Emigration Policies- Assessment of Human Resources Outflow: The case Of Senegal

Classification Code： Confidentiality Grade：

A Dissertation Submitted to China University of

Geosciences for the Master Degree

Emigration Policies- Assessment of Human Resources

Outflow: the case of Senegal

Student ID：LSYG20110018

Student Name：Thiome Mame Bity

Major：Public Administration

Supervisor：Mr. Zeng Wei & Ms Chen Xing

College：School of Public Administration

Date: May 22, 2014

ii

University Code：10491 Student ID：LSYG20110018

A Dissertation Submitted to China University

of Geosciences for the Master Degree of

Public Administration

Emigration Policies-Assessment of Human Resources

Outflow: The case of Senegal

Student Name：Thiome Mame Bity

Major：Public Administration

Supervisor：Mr. Zeng Wei & Ms Chen Xing

China University of Geosciences

Wuhan 430074 P. R. China

May 22, 2014

iii

The Originality Statement for Dissertation

of China University of Geosciences

(Wuhan)

I solemnly declare that the dissertation I submitted " Emigration

Policies-Assessment of Human Resources Outflow: The case Of Senegal

" is my independent research which is achieved under the guidance of

supervisors and during my graduate student stage. In this dissertation,

there are not others’ works and publications except for the parts that are

noted and cited specially. I extend my gratitude to the persons who

provide help for my dissertation writing.

I commit that this dissertation I submitted conforms academic ethics

and academic standards, and I will undertake the legal liability and legal

consequences resulting from academic infringement of this dissertation.

Author Signature：Thiome Mame Bity

Date： May 22, 2014

iv

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dissertation of China University of

Geosciences (Wuhan)

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This dissertation would be permitted to be loaded in relevant database

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When the dissertation been kept secret declassified, this

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Author Signature： Thiome Mame Bity

Date： May 22, 2014

v

Author Introduction

My name is Mame Bity Thiome and I am from Senegal. I am

studying Master of Public Administration (MPA) in China University of

Geosciences, under the kindness of China Scholarship of Council (CSC).

At this moment, I have had completed 45 credits with a GPA equivalent

to 3.809.

To complete the credits requirement, the MPA program needs to be

endorsed by the defense of thesis. Hence my project, i.e. Emigration

Policies-Assessment of Human Resources Outflow: The case Of Senegal

has been proposed at the school of Administration. After approval, I went

home to Senegal for data collection. In the research field, I went to

different embassies to collect data and at the same time, I used the

opportunity to give the questionnaire to the visa applicants. I interviewed

Mr Akoko, whom is a member of WAEWU- Mali, and Fatou S, Sarr

(researcher in IFAN) had kindly helped to polish my thesis.

vi

Catalogue

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. ix

摘要 ................................................................................................................................................. x

Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Research Purpose and Meaning ..................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1.2 Purpose of the Research ......................................................................................... 2

1.1.3 Meaning of the research ......................................................................................... 3

1.2 Literature review ............................................................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Domestic literature review ..................................................................................... 3

1.2.2 Overseas literature review ...................................................................................... 5

1.3 Research Target, Content and Key issue to be resolved ............................................... 8

1.3 .1 Research Target ..................................................................................................... 8

1.3. 2 Content .................................................................................................................. 8

1.3. 3 the key issues to be resolved. ................................................................................ 9

1.4 Research Methods and Innovation of the research .................................................... 10

1.4.1 Research methods ................................................................................................. 10

1.4.2 Innovation of the Research ................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER 2: THEORIES ON HUMAN RESOURCE OUTFLOW ..................................... 12

2.1 Key concepts .................................................................................................................. 12

2.1.1 Human Resources ................................................................................................. 12

2.1.2 Brain drain ............................................................................................................ 13

2.1.3 Emigration ............................................................................................................ 14

2.1.4 Under development & Uneven-development ....................................................... 14

2.2 Theories .......................................................................................................................... 15

2.2. 1 Push – Pull theories ............................................................................................. 15

2.2.2 Theories of Globalization ..................................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Dependency theories ............................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER 3: NATURE AND MOTIVATION OF EMIGRATION ....................................... 26

3.1 Classification of emigration .......................................................................................... 27

3.1.1 Legal Emigration .................................................................................................. 27

3.1.2 Quasi- legal Emigration ........................................................................................ 30

3.1.3 Illegal Emigration ................................................................................................. 31

3.2 Motivation of emigration .............................................................................................. 33

3.2.1 Prestige Motivation .............................................................................................. 33

3.2.2 Idleness Motivation .............................................................................................. 33

3.2.3 Political motivation .............................................................................................. 34

3.2.4 Economic motivation ........................................................................................... 35

3.2.5 Education motivation ........................................................................................... 36

vii

CHAPTER 4: HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHIC SPACE OF SENEGALESE

EMIGRATION ............................................................................................................................ 39

4.1 The brief introduction of Senegal................................................................................. 40

4.2 History of Senegalese Emigration ................................................................................ 42

4.3 Geography space of Senegalese emigration ................................................................ 49

Chapter 5: Emigration policies of Senegal ................................................................................ 53

5.1 Public emigration policies. ............................................................................................ 53

5.1. 1Continental emigrations policies .......................................................................... 54

5.1.2 Intercontinental emigration policies. .................................................................... 56

5.2 Irregular migration policies .......................................................................................... 58

5.3 Brain drain policies ....................................................................................................... 59

5.4 Homecoming policies ..................................................................................................... 60

Chapter 6: Assessment of Emigration Policies-Human Resources Outflow in Senegal ........ 61

6.1 Data analysis by SPSS ................................................................................................... 61

6.1.1 Data collection ...................................................................................................... 62

6.1.2 Research scope and sampling method .................................................................. 63

6.1. 3 Interpretation of SPSS graphs. ............................................................................ 64

6.2 Assessment of emigration policies-HRO ..................................................................... 83

6.2.1 Assessment of public emigration policies ............................................................ 83

6.2.2Assessment of irregular emigration policies ......................................................... 83

6.2.3 Assessment of brain drain policies ....................................................................... 84

6.2.4 Assessment of homecoming policies .................................................................... 85

Chapter 7: Conclusion & Future research ................................................................................ 88

7.1 Conclusion & Recommendation ................................................................................... 88

7.2 Future research .............................................................................................................. 94

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................... 95

致谢 ............................................................................................................................................... 96

References .................................................................................................................................... 97

viii

Abbreviations

ACP……………………………………………… African Caribbean and Pacific group of states

AHEAD……………………………………Association for Higher Education and Development

CSSE ………………………………………….High Council for Senegalese Living Abroad

CUG …………………………………………..China Univer s i ty o f G eosc iences

ECOWAS……………………………………..Economic Community of the West Africa

FRONTEX …………………………………..European System of Border Surveillance

G D P … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . G r o s s D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t

H R O … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . H u m a n R e s o u r c e s O u t f l o w

ICTUW………………………………………Confederation of Trade Union Workers

IOM ………………………………………….International Organization for Migration

I T … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

IFAN…………………………………………Fundamental Institute of Black Africa

MIDA………………………………………..Migration for Development in Africa

MFCD……………………………………….Movement of Democratic force of Casamance

N A S T … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . N o r t h A t l a n t i c S l a v e T r a d e

NCWS……………………………………….National Confederation of Workers of Senegal

N G O … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N o G o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n

R E VA … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . P r o j e c t B a c k t o A g r i c u l t u r e

T F M … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … F u t u r e T e l e v i s i o n M e d i a

U N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . U n i t e d N a t i o n s

UNESCO…………………………………..United Nations Educational Scientific and Culture

U S A … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . U n i t e d S t a t e o f A m e r i c a

WAEMU…………………………………..West African Economic and Monetary Union

ix

ABSTRACT

Senegal was a strategic participant in the North Atlantic Slave Trade

(Africa-Americas-Europe) from the late 14th

to mid 18th

century. During this period Africans

were forcibly taken from West Africa and sold to Europeans, who then took them to the Americas

to work as slaves. As the old adage says “usually history is dialectic” and thus this can be

interpreted as the first and one of the most significant Human Resources Outflow from Africa to

the western world. Nowadays, although the Human Resources Outflow in Senegal is being

propelled by a myriad of situations, the effects remain the same, for example, the lack of skilled

workforce and inadequate levels of innovation on the continent as well as individual countries

such as Senegal. The aim of this paper is to undertake a critical assessment of the phenomena of

Human Resources Outflow from Senegal in the context of contemporary migration factors. The

overall objective is to evaluate the impact of Human Resources Outflow from Senegal on

government administration, the economy and civil society as a whole.

Methodologically, this research employs a myriad of both qualitative and quantitative

approaches. Among these, are structures, interviews, and coded questionnaires. In addition, data

and information will be secured from various government and non - governmental institutions.

This research concludes that the HRO has two main effects, the first one being, and the

contribution of remittances on Senegalese economy whilst the second one is the lack of skills and

competence on the state. It is thus recommended that, the government of Senegal adopt a set of

emigrations policies that aim to balance the gains and losses of HRO, in other words, establish an

applicative formal migration policy.

Key words: Senegal, Human Resources Outflow, Emigration, Brain drain.

x

摘要

塞内加尔是 14 世纪晚期至 18 世纪中期北大西洋奴隶贸易（非洲，美洲，欧洲）的战

略参与者。在此期间非洲人被强行带离西非并贩卖给欧洲人，然后作为奴隶把他们带到美

洲工作。正如一句古老的谚语所说：“历史通常是辩证的”，因此这可以解释为从非洲到

西方世界首次也是最显著的一次人力资源外流。如今,虽然有无数的情况推动塞内加尔的人

力资源外流,但其影响是相同的,例如, 在非洲大陆各个国家如塞内加尔缺乏有技能的劳动

力以及创新水平不足。本文的目的是在塞内加尔当代移民因素的背景下进行一个人力资源

外流现象的关键评估。总体目标是评估人力资源的流出对塞内加尔行政，经济和社会作为

一个整体的影响。

在研究方法上，本研究采用了各种定性和定量的方法。其中包括结构化、访谈、编写

问卷调查等。此外，数据和信息从各政府和非政府机构获得。

这项研究的结论是，人力资源外流有两个主要的影响，第一个是汇款对塞内加尔经济

的贡献，而第二个是导致本国技能和能力的缺乏。因此建议,塞内加尔政府采取一系列移民

政策旨在平衡人力资源外流的损益,换句话说,建立一个正式可行的移民政策。

May 2014 China University of Geosciences Dissertation for Degree Master of Public Administration 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Research Purpose and Meaning

1.1.1 Background

The Senegalese people experienced a forced migration, between 14th and the 18

th

century known as North Atlantic Slave Trade. This period was characterized by Europeans,

French, Spaniards, British, Germans, Dutch and Portuguese, that coercively took West

Africans to their respective colonies in the Americas and the Caribbean’s to work vigorously

on sugar cane, cotton and tobacco plantations. The profits and products from those

productions were exported back to Europe in order to satisfy the demands of a growing

economy mostly with the industrial revolution. The forced migration, or the NAST resulted

into positive image for the African continent, as with the research conducted by

anthropologists and historians, African slaves (free labour) were the backbone of the

development of Europe and the Americas.

The negative result for Senegal especially due it’s role played in that trade; is relative

to the massive exploitation and movement of more than fifteen million (15,000,000) black

Africans out of western Africa during the four centuries. This marked the first major Human

Resources Outflow in Senegal. This coerced migration policy perpetrated by the Europeans,

which persisted until the mid 18th‘s century, when slavery was finally abolished in 1848.

A period of colonisation followed the abolition of slavery and a general change in the

forced migration policy. Colonisation lasted from the end of slavery up to 1980 for some

colonies. Western African citizens had an opportunity to go to the former colonial countries

of their free will for various reasons. Education and training was one of the most important

impetus for migration coupled with employment opportunities in the now expanding

industrial economies of Europe. This resulted in HRO from Africa.

2 M.B. THIOME: Emigration Policies – Assessment of Human Resources Outflow: The Case of Senegal May 2014

The 20th and 21

st century saw the phenomena of emigration from Senegal adopting a

new face, remarkably different to slavery and colonialism. An unforeseeable financial crisis

in 1970 further pushed the population to find new means and ways to survive. In 1994

devaluation of the currency (CFA) gave rise to a poor and hopeless Senegalese population,

and inadvertently became a push factor which intensified emigration. In 2008 the economic

crisis and an increase fuel in prices led to a closure of many enterprises, thereby increasing

the rate of unemployment within the country. Unfortunately, the Senegalese economic is

unwell nowadays, and create a socio insecurity, with a vulnerable strata mostly composed of

young people and women. This circumstance encourages a Senegalese Human Resources

Outflow in all the core regions and semi-periphery regions but also in some countries such

as Gabon, Congo, Angola and South Africa.

1.1.2 Purpose of the Research

According to the World Bank, about 463,000 Senegalese (or 4% of the population)

went abroad in 2012 [1]

. The results of households’ survey carried out by the Senegalese

Ministry of Economy and Finances showed that 76% of urban households and 70 % of the

households nationwide have at least one family member abroad. A total of 46 % located

Europe, mainly to Italy, France and Spain; and 8% in North America. The results are

composed of legal, quasi-legal and illegal emigration, with the final consequence of Human

Resources Outflows (HRO) in Senegal. These statistics reflect the degree of the situation of

Senegalese HRO. Thus, the purpose of this research is to help the government find solutions

to solve the problem of emigration with a particular focus on its administrative context.

Therefore this research aims to:

Evaluate the Human Resources Outflow on the Senegalese administration, economy and

society.

Find solutions regarding the Senegalese illegal emigration problem


1.1.3 Meaning of the research

The actual trends of emigration observed in Senegal can be translated into “brain drain”

and illegal emigration. These phenomenons are ranked among the most important issues that

the Senegalese administration is facing. They are the most developed subjects discussed in

forums, seminars, workshops and further in geopolitical questions with friend countries. In

2008, the phenomenon of emigration by boats was very prominent in Senegal, and led

thousands of citizens to illegally cross the European borders through the sea. For most of the

time, this resulted in numerous deaths in the ocean. Not only did this lead to many deaths

but it also created diplomatic tensions between the targeted countries and Senegal.

The promise of new government during the run up to the 2012 elections rekindled a

hope in the minds of Senegalese people and slowed down the rate of emigration. However

with the new regime, the government of Senegal has noted a rise in the boat phenomena

again, and this time the data shows new criteria, which are gender and age. Senegalese

people from all walks of life such as scholars, workforce, and labors want to go abroad. The

hopeless youth are unwilling to stay and find ways to develop their country. They feel that

they need to set themselves free and that emigration is their escape-route. If the government

does not intervene in this situation, the result will be a grey country. The crucial question we

must ask ourselves is “What will Senegal be like in 10 years?” Why is entrepreneurship

lacking and how best can the government foster it? This research will enable the Senegalese

government to understand the real problem of illegal emigration and brain drain; it will also

suggest new migration policies as a solution to the problem of emigration.

1.2 Literature review

1.2.1 Domestic literature review

The gap between the core states and the periphery states create Human Resources outflow


from the periphery to the core. In West Africa, for example in Senegal, the population migrates

with the aim of finding better living conditions. On the domestic front, this research will base on

previous studies done by Senegalese researchers. Senegalese migration leads to brain drain and

irregular migration, so country studies and research on Senegal completed by Fall et. al will

develop the historic, socio-economic and political context of migration in Senegal[2]

. In addition,

reports from the Agency of National Statistics will provide relevant migration data, while

offering a general view of Senegalese migration. Senegalese education policies focus more on

higher education, where the government spends 40% of the national budget on education; an

important portion of this is used on scholarship. After graduating, most of these scholars stay in

their host countries, hence Senegal faces the effects of brain drain, as highlights in studies by

Maguette[3]

. Former UNESCO Director General Mr Amadou Mahtar Mbow also spoke on this

issue at an inter-generation discourse convened on the sidelines of a UNESCO-organized

conference on Third World education.

Outside the brain drain, the irregular migration is an issue for Senegalese government,

especially in 2006, the world face a desperate phenomenon, where Senegalese population cross

the Ocean Atlantic with the fishing boats. Mbaye «Barcelona or Die»: Understanding illegal

migration, use the logit model to analyze the role of expectations, relatives and repressions in

illegal decisions making [4]

. She found that the choice of the destination country influences the

likelihood to migrate illegally rather than legally. But through remittances, emigrants make

positive contributions to the Senegalese economy. Studies by Fatou on migration and remittances

found that emigrants’ remittances help increase the Senegalese GDP [5]

.


1.2.2 Overseas literature review

The basis of our literature selection will start with the history and contemporary issues

related to Senegalese Human Resources Outflow. We cannot talk about Human Resources

Outflow without mentioning the NAST, the foundation of Senegalese Human Resources

Outflow. Phillip D. Curtin was a pioneering researcher on NAST; he used the method of

demographic analogy and estimated the number of imported slaves at 9,566,100[6].

Especially in the case of Senegalese, the focus should be the amount of human resources

that left the country (which was known as Senegambia at the time) for overseas. So,

according to Curtin the proportion of slaves in total exports from Senegambia rose from

55% at the beginning of the slave trade to 86% in the end. Eltis’ study based on the

assessment of per capita income and the value of the export trade found that the demography

of the trade involved an absolute loss of population and a large increase in the enslaved

population that was retained in Africa [7]

. To understand the human resources outflow, the

theories of globalization, push-pull and dependency were studied, such as those by Budd on

the contemporary politics which found globalization is historical system that starts during

the slavery [8]

. Castells’ work “The Rise of the Network Society” found globalization

represents a new age of information [9]

. Ohmae studies on “the borderless world” found the

globalization create a borderless world [10]

. But in this borderless world have a division

called the world system, better illustrated by Wallerstein’s work, who found that the world

system is a historical social system divided into three groups such as the core,

semi-periphery and the periphery [11]

. Nayyar’s study on development through globalization

found that the mobility of the workforce results in tight immigration policies [12]

. This

outflow creates a new concept call the transnational, some anthropologist study on the

subject, example Schiller et al., in From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing

Transnational Migration, “the immigrant forge a bridge between the host country and the


origin country with a single unified field of social action”[13]

. The paper assesses the degree

of transnational migration by Senegalese, and “Home is Where the Heart Abides” by Sinatti

also underlines the face that the majority of the Senegalese population plans to return and

adopting nationalism rather than transnational.

Despite the nationalism culture, Senegalese population migrate to overseas, one of the

explanation of this is dependency [14]

. Besides, Toye et al. on the origin of and interpretation

of the Prebisch-Singer thesis will be used; Prebisch-Singer found resources flow from a

periphery state to a core state, enriching the latter [15]

. In the same line Tausch studies titled

“Passive globalization and the failure of the European Union’s Lisbon Strategy” highlight

that the dependency is related to the penetration of finance and technology from the cores

states [16]

. The dependency creates chronic poverty that pushes the population to migrate in

search of better conditions.

The world faces the consequences of contemporary migration such as brain drain. It is

defined as the emigration of trained and talented individuals from one country to another,

due to causes such as conflict or lack of opportunities. The work of Devesh K. and John Mc

H. entitled Give Us Our Best and Brightest, highlights that international “human capital

flows will undoubtedly be an important development issue in the coming decades” [17]

.

Michel Beine et al found there are more losers than winners and the former tends to lose

relatively more than what the latter gains [18]

. In the same thesis Mr Ainalem Tebeje (former

journalist and vice president of AHEAD) and Clyde Sanger (Ottawa-based journalist) wrote

“Their Loss, Our Gain”. Brain drain is one factor of the HRO in Senegal. The UN also

indicated that the “absence of highly skilled individuals is likely to hinder innovation and the

adoption of new technologies, reduce the quality of social services and slow down, if not

prevent, institution building” [19]

. To emphasize the UN thesis, Urqui et al define brain drain

in the glossary of Migration and Health[20]

.

Sometimes this population performed illegal migration, Zampagni study on “A visa for


Schengen’s Europe” illustrate the important impact for European immigration policies [21]

.

Starting in 1980, the free movement of goods and persons within Europe must be regulated.

To better understand the importance of border Adepoju “Migration without Borders: Essays

on the free movement of people” show the relationship between neighboring states, which

shares common culture. Some neighboring countries become transit country, example for

the case of Senegal; we cite Mauritania, Morocco [22]

. De Haas in Trans-Saharan and

Trans-Mediterranean migration emphasize neighboring countries as a transit state [23]

. After

balkanization, many ethnic groups were divided between two neighboring countries. Their

cultural ties were more important than their nationality, in the Riccio work “Talkin’ about

migration-some ethnographic notes on the ambivalent representation of migrants in

contemporary Senegal” [24]

this thesis provides more explain. Many organizations study the

Senegalese migration such as CARIM-Migration with Di Bartolomeo et al [25]

. This

migration is sometimes irregular, such as Sarkozy, the former president of France who

writes “Immigration: A crucial challenge for the twenty-first century” [26]

. The EU should

put together their strength for the management of migratory flows. In addition De Haas

study on “Irregular migration from west Africa to the Maghreb and the European union an

overview of recent trends” [27]

. To have a good perspective on Senegalese migration, we can

refer to Wabgou on Governance of Migration in Senegal: The Role of Government in

Formulating Migration Policies [28]

.

For migration outflows, we observe a lack of data for African countries, especially

Senegal. Scholars focus their studies on Asian countries such as India, South Korea, China

and Pakistan. The intellectual focus of their study is on brain drain, remittances and irregular

migration, but they didn’t assess the outflow of Human Resources (brain and arm) on sender

countries. Some posit that remittance is a means of development while other argue the

negative impacts of outflow. Study on Emigrations policies - Assessment of Human

Resources Outflow: The case of Senegal will try to feel the lack of data in Senegal and give


a true assessment on the outflow of Human Resources.

1.3 Research Target, Content and Key issue to be resolved

1.3 .1 Research Target

This research impacts all strata of the society in Senegal. First the research will target

the Senegalese government and agencies. Priority will be placed on the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and Diaspora, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Planning and Layouts of Local

Communities, Ministry of Education and Ministry of the Fisheries. These Ministries are

much more involved in the migration policies and relationships with other countries. They

are the first to find solutions or policies to resolve issues. The Ministry of Education is

responsible for the state of literacy and the education system and has an important role to

play in the brain drain issue. For the issue of the illegal emigration, especially the

phenomena of the boats, two Ministries will be targeted, namely such as the Ministry of

Interior for the fact that this emigration is illegal, the ministry should find policies to

regulate this migration or impose penalties; and the Ministry of Fisheries, which deals

with the fisherman who support the illegal emigration. .

Second after looking at the government institutions this research will target various

social and community groups specifically the association of Women. These associations

typically establish saving groups among the members with the aim of financing the boat

travel for their children. They encourage the illegal emigration and they are the key to

solving it too. Third, our target will be the youth themselves, since because they are the

principal actors in the illegal emigration and the brain drain phenomenon. Our last target

includes the intellectual community, such as professors and experts/professionals and NGO

1.3. 2 Content

The research thesis is composed of seven chapters.


The first chapter provides then the background of this research will follow, along with

the purpose and meaning of the research and literature review. After the literature review we

will focus on the research target, content, the key issue to be resolved, the research methods

and innovation. The second chapter is composed of concepts about Emigrations

policies-Human Resources Outflow and theories, where we revise three major subjects such

as, push-pull theories, globalization and dependencies theories.

The third chapter talks about the nature of emigration, composed: on emigration

classification (legal emigration, quasi-legal emigration, and illegal emigration) and

motivation of emigration. The fourth chapter is the history and geographic space of

Senegalese emigration. An overview of the country will help readers to develop a global

view of Senegal in different fields, per as the cultural, political and socio-economical ones.

After briefly exploring a brief socio-economic, cultural, political situation, of the research

context i.e. Senegal, Senegalese emigration history and geography space will be point up.

The fifth chapter is Senegalese emigration policies. The sixth chapter concludes a summary

of the main research findings and their assessment.

Finally the seventh chapter is the conclusion. It also presents point for future research

topics and makes recommendations which can be applied at the social, government and even

academic level.

1.3.3 The Key Issues To Be Resolved

The Human Resources Outflow in Senegal hinders Senegalese development. Although

administrators have a sense of duty to solve this problem with appropriate policies, they

should identify the solutions. The fact is that Senegal now belongs to the poorest group of

countries in the world and HRO is one of the main factors leading to underdevelopment. In

this paper the key issues to be resolved are brain drain and illegal emigration. In that case,

the paper should answer the following questions:


What are the effects of Senegalese emigration on the economy and the availability of

Human Resources?

What accounts for the preference of Senegalese intellects for overseas destinations?

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the current policies on Senegalese

emigration?

What lessons from other country cases can be applied to the Senegal situation?

1.4 Research Methods and Innovation of the research

1.4.1 Research methods

Emigration policies- Assessment Human Resources Outflow in Senegal is a very

complex and important topic. The motion of this research was born out of the researcher’s

own observation and experience on many decades. Therefore, to understand the

phenomena, this research will create two major groups, first: the intellectuals or scholars and

second: the non- intellectuals. It will use empirical research to gain more knowledge and

understanding. The proceeding methodological process presents the structural framework

that was followed to complete this research. A mixed methodology, which combines both

quantitative research and qualitative research approaches, was utilized. The quantitative

analysis was used for the statistical data, surveys, in particular statistics on multivariate

analysis. The qualitative analysis was applied to observations, artifacts, focus group, and

interview data. This methodological approach helped to achieve the aim and purpose of the

research and informs the discussions to answering the research questions.

1.4.2 Innovation of the Research

The research will add to the body of literature to assist policy makers, bureaucrats,

technocrats, students, citizens and government officials in making more pertinent decisions


on emigration and Human Resources Management in Senegal. The research in itself will not

provide all solutions; however its findings gathered with the existing research will be a

source of valuable information that may lead to more useful and effective solutions. This

research will be an innovation regarding the view we often have when it comes to Human

Resources, because we tend to limit the concept to a business viewpoint. This research is

innovative in that it creates a dashboard for Senegalese government, when it comes to

implement new and efficient policies for Human Resources Outflow. Finally, this research

may be used as a support for NGOs and International Organizations that are concerned with

Human Resources studies. It may lead to new solutions for developing countries which will

help to benefit from HRO and make better progress towards development.


CHAPTER 2: THEORIES ON HUMAN

RESOURCE OUTFLOW

2.1 Key concepts

2.1.1 Human Resources

Human Resources represent the people employed by a given company, institution, or

the workforce of an organization. Regarding our research, we have chosen the definition of

the World English Dictionary: “Workforce is the man and woman who have skills and

abilities to give to an organization and even a state; can be an organization”. In summary

Human Resources are men and women (citizens) of a state. To emphasize this theory, our

research will borrow this definition for controversial views. An extreme version of these

views is the historical inequities such as the African slavery; which must be compensated by

current developed nations. The given reason is that developed countries have taken benefit

from “stolen” Human Resources to help in their development. This is an extremely

controversial view, but it echoes the general theme of converting human capital to “Human

Resources” and thus greatly diminishing its value to the host society, i.e. “Africa”, as it is

put to narrow imitative use as “labor” in the using society. In a series of reports from the UN

Secretary-General to the General Assembly over the last decade [e.g. A/56/162 (2001)], an

inter-sectorial board approach to developing human resource has been outlined as a priority

for socio-economic development and particularly anti-poverty strategies. This calls for

strategic and integrated public policies, for example in education, health, and employment

sectors that promote occupational skills, knowledge and performance enhancement. These

definitions accentuate the fact that the Human Resources do not only constitute the

employees in a company or enterprise, but also includes general members of society. During

slavery there were no enterprises or companies, thus, the term used was Human Capital


instead of human resources. Nowadays the term Human Resources replaces human capital.

According to the UN Secretary-General, “Human resources are the development key of a

nation.”This argument calls our attention to the contradictory term, which is Human

Resources Outflow.

2.1.2 Brain drain

It represents a loss of trained professional human resources from a company or a nation.

Generally, it occurs when professionals of a given country or organization find greater

opportunities offered in another company or even in another country. The given definition

by the World English dictionary is: “the informal emigration of scientists, technologists,

academics, etc, for better pay, equipment, or conditions. According to the IOM In the slang

dictionary, brain drain is “the movement of intellectuals from one country to another where

the pay and job opportunities are better. Where there is a good education system, there will

always be brain drain”. In addition to that, for the IOM brain drain can be considered as

“Emigration of trained and talented individuals from the country of origin to another country

resulting in a depletion of skills resources in the former.” [20]

. the term brain-drain refers to

the negative effects associated with the emigration of individuals with skills that are very

determinant for their country’s economy. Throughout the three definitions of Brain drain

offered by Dictionary.com, the World English dictionary and the Slang dictionary we see the

selective migration targeting mostly trained and intellectual people. Nowadays the criterion

of selection concerns is the intellectual level more than the physical appearance. The slang

dictionary highlights a consequence of the policies of education “where there is a good

education system, there will always be brain drain” but it’s not always accurate because

western countries have good education systems, but are not subject to the brain drain

phenomenon. For example, brain drain is mostly observed in developing countries example

India, Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal.


2.1.3 Emigration

Migration is the number of persons or animals moving together from a point A to a

point B. The World English dictionary defines migration as the act or instance of moving.

The IOM defines migration as the movement of a person or a group of persons, either across

an international border, or within a State. It encompasses any kind of movement of people,

whatever the distance, composition and causes. It may include migration of refugees,

displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, such as

family reunification. These definitions of migration gather the act of movement in search of

better living or working conditions. Generally human beings and animals migrate to search

for food, security or more comfortable of climates. .

Emigration refers to the act of departing or exiting from one State with the intention of

settling in another. International human rights norms provide that all persons should be free

to leave any country, including their own, and that only in very limited circumstances may

States impose restrictions on the individual’s right to leave his/her territory.

2.1.4 Under development & Uneven-development

Under-development is a condition fundamentally different from undevelopment. The

latter term simply refers to a condition in which resources are not being used. For example,

the European colonists viewed the North American continent as an undeveloped area: since

the land was not actively cultivated on a scale consistent with its potential.

Under-development on the other hand refers to a situation, in which resources are being

actively used, but only in a way that benefits dominant states and not the poorer states from

the resources are found. This concept describes the state of Senegal, and so this paper will

focus on a form of resources that states uneven development

A term used within later Marxist theory to denote the process by which capitalism


transforms the world as a whole but does so in different ways, developing the productive

and social forces in some areas, but (as part of the same process) restricting or distorting

growth in others. It may be contrasted with the earlier Marxist belief in capitalism as

producing a uniform world in its own image. The policy to select some resources or the

indirect appeal for some persons become rich in the core countries obeys thus e theory

exactly. It represents the creation of a system powered by the desire to generate capital

2.2 Theories

2.2. 1 Push – Pull theories

According to the push pull theory of migration, people migrate because circumstances

"push them" away from their homes and lands, and there are also things in other places that

"pull" them there. The push-pull theory is based on the concept of give and take. You give

some (push) you take some back (pull.) The Push-pull theory can be applied to virtually

anything in life, including (but not limited to), human attraction, art, marketing strategies

and more. The Push – pull theory can also apply to the Human Resources Outflow. Push

factors are commonly present in sender countries, and the pull factors are appropriate to

receiver countries. The push factors are those life situations that give one reason to be

dissatisfied with one’s present locale. The push/pull factors can be listing, example for the

push factors; the reasons are economic, social and political hardships in the poorest part of

the world. To emphasis this theory the push factor could be a lack of good opportunities,

social insecurity, and unemployment. With this issues, the population can have the

information they can get in overseas, it will a push factor for them. And the pull factor is the

reverse of the push factors such as good opportunities, job security and employment in the

receiver country. In Senegal the return of a migrant plays on the imagination of the local

population as describing a push factor.


2.2.2 Theories of Globalization

Globalization had a somewhat formal introduction in Africa during the 1960s the most

African nations gained independence and began playing a greater role in the global economy

and political system. In general, globalization started with a big gap between colonizer and

former colonies. The former colonies suffered from a lack of industrialized activities such as

agriculture, weak military power, and uncertainly in which political system was best to

adopt, in order to better face the realities of globalization.“Ideological celebration of so

called globalization is in reality the swan song of our historical system...” [8]

. this means the

world system will never change, but only the name during the time. In the past it was called

slavery, when they explored other “uncivilized “countries to exploit Human Resources for

their own development in countries called “civilized”. Later on, came the term colonization

and nowadays the trending name of global Budd’s thesis emphasizes the new concept,

because the system is old like our history [8]

.

Nowadays, the world is undergoing rapid the development in information technology

(IT), such as computers, IT systems, and widespread Internet access. According to Castells

in the Rise of the Network Society the notion of globalization represents a new age of

information and the way in which it is used as a tool of power, in the new system of

information capitalism [9]

. The power of IT brings countries closer. With a simple click, one

can obtain detailed information on others countries. They know the event in other countries,

such as GDP levels, job opportunities and, this is all thanks to the great progress being made

in the IT sector. This situation results in a high rate of informed population in this world.

Globalization has led to the creation of many international. Institutions such as World

Bank, International Court that deals with world issues through joint efforts and cooperation.

In the health sector, taking the case of HIV-AIDS, specifically, all countries around the

globe have has a same vision of eradicate the horrific disease. The applies in Same in the

environmental sector, where the reduction of pollution is present in all question and we note


some international organizations such as, Green peace, friend of nature undertaking

activities everywhere around the globe. In the political field, with the politic of

egalitarianism, there is the imposition for the majority of the states especially in Africa. To

help African states, they promote the respect of democracy with good governance, freedom

of expression and clear transparent elections in exchange for financial aid. The globe has its

own police and court, which makes its own justice that every human being has to observe.

Multinational corporations concentrate vast resources, and become the main carriers of

economic activities; they have fundamental influence on the world economy and represent

natural response to the borderless economy that is characterized by homogenous consumer

tastes [10]

. However, in reality the multiple institutions and interconnections didn’t reflect

unity but a division called the world system.

The world system

The world system is a historical social system that encompasses the entire globe [11]

.

Capitalism is the economy of the world system and it is divided into three (3) parts: the core

regions, the semi-periphery regions, and the periphery regions.

The core periphery theory is based on the notion of one region or state economic

prosperity expansion. An example of traditional core-periphery theory exhausting regional

options and adopting an international scale can be found in the European colonization of

Africa. According to Wallerstein, the core represents the developed countries or countries

that are more sophisticated industrially e.g. England and France [11]

. These countries were, in

the past, the colonizer countries; they gain and boost their country’s economy with natural

and Human Resources from colonies, and establish a sustainable economy. While the

periphery or colonies have a penniless economy based mostly on agriculture, with

rudimentary machineries. They produced mainly grains, cotton, sugar and wood. And the

lack of education does not solve the problem, but makes it worst. The majority of the


populations are analphabet.

The core regions mark an enlightening period, helped by an educated population. The

result is a creation of machineries, the origin of electricity, and big progress in the healthcare

sector. The mixture with their knowledge and the resources mostly found on the periphery

give them the golden time. Nowadays they go ahead to the periphery with the new

technologies and the productions become faster with the use of OGM in order to fight the

scarcity of food.

The semi-periphery regions are placed between the core and the periphery regions; they

have an economy based on high-cost industrial product, credit and special transactions using

share cropping and minimizing of exports to control labor [11]

. At present, the globe

observes a radical change in the semi-periphery and the core economy. The semi-periphery

regions experience fast growth and an outstanding economy illustrated by the case of China

and Brazil. They are closer to the core regions than the periphery regions, while some core

regions such as Portugal, Greece, and Spain experience economic recessions that make them

closer to semi-periphery regions. Thus, we can see that no country is specific to any one

category; they can belong to a higher category today and fall to an inferior category

tomorrow and vice-versa, as shown by the trickledown theory

Using a pyramid, as the one used in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the world system can

be summarized as given in Figure 2.1 below


Figure 2.1: world system comparison with Maslow Pyramid

Pyramid of Maslow Pyramid of Core-periphery

Source: create by author according to Maslow’s pyramid of needs

The base of the pyramid describes the periphery countries or developing countries, the

middle part refers to the Semi-periphery regions and the top illustrates the core regions.

When we talk about pyramid, our mind thinks the Maslow pyramid that is a reference in the

socio-sciences. Then we will make use of it to settle a comparison with the core periphery

relationship.

According to Maslow, the first level refers to the basic needs or the physiological need, such

as, food, water and security. The periphery regions represented by the base of the pyramid

have similar needs, which is to satisfy the primary needs for their population. Taking the

example of Africa, most of its countries belong to the periphery regions and are struggling to

ensure the food sufficiency of their population.

The top of the pyramid describes the core regions or the developed countries compared

to Maslow’s pyramid their first needs are mostly satisfy and they target the need of esteem

and realization. They participate in international fund raising for underdeveloped countries,

the creation of new regulations and concepts to secure their achievements and have control


on the weaker ones.

The core regions have efficient industries and need labor force, while the periphery

regions have the labor force with inefficient and archaic industries. The young skilled

population becomes bait for the core regions; and according to the theory of supply and

demand, the HRO is important in this situation. Their countries cannot keep them due to

increasing unemployment rate and the premium sectors like agriculture and fishing are

disappearing, because of internal migration called rural exodus. The drought pushes the rural

populations to migrate towards cities such as the capital, Dakar in Senegal. In summary in

the micro view the core regions are the destination for the periphery regions: here we can

think of the core as a magnet and the periphery as steel.

Globalization weakness is felt in the flow of the Human Resources. According to the

UN, “migration is a right for human being”, we share the court, the police, but coming to

Human Resources Outflow, globalization is what enlarges such an issue. Nayyar argues that

“To a considerable extent because of the difficulties in mobility of the workforce produced

by the strict immigrations policies of the developed countries [12]

. The issue is global because

many years ago, the core regions utilized the regions in the periphery. History taught us that

the core regions were the first migrants in periphery regions and during those times there

were no immigration policies. Nowadays, when we want the reverse, they refuse by setting

up selective immigrations policies in favor of the elite population from the periphery regions.

Today people search where they can have a decent life and preserve their dignity and beliefs.

To emphasize on this hypothesis we will base our research on the phenomenon of boats,

which is the travelling mode chosen by the Senegalese population and many African

population to brave obvious danger in order to leave their countries and find better living

conditions in Europe.

Theory of motivation


The pyramid of Maslow provides an understanding of the human psychology but also

behavior regarding his/her needs. Motivation is the study of why people think and behave as

they do. Our understanding of motivation will give us a certain understanding of the human

resources outflow phenomenon in Senegal. Amongst the most relevant theories of

motivation are Abraham Maslow’s Pyramid of Needs and Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor

Theory. These two theories, regarding motivation, are reflected on the situation of human

resources outflow in Senegal. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychology theory

which describes five levels of human needs mentioned in the previous paragraph (world

system). Considering this theory with our research, migration is generally motivated but

some needs expressed by an individual. In fact, when the population cannot satisfy their

primary needs, a problem can be felt. To fulfill the two primary levels (physiological, safety),

the Senegalese population is willing to go to any length to satisfy those needs. The majority

of the population struggles to attain the physical requirements to overcome their human

survival. Nowadays with the price increases, food is the greatest challenge faced by people

in developing countries thereby motivating them to undertake risky projects to fight back

those difficulties. The economic crisis makes things worse and increases the need for the

safety of the population, mostly with the high rate of unemployment and lack of

opportunities.

These two theories are the basis of human motivation and the origin of human

resources outflows in Senegal, which started during the period of drought (1970). Safety and

security needs include personal, financial, health and well being which can’t be afforded by

the majority of the Senegalese population and are the motivation factors that encourage the

populations to seek better conditions outside the country and further outside the continent.

Trans-nationality and trans-nationalism

The word trans-nationalism refers to the concept of an umbrella encompassing a wide


variety of transformative processes, practices development that take place. It refers to the

increasing trans-border relationships of individuals, groups, and firms and to the

mobilizations beyond a state’s boundaries. Within the field of immigration studies,

trans-nationalism refers to the activities of immigrants to forge and sustain multi-stranded

social relation that link their societies of origin and settlement as a single unified field of

social action [13]

.

Migrant Populations share dual culture, between sender countries and host countries.

Sometimes they have differences that lead to a confusion between rights and identity, culture

and politics, states and nations, citizenship and territorial. Mostly when they migrate, they

have an economic, social, political, or environmental issue, and on arriving in the host

country, they make great efforts forward to succeed and reach their goal. Still, they have a

strong affection for their country of origin, they think about their parents who wait for their

success and the opportunity to have better life, wife and kids who struggle waiting for the

family reunification and friends who hope for the opportunity to travel.

In the economic sector, the migrants make business investments in their home countries

and monetary remittances to boost their country of origin’s economy and help the social

sector. However, with the global economic crisis, the remittances decrease and have

negative effects on the national economy. The government should establish good and strong

national economy policies, which will not need transnational economy. In the domain of

political migrant, sometimes play the role of lobby (example: local, regional elected official)

where they finance the campaign to become integrated members in political parties. This

finance permits them to obtain a certain level of power in the party’s decisions- making,

transfer or propagation of political ideas and norms. Example the migrants who came from

the communist regime and migrated to the capitalist countries during decades, indirectly

they can do propaganda for the capitalist regime, which can create a problem to their

country of origin (communist). Nowadays with the progress the IT sector and the influence


of the Internet, information has become a powerful tool. These migrants use this form of

communication channel to spread their ideas, thoughts in their origin country by film,

newspaper or social network comment. For example the “Arab Spring” starts with the power

of the network, some trans-nationalists share their idea in the web, which led to

consequences, such as a conscientious citizen, and popular uprising. Tarriq place is returned

in the globe history, thousands of people converge in one destination, with one voice and

aim. This phenomenon illustrates the power of trans-nationalism. People, organizations, and

state become interconnected in the world, but this interconnection is not fully tied, because

the migrants keep the culture and values of their home, which are different from the cultures

and values of the host countries. We can take the example of Asians e.g. Indians,

Pakistanis, and Chinese who, they create their own cultural environment in the host

countries, such as China town, which exist almost country .for example the China town in

the US.

. Guilia Sinatti’s book “Home is where the heart abides” [14]

, underlines the importance

of the origin country for the migrants. In the Senegalese case, emigrants love their nation

and most of them want to return to their motherland. . The Senegalese government should

make policies to retain its Human Resources and encourage them not to leave the country.

2.3.2 Dependency theories

Born in 1949, Hans Singer, Raul Prebisch published two papers that observe “ the

terms of trade for underdeveloped countries relative to the developed countries had

deteriorated over time: the underdeveloped countries were able to purchase fewer and fewer

manufactured goods from the developed countries in exchange for a given quantity of their

raw materials exports” [15]

, hence Singer-Prebisch thesis. It was very popular during the 60s

and 70s period, when the majority of the colonies got their independence and became states.

Dependency theory is defined as the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and


underdeveloped state to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the

former. Meaning, the HRO from Senegal emphasizes the dependency theories definition,

because the Senegalese population are emigrating more towards the core regions than the

periphery.

To understand this theory a bit further, on dependency theories summarized by the

sociologist and Ex President of Brazil Mr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso. His first point,

which is “there is a financial and technological penetration by the developed capitalist

centers of the countries of the periphery and semi-periphery” [16]

. This means that the

periphery regions are financially and technologically dependent on the core regions. The

periphery regions are subject to a poor economy and have many debts from the core regions,

mostly the debt is mopping up. For the technology, the peripheries enjoy the old-fashioned

one, while the core experiments with cutting- edge technology. This big gap creates a

dependency environment between the core and the periphery. The core is very advanced,

while the peripheries linger seriously. In his second point, he said, “the consequence is the

production of unbalanced economic structure both within the peripheral societies and

between them and the centers” [16]

. When the cores are advanced in the domain of finance

and technology, naturally there will be an unbalanced world economy. Furthermore Mr.

Cardoso accentuated the summary that “this leads to limitations on self- sustained growth in

the periphery and favors the appearance of specific patterns of class relations” [16]

. The

difference between the core and periphery is huge, and globalization creates policies which

wider the gap between them. The periphery is imprisoned by the system. Indeed, when the

core develops their means of transport such as the boat to explore continent and discover the

new world as they say. Their knowledge is very advanced and they took this advantage,

which continue still now. The peripheries used to be dependent on the core regions and that

becomes a kind of culture. Example if they have a little issue that they would probably solve

themselves, they would instead call on the expertise of the core regions. . This dependence


starts in our mind and evolutes in all the sectors; this eternal complex will lead to the

limitations on self-sustained growth in the periphery. This perpetual dependence becomes a

big issue for periphery regions, they see a chronic underdevelopment and undevelopment in

their countries, while the core are independent, naturally for the periphery survive, outflow

towards the core becomes an option to belong to the wealth and developed population. That

is why nowadays the issue of HRO is a reality and we observe that it is not only the HRO in

the periphery regions but we note Natural Resources Outflow. The problem the periphery

faced is: How can it become independent with the important resources outflow? Generally,

the adage said the poor impoverishes while the rich enriches, this adage being more proven

with the integration of the periphery in the world system. Periphery states become poorer

while core states become richer. However, we note that the semi-periphery regions are not

stagnant in their position. They evaluate economically in the domain of finance and

technology and some core states regress, (following the trickledown theory). This situation

should help periphery states realize that they too can exit their chronic situation.

Unfortunately however, they prefer to immigrate to neighboring or even far-away states

instead of staying at home to tackle their home situation.


CHAPTER 3: NATURE AND

MOTIVATION OF EMIGRATION

According to the definition, emigration is the act of departing or exiting from one state

with a view to settle in another one. In the past, Senegal used to be a host country for

populations of neighboring countries due to political repressions and economic difficulties.

We can note the cases of countries like: Guinea, during the repression of President Sekou

Toure (1958-1984); Guinea Bissau, because of the independence war (1963-1974); Mali

with the project of the railway line.

Besides these countries, we count overseas immigrants such as the former colonial ruler,

French immigrants were very prominent during the colonial periods; they were

administrative employees, directors of enterprises. Along with them, the presence of

Lebanese during the end of 19th century, a powerful community which dealt with the

commercial sector and the peanut trade. The number of Lebanese immigrants increased

during the Lebanese war (Beirut).

The situation reversed as Senegal became an emigrant country. This emigration started

during the colonialism of the soldiers, but at this time, Senegal was a colony not a state.

Many Senegalese soldiers found jobs in the harbor, especially in the region of Marseille,

then the host region for the majority of the Senegalese community; they were the first

French emigrants. The year 1970 is printed in the Senegalese history as a period of famine

and drought; it is also the year when outflow started in Senegal. However, the Senegalese

emigrations are classified into different groups such as legal emigration, quasi-legal

emigration, illegal emigration and asylum emigration.


3.1 Classification of emigration

3.1.1 Legal Emigration

Senegalese constitution guaranteed the right to move and to settle abroad. The decree

number 91-041 of the 16 January 1991 created a committee in charge of the coordination of

emigration policy, concerning stay conditions in receiving countries, migratory flow

management and emigrates’ reinsertion (SN- government). The outflow was easy during the

colonial period, without regulations and policies. The French colony at that time offered the

colonized population the status of French citizen, hence the relation between colonizer and

colony. They invested on education for the colonies; most of the Senegalese population went

to the metropolis. After the decade of independence, that is when Senegal enjoyed the

standing of State, the relationship between former colonizer and former colony was

diplomatically good. There was no need for visa; no regulation hence this era noted the

importance of Human Resources Outflow especially in the valley of Senegal area.

In 1980 the EU states established intergovernmental cooperation on justice and home

affairs, the cooperation was also linked to the establishment of free movement of person in

the EU with the conclusion of the Schengen agreement in 1985 [21]

. In 1985, France

introduced an obligatory visa for Senegal, which established regulations in the Senegalese

emigration. These conditions pushed Senegalese population to seek other destinations such

as Spain, Italy, Germany, and the North America. Despite the intercontinental emigration,

Senegal knows continental emigration.

Continental legal emigration

Repartee into neighboring emigration and within Africa that is the neighboring

emigration is mostly legal. The only documents required are identification card and

vaccination book for the immigration police. Migration between neighboring countries with


similar social and ethno cultural features took place on a routine basis [22]

Some Senegalese

population migrated for business purpose, such as women travelling in Mauritania and

Gambia to buy merchandises.

Senegal is a member of ECOWAS and UEMOA; this adhesion permits its population to

migrate legally in the ECOWAS region. Out of that region, still within Africa, the

Senegalese emigration is dominated in the central Africa and the south, such as Gabon,

Congo and Angola. These host countries count the majority of Senegalese emigrants.

However, nowadays, Gabon and Angola regulate their inflow, with a heavy administration,

which encourage the illegal emigration.

Intercontinental legal emigration

The relationship between former colony and former colonizer implies the favor for the

choice of emigration destination. Unlike in the past, nowadays the French emigration

policies are more and more complex and very difficult. This emigration is more selective

than usual and the French target is towards the Senegalese elite in all sectors, such as

education, culture. Some structures and organizations are implemented in Senegal to

encourage the means of legal emigration towards France, e.g. Campus France. This structure

has been established in Senegal for many decades now and it deals with the Senegalese

students willing to continue their studies in France. Everyday the French embassy is

crowded with Senegalese applicants; all have the same aim, which is to continue their study

in France. These types of organizations are settled to delegate a part of the files treatment

(students mostly) to easily access to the most important part which is the visa deliverance

thus have a control on illegal visa delivery. Besides the intellectual legal emigration, the

culture is a selective emigration because in general a Senegalese artist can easily get a visa

for a legal emigration. This ease is due to the important position of culture for the countries

like France but most important, the revenue it generates for the host country’s government.


We observe many singers; drummers and dancers used to travel in countries like France for

their international performance, such as Youssou Ndour for the Bercy Event organized every

year in Paris. This event makes people travel from everywhere around the globe mostly

Senegalese people leaving in Europe and U.S.A. Thus, with such numerous visitors, tourism

in Paris gets a great jackpot thanks to the economic revenue generated by the Bercy Event.

Nowadays, immigrating in France has become very complicated, with heavy

administration. This is the reason why more and more Senegalese choose other European

countries as Italy, Spain, and Germany. In the past these countries needed laborers and

therefore promoted immigration. During that time many Senegalese effected regular

emigration that resulted into the settlement of a powerful Senegalese community in those

countries. The European Union established many new policies; for example the Shengen to

mop up all the boundaries. As the EU is now considered as one state, the situation results in

the revision of immigration policies in the OCED. This new measure places the potential

emigrants in a more difficult position that then encourages targeting other international

destinations such as America and Asia and more sadly to illegal immigration with the birth

of the phenomenon of Boats.

America’s immigration is strongly selective, especially with the case of Canada.

Canada is seeking for qualified people, families that want to change citizenship by

establishing organizations that orient those people and show them the way to legally

integrate into the Canadian community. In Senegal the Canadian consulate itself is in charge

of the immigration, they have their profile and carrier profile and see if the candidates

respect the norms. Every year, the Canadian consulate drains thousands of Senegalese

intellectual population along with families. Besides the Canadian consulate, we can cite

Access Canada, which promotes selective immigration targeting mostly graduates and

professionals. The candidate should respect some requirements to take benefit of the

Canadian citizenship and legally integrate that community. Therefore Canada immigration


operates considerably on the Senegalese Human Resources Outflow. Mostly with these new

immigration policies the beneficent can enjoy a permanent resident permit, meaning the

sponsoring of Canadian Human Resources. We count an important Senegalese community

in the United States composed of artists, business people and most recently new Green Card

winning.

Nowadays, the Senegalese population chooses the Asian continent, an emergent

continent with many opportunities attracting the periphery’s population. Thanks to the Hadj,

Mecca is considered as a religious country, which accepts millions of migrants. The majority

of Senegalese population (95%) is Muslim and creates a sustainable diplomatic environment

with that Arabic country. The Hadj allows the Senegalese population to establish strong

relationships, mostly in business, with the population of Mecca. In Saudi Arabia, the created

system of sponsoring, allows some of the Senegalese to emigrate legally.

After the politics of open door policy, China has become a host country where the

Senegalese merchants and scholars effectuate regular emigration. We also can cite Japan,

and Thailand, which are well known for its lucrative trade of precious minerals. Senegal

legal emigration is very complex, because generally temporary it ended on irregularly, hence

the term of quasi-legal emigration.

3.1.2 Quasi- legal Emigration

Typically, it starts from regular and ends into irregular emigration. They spend millions

of CFA to obtain the visa, frequently tourism visa, and business visa, student visa. However,

while applying for these types of visa, the declared intentions by some persons are not

sincere, because their further plan is to settle in those host countries with the help of illegal

network. The quasi-legal emigration is very expensive, because it generates a lot of costs,

such as the flight costs and cost of Business Visa. If the migrant’s request for a visa is

refused, there is the option of asking an intermediary to obtain it with an increase in the cost,


which can be more than 5,000 Euro. This emigration creates a big irregular business,

between the consulate staffs and some of the Senegalese businessmen. For decades, the

probable emigrants spent million for illegal visa and uncertain emigration. Many of them are

homecoming fault of fake documents, for this reason they lost millions of CFA. For the

majority of them, after consuming visa validity time they decide to stay with the status of

irregular migrants. We can illustrate the case of scholar students when, after their studies,

they remain in the host country in an irregular situation doing business and black market.

They are the victims of a new form of slavery; they work without social coverage with an

illegal contract. Sometimes they are subject to several abuses by their employers, because of

their irregular status. This situation creates wealth to the host country and pushes indirectly

the illegal emigration.

3.1.3 Illegal Emigration

Senegal is a poor country, where undertaking legal emigration is very costly and time

taking with extreme long procedures. The majority of the Senegalese population, mostly the

youngsters, wants to migrate towards western countries. However, is the few means

available the processes have become very complex and time consuming. The Senegalese

population experiment several stories of illegal immigration attempts such as a case that

occurred on January 1999 with the case of a young Senegalese (17 years old), who had

miraculously survived, after a trip in the landing gear of an Airbus ensuring the Dakar-Lyon

flight while he was trying to go to France [2]

. In 2005senegalese irregular emigration

amplifies through. This migration is called the Mbekk. Furthermore, along with the ocean

way, we note the continental ways, where the migrants undertake their travel through the

desert, where they transit through Morocco, Algeria and Libya [23]

. These illegal emigrations

show the enormity of Senegalese Human Resources Outflow because they represent the

skilled population of the country.


During the New York Forum “Africa 2013”, his Excellency of Chad Mr. Idriss Deby

stated: “when the developed countries come and take our resources and develop their

countries and in the same time control their borders for the immigrants, no matter the

security of their borders the young population of Africa will demolish the restrictions and

enter in their territory”. The gap between the developing countries and the developed

countries create this outflow as nowadays the young African chose migration toward the

core countries, mostly in Europe. In developing countries, especially in West African

countries such as Senegal, the population migrates in seeking better living conditions.

Senegalese illegal immigration, especially “Barça or die” has highlighted the

increasing phenomenon of chosen emigration targeting the capital city of Spain and if not,

the ultimate result: death [4]

. In addition to that, they show how the Senegalese government

faces such new and uncontrollable issue in all levels. For the Senegalese population

emigration becomes a solution to escape the country’s falling economy. The phenomenon of

illegal immigration illustrated by the using of boats as transportation shows the severity of

Senegalese emigration. The data show thousands of Senegalese chose to travel fishing

boats throughout the Atlantic Ocean, despite their awareness of the danger they will face.

The major leaders, the fishermen play an important role in this phenomenon, raising the

question of potential issues for the fishing sector.

Thousands were dead and missing from the ocean. They launched the slogan “Barca

walla Barsaak” i.e. “Barca or Die”, which illustrates their determination due to the lack of

opportunities in Senegal and the great hope they are seeking for in Spain. Nowadays, it is

not only Senegalese populations who accomplish the phenomenon of boats, because they are

joined by other West African populations such as, neighboring countries and lately with the

people from Benin and Maghreb. Irregular emigrations highlight the level of the issues

faced by the African populations in their daily life. There is the phenomenon of the boats


from the coast of Haiti, Cuba, and Mexico to United-states and recently the dramatic

irregular emigration, where East Africans (Somalia) are affected by the phenomena in the

Lampadusa.

3.2 Motivation of emigration

3.2.1 Prestige Motivation

For certain life overseas is prestigious. Emigrant standing creates a huge difference

between local population and the Diasporas. Even if the emigrant doesn’t succeed in his host

country (for example he is a jobless). The emigrant is perceived to be a model for his family

and entourage. Bruno Riccio defines the figure of the Senegalese rural migrant

(Modou-Modou), who manage to earn enough money abroad and come back for showing

off, new house, clothes, big wedding and all the symbol of success [24]

. He is among the

decider makers for family affairs and sometimes on local dealings. This attention plays

indirectly to the push factor for emigration in Senegal. The fact is Senegalese population

give them high standards than the local. It is a prestige to have parents in abroad, no matter

he is a narcotic or prostitute; the only important thing is a migrant.

3.2.2 Idleness Motivation

Senegalese population focuses their aim in one thing Success or “Tekki”, they speak of

migration as climbing Yeeg or Tekki in Wolof language. In all discussions, this population is

searching the means to triumph in the world. Unfortunately they pass their time to compare

the emigrant success than themselves. They believe the triumph is on overseas than

domestic, because some emigrants one five years, they can built house and running business,

where the local struggle to feed himself and earn one US $ per day. Senegalese population

believes that reaching social success is accomplished only by migrating to the wealthy


countries. Despite the fact that the country engorges many opportunities for them, but need

self-motivated population that can be competitive, creative and just be enterprising to take

its game. Nowadays the world is a market, where the excellent Human Resources can

survive. Disappointingly the majority of Senegalese Human Resources think that is easier to

success in overseas, especially in developed countries than domestic. This analysis is more

emphasizes by the tool of salary conversion, example Euro to F CFA or dollars into FCFA.

The weakness of Africa currency (CFA) create a push factor for migration, when the

population know the reality on others currency as the Euro, Pound sterling, Dollar and

Chinese Yuan.

3.2.3 Political motivation

Due to political reason, especially the lack of democracy in certain country, we can cite

MFCD case for Senegal. Africa counts young states, which copy occident politico systems.

And lamentably the system is not working in the majority of African states. This failure

generates a politico instability that face African government, following coup- d’état, civil

war and tribalism. In the last years Ivory Coast faced the issue of take off a significant

portion of Human Resources in overseas. Last year Mali were face the same problem, and at

the present time Central Africa Republic (C.A.R.Bangui) and South Sudan. This instability

creates a mass of population, who will ask political asylum seekers in other countries,

specially developed countries such as Europe, America and Australia. Recently the world

live an important change as many developed countries refuse asylum seekers (political

asylum seekers), example the case of Australia that disrespect the international law. In

Lebanon many asylum seekers from Syria, Iran, and Sudan are waiting their country choice

response for their demand, and they are still in Lebanon with an uncertain future.

The balkanization create a chaos in Africa. One same ethnic group is spread between

two different states. Generally, they share the same culture, beliefs and language. Senegal is


facing the same situation in its south region. Usually referred as a stable state, it knows a

rebellion with the MFCD, Started in 1980 (the south conflict). It creates an internal

migration and neighboring migration estimated at 10,000 to 15,000 of which 2/3 are in

Guinea Bissau and 1/3 in the Gambia [29]

. There are some Senegalese choosing to change

their nationality for asylum, example in United States some Senegalese their nationality as

the instable countries (Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Ivory Cost) to applied for a status of refugee.

They use the citizenship of countries, which transgressed the Human Rights, for example the

Case of Mauritania and Gambia. Nowadays, the right for homosexuals is present in all the

Medias and forums discussions because the majority of the core regions create laws to give

legal right to that category of persons. As usual they want the periphery regions to follow

their lead by embracing those laws, recently we can cite Uganda case that vote the law

against homosexual decriminalization and it is living aid international cut. However, with

the strong belief of the periphery regions to traditions and culture, they refuse to follow that

trend which encourages people calling themselves homosexuals to emigrate in countries

giving rights to their sexual orientation choice and seek asylum.

3.2.4 Economic motivation

Economic emigration concerns those who actually despite all their efforts are not likely

to flourish economically in their origin country. Nowadays it is common in Africa to count

this segment of population. Africa is a poor continent still dealing with the means to satisfy

population’s basic need. In Senegal population, especially scholars think the only way to

success professionally is to be white collars. They reduce their option for Fulfillment in their

lifetime. Even no scholars, example cultivator left the farm for urban area. Madam F.Sow

Sarr’s interview highlight an important fact that public policies are not daring to take an

interest in real sector job creators and training to meet the needs of these sectors. She

emphasizes that we should review the education and training model.


3.2.5 Education motivation

More eloquent to brain drain, it defines the emigration of trained and talented

individuals from one country to another, due to causes such as conflict or lack of

opportunities [30]

. Brain drain involves a selected group of the population i.e. the intellectual

elite of the African countries. Similarly to slavery, where people were just chosen for their

strength, health and skills, brain drain occurs when individuals are chosen according to their

intellectual knowledge and accomplishments. Brain drain is one factor of the Human

Resources Outflow in Senegal. Mr. Amadou Mahtar Mbow (the ex UNESCO General

Manager) speech,will help in analyzing brain drain phenomenon.

According to MBow, “the poor living conditions of African intellectuals remain a

major factor propelling brain drain on the African continent. Poor atmosphere in which

intellectuals fare, coupled with the lack of freedom of expression and means for researchers

to pursue their work…the African farmers, through their work and taxes, are those who fund

the studies of these Africans who later stay and work in Europe or in the west, instead of

returning home to contribute in developing their countries”. He draws attention to two major

challenges African intellectuals face. First Senegalese education is mainly free and is

supported by the government using the taxes paid by the middle class more than by the

farmers. In return the country’s aim is to use this investment (free education) back, by

employing these Senegalese intellectuals as experts and leaders for the country’s

development. Therefore, the observations is developed countries, receives more benefits

from Senegalese intellectuals than the country does. It will be difficult to put blame on those

who choose other countries while the government cannot offer them a good environment for

research development, better working conditions, and good salaries. Second on the other

hand the globalization plays a big role, the world is a big space shared by all, and the

countries, which establish judicial policies, can be fare from others. In our case when


countries cannot use their intellectuals for innovation or boosting their economy they create

policies to keep them and develop themselves. United Nations indicated the “absence of

highly skilled individuals is likely to hinder innovation and the adoption of new technologies,

reduce the quality of social services and slow down, if not prevent, institution building” [19]

.

UN’s indication shows the importance issue of a brain drain in one country, UN thesis will

be emphasize by the article of Mr Ainalem Tebeje (AHEAD) and Clyde Sanger (Ottawa

based journalist)“Their loss, our gain”. Mbow’s thesis, underlines the fact that the poor

living conditions in Senegal push the intellectuals to migrate in developed countries, which

create good policies for the brain drain. Better understand the intellectual migration, the

world is divided into two teams such are core and periphery, the core attract the best in their

team and the periphery by fault of mean cannot keep the best, more explicit. The selection is

more than the intellectual; the developed countries need workforce and this situation `result

is that everyone wants to migrate. Dr Lalla Ben Barka (Assistant Director-general for

UNESCO’s Africa Department and CEA) said “in 25 years, Africa will be empty of

brains…” [31]

, this sentence said by Dr Lalla ben Barka calls our attention that the issue of

brain drain is serious. If this is true what will happen in Senegal? How will the government

manage a country that lacks educated individuals?

To answer these questions, we will focus on the human resources outflow in health

sector in Senegal, hence the analysis of the table under mentioned.


Table 3.1: Emigration of highly qualified staff in Senegal

Category personal Workforce Emigration rate

Graduates of higher education 17.7%

Physicians 27

(2010)

2.9%

Workforce trained in Senegal

Doctors 678

(2006)

51.4%

Workforce born in Senegal

Nurses /Midwives 695 26.9%

Workforce born in Senegal

Source: World Bank Migrations and remittances fact book 2011,p 218

The table illustrates two different kinds of Senegalese Human Resources; the first is

workforce trained in Senegal (20.6%), and the second workforce born in Senegal (78.3%).

Example in health sector Senegal lost in its assets 27 physicians that was support by the

government in their entire scholar curriculum. This mislaid of physicians will be feeling by

Senegalese population in two different levels. Firstly the lack of physicians will create a

dependency in overseas physicians that are expensive. Meaning the government will

overspend in the sector of Health (the training of local physicians and the cost of overseas

physicians). Finally inefficacy in the health sector cause by the lack of Human resources,

which increase the rate of mortality.


CHAPTER 4: HISTORY AND

GEOGRAPHIC SPACE OF

SENEGALESE EMIGRATION


4.1 The brief introduction of Senegal

Senegal gained independence in 1960 along with many other West African countries.


She is most known for the role it played in slavery illustrated by the Slave’s House still

preserved in Gorée Island until today. She has progressive cultures with current well-known

international artists in musical arena such as Youssou Ndour and Akon. Senegal too was

famous for her prestigious role played in sport (football) especially with the 2002’ national

team qualified in the World Cup. Politically, Senegal is admired for her stability, which is

scarce in most Sub-Saharan countries. This region of the continent is known for civil wars,

political disputes, human rights issues, coups and more recently with terrorism in countries

such as Mali and Mauritania. Geographically Senegal is located at the most Western point of

the mainland Africa. It shares boundaries with Mauritania to the North (along the Senegal

River), Mali to the East, Guinea-Conakry and Guinea-Bissau to the South. The Gambia,

which extends along and around the River Gambia, represents an enclave within the

Senegalese territory. To the West, the Cape-Verdean archipelago is located 560 km into the

Atlantic Ocean from Senegal’s coastline. It covers a surface area of 196, 712 km2, which

places it among the smallest countries of the African Continent [32]

In the economical plan,

the country faces huge struggles to redress its situation and ensure the minimum social

security for its population. The world economic crisis of 2008 worsened situation for

Senegal, as it has a high dependency on foreign aid and importation of most of its staple

products. The country reported a GDP per capita of 1,031.60 USD in 2012. Its geographical

situation plays a big role in its entire history and current situation. To understand the

Senegalese emigration is very important to revise the history with an analysis of its

geographic space. In addition to that, there is the increase of unemployment: many

graduated citizens have their respective diplomas in hands but could not find and secure a

job within the country. These are the circumstances that caused the outflow of Senegalese

Human Resources and it concerns all of the core regions and semi-periphery regions.


4.2 History of Senegalese Emigration

Slavery starts with the trans-Saharan trade, it connected the North and West Africa,

economically, politically, religiously and socially. European mercantilist trade and West

African coast forts affect the trans-Saharan trade, and facilitate the decline of the

Trans-Saharan trade, following the North Atlantic Slave trade. The European mercantilist

trade led to the forced displacement of millions of people from Africa to Europe, North

America and the Caribbean. Especially the look at the effects of the NAST shows the

importance of Human Resources. Since the most physically able individuals were taken

from their homeland, Africa was left economically disadvantaged. This situation placed

African in the periphery and underdevelopment of the continent nowadays. This hypothesis

is emphasized by Nathan in “the long term effects of Africa’s slave trade”, he questioned

can part of Africa’s current underdevelopment be explained by its slave trades? The answer

is yes, because the slave trade has an adverse effect on economic development [33]

.

The Europeans plan was cyclic. The production work done by the Africans were

returned back to Africa with the exchange of a new good or slave, to create more product

and increase the economic growth of Europe and emphasize Africans’ needs. At the moment,

we can observe that the countries the received Human Resources during the North Atlantic

have today a developed economy.

Colonialism lasted from the end of slavery until mid 1980s for some colonies. In the

twentieth century the colonisation of West Africa created a pre-modern migration within

Western African. The development of coffee, cacao and palm oil plantations; mines and

infrastructures works became a push factor for Senegalese labor workers, not to be forgotten

its groundnuts and commercial activities. Senegal is a port country too, receiving goods

mostly from the neighboring countries and the gulf of Benin.


Outside the continent, citizens saw opportunities in the newly expanding industrial

economic development of Europe, which resulted into the Human Resource Outflow (HRO).

In Senegal this outflow was mostly noticed among the scholars. The metropolitan have elite

universities and the colonist will select the best intellectuals and they were taken for training

and initiation, in France mostly. Most of the famous administrators, such as Blaise Diagne,

Lamine Gueye, and Leopold Sedar Senghor the first president of Senegal graduated in these

universities. So according to Bruno Riccio “Senegalese emigration towards Europe started

in the colonial period with the French enrolment of Tirailleurs at the end of the XIX

century and during World War I” [24]

. France was in war with Germany, and it was in need of

reinforcement, hence the aid of the colonies. To emphasize Riccio theory many data inform

us that Senegalese emigration began with the world war in support of the France. The first

Senegalese emigrants were members of the French troops. After the World War II (WW2),

these people choose to remain in France, Marseille harbor mainly to work and become the

central Senegalese community settled in Europe. Nevertheless, we noted a high rate of

emigration accomplished mostly by specific ethnic groups such as Sonikes, Sarakholes and

Halpular and they were called “France Naabe”.

Apart of Senegalese outflow, Senegalese immigration should be mentioned too. During

the pre-colonial Senegal was an immigrant country. The French created many opportunities

in Senegal colony, for example a good education system, which attract the neighboring

French colonies, explicitly Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, and Portuguese colonies namely

Guinea Bissau and Cape-Verde, as well as English colony country like Gambia. With its

stable socio-economic, the country attracts labor migrants in the Senegal River and in the

peanut growing regions. Senegal attracted even migrants from other continents such as those

from Lebanon and France, whom came in the country as directors of French and Lebanese

constitutions and as merchants. The bordering countries such as Guinea, Cape Verde, Mali,

Mauritania and some other African countries immigrate into Senegal mostly for the purpose


of better education, chances to go abroad and for economic reasons.

Figure 4.1: Senegalese immigration during the pre-colonial period

Source: Created by author on the basis of information compiled from various academics and policies

report.

This diagram shows the inflow of Human Resources in Senegal. According to the map

Senegalese outflow was not highlighted. During this time Senegalese was wealthy country

compare to the neighboring and other African countries (the Gulf of Benin), hence the status

of immigration state. The map illustrates the influx of Senegalese neighboring countries

such as: Cape Verde migration was an economic migration dating back to the year of 1900.

Mauritania migration was historically linked with the Islamization. On the other hand with

Mali, the migration had been promoted by the building of the railway between Dakar-Niger.


The migrations of the Dahomey population such as Ivory Coast, Benin, and Togo were

mostly intellectuals, example in education and administration work for the territories under

French administration.

The first emigration in the plantations of cacao, coffee and palm oil were forced labors

and were made compulsory in former French colonies. In 1960, some Senegalese emigrated

towards Ivory-Coast and Ghana as labor workers at the cacao and coffee plantations

voluntarily. After the independence, a new management was established by the nationals

other than the French ruling. Due to their lack of experiences in the new system, it resulted

in a failure to generate great economy for the country. The majority of West African

countries were faced with many hard times such as, impoverishment in the rural areas,

climate change lead to a desertification and a slowdown in various industries, particularly

agriculture; this had an important negative impact on the Senegalese economy. The natural

calamity (1970s) created a drought period in Senegal, hence the reversal situation which

created an emigration within the country, the rural exodus. Referring to the internal

emigration of rural populations towards the urban cities, the rural exodus in Senegal is due

to the scarce survival means of the rural population seeking for better living conditions in

the cities and mostly targeting the capital city, i.e. Dakar. These emigrants of the rural

exodus are mainly from the Senegal River regions and central regions of the country. These

regions used to be the reserve for the country but things had changed with the development

of several other areas and the difficulties known by the agricultural sector. African

economies deteriorated in the 1970s through negligence or natural disasters such as food

crisis, various migratory. The first emigrants’ success amplifies the outflow. In addition,

Senegalese white collars were struggling to provide a comfortable living situation for his

household. The government did not help to make things better as salaries and work benefits,

were sometimes delayed for extend periods, pushing the employees to seek better salary

benefits overseas. Senegalese population changes their destination to work in Central


African countries such as Gabon, Cameroon and the two Congos. Naturally blessed by

natural resources (precious stones, diamonds) became a new target for the emigrants who

result in the extraction works and trade of these resources. Unfortunately, in the late of 1970

the Congo war started, following an economic disintegration in the Central African regions,

situations that dry up the outflows. After 1970, there were difficulties for Senegal to recover

from the economic crisis. In the 1980s, the impact of structural adjustment programs put the

country in an unprecedented economic crisis (reduction of staff in developing and private

companies, incentives for voluntary departures of administration’s staff, unemployment of

young graduates, etc.). Considered as a shock in the economic crisis, migration will attract

more and more people [5]

. To emphasize Sarr’s theory, in 1980 the first president Mr

Leopold Sedar Senghor succeeded power to Mr Abdou Diouf, and a new government was

born, led by new administrator of new policies, the situation still did not improve and

Senegal saw multiple voluntary departures and a high unemployment rate. In 1980s new

secessionist movement emerged in Niger, Mali and Senegal.

In 1985, the EU adopts Schengen agreement, France established new regulations

regarding its immigration policies a regulation which make the application for a visa

compulsory for everyone mostly population from its former colonies. This revision of

French immigration produced an intricate emigration for Senegalese population and finding

the alternatives for new destinations such as Spain, Italy, and Germany. The creation of the

Europeans Union led to the revision of immigrant inflows making the processes tougher and

result in discouraging the Senegalese population which make them turn towards the US and

the Asian countries. The year of 1994 was marked by a number of social, economic and

political crises, such as the devaluation of the franc CFA, while simultaneously the French

franc increased in value. This situation became another push factor for the Senegalese

migration.


Figure 4.2: Migration patterns within and from Africa (1970-2005)


Source: Map by Hein de Haas, International migration, based on information compiled from existing

studies and data sources.

The map shows Africans migration (1970-2005). For Senegalese, the outflow again

traces the slave trade, meaning the triangular trade of Africa-Europe-Americas. Senegalese

government put in places all the possibilities for the control of its population’s outflow.


Senegalese population used the fishing boats to travel throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In

addition others followed the desert routes (trans-Sahara). In the year of 2006, thousands of

desperate Senegalese had decided to even risk their lives with any means to enter the

European boundaries. That year alarmed the Senegalese government of the seriousness

facing this new issue affecting the Senegalese Human Resources Outflow.

4.3 Geography space of Senegalese emigration

Figure 4.3: Overland and maritime migration routes to North Africa, the Middle East and Western

Europe.

Source: Map made by Hein de Haas on the Basis of information compiled from various academics studies,

policy reports and media sources.

Geographically, Senegal is a strategic point for entering the African continent,


especially for those coming from the European countries. This location made it in the past

the reference entry for the North Slave Trade, called trade triangular implicating three

different continents such as the core regions (America and Europe) and periphery regions

(West Africa). To understand the choice made by the core regions, the only suitable

explanation is the geographic position of the Senegal country. The West African regions are

the closest to this core region than the rest of the African continent where it was easy for the

flows startup. This shows the link between outflow and space geography.

South-South revenue is relatively modest; occasionally the agreements among

countries have impact on south-south migration. For example the ECOWAS achieve free

movement of person without visa within the sub-regions. The South-South migration can be

illustrated into the diagram as present below. Within West-Africa it is succored by ECOWAS

organization, this migration is normal. The second part is between Senegal and North Africa

that is usually a transit migration passing through West Africa, because Senegal is a member

of CEN-SAD that has similar ECOWAS policies (free movement & goods). Finally the third

part is between Senegal-Central Africa and South Africa by means of NEPAD.

Figure 4.4: Senegalese’s South-South migration



report.

For Senegal South-South migration is less perform than the South-North migration.

Since the 1980s, South-North migration became a boom. Africa is separated from Europe by

the straits Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean opened up to the Atlantic. The proximity of

Mauritania’s seaboard makes the accessibility to the Canary Islands easier. The South-North

migration is mostly selective migration that focuses on the high skilled workers. The

selective EU immigration policies and the unwell economic situation in Sub-Saharan create

a geo-migration issue. Geography has been a crucial factors to this outflow, in that the

proximity between Morocco/Spain and Tunisia/Italy. To emphasize more on the important

role of the geographic space, the phenomenon of Senegalese’s fishing boats is a relevant

example. Thousands of Senegalese cross the Atlantic Ocean to the Canary Islands in search

of better life. The South-North migration can be illustrated into diagram below: From

Senegal to Mauritania that is neighboring countries migration; From Mauritania to either

Morocco to reach the Canary Islands (Spain) or from Mauritania to Tunisia to reach the

Lampudusa in Italy; Direct route from Senegal to the Canary Islands passing through the

Atlantic Ocean.


Figure 4.5: Senegalese’s South-North migration


report


Chapter 5: Emigration policies of Senegal

Senegalese Constitution guaranteed the right to move and to settle abroad. The decree

number 91-041 of 16 January 1991 creates a committee in charge of the coordination of

emigration policy, concerning stay conditions in receiving countries, migratory flow

management and emigrates’ reinsertion [25]

. Expatriates have voting rights.

5.1 Public emigration policies.

The conflict between Senegal and Mauritania brought the Law No. 91-15 of 16 January

1991 on the reconstruction acts of civil status of Senegalese nationals’ repatriated (Official

Journal from 1991 to 1903 - 30, n ° 5400, p. 99-100). It concerns the repatriation of

Senegalese nationals Of Mauritania, following the events of 1989. Decree No.91-041 of the

January 1991 establishing a coordinating committee of the policy for emigrants (official

Journal from 1991-04-06 No 5401, p 11-112). This committee is responsible for defining

“the guidelines of the government policy about living conditions in the host countries and

management of migration flows”. The committee is also involved in the development of

government policy for the reintegration of migrants. Senegalese government establishes the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Diaspora, and in 1993 the Directorate for Senegalese Living

Abroad was founded. The inefficient push the government in November 1994 to create

Symposium of the Senegalese Diasporas. We suggested a decree for the creation of CSSE.

Always concerns on the fate of Senegalese Diasporas, the government launch the second

Symposium in July 2001. Unfortunately these establishments were not sustainable, and they


were performing individual actions defined by their mandates. This situation creates a lack

of coordination in migration administration.

Decree No. 2003-291 of 8 May 2003 established the National Committee responsible

for the management of the situation of refugees, returnees and people displaced (Official

Journal, 2003-10-25, No. 6124, p. 1341-1343). The committee shall in particular provide the

necessary assistance to refugees and promote the integration, rehabilitation and reintegration

of returnees and displaced persons (art. 4). It repeals Decree No. 2002-275 of 11 March

2002. Primatoriale circular No 6 .P.M. is regarding the operation “training for return

Senegalese migrant workers in France” (official journal, 1978-10-0, No 4668, p1365).

Senegal establishes a law for human trafficking, Law No 2005-06 on the fight against

trafficking on persons and related practices and protection of victims, adopted on 29 April

2009. To boost it development via migration, it votes concerning the Diaspora and

remittances, Law No 90-06 of the 26 June 1990 are on banking regulations in Senegal. It

emphasizes with the Banking law of 1990 of the WAEMU. In addition, the Senegal

government establishes an incentive law to create saving and micro-credit association that

can benefit the Diaspora called PARMEC, Law No 95-03 of 05 January regulating mutual

institutions or cooperative saving and credit. To manage the outflow Senegalese government

signed many agreements with continental organizations (ECOWAS, CENSAD, and other

African States) and the intercontinental organizations (EU, Asia, Canada).

5.1. 1Continental emigrations policies

Member of ECOWAS in 1975, member of WAEMU and member of CENSAD,

Senegal government received those organizations’ policies that are dealing with economic

achievement and unity of the free movement (people and goods). These unions expands

Senegalese outflow in the continent. ECOWAS was established by a treaty signed in Lagos


on 28 May 1975 by Fifteen West African Countries, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape

Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania,

Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.. In 1999 Mauritania withdraw from the

organization. As a country member of ECOWAS, Senegal has been implementing the

agreement on free circulation of people that was signed on 28 October 1978. Senegalese

government had an agreement on social security with Mali on May 1st, 1965, and it was

renegotiated in July 26th

, 1966.

CENSAD was established on 4 February 1998 in Tripoli. It is a framework for

integration and complementarity. The total countries in the organization is twenty eight, with

the implementation of the free movement of people and goods in order to make the area

occupied by member states a free trade area. This consensus permits Senegalese population

to perform emigration in those member states, such as Mauritania, Morocco, Libya and etc.

Senegal and Mauritania shared a complex past. During October 1973 a bilateral

agreement had been signed between Senegal and Mauritania. It was an agreement on social

security. In 1978, the bilateral agreement was focused on employment and stays of

Mauritanian workers in Senegal and vise versa. The agreement in Oct. 1973 was replaced by

a new agreement in Dec. 1987. In 1989, Senegal-Mauritania conflict were deep-rooted [34]

,

with this CENSAD the issue of migration is resolved. The bilateral agreement with Morocco

was established in 1964, Senegalese citizens are exempted from entry visa to Morocco,

Tunisia and the rest of the members of CENSAD. As the result, the Senegalese outflow is

increasing in the continent, especially the Maghreb zone (Mauritania, Morocco, and

Tunisia.)

Outside of these organizations, Senegalese citizens like to move around in Central, East

and South Africa. Senegal signed a convention of free movement of persons with Gabon as

mobility of Senegalese teacher in 1982. For the republic of Djibouti, Senegal signed a

convention for technical cooperation contract (allocation of 40 Senegalese qualified


executives to enhance education and training in the context of South-South cooperation).

5.1.2 Intercontinental emigration policies.

The Cotonou agreement was an important turning point for the migration between EU

and ACP countries. A specific article was handling the migration issue. Divided into 5 main

paragraphs, they dealt with the existing obligation and commitment in international law that

is to ensure respect for human right and to eliminate all forms of discrimination; the

treatment of third world country nationals, who resided legally on their territories; freedom

from any discrimination based on nationality, such as working conditions, remuneration and

dismissal; strategies axing at reducing poverty, improving living and working conditions in

the long term to normalizing migration flow; and finally the examination issue from illegal

immigration for a prevention policy, procedure initiated to return illegal immigration to their

countries of origin. Outside the Cotonou agreement that include all the Union Members’

states, Senegal has ties relations with its former colonizer France, Italy and Spain.

Firstly, bilateral agreement binds Senegal with France on the free movement of persons.

The protocols with France treat some of the benefits of the health insurance; the system of

social security for students; the granting to employees Senegalese nationals of the French

legislation; the granting of the provision of no-contributory of old age of French law to

Senegalese residing in France and the additional allocation of the French law of June 30th,

1956 establishing a national fund for solidarity. On 29 March 1974 signs additional

administrative arrangements governing the protocol No 1-2 and the same year an agreement

on social security was signed too. The diplomatic relation between France and Senegal

changed in 1985, the year when the EU established new regulation for their borders. France

stopped the exempt visa entry for Senegalese citizens. But concerns for the future of its

ex-colony, many bilateral agreements were born. During 1995-2000 bilateral agreements

were signed as a convention on person’s movement and stay. During 23 September 2006


Nicolas Sarkozy signed an agreement to concert efforts and joint actions focused on

migration flows or the joint management of migratory flows [26]

. The conference of Morocco

focused on South-North partnership (10 & 11 July 2006) host a new Franco-Senegalese

agreement on migration. Where we can cite different measures, such as: measures against

the brain drain; measures to strengthen Franco-Senegalese cooperation for economic and

social development.

Secondly, Italy is positioned in the third position (10% of Senegalese emigration), after

France (18%) and Gambia (20%). Italy didn’t have legislation to regulate the entry and

residence of migrant workers. Italian-Senegalese consensus is not formal, but we can list the

law 943/1986, which Senegal is at the second place because of the number of regulated

migrants. However, Martelli law (law 943/ 1986) place Senegal in the third place. Six

amnesties or Sanatorie have been decreed in 2009, this decreed regularized approximately

1.5 million foreign nationals, where the majority of undocumented Senegalese were

regularized. Hence Senegalese Diaspora is the largest community among Sub-Saharan

countries in Italy. For the labor the cooperation agreement between the NCWS and ICTUW

was signed. In the absence of a formal agreement, the police cooperation was signed on 30

July 2010 for “African Tour” to fight illicit trafficking and this agreement is still not

publicized yet.

Thirdly, the Canadian immigration policy is a selective immigration that targets the

intellectual and skilled population. Example during 1997, 50,000 professional specialists

and entrepreneur immigrants plus their family members migrate to Canada (58% of total

emigration) [27]

. The NEPAD is interested in the health sector. This is to stop the brain drain

especially by the physicians, doctors and nurses from Senegal. Canada immigration policy is

unilateral, despite the Canadian council in Senegal, and we didn’t find bilateral agreement

between Canada and Senegal. But we found a strong selective immigration in Canada,

where some organizations are established to advertise their policies, for example the


Canadian consul itself and Access Canada (an organization by the Canadians based in

Senegal). United state of America immigration policies is similar to Canadian policies.

During 1990 implementation of immigration act (Immigration Act of 1990). In 1998, they

established the American competitiveness and workforce improvement (Immigration Act of

1998). These acts have aims to select the highly skilled workers, through a system of quotas

favoring candidates with academic degrees and/or specific professional skills. This situation

ensue an increase of annual number of visas for highly skilled professionals (H-1B visas).

The data showed the majority of the immigrants were from the developing countries. Other

than the embassy that deals with the outflow, we notice an international event call the green

card. It is a lottery that gives the right to citizenship for the chosen one.

5.2 Irregular migration policies

Senegalese government is actively involved in the issue of irregular migration. In 2000,

it ratified the Palermo protocol. The protocol prevents, suppresses and punishes trafficking

in persons, especially women and children. The protocol also fights against the smuggling of

migrant by land, sea and air (supplementing the United Nations convention against

transnational organized crime, 15 November 2000). Senegal establishes the national law

(Law number 02-2005) against trafficking in persons and equivalent practices and for the

protection of victims. Senegalese state signs many agreements between EU itself and some

EU members’ states such as France, Italy and Spain to stop the irregular migration. For

example the EU visa policy. EU implement policy on short-stay visa concerns the 28

Schengen states, and the creation of the Frontex established as an agency in May 2005.

Frontex’s tasks are governed by a management board, in which delegation members are all

border chiefs or in a similar position. In the conference of Morocco, the Franco-Senegalese

agreement has a measure against illegal migration; it allows France to support and finance


Senegal to foster its capability to take control over its maritime coast. To fight against illegal

migration, the Franco-Senegalese agreement coordinates and promotes initiatives for the

employment of youth and women, in order to increase their activities and incomes with a

view to curbing the attraction of emigration.

5.3 Brain drain policies

Senegalese government is concerned on the brain drain. In 2002, a special council

minister was establishing by the cabinet of prime minister to apprehend the brain drain issue.

In the earlier period, some brain drain policies were suggested, such as legal restrictions on

exit or a “departure tax” paid by receiving countries to sending countries. The cost of higher

public education should be treated as a loan; unless the graduate satisfies certain minimum

requirement of public service after graduation. In this globalization era, these policies were

old-fashioned and unrealizable. Senegal took the measure to improve the higher education

and research system. For example, modernizing documentation centers and scientific

equipment; access to information technology and communication and offering research

grants to keep its intellectuals. But Senegalese higher education is immersed in the deep

chronic crisis, which teachers and students have the desire to emigrate. Besides the public

policy suggestion, during the Morocco conference the Franco-Senegalese measure for brain

drain was to making possible for Senegalese students and professionals to migrate

temporarily to France to enhance their professionals’ skills and then return home, to

participate in the development of their country. I. In addition to make the fight of brain drain

efficient, Senegal was in relation with some international organization as IOM, which create

the following program the MIDA-Senegal and The Tokten. These programs seek to mobilize

Senegalese Diaspora knowledge and competence transfer in their motherland.


5.4 Homecoming policies

In 1987 the Franco-Senegalese cooperation established the Bureau of Reception,

Orientation and Follow-up of Actions for the Reinsertion of Emigrants (BAOS). In year

2000, a second bilateral agreement was signed between France and Senegal. The program

funds Senegalese who wants to return home and wishing to start an income generating with

a project. The cooperation will provide technical assistance for setting up their project; 30%

is requested. In the same year, Senegalese government creates APIX. It manage projects, in

which credit are used to assist the returns of emigrants. Besides these investment

organizations (BAOS and APIX), the returns also linked to the agriculture. The former

president Mr. Abdoulaye Wade launches REVA. Senegalese government constantly supports

the emigrants’ return to be integrated into agriculture.


Chapter 6: Assessment of Emigration

Policies-Human Resources Outflow in

Senegal

6.1 Data analysis by SPSS

The research Emigration Policies- Assessment of Human resources Outflow: The case

of Senegal focus on the issue of lack of Human Resources in Senegal and the impact of

remittances in Senegalese economy. This study connects the Senegalese emigrant and the

potential emigrant. Senegal government that we will seek through this study to see the

effectiveness of the newly introduced policies to correct the outflow. The research will

employ a descriptive research in outlining Senegalese population in the issue of lack of

Human Resources.

For the data analysis, it is about processing, selection and assessment of the research

information. The research will use primary data and the secondary data such as, literatures’

reviews and basic theories. A mixed methodology is being used for the research in analyzing

technique for our data. For the quantitative method, the collected data will be analyzed by

using the statistical software called SPSS (version 17). SPSS is the suitable method for

research using questionnaires. It is effective software, whereby after we established the

input mask and entry, the task becomes easier. We can get all the response available in the

forms of table and graphs; it will give a clear explanatory table with percentage following

clear graphs. From that we have a clear view that will make a pertinent assessment of the

outcomes.


6.1.1 Data collection

To have a clear representation of the problem, a sample of questionnaire had been

given to some citizens. The total was hundred (100) questionnaires that had been widely

distributed. Half of the correspondents were selective for Senegalese Diasporas and the

other half were for the local Senegalese. It is important for political and socio-economical

predisposition to be identified from the data and information collected. The result of this

research is very useful for the study purposes, Senegalese administration and the peripheries

regions, because Human Resources Outflow is a commune issue for the majority of

developing country.

Primary data

Professional interview and coded questionnaires were administered; hence the research

findings requisite a quantitative and qualitative methodology. They represented the raw data

collected throughout the survey. Emigration policies focusing on human resources outflow

is a real issue in developing countries. Senegal is a French speaking country, where the

majority use French as official language, hence the questionnaires were designed in both

French and English languages. Furthermore, the information collected from the

questionnaires had been subjected for statistical analysis. The professional interviews from

Mr. Francois Akoko, resident representative of the WAEMU commission in Mali and Ms.

Fatou Sow Sarr, Director of gender and scientific research laboratory IFAN/ University

Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar will be included in the qualitative analysis.

Secondary data

The background of the research was reliant on archival information, example the North

Atlantic Trade and colonialism. It was drawn upon to contextualize the historical forces such


as slavery, colonialism and new colonialism. Also the research uses the primary sources

such as the Senegalese library, the Senegalese government’s website known for its

information on HRO, and some works done by the IFAN researchers such as M. Fatou Sarr

Sow and Pape Demba Fall (researcher in emigration field-IFAN). Nowadays the technology

helps to get reliable and pertinent information, hence the online sources. The most useful

resource was CUG online, which give us an amplitude data from website, research articles

and books. Google E book facilitates to get more books and information. Other information

that has been used was Online Maps from Google Earth, for example the Senegalese Maps.

All the efforts made to find reference and recognize the sources of this information, was the

exclusive work done by the researcher. The intensive reference list at the end of the research

seeks to capture the many references and literatures used for this research, especially with

the help of the Endnote that makes it easy.

6.1.2 Research scope and sampling method

Research scope

The research concern Emigrations policies-Human Resources Outflow: The case of

Senegal. The information will be collected in Senegal. To understand more of the issue of

the outflow, two different questionnaires will be created. The first group is for the

Senegalese Diaspora, which spread all around the world. And the second group is for the

local Senegalese representatives of 14 regions and divided into 4 geography positions that is

from the North, South, East and West. These different groups of Senegalese are the

delimitation of the research scope.

Sampling method

For the assessment, we have targeted 100 persons to represent the population. The


population is half of the Diaspora and half of the local Senegalese. The population will be

mainly composed by man due to their majority in the outflow. In Senegal, migration is

men’s affairs, which is the best group that can offer precise information regarding our issue.

For the Diasporas the questionnaires will be administrated via electronic mails and social

network i.e. Facebook. For the local population, the questionnaires will be given out by

hand and via email (for the population with internet access such as students and workers)

and the majority targeted population lived in Dakar suburb. The selection was successful

because the goal has been reached.

6.1. 3 Interpretation of SPSS graphs.

Graph 6.1The income relative of the age

First we wanted to analyse the relationships between the revenue and the age. The

result shows on the bar chart above with two different stacks. First, only 4% of the


population age between less than 30 and 30 to 45 gain less than 40$, and the other ranges

are not included for this revenue. This result illustrates that in Senegal the youth fits into the

vulnerable strata. This population struggles to have a decent life, because some of them gain

less than 40$ per month. The majority of the population 96% of the population gain more

than 250$. We noted the slice of over 60 is minority. This is explained by the fact that

majority of Senegalese population retired at the age of 55 years old for the private

institutions and 60 years old for the public sectors. And 11% of the populations aged 45 to

60 gained more than 250$. But the bar chart shows 43% on the range of 30 to 45, and 35%

of the above 30 gain over 250$, meaning that the youth is dominating our population.

Senegal is a country that has a high number of youth population, that is why the majority of

the active population which gain more than 250$ belong to the slice of 30 to 45. When we

compared this diagram we concluded that the youth are the weakness and strength of

Senegalese population.

Graph 6.2 the income relative to the sex


We tried to put more value in our analysis. We would like to know the relationships

between the sex and the revenue. The table illustrates more men are earning the revenue less

40$ than women. This can be explained by the strong Senegalese culture that the male

dominant have in Senegalese society. The male has the entire responsibility to provide for

the daily expenditure. This heavy task pushes them to do any respectable job with salary.

Hence the Senegalese proverb: There are no stupid jobs, it should only be honest. The

second diagram (revenue of over 250$) holds the majority of the population (96%). Usually

we remarked the strong presence of male with 53% of the population. This reinforces the

previously made statement that male are the breadwinner of the household. But the

interesting female percentage (43%) shows a change in the Senegalese household whereby

male are usually the first financial actor is now seeing being helped by his partner.

Nowadays Senegalese women belong to the active population, because they participate in

the domestic affairs.

Graph 6.3 The income relative to the sector of activity


After analyzing the revenue with the age and sex, the research wants to further study

the relationships between the sector of activity and the revenue for the local population. The

feeble revenue (-40$) amounted to 10 % of the local population. And we observed that the

majority of the population that gained more than 250$, they are under the ‘other sectors’.

This ‘other sectors’ can include (but not limited to) the informal traditional commerce that

participate in Senegalese economy, for example the merchants and street vendors. The

artisanal, fishing and agriculture are the main economic activities in Senegal. But nowadays

they are facing dreadful conditions, hence the total 9% of the local population gain more

than 250$. The government creates job opportunities for the citizen to earn, here 6% of the

population is earning more than 250$. After comparison between the two stacks (-40$;

+250$), we observed that the sector of the other, industry and government have the earning

of less than 40$, while the artisanal earn more than 250$.

Graph 6.4 the income relative to the sector


The previous analyses highlighted the relations between revenue with different

variables, such as age, sex and sector of activity. But they were not linked to Senegalese

Human Resources with emigration. That is why we find out more from the analysis and we

get the information that Senegalese active population have planned to migrate. For this

question we received 27% of the answer from the local population that have had planned to

migrate and for this reason, the other sector is majority. Previously mentioned that the other

sector represented mostly the informal and we can understand this population would want to

migrate in order to get more social security, because the government is lagged to establish

social policy for them. The paradox is the range of civil servant that has planned to migrate,

compares to the informal-other sector, these public servants obtained a social security and

advantages from Senegalese government. Their plan to migrate retains our attention on

Senegalese brain drain and the unsuccessfully Senegalese economy. We noted the migration

plan in the artisanal sector that will create a labor force outflow in Senegal, knowing that

more than 80% of the population works in artisanal activity. On the other hand, some of the

population did not plan to migrate; they prefer to stay at home. This range adopts more

nationalism than other population, but they are minority with 10% of the local population.

And we noted that in the artisanal sectors fewer people wanted to stay at home. This

emphasizes the gravity issue of this sector. But the diagram shows a bizarre result that fewer

Diaspora populations do not plan to migrate is 2%. Finally the diagram gives the rest of the

result, which is the undecided population with 7% of the local population. They cannot

belong to any side, because they can be a potential migrant or not.


Graph 6.5 Senegalese type relative to the obtaining valid visa

The information for the migration project let us know the percentage of Senegalese

who wants to migrate. We wanted to push more for the research, where we wanted to

identify the percentage of those who managed to obtain a valid visa. The results show for

the local population the majority did not obtain a valid visa (27%), only 4% got their valid

visas. This outcome shows the hard immigrations policies from the overseas. At the same

time, it shows that the Senegalese would want to perform regular migration, but the refusal

of their documents can create an illegal migration option. Also in the graph, the 3% of the

population stated that their visas are in process; this can increase either the rejection or the

accepted group. Outside the international migration, which require mostly visa, the graphs

also show the continental migration as ECOWAS, CENSAD and neighboring countries,

with 3% who do not need visa. Finally the 1% for in process visa of the Diaspora draws

attention to the mobility of Senegalese Diaspora in their host country.


Graph 6.6 Local Senegalese relative to the place of destination

The previous analysis illustrated the obtaining of a valid visa for Senegalese population,

but we wanted to know the preference destination for Senegalese Human Resources. To

begin with, the study of the local population shows that the majority prefer to migrate

towards Americas and Europe than Africa and other destinations. This is explained by the

ancient status of ex-colony and the power of Medias that spread the Americans’ culture in

the world. Senegalese-North migration becomes rampant, such as the majority of OECD


countries are host countries. The country preference in the America continent is mainly the

Canada. The Canadian immigration policy targets the skilled population. The small

percentage recorded of Senegalese migrating towards another African country is due to the

instability that is being faced by this continent. In the past Senegalese population emigrate

mostly in central Africa for the abundant natural resources such as precious stones, oil and

so on. But nowadays these countries are in conflicts, wars, tribalism and insecure. Recently

the case of RDC Congo and Bangui illustrate the instability of these countries, hence the

reduction of Senegalese-South migration.

Graph 6.7 Diaspora relative to the place of migration

After the study of the local, the research wants to assess the migration destination for


the Diaspora. Here, the results demonstrate Asia gets the majority with 22% of the

population. This is explained by the majorities whom answered the questionnaires are living

in Asia (Turkey and China). Nowadays the world is facing an important change that the

evolution of Asian economy and the economy regression of some European countries such

as in Greece, Italy and Spain. This condition drives Senegalese population to emigrate

towards Asia. And the accessible population for this research lived in Asia. Still we feel the

strong preference for Europe and America.

Graph 6.8 Diaspora relative to departure date

The repartition of the Diaspora in the world did not inform us the year Senegalese

outflow started; here this bar chart illustrates clearly Senegalese human resources outflow


augmented during these years. The percentage demonstrates [1980-1990] the outflow was

estimated to be 3%. During the year 2000, the outflow increases spectacularly, with 15% of

the population and the augmentation still continue, with more than 27% for + 2010. To bring

more explanation, the analysis will detail the economic situation for each year. 1980 it was

the year of structural adjustment, where the cash flow was limited within the country, hence

the feeble percentage of migration. But in 2000, the liberalization of the economy creates a

new economical environment in Senegal as the stream of cash flow, hence the important

percentage of emigrant population. Here we can conclude that emigration is related with the

money. In addition Senegal illegal migration (the phenomenon of fishing boats) was

highlighted in 2006. Finally, the 2008’s economic crisis did not resolve the emigration’s

issue, it becomes worst, hence the important percentage in +2010 (27%).

Graph 6.9 Income relative to Senegalese type

Subsequent to analysis between revenue, age, sex, activity sector, the migration plan

and the obtaining valid visa and so on, the research wants to analysis the revenue and the


Senegalese type. The questionnaire were divided into two different groups, i.e. the local and

Diaspora. The result demonstrates some local Senegalese are earning less than 40$, while

the totality of the Diaspora are earning more than 250$ (57%). To emphasize the notion,

Senegalese Diasporas are spread around in Europe and America, where the salary grids are

higher than Senegal. The CFA currency is weaker too, hence the overseas fondness for

Senegalese population.

In summary Senegalese revenue is weak than the foreign revenue and the men are more

active than the women, with the important slice of age between 30-45 years old. And the

informal sector is the most active in Senegal, where the majority are counting on it. The

revenue can be a motivation for the Human Resources outflow. The explanation can be that

for the local population, the overseas are seen as more attractive.


Graph 6.10 Senegalese type relative to obtaining means work and the numbers of hours of work

Here we would like to know the ways the Senegalese Diaspora obtained their works

and the number of hours for their respective works. The majority of Senegalese Diasporas

are working for more than 20hours/week and they were recruited directly by the enterprise.

This demonstrate that they are using the normal channel for job, hence the significant of the

data. For the group of 10-15 hours/week, the percentage is hired via agency; this kind of

recruitment can be regular or irregular. Finally in all range hours we noted that Senegalese

Diasporas hire by other ways. This latter is generally irregular and arrived in the informal


ways. It can be dangerous for the applicants because they can be lacked of protection and

regulations from the host countries.

Graph 6.11 Senegalese type relative to the level of satisfaction in the origin country and the plan to return

home.

To understand more of the push factor on this outflow, we analyze the level of

satisfaction in the origin country linking the plans to return home. Here the diagram

confirms the majority of Senegalese Diaspora planned to return home with 48% of the

population. For the question of the level of satisfaction in their origin country, their answers

showed that 25% of the population was fairly satisfied and they were still in satisfactory

conditions in their origin country and hence, their plans to return home. Controversially we

noted that some of those who planned to return home and their level of satisfaction were

fairly dissatisfied and very dissatisfied. In summary, the majority of Senegalese Diasporas

are planning to return home, which demonstrate the strong connection they have with their

motherland.


Graph 6.12 Senegalese type relative to the level of satisfaction in the host country and the plan to return

home

After analyzing the level of satisfaction on origin country and the plan to return, we

wanted to analyze the level of satisfaction in the host country. Here we have 48% of the

population planned to return and on the same percentage 27% are fairly satisfied in the host

country. A feeble percentage which is fairly satisfied and fairly dissatisfied too did not plan

to return. And the rest are undecided persons.

In summary, the majority would want to return home. This result demonstrates the

strong cultural ties the Diasporas have with the origin country. The majority with the fairly

level of satisfaction in the host country would want to return home. We wonder if it is a lack

of integration for those persons. We can conclude here that the main reasons for their

migrations to overseas are because of the lacked of opportunities in Senegal and also the

search for higher level of life satisfaction. Nevertheless, the slice in the diagram that


obtained the very satisfied notion in the host country too, they have a plan to return home

and this situation is calling for our attention. This is what the Senegalese Human Resources

are looking for.

Graph 6.13 Senegalese type relative to family support and money transfer

After the question we wanted to know, the status of migrant relative of this

environment, when we asked the question if the migrant is a breadwinner (any people who

are dependent on them outside of the host country).

The majority answers were yes. And we correlated with the transfer money; it turns out

all the breadwinners are sending money. The migrant finance the household and boost the

economy of sender country. In Senegal the remittances participle in the GDP and the aid of

the money transfers like Western Union, Money gram and so on. This reduces the rate of

unemployment because these organizations hire some of the citizens.


Graph 6.14 Senegalese type relative to reunification familial

Here we wanted to have the information, if the migrant wants family reunification.

Previously the result illustrates that the majority is breadwinner and they are sending money

home. If the latter help them to join, it will be easy. But the result shows the opposite, the

majority of Senegalese Diasporas refused to make family reunification. A small group wants

to bring their family near to them. The rest are undecided whether to have family

reunification or not.


Graph 6.15 Diasporas relative to the investment

So far, the analysis shows the Diaspora are earning more than 250$. The level of

satisfaction in both countries is acceptable and the majority plan to return. Here in this

section we wanted to have the evidence, if the Diaspora invests in their sender country. The

graph illustrates 25% invest, while 22% did not. Earlier we mentioned that the majority of

the population are scholars, hence the importance percentage of no investment. The 8% do

not give any answer to the question. It is private for some of them.


Graph 6.16 Diaspora relative to the investment area

The former graph underlines the percentage, those who invested in Senegal. We

wanted to push more analysis, as in which area the Diasporas are investing. In this graph the

information come up with, the result shows 2% invest in the regional level, also 2% invest

in the local level. The graph underlined the important investment is the household, with 18%

of the Diasporas. According to other data, we know Senegalese government creates a lot of

program for Diasporas investment, such as BAOS, APIX. But the graph shows that the

investment is focused on the micro-level, i.e. household.


Graph 6.17 Diaspora relative to visa type

To understand the outflow, we use many variables that linked with the Senegalese

outflow. But this graph is a kind of summary of all graphs analyzed so far. In this graph we

have all the actors of Senegalese HRO, such as skilled, labor force, family reunification,

citizenship and other. The graph shows the most important of visa type is student visa with

35% of the population, according to the source; the majority of these students are

scholarship holders. Meaning Senegalese government is supporting their educations.

Because from primary to the university the education is free. The 4% of work visa shows the

intellectuals we have lost in the outflow of Senegalese skilled labor that left Senegal for

overseas. In addition to that 4% marriage visa, commonly women that desire to join their

husbands in overseas. The citizenship (4%) can be explained by USA green card and

Canada citizenship. The other visa (7%) can be explained by the informal or illicit visa that

can be acquired with a high price, which put us in illegal migration.


6.2 Assessment of emigration policies-HRO

6.2.1 Assessment of public emigration policies

The right to move in Senegal is efficient; the data show that the majority of Senegalese

population planned to migrate or is emigrant. For example the graph on the migration

project highlighted the administrators, teachers, artisan and others who have had planned to

migrate. The creation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Diaspora allow the government

to manage the outflow especially the regular migration. With regards to the continental

migration policies, i.e. ECOWAS agreement that has been established, 4% of the population

do not need visa to travel. Other than this continental agreement, the intercontinental

agreement such as the EU agreement should be underline. The tight immigration policies

from the OECD countries are shown in form of the following results: 27% of the population

has a valid visa. In addition of Sarkozy law, so called selective migration is in force with

35% has student visa and 4% work visa. The labor migration issue is being complied in

the Franco-Senegalese agreement. The majority of the Diaspora is directly recruited by the

enterprise or the agency, with more than 20 hours/week. This labor agreement is treating the

fund of solidarity, health insurance, system of social security for students and

superannuation. Same for the Italian-Senegalese agreement focus on the labor cooperation

agreement between NCWS&ICTUW. The important of domestic policy for migration is

development policies, hence Senegalese government creates many programs and investment

organizations, but the data show the Diaspora are investing more into household than

regional or local.

6.2.2Assessment of irregular emigration policies

In the former years, the media was showing the fishing boats, where masses of

desperate Africans, fleeing poverty and war at home are trying to enter Europe illegally [35]

.


This image was fatal for Senegal. Therefore many policies and acts were done to fight the

illicit emigration as the signature of many bilateral agreements, can cite the Franco-

Senegalese, Spain, and Italy accords. The result shows that the majority of Senegalese

population project to migrate, precisely in OECD countries. The government of Senegal is

trying to synchronize and encourage initiatives for the employment of the vulnerable strata

(women and youth), with a view to decrease the attraction of emigration. Government

actions were the conception of five organizations, such as, FNAE; FNPJ; AGETIP; the

Project for PROMER. Despite all of the government efforts, we observed that the

Senegalese population still wanted to migrate. Adding up in our finding the majority (27%)

does not have a valid visa. That section of the population can be a potential illegal emigrant.

This hypothesis can be emphasized by the sad event of Lampedusa, and the same time

showing the inefficient of Frontex or the border police.

6.2.3 Assessment of brain drain policies

I believe that my people who are trained and educated should stay in their country… I

do not invest in education and training so that they can contribute to development in

France… It is necessary to discuss labor migration issues jointly in France. We cannot allow

pillage of managerial and technical elites in developing countries; France should assure jobs

for people who are being hosted, in order to prevent them from living in overcrowded

conditions in hovels, where they are exposed to fire and death. Selected immigration has to

be the result of a concerted action between France and the origin countries (the former

Senegalese president Abdoulaye Wade 2006) [28]

. Even in 2002, the ministerial council tries

to fix this issue. Unfortunately, the policies were not suitable in 21st century. The results

show the 35% have students visa, illustrated Senegalese government still offering

scholarships without the respect of brain drain policies, putting the cost of higher education

as a loan. But this policy was not effective.


The two assessments (irregular emigration policies and brain drain policies) allow to us

to draw a diagram of Senegalese Human Resources Outflow that explains the complex

monitoring of emigration policies.

Figure 6.1: Complex monitoring of Senegalese HRO


report

6.2.4 Assessment of homecoming policies

Senegalese population is enclosed in their mother land, the plan of return is central.

The homecoming policies are integrated in the development policies. Where the only

Senegalese domestic policy for migration is development policies The Senegalese


government would want to use all of its human resources both in skilled and labors division.

In the graph 6-13 the majority of the Diaspora is breadwinner, and they are sending money

to the origin country. A lot of law, decree and agreement were signed for these policies. The

government reduces the heavy banking process, to facilitate the money transfer and the

investment. This act is important and useful for the Diaspora, which are doing the money

transfer. The plan REVA and other agribusiness program from the bilateral agreement as

Franco-Senegalese accord is not yet felt at the national level. But some experiences of the

skilled emigrant who benefitted from agribusiness Franco-Senegalese program, has been

shared through the media, for example TFM, looked very successful (TFM/ Champion).

Furthermore, at the national level, tremendous transformation can be highlighted, especially

in the rural areas. Generally the government is slow in developing policies for the rural areas,

because of lack of infrastructure, healthcare and education. But the emigrants mostly from

the rural according to their return plans are investing in those sectors to fill in the

government’s insufficiency and to improve the living conditions of the population.

In general the homecoming policies are linked with the development of Senegalese

country. To assess if the homecoming policies are efficient, the diagram has been created to

explain the tactful position the Senegal is facing for the emigrations policies. According to

the diagram, we can understand some policies are more successful than the other. According

to Mr Akoko (advisor to the representation of Mali WAEMU) interview, he stated “that

emigrants, by the money they send home can contribute to the improvement of GDP. In

opposition emigration deprives African countries labor force and skills to build adequate

policy development. In general way, the contributions of migrants, regardless of the amount,

will never replace the attribution values and workforce.” Akoko statement can be pictured as

present diagram


Figure 6.2: Cycle of Outflow-Inflow between Senegal and Overseas


report


Chapter 7: Conclusion & Future research

7.1 Conclusion & Recommendation

The Third World countries are characterized by their underdeveloped economies and

Human Resources. Only through education the states are able to create an environment that is

suitable to allow the development of Human Resource (HRD). The education is human right;

government spends billions of dollars to achieve it. Globalization system transforms the

world into a big unfair market, where Senegal does not have the adequate tools to deal with

other major actors. The Senegalese government observes that all investment in the education

and training of its population ends up in the coffers of overseas governments. The data process

show the majority of the Diaspora is student (35%) and workers (4%) (see graph 6.17).

On the contrary, Senegalese government detected the remittances contributed to the

national economy. The data process underline in the graph 6.13 that the majority of the

Diasporas are breadwinners and they are sending money to their origin country. Usually this

money is for household purposes such as for expenditures, savings and in less productive

investment (see graph 6.16). Senegalese emigrants invest less in government sector as

regional and local. Also the data process show 22% of the population doesn’t invest in

Senegal (graph 6.15)

In addition, the research findings emphasize on the dilemma of the government of

Senegal between remittances and lack of skills and competency. Senegal is one of the few

countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to address the migration of its people as a foreign and public

policy issue as well as dealing with these migratory flows as a global reality in Africa, Europe

and Americas. A lot of bilateral and multilateral migration agreements between overseas

governments, such as France, Italy, and Spain were signed for the management of migration

between and among these respective States. Unfortunately, the application of the conditions


stipulated in the agreement have proved to be either unilateral or in worst cases, there have

been no application on either parties concerned. Fatou S.Sow’s in an interview states “the stop

of HRO pass by job offer, because many citizens don’t come back or migrate, because they

don’t have opportunities or their job are poorly paid, so the government must improve their

living and working conditions”. In a country where the industry, agricultural, fishing,

commerce and political sectors have failed, the presence of a large number of Human

Resources becomes both inappropriate and irrelevant. With our research's results, we can say

that the only resolution for the Senegalese administration towards the Human Resources

Outflow is to set strategic emigration policies to boost the country’s development. Further, the

transnational policies regarding emigrating can be integrated to improve the relation establish

with the different host countries. Those policies should be followed by strict application

norms in order to help the Senegalese country have a winning part of the situation.

Most countries in the world have evolved in terms of innovations and creativity to remain

competitive in the economic, socio-political and technological fields. These innovations must

be applied in public administration through policy implementation. In the case of Senegal,

policies regarding emigrations need new updates to better fit the present situation as well as

projections for the future. The country has a weak position mostly affected by its economic

level and social difficulties. Setting strategic policies and undertaking win-win partnerships

for the emigration situation with the host countries around the world should be one of the most

important focuses. Thus, based on the results of our research, we propose the following:

Promotion of good governance (equal opportunities in access to employment, good

management of public administrations and institutions). Good governance plays a very

important role in any country’s development. Equal employment opportunities will affect

the emigration process and persons will try to obtain these opportunities in their desired

country. On the other hand, proper management for public administered departments


should be done appropriately. The relevant authorities should take responsibility for

public and private administered institutions and sectors.

Policy and project developments for promoting the strategy for the economy. Every

economy heavily depends on the emigration policies and strategies made by the

government. The government should focus on the different projects they are making for

emigrants as its will affect the number of emigrants from the country. If the policies are in

favor of the residents, the number of emigrants will automatically decrease and it will

help the economic condition of the country as most of the intellectual labor force will stay

in the country. The policies should focus on the creation of jobs to decrease the

unemployment rate. It will help the government collect more taxes from the intellectual

group an increase the inflow of money from country’s own resources.

Promotion of employment exchange opportunities, mostly for unemployed graduates.

Unemployment is one the most important issues that needs to be focused on by the

government. With various policies in place the Senegalese government can help their

unemployed graduates secure jobs in overseas markets, where they can gain skills,

experience and training in various fields. While overseas, they will also be able to

contribute to development at home through remittances and skill-sharing etc. At home,

policies should also be created to develop employment opportunities for unemployed

graduates within the country as this will have a very positive effect on the economy.

Improvement in income distribution. From an economic point of view, the concept of

proper wealth distribution plays a vital role in the development of any economy. The

government needs to make policies and strategies in such a way that the income

distribution of the country remains equal or at least acceptable within the society. The

government can work on different policies in order to decrease these income gaps. For

example, the tax standards for different income classes should be classified differently.


The wealthy should pay more income taxes than the poor. Also, tax barriers should be

imposed on luxury items instead of daily use products.

Innovation of the model of education and training. Education is another important factor

regarding the growth of any country. The literacy rate of any country describes the

availability of educated labor available in the country. If the literacy rate is high the

people can think to start their own businesses instead of looking for public sector jobs. It

will enhance the private sector in the country and also help in its expansion. On the other

hand, if proper training is provided to the illiterate labor that how to operate the

machinery that is used in the industry, it will help to increase the employment rate and

people can get more wages because of their skills.

Propose innovative alternatives and not confined in the old patterns. Government also

has to take innovative measures in order to decrease the emigration rate in the country. If

the country introduces the latest technologies as per the market requirement, they can

enhance the exports and can use all the skilled labor in fulfilling the international

customer’s orders and requirements. On the other hand, governments should think about

the innovation of new ideas instead of following old set patterns from the past. Only

successful patterns should be followed and all the useless patterns should be replaced by

the new patterns and way of thinking or performing.

Embrace the technology innovations in the administrative system to have an easier

control of different activities. Latest technologies should be introduced by the

government in all the sectors and labor should be trained as per the new requirements of

the industry. New technologies should be encouraged by the government and incentives

like tax rebates should be introduced to motivate local importers and multinational

corporations. Local products made by the new technologies should compete with the

international products not only in the domestic markets but also globally.


Win-win partnership with the host countries regarding the management of Human

Resources in order to serve both, the host and the home country. The government should

focus on good relations with other neighboring countries in order to exchange some

skilled labor required in their industry with the skilled labor required in our industry. It

will help both the countries to work in a peaceful manner as the stakes for both the

countries in case of war or any other bad situation should be very high. For this reason

both the countries will feel economic pressure in case of war and they will definitely

avoid having any conflict between each other in order to help their economies to grow at

a faster pace.

Motivate human resource transfers to contribute to the general economy. The

government should motivate transfers within organizations in order to give the human

resources all the experiences and make them able to deal with problems occurring at

different levels within the organization and sometimes outside the organizations. These

transfers will increase the exposure of the employees and help the organization access

the necessary expertise whenever required by the organization. This will also help the

organization utilize the available work force in whichever manner required.

Implement supportive policies and mechanisms for productive investments. Investments

should be welcomed by the government not only at the local level but also at the

international level. Companies should be given a certain benefit or reward or concession

in country’s policies in order to motivate them to come and start their business within the

country. It will bring more wealth in the country especially in the case of foreign

investments to the country. This will also help with the increase of foreign reserves in the

country as well as foreign investment that will help provide opportunities for jobs and

economic development.


Employment promotion through the involvement of emigrants in the development of

localities. Emigration can also be stopped by providing opportunities to be a part of the

decision-making process in policy development of the country. Their suggestions could

be taken from public polls, referendums, media campaigns etc. This will give emigrants

a sense of self respect and responsibility that decisions taken by government is influence

by them and that their input affects the implementation of certain policies.

Establish an efficient management and monitoring system of Senegalese population

living abroad. The government should maintain a complete database of emigrants who

have already left the country. It will help the government to assess the size of its skilled

and educated labor force working in outside of Senegal. It can also help the government

to judge whether their families are back in the country and whether they are sending

foreign currency to support their family back home. It will also give an idea about the

foreign reserves shifted in the country by the emigrants.

The application and strict control of emigrations policies in all levels. The government

should also restrict illegal emigration to other countries and make policies according to

their relations with these countries. The strictness in emigration process will decrease the

number of emigrants every year, and the size of labor force that is leaving or entering the

country should be monitored properly by the relevant local institutions.


7.2 Future research

Today emigration is a reality that transcends national boundaries, especially with the

recent economy crisis that has resulted into an unstable economy for most countries. The

developing countries populations are migrating towards the first world countries to search

for a dignity. While at the same time, the developing countries are highly in need of skills

and labors. Unfortunately, this migration is not organized and sometimes it violates Human

Rights. Therefore, for the future research, it is necessary to put more of our focus in

establishing transnational and global policies.


Acknowledgment

The thesis was made possible by the Sino-Senegalese cooperation. My greatest gratitude

goes to Chinese government for awarding me the scholarship, which furnished me an opportunity

to afford a higher education. To my supervisors Mr. Zeng Wei & Mrs. Chen Xing, I express my

deep gratitude and it was an honor to work with them. To my teachers of School of Public

Administration, I renew my appreciation and deep admiration of the knowledge they shared with

us, especially to their unwavering willingness to exhaustively respond to questions whenever

asked. To the Foreign Student Office, I convey my special thanks for the comfortable

accommodations and services that I enjoyed throughout the course of my study.

I am also grateful to the Senegalese government, which selected me among millions of

applicants for the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) .I also give a special mention to Mr. Akoko

(advisor to the representation of Mali WAEMU), Ms. Fatou Sow Sarr (Director of gender and

scientific research laboratory IFAN/ University Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar), Mr Souleymane Gaye

(manager of Human Resources in ICS) and Ms Xing Chen for their aid and contribution to this

paper.

I express my singular thanks to my family, friends, classmates, country mates and the whole

of the 6th floor at Oriental Garden International Students Dormitory.


致谢

本研究之所以能够成文要感谢中-塞合作。并对中国政府授予我奖学金，提供我接受更

高等教育的机会表达最诚挚的谢意。对我的导师表示深深的曾伟教授和陈星博士感谢，并

很荣幸与他们一起工作。并对公共管理学院的所有老师送上我最崇高的敬意，感激他们与

我们分享知识，尤其是被他们坚定不移地为我们答疑解惑的敬业精神所深深折服。还要感

谢留学生办公室在我的研究生学习过程中提供舒适的住宿和服务，最后很感谢塞内加尔政

府，在数以万计的申请人中选定我为中国留学基金管理委员会奖学金获得者。

在此特别提及Akoko先生（马里驻西非经济货币联盟的代表顾问），Fatou Sow

Sarr女士（IFAN/ Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar大学性别和科学研究实验室主任），

Souleymane Gaye先生（ICS人力资源经理）和陈星老师的援助以及对本文的贡献。

最后谨对我的家人，朋友，同学，同胞和整个国际教育学院的学生表示感谢。


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Emigration Policies- Assessment of Human Resources Outflow: The case Of Senegal

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