

� D

evel

op

fin

anci

al s

up

port

mec

han

ism

sfo

r ec

olo

gica

l far

min

g

� P

rom

ote

mo

der

n t

ech

no

logi

es fo

r cr

op

s(h

igh

yie

ldin

g va

rietie

s)

� F

arm

ing

in a

sso

ciat

ion

- fa

vore

d

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f Zla

tna

area

(M

ure

s riv

er b

asin

)

� R

apid

dat

a co

llect

ion

by

sate

llite

for

dan

gero

us

hyd

ro-m

eteo

ph

eno

men

a

� M

od

el fa

rms

of e

colo

gica

lag

ricu

lture

� R

ecla

mat

ion

tec

hn

olo

gies

of a

gric

ultu

ral

soils

affe

cted

by

oil

and

salte

d w

ater

po

llutio

n in

riv

er t

ribu

tary

bas

in :

Cris

ul

Alb

, C

risu

l Rep

ede,

Olt,

Arg

es,

Ialo

mita

,S

iret

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f agr

icu

ltura

lso

ils –

Bai

a M

are

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f poo

rag

ricu

ltura

l lan

d in

Ro

man

ian

Dan

ube

river

bas

in

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f a

mo

nito

ring

syst

em

for

che

mic

al s

oil

po

llutio

n in

agr

icu

ltura

lar

eas

in R

om

ania

n D

anu

be

river

bas

in

� M

on

itorin

g o

f pro

tect

ed a

reas

inR

om

ania

n D

anu

be

river

bas

in

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f rap

id d

isse

min

atio

n o

fin

form

atio

n r

egar

din

g flo

od

pro

pag

atio

nin

Ro

man

ian

Dan

ube

river

bas

in

� D

am

s re

hab

ilita

tion

alo

ng

sid

e D

anub

eriv

er fr

om

Iro

n G

ate

km.

87

5 to

Isacce

akm

.10

3

� C

on

solid

atio

n a

nd

reh

abili

tatio

n o

fsl

idin

g la

nds

in Z

alau

city

(S

om

es r

iver

bas

in)

� I

nve

nto

ry o

f are

as

un

der

ris

k o

fla

nd

slid

es

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of i

rrig

atio

n a

nd d

rain

age

syst

em

s in

th

e D

anu

be

flood

are

as

� S

tud

y o

n e

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

nb

y co

ntr

olle

d f

loo

din

g o

fe

mb

anke

d a

reas

in J

ijia

rive

rm

ead

ow

� S

tud

y re

gard

ing

sizi

ng

the

pro

tect

ion

are

a in

rel

atio

n w

ith t

he

use

of c

hem

ical

s in

th

e riv

erm

ead

ow

s

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f co

ntr

ol e

cosy

stem

area

s an

d t

hei

r p

rese

rvat

ion

� S

tan

dar

d p

roje

cts

on

eco

logi

cal

and

land

use

mo

nito

ring

� S

etu

p o

f th

in p

rote

ctiv

e fo

rest

s in

the

dam

-riv

ersi

de

are

a (D

anu

be

floo

d p

lain

)

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n o

f th

eG

reac

a la

ke in

th

e D

anub

e flo

od

pla

in (

Giu

rgiu

and

Cal

aras

ico

un

ties)

� S

tud

y o

n th

e si

ze o

f fau

na

po

pula

tion

in a

gric

ultu

reec

osy

ste

ms

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

page

2/6

RE

SU

LT 1

.1.:

App

ropr

iate

agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es –

intr

oduc

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 1

.1.2

Cre

ate P

rovi

de

favo

rab

le e

con

om

icen

viro

nm

ent

� A

chie

ve s

tab

ility

of o

wn

ersh

ip p

atte

rns

� I

mp

rove

infr

ast

ruct

ure

in r

ura

l are

a

� P

rovi

de

finan

cial

faci

litie

s fo

r en

viro

nm

enta

lin

vest

men

t

� D

evel

op

agr

o-t

ou

rism

an

d e

colo

gica

lto

uri

sm

� C

on

tro

l effi

cien

tly a

pp

licat

ion

of l

egis

latio

n

� I

mp

rove

co

mfo

rt a

nd

civ

iliza

tion

deg

ree

inru

ral a

reas

� S

etu

p o

f mar

ket

me

chan

ism

s

� P

rovi

de

faci

litie

s fo

r le

ss f

avo

red

ru

ral a

reas�

Le

gisl

ativ

e in

itiat

ives

(ex

em

ptio

nfr

om

tax

es

on

pro

fit,

land

, et

c…)

� A

men

dm

ents

to

Lan

d L

aw

� S

pec

ific

legi

slat

ion

for

less

– fa

vore

dar

eas

� 1

.1.3

Ach

ieve

a h

igh

leve

l of

farm

ers’

info

rmat

ion

an

dq

ual

ifica

tion

� I

ntr

odu

ce a

n e

ffici

ent

and

acc

essi

ble

info

rmat

ion

sys

tem

� O

rgan

ize

eco

logi

cal p

rom

otio

n a

ctio

ns

toin

crea

se a

war

enes

s o

f yo

un

g p

eop

le in

ru

ral

area

s

� S

etu

p a

gain

ru

ral m

anag

em

ent

sch

oo

ls

� R

eco

nsi

der

loca

l tra

diti

on

& c

ultu

ral

ele

men

ts

� E

du

cate

& in

form

far

mer

s ab

ou

t ec

olo

gica

lag

ricu

ltura

l pra

ctic

es

� T

rain

op

erat

ion

al s

taff

� A

ttra

ct h

igh

ski

lled

tec

hn

ical

sta

ff to

ru

ral

area

s b

y el

imin

atin

g ru

ral/u

rban

dis

par

ities

� T

rain

ing

and

ext

ensi

on

pro

gram

mes

� G

ener

al b

usi

nes

s pl

ans

for

farm

ers

� F

arm

ers’

gu

ides

for

diff

eren

tac

tiviti

es

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

page

3/6

RE

SU

LT 1

.2.:

App

ropr

iate

man

agem

ent o

f the

ani

mal

was

te fr

om a

nim

al fa

rms

- ac

hiev

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 1

.2.1

En

sure

opt

imal

san

itary

co

nd

itio

ns

inan

imal

far

ms

� D

evel

op

po

licie

s in

lin

e w

ith lo

cal

req

uir

emen

ts a

nd

mar

ket

con

sid

erat

ion

s

� I

nve

nto

ry o

f im

med

iate

nee

ds

� S

plit

th

e h

uge

pig

farm

s in

to s

mal

ler

un

its

� O

bse

rve

envi

ron

men

tal l

egis

latio

n

� P

rovi

de

nec

essa

ry fi

nan

cial

res

ou

rces

for

con

stru

ctin

g n

ew w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

tp

lan

ts

� P

rovi

de

ince

ntiv

es a

s w

ell a

s ap

ply

ing

coer

citiv

e re

gula

tion

s

� P

rom

ote

co

nst

ruct

ion

of a

nim

alw

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

con

sid

erin

gca

pac

ity o

ptim

izat

ion

�

� F

easi

bili

ty s

tud

y re

gar

din

gsp

littin

g th

e hu

ge p

ig fa

rms

into

smal

ler

un

its

� 1

.2.2

Per

form

an

effic

ien

t w

aste

wat

ers

trea

tmen

t

� U

pd

ate

and

reh

abili

tate

th

e ex

istin

gw

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

� I

ntr

odu

ce m

od

ern

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

tech

no

logi

es

� P

rom

ote

a m

od

ern

an

imal

hu

sban

dry

pra

ctic

es (

low

wat

er c

on

sum

ptio

n)

� O

per

ate

and

man

age

in a

n a

pp

rop

riate

wa

yth

e w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts

� F

acili

tate

ski

lled

op

erat

ion

al s

taff

� E

nsu

re e

ffici

ent

mo

nito

ring

and

con

tro

lsy

ste

m

� C

apac

ity in

crea

se o

f w

ast

ew

ater

trea

tmen

t p

lan

t of C

OM

TO

MT

om

esti

(Pru

t riv

er b

asin

)

� S

pre

adin

g in

the

field

s th

e so

lidw

ast

e re

sulti

ng fr

om

was

tew

ater

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts (

exp

erim

enta

l)

� I

rrig

atio

n w

ith w

aste

wat

er(e

xper

imen

ts )

in P

eris

and

Cre

ved

ia

� O

rien

tatio

n o

f agr

icu

lture

to

ara

tion

al u

se o

f an

imal

was

te (

Per

is)�

Rec

yclin

g an

d m

anag

em

ent

of

anim

al w

ast

e fr

om

an

imal

far

ms

(Ro

man

ian

Dan

ub

e riv

er b

asin

)

� C

apac

ity in

crea

se o

f w

ast

ew

ater

trea

tmen

t p

lan

t of C

OM

TO

MT

om

esti

(Pru

t riv

er b

asin

)

� U

se o

f zeo

lyte

s in

was

tew

ater

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

page

4/6

RE

SU

LT 1

.3.:

Effi

cien

t man

agem

ent o

f the

fore

sts

- pe

rfor

med

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 1

.3.1

Ob

serv

e th

efo

rest

har

vest

ing

prin

cip

les

acco

rdin

gto

the

fore

stry

co

de

� C

orr

elat

e w

oo

d c

utt

ing

volu

me

with

gro

wth

rat

io

� M

on

itor

fore

st h

arve

stin

g

� C

om

ply

with

th

e w

oo

d cu

ttin

g re

gim

e,m

ain

ly b

y p

riva

te o

wn

ers

� C

on

tro

l of w

oo

dcu

ttin

g o

n s

lop

es

� A

ffore

stat

ion

of e

xces

sive

ly d

egr

aded

lan

ds

or

with

low

agr

icu

ltura

l po

ten

tial

� O

ptim

ize

the

pro

fit e

colo

gica

l effe

ct r

atio

� S

etu

p o

f an

effi

cien

t tr

ain

ing

syst

em

fo

rp

riva

te o

wn

ers

� A

ffore

stat

ion

of C

op

sa M

ica

area

� D

evel

op

men

t an

d e

xten

sion

of

fore

stry

eco

syst

em

mo

nito

ring

� C

on

tro

l soi

l ero

sio

n in

Taz

lau

river

bas

in

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f deg

rad

ed p

astu

res

� 1

.3.2

Ach

ieve

stab

ility

of t

he

ow

ner

ship

pat

tern

s

� C

om

ple

te t

he

issu

e o

f ow

ner

ship

titl

es

� S

etu

p o

f lan

d m

arke

t

� P

rom

ote

fisc

al fa

cilit

ies

for

lan

do

wn

ers

� I

nve

nto

ry o

f deg

rad

ed a

reas

res

ulti

ng

fro

m ir

ratio

nal

fore

st h

arve

stin

g

� S

oil

ero

sion

co

ntro

l mea

sure

s in

Su

bca

rpat

hia

n a

reas

� I

ssu

ing

the

law

s re

gula

ting

the

land

mar

ket

�

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

Pag

e 5/

6

RE

SU

LT 1

.4.:

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

prac

tices

and

app

ropr

iate

man

agem

ent o

f the

hyd

rote

chni

c w

orks

- im

plem

ente

d

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 1

.4.1

Rea

ch a

bal

ance

dh

ydro

logi

cal r

egim

ein

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta&

up

stre

am

� R

edu

ce a

rab

le in

the

larg

e fa

rms

inth

e D

anub

e D

elta

� C

lose

th

e ar

tific

ial c

han

nel

s w

hic

hm

od

ified

th

e h

ydro

logi

cal r

egim

e in

Dan

ub

e D

elta

� C

alib

rate

ch

ann

els

in D

anu

be

Del

ta

� U

nsi

lt so

me

lake

s an

d c

han

nel

s in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta

� C

on

solid

atio

n o

f th

e se

a sh

ore

lin

e o

fth

e D

anub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� I

mp

rove

men

t o

f eco

logi

cal c

on

diti

ons

for

wat

er c

ircu

latio

n in

the

com

ple

xM

atita

– M

erh

ei in

th

e D

anu

be

Del

taB

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� U

nsi

ltin

g an

d c

alib

ratio

n o

f Son

tea,

Rad

acin

asi,

Per

ivo

lovc

a, L

itco

vch

ann

els

in t

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� R

ecla

mat

ion

tec

hn

olo

gies

of

agric

ultu

ral s

oils

affe

cted

by

oil

and

sal

ted

wat

er p

ollu

tion

in t

ribu

tary

bas

in :

Bla

ck S

ea

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f eco

logi

cal

dat

abas

e u

sin

g G

IS (

Ro

man

ian

Dan

ub

e riv

er b

asin

)

� I

nve

nto

ry o

f flo

od

ing

area

s

�

Bat

him

etric

an

d s

trea

ms

stu

dy

in t

he

Dan

ube

Del

ta

� I

den

tific

atio

n a

nd c

alib

ratio

n o

f art

ifici

alch

ann

els

that

mo

difi

ed t

he

hyd

rolo

gica

lre

gim

e in

th

e D

anub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� E

colo

gica

l rec

on

stru

ctio

n th

rou

gh m

easu

res

regu

latin

g th

e h

ydro

logi

cal r

egim

e o

f th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta

� I

mp

act

stu

dy

rega

rdin

g th

e in

fluen

ce o

f sea

coas

t d

ykes

up

on

nat

ural

eco

syst

em in

th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta

� 1

.4.2

Use

th

ere

sou

rces

in th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta in

an

eco

logi

cal w

ay

� F

orb

id u

se o

f pes

ticid

es in

th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta

� R

eco

nst

ruct

eco

logi

cally

th

e af

fect

edb

y e

mb

ankm

ents

in t

he

Dan

ub

eD

elta

� P

erfo

rm e

co-t

ou

rism

in t

he

Dan

ub

eD

elta

� P

erfo

rm t

rad

itio

nal

farm

ing

for

satis

fyin

g lo

cal n

eed

s

� C

om

ple

te t

he

list

of s

pec

ies

pro

tect

ed b

y th

e la

w

� A

deq

uat

e m

anag

em

ent

of r

eed

reso

urc

es in

the

Dan

ube

Del

taB

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� P

rote

ctio

n a

nd m

ain

ten

ance

of s

pec

ies

po

pula

tion

s h

igh

ly v

alu

able

in th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� I

den

tific

atio

n m

ain

ten

ance

an

dp

rote

ctio

n o

f sp

awn

ing

area

s fo

rd

iffer

ent

fish

sp

ecie

s in

th

e D

anu

be

Del

ta B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� P

rote

cted

are

as m

on

itorin

g in

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta B

iosp

her

eR

eser

ve

� I

mp

rove

men

t o

f en

viro

nm

enta

lq

ual

ity m

on

itori

ng

in t

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

, in

tegr

ated

in th

en

atio

nal

sys

tem

� P

rom

otio

n o

f tra

diti

on

alfa

rmin

g in

th

e fr

am

ew

ork

of

sust

ain

able

dev

elop

men

t

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f th

e so

urc

esp

ollu

ting

Dan

ub

e w

ater

s in

th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta B

iosp

her

eR

eser

ve

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f so

me

area

s fr

om

agr

icu

ltura

lp

old

ers

for

eco

logi

cal r

eco

nst

ruct

ion

in th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� S

tud

y o

n e

ffici

ent

agro

tou

rism

per

form

ance

inth

e D

anub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of t

rad

ition

al a

reas

for

will

ow

spec

ies

in t

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� E

lab

ora

tion

an

d im

ple

men

tatio

n o

f str

ateg

ies

for

eco

logi

cal r

eco

nst

ruct

ion

in fi

shin

g po

lder

sin

the

Dan

ube

Del

ta B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� A

nal

ysis

of o

pp

ortu

niti

es fo

r ex

ten

din

gp

roh

ibiti

on p

erio

ds

for

end

ange

red

fish

sp

ecie

s

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

1. A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Use

Ann

ex 6

.1.

Pag

e 6/

6

RE

SU

LT 1

.4.:

Eco

logi

cal f

arm

ing

prac

tices

and

app

ropr

iate

man

agem

ent o

f the

hyd

rote

chni

c w

orks

- im

plem

ente

d

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� �

1.4

.3 M

anag

e in

an

app

rop

riate

wa

y th

eh

ydro

tech

nic

al w

ork

sth

at p

rodu

ced

neg

ativ

e e

ffect

s

� I

mp

rove

th

e o

per

atio

n o

fh

ydro

tech

nic

al w

ork

s in

th

e D

anu

be

Del

ta

� I

mp

lem

ent

non

str

uct

ura

l mea

sure

sin

ord

er to

red

uce

th

e p

rese

nt

neg

ativ

e e

ffect

s

� D

ism

antle

hyd

rote

chn

ical

wo

rks

that

pro

du

ced

acu

te e

ffect

s

� M

anag

em

ent

ob

ject

ive

for

bio

-d

iver

sity

co

nse

rvat

ion

an

d su

stai

nab

led

evel

op

men

t in

th

e D

anu

be

Del

taB

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� S

etu

p o

f a m

anag

em

ent

syst

em

fo

rsu

stai

nab

le u

se in

the

Dan

ube

Del

taB

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� D

evel

op

men

t an

d im

pro

vem

ent

of

mo

nito

rin

g sy

ste

ms

of t

ou

rist

act

ivity

in th

e D

anub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� R

esea

rch

on

th

e d

yna

mic

s an

dfu

nct

ion

ing

of t

he

nat

ura

lec

osy

ste

m in

th

e D

anu

be

Del

taB

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f lak

e ar

eas

an

du

ndi

stu

rbed

fish

ery

bas

ins

in t

he

Dan

ub

e D

elta

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f co

op

erat

ion

with

inte

rnat

ion

al b

odie

s fo

rim

ple

men

tatio

n o

f th

e ob

ject

ives

in th

e m

anag

em

ent

pla

n o

f th

eD

anu

be

Del

ta B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve

� D

evel

op

bas

ic h

ydra

ulic

mo

del

of t

he

Del

ta w

hic

h s

imu

late

s o

bse

rved

ch

ange

s in

wat

er le

vels

an

d fl

oo

d a

reas

� S

tud

y o

n id

entif

icat

ion

an

dim

ple

men

tatio

n o

f non

–st

ruct

ura

lm

easu

res

in t

he

Dan

ube

Del

ta

� S

tud

y re

gard

ing

the

effe

cts

pro

du

ced

by

the

hyd

rote

chn

ical

wo

rks

in th

e D

anub

eD

elta

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 6

.2.

page

1/4

RE

SU

LT 2

.1.:

Cle

an te

chno

logi

es im

plem

ente

d

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 2

.1.1

. In

tro

duce

th

ele

gal a

nd

eco

no

mic

fra

me

wo

rk f

or

imp

lem

enta

tion

of

clea

n t

ech

no

logi

es

� E

lab

ora

tion

of s

trat

egie

s an

d p

olic

ies

top

rom

ote

cle

an t

ech

nol

ogi

es

� P

rom

ote

lega

l no

rms

acco

rdin

g to

th

eE

U r

egu

latio

ns

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f mec

han

ism

s to

stim

ula

te c

lean

tec

hn

olo

gies

imp

lem

enta

tion

� E

nsu

re s

timu

latio

n o

f co

mp

anie

s th

rou

ghec

on

om

ic in

stru

men

ts (

taxe

s, c

har

ges

,ta

riffs

)

�

In

trod

uct

ion

of n

ew e

con

om

ic a

nd

finan

cial

inst

rum

ents

� L

egi

slat

ive

har

mo

niz

atio

n A

qu

isC

om

mu

nau

taire

� S

upp

ort

ing

eco

nom

ic o

per

ato

rs fo

rIS

O 1

4001

Cer

tific

atio

n

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f in

stitu

tion

alfr

am

ew

ork

fo

r im

ple

men

tatio

n

� 2

.1.2

Pro

mo

tein

cen

tives

for

BA

Tan

d m

ulti

ple

finan

cin

g re

sou

rces

iden

tifie

d

� C

reat

ion

of a

n in

stitu

tion

al fr

am

ewo

rk t

op

rom

ote

an

d s

ust

ain

cle

an t

echn

olo

gies

� E

lab

ora

tion

of g

ove

rnm

enta

l pro

gram

san

d s

ettin

g u

p o

f fu

nd

s fo

r kn

ow

ho

wtr

ansf

er

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f fin

anci

ng

sou

rces

� E

nsu

re k

no

w-h

ow

tra

nsf

er a

nd

co

ntr

ol o

fB

AT

leve

ls

� C

reat

ion

of c

ente

rs t

o p

rom

ote

cle

ante

chn

olo

gies

�

Cre

atio

n o

f “cl

ean

” te

chn

olo

gies

cen

ters

� N

etw

ork

fo

r th

e “c

lean

”te

chn

olo

gies

cen

ters

� 2

.1.3

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s to

min

imiz

elo

sses

at

the

exis

ting

inst

alla

tion

s

� E

lab

ora

tion

of g

uid

elin

es fo

r w

aste

sm

inim

izat

ion

so

lutio

ns

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f hu

man

an

d fin

anci

alre

sou

rces

� E

lab

ora

tion

an

d im

ple

men

tatio

n o

fm

eth

od

s fo

r ef

fect

s e

valu

atio

n

� C

reat

ion

of d

atab

ases

cen

ters

with

up

dat

ed in

form

atio

n

� M

od

ern

izin

g th

e eq

uip

men

t in

Let

eaB

ach

u

� M

od

ern

izin

g th

e eq

uip

men

t in

Sid

erca

Cal

aras

i

� M

od

ern

izin

g th

e eq

uip

men

t in

Pet

rob

razi

� M

od

ern

izin

g th

e eq

uip

men

t in

Arp

ech

im

� A

pp

lyin

g m

ore

eco

logi

cal

pro

cess

es in

Man

per

Tg

Mu

res

� A

pp

lyin

g m

ore

eco

logi

cal

pro

cess

es in

UP

S G

ovo

ra

� A

pp

lyin

g m

ore

eco

logi

cal

pro

cess

es in

th

e T

ech

nol

ogi

cal f

low

in S

inte

za O

rad

ea

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 6

.2.

page

2/4

RE

SU

LT 2

.2.:

Dis

char

ge o

f sta

ndar

d qu

ality

trea

ted

was

tew

ater

s en

sure

d

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g / O

n-go

ing

Pla

nned

Pro

pose

d

� 2

.2.1

. Pro

mo

teco

nst

ruct

ion

of n

ewW

WT

P a

nd

reh

abili

tatio

n o

fex

istin

g p

lan

ts

� T

ech

nic

al,

eco

no

mic

al a

nd

so

cial

eva

luat

ion

of

stu

die

s, p

roje

cts

and

pro

gno

ses

of

dev

elo

pm

ent

� E

stim

atio

n o

f th

e tr

eatm

ent

nee

ds

for

the

fore

seen

was

tew

ater

qu

antit

y an

d q

ual

ity

� C

rite

ria

sett

ing

up

req

uire

men

ts a

nd

pri

orit

izat

ion

� E

stim

atio

n o

f th

e n

eces

sary

res

ou

rces

(fu

nd

s,h

um

an r

eso

urc

es e

tc.)

� E

lab

ora

tion

of p

roje

cts

on s

pec

ific

indu

strie

s

� P

rom

otio

n o

f pro

ject

s in

ter

ms

of t

ech

nic

al a

nd

finan

cial

su

ppo

rt

� I

mp

lem

enta

tion

of p

roje

cts

� C

om

ple

tion

and

ach

ieve

men

t o

fal

l op

timu

m o

per

atio

nal

par

amet

ers

of

wa

ste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

an

t th

eec

on

om

ic a

gen

ts

� 2

.2.2

. En

sure

pro

per

op

erat

ion

of

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

� E

lab

ora

tion

of o

per

atio

n n

orm

s

� M

on

itorin

g o

f in

fluen

ts a

nd e

fflu

ents

with

inth

e tr

eatm

ent

pro

cess

� P

rovi

de

the

nec

essa

ry q

ual

ified

per

son

nel

� M

ake

fun

ds

avai

lab

le fo

r m

ain

ten

ance

an

do

per

atio

n o

f W

WT

P

� D

evel

op

em

erg

ency

pro

ced

ure

s

� M

od

ern

izin

g C

olo

rom

Co

dle

aw

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nt

(WW

TP

)

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of A

ntib

iotic

e Ia

si W

WT

P

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

Sid

erca

Cal

aras

i WW

TP

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of A

rpec

him

WW

TP

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of P

etro

bra

zi

WW

TP

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

of C

elo

har

tD

on

aris

Bra

ila w

aste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

pla

nt

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

of C

luj-

Nap

oca

Clu

jan

a W

WT

P

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

of V

idra

Ora

stie

WW

TP

� 2

.2.3

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s fo

rd

isch

arge

of p

rop

erly

trea

ted

was

tew

ater

s

� A

ssu

re a

pp

licat

ion

of e

mer

gen

cy p

roce

du

res

thro

ugh

pro

vid

ing

of e

mer

gen

cy m

ean

s

� A

ssu

re im

ple

men

tatio

n o

f in

spec

tion

pro

gram

by

the

auth

orit

ies

� I

mp

lem

enta

tion

of c

on

trol

pro

gram

car

ried

ou

tb

y th

e o

per

ato

r

� C

om

ple

tion

and

ach

ieve

men

t o

fal

l op

timu

m o

per

atio

nal

par

amet

ers

of

wa

ste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

an

t th

eec

on

om

ic a

gen

ts

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 6

.2.

page

3/4

RE

SU

LT 2

.3.:

Pro

per

man

agem

ent o

f sol

id w

aste

man

agem

ent a

dopt

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 2

.3.1

Use

ad

equ

ate

pro

cess

es fo

r so

lidw

ast

e tr

eatm

ent

� I

ntr

odu

ce th

e le

gisl

ativ

e fr

am

ew

ork

� E

lab

ora

tion

of r

ule

s fo

r o

per

atio

n

� A

ssu

re p

rop

er a

pp

licat

ion

of t

reat

men

t te

chn

olo

gies

� S

upp

ort

ava

ilab

ility

fin

anci

al a

nd

hu

man

res

ou

rces

� A

ssu

re m

on

itorin

g o

f tre

atm

ent

tech

no

logi

es

� E

nfo

rce

the

con

tro

l an

d in

spec

tion

pro

gram

mes

� I

mp

rove

men

t o

f th

e to

xic

was

tem

anag

em

ent

Pet

rote

l Lu

koil

� F

un

ctio

nin

g o

f an

inci

ner

ato

r fo

rto

xic

was

te O

ltch

im R

V

� A

ctio

n p

rogr

am in

th

e o

ilse

cto

r (e

mer

gen

cy c

ase)

� 2

.3.2

. A

ssu

read

equ

ate

dis

po

sal

of s

olid

was

tes

� I

ntr

odu

ce th

e le

gisl

ativ

e fr

am

ew

ork

� I

mp

lem

enta

tion

of r

elat

ed r

egu

latio

n a

cco

rdin

g to

the

gen

eral

urb

an p

lan

� E

lab

ora

tion

of m

eth

od

s fo

r so

lid w

aste

s d

isp

osa

l

� M

ake

avai

lab

le fi

nan

cial

an

d h

um

an r

eso

urc

es

� A

ssu

re m

on

itori

ng

of l

and

fills

� E

colo

gica

l ed

uca

tion

and

pub

lic p

artic

ipat

ion

� E

nfo

rce

con

tro

l an

d in

spec

tion

pro

gram

s

� S

ealin

g o

f pho

spho

rus-

gyp

sum

po

nd F

ertil

chem

Nav

od

ari

� S

ealin

g o

f pho

spho

rus-

gyp

sum

po

nd S

ofe

rt B

acau

� A

pp

licat

ion

of m

ore

eco

logi

cal

dis

po

sal o

f sla

ge a

nd

ash

esC

on

el C

ET

� A

pp

licat

ion

of m

ore

eco

logi

cal

dis

po

sal o

f slu

dge

an

d as

hes

Sid

ex G

alat

y

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

an

dre

intr

odu

ctio

n in

the

eco

nom

icci

rcu

it o

f th

e A

ban

don

edin

dust

rial a

reas

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

2. In

dust

rial W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Ann

ex 6

.2.

pag

e 4/

4

RE

SU

LT 2

.4.:

Was

tes

tran

spor

t ade

quat

ely

perf

orm

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 2

.4.1

. Im

pro

vere

liab

ility

of t

he

wa

ste

tran

spo

rtsy

ste

m

� E

valu

atio

n o

f exi

stin

g sy

ste

ms

� E

stim

atio

n o

f req

uir

emen

ts a

nd

qu

antit

ies

� M

ake

avai

lab

le fi

nan

cial

an

d h

um

anre

sou

rces

� F

acili

tate

mo

der

niz

atio

n o

f tra

nsp

ort

syst

em

� I

nte

rnal

ize

the

reh

abili

tatio

n c

ost

s in

the

pric

e sy

ste

m

� M

on

itorin

g co

ntr

ol a

nd

insp

ectio

n

� P

rovi

din

g o

f saf

e tr

ansp

ort

of e

fflu

ent

inV

erac

him

Giu

rgiu

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of w

ast

ew

ater

tra

nsp

ort

net

wo

rk in

Ro

mp

lum

b

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of w

ast

ew

ater

tra

nsp

ort

net

wo

rk in

Pho

enix

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f sel

f m

on

itorin

g sy

ste

m

� C

on

stru

ctio

n an

d m

od

ern

izat

ion

of w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t fo

rin

taki

ng

of s

olid

an

d liq

uid

wa

stes

fro

m r

iver

sh

ips

� I

mp

rove

men

t o

f hyd

rau

lictr

ansp

ort

of w

aste

s co

min

g fr

om

CE

T

� P

urif

icat

ion

of s

oil

and

gro

und

wat

er in

Plo

jest

i

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

of n

etw

ork

s fo

rh

azard

ou

s w

aste

s tr

ansp

ort

� 2

.4.2

. U

pgr

ade

the

qu

alifi

catio

n le

vel o

fth

e st

aff

� I

ntr

odu

ce o

ptim

al h

um

an r

eso

urc

esm

anag

em

ent

� E

lab

ora

tion

an

d im

ple

men

tatio

n o

fp

erm

anen

t ra

inin

g /

edu

catio

n p

rogr

am

� I

mp

lem

enta

tion

of a

mec

han

ism

s o

fin

cen

tives

for

the

staf

f

� C

reat

ion

of i

nst

ruct

ion

and

qu

alifi

catio

n c

ente

rs

� A

ssis

tan

ce g

iven

to

the

eco

no

mic

ente

rpri

ses

in o

rder

to id

entif

yth

e m

eth

od

s o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 1

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.1.:

Ade

quat

e m

anag

emen

t of w

aste

wat

er a

dopt

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g In

Pre

para

tion

Pro

pose

d

� 3

.1.1

Elim

inat

ed

irec

t d

isch

arge

of

wa

ste

wat

er

� D

eter

min

e th

rou

gh p

re –

feas

ibili

ty s

tud

ies

the

op

port

un

ity t

o in

vest

in c

onst

ruct

ion

of n

ew t

reat

men

tp

lan

ts

� S

ettin

g up

the

tech

nic

al n

orm

s to

des

ign

& o

per

ate

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

� D

evel

op

men

t &

ap

plia

nce

of &

mo

re e

ffici

ent

(te

rtia

ry)

trea

tmen

t m

eth

od

s fo

r sp

ecifi

c ty

pes

of

po

llutio

n

� E

lab

ora

tion

of n

ew la

ws

and

imp

lem

enta

tion

of

legi

slat

ion

ap

pro

xim

atio

n o

f leg

isla

tion

with

E.U

.re

qu

irem

ent

� D

evel

op

men

t &

ap

plia

nce

of p

roce

du

res

for

eval

uat

ing

the

risk

for

vari

ou

s d

isch

arge

s

� H

arm

on

izat

ion

of a

nal

ysis

met

ho

ds

and

of l

abo

rato

ries

fro

m t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts w

ith t

hose

of w

ater

man

agem

en

tu

nits

� O

rgan

izat

ion

at

nat

ion

al le

vel

of a

sys

tem

of

pro

vid

ing

qual

ity in

acc

ord

ance

with

IS

O 9

000

–1

400

1 &

its

imp

lem

enta

tion

at

the

un

its

� C

reat

ion

& u

se o

f war

nin

g sy

stem

in c

ase

of a

ccid

ents

� I

mp

rove

men

t o

f th

e in

form

atio

n s

yste

m f

or

the

pu

blic

to h

ave

an a

ctiv

e p

artic

ipat

ion

in

the

dec

isio

n m

akin

g

�

Imp

rove

men

t o

f tra

inin

g &

ed

uca

tion

pro

gram

s

� E

lab

ora

tion

of n

ew p

roje

cts

& p

rovi

sion

of f

inan

cial

reso

urc

es

� P

rovi

sio

n o

f ( fi

nan

cin

g) fu

nd

s fr

om

inte

rnal

&ex

tern

al

sou

rces

for

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts w

her

e m

un

icip

ald

isch

arge

s w

ith t

ran

sbo

und

ary

imp

act

are

tre

ated

� A

ssu

re

the

con

stru

ctio

n a

nd o

per

atio

n o

f new

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

� W

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t o

fH

arso

va�

Was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nt i

nC

ern

avo

da

� W

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t of

Bra

ila c

ity

� W

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t of G

alat

ici

ty

� W

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t in

Zal

au

� H

arm

on

izat

ion

of R

om

ania

nle

gisl

atio

n w

ith E

.U.

emis

sio

ns

no

rms

� W

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t of

Tu

lcea

city

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 2

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.1.:

Ade

quat

e m

anag

emen

t of w

aste

wat

er a

dopt

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 3

.1.2

Im

pro

veo

per

atio

n o

f exi

stin

gtr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

� s

ettin

g u

p o

f pro

cedu

res

to id

entif

ym

alfu

nct

ion

s &

exe

cutio

n e

rro

rs a

s w

ell

as r

ehab

ilita

tion

of d

eter

iora

ted

par

ts

� e

xten

sio

n,

mo

der

niz

atio

n a

ndre

qu

irem

ent

of

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

� a

pp

ly t

he

adva

nce

tre

atm

ent

met

ho

ds

for

nu

trie

nts

or

oth

er s

pec

ific

po

lluta

nts

rem

ova

l

� p

erfo

rm p

roce

du

res

for

risk

eval

uat

ion

for

the

exis

ting

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

� i

mp

rove

effi

cien

cy o

f pla

nt

oper

atio

n b

yp

rovi

din

g m

easu

rin

g an

d c

on

tro

leq

uip

men

t

� i

mp

rove

op

erat

ors

ski

lls

� m

ake

ava

ilab

le f

inan

cin

g, r

eso

urc

es fo

ro

per

atio

n u

sin

g co

erci

tive

and

ince

ntiv

em

easu

res

� m

ake

com

pat

ible

met

ho

ds

of a

nal

ysis

use

by

the

op

erat

ors

an

d in

spec

tion

bo

dies

� c

reat

ion

& u

se o

f war

nin

g sy

ste

ms

inca

se o

f acc

iden

ts

� o

rgan

izat

ion

at n

atio

nal

leve

l of t

he

syst

em

fo

r p

rovi

din

g q

ual

ity in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith IS

O 9

000

– 1

400

1 &

itsim

ple

men

tatio

n a

t th

e u

nits

� E

xten

sio

n o

f wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t of

Man

galia

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

& r

eeq

uip

men

t o

f Ias

i -w

ast

ew

ater

tr

eatm

ent

pla

nt

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

of

Cra

iova

- w

aste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

pla

nt

� P

ipes

for

dis

char

ges

the

trea

ted

wa

ste

wat

er f

rom

th

e B

lack

Sea

wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lan

t

� E

xten

sio

n o

f wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

men

tp

lan

t of

Plo

iest

i mu

nic

ipal

ity

�

Co

mp

letio

n o

f in

was

tew

ater

trea

tmen

t p

lan

t of

Glin

a –

Bu

cure

sti

� S

ettin

g –

up

of o

bjec

tives

for

wat

erq

ual

ity (

iden

tific

atio

n o

f sta

nd

ard

s&

ob

ject

ives

)

� M

od

ern

izat

ion

& e

xten

sio

n o

fT

imis

oar

a -

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nt

� e

qu

ipm

ent

for

trea

tmen

t p

lan

t o

fU

PS

OM

– O

cna

Mu

res

� E

xten

sio

n o

f tre

atm

ent

pla

nt

in D

eva

� D

evel

op

men

t p

rogr

ams

for

loca

lp

artic

ipat

ing

dem

ocr

acy

� C

reat

ion

of a

sys

tem

of r

efe

ren

cela

bs

� D

evel

op

men

t o

f en

viro

nm

enta

l lab

sin

tra

nsb

ound

ary

are

as :

Tim

iso

ara,

Res

ita,

Cra

iova

, P

itest

i, C

alar

asi,

Gal

ati,

Tu

lcea

, B

acau

, Ia

si,

Su

ceav

a,B

aia

Mar

e, O

rad

ea,

Ara

d

� E

xten

sio

n o

f Ca

mp

u L

un

g M

usc

elw

ast

ew

ater

tre

atm

ent

pla

nt

� C

on

tro

l & in

terv

entio

n s

yste

ms

for

acci

den

tal p

ollu

tion

� E

xten

sio

n o

f R

esita

wa

ste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

pla

nt

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 3

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.1.:

Ade

quat

e m

anag

emen

t of w

aste

wat

er a

dopt

ed

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 3

.1.3

En

sure

pro

per

ind

ivid

ual

wa

ste

wat

er t

reat

men

t� R

esea

rch

pro

gra

m fo

r d

evel

op

men

t o

fin

div

idu

al t

reat

men

t sy

ste

ms

� D

evel

op

an

d d

esig

n o

f fis

cal i

nce

ntiv

esfo

r p

rom

otio

n o

f in

divi

du

al t

reat

men

tsy

ste

ms

� E

lab

ora

te a

ppro

pria

te p

rogr

ams

for

intr

odu

cin

g ad

equ

ate

ind

ivid

ual

sys

tem

s

� I

nvo

lve

bod

ies

and

auth

ori

ties

for

intr

odu

cin

g in

div

idu

al w

aste

wat

ertr

eatm

ent

� R

aise

pu

blic

aw

aren

ess

thro

ugh

invo

lvem

ent

of m

edia

reg

ard

ed o

f th

eim

po

rtan

ce

of h

ou

seho

ld w

aste

s

� A

ssis

t p

opu

latio

n c

once

rned

by

intr

odu

cin

g a

nd

usi

ng

ind

ivid

ual

syst

em

s

� D

esig

n

nat

ion

al p

rogr

ams

for

rais

ing

pub

lic a

war

enes

s

� N

atio

nal

pro

gram

me

for

was

tew

ater

trea

tmen

t an

d d

isp

osa

l in

ru

ral a

rea

� D

evel

op

gu

idel

ines

on

indi

vid

ual

mea

ns

for

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

and

dis

po

sal

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 4

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.2.:

Pre

– tr

eatm

ent o

f tox

ic a

nd s

peci

fic w

ater

s pe

rfor

med

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 3

.2.1

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s fo

rco

nst

ruct

ion

of n

ewp

re –

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

, up

grad

ing

(reh

abili

tatio

no

per

atio

n)

of t

he

exis

ting

on

es

� I

nfo

rmat

ion

abo

ut e

xist

ing

situ

atio

n in

ord

er to

esta

blis

h p

riori

ties

� I

nfo

rmat

ion

abo

ut t

he

stat

e o

f co

mp

lian

cep

rogr

amm

e

� I

nfo

rmat

ion

on

bes

t av

aila

ble

tec

hn

olo

gy a

nd

nec

essa

ry t

ech

no

logi

es a

nd e

quip

men

t

� E

lab

ora

tion

of f

easi

bili

ty s

tud

ies

to d

eter

min

en

eces

sary

inve

stm

ents

� M

ake

avai

lab

le fu

nd

s fo

r p

re –

tre

atm

ent

wa

ste

wat

er p

lan

ts

� E

stab

lish

so

lutio

ns

to o

bta

in a

n e

ffici

ent

pre

–tr

eatm

ent

� U

se m

od

ern

eq

uip

men

t an

d t

echn

olo

gies

for

reh

abili

tatio

n a

nd

mo

der

niz

atio

n o

f exi

stin

gp

re –

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

� C

on

stru

ctio

n o

f pre

- t

reat

men

t p

lan

ts

� T

rain

ing

of o

per

atio

nal

sta

ff

� E

lab

ora

tion

of o

per

atio

nal

reg

ula

tion

� S

tud

y o

f rec

yclin

g p

oss

ibili

ties

� P

roje

cts

of f

easi

bili

ty s

tud

ies

for

con

stru

ctio

ns

of p

re –

tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

in th

e fo

llow

ing

tow

ns:

Tim

iso

ara,

Res

ita,

Cra

iova

,P

loie

sti,

Iasi

, Gal

ati,

Bra

ila,

Man

galia

, Z

alau

, B

ucu

rest

i,C

am

pu

lun

g M

usc

el,

Dev

a

� T

rain

ing

pro

gram

mes

fo

ro

per

atio

n s

taff

� D

esig

n &

op

erat

ion

inst

ruct

ion

sfo

r w

aste

wat

er c

ate

gorie

s in

trea

tmen

t p

lan

ts

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 5

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.2.:

Pre

– tr

eatm

ent o

f tox

ic a

nd s

peci

fic w

ater

s pe

rfor

med

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 3

.2.2

Rei

nfo

rce

con

trol

m

easu

rem

ent

activ

ities

� D

efin

e p

rop

er m

easu

rem

ent

and

con

trol

equ

ipm

ent

� P

urc

has

ing

and

inst

allin

g co

ntr

ol a

nd

mea

sure

men

t eq

uip

men

t

� P

rovi

din

g w

arn

ing

& in

terv

entio

nsy

ste

ms

in c

ase

som

e d

ange

rou

s q

ual

ityin

dic

ato

rs a

re e

xcee

ded

� M

on

itorin

g o

f effl

uen

t q

ual

ity

� S

timu

latio

n o

f op

erat

ion

sta

ff(p

aym

ents

, d

ecen

t w

ork

con

diti

on

, etc

)

� T

rain

ing

cou

rses

for

op

erat

ion

al s

taff

� G

uid

e o

f eq

uip

men

t co

nsi

stin

go

f th

e m

eas

uri

ng

& c

on

trol

app

arat

us

(war

nin

g as

wel

l) f

or

wa

ste

wat

er c

ateg

orie

s in

pre

–tr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

� 3

.2.3

Cre

ate

favo

rab

le fr

am

ew

ork

con

diti

ons

(leg

isla

tion

an

den

viro

nm

enta

led

uca

tion

)

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f gap

s in

th

e ex

istin

gle

gisl

atio

n

� H

arm

on

izat

ion

of R

om

ania

n s

pec

ific

stan

dar

ds

with

tho

se o

f E.U

.

� E

stab

lish

no

rms

on

was

tew

ater

qu

ality

to

be

dis

char

ged

and

on

em

issi

on

fact

ors

and

co

erci

tive

mea

sure

s

� E

du

catio

n in

sch

oo

l, so

cial

eco

nom

icu

nits

( m

anu

als,

fold

ers,

po

ster

s, e

tc)

� P

rovi

de

regu

lar

info

rmat

ion

on

po

llute

rsfo

r p

opu

latio

n

� F

acili

tate

invo

lvem

ent

of p

ub

lic in

the

dec

isio

n m

akin

g p

roce

ss

� E

lab

ora

tion

of e

colo

gica

led

uca

tion

pro

gram

me

� C

od

e o

f beh

avio

r fo

r fo

reig

nin

vest

ors

� H

arm

on

izat

ion

of l

egis

latio

n o

nw

ast

ew

ater

pre

– t

reat

men

t w

ithE

.U.

pro

visi

on

s

� “

Gre

enin

g th

e cu

rric

ula

” N

GO

Act

iviti

es, I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts a

nd P

roje

cts

3. M

unic

ipal

Was

te M

anag

emen

tA

nnex

6.3

.pa

ge 6

/7

RE

SU

LT 3

.3.:

Pro

per

man

agem

ent o

f sol

id w

aste

impl

emen

ted

Act

iviti

es Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

Pro

ject

s

Exi

stin

g P

lann

ed P

ropo

sed

� 3

.3.1

Im

ple

men

tse

lect

ive

was

tes

colle

ctio

n

�

� S

ituat

ion

eva

luat

ion

� P

re –

feas

ibili

ty s

tud

y to

det

erm

ine

sele

ctiv

e co

llect

ion

of

wa

ste

� I

den

tific

atio

n o

f alte

rnat

ives

� T

aki

ng

mea

sure

s to

invo

lve

all t

he

inte

rest

ed p

artie

s

� P

rovi

de

the

finan

cin

g so

urc

es t

o ar

chiv

e th

e p

roje

ct

� P

opu

latio

n e

duca

tion

as

rega

rds

sele

ctiv

e co

llect

ion

� I

nfo

rmat

ion

of t

he

pub

lic a

s re

gard

s w

aste

s m

anag

em

ent

� B

uild

ing

– u

p o

f in

fras

tru

ctu

re

� S

elec

tive

colle

ctio

n o

f was

tes

Pia

tra

Nea

mt

� S

ettin

g –

up

trai

nin

g ce

nte

rs

� E

qu

ipm

ent

for

sele

ctiv

em

anag

em

ent

wa

stes

� C

am

pai

gn

for

rais

ing

pub

licaw

aren

ess

� 3

.3.2

Un

der

take

mea

sure

s to

faci

litat

eso

lid w

aste

man

age

men

to

ptim

izat

ion

� E

valu

ate

the

situ

atio

n o

f so

lid w

aste

man

age

men

t

� I

ntr

odu

ce a

ppro

pria

te m

easu

res

to a

llevi

ate

the

envi

ron

men

tal i

mp

act

of s

olid

was

te m

anag

em

ent

� E

lab

ora

tion

of p

roce

dure

s &

reg

ula

tion

for

lega

l ap

plia

nce

� D

efin

e m

eas

ure

s in

acc

ord

ance

with

th

e in

tern

atio

nal

legi

slat

ion

� D

evel

op

ince

ntiv

es

� I

mp

lem

enta

tion

of s

om

e sp

ecifi

c co

urs

es in

th

e ed

uca

tion

syst

em

� E

nfo

rce

men

t o

f th

e la

w f

or

wa

stes

� P

rovi

de

the

bes

t ec

ono

mic

so

un

d m

easu

res

to a

bat

e t

he

envi

ron

men

tal i

mp

act

of t

he

exis

ting

solid

was

te f

acili

tate

� F

acili

tate

exp

erie

nce

exc

han

ge

amo

ng

com

pan

ies

� P

rom

ote

inve

stm

ent

in s

olid

was

te m

anag

em

ent

pro

ject

s

� D

evel

op

fin

anci

al

me

chan

ism

fo

r so

lid w

aste

man

age

men

t

� P

roje

ct “

Cen

ter

of r

eso

urc

es “

for

NG

O (

AB

)�

Dra

ft (p

roje

ct)

of l

aw o

fw

ast

es

� T

rain

ing

of c

om

mu

nity

activ

e m

em

ber

s

� S

ettin

g –

up

offi

ces

for

eco

logi

cal a

dvi

sers

� S

ettin

g –

up

of t

rain

ing

cen

ters

� C

am

pai

gns

for

rais

ing

pu

blic

awar

enes

s

� H

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Annex 7. Workshop Organization

7.1. Agenda of the Workshop

7.2. List of Participants

7.3. Evaluation of the Workshop

Workshop Organization Annex 7.1.Page 1/3

GEF- Danube Pollution Reduction ProgramNational Planning Workshop

AgendaSeptember 30 - October 3, 1998, Constanta

Wednesday

9:30 – 10: 30 Opening speeches

� Opening speech – Viorel Constantin Raicu, Secretary of State,MWFEP – Water Department

� Speeches given by special invitees:

- Marian Parjol, Prefect, Constanta county

- Stelian Dutu, River-side County Councils Association

- Vasile Pitu, Manager “Romanian Waters” RegieAutonome

� Speech given by Joachim Bendow, Programme Manager

Plenary session

10:30 – 10:45 Presentation of TOPP working method Plenary session

10:45 – 11:00 Coffee Break

11:00 - 11:30 Situation analysis in the three ecological regions

� Moldova

� Muntenia

� Transilvania

Plenary session

11:30 – 12:15 Situation analysis in the three ecological regions Working groupssessions

12:15 – 13:00 Presentation of results on ecological regions Plenary session

13:00 – 14:30 Lunch Break

14:30 – 14:45 Situation analysis by sectors Plenary session

14:45 – 16:30 Situation analysis by sectors:

� Actions leading to water pollution

� Strengths/potentialities

� Transboundary effects

� Effects upon environment

� Causes leading to water pollution

� Measures to be undertaken

Working groupssessions


17:00 – 18:30 Situation analysis by sectors Working groupssessions

18:30 – 19:30 Presentation of results Plenary session

20:00 Cocktail & Dinner

Workshop Organization Annex 7.1.Page 2/3

Thursday

9:00 – 10:30 Situation analysis

Presentation of results

Plenary session


11:00 – 13:00 Problem analysis – problem tree Plenary session

Problem analysis (continuation):

� Causes

� Effects



14:30 – 16:00 Problem analysis

Presentation of results

Plenary session


16:30 – 18:30 Objectives analysis – objectives tree Plenary session

Objectives analysis Working groupssessions

Presentation of results Plenary session

20:00 Dinner

Friday

9:00 – 10:30 Sector planning matrix Plenary session

� Sector objectives

� Sector results

� Sector activities



11:00 – 12:30 Planning matrix (continuation) Working groupssessions


14:00 – 15:30 Activities, important elements, projects Plenary session

� Activities

� Important elements

� Projects



16:00 – 18:30 Activities, important elements, projects (continuation)

+ Presentation of results


Plenary session

20:00 Special Dinner

Workshop Organization Annex 7.1.page 3/3

Saturday

9:00 – 10:30 Important assumptions Plenary session



11:00 – 12:30 Impact indicators Plenary session


12:30 – 13:30 Presentation of sector planning matrix Plenary session


Presentation of activities, important elements and projects Plenary session

Presentation of the Programme planning matrix Plenary session

13:30 – 14:30 Workshop assessment; closing ceremony Plenary session

14:30 Lunch


List of Participants

No. Name Organization

1. Viorel C. Raicu ��

Secretar de STAT

International Experts

2. Joachim Bendow Danube Program Coordination Unit

3. Marcella Fabianova Danube Program Coordination Unit

4. Maxim Belot Danube Program Coordination Unit

National Country Coordinator

5. Octavian Ceachir Ministerul Apelor Pãdurilor si Protecþiei Mediului

National Experts

6. Petru Serban ��

7. Mihaela Popovici

8. Carmen Rosu Ministerul Finantelor

9. Melania Manea Ministerul Apelor Pãdurilor si Protecþiei Mediului

10. Liviu Popescu

Translators

11. �� Institutul de Economie Agrara

12 Cristina Sofron Institutul de Cercetari pentru Ingineria Mediului

Facilitators

13 Adriana Mircea ��

14 Cerasela Stancu The Ecologist Youth of Romania

Secretariat

15 Stoicescu Emanoel ��

16 Camelia Dumitrache Regia Autonoma ‘’Apele Romane’’ - Constanta

Participants

17 Florea Gabrian ��

18 Cristina Ion Ministerul Industriei si Comertului

19 Felicia Toader Ministerul Industriei si Comertului

20 Cristian Gheorghe Ministerul Transporturilor

21 Doina Moca Ministerul Agriculturii

22 Dragan Alexandru Ministerul Apelor Padurilor si Protecþiei Mediului

23 Mihai Manolescu Regia Autonoma ‘’Apele Romane’’


24 Elena Teican Regia Autonoma ‘’ Apele Romane’’ - Constanta

25 Acceleanu Nicolae Agenþia de Protecþia Mediului – Tulcea

26 Tampos Katiusa Agenþia de Protecþia Mediului – Constanta

27 Maxim Cristian Rezervaþia ‘’Delta Dunarii’’

28 Lesnic Mihail Institutul de Cercetari Pentru Ingineria Mediului

29 Florea Gheorghita Institutul de Cercetari pentru ingineria Mediului

30 Codreanu Matei Institutul de Studii si Proiectari Pentru IngineriaMediului

31 Ionescu Cornelia AQUAPROIECT

32 Victor Ianuli Universitatea Tehnica de Constructii Bucuresti

33 Gabriela Alexan Gestionnaire Sans Frontiers

34 Viorel Lascu Regional Center for Ecological Survey

35 Irina Popescu Regia Autonoma ‘’ Apele Romane’’ - Constanta

36 Zoltan Hajdu Focus Eco Center

37 David Csaba Focus Eco Center

38 Petruta Moisi Center for Ecological Consultation - Galati

39 Roxana Schiopu The Ecologist Youth of Romania

40 Ioan Hantulescu Albamont


Evaluation of the Workshop

Organization Method Results Proposals• Excellent • Too complicated • They can be

anticipated byan expert

• The time was tooshort, the coursewas tiring

• Excellent • The process should berepeated on otheroccasions as well, so thatthe participants can getfamiliar with it

• Satisfactory, Ihave expectedmuch more

• More explicitpresentation of theway we shouldapproach themethod

• Very good • Good, but the methodAquarius a standardform and it is not wellsized related with thescheduler

• Very good • I expect otheroccasions for usingTOPP method

• Exceptional • Good • Very good • 1. Approach of 4days and a half

• 2. Should beannounced earlier

• 3. Updated officialreports on sectorsshould have been ofmuch use

• Good • Good • Well • Facilitators shouldhave had muchmore indulgence &diplomacy

• Good • Very Good • Good • Good• Good • Excellent • Exactly what I

expected ( good& very good)

• The program is tooloaded (observancethe agenda)

• The period of theworkshop – tooshort – it shouldhave been extendedto 6 days

• Good, but ittook the 2programmemanagers toomuch time toagree oncertainaspects

• Very Good • Averagesufficient

• Some relevantexamples (provided)should have beenhanded over beforethe workshop


• Good • Interesting because as faras I understand it couldbe applied in variousfields of activities

• Highly efficient • No proposals

• Well • Complicated & withminimum efficiency

• Good • Increased incentives• Appraisal of the

Romanian team• Very good • Adequate • Real logical • The time was too

short for theanalysis of generalproblems ofenvironment

• The participantsshould be mainlyfrom EPAS

• Good • Comprehensible in ashort period of time

• Very good • The environmentalexperts should havebeen involved inthis type ofworkshop from thevery beginning ofmethod

• Good • Logical, efficient • Very good • Elimination of thespirit of toughcompetition whenworking is a team

• Satisfactory • Excellent • Satisfactory ina very shorttime

• A longer period ofthe time ofworkshop

• Concrete projectsand section up ofpriorities shouldhave been in thecenter of the interest

• There aremultiplepossibilitiesof

• Very, very good • Satisfactory •

• Good • Very good • Satisfactorytaking inconsiderationthe proposal ofproject

•

• • Good • • • • Good • •

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