T. l l , N r 4 - 5

C H E M I A I I N Z Y N I E R I A E K O L O G I C Z N A

2004

Jacek ANTONKIEWICZ* and Czeslawa JASIEWICZ*

M I N E R A L COMPOSITION O F PLANTS C U L T I V A T E D IN S O I L CONTAMINATED W I T H Cd, Pb, Ni,

Cu AND Zn. PART I I . M A I Z E {Zea mays L . )

S K L A D M I N E R A L N Y R O S L I N U P R A W I A N Y C H NA G L E B I E Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z O N E J Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu I Zn.

C Z ^ S C I I . K U K U R Y D Z A {Zea mays L . )

Summary: A significant effect of soil pollution levels on yielding of maize was determined. Mean contents of examined elements in maize ranged as follows: 0.08-1.57 mg Cr, 15.10-752.75 mg Fe, 61.75-347.75 mg Mn • kg"' d.m. The macroelement content in maize ranged between 2.91-5.75 g Mg, 1.47-5.09 g Ca, 0.27-1.53 g Na, 1.27-5.63 g K, 1.24-3.51 g P • kg"' d.m. Pasture fodder meeting cattle requirements should contain at least 0.3% P, 1.7% K, 0.7% Ca, 0.2% Mg and 0.15% Na. Considering animal nutritional require­ments for the above mentioned elements it was found that only Mg content in the tested maize was fully suffi­cient. However, the analysed plant abundance in the other elements did not meet nutritional requirements.

Key words: maize, heavy metals, mineral composition

Plants growing in the areas contaminated with heavy metals differ in their resistance to the metals in substratum. Some plant tolerance to high concentrations of soil heavy metals is quite common and such plants, growing in industrialised areas, may not reveal any toxicity symptoms even at big amounts of heavy metals [1, 2]. A considerable por­tion of toxic effects to the plants after their exposure to heavy metals seems to be the re­sult of disturbances in the uptake, transport and assimilation of macro- and microele­ments [3]. Progressing contamination of the natural environment with heavy metals make necessary conducting research on the element uptake by plants and on their influ­ence on the amount and quality of yield [4]. The studies aimed to determine the effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on chemical composition of maize.

* Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Al. A.. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kra­kow, tel. 0/../12/662 43 50, e-mail: rrantonk@cyf-kr.edu.pl

274 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

Materials and methods

Research on maize, KLG-220 c.v. were conducted as pot experiment in vegetation hall in 2000. The soil used for the experiment was clayey silt collected from the top ar­able layer. The experimental soil contained 12% of sand, 52% of silt and 36% of clay. The soil reaction measured in 1 mol • dm"̂ K C l was 5.5, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) determined by Kappen's method was 120 mmol (+) and hydrolytic acidity was 23 mmol (+) • kg~^ of soil. The soil heavy metal contents extracted in 1 mol HCl were as follows: 0.5 mg Cd, 13.3 mg Pb, 2.74 mg Ni, 3.81 mg Cu, 34.77 mg Zn, 186 mg Mn, 0.91 mg Cr and 1223 mg Fe • kg"' soil d.m. According to the hmit numbers stated by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Pulawy, PL [5] the soil used for the experiment had natural content of heavy metals (Degree 0). The experimental design comprised 7 treatments (each in four replications): control (with no heavy metal addi­tion) and 6 treatments with increasing doses of heavy metals. The highest levels of heavy metals were as follows: 18 mg Cd, 270 mg Pb, 160 mg Ni, 180 mg Cu and 900 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. (Tab. 1). Heavy metals were applied as water solutions of the follow­ing salts: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, CUSO4 • 5H2O, NiS04 • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 and ZnS04 • 7H2O (pure p.a.). In soil samples collected after maize harvesting soil reaction was detennined by potentiometrically. Maize vegetation period lasted 90 days. After their harvesting the plants were dried off with a hot air dryer at 105°C and then the amount of yield was de­termined. Samples of the tested plant were dry mineralized in a muffle fiimace at 450°C [6]. Concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mn and P were assayed by ICP with method (spectropho­tometry - A E S ) and Mg, Na, K , Ca and Mg by AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) method.

Table 1

Doses of heavy metals and soil pH after experiment

Object Obiekt

Doses of metals [mg • kg ' d.m. soil] Dawki metali [mg • kg"' s.m. gleby]

Yield [g • pot"'] Plon [g • wazon"']

pH [1 mol • dm"̂ KCl]

I Kontrola - Control 146.25 5.57 II Cd l ,Pb 15 ,Ni5 ,Cu lO.ZnSO 140.78 5.46

III Cd 2, Pb 30, Ni 10, Cu 20, Zn 100 129.59 5.06 IV Cd 4, Pb 60, Ni 20, Cu 40, Zn 200 126.55 5.06 V Cd 8, Pb 120, Ni 40, Cu 80, Zn 400 110.40 5.04 V I Cd 12, Pb 180, Ni 80, Cu 120, Zn 600 100.82 4.94 VII Cd 18, Pb 270, Ni 160, Cu 180, Zn 900 33.00 4.43

NRI-LSD 5.91 0.09

Results and discussion

An average yield of maize dry matter, depending on the level of soil contamination with heavy metals ranged between 146.25 and 33.0 g • pot"' (Tab. 1). As soil contami­nation with heavy metals increased a systematic decrease in maize yielding was ob­served. A significant decline in maize yield was noticed from the second level of soil

Mineral Composition of Plants... Part II 275

pollution with heavy metals. A decline in maize yields depending on treatment ranged between 11 and 77% in relation to the control. Maize proved fairly resistant to high con­centrations of the heavy metals in substratum. The obtained results may be compared with crops cultivated under conditions of elevated zinc concentrations in soil [7]. From among the crops used for that experiment sunflower and pea were the most sensitive, oats was less affected, while maize proved the most resistant to excessive zinc amounts.

Element contents in maize

Table 2

Object (Obiekt)

Stems (Lodygi)

Leaves (Liscie)

Roots (Korzenie)

Stems (Lodygi)

Leaves (Liscie)

Roots (Korzenie)

Cr [mg • kg ' d.m.] Fe [mg • kg ' d.m.]

I n m IV V V I V I I

0.150 0.110 0.080 0.085 0.078 0.088 0.098

•0.198 0.170 0.183 0.175 0.198 0.208 0.198

1.570 1.198 1.205 1.328 0.970 0.938 0.803

17.90 17.43 18.33 16.73 16.33 15.70 15.10

76.83 64.58 65.25 67.85 70.65 71.55 68.43

752.75 654.50 684.50 608.50 545.50 565.28 526.25

Mn [mg • kg ' d.m.] Mg [g • kg ' d.m.]

I n m IV V VI VII

61.75 74.18 82.28

119.25 120.25 126.25 228.25

116.33 167.75 173.25 201.00 213.00 255.65 347.75

55.25 76.13 79.73 82.40 91.75 94.43

137.50

2.91 3.19 3.31 3.36 3.31 3.29 3.32

4.40 4.41 4.48 3.94 3.39 2.96 3.29

3.30 3.97 4.83 4.81 5.75 5.65 5.67

Ca [g • kg-' d.m.] Na [g • kg-' d.m.]

I II m IV V VI V I I

1.47 1.90 2.01 2.67 2.93 3.76 5.09

2.30 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.36 2.47 3.33

2.55 2.52 3.19 3.02 3.21 3.12 3.11

0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.33

0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30

0.64 0.70 0.66 0.72 1.06 1.38 1.53

K [g • kg-' d.m. P [g • kg-' d.m.]

I n m IV V V I VII

1.27 1.69 2.50 2.77 2.48 2.67 3.47

3.53 3.25 3.14 4.44 4.52 4.70 4.53

2.61 2.02 1.97 2.19 2.22 2.27 5.63

1.29 1.28 1.25 1.29 1.24 1.49 2.34

2.55 2.48 2.69 2.48 2.60 2.64 3.51

1.47 1.36 1.54 1.42 1.49 1.65 2.39

Cr, Fe and Mn concentrations in the analysed maize parts were presented in Table 2, They ranged between 0.08-1.57 mg Cr, 15.10-752.75 mg Fe and 61.75-347.75 mg

276 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

16 -r

14 -

12 -

10 -

8 -

6 -

4 -

2 -

0

F e : M n

I II III iV V VI VII Objects Objects

II III IV V VI VII Objects

I II III IV V Objects

III IV V VI VII Objects

IV V Objects

Objects

Fig. 1. Ratio value among the elements in maize

Mineral Composition of Plants... Part II 277

Mn • kg" d.m. As the soil contamination with heavy metals grew chromium and iron concentrations in maize roots decreased gradually, whereas they remained on similar levels in leaves and stems. A systematic increase in manganese content was observed with growing soil contamination with the heavy metals. The highest raise in manganese content, over 3.7-fold in comparison with the control, was registered on treatment V I I in maize stems, slightly lower in leaves and the lowest in roots. Macroelement contents in maize depended on the plant indicator part and the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and ranged as follows: 2.91-5.75 g Mg, 1.47-5.09 g Ca, 0.27-1.53 g Na, 1.27-5.63 g K and 1.24-3.51 g P • kg"' d.m. (Tab. 2). At high levels of soil contamina­tion with heavy metals roots revealed the highest contents of Mg and Na, the most of P and K were found in leaves and Ca in maize stems. Among the studied macroelements calcium was characterised by the highest increase in the plant indicator parts and potas­sium, sodium, phosphorus and magnesium placed next. Crops grown for fodder should be characterised by optimal component contents in their dry matter [8]. From among the investigated macroelements only magnesium content matched the optimal values.

A high level of soil contamination with heavy metals negatively affected the propor­tions of the researched elements (Fig. 1). The obtained results demonstrate that soil pol­lution with heavy metals negatively affected formation of ionic and weight ratios of in­dividual elements in studied maize. Equivalent rations of K : Ca, K : Mg, K : (Ca + Mg) in maize were narrowed below the optimal value. Soil pollution with heavy metals also influenced a decrease in Ca : Mg and Ca : P rations below optimum. Considerably ex­ceeded values of Fe : Mn over the optimal value were registered in maize roots.

Conclusions

1. A significant effect of levels of soil contamination with heavy metals on the maize yield was determined.

2. Mean element concentrations in maize ranged between 0.08 and 1.57 mg Cr, 15.10-752.75 mg Fe and 61.75-347.75 Mn • kg"'d.m.

3. Considering animal nutritional needs for macroelements it was found that only Mg amounts in the studied maize parts was fully adequate. On the other hand maize abundance in the other elements was insufficient for nutritional needs.

4. Diversified levels of soil pollution with heavy metals negatively influenced propor­tions of the studied elements.

References

[1] Baszynski T.: Wrazliwosc aparatu fotosyntetycznego na dzialanie metali ci?zkich w roznych fazach wzrostu roslin. PAN, Zaki. Fizjol. Roslin, "Ekofizjologiczne aspekty reakcji roslin na dzialanie abiotycz-nych czynnikow stresowych", Krakow 1996, pp. 19-35.

[2] Siedlecka A.: Some aspects of interactions between heavy metals and plant mineral nutrients. Acta So-ciet. Bot. Pol., 1995, 64(3), 265-272.

[3] Ruszkowska M. and Wojcieska-Wyskupajtys U.: Mikroelementy - fizjologiczne i ekologiczne aspekty ich niedoborow i nadmiarow, Zesz. Probl. PNR, 1996, 434, 1-11.

[4] Czuba R. and Mazur T.: Wplyw nawozenia na jakosc plonow, Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa 1988, pp. 291-292.

278 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

[5] Kabata-Pendias A., Piotrowska M., Motowicka-Terelak T., Maliszewska-Kordybach T., Filipiak K., Krakowiak A. and Pietruch Cz.: Podstawy oceny chemicznego zanieczyszczenia gleb - metale ci?zkie, siarka i WWA. Paristwowa Inspekcja Ochrony Srodowiska. Bibliot. Monit. Srod., Warszawa 1995, 41 pp.

[6] Ostrowska A., Gawlinski S. and Szczubialka Z.: Metody analizy i oceny wlasciwosci gleb i roslin. Kata-log. Wyd. lOS, Warszawa 1991, 334 pp.

[7] Lyszcz S. and Ruszkowska M.: Zroznicowana reakcja kilku gatiinkow roslin na nadniar cynkii, Roczn. Glebozn., 1991, 42(3/4), 215-221.

[8] Falkowski M., Kukulka I . and Kozlowski S.: Wlasciwosci chemiczne roslin l^kowych. Wyd. AR Poznah 2000, 132 pp.

M I N E R A L C O M P O S I T I O N O F PLANTS C U L T I V A T E D IN S O L C O N T A M I N A T E D W I T H CD, PB, NI, C U AND ZN. P A R T I I . M A I Z E {Zea mays L . )

. S t r e s z c z e n i e

Badania przeprowadzono w warunkach doswiadczenia wazonowego. Schemat doswiadczenia obejmowal 7 obiektow (kazdy w czterech powtorzeniach): obiekt kontrolny (bez dodatku metali ci?zkich) i 6 obiektow zawieraj^cych wzrastaj^ce dawki metali ci?zkich. Najwyzszy poziom zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci?z-kimi wynosil: Cd - 18 mg • kg"'; Pb - 270 mg • kg"'; Ni - 160 mg • kg"'; Cu - 180 mg • kg"'; Zn - 900 mg • kg"' s.m. gleby. Zawartosc Cr, Fe, Mn i P w kukurydzy oznaczono za pomoc^ spektrometru sekwencyj-nego z plazm£i wzbudzon^^ indukcyjnie (ISP-AES), natomiast Mg, Ca, Na i K za pomoc^ spektrofotometru ab-sorpcji atomowej (ASA) firmy Philips model PU 9100X.

Stwierdzono istotny wplyw poziomow zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci^zkimi na plonowanie kukury­dzy. Srednie zawartosc pierwiastkow w kukurydzy wahala siq od 0,08 do 1,57 mg Cr, od 15,10 do 752,75 mg Fe, od 61,75 do 347,75 mg Mn • kg"' s.m. Zawartosc Mg w zaleznosci od obiektu i cz^sci wskaznikowej ku­kurydzy miescila si? w zakresie: 2,91-5,75 g Mg, 1,47-5,09 g Ca, 0,27-1,53 g Na, 1,27-5,63 g K, 1,24-3,51 g P • kg"' s.m. Pasza pastwiskowa odpowiadaj^ca potrzebom bydla powinna zawierac przynajmniej 0,3% P, 1,7% K, 0,7% Ca, 0,2% Mg, 0,15% Na. Uwzgl̂ dniaJE^c potrzeby zywieniowe zwierz^t na wyzej wymienione pierwiastki stwierdzono, ze jedynie zawartosc Mg w badanych cz^sciach kukurydzy byla w pelni wystar-czaj^ca. Natomiast zasobnosc ocenianej kukurydzy w pozostale pierwiastki byla niekorzystna dla potrzeb zy-wieniowych.

Slowa kluczowe: kukurydza, metale ci?zkie, sklad mineralny