Tourism on Romania

Tourism is not a conventional industry. It is defined by the visitorrather than the product produced. Tourism is a major economic and social significant that has been recognized in both developed and developing countries. Tourism is the temporary movement of people todestinations outside their normal places of work and residence. The act of traveling for pleasure is a luxury. Until recently only a restricted few had the time and money to travel. Increasing leisure,higher incomes and greatly enhanced mobility have combined to enablemore people to partake in travel.

The concept of wide-scale travel away from home is a relatively new phenomenon. In the past people enjoyed free time, and any was usually attributed to religious reasons, hence the word holidays (holy days). Early travel often consisted of pilgrimages, and retreats and later health spas, children's camps, theme parks, became very popular. As social and economic development of countriesaccelerated, so did wages and work conditions. Railways in the nineteenth century made transportation put the whole world at reach.What motivates a tourist? The world is vast and ready to be exploredand many people with the means to travel enjoy the relaxation aspectof vacationing but also exploring various geographical locations to benefit from learning a different culture, society and practices. The importance of consumer behaviour within the tourism market is essential in analyzing where people want to go. Central to the theory of motivation is the concept of need. It is necessary to knowwhat people consider a need so that we can discover how these needs can be fulfilled. These can include: physiological needs (ex. hunger, thirst, sleep...), safety needs (ex. freedom from threat of danger), love/social needs (ex. feeling of belonging, affection, friendship...), esteem needs (ex. self-respect, achievement, self confidence, reputation...), and self -actualization needs (ex. self-fulfillment and realizing one's potential). People are motivated to travel and leave behind the personal or interpersonal problems of their environment and to obtain personal or interpersonal rewards. The personal rewards are mainly sense of competence, challenge,

Contemporary issues in Travel &Tourism | Edexcel Travel & Tourism

Management | April 22, 2014

TOURISM IN ROMANIAHERITAGE OF ROMANIA

Romania (România)  is situated in the north of theBalkan Peninsula on the western shores of the Black Sea. It enjoys great natural beauty and diversity and a rich cultural heritage. Romania enchants visitors with its scenic mountain landscapes and unspoiled countryside areas, and alsowith its historic cities and its busy capital. Over the last decade Romania had undergone a significant development and it is one of the recent members of the European Union. Tourists from western countries might still, even today, enjoy some surprising experiences in Romania. This is a large country which can sometimes be shocking with contrasts: some cities are truly Western Europe; some villages can seem to have been brought back from the past. While it has significant cultural similarities with other Balkan states, it is regarded as unique due to its strong Latin heritage. Things for which Romania is famous include: the Carpathian mountains, Constantin Brancusi, wine, medieval fortresses, Mircea Eliade, Dacia cars, Dracula, stuffed cabbage leaves, Nadia Comaneci, the Black Sea, Gheorghe Hagi, sunflower fields, painted monasteries and the Danube Delta.

With a Black Sea coast to the east, it is bordered byBulgaria to the south, Serbia to the southwest, Hungary to the northwest, Moldova to thenortheast and Ukraine in both the north and the east. While its southernregions are usually seen as part of Southeastern Europe (Balkans),Transylvania, its largest region, has a more Central European look.

The country - which joined the European Union in January 2007 - is currently enjoying a higher life standard than in Communist times, with foreign investments on the rise.

HistoryIn ancient times the territory of present day Romania was inhabited mainly by Dacian tribes, who had a remarkable, although not very well known, culture. The Dacian kingdom reached its peak in the 1st century BC, when their king Burebista ruled from his power base in the Carpathian Mountains over a vast territory stretching from Central Europe to the Black Sea. The intriguing network of fortifications and shrines built around the Dacian capital Sarmizegetusa, in today's south-western Transylvania, has been relatively well preserved through the ages and is now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

In 106 AD the Dacians were defeated by the Romans and most of their homeland became part of the Roman Empire. Being very rich in natural resources (especially gold), the region prospered under the Roman administration: cities developed rapidly, important roads were built andpeople from all over the Empire settled here. That's why, despite the

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fact that Roman rule lasted less than 200 years, a population with a distinctive Latin character and language emerged, which were however influenced by the Slavic peoples with whom it later came in contact.

Timișoara

In the Early Middle Ages Hungarians began settling in the area, today known as Transylvania, which would eventually become part of the Kingdomof Hungary. Germans also settled in that area (in several waves), some coming as early as the 12th century. In order to protect themselves fromthe frequent Tartar and Turkish invasions they set about building fortified cities and castles, many of which remained to this day. South and east of the Carpathians the principalities of Wallachia andMoldavia were created in the 14th century. Starting withthe 15th century, both of them (and for a while Transylvania too) fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire.

For a short period in 1600, Michael The Brave (Mihai Viteazul) ruled over all three principalities, thus briefly becoming the de-facto ruler of a unified Romania. The international scene, however, was not ready yet for a unified Romania, and thus his union fell a short while later.

A Romanian national revival movement started in Transylvania in the late1700's and swept across the Carpathians, inspiring the 1859 unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, thus creating modern national Romania. In 1917-1919 Transylvania and Eastern Moldavia (today part of the Republic of Moldova) were united with Romania ("Greater Romania").

"Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a Communist "people's republic" ("R.P.R") in 1947 and the abdication of the king. Between 1947 and 1965, Romania was led by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej with a pro-Soviet stance throughout most of his administration. In 1965, he was succeeded by Nicolae Ceauşescu who was less enthusiastic towards the Soviet Union and maintained a more neutral foreign policy than his predecessor alongside a harsh internal terror regime. During

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the 1980s, his notoriousSecuritate secret police became a strong force. The leader was overthrown and executed in late 1989."(CIA World Factbook). Former Communists, regrouped around the Front of National Salvation and the Romanian Party for Social Democracy dominated the government until the 1996 elections, when they were swept from power by a fractious coalition of centrist parties, after failed reforms were replaced by the Social Democratic Party. Both groups attempted to amend ties with Hungary, which were deeply fractured back in the 1980s, when Ceausescu either encouraged the large Hungarian community to leave the country or exiled them outright (5.000 Hungarians left Romania anually).The 2004 elections brought to power an alliance formed by the National Liberal and Democratic parties. They currently govern the country with the support of most minority parties in Romania. In 2008 Romania held its legislative elections with the right wing party of the PDL (Democratic Liberal Party) winning the national elections by a small margin against the PSD (Social Democratic Party). The current Prime Minister is Victor Ponta while the Deputy Prime Minister is Dan Nica of the Social Democratic Party.

As of the year 2009 the Romanian Government has decided to implement a massive infrastructure investment programme which will benefit the wholecountry. The Romanian Government hopes to successfully implement the massive infrastructure program by the end of their mandate in 2012.

When the economic, social and political development is concerned Romaniais doing well in comparison to other countries in the Western Balkans region and other surrounding countries in Eastern Europe such as Ukraineand Moldova. However when compared to Western Europe, Romania still has some ways to go to reach that level of development that is enjoyed by the Western Europeans. However Romania's membership in the European Union will help in closing the gap in the years to come.

Regions

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The regions of Romania

Transylvania It is the most famous region of Romania, a land of medieval castles andtowns, dark forests, snowy peaks (especially those inTransylvanian Alps). At the same time a region experiencing rapid economical development, with modern youthful cities, huge shopping centers, massive infrastructure projects etc.Banat This western-most province is probably the most economically developed in Romania. It has beautiful baroque cities and traditional German villages in the western plains and huge mountain forests in the easternparts.Oltenia The south-western region, with impressive monasteries, caves and healthresorts along the mountains in its northern part and a bizarre desert-like area in the south.Southern Bukovina This north-eastern region is famous for its Painted Monasteries, tuckedaway between picturesque rolling hills.Maramureş The northern-most region, it's best known for its timeless villages, traditional wooden churches and beautiful mountain landscape.Crişana Located along the border with Hungary, this western region is the entrypoint for most travelers into Romania, who often neglect its Central-

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European style cities, numerous medieval sites and resorts on the western side of the Apuseni mountains.Dobrogea A seaside province dotted by ruins of ancient Greek and Roman cities, with various summer resorts along the Black Sea Coast and the unspoilednatural landscape of the Danube Delta and the Black Sea lagoons (all ofwhich are Biosphere Reserves and UNESCO World Heritage Sites) in the region's north. Also very ethnically diverse region with many small minority groups.Moldavia Certainly one of the most extraordinary regions in Romania, it offers apleasant blend of historical cities, medieval fortresses, churches, wine and friendly locals.Muntenia Also known as Wallachia. The capital, Bucharest, is in this southern region, as well as the early residences of the Wallachian princes and the mountain resorts on the Prahova Valley. It is also the name of the old kingdom of leaders such as the notorious Vlad Ţepeş (The Impaler).Cities

Bucharest — the capital of Romania, in which megalomanic monuments, including "House of the People" (now the Palace of Parliament), built during Ceauşescu's regime, overlook medieval and later neo-classical neighbourhoods.

Brașov — located in south-eastern Transylvania, its main attractionsare the well kept medieval downtown, the nearby luxury resort of Poiana Braşov and the proximity to Rasnov and the Bran ("Dracula's") Castle.

Cluj-Napoca — the largest town in Transylvania, is a major economic center and a youthful city, housing one of the largest universities in Europe.

Constanţa — Romania's main Black Sea port and one of the major commercial hubs in the region. The northernmost Litoral district, Mamaia, is thought to be one of the best Black Sea resorts.

Iaşi — in Moldavia, the second largest Romanian city, once the historic capital of the Moldavian principality until 1861, and for some time capital of Romania. Today it is one of the major economic and cultural centres in the country.

Sibiu — one of the most beautiful cities in Transylvania, it has thebest preserved historical sites in the country, many museums and exhibitions, proximity to the stunning Făgăraş mountains, for which reasons it became the 2007 European Capital of Culture.

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Sighişoara — the city's downtown area, the Sighisoara Citadel, is the last inhabited medieval citadel in Europe and one of the best historical monuments preserved nowdays.

Suceava — the main city in Bukovina and the medieval capital of the Moldavian principality; it can be the starting point for visiting the famous painted Monasteries in the region.

Timişoara — the largest town in the Banat region, it is one of the most prosperous and modernized cities in Romania; it was there that the 1989 Romanian anti-communist revolution began.

Other destinations

Sinaia, Predeal, Poiana Brasov, Baile Herculane, Vatra Dornei, and all ski resorts;

Transylvanian Alps; Carpathian Mountains ; Painted Monasteries; Saxon villages with fortified churches in Transylvania; Danube Delta; Alba Iulia - travel back in time along two millenniums on The Route

of the Three Fortifications, explore the 1000 year old Roman-Catholic Cathedral;

The Black Sea resorts.

Get aroundGetting around Romania is relatively hard and inefficient for the great distances that have to be covered in this country (this is after all, the second-largest country in Central Europe, after Poland). The transport infrastructure has been improving quite significantly recently, even though roads remain a weak point. There are several highways under construction, but as of yet none are fully operational. Train travel, however, has improved dramatically. Several upgrade projects are under way for several railway tracks and that makes rail traffic on those lines a bit slow for the time being.

BY TRAIN,CAR,AEROPLAIN,BOAT.

Romania has a very dense rail network that reaches practically every town and a sizable number of villages. Although some modernization is taking place this network isn't in a very good condition , with low speeds and limited train frequency on many routes. Nonetheless trains remain the best option for long distance travel.

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Romanian food is distinct yet familiar to most people, being a mixture of Oriental, Austrian and French flavours, but it has some unique elements. The local dishes are the delicious sarmale, mamaliga(polenta), bulz (traditional roasted polenta,filled with at least two kinds of cheeses, bacon and sour cream), friptura (steak), salata boef (finely chopped cooked veggies andmeat salad, usually topped with mayo and decorated with tomatoes and parsley), zacusca (a yummy, rich salsa-like dip produced in the fall) aswell as tocana (a kind of stew), tochitura (an assortment of fried meats, and traditional sausages, in a special sauce, served with polentaand fried eggs), mici (a kind of spicy sausage, but only the meat, without the casings, always cooked on a barbecue). Other dishes include a burger bun with a slice of ham, a slice of cheese and a layer of French fries, ciorba de burta (white sour tripe soup), ciorba taraneasca(a red sour soup, akin to bors without the beet root and usinginstead fermented wheat bran, with lots of vegetables), Dobrogean or Bulgarian salads (a mix of onions, lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, white sauce and ham), onion salad - diced onion served in a dish, tomato salad- diced tomato with cheese, pig skin - boiled and sometimes in stew, and drob (haggies) - a casserole made from lamb or pork liver and kidneys. Local eclectic dishes include cow tongue, sheep brain (Easter),caviar, chicken and pork liver, pickled green tomatoes and pickled watermelon.

Traditional desserts include pasca (a chocolate or cheese pie produced only after Easter), saratele (salty sticks), pandispan (literally means spanish bread; a cake filled with sour cherries), and cozonac (a specialcake bread baked for Christmas or Easter). Bread (without butter) comes with almost every meal and dill is quite common as a flavoring. Garlic is omnipresent, both raw, and in special sauces (mujdei is the traditional sauce, made of garlic, olive oil and spices), as are onions.

Generally, there is good street food, including covrigi (hot pretzels), langoşi (hot dough filled with cheese), gogoşi (donut-like dough, coated with fine sugar), mici (spicy meat patties in the shape ofsausages), and excellent pastries (many with names such as merdenele, dobrogene, poale-n brau,ardelenesti), thin pancakes filledwith anything from chocolate and jam to bananas and ice cream. Very popular are kebab and shawarma (şaorma), served in many small shops.

Most restaurants in Romania, especially in more regional areas, only serve Romanian food, even though it is similar to Western European food.Especially in Bucharest, there is a wide variety of international food, especially mediterranean, Chinese or French. There are also fairly plentiful international fast food chains. The interesting truth about

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these is that they are just nominally cheaper than restaurants, with thequality of the food being of an international standard but quite much lower than that served in restaurants. Therefore, go for the restaurantswhen you can - they provide a much more authentic and quality experienceat prices that aren't too much higher.

Vegetarian and vegan travelers can easily find a tasty dish suitable forthem if they ask for mancare de post (food suitable for religious fasting). Because Romanians are in their large majority Eastern OrthodoxChristians, fasting involves removing of all the animal products from their meals (meat, dairy products or eggs). Even though Lent seasons only cover a small part of the year, you can find fasting food throughout the year. However, note that most of the Romanians are unaccustomed with vegetarianism or veganism; still, you can find fastingfood "mancare de post" all year round since most of the Romanians fast also outside Lent, on Wednesdays and Fridays, as part of their orthodox faith.

EducationThe oldest Romanian university is the University of Iasi, founded in 1860 (the medieval schools in Bucharest and Iasi are not considered universities). Bucharest, Iasi and Cluj are considered to be the largestand most prestigious university centres, with newer centres of educationlike Timisoara, Craiova and Galati emerging as cities with an increasingly larger student population. If coming with a mobility grant (Erasmus/Socrates or similar), it is very important to go to the International Office of the Romanian University as soon as possible, as Romanian paperwork tends to be quite impressive and may take some time to be processed. Also, if planning to study in Romania, it is highly recommended to find your own accommodation - most universities do not provide any accommodation, and if they do provide accommodation, the conditions offered are downright terrible (3-4 persons sharing a room, with a corridor of 50 or more sharing the showers and toilets is not unheard of - this happens since university-offered accommodation is typically next to free (15-20 € per month) for Romanians, and you usually get what you pay for).

The education system is mediocre at best since 1990 (Romania did not do good in either of the PISA evaluations, being in the bottom third of European countries), however reform attempts have been done in the past decade. Attendance is compulsory for 10 years. Universities have startedto reduce the number of subsidies so students will, increasingly, have to pay the tuition (tuition is however very low - 500 € per year is the norm). With some exceptions teaching methods in universities are

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antiquated, with formalism, dictation and memorization as the main toolsemployed - leading to low quality of many establishments (no Romanian university made it in the Shanghai Index). However, there were very serious reform attempts, with some universities (notably the University of Bucharest, University of Iasi, the Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj and the University of Timişoara) imposing better teaching standards and interactivity between students and teachers - however much progress is to be done even there. For most subjects, programs are available in Romanian and Hungarian, depending on the university. Some programs are available in English, French and German. Elementary and middle schools are supported by local authorities budget. As with most nations, teachers complain about small salaries. Literacy is nearly universal. According to an EU commission study, about 30% of Romanians speak English (50% in urban environments) and 25% French (40% in urban environments). German is also spoken by about 3-5% of the population (1%having it as their mother tongue).

Romanians are quite hospitable. In the countryside and small towns, theywelcome foreign tourists and, occasionally, they might even invite you for a lunch. As is common with Romania's Balkan neighbours, Romanians will insist when offering something, as "no" sometimes does not mean "no," and they just consider it polite for you to refuse and polite for them to insist.

You should take some normal precautions to study your host first. It is common for friends and family to kiss both cheeks upon greeting or parting. Respect towards elderly is highly appreciated and is a good representation of your character. The phrases used to greet friends and strangers alike is "Bună ziua" (Boo-nah Zee-wah) which means "Good afternoon" or "Good day."

At beaches, men wear either speedos or shorts, with the former more common amongst the over 40s, and the latter more popular with the younger crowd. Females tend to wear thong bikinis, topless sunbathing isbecoming more and more popular.

Conservative dress must be worn at religious sites. Shorts are forbiddenand women must often cover their heads inside the monasteries and churches.

Refrain from observations, whether by ignorance or indifference, that Romanian is a Slavic language or even related to Hungarian, Turkish or Albanian. They will find it quite offensive; in fact, as it was already mentioned, Romanians do not pronounce vowels and consonants the same way as any of their neighbours.

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Romanians also appreciate foreigners who do not assume that Romania was part of either the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union (false although itwas a member of the Eastern Bloc).

Also, while the principalities of Wallachia and Moldova did indeed pay tributary sums to the Turks for several centuries, they were never part of the Ottoman Empire, unlike all of their neighbours. Knowing even these basic facts about Romanian history will go a long way should any conversation on the subject arise.

Avoid discussing the ethnic animosities between the Romanians and ethnicHungarians. Hungarians dominate in some areas, such as some areas in Transylvania (Szekely's land, although Romanians form a vast majority inTransylvania as a whole), and in recent years occasionally inter-ethnic violence has broken out.

Other minority-rich regions include Dobrogea, where Tatars, Turks, Ukrainians still live today, and also in the west of the country there are small numbers of Serbs, Slovaks, and Germans.

Another very offensive misconception is making no difference between theRomanian population and the Romany people/gypsies (tigani). Romanians are a different ethnic group from them. Confusing these two can offend alot of people because there is still a lot of prejudice towards the Romany people.

Romanians dislike Romania to be labelled as a Balkan country because of the negative image of the region.

HERITAGE OF ROMANIA

It is not entirely geographically correct either as most of Romania (if restricted to Dobrogea, Moldavia, Muntenia and Oltenia, or the vast majority of Romania) lies outside the Balkans.

Dacian Gold Bracelet at the National Museum of Romanian History 2011 - 6

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The culture of Romania is a unique culture, which is the product of its geography and its distinct historical evolution. Romanians, (Proto-Romanians, including Aromanians,Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians) are the descendants of the ancient people indigenous to the Balkans, but have been Romanized. TheDacian people, one of the major indigenous peoples of the Balkans are the predecessors of the Proto-Romanians. It is believed that a mixture of Dacians, Illyrians, Greeks and/orThracians, are the predecessors of the Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Aromanians (Vlachs), Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians. Romanian culture shares some similarities as well with other ancient cultures even outside of theBalkans, such as that of the Armenians.[1]

During late Antiquity and Middle Ages, the major influences came from the Slavic peoples who migrated and settled south of the Danube; from medieval Greeks, and the Byzantine Empire; from a long domination by the Ottoman Empire; from the Hungarians; and from several other neighboring peoples. Modern Romanian culture emerged and developed with many other influences as well, partially that of Central and Western Europe.

Romania's history has been full of rebounds: the culturally productive epochs were those of stability, when the people proved quite an impressive resourcefulness in making up for less propitiousperiods and were able to rejoin the mainstream of European culture. This stands true for the years after thePhanariote-Ottoman period, at the beginning of the 19th century, when Romanians had a favourable historical context and Romania started to become westernized, mainly with French influences, which they pursued steadily and at a very fast pace. From the end of the 18th century, the sons of the upper classes started having their education in Paris, and French became (and was until the communist years) a genuine second language of culture for Romanians. The modeling role of France especially in the fields of political ideas, administration and law, as well as in literature was paralleled, from the mid-19th century down to World War I, by German culture as well, which also triggered constant relationships with the German world not only at a cultural level but in daily life as well. With the arrival of Soviet Communism in the area, Romania quickly adopted

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many Slavic influences, and Russian was also a widely taught in the country during Romania's "socialist" years.

The revolutionary year 1848 had its echoes in the Romanian principalities and in Transylvania, and a new elite from the middle of the 19th century emerged from the revolutions: Mihail Kogălniceanu (writer, politician and the first prime minister of Romania), Vasile Alecsandri (politician, playwright and poet), Andrei Mureşanu (publicist and the writer of the currentRomanian National Anthem) and Nicolae Bălcescu (historian, writer and revolutionary).

Mihai Eminescu

The union between Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859 brought a growing consolidation of Romanian life and culture. Universities were openedin Iaşi and in Bucharest and the number of new cultural establishments grew significantly. The new prince from 1866 and then King of Romania, Carol I was a devoted king, and he and his wife Elisabeth were among the main patrons of arts. Of great impact in Romanian literature was the literary circle Junimea, founded by agroup of people around the literary critic Titu Maiorescu in 1863. It published its cultural journal Convorbiri Literare where, among others, Mihai Eminescu, Romania's greatest poet, Ion Creangă, a storyteller of genius, and Ion Luca Caragiale, novelist and the

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Romania's greatest playwright published most of their works. During the same period, Nicolae Grigorescu and Ştefan Luchian founded modern Romanian painting; composer Ciprian Porumbescu was also from this time.

In Transylvania, the emancipation movement became better organised and in 1861 an important cultural organisation ASTRA (The Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People) was founded in Sibiu under the close supervision of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Andrei Şaguna. It helped publish a great number of Romanian language books and newspapers, and between 1898 and 1904 it published a Romanian Encyclopedia. Among the greatest personalities from this period are: the novelist and publicistIoan Slavici, the prose writer Panait Istrati, the poet and writer Barbu Ştefănescu Delavrancea, the poet and publicist George Coşbuc, the poet Ştefan Octavian Iosif, the historian and founder of Romanian press in Transylvania George Bariţiu andBadea Cârţan, a simple peasant shepherd from Southern Transylvania who, through his actionsbecame a symbol of the emancipation movement.

Folklore

 Folklore in Romania

The most striking thing about Romanian culture is the strong folk traditions which have survived to this day due to the rural character of the Romanian communities, which has resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Romania's richfolk traditions have been nourished by many sources, some of which

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predate theRoman occupation. Traditional folk arts include wood carving, ceramics, weaving and embroidery of costumes, household decorations, dance, and richly varied folk music. Ethnographers havetried to collect in the last two centuries as many elements as possible: the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Romanian Academy are currently the main institutions which systematically organise the data and continue the research.

Wood used to be the main construction material, and heavily ornamented wooden objects were common in old houses. In Maramureş, wood was used to create impressive structures such as churches or gates, in Dobruja, windmills were made of wood, and in mountainous regions hardwood was used even for covering the roof. To preserve traditional houses many village museums have been created in the last century throughout Romania, such as theVillage Museum in Bucharest, the Traditional Popular Civilization ASTRA Museum in Sibiu, or the Oltenian Village Museum inRâmnicu Vâlcea.

Architecture and engineering

Palatul Parlamentului 1b

Mogosoaia Palace, view from the garden

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In the technical domain one can note the spectacular achievements inthe field of aviation made by Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu,Aurel Persu,and Henri Coandă and also the works of George Constantinescu in the fields of engineering and sonics. Also many achievements have been made in the architectural and engineering domain, thusBucharest became known as the small Paris. The longest bridge in Europe was constructed by Anghel Saligny linking Dobruja with therest of Romania, the Peleş Castle became one of the most beautiful and modern castles in Europe, etc.

See also: Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, King Carol I Bridge, Peleş Castle and Palace of the Parliament

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