Fujita, S.M., Yoshimura, T. Iqbal, M. Wijamukti, S. Mulyawati, D. Novarino, W. Lestari, Y. Supriadi,...

1

Inventory of Birds in Acacia Plantation in PT. Musi Hutan Persada,

Indonesia.

Motoko S. Fujita*, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura

†, Muhammad Iqbal

‡, Satrio Wijamukti

§, Dwi

Mulyawati§, Wilson Novarino

**, Yuli Lestari

††, Bambang Supriadi

††, Rosyid Gunawan

!††,

Dewi M. Prawiradilaga§

Introduction

In this paper, we have focused to understand the status of bird species diversity in Acacia

plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia. In recent years, tropical forest is attracting

attention for its high carbon stock and diverse bio-resources, and large-scale plantations

as acacia, hevea, oil palm are rapidly increasing in Southeast Asia. Those plantations have

high commercial value and represent an important industry for local society. However,

large-scale conversion of tropical rain forests into plantations has a negative side. Serious

effects on living beings that inhabit these areas and the subsequent decline in biodiversity

are reported in some places (Davies et al. 2001; Chung et al. 2000; Tsukamoto and

Sabang 2005; Fitzherbert et al. 2008).

Tropics are known for being a treasury of living beings, especially tropical rain forests

which maintain the richest biodiversity in the world. Sumatra Island has 397 resident bird

species in total, which counts 73% of 514 species that are seen in Greater Sunda region

(MacKinnon and Phillips 1993). Biodiversity is one of the global concern, and many

countries, regional governments, organizations and companies are trying to conserve and

mitigate biodiversity in the local and global level. Especially, birds have great cultural

value in Indonesia, since cage birds that are caught in wild are very popular.

Birds are also one of the organisms that have been recognized as useful indicator to

analyze the impact of land-use change on biodiversity (O’Connell et al. 2000). Therefore,

we have focused on birds in Acacia mangium plantations in Sumatra, which, along with

Borneo, is one of the islands in which the conversion to plantations is most widespread in

Indonesia. PT. Musi Hutan Persada in South Sumatra Province is one of the largest

concession holders of Acacia plantation for pulp production. The landscape in the area

holds many secondary forests, mostly as conservation area and remnant forests where

* Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]

† Research Center for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

‡ Kelompok Pengamat Burung Spirit of South Sumatra, Palembang, Indonesia

§ Research Center for Biology, LIPI, Cibinong, Indonesia

** Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

†† PT. Musi Hutan Persada, Palembang, Indonesia

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many bird species can be found. The objective of this study is to gather baseline

information in the vegetation including Acacia mangium plantation, conserved secondary

forest and some stripped forests which remained among plantation.

Methods

Study site in PT. Musi Hutan Persada

The concession area of PT. Musi Hutan Persada is located in Muara Enim District, South

Sumatra Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). The concession is located in the hilly area

around 100-200m a.s.l. Total concession area covers 296,400 hectares and divided into

three parts; Wilayah I (Subanjeriji), Wilayah II (Benakat) and Wilayah III (Lematang). In

the production area, mostly (95%) Acacia mangium are planted for pulp production,

followed by Eucalyptus urophylla, Pinus merkusii, Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina

arborea, etc. The trees will be harvested after six years and will be transported to the pulp

mill of PT. Tanjung Enim Lestari.

In the hilly area, tens of thousands of hectares of conserved secondary forests and small,

secondary and reticulated forests, mainly along streams and rivers, remain (Figure 2). In

conserved secondary forests, in which dwellers have selectively cut down certain species

of trees, acacia is not planted by the company, in order to conserve biodiversity. In these

forests, tall trees of around 40-meter high are dispersed, and the forest floor receives

abundant sun light in patches. Though somewhat broken up and bushy, the conserved

forests are in a comparatively good condition. But in a forest fire in 2006, some of the

area was burnt; therefore it is easy to see tall, withered trees and herbs, and flourishing

shrubs.

Twenty-eight study points were selected for bird observation by point-count method. In

Wilayah I, four points for 1-year Acacia plantation, six points for 4-year Acacia plantation,

four points for conserved secondary forests, and two points for remnant forest were

selected (see Appendix 1). In Wilayah II, four points for 1-year Acacia plantation, six

points for 4-year Acacia plantation, four points for conserved secondary forests, and two

points for remnant forest were selected.

3

Figure 1. Concession area of PT. Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatra, Indonesia.

Figure 2. Landscape of Acacia plantation concession. Among the plantations, small

forest remnants are located in patches, along small streams.

Bird Survey

1. Point-counts

At each study points, all bird individuals observed were recorded during ten-minute

point-count survey. Species that are seen by binocular or heard was recorded regardless of

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the distance from the standing point, so the observed species does not always mean to

have used the vegetation in which we were standing. For example, some of the bird

species were recorded outside Acacia plantation although the point was inside Acacia.

Bird songs were recorded by using IC-recorder in order to confirm the unclear species.

Software “Birds of Tropical Asia 3.0” by Jelle Scharringa was used to identify unknown

songs in the laboratory.

Intensive bird survey was done from 25 October to 9 December in 2007 in the area

Wilayah II, and from 11 July to 31 August in 2008 in the area Wilayah I and II.

Point-counts were done in the morning (6:00-11:30) and in the evening (14:30-18:30).

2. Mist-nets

In 2008, mist-net was used to detect bird species that is inconspicuous in the point-counts.

Three days in July were spent to conduct mist-net in Wilayah I, in Merbau conservation

forest (two sites) and Acacia plantation (one site) nearby. One site in conservation forest

was located in secondary forest and the other site was located near the river in a rather

open environment with many Acacia trees that comes from plantation next to it. Three

days in August were spent to conduct mist-net in Wilayah II, in Teras conservation forest

(two sites) and in an open bush land (one site). One site in conservation forest is located

in a forest with closed canopy and in good condition, and the other site was located near

the river in a rather open environment, but not as open as the open bush land. Mist-nets

were opened in 7:00 and closed in 18:00.

3. Roadside Census

Some of the birds, especially larger species as Raptors, Herons, Storks, Rails and

Hornbills were recorded during driving.

4. Nomenclature

Scientific name and English name followed the nomenclature of Sibley & Monroe (1990),

family name and its order followed A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo Sumatra, Java

and Bali written by John MacKinnon and Karen Phillipps, published in 1993, since it is

one of the commonest field guides in Sumatra Island. For Indonesian names, we followed

Burung-burung di Sumatra, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan written by John MacKinnon,

Karen Phillipps and Bas van Balen, published in 2010, and Field Guide to the Birds of

Java and Bali written by John MacKinnon, published in 1991. Some of the Indonesian

names that were not on the books and the status of all species followed Avibase website

http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/ organized by Bird Life International.

Results and Discussion

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Summary of the bird diversity

160 bird species in total was observed both in Wilayah I and II during the survey in 2007

and 2008. It covers 40% of 397 resident bird species in Sumatra Island. In conserved

secondary forests, we observed 98 species for 156 point-counts, while 60 species in

young (0 to 1 year) acacia plantations for 129 point-counts, 74 species in mature (4 to 5

year) acacia plantations for 171 point-counts, and 47 species in remnant forest for 37

point-counts (Appendix 1). We observed that there were relatively few species in acacia

plantations compared to the conserved forests, and the number was especially small in

young acacia plantations.

According to Clements 6th Checklist in 2008, the status of species that we observed

includes one endangered species (Storm’s Stork), six endemic species (Grey-cheeked

Green-Pigeon, Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon, Bar-winged Prinia, Pale-bellied Myna

and Javan Munia) to Indonesia, one of which (Sumatran Green Pigeon) is near-threatened,

two vulnerable species (Lesser Adjutant and Wallace's Hawk-Eagle) and twenty four

near-threatened species (Long-tailed Parakeet, Blue-rumped Parrot, Black-bellied

Malkoha, Wrinkled Hornbill, Black Hornbill, Rhinoceros Hornbill, Red-throated Barbet,

Olive-backed Woodpecker, Buff-necked Woodpecker, Black-and-yellow Broadbill, Fiery

Minivet, Green Iora, Lesser Green Leafbird, Grey-bellied Bulbul, Finsch's Bulbul,

Streaked Bulbul, Dark-throated Oriole, White-chested Babbler, Rufous-crowned Babbler,

Chestnut-rumped Babbler, Fluffy-backed Tit-Babbler, Grey-chested Jungle-Flycatcher,

Malaysian Blue-Flycatcher and Red-throated Sunbird).

Species that were listed by Herdiyanto in 2004 (pers. com.) but not observed in our

survey included Black Magpie (Platysmurus leucopterus), Great Argus (Argusianus

argus), Malaysian Honeyguide (Indicator archipelagicus), Pink-headed Fruit-dove

(Ptilinopus melanospila). Since there were some changes of landscape and land-use

between 2004 and 2007, for example forest fire in 2006, they would have caused changes

of avifauna as well, although no evidence exists.

List of observed birds

Observed bird species are listed below with scientific name, English name, Indonesian

name and some comments on the status of the species in this area. Detailed presence /

absence data is shown in Appendix 1. The species ID in the following section is identical

to the ID in Appendix 1.

6

HERONS (FAMILY ARDEIDAE)

/ CANGAK

1 Butorides striatus

Striated Heron / Kokokan laut

Once seen in an artificial pond near the block camp, Air Kemang in Wilayah II.

2 Bubulcus ibis

Cattle Egret / Kuntul kerbau

Seen several times in an artificial pond near the block camp, Air Kemang in

Wilayah II.

STORKS (FAMILY CICONIIDAE)

/ BANGAU

3 Ciconia episcopus

Woolly-necked Stork / (Bangau) Sandang lawe

Seen several times on top of dead trees in the concession.

4 Ciconia stormi

Storm's Stork / Bangau Storm

Endangered

Once seen on top of dead tree near the conservation forest in camp Teras in

Wilayah II.

5 Leptoptilos javanicus

Lesser Adjutant / Bangau (tongtong)

Vulnerable

Seen several times on top of dead trees in the concession.

HAWKS AND EAGLES (FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE)

/ ELANG

6 Aviceda jerdoni

Jerdon's Baza / Baza Jerdon

Once seen on top of dead tree in the border of Acacia plantation and open

grassland in Tebing Indah, Wilayah II.

7

7 Pernis ptilorhyncus

Oriental Honey-buzzard / Sikep madu (Asia)

Frequent. Both seen in flight and perching on trees, especially on dead trees,

along the road or open grasslands in Wilayah II.

8 Macheiramphus alcinus

Bat Hawk / Elang kelelawar

Seen several times in Wilayah II and I. One individual was seen on a tall (40m)

8. Macheiramphus alcinus 7. Pernis ptilorhyncus

10. Spilornis cheela

13. Spizaetus cirrhatus

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solitary tree that remains after clear-cutting of Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

9 Milvus migrans

Black Kite / Elang paria

Not common. Seen in flight.

10 Spilornis cheela

Crested Serpent-Eagle / (Elang-ular) Bido

Frequent. Seen perching on trees along the road and open grasslands in Wilayah

II. Once it flashed out from mature Acacia plantation to cross the road.

11 Accipiter trivirgatus

Crested Goshawk / Elang jambul garis dagu / Elang-alap jambul

Once seen in flight over Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

12 Hieraaetus kienerii

Synonim: Aquila kienerii

Rufous-bellied Eagle / Elang perut karat

Immature individual was once seen on a dead Acacia tree near clear-cut Acacia

plantation .

13 Spizaetus cirrhatus

Changeable Hawk-Eagle / Elang brontok

Frequent. Dark morph seems to be abundant compared to pale morph or

intermediate morph. Often seen perching on dead trees in open grassland both in Wilayah

II and I.

14 Spizaetus nanus

Wallace's Hawk-Eagle / Elang Wallace

Vulnerable

One pair was seen on a dead tree in open grassland which is recently burnt in

Wilayah II.

9

14. Spizaetus nanus

15. Microhierax fringillarius

FALCONS (FAMILY FALCONIDAE)

/ ALAP-ALAP

15 Microhierax fringillarius

Black-thighed Falconet / Alap-alap capung

Several times seen on dead trees or branches in conservation area, Acacia

plantation in Wilayah II and I.

PHEASANTS (FAMILY PHASIANIDAE)

/ PUYUH, SEMPIDAN, KUAU, MERAK

16 Gallus gallus

Red Junglefowl / Ayam hutan merah

Frequently seen during drive when they flash out from Acacia plantation to

cross the road in Wilayah II and I. Frequently heard during point-counts.

RAILS (FAMILY RALLIDAE)

/ AYAM-AYAMAN

17 Amaurornis phoenicurus

White-breasted Waterhen / Kareo (padi)

10

One individual was seen very often during drive at the same place in Wilayah II.

It was along the road which is close to small stream.

PIGEONS AND DOVES (FAMILY COLUMBIDAE)

/ MERPATI-MERPATIAN

18 Treron oxyura

Sumatran Green-Pigeon / Green-spectacled Pigeon / Punai ekor panjang / Punai

salung

Endemic / Near-threatened

Once seen on a dead tree near Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

19 Treron curvirostra

Thick-billed Green-Pigeon / Punai paruh tebal / Punai lengguak

Once seen in Teras conservation area in Wilayah II. One pair was seen on top of

tree.

20 Treron griseicauda

Grey-cheeked Green-Pigeon / Punai manten / Punai penganten

Endemic

Once seen near Teras conservation area in Wilayah II.

21 Treron vernans

Pink-necked Green-Pigeon / Punai leher merah / Truwelot / Punai gading

Frequently seen and heard in secondary forest or open grassland in Wilayah II

and I. Often seen in a flock of more than 20 individual.

22 Ducula aenea

Green Imperial-Pigeon / Pergam hijau

Several times heard near secondary forest in Teras in Wilayah II. Once seen on

top of a remnant tall tree in Acacia plantation in Wilayah II, and in Merbau conservation

area in Wilayah I.

23 Ducula lacernulata

Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon / Pergam punggung hitam

Endemic

Once seen in Wilayah II.

11

27. Chalcophaps indica

25. Streptopelia chinensis

24 Macropygia ruficeps

Little Cuckoo-Dove / (Uncal) Kouran / Kouron

Once observed in Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

25 Streptopelia chinensis

Spotted Dove / Tekukur (biasa)

12

Frequently seen and heard during point-count and drive both in Wilayah II and I.

26 Geopelia striata

Zebra Dove / Perkutut (Jawa)

Frequently seen and heard during point-count and drive both in Wilayah II and I.

27 Chalcophaps indica

Emerald Dove / Delimukan (zamrud)

Frequently seen and heard during point-count and drive, both in Wilayah II and I.

Once hit onto the glass door in Air Kemang Camp and dead.

PARROTS (FAMILY PSITTACIDAE)

/ BURUNG PARUH BENGKOK

28 Psittacula longicauda

Long-tailed Parakeet / Betet ekor panjang

Near-threatened

Frequently seen and heard to fly over open spaces as Acacia plantation, and

grassland in Wilayah II and I.

29 Psittinus cyanurus

Blue-rumped Parrot / Nuri tanau

Near-threatened


grassland in Wilayah II and I.

30 Loriculus galgulus

Blue-crowned Hanging-Parrot / Serindit Melayu


grassland in Wilayah II and I. Sometimes seen in a pair.

13

30. Loriculus galgulus

33. Surniculus lugubris

CUCKOOS (FAMILY CUCULIDAE)

/ KANGKOK

31 Cacomantis sonneratii

Banded Bay Cuckoo / Wiwik lurik

Not common. Once seen in Wilayah II.

32 Cacomantis merulinus

Plaintive Cuckoo / Wiwik kelabu

Very common to hear its call but difficult to see. Frequent in open spaces as

young Acacia plantation and grasslands in Wilayah II and I.

33 Surniculus lugubris

Drongo Cuckoo / Kedasi hitam

Once seen in logged-over secondary forest in Wilayah I.

34 Phaenicophaeus diardi

Black-bellied Malkoha / Kaladan beruang

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen in remnant forest in Wilayah I.

35 Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus

14

Raffles's Malkoha / Kadalan selaya

Not common. Once seen in secondary forest in Teras, Wilayah II.

36 Phaenicophaeus curvirostris

Chestnut-breasted Malkoha / Kadalan (birah)

Several times seen in Wilayah II in a rather open spaces, but always stays in

trees.

37 Centropus sinensis

Greater Coucal / Bubut besar

Not common. Once heard in Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

38 Centropus bengalensis

Lesser Coucal / Bubut alang-alang

Very common in open spaces, especially in alang-alang (imperata) grassland.

TREESWIFTS (FAMILY HEMIPROCNIDAE)

/ TEPEKONG

39 Hemiprocne longipennis

Grey-rumped Treeswift / Kapinis pohon / Tepekong jambul

Several times seen in flight in Acacia plantation and secondary forest.

40 Hemiprocne comata

Whiskered Treeswift / Tepekong rangkang

Several times seen in secondary forest and forest edge in Wilayah I.

KINGFISHERS (FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE)

/ RAJA-UDANG

41 Alcedo meninting

Blue-eared Kingfisher / Burung udang belau / (Raja udang) Meninting

Not common. Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

42 Ceyx rufidorsa

Rufous-backed Kingfisher / Burung udang merah / Udang punggung merah

Once caught by mist-net in the bush near the stream in conserved secondary

forest in Teras, Wilayah II.

15

43 Pelargopsis capensis

Stork-billed Kingfisher / Burung rajah udang / Pekaka emas

Once seen in the artificial pond near camp Air Kemang, Wilayah II.

44 Lacedo pulchella

Banded Kingfisher / Cekakak hutan / Tangke watu / Cekakak batu

Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Teras, Wilayah II.

45 Halcyon smyrnensis

White-throated Kingfisher / Cekakak dada putih / Cekakak belukar

Frequently seen in the roadside trees in forest edge, especially in near small

streams and ponds in Wilayah II and I.

46 Todiramphus chloris

Collared Kingfisher / Cekakak (sungai)

Frequently seen and heard in Acacia plantation rather than secondary forest.

Sometimes observed on a dead tree which remains in Acacia plantation after

clear-cutting.

BEE-EATERS (FAMILY MEROPIDAE)

/ KIRIK-KIRIK

47 Merops viridis

Blue-throated Bee-eater / Kirik-kirik biru / Burung cina

Frequent in open spaces including Acacia plantation and grasslands but

observed only in wet season (November-December) and not in dry season (July-August).

This species is reported to be partially migrant (MacKinnon and Phillips 1993).

16

42. Ceyx rufidorsa

45. Halcyon smyrnensis

48. Nyctyornis amictus

48 Nyctyornis amictus

Red-bearded Bee-eater / Cirik-cirik kumbang

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Merbau, Wilayah I.

ROLLERS (FAMILY CORACIIDAE)

/ TIONG-LAMPU

49 Eurystomus orientalis

Dollarbird / Tiong lampu (biasa) / Bebeak

17

Common in open spaces as alang-alang grasslands. Usually seen in a small

flock of 4-5 individual.

HORNBILLS (FAMILY BUCEROTIDAE)

/ ENGGANG

50 Anorrhinus galeritus

Bushy-crested Hornbill / Enggang klihingan

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Teras, Wilayah II.

51 Aceros corrugatus

Wrinkled Hornbill / Julang jambu-hitam

Near-threatened

Once seen to feed fruits in a tall fig tree that remains in Acacia plantation near

camp Teras, Wilayah II.

51. Aceros corrugatus

50. Anorrhinus galeritus

52 Anthracoceros malayanus

Black Hornbill / Asian Black Hornbill / Kangkareng hitam

Near-threatened

Several times observed in alang-alang grassland, Acacia plantation and

secondary forest in Wilayah II and I, but mostly near the conserved secondary forest in

Teras. Usually seen in a pair and fly from tall tree to another tree. It is the commonest

18

Hornbill species in this area.

53 Buceros rhinoceros

Rhinoceros Hornbill / Rangkong (badak)

Near-threatened

Several times observed mainly in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

Once seen in a flock of 5-6 individual flying over alang-alang grassland near camp Teras.

BARBETS (FAMILY CAPITONIDAE)

/ TAKUR

54 Megalaima mystacophanos

Red-throated Barbet / Takur warna-warni

Near-threatened

Several times heard its call but not observed visually.

55 Megalaima haemacephala

Coppersmith Barbet / (Takur) Ungkut-ungkut

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest and Acacia plantation.

56 Calorhamphus fuliginosus

Brown Barbet / Takur ampis

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras, Wilayah II.

WOODPECKERS (FAMILY PICIDAE)

/ PELATUK

57 Sasia abnormis

Rufous Piculet / Caladi tikus / Tukik tikus

Several times seen in Acacia plantation and secondary forest.

58 Celeus brachyurus

Rufous Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) loreng / Pelatuk kijang

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah I.

59 Picus puniceus

Crimson-winged Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) gunung kumis merah / Pelatuk

sayap merah

Not common.

19

60 Picus mineaceus

Banded Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) gunung bergaris / Pelatuk merah

Not common.

64. Meiglyptes tukki

61. Dinopium javanense

61 Dinopium javanense

Common Flameback / Caladi (platuk) besi jari tiga / Pelatuk besi

20

Once seen in secondary forest near camp Teras and in Acacia plantation in

Wilayah II.

62 Dinopium rafflesii

Olive-backed Woodpecker / Pelatuk Raffles

Near-threatened

Several times seen in 4-year Acacia plantation and conserved secondary forest.

63 Meiglyptes tristis

Buff-rumped Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) watu / Caladi batu

Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

64 Meiglyptes tukki

Buff-necked Woodpecker / Caladi badok

Near-threatened

Once caught by mist-net near camp Teras, Wilayah II.

65 Dendrocopos canicapillus

Grey-capped Woodpecker / Caladi kelabu / Caladi belacan

Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

66 Dendrocopos moluccensis

Synonim: Picoides moluccensis

Sunda Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) tilik

Several times seen in Acacia plantation and secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

67 Blythipicus rubiginosus

Maroon Woodpecker / Pelatuk pangkas

Several times seen in Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

68 Reinwardtipicus validus

Orange-backed Woodpecker / Caladi (platuk) kundang hutan / Pelatuk kundang

Several times seen inside or near conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

BROADBILLS (FAMILY EURYLAIMIDAE)

/ MADI

69 Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos

Black-and-red Broadbill / Sempur hujan sungai

21

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

70 Eurylaimus javanicus

Banded Broadbill / Madi pita / Sempur hujan rimba

Not common. Once heard in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

71 Eurylaimus ochromalus

Black-and-yellow Broadbill / Sempur hujan darat

Near-threatened

Frequently heard its call but hard to see. More often observed in secondary

forest rather than Acacia plantation. Once seen making a nest in a tall tree with many

honey bee nests near camp Teras.

PITTAS (FAMILY PITTIDAE)

/ PAOK

72 Pitta guajana

Banded Pitta / Burung paok / Paok pancawarna

Only two individuals are found in a small remnant forest near the stream in

Wilayah II.

SWALLOWS (FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE)

/ LAYANG-LAYANG

73 Hirundo rustica

Barn Swallow / Layang-layang asia / Layang-layang api

Some birds are observed to feed aerial insects above 1-year Acacia plantation.

More than 30 birds were perching on electric wire in camp Air Kemang, Wilayah II.

CUCKOO-SHRIKES (FAMILY CAMPEPHAGIDAE)

/ BENTET-KEDASI

74 Hemipus hirundinaceus

Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike / Jingjing teureup / Jingjing batu

Frequently feeding in the tree top of secondary forest and Acacia plantation in

Wilayah II and I.

75 Tephrodornis gularis

Large Woodshrike / (Jingjing) Petulak

22

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

76 Coracina fimbriata

Lesser Cuckooshrike / Kapodang ungu kecil / Kepudang sungu kecil

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

77 Lalage nigra

Pied Triller / Kapasan (kemiri)

Once seen in a forest edge near 1-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

78 Pericrocotus igneus

Fiery Minivet / Sepah tulin

Near-threatened

Several times seen in conservation forest and forest edge in Wilayah II and I.

79 Pericrocotus solaris

Grey-chinned Minivet / Sepah dagu kelabu

Once seen in conservation forest in Wilayah I.

LEAFBIRDS (FAMILY CHLOROPSEIDAE)

/ CICA-DAUN

80 Aegithina viridissima

Green Iora / Cipoh jantung

Near-threatened

Several times observed in secondary forest and Acacia plantation.

81 Aegithina tiphia

Common Iora / Cipoh (kacat)

Frequently heard and seen in secondary forest and Acacia plantation in Wilayah

II and I.

82 Chloropsis cyanopogon

Lesser Green Leafbird / Cica daun kecil

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II.

23

81. Aegithina tiphia

83 Chloropsis sonnerati

Greater Green Leafbird / Burung daun besar / Cica daun besar

Not common. Several times seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

84 Chloropsis aurifrons

Golden-fronted Leafbird / Cica daun dahi emas


85 Chloropsis cochinchinensis

Blue-winged Leafbird / Burung daun sayap biru / Cica dun sayap biru

Frequently seen and heard in conserved secondary forest and forest edges in

Wilayah II and I. The commonest Leafbird species.

BULBULS (FAMILY PYCNONOTIDAE)

/ CUCAK-CUCAKAN

86 Pycnonotus atriceps

Black-headed Bulbul / (Cucak) Kuricang

Very common. Frequently seen and heard in secondary forest, forest edge and

Acacia plantation.

87 Pycnonotus melanicterus

Black-crested Bulbul / Pecampeor / Cucak kuning

Very common. Frequently seen and heard in secondary forest and Acacia

plantation.

24

88 Pycnonotus cyaniventris

Grey-bellied Bulbul / Cucak kelabu

Near-threatened


Wilayah II.

86. Pycnonotus atriceps

90. Pycnonotus goiavier

89 Pycnonotus aurigaster

Sooty-headed Bulbul / (Cucak) Kutilang


Acacia plantation.

90 Pycnonotus goiavier

Yellow-vented Bulbul / (Merbah) Cerukcuk / Terucuk


25

Acacia plantation.

91 Pycnonotus plumosus

Olive-winged Bulbul / Mencrang / Merbah belukar

93. Pycnonotus brunneus

94. Pycnonotus erythropthalmos

91. Pycnonotus plumosus

92. Pycnonotus simplex

26

Very common. Frequently seen and heard in secondary forest and Acacia

plantation.

92 Pycnonotus simplex

Cream-vented Bulbul / (Merbah) Corok-corok

Common. Frequently seen in secondary forest and Acacia plantation.

93 Pycnonotus brunneus

Red-eyed Bulbul / Mancrang mata merah / Merbah mata merah


94 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos

Spectacled Bulbul / Merbah kacamata


95 Alophoixus finschii

Synonim: Criniger finschii

Finsch's Bulbul / Empuloh leher kuning

Near-threatened

Rare. Once caught by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II. This species has very few observation records throughout Sumatra Island.

96. Alophoixus bres

27

95. Alophoixus finschii

97. Alophoixus phaeocephalus

96 Alophoixus bres

Grey-cheeked Bulbul / Burung janggut / Empuloh janggut

Not common. Several times seen inside conserved secondary forest in Wilayah

II and I.

97 Alophoixus phaeocephalus

Yellow-bellied Bulbul / Empuloh irang

Several times caught by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II.

98 Tricholestes criniger

Hairy-backed Bulbul / Brinji rambut tunggir

Several times seen mostly in secondary forest in Wilayah II and I but sometimes

seen in Acacia plantation.

28

98. Tricholestes criniger

99 Ixos malaccensis

Streaked Bulbul / Brinji bergaris

Near-threatened

Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah I.

DRONGOS (FAMILY DICRURIDAE)

/ SRIGUNTING

100 Dicrurus macrocercus

Black Drongo / Srigunting hitam

Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

101 Dicrurus aeneus

Bronzed Drongo / Srigunting keladi

Once seen in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras, Wilayah II.

102 Dicrurus remifer

Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo / Srigunting gunung / Srigunting bukit

Common. Several times seen and heard in secondary forest, forest edge,

roadside and Acacia plantation.

103 Dicrurus paradiseus

Greater Racket-tailed Drongo / Saeran bandera batu / Srigunting batu

29

Common. Several times seen and heard in secondary forest, forest edge,

roadside and Acacia plantation.

103. Dicrurus paradiseus

ORIOLES (FAMILY ORIOLIDAE)

/ KEPUDANG

104 Oriolus xanthonotus

Dark-throated Oriole / Kepodang hutan

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah I.

105 Oriolus chinensis

Black-naped Oriole / Kepodang (kuduk hitam)

Common. Several times seen and heard in secondary forest, Acacia plantation in

Wilayah II and I.

106 Irena puella

Asian Fairy-bluebird / Burung besi / Kecembang (gadung)

Several times seen and heard in secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

30

CROWS (FAMILY CORVIDAE)

/ GAGAK-GAGAKAN

107 Corvus enca

Slender-billed Crow / Gagak hutan

Several times seen and heard its call in flight. Usually in a small flock of 2-4

individual.

NUTHATCHES (FAMILY SITTIDAE)

/ MUNGUK

108 Sitta frontalis

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch / Gelatik munguk / Munguk beledu

Several times seen in open spaces as Acacia plantation and forest edge.

BABBLERS (FAMILY TIMALIIDAE)

/ BURUNG PENGOCEH

109 Pellorneum capistratum

Black-capped Babbler / Kancilan topi hitam / Pelanduk topi hitam

Several times seen and heard mainly in secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

110 Trichastoma rostratum

White-chested Babbler / Pelanduk dada putih

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen in remnant secondary forest in Wilayah II.

31

109. Pellorneum capistratum

110. Trichastoma rostratum

111 Malacocincla sepiarium

Horsfield's Babbler / Kancilan sunda / Pelanduk semak

Not common. Once seen in 1-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

112 Malacopteron magnirostre

Moustached Babbler / Asi kumis

Not common. Once caught by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp

Teras, Wilayah II.

113 Malacopteron magnum

Rufous-crowned Babbler / Asi besar

Near-threatened

32

Several times heard its call in secondary forest and Acacia plantation in Wilayah

II and I.

111. Malacocincla sepiarium

112. Malacopteron magnirostre

116. Macronous gularis

33

114 Stachyris maculata

Chestnut-rumped Babbler / Tepus tunggir merah

Near-threatened


Wilayah II.

115 Stachyris erythroptera

Chestnut-winged Babbler / Tepus merbah sampah


116 Macronous gularis

Striped Tit-Babbler / Burung kalaces / Ciung air coreng

Common. Frequently heard its call but difficult to see in secondary forest, forest

edge and Acacia plantation. This species is not recorded in year 2007, since its call was

not familiar until 2008, but they should have been present in 2007 as well.

117 Macronous ptilosus

Fluffy-backed Tit-Babbler / Ciung air pongpong

Near-threatened

Not common. Once heard in conserved secondary forest (Merbau) in Wilayah I.

THRUSHES (FAMILY TURDIDAE)

/ BURUNG CACING

118 Copsychus saularis

Oriental Magpie-Robin / Kucica (kampong)

Common. Frequently seen and heard its call in open spaces as alang-alang

grassland, Acacia plantation after clear-cutting, forest edge and roadside trees.

119 Enicurus leschenaulti

White-crowned Forktail / Meninting besar

Once caught by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II. This species usually inhabit near the streams.

120 Turdus obscurus

Eyebrowed Thrush / (Burung) Anis kening

Once seen in a flock of 10 individual in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II

in December 2007. Almost 30 individual are observed at the same time on a dead tree in

rather open space in Wilayah II. This species is typical winter visitor.

34

119. Enicurus leschenaulti

123. Orthotomus atrogularis

OLD WORLD WARBLERS (FAMILY SYLVIIDAE)

/ BURUNG PENGICAU

121 Gerygone sulphurea

Golden-bellied Gerygone / Burung remetuk / Remetuk laut

Several times recorded in 4-year Acacia plantation and secondary forest. This

species is not recorded in year 2007, since its call was not familiar until 2008, but they

might have been present in 2007 as well.

122 Phylloscopus inornatus

Inornate Warbler / Cikrak polos

Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II in July 2008.

35

123 Orthotomus atrogularis

Dark-necked Tailorbird / Cinenen belukar

Several times seen and heard its call in Acacia plantation and secondary forest.

This species is not recorded in year 2007, since its call was not familiar until 2008, but

they might have been present in 2007 as well.

124 Orthotomus ruficeps

Ashy Tailorbird / Cinenen kelabu

Very common. Frequently seen and heard in bushes in Acacia plantation,

alang-alang grasslands and forest edge in Wilayah II and I.

125 Orthotomus sericeus

Rufous-tailed Tailorbird / Cinenen merah


alang-alang grasslands and forest edge in Wilayah II and I. This species is not recorded in

year 2007, since its call was not familiar until 2008, but they might have been present in

2007 as well.

126 Prinia flaviventris

Yellow-bellied Prinia / Perenjak perut kuning / Perenjak rawa



127 Prinia familiaris

Bar-winged Prinia / Perenjak sayap garis / Perenjak jawa

Endemic



OLD WORLD FLYCATCHERS (FAMILY MUSCICAPIDAE)

/ SIKATAN DUNIA LAMA

128 Rhinomyias umbratilis

Grey-chested Jungle-Flycatcher / Sikatan rimba dada kelabu

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen near forest floor in conserved secondary forest

(Merbau) in Wilayah I.

129 Muscicapa dauurica

36

Asian Brown Flycatcher / Sikatan bubik

Not common. Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II in October

2007.

130 Eumyias indigo

Indigo Flycatcher / Nihon nihon gunung / Sikatan nihon

Not common. Once seen in remnant secondary forest in Wilayah I.

131 Ficedula westermanni

Little Pied Flycatcher / Sikatan belang


Wilayah II.

132 Cyornis turcosus

Malaysian Blue-Flycatcher / Sikatan Melayu

Near-threatened

Several times seen in 4-year Acacia plantation and remnant forest. Once caught

by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras, Wilayah II.

133 Rhipidura javanica

Pied Fantail / Kipasan (belang)

Frequently seen and heard its call mainly in Acacia plantation in Wilayah II and

I.

134 Hypothymis azurea

Black-naped Monarch / Kehicap ranting

Several times seen in 4-year Acacia plantation and secondary forest in Wilayah

II and I. Its nest was observed in conserved secondary forest (Merbau).

135 Philentoma pyrhopterum

Rufous-winged Philentoma / Philentoma sayap merah

Not common. Several times seen in secondary forest in Wilayah I.

136 Terpsiphone paradisi

Asian Paradise-Flycatcher / Burung sriwang / Sriwang Asia

Once observed in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah II. One individual was

observed in flight during driving around Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

37

132. Cyornis turcosus

134. Hypothymis azurea

128. Rhinomyias umbratilis

38

WHISTLERS (FAMILY PACHYCEPHALIDAE)

/ KANCILAN

137 Pachycephala grisola

Mangrove Whistler / Kepala tebal bakau / Kancilan bakau

Several times seen and heard in Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

WOOD-SWALLOWS (FAMILY ARTAMIDAE)

/ KEKEP

138 Artamus leucorynchus

White-breasted Wood-swallow / Kekep (babi) / Burung buah

Several times seen in Acacia plantation and open spaces as forest edge, roadside,

camps and gardens in Wilayah II and I.

SHRIKES (FAMILY LANIIDAE)

/ BENTET

139 Lanius tigrinus

Tiger Shrike / Bentet loreng

Once seen in forest edge of conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II.

140 Lanius schach

Long-tailed Shrike / Bentet (kelabu)

Once seen in a cropland near Acacia plantation in Wilayah II.

STARLINGS (FAMILY STURNIDAE)

/ JALAK

141 Acridotheres cinereus

Synonim: Acridotheres javanicus

Pale-bellied Myna / Javan Myna / Kerak kerbau

Endemic

Once seen in 1-year Acacia plantation and along the road which goes through

scattered woodland in Wilayah II

142 Gracula religiosa

39

Hill Myna / Beo / Tiong (emas)

Several times seen and heard its song in Acacia plantation and secondary forest

in Wilayah II and I.

SUNBIRDS AND SPIDERHUNTERS (FAMILY NECTARINIIDAE)

/ BURUNG MADU DAN PIJANTUNG

143 Anthreptes simplex

Plain Sunbird / Burung madu polos

Once seen in 4-year Acacia plantation in Wilayah I.

144 Anthreptes malacensis

Plain-throated Sunbird / Burung madu kepala

Several times seen and heard in Acacia plantation and secondary forest in

Wilayah II and I.

145 Anthreptes rhodolaema

Red-throated Sunbird / Burung madu leher merah

Near-threatened

Not common. Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

146 Anthreptes singalensis

Synonim: Chalcoparia singalensis

Ruby-cheeked Sunbird / Burung madu pipi merah / Burung madu belukar

Not common. Several times seen in secondary forest in Wilayah II.

147 Nectarinia sperata

Synonim: Leptocoma sperata

Purple-throated Sunbird / Burung madu hitam gunung / Burung madu pengantin

Several times seen in Acacia plantation and secondary forest.

148 Nectarinia jugularis

Synonim: Cinnyris jugularis

Olive-backed Sunbird / Burung madu kuning / (Burung madu) Sriganti

Common. Several times seen in Acacia plantation, forest edge and secondary

forest.

149 Aethopyga siparaja

Crimson Sunbird / Burung madu merah / Burung madu sepah raja

40

Common. Several times seen in Acacia plantation, forest edge and secondary

forest.

150 Arachnothera longirostra

Little Spiderhunter / Burung jantung kecil / Pijantung kecil

Several times seen and heard in conserved secondary forest, forest edge and

Acacia plantation. In Kalimantan, this species is reported to be dominant in Acacia

plantation but no clear evidence in this area.

151 Arachnothera crassirostris

Thick-billed Spiderhunter / Pijantung kampung

Several times seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

152 Arachnothera flavigaster

Spectacled Spiderhunter / Pijantung tasmak

Once seen in the forest edge of conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

153 Arachnothera chrysogenys

Yellow-eared Spiderhunter / Burung jantung telinga kuning / Pijantung telinga

kuning

Once seen in conserved secondary forest in Wilayah II.

150. Arachnothera longirostra

FLOWERPECKERS (FAMILY DICAEIDAE)

/ BURUNG CABAI

41

154 Prionochilus percussus

Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker / Burung cabe punggung biru / Pentis pelangi

Once caught by mist-net in conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II.

155 Dicaeum agile

Thick-billed Flowerpecker / Burung cabe paruh tebal / Cabai gesit

Once seen in the forest edge of conserved secondary forest near camp Teras,

Wilayah II.

154. Prionochilus percussus (female)

156. Dicaeum trigonostigma

156 Dicaeum trigonostigma

42

Orange-bellied Flowerpecker / Burung bunga api / Cabai bunga api

Very common. Frequently seen and heard in Acacia plantation, forest edge,

secondary forest in Wilayah II and I.

WEAVERS (FAMILY PLOCEIDAE)

/ PIPIT, MANYAR DLL.

157 Passer montanus

Eurasian Tree Sparrow / Burung gereja (Erasia)

Several times seen in open spaces as forest edge and gardens.

158 Lonchura leucogastroides

Javan Munia / Bondol jawa / Pipit

Endemic

Once seen in forest edge near camp Teras, Wilayah II.

159 Lonchura punctulata

Scaly-breasted Munia / Bondol dada sisik / (Bondol) Peking


160 Lonchura maja

White-headed Munia / Bondol haji


43

Acknowledgements

Our great thanks go to Mr. Shigeru Shimoda, the former Director of PT Musi Hutan

Persada, for the permission of our survey and providing accommodation. We also wish to

thank all of the field staff for their hard work and patience in the field. This paper is a part

of the outcome of the Acacia Project of Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere,

Kyoto University, and the JSPS Global COE Program “In Search of Sustainable

Humanosphere in Asia and Africa" in Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto

University.

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Chung, A., Eggleton, P., Speight, M., Hammond, P. and Chey, V. 2000. The diversity of beetle

assemblages in different habitat types in Sabah, Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90:

475-496.

Clements, James. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition. (revised in 2008)

Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 864p.

Davies, A., Holloway, J., Huijbregts, H., Krikken, J., Kirk-Spriggs, A., and Sutton, S. 2001. Dung

beetles as indicators of change in the forests of northern Borneo. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:

593-616.

Fitzherbert, Emily., Struebig, Matthew., Morel, Alexandra., Danielsen, Finn., Bruehl, Carsten., Donald,

Paul. and Phalan, Ben. 2008. How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in Ecology and

Evolution 23: 538-545.

MacKinnon, John. 1991. Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada

University Press, 390p.

MacKinnon, John. and Phillips, Karen. 1993. The Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali. New

York: Oxford University Press, 491p.

MacKinnon, John., Phillipps, Karen. and van Balen, Bas. 2010. Burung-burung di Sumatra, Jawa, Bali

dan Kalimantan. Bogor: Burung Indonesia, 512p.

44

O’Connell, Timothy., Jackson, Laura. and Brooks, Robert. 2000. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological

condition in the Central Appalachians. Ecological Applications 10:1706-1721.

Sibley, Charles. and Monroe, Burt. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New

Haven and London, Yale University Press, 11360p.

Tsukamoto, Jiro. and Sabang, John. 2005. Soil macro-fauna in an Acacia mangium plantation in

comparison to that in a primary mixed dipterocarp forest in the lowlands of Sarawak, Malaysia.

Pedobiologia 49: 69-80.

Appendix 1. Species occurrence at each study site based on Point-count survey.

Abbreviations are; A1, 1-year Acacia plantation; A4, 4-year Acacia plantation; CF,

Conservation Forest; RF, Remnant Forest. Species that are caught by mist-net or

observed during driving or walking are listed in the right column. Scientific name

followed the nomenclature of Sibley & Monroe (1990).

Year / Season 2008 / dry 2007 / wet oth

er observ

ation (m

ist-net,

road

side cen

sus, o

rout o

f

poin

t-counts)

Research Area Wilayah II Wilayah I Wilayah II

Vegetation A1 A4 CF RF A1 A4 CF RF A1 A4 CF

Number of Survey Points 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 4

Number of Total Point-count survey 35 54 32 18 36 54 38 19 58 63 86

Number of Species 36 55 54 32 34 45 50 32 32 36 56

Species ID Scientific Name Presence of Species

1 Butorides striatus 1

2 Bubulcus ibis 1

3 Ciconia episcopus 1

4 Ciconia stormi 1

5 Leptoptilos javanicus 1

6 Aviceda jerdoni 1

7 Pernis ptilorhyncus 1 1 1 1

8 Macheiramphus alcinus 1

9 Milvus migrans 1

10 Spilornis cheela 1 1

11 Accipiter trivirgatus 1

12 Hieraaetus kienerii 1

13 Spizaetus cirrhatus 1

14 Spizaetus nanus 1

15 Microhierax fringillarius 1 1 1 1 1

16 Gallus gallus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

17 Amaurornis phoenicurus 1

18 Treron oxyura 1

19 Treron curvirostra 1

20 Treron griseicauda 1

21 Treron vernans 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

22 Ducula aenea 1 1

23 Ducula lacernulata 1

24 Macropygia ruficeps 1

45

25 Streptopelia chinensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26 Geopelia striata 1 1 1 1 1 1

27 Chalcophaps indica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28 Psittacula longicauda 1 1 1 1

29 Psittinus cyanurus 1 1 1

30 Loriculus galgulus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

31 Cacomantis sonneratii 1

32 Cacomantis merulinus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

33 Surniculus lugubris 1

34 Phaenicophaeus diardi 1 1

35 Phaenicophaeus

chlorophaeus

1

36 Phaenicophaeus curvirostris 1 1 1

37 Centropus sinensis 1

38 Centropus bengalensis 1 1 1 1 1 1

39 Hemiprocne longipennis 1 1 1

40 Hemiprocne comata 1

41 Alcedo meninting 1

42 Ceyx rufidorsa 1

43 Pelargopsis capensis 1

44 Lacedo pulchella 1

45 Halcyon smyrnensis 1

46 Todiramphus chloris 1 1 1 1 1

47 Merops viridis 1 1 1

48 Nyctyornis amictus 1

49 Eurystomus orientalis 1 1 1 1 1 1

50 Anorrhinus galeritus 1

51 Aceros corrugatus 1

52 Anthracoceros malayanus 1 1 1

53 Buceros rhinoceros 1

54 Megalaima mystacophanos 1 1 1 1 1

55 Megalaima haemacephala 1 1

56 Calorhamphus fuliginosus 1 1

57 Sasia abnormis 1 1 1

58 Celeus brachyurus 1 1

59 Picus puniceus 1

60 Picus mineaceus 1

61 Dinopium javanense 1

46

62 Dinopium rafflesii 1 1 1

63 Meiglyptes tristis 1

64 Meiglyptes tukki 1

65 Dendrocopos canicapillus 1

66 Dendrocopos moluccensis 1 1 1 1

67 Blythipicus rubiginosus 1 1

68 Reinwardtipicus validus 1

69 Cymbirhynchus

macrorhynchos

1

70 Eurylaimus javanicus 1

71 Eurylaimus ochromalus 1 1 1 1 1 1

72 Pitta guajana 1 1

73 Hirundo rustica 1 1 1

74 Hemipus hirundinaceus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

75 Tephrodornis gularis 1 1

76 Coracina fimbriata 1 1 1

77 Lalage nigra 1

78 Pericrocotus igneus 1 1 1

79 Pericrocotus solaris 1

80 Aegithina viridissima 1 1 1

81 Aegithina tiphia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

82 Chloropsis cyanopogon 1

83 Chloropsis sonnerati 1 1

84 Chloropsis aurifrons 1

85 Chloropsis cochinchinensis 1 1 1 1 1

86 Pycnonotus atriceps 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

87 Pycnonotus melanicterus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

88 Pycnonotus cyaniventris 1

89 Pycnonotus aurigaster 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

90 Pycnonotus goiavier 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

91 Pycnonotus plumosus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

92 Pycnonotus simplex 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

93 Pycnonotus brunneus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

94 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos 1 1 1 1 1 1

95 Alophoixus finschii 1

96 Alophoixus bres 1 1 1

97 Alophoixus phaeocephalus 1

98 Tricholestes criniger 1 1 1 1 1

47

99 Ixos malaccensis 1

100 Dicrurus macrocercus 1

101 Dicrurus aeneus 1

102 Dicrurus remifer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

103 Dicrurus paradiseus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

104 Oriolus xanthonotus 1

105 Oriolus chinensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

106 Irena puella 1 1 1 1

107 Corvus enca 1 1 1 1 1

108 Sitta frontalis 1 1

109 Pellorneum capistratum 1 1 1 1 1 1

110 Trichastoma rostratum 1 1

111 Malacocincla sepiarium 1 1

112 Malacopteron magnirostre 1

113 Malacopteron magnum 1 1 1 1 1 1

114 Stachyris maculata 1

115 Stachyris erythroptera 1

116 Macronous gularis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

117 Macronous ptilosus 1

118 Copsychus saularis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

119 Enicurus leschenaulti 1

120 Turdus obscurus 1

121 Gerygone sulphurea 1 1 1

122 Phylloscopus inornatus 1

123 Orthotomus atrogularis 1 1 1 1 1 1

124 Orthotomus ruficeps 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

125 Orthotomus sericeus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

126 Prinia flaviventris 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

127 Prinia familiaris 1 1 1 1 1

128 Rhinomyias umbratilis 1

129 Muscicapa dauurica 1

130 Eumyias indigo 1

131 Ficedula westermanni 1

132 Cyornis turcosus 1 1 1

133 Rhipidura javanica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

134 Hypothymis azurea 1 1 1 1 1 1

135 Philentoma pyrhopterum 1 1

136 Terpsiphone paradisi 1

48

137 Pachycephala grisola 1 1

138 Artamus leucorynchus 1 1 1

139 Lanius tigrinus 1

140 Lanius schach 1

141 Acridotheres cinereus 1

142 Gracula religiosa 1 1 1 1 1

143 Anthreptes simplex 1

144 Anthreptes malacensis 1 1 1 1 1 1

145 Anthreptes rhodolaema 1

146 Anthreptes singalensis 1 1

147 Nectarinia sperata 1 1 1

148 Nectarinia jugularis 1 1 1 1

149 Aethopyga siparaja 1 1 1 1 1

150 Arachnothera longirostra 1 1 1 1 1

151 Arachnothera crassirostris 1 1

152 Arachnothera flavigaster 1

153 Arachnothera chrysogenys 1

154 Prionochilus percussus 1

155 Dicaeum agile 1

156 Dicaeum trigonostigma 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

157 Passer montanus 1

158 Lonchura leucogastroides 1

159 Lonchura punctulata 1

160 Lonchura maja 1

49

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