1

Indus Script Corpora signify kolhe smelter kolle

blacksmith Hieroglyphs xolā tail of antelope and kulā

hood of snake as tail

Some hieroglyph components are hooded snake or short-tail generally on antelopes

meḍho-kolhe iron smelter

meḍho-kolhe iron smelter PLUS krammara look back Rebus kamar artisan

meḍho-kolhe iron smelter PLUS aya fish Rebus aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal

(Rigveda)

This hieroglyph appears on Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal kulā hood of snake

Rebus kolle blacksmith

2

One Proto-Prakritam word signifies both tail and hood of serpent The word is xolā tail of

antelope and kulā hooded snake as tail A similar sounding word signifies a blacksmith or

smelter kolle blacksmith kolhe smelter These can be cited as signature tunes of the writing

system to convey the semantics of a metalworker -- a smith or a smelter

The hieroglyph component in hieroglyph-multiplex pictorial motifs also gets normalised as a

sign on texts of inscriptions See Sign 169 (Mahadevan Concordance)

Variants of Sign 169 (Mahadevan concordance) Comparable

hieroglyph components constitute the tail of antelopes on Indus Script Corpora This is an

example of a sign becoming a component of a pictorial motif thus creating a hieroglyph-

multiplex (hypertext)

Hieroglyph hood of a snake kulā ʻhood of a snake (Assamese)kulya n ʻ receptacle for burnt

bones of a corpse ʼ MBh ʻ winnowing basket ʼ lex [Prob larr Drav see kulāˊya -- ]Pa kulla --

m ʻ raft of basket work winnowing basket ʼ degaka -- m ʻ crate ʼ Pk kullaḍa -- n ʻ packet ʼ

A kulā ʻ winnowing fan B kul deglā ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ Or kulā ʻ winnowing fan

ʼ deglāi ʻ small do ʼ Si kulla st kulu -- ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ(CDIAL 3350)

m0492Ct 2835 Pict-99 Person throwing a spear at a bison and placing

one foot on the head of the bison a hooded serpent at left

Mohenjodaro seal (m0302)

The composite animal glyph is one example to show that rebus method has to be applied to every

glyphic element in the writing system

3

This image is also interpreted in corpora (eg Mahadevans Corpus of Indus script) as body of a

ram horns of a bison trunk of elephant hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail

m1177 Mohenjo-daro seal

m1186 m301 m302 m300

Mohenjodaro seals shows a composite animal hieroglyph-muliplex hypertext composition

4

Ligatured faces some close-up images

he animal is a uadruped pasaramu pasalamu an animal a beast a brute uadruped

( e) ebus pasra smithy (Santali) Allograph pan ā r ladder stairs (Bshk)(CDIAL 7760) hus

the composite animal connotes a smithy Details of the smithy are described orthographically by

the glyphic elements of the composition

ebus reading of the face glyph m he face (Santali) m h opening or hole (in a stove for

stoking (Bi) ingot (Santali)m h metal ingot (Santali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at

one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like

a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end mūhā mẽṛhẽt iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā

akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santalilex) kaula mengro blacksmith

(Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt) milakkhu copper (Pali) he Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha

should literally mean copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss m h as a suffix

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade

caravans his is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme auṣṭrika belonging to a camel

The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata a Coming from a camel (as milk) Mb8 4428 -

An oil-miller -

Mb84525 From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid

disciplined life Baudhāyana thus defines the word mlēcchḥ --

5

A person who eatrs meat deviates from

traditional practices

The face glyph is thus read rebus mleccha mũh copper ingot

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-

vikalpa lit an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words

The glyphic of the hieroglyph tail (serpent) face (human) horns (bos indicus zebu or ram)

trunk (elephant) front paw (tiger)

poLa bos indicus zebu Rebus poLa magnetite

karibha trunk of elephant (Pali) ibha elephant (Samskritam) Rebus karba iron (Ka)(DEDR

1278) as in ajirda karba iron (Ka) kari karu black (Ma)(DEDR 1278) karbura gold (Ka)

karbon black gold iron (Ka) kabbiṇa iron (Ka) karum pon iron ( a) kabin iron

(Ko)(DED 1278) Ib iron (Santali) [cf oda gloss below ib needle ] a Irumpu iron

instrument weapon a irumpuirimpu iron Ko ibid o Ib needle Koḍ Iriumlmbiuml iron e Inumu

id Kol (Kin) inum (pl inmul)iron sword Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi

see 5285) (DEDR 486) Allograph karibha -- m ʻ Ficus religiosa () [Semantics of ficus

religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss loa

ficus (Santali) loh metal (Skt)]

miṇḍāl markhor ( orwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- m ʻ

ram ʼ lex [larr Austro -- as J Przyluski BSL xxx 200 perh Austro -- as mēḍra ~ bhēḍra

collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m ʻ penis ʼ BhP ʻ ram ʼ lex -- See also bhēḍa --

1 mēṣaacute -- ēḍa -- -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1 bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa

-- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1 mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1

mēṇḍha -- 2 (sv miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣaacute m ʻ ram ʼ degṣīˊ -- f ʻ ewe ʼ V

2 mēha -- 2 miha- m lex [mēha -- 2 infl by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ

(~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ]1 Pk mēsa -- m ʻ sheep ʼ Ash mišalaacute Kt məṣel ʻ

ram ʼ Pr məṣeacute ʻ ram oorial ʼ Kal meṣ meṣalaacutek ʻ ram ʼ H mes m -- bhēḍra -- v2 K

my -- pūtu m ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ WPahbhal mei f ʻ wild goat ʼ H meh m ʻ ram

ʼmēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr [mēṣaacute -- āsyagrave -- ](CDIAL 10334) ebus meḍ (Ho) mẽṛhet

iron (MuHo)mẽṛh t iron ispat m steel dul m cast iron (Mu) Allograph meḍ body

(Mu)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish fish

ligatured with lid arrow (on Seal m0302) are

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephants trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

2

One Proto-Prakritam word signifies both tail and hood of serpent The word is xolā tail of

antelope and kulā hooded snake as tail A similar sounding word signifies a blacksmith or

smelter kolle blacksmith kolhe smelter These can be cited as signature tunes of the writing

system to convey the semantics of a metalworker -- a smith or a smelter

The hieroglyph component in hieroglyph-multiplex pictorial motifs also gets normalised as a

sign on texts of inscriptions See Sign 169 (Mahadevan Concordance)

Variants of Sign 169 (Mahadevan concordance) Comparable

hieroglyph components constitute the tail of antelopes on Indus Script Corpora This is an

example of a sign becoming a component of a pictorial motif thus creating a hieroglyph-

multiplex (hypertext)

Hieroglyph hood of a snake kulā ʻhood of a snake (Assamese)kulya n ʻ receptacle for burnt

bones of a corpse ʼ MBh ʻ winnowing basket ʼ lex [Prob larr Drav see kulāˊya -- ]Pa kulla --

m ʻ raft of basket work winnowing basket ʼ degaka -- m ʻ crate ʼ Pk kullaḍa -- n ʻ packet ʼ

A kulā ʻ winnowing fan B kul deglā ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ Or kulā ʻ winnowing fan

ʼ deglāi ʻ small do ʼ Si kulla st kulu -- ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ(CDIAL 3350)

m0492Ct 2835 Pict-99 Person throwing a spear at a bison and placing

one foot on the head of the bison a hooded serpent at left

Mohenjodaro seal (m0302)

The composite animal glyph is one example to show that rebus method has to be applied to every

glyphic element in the writing system

3

This image is also interpreted in corpora (eg Mahadevans Corpus of Indus script) as body of a

ram horns of a bison trunk of elephant hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail

m1177 Mohenjo-daro seal

m1186 m301 m302 m300

Mohenjodaro seals shows a composite animal hieroglyph-muliplex hypertext composition

4

Ligatured faces some close-up images

he animal is a uadruped pasaramu pasalamu an animal a beast a brute uadruped

( e) ebus pasra smithy (Santali) Allograph pan ā r ladder stairs (Bshk)(CDIAL 7760) hus

the composite animal connotes a smithy Details of the smithy are described orthographically by

the glyphic elements of the composition

ebus reading of the face glyph m he face (Santali) m h opening or hole (in a stove for

stoking (Bi) ingot (Santali)m h metal ingot (Santali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at

one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like

a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end mūhā mẽṛhẽt iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā

akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santalilex) kaula mengro blacksmith

(Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt) milakkhu copper (Pali) he Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha

should literally mean copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss m h as a suffix

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade

caravans his is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme auṣṭrika belonging to a camel

The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata a Coming from a camel (as milk) Mb8 4428 -

An oil-miller -

Mb84525 From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid

disciplined life Baudhāyana thus defines the word mlēcchḥ --

5

A person who eatrs meat deviates from

traditional practices

The face glyph is thus read rebus mleccha mũh copper ingot

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-

vikalpa lit an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words

The glyphic of the hieroglyph tail (serpent) face (human) horns (bos indicus zebu or ram)

trunk (elephant) front paw (tiger)

poLa bos indicus zebu Rebus poLa magnetite

karibha trunk of elephant (Pali) ibha elephant (Samskritam) Rebus karba iron (Ka)(DEDR

1278) as in ajirda karba iron (Ka) kari karu black (Ma)(DEDR 1278) karbura gold (Ka)

karbon black gold iron (Ka) kabbiṇa iron (Ka) karum pon iron ( a) kabin iron

(Ko)(DED 1278) Ib iron (Santali) [cf oda gloss below ib needle ] a Irumpu iron

instrument weapon a irumpuirimpu iron Ko ibid o Ib needle Koḍ Iriumlmbiuml iron e Inumu

id Kol (Kin) inum (pl inmul)iron sword Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi

see 5285) (DEDR 486) Allograph karibha -- m ʻ Ficus religiosa () [Semantics of ficus

religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss loa

ficus (Santali) loh metal (Skt)]

miṇḍāl markhor ( orwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- m ʻ

ram ʼ lex [larr Austro -- as J Przyluski BSL xxx 200 perh Austro -- as mēḍra ~ bhēḍra

collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m ʻ penis ʼ BhP ʻ ram ʼ lex -- See also bhēḍa --

1 mēṣaacute -- ēḍa -- -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1 bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa

-- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1 mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1

mēṇḍha -- 2 (sv miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣaacute m ʻ ram ʼ degṣīˊ -- f ʻ ewe ʼ V

2 mēha -- 2 miha- m lex [mēha -- 2 infl by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ

(~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ]1 Pk mēsa -- m ʻ sheep ʼ Ash mišalaacute Kt məṣel ʻ

ram ʼ Pr məṣeacute ʻ ram oorial ʼ Kal meṣ meṣalaacutek ʻ ram ʼ H mes m -- bhēḍra -- v2 K

my -- pūtu m ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ WPahbhal mei f ʻ wild goat ʼ H meh m ʻ ram

ʼmēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr [mēṣaacute -- āsyagrave -- ](CDIAL 10334) ebus meḍ (Ho) mẽṛhet

iron (MuHo)mẽṛh t iron ispat m steel dul m cast iron (Mu) Allograph meḍ body

(Mu)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish fish

ligatured with lid arrow (on Seal m0302) are

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephants trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

3

This image is also interpreted in corpora (eg Mahadevans Corpus of Indus script) as body of a

ram horns of a bison trunk of elephant hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail

m1177 Mohenjo-daro seal

m1186 m301 m302 m300

Mohenjodaro seals shows a composite animal hieroglyph-muliplex hypertext composition

4

Ligatured faces some close-up images

he animal is a uadruped pasaramu pasalamu an animal a beast a brute uadruped

( e) ebus pasra smithy (Santali) Allograph pan ā r ladder stairs (Bshk)(CDIAL 7760) hus

the composite animal connotes a smithy Details of the smithy are described orthographically by

the glyphic elements of the composition

ebus reading of the face glyph m he face (Santali) m h opening or hole (in a stove for

stoking (Bi) ingot (Santali)m h metal ingot (Santali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at

one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like

a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end mūhā mẽṛhẽt iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā

akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santalilex) kaula mengro blacksmith

(Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt) milakkhu copper (Pali) he Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha

should literally mean copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss m h as a suffix

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade

caravans his is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme auṣṭrika belonging to a camel

The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata a Coming from a camel (as milk) Mb8 4428 -

An oil-miller -

Mb84525 From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid

disciplined life Baudhāyana thus defines the word mlēcchḥ --

5

A person who eatrs meat deviates from

traditional practices

The face glyph is thus read rebus mleccha mũh copper ingot

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-

vikalpa lit an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words

The glyphic of the hieroglyph tail (serpent) face (human) horns (bos indicus zebu or ram)

trunk (elephant) front paw (tiger)

poLa bos indicus zebu Rebus poLa magnetite

karibha trunk of elephant (Pali) ibha elephant (Samskritam) Rebus karba iron (Ka)(DEDR

1278) as in ajirda karba iron (Ka) kari karu black (Ma)(DEDR 1278) karbura gold (Ka)

karbon black gold iron (Ka) kabbiṇa iron (Ka) karum pon iron ( a) kabin iron

(Ko)(DED 1278) Ib iron (Santali) [cf oda gloss below ib needle ] a Irumpu iron

instrument weapon a irumpuirimpu iron Ko ibid o Ib needle Koḍ Iriumlmbiuml iron e Inumu

id Kol (Kin) inum (pl inmul)iron sword Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi

see 5285) (DEDR 486) Allograph karibha -- m ʻ Ficus religiosa () [Semantics of ficus

religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss loa

ficus (Santali) loh metal (Skt)]

miṇḍāl markhor ( orwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- m ʻ

ram ʼ lex [larr Austro -- as J Przyluski BSL xxx 200 perh Austro -- as mēḍra ~ bhēḍra

collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m ʻ penis ʼ BhP ʻ ram ʼ lex -- See also bhēḍa --

1 mēṣaacute -- ēḍa -- -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1 bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa

-- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1 mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1

mēṇḍha -- 2 (sv miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣaacute m ʻ ram ʼ degṣīˊ -- f ʻ ewe ʼ V

2 mēha -- 2 miha- m lex [mēha -- 2 infl by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ

(~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ]1 Pk mēsa -- m ʻ sheep ʼ Ash mišalaacute Kt məṣel ʻ

ram ʼ Pr məṣeacute ʻ ram oorial ʼ Kal meṣ meṣalaacutek ʻ ram ʼ H mes m -- bhēḍra -- v2 K

my -- pūtu m ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ WPahbhal mei f ʻ wild goat ʼ H meh m ʻ ram

ʼmēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr [mēṣaacute -- āsyagrave -- ](CDIAL 10334) ebus meḍ (Ho) mẽṛhet

iron (MuHo)mẽṛh t iron ispat m steel dul m cast iron (Mu) Allograph meḍ body

(Mu)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish fish

ligatured with lid arrow (on Seal m0302) are

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephants trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

4

Ligatured faces some close-up images

he animal is a uadruped pasaramu pasalamu an animal a beast a brute uadruped

( e) ebus pasra smithy (Santali) Allograph pan ā r ladder stairs (Bshk)(CDIAL 7760) hus

the composite animal connotes a smithy Details of the smithy are described orthographically by

the glyphic elements of the composition

ebus reading of the face glyph m he face (Santali) m h opening or hole (in a stove for

stoking (Bi) ingot (Santali)m h metal ingot (Santali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at

one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like

a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end mūhā mẽṛhẽt iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā

akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santalilex) kaula mengro blacksmith

(Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt) milakkhu copper (Pali) he Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha

should literally mean copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss m h as a suffix

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade

caravans his is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme auṣṭrika belonging to a camel

The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata a Coming from a camel (as milk) Mb8 4428 -

An oil-miller -

Mb84525 From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid

disciplined life Baudhāyana thus defines the word mlēcchḥ --

5

A person who eatrs meat deviates from

traditional practices

The face glyph is thus read rebus mleccha mũh copper ingot

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-

vikalpa lit an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words

The glyphic of the hieroglyph tail (serpent) face (human) horns (bos indicus zebu or ram)

trunk (elephant) front paw (tiger)

poLa bos indicus zebu Rebus poLa magnetite

karibha trunk of elephant (Pali) ibha elephant (Samskritam) Rebus karba iron (Ka)(DEDR

1278) as in ajirda karba iron (Ka) kari karu black (Ma)(DEDR 1278) karbura gold (Ka)

karbon black gold iron (Ka) kabbiṇa iron (Ka) karum pon iron ( a) kabin iron

(Ko)(DED 1278) Ib iron (Santali) [cf oda gloss below ib needle ] a Irumpu iron

instrument weapon a irumpuirimpu iron Ko ibid o Ib needle Koḍ Iriumlmbiuml iron e Inumu

id Kol (Kin) inum (pl inmul)iron sword Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi

see 5285) (DEDR 486) Allograph karibha -- m ʻ Ficus religiosa () [Semantics of ficus

religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss loa

ficus (Santali) loh metal (Skt)]

miṇḍāl markhor ( orwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- m ʻ

ram ʼ lex [larr Austro -- as J Przyluski BSL xxx 200 perh Austro -- as mēḍra ~ bhēḍra

collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m ʻ penis ʼ BhP ʻ ram ʼ lex -- See also bhēḍa --

1 mēṣaacute -- ēḍa -- -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1 bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa

-- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1 mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1

mēṇḍha -- 2 (sv miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣaacute m ʻ ram ʼ degṣīˊ -- f ʻ ewe ʼ V

2 mēha -- 2 miha- m lex [mēha -- 2 infl by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ

(~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ]1 Pk mēsa -- m ʻ sheep ʼ Ash mišalaacute Kt məṣel ʻ

ram ʼ Pr məṣeacute ʻ ram oorial ʼ Kal meṣ meṣalaacutek ʻ ram ʼ H mes m -- bhēḍra -- v2 K

my -- pūtu m ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ WPahbhal mei f ʻ wild goat ʼ H meh m ʻ ram

ʼmēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr [mēṣaacute -- āsyagrave -- ](CDIAL 10334) ebus meḍ (Ho) mẽṛhet

iron (MuHo)mẽṛh t iron ispat m steel dul m cast iron (Mu) Allograph meḍ body

(Mu)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish fish

ligatured with lid arrow (on Seal m0302) are

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephants trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

5

A person who eatrs meat deviates from

traditional practices

The face glyph is thus read rebus mleccha mũh copper ingot

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-

vikalpa lit an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words

The glyphic of the hieroglyph tail (serpent) face (human) horns (bos indicus zebu or ram)

trunk (elephant) front paw (tiger)

poLa bos indicus zebu Rebus poLa magnetite

karibha trunk of elephant (Pali) ibha elephant (Samskritam) Rebus karba iron (Ka)(DEDR

1278) as in ajirda karba iron (Ka) kari karu black (Ma)(DEDR 1278) karbura gold (Ka)

karbon black gold iron (Ka) kabbiṇa iron (Ka) karum pon iron ( a) kabin iron

(Ko)(DED 1278) Ib iron (Santali) [cf oda gloss below ib needle ] a Irumpu iron

instrument weapon a irumpuirimpu iron Ko ibid o Ib needle Koḍ Iriumlmbiuml iron e Inumu

id Kol (Kin) inum (pl inmul)iron sword Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi

see 5285) (DEDR 486) Allograph karibha -- m ʻ Ficus religiosa () [Semantics of ficus

religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss loa

ficus (Santali) loh metal (Skt)]

miṇḍāl markhor ( orwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- m ʻ

ram ʼ lex [larr Austro -- as J Przyluski BSL xxx 200 perh Austro -- as mēḍra ~ bhēḍra

collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m ʻ penis ʼ BhP ʻ ram ʼ lex -- See also bhēḍa --

1 mēṣaacute -- ēḍa -- -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1 bhēḍra -- bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa

-- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1 mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1

mēṇḍha -- 2 (sv miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣaacute m ʻ ram ʼ degṣīˊ -- f ʻ ewe ʼ V

2 mēha -- 2 miha- m lex [mēha -- 2 infl by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ

(~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ]1 Pk mēsa -- m ʻ sheep ʼ Ash mišalaacute Kt məṣel ʻ

ram ʼ Pr məṣeacute ʻ ram oorial ʼ Kal meṣ meṣalaacutek ʻ ram ʼ H mes m -- bhēḍra -- v2 K

my -- pūtu m ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ WPahbhal mei f ʻ wild goat ʼ H meh m ʻ ram

ʼmēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr [mēṣaacute -- āsyagrave -- ](CDIAL 10334) ebus meḍ (Ho) mẽṛhet

iron (MuHo)mẽṛh t iron ispat m steel dul m cast iron (Mu) Allograph meḍ body

(Mu)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish fish

ligatured with lid arrow (on Seal m0302) are

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephants trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

6

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus

meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL 10120)

kaḍum neck-band ring

adar ḍangra zebu

ibha elephant (Skt) rebus ib iron (Ko)

kolo jackal (Kon)

mũhe face (Santali) mleccha-mukha (Skt) = milakkhu copper (Pali)

kōṭu bull ( 5) 3 [K kōḍu]

Tusk ( 39

1) 4 Horn (

21) a kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of

hair line diagram bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a tree kōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock

horned-owl (cf 1657 a kuṭintildeai) Ko kṛ (obl kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each

side of parting side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out o kwṛ (obl

kwṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Ka kōḍu horn tusk branch of a tree kōr horn

u kōḍů kōḍu horn e kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ (pl kōḍul) horn (DED 2200)

meḍ iron (Ho)

khāḍ trench firepit

aduru native metal (Ka) ḍhangar blacksmith (H)

kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pancaloha ( a)

mẽṛhẽt meḍ iron (MuHo)

mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at

each of four ends (Santali)

koḍ = the place where artisans work (G)

Orthographically the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on

both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a) kol n 1

Iron (

550) 2 Metal ( 318) kollaṉ n lt golla Custodian of

treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ ) The gloss

kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith (Ka)

Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133) Vikalpadumba or (El) duma m the tail

of an animal (Kashmiri) Rebus ḍōmba Gypsy (CDIAL 5570)

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota The lexeme is kolel smithy temple

(Kota) kwalamiddotl Kota smithy (Toda)kol working in iron blacksmith ( amil)(DED 2133) a kol

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

7

working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolemiddotl

smithy temple in Kota village To kwalamiddotl Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame kulime

kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (S ) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā

to forge ( r) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (S ) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F)

kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

kula (Monier-Williams lexicon) (with s) N of and of the rites observed in her

worship (cf ) m the chief of a corporation or guild

kolma = a paddy plant (Santali) Rebus kolime= furnace (Ka)

2949 Dotted circles 2950 Rojdi

kolom = cutting graft to graft engraft prune kolom dare kana = it is a grafted tree kolom ul =

grafted mango kolom gocena = the cutting has died kolom kathi horo = a certain variety of the

paddy plant (Santali) kolom (B) kolom mit = to engraft kolom porena = the cutting has struck

root kolom kathi = a reed pen (Santalilex) cf kolom = a reed a reed-pen (B) qalam

(AssameseHindi) kolma horo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(SantalilexBodding) kolom

baba = the threshed or unthreshed paddy on the threshing floor kolom-ba_rum = the weight a

man carries in taking the paddy from the threshing floor to his house kolom = a threshing floor

(Mundari) cf kalam (Tamil) [Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned standing

person]

ku_le stump (Ka) [ku_li = paddy (Pe)] xo_l = rice-sheaf (Kur) ko_li = stubble of jo_la

(Ka) ko_ra = sprout (Kui) ko_le = a stub or stump of corn (Te)(DEDR

2242) kolake kolke the third crop of rice (Ka) kolake kolake (Tu)(DEDR 2154)

Hieroglyph xolā = tail (Kur) qoli id (Malt)(DEDr 2135) Rebus kol pantildecalōha ( a)

kol n 1 Iron

( 550) 2 Metal ( 318) sup2 kol Working in iron

Blacksmith (Tamil) kollaṉ n lt golla

Custodian of treasure (P T L) kollicci n Fem of

Woman of the blacksmith caste ( அ )

The gloss kollicci is notable It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith kola blacksmith

(Ka) Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith (DEDR 2133)

kolo jackal (Konkani) kul tiger (Santali) kōlu id ( e) kōlupuli Bengal tiger ( e)Pk

kolhuya -- kulha -- m ʻ jackal ʼ lt kōḍhu -- Hkolhā deglā m ʻ jackal ʼ adj ʻ crafty ʼ G kohl

degl n ʻ jackal ʼ M kolhā deglā m krōṣṭ ʻ crying ʼ BhP m ʻ jackal ʼ V krṓṣṭu -- m Pāṇ

[radickruś] Pa koṭṭhu -- deguka -- and kotthu -- deguka -- m ʻ jackal ʼ Pk koṭṭhu -- m Si koṭa ʻ

jackal ʼ koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615) [ kōlhā ] [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) ebus kol furnace forge (Kuwi) kol alloy of five metals pantildecaloha ( a)

Allograph kōla woman (Nahali) [ he ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant

the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] kola tiger kola woman

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

8

A composite terracotta feline wearing necklace like a woman kola tiger kola

woman Rebus kol working in iron Nahali (kol woman ) and Santali (kul tiger kol

smelter )

kol kolhe the koles an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of

Santals (Santali) kolme =furnace (Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (fivemetals) kol metal (Talex)

pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin lead and iron (Skt)

an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and iron (dhātu

Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarāja s Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka)

Rebus kol working in iron Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith

Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota

smithy Kakolime kolume kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell

UPU) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml

blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go(SR) kollusānā to mend implements (Ph) kolstānā

kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy

(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge(DEDR 2133)

Kalibangan 37 34

Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope and fish glyphs as the inscription Mẽḍha antelope

rebus iron (Ho) ayo fish rebs ayo metal (G) [ hese are examples which clearly

demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence all glyphs and glyptic

elements have to be decoded] miṇḍāl markhor (Torwali) meḍho a ram a sheep (G)(CDIAL

10120) iron (Ho) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore in contrast to bali-bica iron sand ore

(Munda) meḍ iron ayo hako fish = scales of fish (Santali) Rebus aya

metal iron (Gujarati) ayah ayas = metal (Samskritam)

Copper plate inscription Antelope Short tail upturned Trough in front

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

9

Banawali seal (B-11)

Mohenjodaro seal (M-271) without any sign

Mohenjodaro seal (M-272)

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

10

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig

6 httpwwwakhabatakucomIndusScripthtm) One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved

on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs

surrounded by snakes fishes and water buffaloes Copyrighted photo by M Chuzeville for the

Departement des antiquites orientales Musee du Louvre (Parpola 2001)

Late Harappan Period dish or

lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar It shows a Blackbuck antelope

with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs possibly representing stars It is

associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period dating after 1900 BCE

Credit Harappacom

11

Dholavira Seal 117 antelope sun motif

Dholavira Seal 56 A horned person standing between

two branches of a tree each with three leaves on outer side and one at the top a devotee kneels

hands touching the ground R lower side a goat with outstretched wavy horns upturned tail

Vertical perforation

Dholavira 34 Seal

12

Dholavira 40 Seal Three-headed animal plant sun

motif

Sources for Dholavira inscriptions httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201504excavations-at-

dholavifra-1989-2005-rshtml

Hieroglyph arka sun Rebus arka copper (Kannada) eraka moltencast copper(Tulu)

அ sup1 arukkam n lt arka ( ) 1 Copper

(Tamil) (p 0023) [ agasāli ] or aga āli [Tel] n A

goldsmith (Telugu) Kannada (Kittel lexicon)

Hieroglyph or (p 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid (p 137) [ karāḍūṃ

] n (Commonly ) A kid (Marathi) Rebus (p 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron

silver ampc (Marathi) G kar ḍ m ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ(CDIAL

2792) Allograph Pk karaṁḍa -- mn ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ karaṁḍuya -- n ʻ

backbone ʼ ir mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼS kaṇḍo m ʻ back ʼ L kaṇḍ fkaṇḍā m ʻ

backbone ʼ awāṇ kaṇḍ degḍī ʻ back ʼ P kaṇḍ f ʻ back pubes ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

Hieroglyph mlekh goat Rebus milakkhu copper mleccha copper

Hieroglyph kolmo sprout Rebus kolami smithy forge

Hieroglyph barad barat ox Rebus (p 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of

copper pewter tin ampc(Marathi)

Hieroglyph one-horned young bull (p 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull a

bullcalf(Marathi) [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of in the sense of -

cowl [ khōṇḍā ] m A of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood [

12

Dholavira 40 Seal Three-headed animal plant sun

motif

Sources for Dholavira inscriptions httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201504excavations-at-

dholavifra-1989-2005-rshtml

Hieroglyph arka sun Rebus arka copper (Kannada) eraka moltencast copper(Tulu)

அ sup1 arukkam n lt arka ( ) 1 Copper

(Tamil) (p 0023) [ agasāli ] or aga āli [Tel] n A

goldsmith (Telugu) Kannada (Kittel lexicon)

Hieroglyph or (p 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid (p 137) [ karāḍūṃ

] n (Commonly ) A kid (Marathi) Rebus (p 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron

silver ampc (Marathi) G kar ḍ m ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ(CDIAL

2792) Allograph Pk karaṁḍa -- mn ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ karaṁḍuya -- n ʻ

backbone ʼ ir mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼS kaṇḍo m ʻ back ʼ L kaṇḍ fkaṇḍā m ʻ

backbone ʼ awāṇ kaṇḍ degḍī ʻ back ʼ P kaṇḍ f ʻ back pubes ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

Hieroglyph mlekh goat Rebus milakkhu copper mleccha copper

Hieroglyph kolmo sprout Rebus kolami smithy forge

Hieroglyph barad barat ox Rebus (p 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of

copper pewter tin ampc(Marathi)

Hieroglyph one-horned young bull (p 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull a

bullcalf(Marathi) [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of in the sense of -

cowl [ khōṇḍā ] m A of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood [

13

khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a to hold or fend

off grain chaff ampc)

Hieroglyph kōḍ horn ebus kōḍ place where artisans work workshop [

kun dana kōn dana ] n act of turning (a thing) on a lathe act of carving (Bengali) or

(p 154) [ kātārī or kāntārī ] m ( ) A turner(Marathi)

Rebus [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture carved work or work for the carver

[ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture carving engraving also sculptured or carved work [

khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave [ khōdīṃva ] p of Dug 2 Engraved

carved sculptured

Hieroglyph horn

Ta kōṭu (in cpds kōṭṭu-) horn tusk branch of tree cluster bunch coil of hair line diagram

bank of stream or pool kuvaṭu branch of a treekōṭṭāṉ kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf 1657

Ta kuṭintildeai) Ko koṛ (obl koṭ-) horns (one horn is kob) half of hair on each side of parting

side in game log section of bamboo used as fuel line marked out To kwampidieresissideṛ

(obl kwampidieresissideṭ-) horn branch path across stream in thicket Kakōḍu horn tusk branch

of a tree kōr horn Tu kōḍů kōḍu horn Te kōḍu rivulet branch of a river Pa kōḍ

(pl kōḍul) horn Ga (Oll) kōr (plkōrgul) id Go (Tr) kōr (obl kōt- pl kōhk) horn of cattle or

wild animals branch of a tree (W Ph A Ch) kōr (pl kōhk) (S) kōr (pl kōhku) (Ma)kōr u

(pl kōẖku) horn (M) kohk branch (Voc 980) (LuS) kogoo a horn Kui kōju (pl kōska) horn

antler (DEDR 2200)

Hieroglyph Te kōḍiya kōḍe young bull adj male (eg kōḍe dūḍa bull calf) young

youthful kōḍek ḍu a young man Kol (Haig) kōḍē bull Nk khoṛe

male calf Konḍa kōḍi cow kōṛe young bullock Pe kōḍi cow Manḍ kūḍi id

Kui kōḍi id ox Kuwi (F) kōdi cow (S) kajja kōḍi bull (Su P) kōḍicow (DED 2199)

Rebus kũdār turner (Bengali)

14

m278 Mohenjo-daro

Seal

The tail of elephant rhinoceros on these seals is comparable to the Sign kolmo rice plant

(Santali) Rebus kolimi smithy forge

Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal

15

Red jasper H 1 18 in (28 cm) Diam 58 in (16 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and

four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts c 2220-2159 BCE

Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression) The four

hieroglyphs are from l to r 1 crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots 2 sun 3 narrow-necked pot

with overflowing water 4 fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition (The dark red

color of jasper reinforces the semantics eruvai dark red copper Hieroglyph eruvai reed see

four reedposts held

koThAri crucible Rebus koThAri treasurer warehouse

If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon a possible rebus reading ramaḳ مر ق

A مر پوږمي ḳamar sm (9th) The moon Sing and Pl See ق س or sube (othsaP) مي پوګ س

kamar blacksmith

kulā hooded snake Rebus kolle blacksmith kolhe smelters

koThAri crucible Rebus koThAri treasurer warehouse

kamar moon Rebus kamar blacksmith

arka sun Rebus arka eraka copper gold moltencast metal infusion

lokANDa overflowing pot Rebus lokhaNDa metal implements excellent

implements

aya fish Rebus aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Rigveda)

16

baTa six Rebus bhaTa furnace PLUS meDh curl Rebus meD iron

Set A hieroglyphs Set B Indus Script cipher rebus-

metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words

In a Venn diagram the intersecting sets of hieroglyphs and homonyms signified

by the homonyms (similar sounding words)constitute one subset

metalworkers

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotcom201508set-theory-venn-diagram-sethtml

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

September 1 2015

15

Red jasper H 1 18 in (28 cm) Diam 58 in (16 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and

four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts c 2220-2159 BCE

Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression) The four

hieroglyphs are from l to r 1 crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots 2 sun 3 narrow-necked pot

with overflowing water 4 fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition (The dark red

color of jasper reinforces the semantics eruvai dark red copper Hieroglyph eruvai reed see

four reedposts held

koThAri crucible Rebus koThAri treasurer warehouse

If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon a possible rebus reading ramaḳ مر ق

A مر پوږمي ḳamar sm (9th) The moon Sing and Pl See ق س or sube (othsaP) مي پوګ س

kamar blacksmith

kulā hooded snake Rebus kolle blacksmith kolhe smelters

koThAri crucible Rebus koThAri treasurer warehouse

kamar moon Rebus kamar blacksmith

arka sun Rebus arka eraka copper gold moltencast metal infusion

lokANDa overflowing pot Rebus lokhaNDa metal implements excellent

implements

aya fish Rebus aya iron (Gujarati) ayas metal (Rigveda)

16

baTa six Rebus bhaTa furnace PLUS meDh curl Rebus meD iron

Set A hieroglyphs Set B Indus Script cipher rebus-

metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words

In a Venn diagram the intersecting sets of hieroglyphs and homonyms signified

by the homonyms (similar sounding words)constitute one subset

metalworkers

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotcom201508set-theory-venn-diagram-sethtml

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

September 1 2015

16

baTa six Rebus bhaTa furnace PLUS meDh curl Rebus meD iron

Set A hieroglyphs Set B Indus Script cipher rebus-

metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words

In a Venn diagram the intersecting sets of hieroglyphs and homonyms signified

by the homonyms (similar sounding words)constitute one subset

metalworkers

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotcom201508set-theory-venn-diagram-sethtml

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

September 1 2015